&ERKILBY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 


 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS 
 
PRINTED BY 
 
 SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE 
 LONDON 
 
MEMOIE AND LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
 INVENTOR 
 EDITED BY 
 
 K. W. BUENIE 
 
 OF THE MIDDLE TEMPLE, BARRIStB ll-AT-LAW 
 
 1 Life 's more than breath, or the quick round of blood ; 
 "Tis a great spirit and a fiery heart. 
 We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not breaths ; 
 In feelings, not in figures on a dial, 
 We should count time by heart throbs ; 
 He most lives who thinks most, feels the noblest, 
 Acts the best ' FESTUS 
 
 WITH POETEAITS 
 
 LONDON 
 JOHN MUEEAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET 
 
 1891 
 
T4-AZ 
 
 EDITOE'S PEEFACE 
 
 IN the following pages I have sought, with what success I 
 know not, to construct out of material sufficiently abundant, 
 a brief history of a very striking and individual character, 
 and of a life cut short prematurely enough, yet possessed 
 in its own way of a singular completeness. 
 
 It is hoped that no one who may read this little book 
 will so misapprehend its intention as to look upon it as a 
 glorification of personal success or money-getting achieve- 
 ment, after the fashion possibly of some biographies of 
 inventors, biographies haply more grateful to the last 
 generation than to us who stand (as it seems to some) on 
 the threshold of a New Age. No one would more have 
 recoiled from being ranked among the devotees of Ruskin's 
 ' Goddess of Getting on ' than the subject of this Memoir. 
 
 Sidney Gilchrist Thomas (although placed among 
 conditions by no means favourable for such purposes, and 
 with working hours occupied by distasteful and monotonous 
 business) solved a great scientific problem the dephos- 
 phorisation of pig iron in the Bessemer and Siemens- 
 Martin processes and for such solution was fortunate 
 (perhaps we should rather say foreseeing) enough to gather 
 
 296 
 
[6] EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 a pecuniary reward which, rightly or wrongly, he never 
 regarded as his own, but rather, according to his lights, as 
 trust-money for toilers and labourers. 
 
 Not on this account, however, is his story told here, 
 but because it has seemed well to those who knew him, 
 that some record should be kept of a remarkable and 
 interesting personality, typical indeed in some ways of 
 the very best side of our ' industrial > century, yet touched 
 with a human sympathy which we may hope will be more 
 general in the future than it has been in the past. 
 
 It may be observed that an endeavour has been made 
 simply to paint a portrait, without allowing the tempera- 
 ment or opinions of the present writer or of anyone else 
 to affect the rigid accuracy of the presentment. 
 
 R. W. BURNIE. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 EARLY DAYS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Parentage Birth Education Precocity Kadicalism Father's 
 death Classical mastership Thames Police Court ... 1 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 A SUMMER TOUR 
 
 First visit to Continent Normandy Thomas's physical appearance 
 Thomas's abstinence and over-work Paris Thrift Finan- 
 cial genius Formula swallowing 16 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 A ' DOUBLE LIFE ' 
 
 Police Court labours Mr. Lushington on Thomas Chemical 
 studies Letters to mother and sister 23 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE PROBLEM OF DEPHOSPHORISATION 
 
 The Birkbeck Institution Mr. Chaloner Non-elimination of phos- 
 phorus in Bessemer Converter Hindoo steel Cort Bessemer 
 process described The Steel Age -Cleveland ironstone . . 30 
 
[8] SIDNEY GILOHRIST THOMAS 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 YEAES OF EQUIPMENT 
 
 Determination to solve dephosphorisation problem Mr. Vacher 
 
 The Science and Art Department The School of Mines 
 
 Summer holidays and work Anti-alcoholism Contributions 
 
 to Iron Letter to Miss Burton ,36 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE PROBLEM THEORETICALLY SOLVED A GERMAN TOUR 
 
 Acid lining of Bessemer Converter Basic lining Mr. Percy Gil- 
 christ Experiments Wiesbaden Frankfort The Hartz . 56 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 ' TECHNICAL TRAVEL TALK ' 
 
 Dresden Erzgebirge of Saxony Fair at Freiberg Saxon Mines 
 Freiberg Academy Bohemia The Hartz Blankenberg . . 65 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 
 
 Iron and Steel Institute Cwm Avon Blaenavon Thomas and 
 Fellowship of Chemical Society Einking Literature A Brad- 
 laugh meeting Lucerne Camping-out Gambling at Saxon 
 Cow-Land 88 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE BASIC PROCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 
 
 Police Court labours Middlesbrough Jennie Lee in Jo ' Blows 
 at Blaenavon Life at high pressure A dangerous run A 
 first dephosphorisation patent Financial difficulties Mr. 
 Edward Martin A momentous announcement Music and 
 literature . . . . . 102 
 
CONTENTS [9] 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 THE BASIC PROCESS DESCRIBED 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Paper on ' Elimination of Phosphorus in Bessemer Converter ' 
 Kationale of process Mr. Gilchrist Basic lining Basic addi- 
 tionsBasic slag at early stage of blow The after-blow . . 117 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 TRIUMPH 
 
 French conversation Paris in 1878 The paper not read Mr. 
 Eichards A Creusot visit Commercial success Bush of con- 
 tinental ironmasters The patent position The paper read 
 Besignation at Thames Police Court Victory in Germany . . 123 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 DUSSELDORF A GATHERING CLOUD 
 
 A narrowing span Journeyings of Thomas Stress and strain 
 A Diisseldorf speech The Sistine Madonna Grave lung mis- 
 chief Ventnor ' Small ailments ' 137 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A striking reception New York Clubs Plymouth Church Money 
 worship Chicago Banquets to Thomas Hartford Capitol 
 Architecture Some Southern cities Niagara A personal de- 
 scription of Thomas 146 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 
 
 ' Note on Current Dephosphorising Practice ' Basic steel More 
 Journeyings A break-down Torquay The Society of Arts' 
 Medal Thomas's plans and deeds for workers The Channel 
 Islands Election to Council of Iron and Steel Institute , . 159 
 
[10] SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Voyage to the Cape Port Elizabeth Grahamstown East London 
 Kaffirs and Dutch Economic conditions Diamond fields . 174 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 MAURITIUS AND INDIA 
 
 More voyaging Port Louis Cureppe Coolies and Chinese 
 ' Square thinking on religious questions ' Bombay Allahabad 
 Benares Calcutta Barrakur Iron-making in India . . 205 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 
 
 Chinese law and religion Climate of India Colombo Mount 
 Lavinia Interview with Arabi An Argentine Steel in India 
 Basic process 229 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 Adelaide' The Child ' Melbourne Sydney Democracy in the 
 Colonies Australian Ministers Wangaratta A slag process 
 wanted Lithgow Brisbane . . . . . . 240 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 HOMEWARD BOUND 
 
 Auckland and New Zealand Honolulu San Francisco Thomas 
 in dangerous condition The States again ..... . . 270 
 
CONTENTS [11] 
 
 CHAPTEE XX 
 
 A SAD HOME-COMING AND A FLIGHT SOUTH 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Worrying letters Uncheckable activity New plans and schemes 
 The Slag Question Sevenoaks Common A change for the 
 worse Farewell to England . 277 
 
 CHAPTEE XXI 
 
 A WINTER IN ALGIERS 
 
 Marseilles and mosquitoes Arab and Frenchman in Algiers- 
 Bessemer Medal presented to Thomas Project for new type- 
 writer Slag experiments at Bir-el-Droodj ' Steel a by-pro- 
 duct and phosphorus a main-product ' Doctors despair A 
 move north . . 282 
 
 CHAPTEE XXII 
 
 THE LAST DAYS IN FARIS 
 
 Limoges Some Southern French towns The Avenue Marceau 
 Trial of a new cure Friends' last visits Plans for workers 
 Death of brother Clouds close in A logical life Death 
 of Thomas Disposal of money for toilers' benefit . . . 303 
 
 CONCLUSION . 313 
 
ILLUSTBATIONS 
 
 PORTRAIT AFTER HERKOMER Frontispiece 
 
 PORTRAIT FROM A PHOTOGRAPH ..... To face page 1 
 
SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
MEMOIK AKD LETTEES 
 
 OF 
 
 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 EARLY DAYS 
 
 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS was born on April 16, 1850, at 
 Canonbury. His father was in the Civil Service, and a 
 Welshman. His mother (nee Gilchrist) was the eldest 
 daughter of the Rev. James Gilchrist, the author of a 
 striking and individual litt'e "book, unknown to modern 
 readers, the ' Intellectual Patrimony.' James Gilchrist 
 was a Highlander, of keen literary tastes and eager after 
 Truth as he saw it, who drifted from Presbyterianism into 
 Unitarianism and thence reverted to orthodoxy, much to 
 his worldly detriment. One of his sons was Alexander 
 Gilchrist, the well-known and too early gone biographer 
 of Etty and of Blake. The important matter for us to 
 note is that Sidney Thomas was mainly of Celtic strain, 
 and furnished yet another example of the often unrecog- 
 nised addition of fame which that great race has brought 
 to the ' English ' people. 
 
 His childhood was passed on the banks of the New 
 River when there was still something of a rural character 
 
 B 
 
2 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 about that artificial stream. The miles of houses which 
 now stretch over the northern slopes of the great parish of 
 Islington away to Highgate Hill and the very gates of the 
 Alexandra Palace were, forty years ago, still for the most 
 part in the future. 
 
 For the first few years of Sidney's life,' says his mother, 
 c he was a constant care ; his brain seemed too big for his 
 .body. He learnt to read at a most unusually early age. 
 When quite a little boy, six or seven years old, he already 
 read much and earnestly. He would act out, in his small 
 way, the characters of the heroes of his books now it 
 might be Nelson, now King Arthur, or one of the Round 
 Table Knights. I remember, when he was seven, making 
 for him a suit of armour, as he firmly believed it to be- 
 Clofched in it, he would solemnly "keep vigil," pacing 
 up and down, his sword by his side, for hours together, 
 before making his vows to an imaginary King. One of 
 his favourite books was a little volume I gave him on 
 his sixth birthday " Our Soldiers and Sailors " short 
 sketches of eminent men in those lines. I can see now 
 the earnest, large-eyed child, and his delight with his 
 presents ; especially with his books. He was so rational 
 and good a boy that his father and I thought he should by- 
 and-bye be a clergyman. Very early in his boyhood, however, 
 he told me with decision that that he should never be, " he 
 was not good enough." " I will do something great, mamma, 
 and you shall have a carriage to ride in " (I was not very 
 strong just then), "and money to help people with." ' 
 
 Sidney's mother taught both him and his elder brother 
 (the late Dr. Llewellyn Thomas, of Weymouth Street) 
 during their early years. When Sidney was eight he 
 attended for a year, with Llewellyn, at the school kept in 
 the neighbourhood by Mr. Darnell, of copybook fame. 
 
 At the end of that year Mr. Thomas removed to Grove 
 
CH. i EARLY DAYS 8 
 
 Lane, Camberwell, near the brow of Champion Hill, 
 mainly that he might gain for his boys the advantage of 
 the education given by the newly reconstructed Dulwich 
 College, then under Dr. Carver's head-mastership. There 
 for the next seven years Sidney remained, gradually rising 
 from form to form in the school till the proud eminence of 
 the ' sixth ' was reached. Living at home, but attending 
 daily at the College, the brothers enjoyed all the undoubted 
 benefits of what is called ' home education,' together with 
 whatever is really useful in 'public-school' life. The home 
 in Grove Lane (well remembered by the present writer) 
 was no ordinary educative influence. Sidney's father was 
 no ordinary man. His talents were at once intellectual 
 and practical, and his interest in his sons' development 
 was ever present. Sidney was naturally precocious, and 
 the keen hunger after knowledge (which was as much 
 his characteristic at thirteen as afterwards at thirty) was 
 encouraged and stimulated in every way. The boys were 
 early admitted on equal terms to conversation both with 
 their mother and with their father. Gossip was little 
 favoured in the family circle. The discussion (for real 
 discussion it would be) of literature and politics was pre- 
 ferred to vain personal talk. Mr. Thomas himself was a 
 Conservative in creed, his wife a Liberal by inheritance, 
 but their sons were ever warned from accepting any 
 opinion they had not tested for themselves, and the freest 
 spirit of inquiry was not only welcomed but expected 
 from them. It may truly be said that a thoroughly 
 scientific mental attitude was thus, unconsciously to them- 
 selves, induced in them. Omnivorous reading was the 
 habit of the whole household. 
 
 ' Sidney's mind,' says his mother, ' was stored with the 
 kind of knowledge boys gain in a cultured home. His 
 father habitually read aloud to the boys bits of Words - 
 
 B 2 
 
4 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 worth, lives of great men, passages from Buffon's " Natural 
 History." I well remember how Sidney's cheeks glowed 
 at hearing read in this way the " Morte d' Arthur " of 
 Tennyson. He and his brother had a healthy source of 
 education in the visits they were accustomed to pay once 
 or twice a year to the country. At Christmastide and in 
 the early spring time, they would be received as indulged 
 nephews by a kind, broad-minded, busy uncle into his 
 Berkshire home. Here they would see the practical work- 
 ing of many rural industries. 
 
 1 In the late summer or early autumn, they would visit 
 one or other of two ideal vicarage-houses. One was 
 Corwen, situate on the side of the lovely Berwyn Moun- 
 tains, with the river Dee flowing silently and darkly on 
 the other side of the Holyhead high road. Here reigned 
 a grand old vicar, living a life of lettered dignity, and 
 ruling his church, his house and the parish with perfectly 
 absolute sway, yet with real sympathy and love. The 
 other vicarage was that of Llandrillo in Rhus (near 
 Colwyn), where the Rev. Thomas Hughes (a bachelor 
 nephew of him of Corwen) was vicar. This was a home 
 still more entirely Sidney's. From eleven to sixteen he 
 was a regular autumnal visitor here, and a great favourite 
 with the tall, hearty, breezy Mr. Hughes, the very sound 
 of whose laugh did one good and inspired immediate con- 
 fidence. At thirteen Sidney began helping the vicar 
 during his visits by reading the lessons in church for 
 him in the earlier days in English, afterwards, with some 
 training, in Welsh. These holidays, after the close work 
 of school, were a real blessing to him, and here he dreamed 
 out many an ambition for the future. Noble scenery, the 
 sea, books, the simple vicarage life all these things were 
 a rare refreshment to the quiet, self-contained boy. I 
 remember a characteristic story of him at this period. A 
 
e. i EAKLY DAYS 5 
 
 Dean (whose cathedral I forget) was lunching with the 
 vicar. This dignitary put Sidney through an examination 
 in Latin. The boy came so well out of the ordeal that 
 the Dean " tipped " him three half-sovereigns and retained 
 him as guide over the Great Orme's Head. A happy hour 
 ensued; Sidney in the heat of some discussion flinging 
 off his jacket and carrying it under his arm. The half- 
 sovereigns had been put into the jacket pocket, and not 
 unnaturally, upon return to the vicarage, they were gone. 
 Not unnaturally either, the vicar was vexed ; but Sidney's 
 only answer was : " Never mind, godfather, most likely 
 someone has it who wants it more than I." " What can 
 you do with such a boy ? " wrote the vicar to me. 
 
 ' Never did he as a lad care for money in the way boys 
 often do. Once, some money having been given him, he came 
 to his father and offered him five shillings for a little worn- 
 out American clock. His father told him the clock was 
 not worth the money and that he might have it for 
 nothing. Sidney, however, said that he wanted to take 
 the clock to pieces, and must therefore pay for it. Take 
 it to pieces he did, and, not being a watchmaker, was 
 naturally unable to put it together again. He remained, 
 nevertheless, perfectly content with his bargain.' 
 
 Constant discussion of political questions, coupled with 
 unceasing insistence by his elders that he should render 
 a reason for the faith that was in him, made Sidney a 
 militant Radical at an age when it may be supposed that 
 most boys are chiefly interested in cricket stumps and 
 footballs, not to say in tops and marbles. 
 
 From the beginning he followed the course of the 
 American Civil War with the eagerness and comprehen- 
 sion of an intelligent man. Alone in the family circle he 
 would do battle for the North, and upon fitting occasions 
 (for he must not be supposed to have been in any sense 
 
6 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 that most dreadful of social plagues, an f infant pheno- 
 menon ' ) would argue on State Rights and what not with a 
 knowledge and an accuracy which would have done credit 
 to a disputant thrice his years. 
 
 The last sentence leads us specially to emphasise what 
 is necessary to be remembered in connection with what 
 has gone before, that amid all this precocity no element of 
 priggism was allowed to intrude. The slightest flavour 
 of this detestable spirit would have been instantly detected 
 and unsparingly ridiculed. Sidney was before all things 
 trained to be a boy while boyhood lasted. Nor was it 
 desired to cultivate mental at the expense of physical 
 faculties. Open-air pursuits and recreations were encou- 
 raged in every way. Each Sunday afternoon Mr. Thomas 
 would take his boys long country walks, by no means 
 restricting himself to the high roads, but striking ' across 
 country ' whenever opportunity offered. On these expe- 
 ditions, and indeed whenever they found themselves in 
 fields or roads, the lads were taught to use their eyes 
 to good purpose. Natural history was a passion with 
 Llewellyn Thomas, and Sidney also cultivated it in a 
 minor degree. Thirty years ago Camberwell (or the 
 up-lying portion of it at least) was still on the edge of the 
 country, and abundant opportunity was to be found for 
 entomological collecting even for birds'-nesting on a 
 somewhat extensive scale, and with a more or less scien- 
 tific object. 
 
 A well-thumbed copy of a little book by Mr. Atkinson 
 on ' British Birds' Eggs and Nests ' was a classic in the 
 home. Llewellyn and Sidney were joint possessors of a 
 regular aviary, with a constant population of some dozen 
 birds of different species, an intense source of delight to 
 both boys. For some time an effort was made to keep 
 a kite in the garden ; but the bird developed such an 
 
CH. i EAELY DAYS 7 
 
 unpleasant habit of attacking innocent visitors, that 
 ultimately it was deemed necessary by the domestic 
 authorities to cause its presentation to the Zoological 
 Gardens. These tastes were adopted by Sidney (so far 
 as they were adopted at all) in emulation of his elder 
 brother. From very early days his own individual predi- 
 lections took a different direction. Mechanics and engin- 
 eering had an irresistible fascination for him from the 
 time when (tcrfifia ss asl as it seemed indeed) he became 
 possessor of his first box of tools and fashioned his first 
 toy ship. A little later, in 1862, during the formation by 
 the then youthful Metropolitan Board of Works of the 
 New Main Drainage System, he would stand for hours on 
 a half-holiday entranced in contemplation of the building 
 of the great sewers. He soon decided that his avocation 
 in life was to be that of a mechanical engineer. A year 
 or two afterwards the fairy 'and of chemistry opened before 
 him, and he resolved upon becoming an analytical 
 chemist. Little did any then foresee the devious paths by 
 which he was to be led back to his first mistress, Science. 
 
 Art, however, had also its influence on the boy. The 
 Dulwich Gallery was a favourite resort during recreation 
 hours at the neighbouring college. Every picture in 
 the collection was known by heart, so to speak, to Sidney, 
 and its history and every fact connected with it. Music, 
 too (although in after life he always disclaimed special 
 liking for modern developments on Wagnerian lines, or, 
 indeed, any special taste for it), had always in truth a great 
 attraction for Thomas. At fourteen the wonderful singing 
 and playing of Miss Havergal (a lady whose religious 
 verse made her quite famous at one time in certain circles) 
 produced a strong impression on him, ' as well,' says his 
 mother, c as the deep spiritual individuality of the sweet 
 singer herself.' 
 
8 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 Amid all these influences and dreams, the steady, 
 regular school work and life at Dulwich maintained an 
 admirable balance of compensation. Sidney was boyish 
 enough in all conscience when joining on a summer after- 
 noon or evening in a hare and hounds paper chase round 
 the borders of South London. Over the whole scheme of 
 education presided a steady inculcation of industry and 
 energy in all things, whether work or play, very delight- 
 ful to witness. To use an expressive Americanism, the 
 household at Grove Lane was a i live ' household, with no 
 particle of sullen sloth about it. Self-reliance was one of 
 the earliest lessons taught the boys, and at twelve years 
 old or less, they were expected to be able, unassisted, to 
 escort a less experienced country cousin to a day's sight- 
 seeing in town, or with equal facility to join him in a day's 
 birds'-nesting in the country. 
 
 'From the time Sidney entered Dulwich,' says his 
 mother, ' his progress was steady. He was always obedient, 
 always industrious, yet seeming to lead an inner life of his 
 own. I remember that at fourteen he had a vehement 
 struggle with another boy for the top of the fifth form. 
 Especially was their competition keen for that form's prize 
 for Latin Verse and Prose Composition. This prize Sidney 
 gained. Comparing notes afterwards, however, with his 
 friendly rival, he came to the conclusion that it had not 
 been rightfully adjudged to him. No sooner was he con- 
 vinced of this than he sought an interview with the 
 Master, and endeavoured to convince that authority that 
 the decision was wrong. The Master was both amused 
 and aggravated, and told Sidney that he had better be 
 content with what praise and success were given him 
 in this hard world. Nevertheless, Sidney remained 
 thoroughly dissatisfied with his victory, taking no pleasure 
 in his prize. 
 
CH. i EAELY DAYS 9 
 
 c His protecting love for his little sister Lilian, eight 
 years younger than himself, was born with her birth and 
 grew with her growth. When she was a week old he 
 would ask the nurse to be allowed to take her in his arms, 
 and upon the good woman's consent, would sit holding 
 the baby-sister for half an hour at a time, never moving, 
 but silently looking at her. As Lilian grew older, Sidney 
 became her companion and friend, teaching her, telling 
 her fairy tales ; upon returning from an absence always 
 bringing her some little memento of the spot visited, or 
 some odd quaint tale of adventure.' 
 
 Equal with Sidney's love for his sister was his devo- 
 tion to his mother. 
 
 1 One of the strongest ties of his life,' says the latter, 
 c was his devoted affection to me. When he was fourteen 
 he had a serious illness, inflammation of the lungs and 
 brain, brought on (so the doctors said) by overwork, and 
 by carelessly getting wet in walking across the fields to 
 school. (At that time there were fields between Camber- 
 well and Dulwich, and not streets of speculative builders' 
 masterpieces.) Through this terrible illness I nursed him. 
 He and I were shut up together for three anxious months, 
 and our mutual affection and devotion were, if possible, 
 strengthened. During his convalescence from this malady 
 he would sometimes give me a glimpse of his inner thoughts. 
 Through science (always through science) he was to do 
 some great thing, and Lilian and I were to help him to 
 dispense among the unfortunate and the neglected the 
 money he was sure to make. 
 
 4 When Sidney had attained his sixteenth year, Dr. 
 Carver, the head-master of Dulwich, wrote to my husband 
 requesting an interview. At the meeting which there- 
 upon ensued, Dr. Carver said that he was most anxious 
 that Sidney, who he thought would do honour to the 
 
10 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 school, should remain some time longer at Dulwich, and 
 should ultimately go in for a scholarship at either Oxford 
 or Cambridge. To such a scheme my husband had no 
 objection ; on the contrary, he was eager for its execution. 
 " Sidney," he used to say, " will in the end become a man 
 of science ; but he will be a credit to whichever university 
 he may join. One thing, however, is certain : money will 
 never be an object to him; indeed, he will never be able 
 to take care of it." This last prediction the future was 
 fated signally to falsify. 
 
 * However, an insurmountable obstacle arose to all these 
 plans. Sidney, in his own quiet, respectful way, told both 
 the head-master and his father that he would rather 
 matriculate at London University and study medicine in 
 the capital. 
 
 1 Dr. Carver, his father, I myself, were all much dis- 
 appointed ; but the boy had his way. In the summer 
 holidays of 1866 he left Dulwich. In that summer, too, 
 he accompanied his father upon a long tour in South 
 Wales. 
 
 ' That trip strengthened the boy's affection for his 
 father, and more than ever convinced the latter that he 
 had a rare nature to deal with. Upon their return my 
 husband said : " Sidney can pursue his own course ; we 
 can absolutely trust him." 
 
 ' My boy, on his side, at once began studying for the 
 London Matriculation. His father offered him a coach. 
 " No ; please, father," said he, " a fellow knows nothing 
 really well which he does not gain for himself." So passed 
 the weeks, Sidney working up his subjects himself, 
 and also devoting his time to teaching Lilian and his 
 younger brother Arthur. He began Latin with them ; 
 made geography lessons easy to them by telling them 
 tales of strange countries. Always the instruction was 
 
CH. I 
 
 EARLY DAYS 11 
 
 wound up by some wonderful story invented for tlie 
 occasion.' 
 
 In such fashion were the irresistible forces of heredity 
 and of education combining to mould a bright, alert, 
 questioning, indefatigable, strenuous, and withal practical 
 spirit. A sudden family crisis was to test that spirit 
 earlier than had seemed likely. Dreams of matriculation 
 at London, of study of medicine, of ultimate pursuit, 
 mayhap, of analytical chemistry or mechanical engineering, 
 were to disappear. 
 
 In February, 1867, Mr. Thomas died suddenly of 
 apoplexy, and the household was left without a head. The 
 loss of income was naturally serious. Llewellyn, the 
 eldest son, had already entered upon his career (a career 
 destined to prove brilliant enough, although cut short too 
 early), and for a twelvemonth past had been attending 
 at St. Thomas's Hospital. Sidney's resolves had better 
 be told in his mother's words : 
 
 1 Sidney sat down by his father's bedside a boy ; from 
 his grave he passed out a man, and thenceforward took 
 upon himself, as far as he could, the burden of my grief. 
 When we were alone, he told me quietly that he should 
 not matriculate, that he should write to the vicar of 
 Llandrillo, and endeavour to obtain a Civil Service 
 nomination ; that he would take anything that first offered. 
 I prayed him to carry out his plans. I said we would all 
 live quietly together, and that we should have income 
 enough. " Mother," his answer was, " you will want all 
 you have to educate the little ones." 
 
 ' No prayers, no argument could move him, and so 
 this boy (not yet seventeen) launched himself on a man's 
 career. He wrote to his Llandrillo cousin and godfather, 
 and had a speedy promise of his nomination. In the 
 meantime, Sidney devoted himself to urgent affairs. His 
 
12 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 father had been executor of the vicar of Corwen, who had 
 died the preceding summer. He carried on this executor- 
 ship and helped me with my own. 
 
 ' Shortly after my husband's death we moved to 
 Camberwell Grove. We had not long settled there when 
 Sidney told me quietly that he had taken a classical 
 mastership at an Essex school, meaning to hold it until 
 the promised Civil Service appointment came. He ex- 
 plained that there was nothing now for him to help me 
 in. " You know, mother, I cannot be idle." 
 
 1 No remonstrances availed. He went to the Essex 
 school it was at Braintree and found his class to consist 
 of young fellows bigger and older, for the most part, than 
 himself. These lads were at first much inclined to re- 
 bellion ; but Sidney persevered, prevailed, and in the end 
 reduced them to willing obedience. The head-master was 
 most anxious to secure his classical assistant permanently, 
 and offered him increased salary and ultimately partnership 
 if he would remain.' 
 
 However, the particular drudgery of teaching was 
 always abhorrent to Sidney, tolerant as he was of drudgery 
 when needful, and he was by no means ill-pleased when 
 the looked-for nomination came. It was to a clerkship in 
 the Metropolitan Police Courts. 
 
 Attached to each Metropolitan Police Court are a 
 ' senior ' and a l junior ' clerk, members of the Civil Service. 
 The junior's salary begins at 90Z. a year, with an annual 
 increment until 200Z. a year is reached ; the senior receives 
 500/. per annum. The seniors are recruited from the 
 ranks of the juniors ; but in so small a department pro- 
 motion is necessarily slow, and the discoverer of the 
 Thomas-Gilchrist process never attained, it in his twelve 
 years' service. The duties of the clerks are to conduct all 
 the business of the office as distinct from the Court, to 
 
CH. i EARLY DAYS 18 
 
 receive and account for all the moneys paid in for process, 
 fines, &c., and in court to take notes and depositions. 
 The examination of witnesses, in the great majority of 
 cases where no advocate appears, is by most magistrates- 
 left much to the clerk. To anyone with the slightest 
 knowledge of the volume of business constantly transacted 
 before these tribunals, it will be obvious that the official 
 hours from ten to five must be pretty fully occupied. At 
 the busier courts, indeed, the clerks are often detained an 
 hour or so later, although the magistrate himself, of course, 
 adjourns at the statutory time. This is mentioned for a 
 reason which will presently appear. Thomas, having ob- 
 tained his ' nomination,' had little difficulty in success 
 in the examination, with some hundreds of marks to 
 spare. A year or two later, equal success in his 
 examination would have given him to a great extent his 
 choice of departments. At this time, however, it was not 
 so. In the latter part of 1867 he entered upon his duties 
 at the Marlborough Street Police Court. Mr. Knox was 
 the senior magistrate here at the time. The work was 
 quite novel to Sidney ; but, although he never liked it 
 (indeed, disliked it cordially), he buckled to it with 
 characteristic energy. At any rate, it was better than 
 teaching. It is not too much to say that, in the midst of 
 all the other more congenial pursuits of which we shall 
 presently speak, he found time to thoroughly master not 
 only the practice and procedure, and the various statutes 
 with which he was more immediately concerned, but, in- 
 deed, to make himself an accomplished criminal lawyer. 
 In the earlier days at Marlborough Street the atmosphere 
 was, doubtless, strange enough to him, and the writer can 
 well remember his telling with much gusto how he tried 
 to convince Mr. Knox that he should not convict a 
 man who, when starving, had appropriated another's loaf, 
 
14 SIDNEY GIT CHRIST THOMAS CH. i 
 
 because even so conservative a thinker as Paley had main- 
 tained that such a taking was not theft. The worthy 
 magistrate was puzzled for the moment by this citation of 
 an authority so little quoted in law courts, but presently 
 bethought him that in truth the plea of necessity could 
 hardly arise, since the merciful legislation of this happy 
 country had provided for the destitute the pleasant asylum 
 of the casual ward. 
 
 Marlborough Street is probably the police court where 
 the work is lightest, and it is situate in a locality which 
 is accessible and agreeable to the average middle-class 
 man ; consequently the ordinary police-court clerk seeks 
 rather eagerly after appointment to it. Sidney, however, 
 was neither an average middle-class man nor an ordinary 
 police-court clerk. 
 
 In 1868 the East End had not yet been discovered 
 by Mr. Walter Besant. Nobody knew of the delightful 
 pastime styled ' slumming ; ' nobody dreamt of Palaces of 
 Delight, or produced glorified technical schools. Thomas 
 was nevertheless smitten with a genuine desire (since 
 police-court drudgery seemed to be his portion) to pursue 
 his vocation rather in the East than in the West, and to 
 see for himself something of the great depths below our 
 civilisation. For probably the first time in the history of 
 this branch of the Civil Service, he sought an exchange 
 with a colleague at the ' Thames ' Court in Arbour Square, 
 and naturally met with no difficulty or obstacle in the 
 achievement of his wish. He thus quitted the West End 
 Court after about a year spent there, and for the remainder 
 of his time in the profession was attached to the Stepney 
 tribunal. Among the magistrates here were Mr. Paget, 
 Mr. De Rutzen, Mr. Lushington, and for a short time 
 before Sidney's resignation, Mr. Saunders. Thomas con- 
 tinued to live at home. His mother, as we have seen, had 
 
CH. i EAKLY PAYS 15. 
 
 removed from Grove Lane to the neighbouring < Camber- 
 well Grove.' Naturally, and gradually, while still little 
 more than a boy, he assumed unconsciously the position of 
 head of the family ; for his elder brother was by this time 
 out in the world on his own account, and no longer a con- 
 stant member of the home circle. He would usually walk 
 the long distance from Camberwell to Stepney at a swing- 
 ing pace, always arriving at the Court at ten sharp ; often, 
 indeed, he would walk back. At Thames he had a senior 
 colleague, a Mr. Poyer, since deceased. With this gentle- 
 man Sidney was enabled, after some years, to make an 
 arrangement which left him two days a week free, and 
 this gave him precious time which was devoted to the real 
 mistress of his heart, Science, and to study and researches 
 by means of which he, in the end, perfected that which 
 was to prove his life-work. 
 
 Before we speak of this pact, which had so much in- 
 fluence on the future, let us here introduce a description 
 of Thomas as he appeared at this time to a cousin and 
 intimate friend, who took a holiday tour with him in the 
 summer of 1869. 
 
16 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 A SUMMER TOUR 
 
 ' IT was in the gorgeous July of 1869 that Sidney Thomas 
 and I, he then being aged nineteen and I a year or two 
 younger, visited the Continent for the first time. Such a 
 visit at such an age is an experience never in any case to 
 be forgotten ; but in this instance my cousin's striking 
 personality must, anyhow, have indelibly impressed upon 
 one's mind all the main incidents of a month's travel with 
 him. During our walks along the straight white Norman 
 roads we discoursed " of all things, and some others," with 
 that wonderful self-confidence alas ! also with that won- 
 derful energy and new delight characteristic of the dawn- 
 ing days of manhood, when life is like a romance " of cloak 
 and sword," and not the dreary, grimy, realistic narrative 
 which it too often afterwards becomes. 
 
 ' We were, I think, both possessed of that keen pleasure 
 in argument, for the sake of argument, which older out- 
 siders sometimes find so distasteful to them in smart lads 
 in their teens, and we naturally always took opposite 
 views of every conceivable topic, from the mysteries of 
 theology down to the topography of the Lower Seine. The 
 summer air would be heavy with the clang of debate as 
 we trudged along. Yet we had, I think, both of us, a 
 wonderfully happy time of it, and as light hearts as any 
 pair of youngsters in all fair France. Light hearts have 
 a proverbial accompaniment, which in our case was not 
 
CH. ii A SUMMEK TOUR 17 
 
 lacking either to wit, light purses ; but need for economy, 
 provided it be not too pronounced, only adds to the enjoy- 
 ment of a pleasure-trip at twenty. 
 
 ' Of the well-remembered little incidents of that trip, so 
 far as they illustrate either Sidney Thomas' character as it 
 appeared to me, or the experiences which were going to 
 form it, I will say something presently ; but I want, if I 
 can, in the first place, to give some idea of that unique 
 personality of his at which I have already hinted. Such 
 as he was then, such he remained, in my eyes at least, 
 almost to the end. No one with the slightest faculty of 
 observation could ever have come into the most momen- 
 tary contact with him and have failed to recognise a mind 
 of exceptional power. He had the spare frame of a man 
 ^ager, not merely for intellectual research, but for intel- 
 lectual conflict and conquest, of a man perhaps somewhat 
 too disdainful of the things of the flesh. His face was 
 a little "sicklied o'er with th.3 pale cast of thought" and 
 his hair a little long and unkempt (of a surety from no 
 conscious affectation, nor indeed had " sestheticism " begun 
 in 1869) ; yet I think most women would have found his 
 clear-cut features and speaking eyes, wonderfully variable 
 in colour and expression, handsome. He spoke in a clear, 
 pleasant voice, which in moments of excitement became 
 metallic. His reading was wonderful for a youth of his 
 age fiction, history, travel, theology, on all these subjects 
 he seemed equally at home. Perhaps poetry had been a 
 little neglected. In the semi-humorous, self-depreciatory 
 way which became him well, he used to say that he had 
 no care for verse, and that in the coming time everything 
 worth reading would be written in prose ; but I never 
 believed either assertion. Social subjects had a wonderful 
 fascination for him, and although his mind was too indepen- 
 dent to accept blindfold any of the provisional theories of 
 
 c 
 
18 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS X:K. n 
 
 the human future which had come in his way, and he was 
 -" nullius addict us jurare in verba magistri," yet I do not 
 think, looking back across the expanse of twenty years, 
 that it would be saying too much to describe him as almost 
 persuaded to be a Socialist. I know that in those days he 
 was far more advanced than I, who had but faint glimmer- 
 ings of social problems ; although politically I was radical 
 enough. Of science he seldom spoke to me, knowing how 
 feeble my interest in and scant my knowledge of those 
 departments of it, at least, which specially attracted him. 
 
 1 Under the stimulus of what to us were novel experi- 
 ences in wayside Norman inns or on the asphalte of peer- 
 less Paris, sides of Thomas's character became apparent 
 which were not so well seen in his workaday life, when 
 he was subjecting himself to that double strain of dis- 
 tasteful exertion conscientiously performed in the fetid 
 atmosphere of a London police court and congenial study 
 unfortunately pursued in hours which immutable hygienic 
 laws have decided should be devoted to leisure. Most of 
 us, who belong to the non-productive classes at least, know 
 nowadays something of the mental exaltation produced 
 by realising for the first time with our own eyes the 
 existence of a civilisation different from our own, even if 
 it be only the civilisation of a country so like ours as is 
 France. The very names on the shop-fronts, the very 
 jabber of the children in the streets, the very knowledge 
 that we are strangers and sojourners, all those things 
 cause a delight never afterwards to be reproduced. For 
 myself, I shall never forget our landing at Havre one 
 afternoon in early July. We had come by the long route 
 from London Bridge, and I think we had both of us 
 suffered a good deal in the Channel. All the morning we 
 had lain tossing outside the harbour waiting for the tide. 
 Such troubles were soon forgotten as, in our phrase-book 
 
CH. n A SUMMEK TOUR 19 
 
 French, we asked our way, knapsacks on back, to the 
 Caudebec road ; for we were to walk up the Seine valley, 
 Paris-ward. 
 
 ' With what zest we ate our rolls and drank our cafe au 
 lait in the morning and felt that we were indeed " on the 
 Continent! " We did a good trudge that day, I remember. 
 Thomas resolutely refused to eat any dejeuner^ a resolution 
 which he adhered to pretty steadfastly throughout our 
 travels, maintaining that our rolls in the morning, with 
 our dinner in the evening, sufficed for all our needs. This 
 was a doctrine which I as steadfastly opposed, insisting 
 on the midday repast as a necessity. Hence arguments 
 which speedily led us far afield over the whole domain of 
 what we knew of physiology, and from physiology the way 
 was easy to dispute concerning most things in heaven and 
 earth. The echo of our words comes back to me now, with 
 the background of the straight white roads, the hedgeless 
 fields, the kilometre-stones, and the iron guide-posts. I 
 did not know of the purposes which were even then doubt- 
 less dimly shaping themselves in Sidney's mind, and 
 leading him to a settled scheme of minute economy in 
 his expenditure upon himself, so that, when the hour struck, 
 he might not fail in his projects for want of the sinews 
 of war. 
 
 ' There was, I have always thought, however, joined with 
 this intelligible motive to abstinence, a half-conscious lean- 
 ing to k asceticism in Sidney's nature which impelled him to 
 unnecessary and even injurious self-denial. I much fear 
 that the seeds of premature decay were implanted in his 
 naturally vigorous frame by the habit which he acquired in 
 these adolescent years, when abundance of food is of prime 
 need, of systematic under-eating a habit, the evil results 
 of which were assisted, as has already been hinted, by 
 systematic over-work. But these things were absolutely 
 
 c 2 
 
20 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CIL n 
 
 hidden from us by futurity's curtain, nor did any anticipa- 
 tion of evil to come spoil our summer days. 
 
 4 Paris in the midsummer of 1869 seemed to our in- 
 experienced eyes the City of Pleasure in very truth, and 
 doubtless we missed the lessons we might have learnt in 
 the streets of the City of Light. In little more than 
 another twelvemonth, the frequenters of the boulevard, 
 with their English-made clothes and their twisted 
 moustaches, would for the most part have fled elsewhither; 
 but the real children of Paris, noblest populace perhaps of 
 the world, would be enduring with fortitude, never before 
 shown by such a mass of human beings, all the horrors of 
 the long siege. In some twenty months' time, those same 
 children of Paris would kindle a flame which should terrify 
 respectable persons everywhere, and be as a beacon to 
 lighten the steps of revolutionists for many a day. 
 
 4 Although we did not dip much below the surface, we 
 crowded a great deal of sight-seeing into our eleven days 
 in the capital. Sidney was, as ever, insatiable after new 
 things, and, although never tired of satirising himself for 
 the foible, yet was seemingly bent on emulating the typical 
 Yankee anxiety to fill the day with achievement. 
 
 4 On our return walk from Paris to Dieppe I remember a 
 country gendarme stopped us once and demanded our pass- 
 ports. We said that we were English and needed none ; 
 but " Je crois que vous etes des Prussiens," rejoined the 
 moustached and swaggering Dogberry. However, after 
 some consideration he allowed us to go our ways, yet still 
 with scowling mien walked his horse after us for a kilo- 
 metre or two, until, I presume, we passed out of his juris- 
 diction. 
 
 1 We disliked this dogging of our footsteps very much, 
 and at Sidney's suggestion we started the " Marseillaise," 
 feeling all the time that we were very desperate ruffians 
 
CH. n A SUMMER TOUR 21 
 
 indeed ; but as we could neither of us sing a note, and as 
 we knew nothing of the tune, and but little of the words 
 of the then forbidden song, I really do not think that our 
 persecutor realised our audacity. Another time we walked 
 some miles with an ex-convict from Toulon, in whom 
 Thomas took much interest, but from whom we gathered 
 little save a general impression that our interlocutor was 
 a well-meaning, stupid fellow, somewhat dazed with the 
 injustice of the world. 
 
 ' We were absent a month, and out of the ten pounds 
 apiece we had started with I brought back some sixteen 
 francs, but Sidney double or treble that amount. Had it 
 not been for his example, I should never have done things 
 so cheaply. I insist on these details because Sidney's severe 
 and rigid, perhaps too severe and rigid, economy throws 
 much light on some main features of his character. We 
 may hope that in the better society which the future, as 
 some of us hold, has in store for us, thrift may cease to be 
 deemed a virtue ; since, where each one renders according 
 to his capacity and receives according to his needs, there 
 will be no fear of ever wanting. But under the present 
 false social conditions, and in the horrible world in which 
 we live to-day, there is, it seems to me, revolt as we may 
 from asceticism, no undeserved credit due to him who, for 
 a worthy and unselfish purpose, not only " shuns delights 
 and lives laborious days," but even by abstinence hoards 
 out of scanty means the wherewithal to battle hereafter. 
 Thomas was no miser, and no man more generous to others 
 ever lived. He only pinched himself. 
 
 1 He had, as it seemed, an inborn financial genius. 
 Perhaps this was merely a manifestation of his keen sense 
 of things as they really were. His imagination was power- 
 ful enough in some directions ; but it was always his 
 servant and never his master, and his outlook on the world 
 
&2 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. n 
 
 was quite unobscured by mists of fantasy or passion. Yet 
 none was bolder in speculation, and in many matters he 
 was an idealist. I will not say that he had quite " swallowed 
 all formulas " few of us, strive as we may, succeed 
 altogether in that ; but he had proved most things, and he 
 held fast those which seemed to him good. 
 
 'Looking back on these somewhat rough notes 
 wherein I have endeavoured, perhaps not too successfully, 
 to paint my cousin's portrait in rather " impressionist " 
 fashion it seems to me that I have given, it may be, too 
 harsh and stern a rendering of one of the most genial men 
 1 ever knew. Stern and even harsh he could be upon 
 occasions, although never for long ; but habitually he was 
 the most cheerful, the most fascinating, even the most 
 humorous and lightsome of mortals.' 
 
CH. m A ' DOUBLE LIFE ' 23 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 A ' DOUBLE LIFE ' 
 
 IN the foregoing chapter we have Sidney Thomas as he 
 appeared to an intimate friend when on holiday-making 
 bent. At home he had become practically, as we have 
 said, the head of the family, his elder brother being out 
 in the world. After the removal from Grove Lane to 
 Camberwell Grove, there began, says Sidney's mother, ' a 
 new domestic life, of which Sidney was the centre.' His 
 official work at this time (1867-1871) was hard enough, 
 as indeed it always was, and the two free days a week 
 to be by him devoted to still harder scientific work which 
 he subsequently acquired by arrangement with Mr. Poyer, 
 were as yet in the dim and distant future. Hard as might 
 be his police-court labours, unattractive to him as they 
 often were, he threw his whole heart and soul into their 
 discharge. Always an early riser, he had mastered the 
 morning paper, eaten his breakfast, done miscellaneous 
 work, and walked, as his usual manner was, the long miles 
 from Camberwell to Stepney easily by ten o'clock. 
 
 There, day after day, he would arrive with ever-fresh 
 energy, always buoyant with a vitality which, so long as 
 he remained at the court, was to the very end entirely 
 devoted to his official duties. Mr. Lushington, under 
 whom he served for ten years, brings out well this buoyant 
 energy, which was one of Sidney's most marked charac- 
 
24 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. in 
 
 teristics, in the following letter addressed to Sidney's sister, 
 now Mrs. Percy Thompson : 
 
 ' Thames Police Court : January 1890. 
 
 ( Dear Miss Thomas, Your brother, Sidney Gilchrist 
 Thomas, appears to have been transferred as second clerk 
 to this Court some time in the summer of 1868. I have 
 been unable to find any letter announcing the exact date 
 of his, appointment ; but his handwriting begins then to 
 appear in the Court Letter Book, and this would accord 
 very well with my own impression that he had been here 
 from eighteen months to two years when I came to the 
 Court in December 1869. He left it in 1879, so that I 
 had the pleasure of his help for nearly ten years, and 
 enjoyed the fullest opportunities of appreciating his value 
 in our business relations, as well as of gaining an insight 
 into his character. During most of those years, the 
 pressure of work at the Thames Court upon the magis- 
 trates, and the clerks also, was perhaps harder and more 
 unremitting than at any other Court in London. 
 
 4 Your brother was as indefatigable, as clear-headed, as 
 patient in dealing with stupid or ignorant witnesses, as 
 accurate and concise in putting the evidence into the form 
 of a deposition, as any clerk could possibly be ; and he 
 was bright and elastic from the beginning of a long day 
 to the end, and from one long day to another, with work 
 BO heavy as to require its being got through with all the 
 rapidity that was compatible with efficient performance. 
 It was a constant help and a constant satisfaction to me 
 to see his part performed, not only with the exact 
 mechanism of a trained intellect, but with the thorough, 
 going industry of a conscientious and passionate lover of 
 strict justice. 
 
 1 1 instinctively felt that he formed his opinion inde- 
 
CH. in A ' DOUBLE LIFE ' 25 
 
 pendently of mine, and that he was the most competent 
 and unbiassed, and in some ways the severest, critic of the 
 style in which my own duty was performed. Wherever 
 a touch of out-of-the-way medical or scientific jurispru- 
 dence came into the details of a case, I was always par- 
 ticularly struck with his quick appreciation of the points 
 in the evidence of any expert witness. I understood that 
 he was fond of practical chemistry ; but it was not until 
 after the publication of his great discovery that I became 
 aware of his possessing a genius in that line that would lift 
 him at once into the first ranks of scientific reputation. 
 
 ' I was most sorry when his new career removed him 
 from the staff of the Court, though delighted with the 
 extraordinary success he had achieved ; and I am sura 
 that every official of the Thames, from the highest to the 
 lowest, was equally fond of him while there, equally proud 
 of him when he went from us, and equally grieved at his 
 early end. His career was an instance of the precept ot 
 the Preacher : " Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it 
 with thy might." 
 
 1 Believe me, very truly yours, 
 
 ' F. LUSHINGTOT^.' 
 
 Most Civil servants, after the hard collar-work, ex- 
 tending over seven or eight hours, which is here described, 
 would have thought their evenings at least sacred to re- 
 laxation ; but Thomas was made of different stuff. His 
 evenings, as soon as his simple dinner was disposed of, 
 were always spent in work of some kind, and very soon 
 came to be specially set apart for chemical studies and 
 experiments. He early began to lead the double life a 
 very virtuous * double life ' which was to be his for a 
 decade at least. In one aspect and to one set cf acquaint- 
 ances he was a model and exceptionally intelligent police- 
 
26 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. m 
 
 court clerk ; in another aspect and to another class of 
 friends he was a promising young scientist. Into his 
 leisure hours he crammed work which would have been 
 more than sufficient for all the energies of most men. 
 
 We will return to his chemical pursuits presently. 
 Let us note here that, beyond all this, he had burdened 
 himself with the management of the financial affairs, not 
 only of his mother, but also of several other female re- 
 latives. The keen, practical, business-like side of him, 
 which was as markedly characteristic as his idealism, 
 delighted in threading the intricacies of the Stock Ex- 
 change, and he was a thoroughly trustworthy guide to 
 'investments' never really rash, although sometimes 
 seeming so. 
 
 Yet he never seemed too busy for such a long talk 
 with a congenial friend as his soul loved, and in some 
 mysterious way he contrived to read more general litera- 
 ture of all kinds than many professed literary men. 
 
 In the summer of the fearful and memorable year 
 1871, Mrs. Thomas let her house in Camberwell Grove for 
 some months, and went abroad to Germany, Switzerland, 
 and Italy with her two younger children and Miss Burton, 
 a cousin, returning early in 1872. Sidney accompanied 
 them, as far as his annual holiday would stretch, and then 
 returned to harness. 
 
 During the absence of his family Thomas lived a 
 somewhat solitary life in London, residing at first in a 
 boarding-house in a City square, and afterwards in lodgings 
 in Brooke Street, Holborn. 
 
 The following extracts from letters belong to this period : 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 '1871. 
 
 'Dearest Mother, I have just contrived to squeeze out 
 a moment or two to write to Lil. Square as I anticipated a 
 
CH. Ill 
 
 A 'DOUBLE LIFE 27 
 
 failure ; but I am of course in a fix, as I can't get a day to 
 look about. I have seen three rooms close to Chancery 
 Lane, very small, dingy, only 15Z. per annum; of course 
 empty. They are not empty till end of month. I calcu- 
 late attendance about 4Z. a year ; light, fuel, and furniture 
 6Z., and glorious independence. No more boarding-houses 
 for me. However, it is uncertain whether the rooms are 
 not already let. London viler than ever. How I envy 
 you in your luxurious retreat, far removed from the toils 
 .and cares of your deserted sons.' 
 
 To his Sister 
 
 '1871. 
 
 f Dearest Wee Maid, How dare you go and spend your 
 Xmas away from your devoted boy, and leave his Xmas 
 pudding to the chances of promiscuous charity and his 
 own culinary skill ? The truth is, I am conscious of deserv- 
 ing a scolding for not having rushed, with eager pen, at 
 once to respond, as best I might, to your two delicious 
 little epistles, and so hope to avoid the merited reproof by 
 exposing my own grievances. It is needless to remark 
 that I only recovered from the impression that I was the 
 fortunate recipient of one of the world-famed missives of 
 Sevigne, whose epistolary style has been chastened and 
 adorned during her residence with the shades by the 
 instruction and examples of a Lamartine, a Rochefoucauld, 
 and a Dumas, I only awoke from this delusion, I say, when 
 I recognised the well-beloved signature of my honoured 
 sister. But really I was much pleased, both with your 
 style and expression, while your communication in the 
 vulgar tongue was equally acceptable and less straining to 
 one's intellectual department. Now I really don't know 
 if I am en regie in wishing you a Merry Xmas, which I 
 had intended to do ; for I suppose you will spend it in a 
 
28 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. iri 
 
 picnic on Arno's banks, with umbrellas to keep the sun 
 off, and an airy repast of strawberries and cream or grapes 
 and ices, or in some other festive mode befitting the 
 41 sunny South ; " whereas we all know that roast beef and 
 its concomitant plum indigestion, with snow on the 
 ground, is absolutely essential to a Merrie Xmas. 
 
 1 And so I, with a prospective possession of these latter 
 blessings, look down with pity on you benighted 
 foreigners. By-the-bye, talking of matters culinary, yon 
 have no conception what a professor in matters gastronomic 
 this fraternal genius of yours is becoming. To see .him 
 boil a potato, roast a haunch of venison (N.B. a frequent 
 dish), and finally prepare his great and world-renowned 
 dish of omni cum omnibus bene extrare, mixta cum quibu$ 
 domain, oh, that indeed is a sight calculated to rejoice 
 the spirits of a Soyer or a Francatelli ! And then to see 
 his tranquil happiness and serene beatitude when, relieved 
 from his pleasant toils, with heels gracefully reclining on 
 far-upsoaring mantelshelf, and with easiest of chairs 
 backtilted to the uttermost verge of unstable equilibrium, 
 he rests exposed to the rays of a glowing fire, with pleasant 
 novel and not unpleasant dreams ! Now, after this fascinating 
 picture of life en gar$on t don't you feel tempted to join in 
 an alliance with this fond youth and leave the rest of the 
 family out in the cold of the blue skies of Italy ? Post 
 of housekeeper still open ; no one over twenty-three need 
 ppply. The midnight bell is striking, so, darling, once 
 more a Merry Xmas and Happy New Year. Ever yours, 
 
 ' SIDNEY GILCHRIST T.' 
 
 Some readers may be astonished at some passages in 
 the above letters. Chambers in Chancery Lane at 15Z. 
 a year, with attendance calculated at 4>l. per annum and 
 * light, fuel, and furniture ' at 61., may seem a vain dream 
 
CH, in A ' DOUBLE LIFE ' 29 
 
 of economy. But it really was upon such bases that 
 Thomas arranged his existence. His thriftiness was, 
 however, as his cousin explains above in the account of 
 the French tour of 1869, confined to his own personal ex- 
 penditure, and was doubtlessly largely dictated by the 
 necessity of accumulating out of a small enough income 
 the nest-egg which would be needed for those ultimate 
 purposes which were shaping themselves more and more 
 clearly in his mind. Under our present social system, if 
 a man be born in the purple, he is not likely to 
 revolutionise metallurgy by his discoveries ; if he be not 
 so born, and yet have such an aim, he must not only work 
 night and day, but also pinch himself for years to obtain 
 Capital. 
 
80 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. iv 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE PROBLEM OF DEPHOSPHORISATION 
 
 ALL this time Thomas's purposes were ripening. We 
 have already told how in the very early days of 1868 he 
 had already begun experimenting and studying at home 
 in the evenings. In 1870 he attended a course of lectures 
 at the Birkbeck Institution delivered by Mr. George 
 Chaloner, who then held, as he still holds, the teachership 
 of Chemistry at that admirable school. Sidney had from 
 the first given himself to the examination of the unsolved 
 problems of chemistry ; l but it was at these lectures in 
 all probability that he received the final impetus which 
 started him in pursuit of a solution of the particular 
 problem destined to be indissolubly associated with his 
 name. Mr. Chaloner took occasion to say that 'the 
 man who eliminated phosphorus by means of the Bessemer 
 converter would make his fortune.' There can be no 
 question that this expression sank deeply into Thomas's 
 mind, and about this time he frequently quoted it. It 
 has indeed been said ('Iron,' No. 630, p. Ill) that 'the 
 
 1 Although dephosphorisation of would repeatedly insist to him on 
 
 iron pig was the question to which the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitro- 
 
 Thomas ultimately devoted him- gen present in air and water 
 
 self, yet he always kept in his and to be had for nothing, and 
 
 mind other problems which per- the little use made of them. ' Im- 
 
 haps, had he lived, he would possible as with present lights it 
 
 have elucidated as triumphantly. may seem,' he would say, 'why 
 
 Mr. Chaloner is wont now should not ammonia be extracted 
 
 to tell his pupils how Thomas from the air ? ' 
 
CH. iv THE PEOBLEM OF ' DEPHOSPHORISATION 31 
 
 commercial idea here expressed was quite as much in his 
 thoughts as the scientific nature of the problem. In early 
 conversation on the subject he frequently used to point out 
 the product of a royalty of sixpence a ton on 3,000,000 tons 
 annually of Cleveland pig.' No doubt that Sidney looked 
 forward to the realisation of riches, should he discover 
 the secret of the dephosphorisation of iron in the con- 
 verter. His mother has told above of his early dreams of 
 fortune and his visions of good purposes to which that for- 
 tune should be applied. Yet we may take leave to doubt 
 whether this supplies any support to the threadbare 
 theory that great inventions are only to be encouraged by 
 monetary rewards. The bent of Thomas's mind would, in 
 a society where money did not exist, have carried him 
 quite as irresistibly towards discovery perhaps even, 
 towards this particular discovery ; the stimulus of fame, 
 nay, the intellectual pleasure in doing good work, would 
 have been quite as effectual as the desire of riches even for 
 others. 
 
 In any case the solution of the dephosphorisation problem 
 became from this time forth his chief thought and object. 
 We may explain here in what that problem consisted. 
 
 Up to 1855 the process of making steel from iron had 
 not varied for a hundred years. In the middle of the last 
 century a certain Cort had invented a new process, which 
 in its time undoubtedly marked a new departure in the 
 world's history. Until Cort's discovery, the finest steel 
 used in this country was made by the Hindoos, and is said 
 to have been quoted at the fantastic and prohibitive price 
 of 10,0002. a ton. Cort produced equally good steel at 
 prices ranging from 50Z. to 1002. a ton. Still, even at such 
 prices as these what has been called the c Steel Age ' could 
 not be said to have begun. 
 
 That age began when Henry Bessemer, between 1856 
 
32 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. iv 
 
 and 1859, worked out an entirely new method of steel 
 manufacture, a method destined to revolutionise this most 
 important branch of metallurgy. By this process pig-iron 
 is transformed into steel by being c blown ' in a ' converter.' 
 On May 24, 1859, Bessemer thus described his process to 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers : 
 
 4 The converting vessel is mounted on an axis, at or 
 near the centre of gravity. It is constructed of boiler 
 plates, and is lined either with firebrick, road drift, or 
 " ganister " a local name in Sheffield for a peculiar kind of 
 powdered stone, which resists the heat better than any 
 other material yet tried, and has also the advantage of 
 .cheapness. The vessel, having been heated, is brought into 
 the requisite position to receive its charge of melted metal, 
 without either of the "tuyeres," or air-holes, being below 
 the surface. No action can therefore take place until the 
 vessel is turned up, so that the blast can enter through the 
 tuyeres. The process is thus in an instant brought into full 
 activity, and small, though powerful, jets of air spring 
 upward though the fluid mass. The air, expanding in 
 -volume, divides itself into globules, or bursts violently 
 upwards, carrying with it some hundredweight of fluid 
 metal, which again falls into the boiling mass below. Every 
 part of the apparatus trembles under the violent agitation 
 thus produced ; a roaring flame rushes from the mouth of 
 the vessel, and, as the process advances, it changes its 
 violet colour to orange, and finally to a voluminous pure 
 white flame. The sparks, which at first were large, like 
 those of ordinary foundry iron, change into small hissing 
 points, and these gradually give way to soft floating specks 
 of bluish light, as the state of malleable iron is approached. 
 There is no eruption of cinder as in the early experiments, 
 although it is formed during the process ; the improved 
 shape of the converter causes it to be retained, and it not 
 
CH. iv THE PROBLEM OF DEPHOSPHORISATION 83 
 
 only acts beneficially on the metal, but it helps to confine 
 the heat, which during the process has rapidly risen from 
 the comparatively low temperature of melted pig-iron to 
 one vastly greater than the highest known welding heats, by 
 which malleable iron only becomes sufficiently soft to be 
 shaped by the blows of the hammer ; but here it becomes 
 perfectly fluid, and even rises so much above the melting- 
 point as to admit of its being passed from the converter 
 into a founder's ladle, and from thence to be transferred to 
 Several successive moulds.' 
 
 The metal thus produced was fine steel, and could be 
 made for 61. a ton, against something like 60Z. a ten under 
 the old system. The new Steel Age had indeed begun. 
 Cheapness and rapidity were not the only recommendations 
 of the new metal ; it was, after a time, found to be superior 
 also in quality to steel manufactured under the old system. 
 We cannot follow here the history of the Bessemer process. 
 It was so universally adopted that in 1868 it was bringing 
 in to its inventor 100,000?. a year. 2 
 
 Yet there was one great drawback to this system of 
 steel-making. In the process just described one very 
 common impurity of iron ores was not remedied, and that 
 impurity was phosphorus. This was a matter of the 
 highest practical importance ; for the non-elimination of 
 phosphorus rendered steel made in the converter from pig- 
 iron containing it utterly useless, the phosphorus making 
 the metal brittle and worthless. The result was that this 
 wonderful invention could only be used for the conversion 
 of pig-iron derived from non-phosphoric ores, and (since the 
 
 2 Yet another mode of steel mami- duly note that it was subject to the 
 facture was a few years subse- same drawback, viz. non-dephos- 
 quently introduced : the 'Siemens- phorisation, as the Bessemer sys- 
 Martin ' or ' open hearth ' process. tern, and that the ' Thomas-Gil- 
 It is not necessary in a book of this christ ' process is equally applicable 
 kind to describe this process. We to it as we shall subsequently see. 
 
84 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. iv 
 
 old, long, and expensive ' puddling ' process of Cort in 
 which the phosphorus was removed could not compete on 
 equal terms in the struggle with Bessemer), the great 
 majority of British, French, German and Belgian ores be- 
 came, to a large extent, unavailable for steel-making. In 
 Great Britain the 'hematite' iron of Barrow-in-Furness 
 speedily drove down in the market the phosphoric pig of 
 Cleveland or of Wales ; such pig falling or remaining 
 stationary in price, while hematite doubled in value. The 
 hematite iron ore to be found on the Continent (chiefly in 
 Spain) was eagerly sought after. 
 
 How was it that phosphorus was retained in the 
 Bessemer converter, and how could it be eliminated ? If 
 these questions could be answered satisfactorily i.e. in 
 uch a way as to cheaply dephosphorise phosphoric pig 
 the cost of the production of steel could be again dimin- 
 ished, and the world would not only have begun its Steel 
 Age, but definitely have broken with the Iron one. From 
 1860 onwards to the public announcement of the success 
 of the Thomas-Gilchrist process, metallurgists were eagerly 
 concerned with dephosphorisation. Sir Henry Bessemer 
 himself, and an army of unsuccessful experimentalists, 
 vainly grappled with the difficulty. Among other at- 
 tempters of the adventure was Lowthian Bell, who had for 
 years been regarded as the high priest of British metallurgy. 
 In 1870-72 he published a work entitled, 'The Chemical 
 Phenomena of Iron Smelting,' a book which must have 
 been frequently in Thomas's hands. Doubtless Sidney had 
 specially marked the following passage : 
 
 * The limit to the production of Bessemer pig is want 
 of ores free from phosphorus. The hematites of this 
 country, under the sudden demand, have doubled in price, 
 and speculators of all kinds are rushing off to Spain, where 
 tracts of land, conceded without any payment a few months 
 
CH.-IV THE PROBLEM OF DEPHOSPHORISATION 35 
 
 ago by the Government of that country, are said now to 
 be worth large premiums ; at least such is the impression 
 left on the mind by a perusal of the published prospectuses 
 of the day. 
 
 ' This may be correct, and so firm may be the grip 
 that phosphorus holds on iron, that breaking up the bonds 
 that bind them together may defy the skill of our most 
 scientific men ; but it may be well to remember that the 
 yearly make of iron from Cleveland stone alone contains 
 about 30,000 tons of phosphorus, worth for agricultural 
 purposes, were it in manure as phosphoric acid, above a 
 quarter of a million, and that the money value difference 
 between Cleveland and hematite iron is not short of four 
 millions sterling, chiefly due to the presence of this 250,OOOL 
 worth of phosphorus. 
 
 'The Pattinson process does not leave one part of 
 silver in 100,000 of lead; the Bessemer converter robs 
 iron of almost every contamination except phosphorus, 
 but nine-tenths of this ingredient is expelled by the 
 puddling furnace. It may be difficult, but let it not be 
 supposed that there would be any surprise excited in the 
 minds of chemists if a simple and inexpensive process fcr 
 separating iron and phosphorus were made known to- 
 morrow, so that only one of the latter should be found in 
 5,000 of the former ; and now that there is such a margin 
 to stimulate exertion, we may be sure the minds of 
 properly qualified persons will be directed towards the 
 solution of a question of such national importance.' 
 
36 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS or. T 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 
 
 SUCH, then, was the problem Thomas had made up his mind 
 to solve. Of its solution, which was due to no sudden flash 
 of irradiating inspiration, but was the slow outcome of long 
 years of patient, tireless work, we will speak later. Its 
 consideration absorbed, month by month and year by year, 
 more of Thomas's scant leisure. After the summer of 1871 
 no more vacations were spent in mere voyaging for plea- 
 sure ; every holiday was devoted in some way or other to 
 what had become the life object. The little laboratory he 
 had fitted up at home at The Grove became insufficient for 
 his needs, and he attended systematically the laboratories 
 of Mr. Chaloner (already mentioned) and of Mr. Vacher, 
 of Great Marlborough Street. He was determined, too, 
 to acquire all the credentials of the fully equipped practical 
 chemist, so that when the time came he might inspire 
 full confidence in men who would certainly doubt the 
 capability of a police-court clerk to overcome difficulties 
 which had baffled metallurgical chemists ever since the in- 
 troduction of the Bessemer process. With this end in view, 
 he submitted himself from time to time to the Science 
 examinations of the Science and Art Department. From 
 obtaining the diploma of the School of Mines in Jermyn 
 Street he was excluded by the rule requiring attendance 
 at lectures ; an attendance which he could not give so long 
 as the Thames Police Court claimed him ; and the Thames 
 
CH. v YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 37 
 
 Police Court lie was determined not to abandon until he 
 had won for himself sure foothold and means of livelihood 
 elsewhere. All the examinations at the School of Mines, 
 however, which were open to him he passed. 
 
 We may mention here that more than one private 
 friend, recognising Sidney's exceptional quality, and 
 placing, perhaps, too much faith in the ' regular professions ' 
 as necessary to success in life, had offered Thomas some 
 hundreds to spend in preparing for the Bar or Medicine. 
 All such offers he had refused. In either case he must 
 have abandoned his Civil Service certainty, since for 
 * walking the hospitals ' his attendance at Arbour Square 
 left him no time, and as for the Bar (although the prepara- 
 tion for that occupation is not of an arduous character), 
 the regulations of the Inns of Court stood in the way, 
 no clerk to magistrates being allowed to enter at those 
 institutions. 
 
 On May 9, 1872, he passed at the School of Mines the 
 examination in Mineralogy, ' first class advanced,' and on 
 the same day in the following year the examination in 
 Inorganic Chemistry, ' first class advanced.' 
 
 The summer holiday of 1872 was spent in Cornwall, 
 the chief object of interest being the tin mines and ' works.' 
 He travelled with Mr. Board, a fellow-student of chemistry. 
 The pair had a letter of general introduction from Mr. 
 Waddington Smyth, which enabled them to see much which 
 would have been closed to unaccredited travellers. His 
 mother and the rest had returned from abroad in the be- 
 ginning of the year, and the old life at Camberwell Grove 
 had been resumed ; Sidney, with all his scientific studies 
 and pursuits, with all his hard labour at his Court, being 
 always the life and soul and central point of the home 
 circle, never losing his interest either in domestic affairs 
 or in more general questions of literature and life. 
 
88 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 He began his 1873 holiday by accompanying his family 
 to Hythe, where he initiated his sister and brother into 
 geology ; but he went thence to Bradford, whither he 
 was attracted by the meeting there in that year of the 
 British Association. Here we are enabled to quote again 
 the cousin who has described already the summer tour of 
 1869: 
 
 'The four years since our French expedition had 
 ripened Sidney somewhat; yet in all essentials he was 
 the same, with his old keen relish for all intellectual things, 
 but with a rapidly intensifying bias towards practical 
 science, which was perceptible even to an outsider like 
 myself. In my father's house, where he was staying, the 
 visitors during the Association week were chiefly physio- 
 logists, and there was, I think, no one skilled in those 
 branches of knowledge which were becoming specially my 
 cousin's own. Yet he impressed everyone with whom he 
 came in contact with his exceptional acquirements and 
 ability an impression which was certainly not marred 
 by the tact and modesty with which they were displayed. 
 That modesty he never lost, even after he had become 
 famous among all the metallurgists of the world. In 
 that, as in other things, he was genuine to the heart's 
 core of him ; in all earnestness his own estimate of him- 
 self was ever too low rather than too high. 
 
 ' As of old, many were our arguments together. One 
 of our chief battlefields was the vexed question of the 
 use of alcohol. The younger school of physiologists were 
 then in the first flush of the reaction against this dangerous 
 agent which has marked the medical history of the last 
 twenty years, a reaction which has now perhaps some- 
 what spent its force. Sidney, who personally had always 
 been almost a teetotaller, had seen much in his official 
 capacity of the devastating effects of the drink scourge, 
 
CH. v YEAES OF EQUIPMENT 39 
 
 and had gradually developed into an advocate of its legis- 
 lative prohibition. I did not meet him (as in later years 
 I should have met him) by arguing that drunkenness was 
 a result of misery, and not a cause of it, but (being then a 
 fanatical partisan of personal rights and " Mill on Liberty ") 
 I went rather on the lines of the Bishop of Peterborough's 
 famous saying about " drunken freemen and sober slaves." 
 Starting from entirely opposite premises, we were thus 
 enabled to retain our own opinions, despite all contradic- 
 tion, with entire satisfaction to ourselves. 
 
 ( Sidney took advantage of this visit to inspect the 
 famous Low Moor Ironworks. Together we attended 
 many of the sections, and I was more than ever impressed 
 with the wide range of his interest and knowledge. Yet 
 he was always ready to discuss the last novel of import- 
 ance, even (if I pressed him) the last poem ; although he 
 would still maintain his old heresy anent the superiority 
 of prose to verse. He teased me (I remember) by speak- 
 ing slightingly of "The Earthly Paradise," as being in 
 truth unworthy of attention, since the book was no more 
 than it proclaimed itself the work of the " idle singer of 
 an empty day." I discovered, however, that he had read 
 the "idle songs.'" 
 
 It was out of this meeting that arose Thomas's first 
 contribution to 'Iron' (then edited by Mr. Chaloner), 
 ' Letter on Bradford Hammers, and American Blowers.' l 
 From this time onwards for the next five or six years 
 Thomas was a regular contributor to this periodical. His 
 contributions range (as will be seen from the list printed 
 below) over a great variety of topics. 2 They were for the 
 
 1 Iron, vol. ii. p. 712 (Jan- furnished to us by Mr. Chaloner. 
 
 nary 3, 1874). Some six or eight small paragraphs 
 
 * This list, which includes all difficult to identify are excluded. 
 
 Thomas's articles in the first eleven 'He wrote,' says Mr. Chaloner, 
 
 volumes of Iron, has been kindly ' little or nothing in vol. xii., 
 
40 
 
 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS 
 
 most part anonymous, ' but,' says Mr. Chaloner (' Iron,' 
 July 6, 1885), 'his characteristic honour and rectitude 
 appear in the fact that he never wrote a single line which 
 would promote personal ends.' 
 
 Later in this year (1873), in November, Thomas was 
 offered by Mr. Yallentine the post of analytical chemist 
 to a great brewery at Burton-on-Trent, with a salary of 
 150L a year to begin with. 
 
 This was through the kindness of Mr. Chaloner, already 
 so often mentioned. The anti-alcoholic convictions which 
 
 which was the last under my care, 
 and probably nothing but an occa- 
 sion il letter after that.' 
 
 ' Bradford Hammers and Ame- 
 rican Blowers,' vol. ii. 712. 
 ' Pollution of Rivers and its 
 Prevention,' vol. ii. 771. 
 
 * letter on the Refining and 
 
 CoEverting Cast Iron,' vol. iv. 
 227. 
 
 * Metallurgical Text-books,' ibid. 
 Heat without Coals,' ibid. 482. 
 ' A New Philosophy,' ibid. 642. 
 
 ' Current Thermics,' ibid. 674. 
 
 * Kinetics of the Future,' ibid. 
 
 802. 
 ' A Budget of Heterodoxies,' v. 
 
 2. 
 
 ' Oil Fuel,' ibid. 98. 
 ' Coins and Coining,' ibid. 290, 
 
 355. 
 
 * Patent Cotton Gunpowder,' 
 
 ibid. 162. 
 
 * Gun Cotton,' ibid. 259. 
 
 * Some Recent Developments 
 
 in the Technology of Iron,' v. 
 290, 354, 418, 547 ; vi. 66, 418, 
 482, 578,674, 771; vii. 67, 322. 
 
 'The Zinc Process for Lead 
 Desilverising,' v. 424. 
 
 'Manufacture of Silesian Muf- 
 fles,' ibid. 643. 
 
 Percy's Metallurgy,' ibid. 706. 
 
 ' Spectroscopic Estimation of 
 Phosphorus in Iron and Steel,' 
 ibid. 709. 
 
 ' Historical Blast Furnaces,' vi. 
 
 4, 162, 323. 
 
 ' A Gold Quest,' ibid. 194. 
 ' Magnetism of Electricity,' i bid. 
 
 714. 
 
 ' Charcoal-burning,' ibid. 802. 
 ' A New Safety Tuyere,' ibid. 
 
 803. 
 
 ' A Plea for Air Lines,' vii. 1. 
 'The Coming Air Lines,' ibid. 
 
 67. 
 
 'The Complete Bessemer Pro- 
 cess,' ibid. 407. 
 
 ' The Loan Collection of Scien- 
 tific Apparatus,' ibid. 610. 
 ' Recent Mining Literature, 
 
 ibid. 770. 
 ' Class-books of Chemistry,' viii. 
 
 34 
 ' A Furnace of the Future ' (first 
 
 signed article), ibid. 364, 386, 
 
 419. 
 1 Presidential Science,' ibid. 
 
 802. 
 ' Technical Travel Talk,' vol. ix. 
 
 2, 66, 162, 258, 355, 451, 675 ; 
 
 x. 2, 259, 451, 546, 674. 
 'The Swedish School of Mines ' 
 
 (qu. ?), xi. 98. 
 'A Policy for the Iron Trade,' 
 
 ibid. 321. 
 'New Light on Steel-making' 
 
 ibid. 804. 
 
 This list alone would show 
 Sidney Thomas's mental activity. 
 
CH. v YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 41 
 
 his cousin had noticed above had, however, by this time 
 become firmly fixed, and he felt that he could not con- 
 scientiously accept such a berth. Thus influenced, he 
 declined what in itself would have been to him a most 
 agreeable occupation, and continued his drudgery at the 
 Thames Police Court. 
 
 Early in 1874 we begin to be assisted in our narrative 
 by a series of letters (fortunately preserved) from Sidney 
 to his cousin Miss Burton, already spoken of. Miss Bur- 
 ton was now settled at Wiesbaden. We give here some 
 of these epistles belonging to this period : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' 64 Camberwell Grove : March 20, 1874. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, . . . You don't say if that wonderful 
 Kursaal supplies books as well as everything else, I mean 
 looks as apart from periodicals. By-the-bye, I should not 
 go in for the Leben Jesu sort of literature. It will do you 
 no good, and unless you take up the whole question 
 earnestly and studiously, the impressions you derive from 
 it are valueless as conclusions, and to you particularly only 
 mischievous in their results. I don't send Latin Dic- 
 tionary; why waste your time on Latin? Far better [spend 
 it] on German and Science. If you really want a Dic- 
 tionary, you could get it better where you are, say in the 
 Tauchnitz edition. . . . For myself, since you ask it, I jog 
 on as usual. ... I find more and more I cannot work as 
 I would, and doubt the wisdom of not giving self up to the 
 reverse. I certainly shall after June, if not before. It is 
 still drawing and struggling with pencils which no longer 
 have sharp points or any points at all. I wrote to " Iron " to 
 say I could not do anything in that line but had after all. 
 ... I have no taste for the pen. . . . Have just spent an 
 evening with W. . . . We talked at a great rate on in- 
 
42 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 numerable topics ; disagreed on all, and he only resorted to 
 flat contradictions half-a-dozen times . . . Have been en- 
 joying Huxley's " Lay Sermons," one at a time, enormously. 
 They bear a second reading ; the ultimate test of a book. 
 Paget 3 has just published a volume of Essays, contributed 
 mostly to " Black wood "... One on Ruskin and one on 
 Rubens at Antwerp particularly good.' 
 
 ' 64 Camberwell Grove : April 15, 1874. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, Went to a lecture at Society of Arts on 
 Friday, on a manufacturing subject ; very interesting. If 
 we were in town, I think I should go in for the Society. 
 
 ' Nothing more suspicious about going to South Ken- 
 sington than a wish to consult some books. I find the 
 library there as good for many purposes as the British. 
 
 c I think of going in for examination in drawing next 
 week. Though I fail, I shall have worked at a subject I 
 hate, in itself the best of educational processes.' 
 
 This examination was at the School of Mines in 
 Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Drawing and was 
 successfully passed. 
 
 In May 1874 he passed two further examinations at 
 the Science and Art Department: on May 1, in Steam, 
 ' second class advanced,' and on the 25th, in Applied 
 Mechanics, ' first class advanced.' 
 
 The following short extracts from letters belong to 
 April and May of this year : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ( A re-reading of Trollope's "Australia" convinces 
 me that Tasmania is after all the ideal country, conjointly 
 with the South Sea Islands, and California perhaps. 
 
 3 Mr. Paget, the Metropolitan Magistrate, who then presided at 
 Thames Police Court. 
 
CH. v YEAES OF EQUIPMENT 43 
 
 Everyone seems to concur in saying it is the most charm- 
 ing place for climate and productions in the world. 
 Everyone seems to make his fortune in Ceylon. 
 
 ' My friends the magistrates are exceedingly happy just 
 now, having secured a long-sought extra 300Z. a year. I 
 am doing nothing now but a review of scientific basis &c. 
 of iron-smelting, which means a great deal of voluminous 
 reading with little result. Your account of your bird-pet 
 delightful. Caged birds are an abomination, and the cat 
 gets at uncaged.' 
 
 1 For ten days I have absolutely and entirely been idle, 
 and feel correspondingly despondent. All the rest of our 
 small world lively in the extreme. A tempting offer came 
 across me the other day of going to the South of France, 
 but I could not afford it, as the salary but trifling. I 
 long for change.* 
 
 In the summer of this year the household transferred 
 itself to Sussex Place, South Kensington, where for the 
 next three years the family dwelt. The next letter is 
 dated from the new abode : 
 
 ' 18 Sussex Place, Onslow Square, S.W. : 1874. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, I returned just in time to go [up] for the 
 last examination I have in view before settling down to a 
 peaceful and indolent old age, with what result I know 
 not, but will not post this till I do. 
 
 ' Since then we have been in a whirl of move, move, 
 packing and packing, than which nothing can be more 
 abominable. Heaven defend me from being possessed of 
 any chattels of my own. 
 
 ' As- 1 have been pretty regularly tied to the Thames 
 till 6.30 or 7, I am beginning again to consider how ex- 
 cellent a thing is rest. My chief solace has been Mill's 
 " Autobiography ; " it is quite a pearl amongst books, 
 
44 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH, v 
 
 earnest, thoughtful, and carrying a conviction of entire 
 candour. Our present nearness to the [South Kensing- 
 ton] Museum Library will be a great boon, though one 
 cannot take books out. 
 
 4 Your life at Baden seems a very bright one. I suppose 
 it is, as you say, just the life to suit you. I myself some- 
 times feel quite a desire for foreign scenes and manners. 
 
 * Lil and I went to a spiritualistic seance at V 's 
 
 shortly since ; two lady cousins of his, a mutual friend 
 and ourselves, forming with the medium the " circle." 
 Though it was not considered a satisfactory perform- 
 ance, I saw several matters which I have as yet failed to 
 find an explanation of. V himself is a red-hot con- 
 vert, and is now firmly convinced of immortality, having 
 been previously a gross materialist. 
 
 1 Was at the " Throat and Ear " last night. The infir- 
 mities of humanity, as seen at any hospital, form anything 
 but a cheering spectacle, and I came away depressed ; 
 though Llewe 4 was very nice, and anxious to display foul 
 depths of his patients' throats and ears with the most 
 picturesque light of healing science. 
 
 i I start on August 3 for South Wales.' 
 
 His usual holiday this year was spent partly with his 
 cousin, Mr. Percy Gilchrist, then chemist to the Cwm Avon 
 works in Glamorganshire, partly at the British Association 
 meeting in Belfast, and partly at Bradford. The following 
 extracts from letters describe it sufficiently : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'Glamorganshire: August 3, 1874. 
 
 < Dear Bess, I have at last started fair on my holiday- 
 making, though I feel it rather selfish to leave the mother 
 4 The late Dr. Llewellyn Thomas, Sidney's elder brother. 
 
CH. v YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 45 
 
 and Lil at home. I [am] so glad to get away. My last 
 month not overworked and worried. By-the-bye, I did 
 fall through both the final examinations I went [in] for, 
 though I have no particular gratification thereat now that 
 it is done. I had rather an amusing occupation lately the 
 correction of a translation of a French pamphlet ! The 
 idea of my correcting any translation I regard as rich 
 in the extreme. However, as it was a technical subject, I 
 was able to earn quite a reputation as a French scholar.' 
 
 To Ms Mother 
 
 My only excurse has been to Siemens's Works, 5 where I 
 spent five hours ; came out looking like a stoker, and was 
 thrice drowned coming back, all of which I enjoyed. 
 
 ' When I go to works we generally go up in a superb 
 passenger car which tails on to the trucks always in transit 
 'twixt harbour and works. 
 
 c I shall probably go to Belfast on Monday or Tuesday, 
 but will let you know before I start. I feel it dreadfully 
 selfish for me to be down here ; should so enjoy having 
 you and Lil with me. Affectionately yours, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 Belfast, 1874. 
 
 c Dearest Mother, I have just got your letter ; very 
 glad to do so. Chaloner is here in great force. I am with 
 him a good deal, as he knows several amusing characters, 
 an Hour man . . . great fun, several other pressmen, and 
 others. Went with him yesterday to Giant's Causeway, a 
 dreadful railway journey, but magnificent cliff scenery ; not 
 quite up to one's expectations possibly ; but that is human 
 
 5 Thomas had been given by Mr. letter of introduction to Sir W. 
 Walter White (the late Assistant Siemens. 
 Secretary to the Royal Society) a 
 
46 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 nature, or my nature at all events. We walked half way 
 from the nearest station, and then had a boat along the 
 coast, which I enjoyed immensely. On Saturday Odling's 
 lecture was a treat. 
 
 ' I quite look forward to seeing you.* 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 c You will have read of the sayings and doings of the 
 associated savants. The two lectures of Huxley and 
 Lubbock you should not miss on any account. They were 
 reported in the Times, which I understand you see. 
 Tyndall's address, eloquent though it was, was hardly to 
 my mind satisfactory.' 
 
 Back in town, and now at Sussex Place, the routine of 
 his 'double life' was little changed. Only, instead of 
 walking the whole way to the court, as had been his 
 practice in Camber well, he would take train to the City 
 and thence tramp to Arbour Square. He was now sys- 
 tematically working at dephosphorisation and gradually 
 feeling his way to a solution. 
 
 The following letter tells something of Thomas's not too 
 numerous recreations : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'November 21, 1874. 
 
 < Dear Bess, I was taken to an Albert Hall concert 
 last night and heard Yon Bulow play marvellous tricks 
 with the piano ; tours de force they seemed to my 
 unenlightened mind. (How is your music going ?) The 
 Hall looks magnificent, but it is not half filled. They 
 are trying concerts every night, and the Briton soon 
 wearies. 
 
 1 1 have done a few articles for " Iron " lately, but only 
 regard it as education. It is not my forte, (if I have any), 
 
CH. v YEAKS OF EQUIPMENT 47 
 
 and takes up too much time to pay. I am obliged to 
 husband my health resources, I find, after all. 
 
 ( I had a pleasant little dinner at V 's shortly since. 
 
 He had what I regard as the infinite good taste and sense 
 to ask three or four men only and provide an entirely 
 simple meal, such as he would have by himself. An old 
 assistant of his has recently returned from Servia, which 
 appears a virgin country, ripe for the most profitable ex- 
 ploitation. It costs about 201. a year to live en prince, 
 with gold and silver and lead and forests of finest timber to 
 work on. Three English capitalists have gone out to found 
 a little state, starting with a few hundred square miles. 
 
 V is quite a pet of the mother's. His spiritualism is 
 
 a little coming down. 
 
 4 You will have heard of the immense success of Farrar's 
 " Life of Christ." Some one has insisted on lending it me. 
 I like the preface. You should read it if you can. What 
 is wanted now is an answer to " Supernatural Eeligion " 
 by a man at once able, erudite and wide-viewed, answer- 
 ing it on its own ground and not on quite another plat- 
 form ; and then the world may decide on adequate grounds 
 on the most momentous of all questions. Does " Nature " 
 penetrate to Wiesbaden ? It boasts an European circula- 
 tion and gives shortly a sketch of current science, I have 
 a dreadful budget of things from Chaloner 6 he wants me 
 to make something of. ... I have only seen abstracts 
 of Gladstone's pamphlets. He has, at all events, brought 
 out a latent Old Catholic party in England. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T. J 
 
 Early in the following year of 1875 we find Thomas 
 again writing to his Wiesbaden correspondent : 
 
 See A Budget of Heterodoxies,' Iron, v. 2. 
 
48 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 * 18 Sussex Place, Queen's Gate, Kensington : 
 
 ' March 18, 1875. 
 
 'Your note just received starts me on my epistolary 
 labours, which I should otherwise have attacked very 
 shortly. It is pleasant to hear of your being in high 
 spirits. 
 
 ' I shall certainly try to look you up this summer, but, 
 if the mountain will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet must 
 come to the mountain, which is at present located at South 
 Kensington ; where its site will be in the autumn I know 
 not ; we have to settle shortly whether we stay here. 
 
 ' I am over ears in a technical experimental investiga- 
 tion on Iron which is likely to last me considerably, and 
 then perhaps to have no result ; but, after all, life is very 
 little else but the pursuit of crotchets, the pursuit being 
 the best part of it. I recreated myself after a long spell 
 at references by a rink yesterday. I had not been for 
 some time, and found the wheels more popular than ever. 
 The elaboration of costuming it has developed is quite a 
 phenomenon. Do you read the English papers ? I under- 
 stand you have access to them. You ought not to allow 
 yourself to become behindhand in the manners and customs 
 and literature of your native land. I shall submit you to 
 an examination thereon when we meet. Yours, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 Of course the 'crotchet,' so lightly spoken of, was 
 dephosphorisation, the solution of which question was now 
 beginning to assume shape and consistency in Thomas's 
 brain. 
 
 The next letter is one of thanks for some birthday 
 present, and incidentally expresses certain humorously 
 distorted views of the German language and people : 
 
CH . T YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 49 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 Sussex Place : April 17, 1875. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, Your good wishes, which reached me 
 yesterday, pleasant to receive and appreciated ; though my 
 theoretic objections to presents are, you know, profound, I 
 also appreciate and thank you very much for the pleasant 
 and practical and most useful token of remembrance you 
 caused to be conveyed to me. I was, in fact, only waiting 
 till after the 16th was past to ask you to get me a techno- 
 logical dictionary. Your idea of my German scholarship 
 is delightful. Do you know it took me half an hour to 
 translate the first ten lines of the cutting you sent me, 
 and then I was not clear about them ? I consider, if I don't 
 have to look out more than two words in a line, it is a 
 special providence. As for the Germans, I consider that 
 their existence on this earth, taken in connection with 
 their barbarous, unintelligible, cumbrous, inelegant and 
 never to-be-sufficiently-deprecated so-called language, is 
 a blot and stain on the fair reputation of this continent. 
 I have pleasure in observing similar sentiments pervade 
 the appreciative periodical writers to whom you allude. 
 Your views appear to have been slightly modified by your 
 pleasant surroundings, but you will doubtless agree that 
 the independent and impartial opinion of the insular 
 observer is most calculated to come to a correct conclusion. 
 
 1 1 have some idea of getting up a little elementary 
 Spanish.' 
 
 The next letter seems written under the impression of 
 some temporary check to the dephosphorisation investiga- 
 tion. 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 Thames Police Court: May 15 [1875]. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, My blunder shows the difficulty of com- 
 bining the inconsistent occupations of note-taking, with the 
 
50 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 innumerable distractions under which it is performed, and 
 letter-writing. I am afraid my " Iron " contributions would 
 be hopelessly uninviting to you, or I should send them, but 
 mere " iron," " heat," " furnaces " and so on would be an im- 
 position on you. I went the other day to private view of the 
 Scientific Apparatus Exhibition at South Kensington, and 
 was greatly surprised at its extent and interest ; it is one 
 of the best strokes for science that an English department 
 has yet achieved. You are to be envied if it were only for 
 adjacent woods. It is pleasant to think of your being so 
 happily located. As for London, bah ! 
 
 4 1 am all behindhand with work both here and at 
 home, with a pile of books to review. I have been spending 
 much time and labour over an investigation which has not 
 resulted in anything useful, and am considerably knocked 
 up, not to say ultra seedy. Yours, 
 
 1 S. G. T.' 
 
 The holiday this year was spent in Wales, and not in 
 Germany, as had been hoped ; visits to ' Works ' alternating 
 with long tramps. 
 
 The following letter tells us something of Thomas's 
 movements : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' B : Sunday. 
 
 { Dear Bess, I walked over here from Neath. Have 
 been here since Tuesday, and am off again to-morrow. I 
 am with a man I have some slight acquaintance with who 
 
 is engaged at some works at B ; not a very lively 
 
 place, though on the sea ; and with a small dock, about a 
 mile of sandy flats 'twixt hills and sea. Three large metal 
 works and that is all. I amuse myself as best I can 'twixt 
 hills and sea. I have some idea of a two days' ramble in 
 the interior, then looking in on Percy's home. It doesn't 
 
CH. v YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 51 
 
 come up by a long way to my anticipated German holiday, 
 but is the best I can manage. 
 
 ' Now I have some assistance to ask of you. It is this : 
 Would you get Stumner's " Ingenieur " (published Vienna) 
 for June 18, 1875, through a bookseller or direct ? In it is the 
 continuation of an article " Hochofen, Anlage auf, &c. 
 Gleiwitz." I would send the paper, but it is mislaid. I am 
 making a summarised translation of the set; arid it would be 
 of great service to me if you could give me a literal transla- 
 tion of that number (leaving out any words that are quite 
 unknown to you) and send it with original to me, " Care of 
 P. C. G., Cwm Avon." 
 
 4 If it would weary or trouble you don't think more 
 of it.' 
 
 It is right to mention that these letters to Miss Burton 
 are filled with information and advice about investments and 
 finance, advice which it has not been thought necessary to 
 reproduce. As we have said above, Thomas, amid all his 
 numerous and engrossing occupations, found time in some 
 mysterious way to conduct the affairs of more than one lady 
 relative. 
 
 Here are two letters written about this time to his 
 sister Lilian (then at school at Richmond) which show 
 something of what may be called the domestic side of the 
 character of Thomas. 
 
 To his Sister. 
 
 { Dearest Little Woman, Sentiments of the most pro- 
 found satisfaction inspire the fraternal breast at the 
 tidings of the moral and intellectual reformation which 
 has taken place since you left me, dissolved in tears, on 
 the South Kensington platform. All hail ! O taciturn, 
 virtuously at 6 A.M. arising, and much fasting sister ! 
 
52 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 Fail not in thy praiseworthy career, and receive a double 
 first class Local Cam., Oxford and London University 
 degree, with accumulated honours in the natural sciences, 
 notably in your favourite pursuit of chemistry. 
 
 1 To return to things sublunary. Grind muchly at 
 German. I have undertaken to do (or get done) another 
 German translation of prodigious dimensions and unutter- 
 able obscurity, solely with a view to keep up my imaginary 
 reputation for translatory capacity, so that I may shift it 
 to your juvenile and competent shoulders, as a step to- 
 wards a pleasanter independence than the scholastic. 
 
 4 Needless to say that mother's bulletin chronicles 
 minutely everything that does or does not occur chez 
 No. 18. The only event is Llewe's doctorate at Brussels, 
 which seems to have been gained with brilliant distinction 
 and with compliments on his facility in French. I shall be 
 off holiday-making on Saturday fortnight. I may possibly 
 look you up the Thursday before I start, and if so, and 
 you are very good, you shall have a row (you row and I 
 steer). We won't dine at the " Star and Garter," it might 
 make the rest jealous; but we will discourse sweet 
 Chemistry instead. Respectfully and affectionately, 
 
 ( YOUR BROTHER.' 
 
 1 The Eve of the Birthday : September 11, 1875. 
 1 Dearest Little Maid, Let me, with due submission 
 and humility of mind, offer my fraternal felicitations to 
 one who has reached the dizzy altitudes of antiquity to 
 which your ladyship has scrambled. May the eventful 
 12th always pleasantly mark a step (or several) towards 
 that culminating day on which I may see you as good and 
 nice a little woman as I could wish you to be (which is 
 equivalent to wishing you a few centuries of progressive 
 existence). Enclosed a pair of prodigious wash-leather 
 
CH. v YEARS OF EQUIPMENT 53 
 
 gauntlets, selected by the mother as suitable to your age 
 (and destructive habits). I had contemplated a daintier 
 pair ; but the perplexing question as to whether seventeen 
 or one was the proper size hindered my venture. ... In 
 haste, and with love, your brother, 
 
 ' SID.' 
 
 ' So sorry you will not be with us, but you are quite 
 right not to come. Work ! ' 
 
 Later in the year come some more letters to Miss 
 Burton : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 1 October 5, 1875. 
 
 DearBess, I, like you, not feeling remarkably brilliant ; 
 still send a technical paper to "Iron" every few weeks, though 
 I have no enthusiasm for that species of employment. I 
 have been seeing something of a rarity a student bond 
 fide who learns languages pour passer le temps, and lives in 
 a very pleasant studious retirement with that intent. I 
 have been reading Matt. Arnold on Prussian education 
 system, which certainly reads as approaching perfection, a 
 view which our Teuton professor endorses. The Times 
 in recent articles on their awny, exhibits well the causes of 
 their military superiority. The " Turkish question " not 
 long since promised to afford an opportunity for a general 
 European squabble. Chesney in c ' Macmillan " has proved to 
 his satisfaction that Prussia and Russia are to be the next 
 pair in the cockpit.' 
 
 In the next letter, already in 1875, and not then for 
 the first time, a warning note is struck as to health : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' November 1875. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, I hope to make sure of seeing you chez 
 vous in the summer, unless any unforeseen event should 
 
54 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. v 
 
 intervene. I feel, however, slightly dubious as to my suc- 
 cessful progress, as I have absolutely no German, my good 
 resolutions in that direction having been interrupted. 
 " Iron " now offers me as much work as I can do, but as 
 the subjects I select require much reading, it is not re- 
 munerative. I am constantly " knocking up," a weakness 
 to which I imagine I shall some day " cave in," unless I 
 throw England up altogether. 
 
 ' I should have sent you some " Irons " for criticism, but 
 as my last eight or nine articles have been on Blast 
 Furnaces I am not merciless enough to ask you to read 
 them. What do you think of the World? It has made 
 a great hit. Sells 39,000 a week. It started with a 
 trifling capital, on which it pays a few 100 per cent. . . . 
 A propos of art, of course you know Henschel's sketches 
 in the photos ; some are delicious. If I get time I will 
 write more, but I have a book on charcoal, another on 
 electricity, and two articles which I ought to be attacking.' 
 
 'December 15, 1875. 
 
 4 Dear Bess, . . . An American girl-student pretty, 
 too has been visiting London hospitals, and to the dis- 
 grace of the students thereat has been insultingly warned 
 off. She called at Llewe's hospital, where, of course, she 
 was received politely. 
 
 'The Suez question is the great subject of discussion ; all 
 enthusiasm at first, but now a growing feeling of hesitancy 
 about its benefits has supervened. The idle world is 
 frantic on skating-rinks ; they are springing up everywhere, 
 and are crowded at all times. Have you one about 
 Wiesbaden ? Among a skating people like the Germans 
 it would be a great success, both with natives and 
 foreigners. 
 
CH. v YEAKS OF EQUIPMENT 55 
 
 ' December 22. 
 
 ' I have kept this back so as to make it a Xmas letter. To 
 my great comfort we are not going to have any Xmas 
 festivities or visitors of any kind. My namesake of 
 Bremerhaven is the most interesting problem that has 
 ever been presented to the analytical moralist. In 
 every relation of life he appears to have been perfect in 
 amiability and savoir faire, exceptionally so, and yet 
 throughout planning and carrying out the most infernal, 
 deliberate, wholesale murder. A magnificent hero for a 
 morbid psychological novelist. The man who wrote a 
 startling book on New Guinea, which you mentioned was 
 discredited in Germany, is by no means accepted here 
 except as a modern Munchausen. I have asked you 
 repeatedly what you do all day and every day. 
 
 ' I send a new version of " Faust," the sketches in which 
 may amuse you. With all good wishes for Xmas, and 
 above all for 1876 and its successors, which I trust may 
 bring you all happiness, Yours, 
 
 4 SIDNEY. 
 
56 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vi 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE PROBLEM THEORETICALLY SOLVED A GERMAN TOUR 
 
 IN the latter end of 1875 the great problem was approach- 
 ing to, at any rate, provisional and theoretic solution in 
 the mind of Thomas. He had gathered together all avail- 
 able analytical and technical data. The first question to 
 be answered was obviously (as we have said above) the 
 fundamental one why was phosphorus retained in the 
 Bessemer converter? That preliminary difficulty sur- 
 mounted, the path might or might not be clear to cheap 
 elimination ; at any rate it would at least be visible. 
 
 Thomas came to the conclusion that the reason of the 
 non-elimination of the phosphorus was to be sought in the 
 chemical nature of the lining of the Bessemer converter. 
 This lining has been described above in Sir Henry 
 Bessemer's own words ; it varied in material, but the 
 material, whatever it might be, was acid in chemical 
 essence. The phosphorus in the iron was rapidly oxidised 
 during the process, or, in other words, formed phosphoric 
 acid. With an acid lining that phosphoric acid would 
 not combine, the two acids having no i chemical affinity ' 
 or liking for each other. 
 
 If this were the cause of non-elimination, the path to 
 be followed was visible indeed. Not by any addition or 
 mixture of substances after the converter *had been charged 
 was solution to be found, but rather by a change in the 
 constitution of the lining. For the acid lining in use a 
 
CH, vi THE PKOBLEM THEORETICALLY SOLVED 57 
 
 basic one must be substituted. A base is a term used by 
 chemists to signify a substance which will combine with 
 an acid, a substance for which an acid has c affinity.' 
 Some strong base then must be employed for the lining. 
 
 Thomas entered upon a series of experiments for the 
 purpose of investigating the material and duration of 
 various linings. Durability was essential to cheapness and, 
 therefore, to commercial success, and a substance which 
 would long survive the intense heat of the Bessemer process 
 was by no means easy to find. Thomas at this time came 
 to the conclusion that the required material must be either 
 lime or its congeners, magnesia, magnesian limestone, &c. 
 
 It must be remembered always that the aim to be 
 attained was twofold, as will be seen by the quotation 
 from Lowthian Bell, ante, p. 34. Perhaps the more im- 
 portant object was to separate the phosphorus from the 
 iron ; but it was also of great importance to preserve the 
 phosphorus, which (noxious as it was when combined with 
 iron) was in itself a most valuable product, at least in the 
 form of phosphoric acid. This could be done by creating 
 a basic f slag.' 
 
 So far, then, had theorising and experiment led Thomas 
 at the end of 1875. He was convinced that his conclu- 
 sions were chemically correct, but he found it impossible 
 to finally verify them under such conditions as were open 
 to him in his rough little laboratory. He attempted in 
 his top room at Sussex Place to obtain a Bessemer blow 
 by means of an improvised converter in the ordinary 
 domestic firegrate, which was alone at his disposal ; but 
 he naturally found it impossible to obtain the necessary 
 blast. 
 
 Thomas thought, however, that he saw his way to more 
 satisfactory trial of his theories. A cousin, Mr. P. C. 
 Gilchrist, already mentioned, was, as we have seen, then 
 
58 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vi 
 
 chemist to certain Works at Cwm Avon, in South Wales. 
 It might be that Gilchrist, although, of course, he had no 
 unlimited command of the works and appliances, might 
 at least be in a position to experimentalise more satisfac- 
 torily than was possible in Sussex Place. Early in 1876 
 Thomas wrote to him communicating his theory in detail, 
 as well as the lines on which he thought it could be proved 
 or disproved. Gilchrist at first deemed the whole thing 
 a chimera, but undertook, nevertheless, to make some 
 experiments. The business, however, slumbered for long 
 months ; Thomas on his side still working at his idea in 
 the evenings at home and devising the best method and 
 the best materials to make the experiments a success. In 
 the summer of this year we find him writing to Gilchrist 
 under date of August 7, 1876, from the Thames Police 
 Court : 
 
 c My impression is, a biggish wrought-iron crucible 
 would be as good for experimental converter as anything, 
 and would be easy to try various linings in. The tuyeres, 1 
 subject to your emendations, might be pieces of wrought- 
 iron gas-pipe covered with fire-clay and with fire-clay 
 stopper perforated thus or laterally. I have not time 
 enough to do. I only go home to sleep and eat. Most 
 unsatisfactory.' 
 
 For some months yet, however, Sidney had to continue 
 to chafe at delay. 
 
 Meanwhile he had found time for a July holiday in 
 Germany, a holiday mainly spent in visiting Works. The 
 following letters to his Wiesbaden correspondent were 
 written before, during and after this time : 
 
 1 These, it will be remembered, (See Sir H. Bessemer 's description 
 are the air-holes of the converter. of his process, ante, p. 32). 
 
CH. vi A GERMAN TOUR 59 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' 18 Sussex Place : June 1876. 
 
 c Dear Bess, Plunged over head and ears in work. I 
 look forward to starting to your beloved Germany on 
 Monday night, the 3rd prox., if I can find time before then 
 to address myself to the necessary consultations of Brad- 
 shaw, &c., provided always that the mother is well 
 enough to get away to the sea without me. Now, though 
 my bourne is the Hartz, I need hardly say I contemplate 
 being in Wiesbaden, if not en route at least on my 
 homeward voyage, that is, if you care to see me. So I 
 want you to write when you will prefer my going, begin- 
 ning or end of July. I have a man who talks of accom- 
 panying me, but I shall probably be alone. All news such 
 as there is may be best delivered orally. I mean to 
 travel without any luggage but a pen and an umbrella, a 
 hat and a dictionary. Will you be shocked at the intro- 
 duction of so uncouth a traveller amid the refinements of 
 Wiesbaden ? Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 1 Dear Bess, I formulated three conclusions before my 
 arrival at Frankfort : 
 
 * That I am very sorry I have come to you first and not 
 last, as I had intended, on the principle of keeping the 
 pleasantest of everything to the last. 
 
 ' That I would try to bring my holiday in your direc- 
 tion next year. 
 
 c That if I had stayed a day longer the Hartz Bergwerke 
 &c. would have been shelved altogether. From which 
 reflections (added to one that I had not said half I in- 
 tended), I was aroused by arrival at Frankfort, which I 
 proceeded to do in the time I had to spare. I will not 
 trouble you with any hasty observations thereon. The 
 
60 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vi 
 
 seven hours to Eisenach were tedious, though the country 
 somewhat interesting ; more so my fellow-travellers, especi- 
 ally a young soldier and an artist, the latter just returned 
 from a sketching excursion in Schweitz. These with 
 two others kept up a lively interchange of jokes and 
 information. I, a silent spectator, could only catch one- 
 fifth of the points. 
 
 'At Eisenach we parted; the soldier gave us all his 
 name and address, and we him our cards. Hope he won't 
 call and borrow. 
 
 4 At Eisenach to a good hotel, and was off by 6 A.M. to 
 Wartburg, which I accomplished with a party of students. 
 Then through rain " fahrers " to Austhal, which I happily 
 stumbled on at one. Both Burg and Thai sehr romantisch 
 and so on. Dann hat ein teuflich Fahrer mir misdirected, 
 und habe ich zwei Stunde aus von mein Weg gegangen. 
 Then through forest to Rluhla, a curious miniature Bad 
 with Curhaus, and so on in a hill valley ; on again through 
 woods and over hills to a primitive Dorf, where I put up 
 at a primitive hostel with a getrunken Wirth wer zu mir 
 Deutsch sprechen insisted. My bedroom, shared with a 
 Fuhrmann, though deficient in some elegancies, was ziem- 
 lich bequem. Morgens friih iiber Friedrichroda another 
 Bad, nach Oberhof, on the way picking up a student. The 
 infamous Schurke had on me his infamous fraud perpet- 
 rated ; he said he Englisch konnte, aber Englisch kann er 
 kein Wort verstehen. Through a beautiful rocky valley, up 
 a series of hills, and then twelve miles of continuous wood, 
 brought us to a Gasthaus, wo ich ein wunderbar Milchkur 
 habe gemacht. 
 
 ' Morgen friih nach Ilmenau by Berliners frequented 
 Wasser-Kur und Austall wo ich mit meiner Student with 
 much vergniigen parted. Then to Konigsee ; curious old 
 town, excessively hot, so I in a hasty Augenblick der Post 
 genommen habe. Der Post a wicked snare and vile delu- 
 
CH. vi A GERMAN TOUR 61 
 
 sion, kann ein Meile in ein Stunde ; and as for the horses 
 Donner Blitz ! 
 
 1 A postman entered into conversation with me, and 
 gave me a commission to execute in London with mystic 
 names and so on, on paper. I don't know what it was I 
 undertook, but we parted great friends. Half way to 
 Eudolstadt my post got emptied, and Kutscher wanted 
 me to ansteigen, which I declined to do, having my billet 
 further genommen. I argued the question in my native 
 tongue, and utterly routed Herr geehrter Kutscher. An 
 appalling nine hours' train to Chemnitz, where I got at 
 10.30. Asked a young person with a brilliant cap to direct 
 me to a Gasthaus, and after er hat das gethan, he insisted 
 on drinking beer and talking German to me till 12.30. 
 Oh, horrors! what I suffered with him ! also exchanged 
 cards, swore eternal friendship, and so on. I wondered 
 what he said all those two hours. I said 80? Ja ! Ja ! 
 So ? which satisfied him. 
 
 ' Morgen friih nach Freiberg, wo ich bin, got a fair on ; 
 queer place. I have been much longer getting here than 
 I calculated. In Thiiringen Wald, to get five miles in a 
 straight line, you had to go eighteen. 
 
 1 1 shall not go to Essen now. It is quite possible that 
 Herr F. may also not care to have strangers on his works. 
 I should like to know if this be so early. Would you 
 write me a card both to Mansfeld and Thale Hartz as 
 to this, and send my bag to Kreimsen ? Shall be in 
 Dresden Tuesday ; no time for Saxon Schweitz. 
 
 1 The only German who can speak English, I believe, 
 lives on the Ehine. We must push on the universal tongue.' 
 
 13 Sussex Place: Tuesday. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, Here I am at the end of my tether, and 
 preparing for stringent harness. I received yours and 
 
62 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vi 
 
 cards (for wliicli many thanks to both of you) at Clausthal 
 and Goslar. In case you interest yourself in my remain- 
 ing travels, here they are. From Mansfeld, whence I 
 wrote you, and where I accomplished some works, I pere- 
 grinated to Hartz Gerode. Uninteresting works, hot and 
 
 dusty. H e nothing to boast of, but so-called castle 
 
 sleepy and primitive. Thence to Alexisbon, another 
 miniature Bad, buried in a valley, woods all round, a dirty 
 stream, said to be irony, and salubrious Band Curhaus, 
 and frequent refreshments. So over a hill through a wood 
 to a schoenes Aussicht. Had to climb up a tower my 
 tenth where a ruffian persisted in showing off his topo- 
 graphical lore by pointing out to me every village within 
 the horizon. Again to Rosstroppe and Tanzplatz really 
 a fine view where all the cits of North Germania were 
 drinking and singing to their great content ; sleeping at 
 Thale; on again by Blankenberg, striking the Bodathal 
 again at Rubeland last again pretty and halting at 
 Elbingerode. Hence a lovely walk in early morn through 
 woods up Brocken, whence I gazed my fill and lighted on 
 a delightful little sylvan inn by Andreasberg. Going 
 down a mine and over works at Andreasberg, which is 
 also now frequented by "fir needle " bathers, occupied most 
 of next day. My next stage Clausthal, where I stumbled 
 on a Londoner University student with whom I did the 
 "Lione," escorted by two German students. So round 
 Ochretal and on again to quaint old Goslar, and on again 
 to Kreimsen, where I picked up my bag. By train to 
 Mulham near Ruhrort, and by seven on Monday morn- 
 ing I had the audacity to call on Herr Dr. F., whom I 
 found at breakfast with Mrs. F. and an amusing young 
 lady of two. Was received most courteously, and taken 
 to Phoenix, where I was left to satisfy my curiosity, which 
 I did at length, finding the works well constructed and 
 
CH . vi A GERMAN TOUR 63 
 
 worked. I was to see Herr F. again, but unfortunately 
 he did not return to his office before I was obliged to leave 
 to catch the only train to Kotterdam. I left a card ex- 
 pressing my thanks. There are several points on which 
 I may possibly write to him for information. Does the 
 director read English I wonder ? Yours ever, 
 
 < S. G. T. 
 
 4 P.S. My opinion of German scenery is is reserved ; 
 of the folk I can say I have a much better opinion 
 than I started with. If they would only learn English 
 they would be civilised.' 
 
 'Dear Bess, Here everything going much as usual. 
 My editorial acquaintance just back from America; speaking 
 well of things American, particularly of their extraordinary 
 capacity for work and rapidity in executing it. Awaiting 
 my return I found a letter from my friend in the "Western 
 States saying that he was relinquishing the Professorship 
 he has hitherto held, and suggesting I should take his 
 place. It was a temptation ; but, of course, in my mother's 
 state of health it would have been out of the question. 
 
 ' I find so much to engage me that it is doubtful 
 whether I shall have time to turn my German visit to any 
 literary account, particularly as a great part of my notes 
 got lost in hurry to catch a train for Ruhrort. 
 
 ' By the way, as to " hurry," you seem to think my time 
 is unlimited ; I had twenty-six days for all. 
 
 * I enclose a number of queries, of which the director 
 may answer some in German or English possibly, if you 
 would kindly undertake their transmission. They are 
 simply what I had jotted down at the time to ask the 
 director before I left. Of course it is a considerable 
 trespass, on the strength of your introduction ; but I find 
 
64 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vi 
 
 German scientists so courteous in giving information that 
 I have become a hardened interrogator.' 
 
 ' Dear Bess, I am intensely obliged to all of you, the 
 Doctor, Fraulein N. and yourself, for the trouble you have 
 taken over my troublesome interrogatories, which I cer- 
 tainly did not expect to get so answered. You say that 
 Phoenix had forty-eight furnaces at work in 1872-73, now 
 only eighteen. Does that mean blast furnaces (Hohofen)? 
 for if so, Phoenix is larger than I imagined ; few English 
 works have more than twenty in all. By asking the name 
 of the hot-blast stoves I meant this : I observed in par- 
 ticular one new hot-blast stove (i.e. an apparatus for heat- 
 ing the blast before it enters the Hohofen) of a construction 
 new to me. I know the Whitwell stove, the Cowper, the 
 Pistop pipe stove and so on. This appeared to be filled 
 with circular discs of iron (?), so I asked by what name it 
 is known that I might find a description of it. In einzeln 
 etc. means " is more tenacious." Hartenummern I should 
 translate as " scale of hardness " I fancy, but I am not 
 quite clear ; what is your idea ? The director's answers are 
 admirably clear and to the point. 
 
 ' I will send " Iron " to Herr Dr. F. as you suggest. 
 It is simply appallingly hot, and I find Thames has 
 effectually taken all the good I derived from my trip to 
 itself. The amount of work accumulated is quite a feature, 
 and I have a new magistrate. Wish I could exchange 
 Kensington for Wiesbaden for a week or two. Yours, 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TEAVEL TALK ' 65 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 ' TECHNICAL TRAVEL TALK ' 
 
 THOMAS did * turn his German tour to literary account ' by 
 the contribution of a series of articles (under the heading 
 of ' Technical Travel Talk ' ) to the columns of ' Iron/ We 
 reproduce some extracts from these articles (published in 
 the course of 1877) here. Much of them is, of course, too 
 technical for these pages. The opening paragraph is very 
 characteristic of the writer : 
 
 ' Freiberg. 
 
 4 There is a curious delusion very prevalent among 
 vacation-tourists, that it is inconsistent with the purpose 
 of true holiday-making, and indicative of a certain poverty 
 of spirit, to concern oneself about aught else than the 
 picturesque and artistic features of one's holiday-ground. 
 By such a limited interpretation of the available resources 
 of pleasure-travel, not a few are condemned to hours of 
 ennui, which they would escape effectually if they would 
 only recognise that the industries and institutions of 
 a strange locality are as legitimate objects of interest as its 
 scenery, buildings and pictures. Of course there are those 
 who are so profoundly convinced that instruction and 
 amusement are hopelessly incompatible, that they are 
 consistent in refusing to desert the beaten tourist track, 
 lest perchance they should fall into the pitfall of instruc- 
 tion. It cannot, however, be believed that, of the thou- 
 
 Y 
 
#6 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 sands of Englishmen who sojourn in or pass through 
 Dresden yearly, all labour under this singular prejudice, 
 and believe that it is incumbent on a true holiday-maker 
 to utterly bury and forget all the interests which constitute 
 the chief concern of his everyday life. Yet it is sur- 
 prising how few of our practical countrymen find their way 
 from the art-capital of Germany to the old mine-city of 
 Freiberg, the birthplace of technical education, and of the 
 systematic application of scientific methods to the conduct 
 of industrial enterprise, though the two places are barely 
 an hour's ride apart. 
 
 1 The district of the Saxon Erzgebirge (Ore-mountains), 
 of which Freiberg is the centre, would, indeed, be well 
 worth a visit, even though its only attractions were the 
 quaint and picturesque architecture of its towns and the 
 primitive customs of its people, among whom the eerie 
 superstitions and legends, which filled so important a part 
 in the lives of the old miners, still linger. 
 
 ' Freiberg itself has seen fluctuations of fortune beyond 
 the experience of ordinary cities. To have been the scene 
 of many sieges, the cradle of the Saxon Reformation, and 
 the seat and city of refuge of the royal family of Saxony 
 are only a few incidents in its chequered political career. 
 Its real prosperity, however, fluctuated with that of the 
 mines of the district, and the depreciation and apprecia- 
 tion of silver was a question of deep moment to its 
 burghers long before the dwellers in Lombard Street had 
 begun to dabble in the intricacies of finance. In the 
 sixteenth century, when its mines were at their best, the 
 population of the city is said to have been five times as 
 great as it was at the beginning of the present century, 
 and considerably larger than it is at present. 
 
 ' The contrast between the mediaeval streets and fan- 
 tastic buildings of the old town, and the costumes and 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TKAVEL TALK ' 67 
 
 manners of the crowds that thronged them was particu- 
 larly striking as I made niy way from the station and 
 found the Jahrzeit, or semi-annual fair, in full swing, with 
 all the accompaniments of bands, shows, jugglers and 
 vociferous cheap-jacks. Strolling through the good- 
 humoured multitude I came on a little group of American 
 academy students, who were laughingly engaged in 
 showing the heathens (as they designated the non-English- 
 speaking portion of the community), in some trials of 
 strength, that transatlantic skill could prevail over Saxon 
 muscle. High over the busiest part of the fair loomed a 
 mining engine-house, perched on the inevitable rubbish 
 mound, requiring no great stretch of the imagination to 
 picture it as the genius of the place. The monotonous 
 periodical clang of the engine-bell, which throughout the 
 mining region serves to indicate that the pumping 
 machinery is in order and at work, readily lends itself to 
 this fancy, by giving to the stranger an almost painful 
 consciousness of automatic, never-tiring watchfulness. 
 
 ' As some salt carriers from Halle were making their 
 way across the Freiberg heights with their salt, on their 
 way to Bohemia, it chanced that one of them picked up by 
 the roadside a lump of lead ore. Being evidently shrewd 
 and enterprising men, they abandoned their Bohemian 
 journey and betook themselves with their find to an emi- 
 nent assayer at Goslar. A certificate having been obtained 
 that their specimen assayed much richer in silver than the 
 ordinary Ramrnelsberg ores, the fortunes of Freiberg were 
 made, for divers Gosla rites emigrated forthwith, and 
 speedily opened up the rich silver deposits which soon 
 rendered Freiberg one of the most prosperous cities of 
 Central Europe. What became of the original enterprising 
 prospectors, Agricola, who is the authority for this account, 
 
 F 2 
 
68 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 does not chronicle. The author of a curious little work on 
 " The Origin of the Saxon Mines," published at Chemnitz 
 in 1764, discusses the question of the exact date of this 
 discovery in great detail, but if we follow Agricola again 
 in fixing it in 1164 we shall not be far wrong. Between 
 the years 1164 and 1824 the Saxon mines are said to 
 have produced 4,100 tons of silver, valued at thirty-six 
 millions sterling. Their greatest productiveness appears 
 to have been reached in the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries, when there can be no doubt that some of the 
 richest veins were struck and almost exhausted, large 
 masses of ore, yielding sixty and seventy per cent, of 
 silver, being found. 
 
 'In 1810 the product of the Saxon silver mines was 
 estimated at 53,000 marks, or, say, one-eighth of a million 
 sterling. In 1817 it had sunk to a considerably lower 
 value. In 1850 we find it still at about the same figure, 
 though the total value of the mineral products of Saxony 
 had doubled in the interval. In 1856, however, the pro- 
 duction amounted to 55,000 Ib. of metal, and in 1865 to 
 80,000 lb., while by the last returns from the Freiberg 
 smelting works the value of the silver produced has again 
 declined. 
 
 * At the date of the last official return there were in ex- 
 istence, in the four Reviere into which the ore-mining 
 district of Saxony is divided, 344 mines. In this numera- 
 tion, however, are included drainage and extraction adits, 
 and over 150 mines which are not in work at all. Of the 
 balance, only nine were in the dividend list, while sixty- 
 four of those reckoned as " going concerns " were raising 
 no ore, The total ore raised in 1874 amounted to about 
 50,000 tons, representing a cash value of something over 
 250,OOOZ. sterling. Of the 76,OOOZ., which was the value 
 of the ore raised from Himmelfahrt, the most prosperous 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TKAVEL TALK ' 69 
 
 of all the mines, only 11,OOOZ. went into the pockets of 
 the shareholders. 
 
 ' The Himmelfurst mine at Brand, some two miles or 
 more from Freiberg, is one of the most important in the 
 district after Himmelfahrt, which is the show-mine to 
 which visitors are usually directed, and where there is 
 accordingly less opportunity of seeing the normal course 
 of mining operations than elsewhere. Soon after five on a 
 rainy morning I met, by appointment, in the Freiberg 
 market-place, a figure clad in coarse miner's dress, patched 
 from top to toe with earth stains, and duly adorned with 
 leathern apron and belt, a knife and a lamp. This costume 
 is the regular mining costume of Saxony, where miners 
 dress, not, as is the wont at home, as individual taste or 
 convenience suggests, but just as their fathers and fore- 
 fathers did before them. The wearer, however, is an 
 English student, a chance acquaintance, to whose courtesy 
 and intelligence I was much indebted. After a wet trudge 
 along an elevated highroad, bordered by a monotonous 
 country, which, hedgeless and almost treeless, looked 
 bleak enough even in summer-time, and recalled the fact 
 that agriculture in the Saxon uplands is a precarious 
 pursuit, we arrived at our destination. At intervals along 
 the road we had exchanged a friendly " Gliick auf," the 
 universal salutation for all times and occasions in mining 
 Germany, with individuals accoutred like my companion, 
 hurrying to their respective mines ; but as we entered the 
 group of offices " Gliick auf" is heard on all sides. My 
 friend having interviewed the presiding official and shown 
 his academical voucher, and the usual preliminary of 
 entering our names, domiciles, and the whence and whither 
 of my journeying being duly performed, I changed my 
 clothes for a miner's suit, and, lamp in hand, we proceeded 
 to descend one of the several shafts by which the mine is 
 
70 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 worked. That " we," however, now included a Steiger, to 
 whose care we had been confided. There are Steiger and 
 Obersteiger, and (I believe) Untersteiger, their functions 
 being to overlook the works and generally superintend the 
 conduct of mining operations ; their position varying be- 
 tween that of mining captains and of foremen or gangers. 
 Though their pay is very scanty, averaging considerably 
 under thirty shillings, and often not exceeding a pound a 
 week, they have nearly all received an excellent technical 
 training at the mining school, and possess an acquaintance 
 with the theoretical principles of mining which it would 
 be hard to find a parallel for among English miners of far 
 greater pretensions. We spent some four or five hours 
 underground, our conductor taking care that no instructive 
 or interesting feature should be passed over, or be unap- 
 preciated for want of a commentary, and never tiring of 
 explanations. The mine, of which the set contains five 
 rich veins, produces zinc ores and pyrites, besides the 
 argentiferous galena and silver ores, which are its main 
 support. But though it employs over 1,000 men, it only 
 turns out about 3,000 tons of ore a year, valued, according 
 to the last return at hand, at some 45,000?. The sale of 
 SOL worth of " specimens " is one of the items which makes 
 up this total. A generation ago, when only one-fifth of 
 the present output was realised, it appears that the returns 
 of ore sold were over 18,OOOL, which indicated that the 
 richest veins have been exhausted. 
 
 1 As in most German mines, dead work bears here a 
 much larger proportion to paying work than would be long 
 tolerated by English adventurers. We find, by a recent 
 return, that while only 1,000 metres were driven in the 
 Freiberg Revier in rich ore ground, 1,800 were driven in 
 poor though ore-carrying ground, and no less than 7,000 
 metres in perfectly barren ground. In other words, 70 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TEAVEL TALK ' 71 
 
 per cent, of the total year's work done was of an unremu- 
 nerative character. This mode of working, not for the 
 present alone, but with a view to maintaining the existence 
 of the mine for the longest possible period, has many and 
 solid advantages, which are not to be obtained on the 
 " quick return " system. Nothing gives a better idea of the 
 strong hold this desire for permanency has on those who 
 have the ultimate direction of mining works than the 
 extraordinary solidity and finish of the masonry which is 
 so largely used in the lining of the shafts, and the support 
 of the roof and sides of the working levels. The regular 
 thickness for the arches protecting the junction of galleries 
 with the shaft, or supporting the masonry of a few fathoms 
 of lined shaft, is one metre. 
 
 ' It is the custom to inscribe the date on which any im- 
 portant sinking or driving was finished in situ, so that 
 the mine itself bears its own chronology graven on its 
 walls, and we have a clue to the exact course the works 
 have taken for a century or two. Thus, it will often 
 happen that at one stage in the descent of a shaft you 
 will find the date of say A.D. 1760 ; on getting still lower 
 you will be surprised to find you have got back to 1700, 
 and then, at the lowest depth of all, you are confronted 
 with a freshly carved or painted " 1876." This, of course, 
 indicates that in 1760 a shaft was sunk upon an old gallery 
 from another shaft (possibly only by accident, as it was not 
 continued down to the level), and that subsequently, the 
 original ore bodies being probably exhausted, the shaft has 
 been continued to its present depth, or a shaft driven 
 upwards. 
 
 ' The shaft by which we descended was a rectangular 
 one, measuring two metres by six, and is to be carried 
 to a depth of some 500 metres. The main drawing and 
 pumping shaft, by which we ascended, was driven on the 
 
72 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 veins, and follows its inclination, and is of very much 
 larger dimensions. The greater part of the ore is got out 
 by overhead stoping, though the underhand system is 
 also in use. There is one tool which is very much used 
 by the miners, which is not, I believe, common in England. 
 It is almost exactly the shape of the ordinary miner's 
 poltpick on a small scale (weighing only two or three 
 pounds), and being held in position by the handle, is driven 
 into the rock by a sledge ; the handle enables the gad or 
 wedge, which is what the tool really is, to be used in 
 positions which it would be hard to get at otherwise. 
 
 1 The Saxon mining lamp, though not unknown in Eng- 
 land, seems such an obvious improvement on the naked 
 candle, so largely used, that it is worth description. It con- 
 sists of a flat box of wood, about eight or ten inches high, with 
 a rounded top and the front open. The interior is lined 
 with polished metal, and the open side may be closed with 
 a glass sliding in a groove. This glass, when not in place, 
 clips into a recess at the back of the lamp. Either a 
 candle or oil-lamp can be used, and the whole is swung by 
 a string round the miner's neck. The hands are left free, 
 the flame protected from draughts and wet, and the light 
 reflected on the work in hand. All these advantages are 
 obtained at an insignificant cost. 
 
 1 The miner's cap, common to all Germany, is of the 
 shape once known in England as the " porkpie " hat, made 
 of stiff felt, and is an admirable protection to the head, 
 which, as every novice in mining knows, is exposed to 
 grievous attacks in underground life. Gunpowder is alone 
 used in blasting, and all the holes are put in by hand. As 
 far as I could learn, Himmelfahrt is the only mine in the 
 district in which machine drills had been fairly tried, nor 
 do modern explosives seem much in favour. The miners 
 are, by general testimony, as steady and industrious a 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TEAVEL TALK ' 73 
 
 class of men as could be desired. Of late years Italian 
 (probably Piedmontese) hewers have been employed in the 
 Saxony collieries, and in driving adits and other heavy 
 work, and it is said that they can turn out more work than 
 the native miner. I was informed that a heading through 
 moderately hard rock, which we watched being driven, 
 was paid for by piecework at a rate which would give the 
 miner, a first-class workman, something less than 15s. per 
 week. The ordinary rate of payment appears to be a 
 mark (or shilling) for a six-hours' shift, and two marks for 
 a ten-hours' shift. Low as these wages are, they probably 
 do not represent a less purchasing power than the average 
 English mining wage. Indeed, they are even absolutely 
 but very little lower than the regular Cornish rates of a 
 few years ago. 
 
 'An excellent system of miners' unions, or friendly 
 societies, to which nearly all the men belong, contributes 
 largely to improve the position of their members. The 
 contributions of the men are supplemented by a propor- 
 tionate subscription from the various mining companies 
 and the income derived from various charitable endow- 
 ments. The distribution and management of the funds are 
 mainly undertaken, I was informed, by a committee of the 
 oldest members of the union. The objects on which they 
 are expended are : the relief, by allowances, pensions and 
 medical attendance, of sick members ; pensions to widows 
 of deceased members; the maintenance of co-operative 
 stores, and the education of orphans and the children of 
 indigent members. The annual expenditure of the com- 
 bined Saxon societies and foundations amounts to between 
 60,OOOZ. and 70,OOOZ. The whole body of ore-miners is 
 bound together by the Bergknappschaften, or unions 
 which are of great antiquity into a body corporate, with 
 elaborate regulations and ceremonies. To be expelled 
 
74 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 from the association is the greatest social ignominy, and its 
 established customs have the force almost of law. One of 
 the periodical musters, or reviews of the Freiberg miners, 
 was due a few days after I left Freiberg. On these occa- 
 sions they are grouped into companies and brigades under 
 their officers, adorned with the insignia of their craft, and, 
 after attending church, spend the balance of the day in 
 certain traditional exercises and festivities. Of late years 
 a considerable tide of emigration of miners from Saxony 
 to America has set in, and so relieved the pressure which 
 the decrease of mining activity would have caused. 
 
 ' Saxon Mining 
 
 ' Neither women nor boys are employed in the metal 
 mines of Saxony, and comparatively few in the coal dis- 
 tricts. The Saxons, though rather a stolid race, are, as a 
 rule, well educated, and believe in educating their children 
 rather than sending them prematurely to work, a view 
 in which the law supports them. The total number of 
 miners employed in the ore mines is only about 8,000, but 
 about twice that number are engaged in the bituminous 
 collieries, and over 3,000 in the brown-coal mines. 
 The colliers are a very different class of men to the ore- 
 miners, whose morale and judiciously recognised esprit de 
 corps , combined with a traditional good understanding with 
 their employers, render labour troubles among them of very 
 rare occurrence. I think there could hardly be a better 
 indication of the old-world flavour which pervades Saxon 
 ore-mining than the nomenclature of the mines themselves. 
 A singular contrast to the matter-of-fact names which figure 
 in our mining-share lists, and the ambitious and often 
 grotesquely humorous labels which the Californian and 
 Comstock miner delights in attaching to his workings, is 
 afforded by a list, in which capital and dividends, and pro- 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TKAYEL TALK * 75 
 
 fit and loss seem incongruous items, when connected with 
 undertakings trading under such pious blazons as God's 
 Blessing, God's Hope, Good God, Trust in the Lord, God 
 with us, God trusted Daniel, the Green Twig and the 
 Grace of God; sometimes lapsing into such mundane 
 though comprehensive appellations as the Morning Star 
 and Noonday Sun. Does not this seem to take us back to 
 a far-off age, when work or, perhaps, speculation and 
 religion were on intimate terms, though no one had yet 
 formulated the " Gospel of Work " ? 
 
 1 Saxon Metallurgy 
 
 1 The Fiscal Metallurgical Works of the Freiberg district 
 consist of two great smelting establishments, one known 
 as the Muldener Hiitte and the once celebrated but now 
 less important works at Halsbruck. In connection with 
 these there are certain subsidiary industries of consider- 
 able local importance, notably the Cobalt Blue Works at 
 Oberschlema and Pfannenstiel (the latter of which is a 
 semi-private undertaking). The manufacture of shot and 
 leadwork generally, of whitelead and pottery are the most 
 flourishing of these subsidiary industries ; but they do not 
 possess any features of special interest. At the several 
 Fiscal Works about 1,400 men are employed. Tin-smelt- 
 ing is still carried on at six or seven small furnaces in close 
 proximity to the mines, of which the most important are 
 situated in the Altenberg district, but this branch of metal- 
 lurgy is now labouring under considerable depression, owing 
 to the fall in the value of tin. The Mulden and Halsbruck 
 Works (which may be practically regarded as one), how- 
 ever, have certainly done more for the advancement of 
 metallurgical science than any other establishment of the 
 kind in the world, and possess many features of the 
 
76 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 greatest technical interest. The prominent position they 
 have taken may be traced to a combination of several 
 causes. 
 
 ' In the first place, the intimate connection which has 
 existed between the Academy and the Hiitte since the 
 foundation of the former, and the fact that for at least a 
 century the direction of the works has been carried on 
 under what, having reference to the current state of 
 metallurgical knowledge, was unquestionably the best 
 scientific advice, were alone sufficient to elevate the conduct 
 of these works far above the dead level of empiricism which 
 so long prevailed in metallurgy. The joint reputation of 
 the Academy and the Works also brought to Freiberg a 
 constant succession of intelligent visitors, whose sugges- 
 tions for modifications of any process or accounts of the 
 modes adopted for like ends in other countries were always 
 attentively considered by experts, whom an academy 
 training had freed from local prejudice, which so often 
 prevents the adoption of improvements. The remarkable 
 complexity of composition, which is a characteristic of the 
 Freiberg ores, also calls for the exercise of an unusual 
 amount of skill in devising processes by which the largest 
 number of metals may be profitably isolated from each 
 other and turned out in a marketable condition. The 
 absence of those restraints upon the pursuit of investiga- 
 tions of which the immediate pecuniary result is doubtful, 
 more or less inseparable from private enterprise, has also 
 had a most happy effect on Saxon metallurgy. 
 
 ' During the most prosperous period of the Saxon mines 
 the ores were smelted at a number of private works in a 
 very rude fashion. Towards the commencement of the 
 eighteenth century, when the succession of rich bonanzas 
 which had astonished Europe and enriched Saxony had 
 been about worked out, and the effects of the vast importa- 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TRAVEL TALK ' 77 
 
 tion of silver from Mexico and Peru in depreciating the 
 value of the metal had not been recovered from, the Saxon 
 Government came to the rescue of the impoverished mining 
 industry by founding metallurgical works, under the 
 administration of a special department, with the object 
 of utilising to the utmost the mineral treasures of the 
 Erzgebirge, by bringing the advantages of capital, concen- 
 tration and skilled management to bear upon the extraction 
 of the metals from their containing ores. The results of this 
 direct Government interference with private enterprise, 
 repugnant as it is to English ideas of the limits of the 
 functions of the State, have been certainly more favourable 
 than could have been anticipated. Aided by the economical 
 Jesuits achieved by the Government works, of which the 
 miner shares the advantage, not only in receiving originally 
 a better price for his ore than private smelters would or 
 could give, but by a subsequent participation in the profits 
 of the undertaking, many mines have struggled through 
 periods of adversity to which they must have otherwise 
 succumbed. In looking over the visitors' book at the 
 Muldener Hiitte, one is struck by the cosmopolitan 
 character of those who (as indicated by their names) avail 
 themselves of the unreserved liberality with which the 
 direction permits access to all the Government establish- 
 ments. My own visit was paid in company of two Greeks, 
 our predecessors being Germans, Spaniards and Americans. 
 
 1 Of the 130 ironworks of Saxony of which only some 
 half-dozen have blast furnaces located for the most part 
 in the neighbourhood of Zwickau, Chemnitz, and Plauen, 
 with a gross production valued at about one million 
 sterling, I have no personal knowledge. I was informed, 
 however, from several sources, that, notwithstanding 
 journalistic denials, the engine and machine makers of 
 
78 'SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS en. vn 
 
 Chemnitz and Leipzig always use English metal, especially 
 steel, for any purpose in which the highest quality is re- 
 quired. 
 
 ' From Freiberg to Dresden the railway passes through 
 decidedly attractive scenery, while, for the technical 
 tourist, the attractions of the picturesque valley which the 
 line traverses are not diminished by its being the seat of a 
 thriving brown-coal mining and iron-working industry 
 at Potschappel, and the celebrated forest nursery and 
 forestry academy of Tharandt. On the many attractions 
 of Dresden, the most charming of German cities, this is 
 not the place to expatiate. It may be suggested, however, 
 that the geological and mineralogical collections which 
 form, perhaps, the least frequented section of the magnifi- 
 cent series of museums of which the Saxons are justly 
 proud, are worthy of their reputation, their strength lying 
 in the completeness of their sets of Saxon ores and fossils. 
 The Saxon Switzerland, which commences a few miles 
 south of Dresden, originally an elevated tableland of 
 sandstone, has been chiselled, by fluvial and aerial agency, 
 into a series of fantastically-shaped peaks and pinnacles, 
 and isolated and precipitous rock fortresses, while those 
 portions which have suffered least are penetrated in every 
 direction by deep ravines. As it is given only to few to 
 visit the Colorado canyons, an excursion to the Sachsische 
 Schweiz may be taken to be, perhaps, the most favour- 
 able accessible illustration, on a great scale, of the power 
 of water as a geological tool, since the cause and effect are 
 here seen in close juxtaposition, and under the most 
 striking conditions. 
 
 ' Bohemia, a country which lies somewhat out of the 
 regular tourist track, holds out many inducements to the 
 student of metallurgy or mining who has got so far as 
 Freiberg or Dresden to extend his explorations thither. 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TRAVEL TALK ' 79 
 
 Amid scenery often in the highest degree wild and 
 picturesque, mining has been carried on in Bohemia for 
 considerably over a thousand years. 
 
 c In the narrow gorge of Joachimthal, where the first 
 thalers were coined, and whence their name is derived, 
 maybe seen mines still in active work, producing silver, 
 lead, cobalt, bismuth and uranium, in which some forty 
 successive generations of miners have laboured. Near the 
 fine old city of Prague, one of the most interesting in 
 Germany, are the wonderfully rich silver-lead deposits of 
 Przibram, which have been worked continuously for eleven 
 centuries. Large deposits of lead, and smaller ones of 
 copper, tin, and cobalt, are also mined in many other 
 districts of Bohemia, the systems of exploitation and 
 dressings being hardly, if at all, inferior to those adopted 
 in Saxony and the Hartz. Indeed, much of the most 
 approved modern dressing machinery has its origin in 
 Bohemia and Schemnitz. 
 
 ' The iron industry of Bohemia is of hardly less anti- 
 quity than its silver mining. Great deposits of haematite 
 and other iron ores are spread over the country, the ore 
 being smelted chiefly in charcoal furnaces close to where 
 it is raised. In no district in Europe is the charcoal 
 blast-furnace seen to greater advantage than in Bohemia 
 and the adjacent Austrian States. At Kladno, however, 
 and elsewhere, coke furnaces have been recently erected 
 on a considerable scale. Though both bituminous and 
 anthracite coal is worked to some extent, the chief fuel 
 resources of Bohemia are found in the enormous supply of 
 brown coal which it possesses, much of it consisting of 
 deposits considerably exceeding ten yards in thickness. 
 It is now about eleven centuries since the Bohemian 
 gold-fever broke out, and the washing and digging of that 
 day appsar to have been pretty thorough, since nothing 
 
80 SIDNEY GTLCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 has been left for their successors but heaps of washed sand 
 and gravel. In short, the metalliferous industries of 
 Bohemia are hardly less varied and interesting than those 
 of Saxony ; while by extending one's excursion to Hungary 
 on the one side and Styria and Illyria on the other, one 
 would have a tour in which an absolutely complete acquain- 
 tance with all that is remarkable in Continental mining and 
 metallurgy might be gained, in conjunction with an ex- 
 ploration of the almost unique beauties of the Austrian 
 Alps and the Hungarian forests and highlands. 
 
 4 But there is another region of Germany, very much 
 more accessible from England, almost, indeed, at our 
 doors, which possesses within a very limited area many 
 very diverse claims on the attention of the sober holiday- 
 seeker. The Hartz offer a rich harvest to the geologist, 
 mineralogist, metallurgist and miner, and have no mean 
 attractions for the artist and antiquarian. Till some 
 twenty years ago a region almost entirely primitive and 
 out of the world the summer hordes of Berliners, Ham- 
 burgers, and other denizens of the plain, who have since 
 been induced by railway facilities to invade its more 
 accessible districts, have not yet succeeded in changing 
 entirely its former character, though the simplicity of the 
 inhabitants and quaint picturesqueness of its towns will 
 probably soon be things of the past. 
 
 ' Eisleben, of which the principal claims to distinction 
 are that it is the birthplace of Luther, and the seat of 
 administration of the Mansfeld'sche Kupferschieferbauende 
 Gewerkschaft, fairly illustrates the close juxtaposition of 
 things new and old, so apparent to a traveller in the byways 
 of Germany. In the architecture of the town, the Luther 
 period is the most prominent ; in its life, nineteenth- 
 century industrialism. The Mansfeld Copper Company, 
 which now carries on the mining and smelting of the 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TKAVEL TALK ' 81 
 
 copper schists, which were first attacked in Hesse in the 
 tenth century, and at Eisleben in the sixteenth century, 
 by the Counts of Mansfeld, is a consolidation of five 
 companies, united under one management some nve-and- 
 twenty years ago, which now, under the direction of 
 Bergrath Leuschner, has the reputation of being one 
 of the best managed, as it is one of the most prosperous, 
 industrial corporations in Germany. In 1876 the com- 
 pany managed to earn the very respectable sum of 
 126,0002., giving a dividend of 37s. on each of the 69,120 
 shares into which it is divided. 
 
 ' Over a considerable area of Central Germany there is 
 found a fossiliferous and bituminous marl-slate, covered 
 by the Zechstein or magnesian limestone, and overlying 
 first the WeissliegendeSj a sandstone containing in places 
 small quantities of copper, and under this again the 
 Bothliegendes, a red sandstone mixed with conglomerate, 
 basalt, &c. These deposits lie in a great basin, and at 
 various points on the rim, where the marl-slate crops out, 
 attempts have been made to work it for the copper which 
 it contains, mainly as pyrites. It is only, however, in the 
 neighbourhood of Mansfeld and Eisleben, where an undu- 
 lation in the strata brings a large quantity of this slate 
 within a short distance of the surface, the dip being only 
 about 6, that it has proved permanently to pay for 
 extraction. Indeed, even here it is only by working on 
 the largest scale the Mansfeld Company raising last year 
 235,000 tons of cupriferous schist and sandstone by which 
 the standing charges are spread over an enormous output, 
 that remunerative results are obtained. 
 
 
 
 c The works and mines together give employment to 
 8,000 men. The system by which this army of employes 
 and their families is supplied with the necessaries of life 
 
 G 
 
82 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 by the company is well worthy of attention. Throughout 
 the Hartz district the mine-owner, who is for the most 
 part the Government itself, is looked to to supply the 
 necessaries of life, or at least the chief of them, to those 
 he employs. The reason of this custom, which has pre- 
 vailed for centuries, is to be found in the fact that the 
 forest-clad hills and bleak tablelands of the country are 
 scarcely capable of bearing corn enough to supply the 
 wants of the sparse population which cultivates them, 
 leaving no surplus for the mining population and its 
 tributary industrials. Thus, imports of grain on a large 
 scale have always been necessary. So we find the Mans- 
 feld Company distributing annually nearly 4,000 tons of 
 rye-meal to its workpeople, or at the rate of over a 
 hundredweight per man per month. Rye-meal at Mans- 
 feld costs nearly 91 a ton. It does not appear that this 
 peculiar modification of the " truck " system, by which the 
 employer undertakes the duty of feeding his men as well 
 as paying them wages, has been accompanied by any of 
 the abuses which seem inseparable from it in England. 
 
 1 A. benevolent, or friendly society, not less admirable in 
 its provisions than that which exists at Freiberg, is in active 
 operation here also. To its funds the company contributes 
 largely, no less a sum than 8,OOOL a year being at present 
 devoted to this purpose, besides a considerable sum spent 
 in special gratuities and allowances in cases outside the 
 regular operations of the society. The amount of the in- 
 vested funds of the society at the beginning of 1877 reached 
 the satisfactory sum of 27,000?., while the disbursements 
 during the year 1876, in pensions, sick-pay, medical relief, 
 &c., amounted to over 16,000?. Thrift is fostered by a 
 savings bank, in which the men are encouraged to deposit. 
 It appears, however, that only some 800 of the 8,000 
 employed are depositors, the average deposit being about 61. 
 
CH. vir ' TECHNICAL TRAVEL TALK ' 83 
 
 ( From whatsoever point of view it is regarded, the 
 Mansfeld Copper Company may fairly be considered one of 
 the most interesting of the great industrial establishments 
 of the Continent. Having successfully solved, thanks to 
 the persevering and unassisted investigations of its own 
 officers, some of the most difficult problems of metallurgy, 
 no one can deny that it deserves to enjoy the prosperity to 
 which it has attained, while its management continues to 
 be marked by the same technical skill and energy, and care 
 for the welfare of the employed, which now characterises 
 it. 
 
 ' From Mansfeld it is a four hours' walk, through a not 
 very attractive region, to Harzgerode, where the beauties 
 of the Hartz really begin. In the vicinity are several 
 silver-lead mines, which changed hands at high prices 
 during the company mania which raged so fiercely after 
 the war, but have not proved much of an acquisition to 
 the Berliners into whtfse hands they finally passed. A 
 beautiful walk through a hilly and richly wooded country 
 brings one to the old established ironworks of Madesprung ; 
 and after traversing a long stretch of closely wooded hills, 
 we arrive at the flourishing little town of Thale. Thale 
 occupies a very advantageous position on the extreme 
 border of the great plain which stretches away to Berlin 
 and Hamburg, at the point where the river Bode emerges 
 from the wild and singularly picturesque gorge which it 
 has cut through the mountains, which at this point rise 
 almost perpendicularly from the plain. It is the terminus 
 of a railway which brings every summer a yearly increas- 
 ing crowd of visitors, attracted by the beauties of the 
 Rosstrappe and Bodenthal, and which by placing it in 
 direct communication with Hamburg, Magdeburg, Berlin, 
 and the Prussian coalfields, puts this little town in a 
 position to develop the industrial position to which it has 
 
 G 2 
 
84 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 already begun to aspire. An abundance of water from 
 streams which by a slight diversion of their course might 
 be made to yield considerably more water-power than is at 
 present utilised ; enormous supplies of wood and charcoal 
 from the adjacent hills, which also contain large deposits 
 of iron ore ; these, with cheap labour and comparatively 
 cheap land, make Thale a place worthy the attention of 
 manufacturers. 
 
 6 Last summer the Thale ironworks, which are in the 
 hands of a company, were in brisk work, turning out bar 
 iron and rods, light rails and plates, and, I fancy, wire, 
 and a large variety of small forgings. A small establish- 
 ment adjacent to the ironworks, occupying itself apparently 
 chiefly with agricultural implements, and remarkably well 
 supplied for so small a place with machine tools, was also 
 well occupied, being engaged in turning out in large 
 numbers a very convenient kind of light iron wheelbarrow 
 of very convenient shape and easy to handle. 
 
 ' A mile or two on the road to Blankenberg I found a 
 small brown coal pit being vigorously worked ; a powerful 
 portable engine was engaged in hauling the trucks of 
 coal up an incline and at the same time driving a centri- 
 fugal pump by which the pit, which was an open working, 
 was drained. Indications are not wanting of the presence 
 of a brown coal not many degrees removed from peat, in 
 many localities hereabouts, and if worked in the inexpensive 
 but effective fashion I saw in operation it must be a cheap 
 and useful source of fuel. 
 
 1 Blankenberg, a quaint old town with steep streets and 
 a picturesquely-dominating chateau, is another border- 
 town of the Hartz which is being rapidly invaded by the 
 new ideas that follow in the wake of railways. Some three 
 or four miles from the town, among the hills, are great beds 
 of ironstone, in a situation almost inaccessible from tha 
 
CH. vii ' TECHNICAL TKAVEL TALK ' 85 
 
 steepness of the roads leading to them. By means, how- 
 ever, of a tramway carried through the hill by an expensive 
 tunnel, these have been reached, and two first-class blast- 
 furnaces erected on the edge of the plain to melt the ores 
 raised from them. Projected during the epoch of inflated 
 prices and feverish prosperity in the iron trade, it seems 
 that these furnaces have had a hard struggle to secure even 
 an entry into the arena of competition. Last summer 
 there was every indication of a shortness of funds having 
 been encountered even before their completion. As there 
 was, at the time of my visit, no one on the works in a 
 position to give any reliable information, I could only get 
 a general impression of the intended arrangement of the 
 furnaces. The furnaces appeared to be designed as cupolas 
 of good modern design, with four tuyeres, a slag-hearth 
 at the back, a water balance hoist, a central gas- tube, and 
 excellent blast-stoves. The blowing engines, of the hori- 
 zontal type so popular on the Continent, are particularly 
 fine ones, and there is abundance of room for dumping the 
 ore, which appears to be of excellent quality, storing coke, 
 and forming slag tips. A branch railway has been con- 
 structed to the furnaces, by which they will receive fuel 
 and send away their iron. 
 
 i Leaving behind this infant establishment, designed 
 on the most modern and approved principles, and 
 representing an enormous expenditure of money, but 
 having, it is probable, far from bright prospects of success, 
 it was curious to find in the midst of the hills, not many 
 miles away, another ironworks, ancient, primitive, with 
 no expensive plant or modern facilities for carriage, 
 and yet busily occupied and flourishing exceedingly. 
 The Riibeland Hiitte, in a beautiful situation in the 
 valley of the Bode, almost confines itself to the manufacture 
 of castings, for which it has a great reputation. The ore, 
 
86 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vn 
 
 partly haematite and partly brown ore, containing from 30 
 to 40 per cent, of metal, is brought in carts from work- 
 ings in the vicinity, and smelted in low and old-fashioned 
 blast furnaces, of which one is now worked with coke, the 
 other with charcoal. The blast cylinder, a very ancient- 
 looking machine, is worked by a water-wheel, though this 
 sometimes fails in dry summers and severe winters. The 
 charcoal, of which large quantities are used, is made in 
 iron retorts, the tar and other products of distillation 
 being collected and sold. This mode of preparation is 
 found considerably more economical than the ordinary 
 system of burning the wood in heaps. I was informed 
 that an average yield of twenty to twenty-five per cent, of 
 charcoal is obtained in the retorts, against only fifteen or 
 sixteen per cent, in the meiler, but this latter yield seems 
 unusually low. The manager, a Freiberg graduate, stated 
 that it required something over twenty hundred-weight of 
 charcoal to produce a ton of pig-iron ; with good blast- 
 stoves and improved furnaces, probably a fourth of this 
 consumption might be saved. 
 
 c There is an enormous demand throughout Germany 
 for cast-iron stoves, and the Riibeland Foundry is largely 
 occupied in supplying these. The design of the ornamental 
 open-work castings of which the sides and fronts of these 
 stoves are constructed, offers a good opportunity for the 
 exhibition of taste and skill, and some of those I saw in 
 the storehouse were really fine specimens of art workman- 
 ship, and the perfection to which castings in iron (which 
 is, perhaps, of all metals the most suitable for taking 
 accurate reproductions of intricate patterns) may be 
 carried. The moulds are made in a material which seems 
 intermediate between our own loam and the celebrated 
 casting sand used in Berlin. Some of the castings are 
 made with the metal run direct from the blast-furnace, 
 
CH. vii 'TECHNICAL TEAVEL TALK' 87 
 
 others after remelting in cupolas in the ordinary way. The 
 ores here contain a considerable amount of phosphorus, 
 which may probably contribute to render the iron suitable 
 for fine castings. 
 
 
 
 c Clausthal, now the most busy of the seven mining 
 towns of the Hartz, having in its recent technical activity 
 far outstripped the venerable imperial city of Goslar, 
 possesses no ordinary interest for the student of mining 
 science and advocate of organised technical education. 
 The Mining Academy, with its museum, the Aufbereitungs- 
 Werke, or dressing-floors, the mines and their drainage 
 adits, and finally, the smelting works, are each among the 
 most instructive of their kind. Of these various institu- 
 tions the Mining Academy is perhaps the most worthy 
 study, as offering an example of what such an establish- 
 ment should be, not less instructive than that of its more 
 celebrated rival at Freiberg.' 
 
 The articles close with an elaborate comparison between 
 German, Belgian, French, and English metallurgical 
 schools. 
 
88 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH, vm 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 EXPEBIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 
 
 UPON his return from Germany, Thomas again pressed 
 Mr. Gilchrist to undertake experiments. A little later in 
 the year he spent a few days of his remaining leave at 
 Bradford (in view of the autumnal meeting of the Iron 
 and Steel Institute in Leeds) ; there he met Mr. Gilchrist. 
 The projected experiments are spoken of in the following 
 
 letter. 
 
 Thames Police Court, 1876. 
 
 Dear Bess, Last week I had five days at Bradford, 
 which I found a pleasant break. The Iron and Steel 
 Institute were holding their meeting at Leeds, and I went 
 over every day nearly. One day a picnic at Kirkstall 
 Abbey, and so on, the ironmasters of the neighbourhood 
 coming out strong in hospitality. . . . Percy also at Brad- 
 ford for the meeting. ... I go down to him for a few 
 days if I can get away, to try some experiments which are 
 at present engrossing all my attention. 
 
 c I have just finished some rather elaborate technical 
 articles for " Iron," and am going to take a rest. . . . 
 Yours, 
 
 <S. G. T.' 
 
 During this autumn, Mr. Gilchrist left the Cwm Avon 
 Works and removed, still as analytical chemist, to the 
 Blaenavon Works, then under the management of Mr. 
 Edward Martin, who was afterwards to play a considerable 
 
CH. vin EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 89 
 
 part in the development of the basic process. Curiously 
 enough, Thomas was a friendly competitor with his cousin 
 for the Blaenavon appointment. Mr. Martin selected Gil- 
 christ because he was a ' practical ' chemist, and Thomas 
 apparently was not. In the preceding July, Sidney had 
 failed to be elected a ' Fellow of the Chemical Society ' l 
 on a similar ground, because he declined to describe him- 
 self as a chemist, when he was a police-court clerk. 
 
 On December 20, 1876, Thomas writes to his Blaen- 
 avon cousin, making certain financial proposals and say- 
 ing ' 
 
 c I have not been able to make any head with 
 private steel-making. I still cling to the idea that our 
 idea has something auriferous about it. . Whether we 
 shall either of us be able to devote the time to it it re- 
 quires (and I find the coin) is quite another matter. I 
 am always expecting some wretch to walk in and do the 
 thing.' 
 
 Mr. Gilchrist answered on the following day : 
 
 ' My dear Sid, I think your proposal too advantageous 
 to me. I really hope in January to manage some experi- 
 ments with it. Yours, 
 
 < P. C. G.' 
 
 This Christmastide, Thomas writes to Wiesbaden in a 
 somewhat despondent tone, perhaps because so little progress 
 has been made during the year with the enterprise he had 
 so much at heart : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' 18 Sussex Place, December 1876. 
 
 'Dear Bess, All good wishes for '77, and all thanks 
 for your good wishes for me. I can't say I have any very 
 1 He was duly elected in June of the following year (1877). 
 
90 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vin 
 
 brilliant anticipations for my own, short of the achievements 
 of the year, which I regard mainly as a bore succeeding to 
 another bore. It is pleasant, however, for once to know of 
 your so enjoying yourself at the festive season. We have 
 had it rain continuously here for the past month, a state 
 of things which, though gloriously grumbled at, doesn't 
 seem to me undesirable. 
 
 ' Went yesterday to inspect a real ice rink, established 
 in a floating structure on the Thames. Had a copious 
 interview with the inventor, who seduced me into an ex- 
 perimental tour on skates. The place thronged (only 
 holds thirty or forty) four times daily for two- days a week 
 at five shillings per two hours. The apparatus by which 
 it is arranged, very interesting. ... I have just finished 
 " Our Mutual Friend," which I have protracted over a 
 period of three weeks as a prandial bonne bouche with 
 immense enjoyment. I meant to send you the annual by 
 Farjeon, who is a colonist from New Zealand who aspires 
 to be another Dickens. These tales, however, made such 
 a hit, that every copy was sold before I could secure 
 one. I have a short note on Freiberg this week, which I 
 will send you. Lie we has now published a pamphlet, a 
 very good one, which I as critic duly u noticed." Such is 
 life. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 The new year of 1877 crept on with little done for 
 dephosphorisation ; but in the early summer of that year, 
 Mr. Gilchrist began experiments in good earnest, Thomas 
 constantly (as his letters show) criticising results from 
 London, and suggesting further trials. 
 
 The following epistles to Wiesbaden belong to the 
 earlier part of 1877 : 
 
CH. viii EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 91 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'Dear Bess, Lil was immensely pleased with your 
 music. ... I should like to hear you again. I heard 
 scarcely anything from your gorgeous ebony instrument. 
 We shall be flitting certainly in June ; so, unless you are 
 speedy, you will never see us in our West End mansion, 
 but rather in some tiny domicile in the most unfashion- 
 able of quarters. . . . 
 
 ' Have been reading Browning, so feel more than usual 
 difficulty in writing anything intelligible. Met several 
 
 Australians at G s the other night. They are fervent 
 
 in praise of the antipodes, so we got on well. . . . Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 18 Sussex Place, Onslow Square, London, S.W. 1877. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, We have grown bad correspondents ; 
 you, I am inclined to think, being considerably the worst, 
 though you have fresh excuses to tell of and I only old 
 ones. So you won't pay us a visit this summer? Oh 
 that furniture mania which obstructs so much that is 
 desirable! When I establish a house of my own (in the Far 
 West, Australia, or Africa) my chattels will certainly be 
 confined to a fold-up campstool and possibly a portable 
 table and a tin can. I loathe town more year by year. 
 My colleague proposes to settle some twenty-five miles 
 down in Kent. A letter this morning from my ex-professor 
 in America, now " Metallurgical Manager " in Colorado, 
 urging me as usual to go out and make my fortune. . . . 
 
 'The lady medical students in London have gained 
 their long desired objects a hospital to study at and a 
 right to enter for the two degrees, the London Univer- 
 sity M.D., and the Dublin Medical degree. I have just 
 finished Bulwer's " Parisians," which I am inclined to 
 
92 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. vm 
 
 believe is his best novel though his political sentiments 
 are very far from being mine. 
 
 1 1 am not very brilliant in a sanitary point of view ; 
 talk of running down to Wales for a week, if I can get 
 away in May or the end of this month. 
 
 * I have been doing little in the scribbling business 
 but pure and bristling technicality, and of that I am 
 pretty tired. Miss Martineau's life is chiefly autobio- 
 graphic ; it has caused some excitement. Her criticisms 
 are anything but flattering on her distinguished acquain- 
 tance ; bishops, lords, lawyers, and authors are impartially 
 dissected. I have been reading also a curious book on 
 Spain, which makes one think Spain a country worth ex- 
 ploring. Lily is making me groan under the burden of 
 social duties ; has absolutely led me into two dinner parties 
 lately. I hear A. H. thinks Wiesbaden Elysian. Yours 
 ever, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 18 Sussex Place, May 25, 1877. 
 
 4 Dear Bess, I have been househunting ad nauseam, 
 productive of nothing but weariness and disgust. I have 
 found several which would suit according to my modest 
 views ; but the M. and Lil are not so easily satisfied. 
 
 ' Lil went to the Hospital Ball last night. . . . The 
 
 G s chaperoned her. I cried off, the effort being too 
 
 much for my endurance to be bored for six consecutive 
 hours. . . . Calling on a man last night, I was dragged 
 off to a Bradlaugh meeting, that very vigorous contro- 
 versialist having been persecuted for the publication of a 
 rather incisive and vigorous pamphlet on an important 
 socio-physiological topic. I anticipated being bored, but 
 found it great fun. Bradlaugh an orator, I find, of 
 singular readiness and force. Several ladies who have 
 
CH. vni EXPEEIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 93 
 
 espoused his cause spoke admirably, and the proceedings 
 were enlivened by some students medical making a 
 disturbance resulting in a fight and general melee. 
 
 ( Other news comes but slowly, and events seem to drag. 
 MacMahon in France has blundered to an extent which 
 must be satisfactory to your German friends, and will 
 probably on the whole duly serve to consolidate the Re- 
 public and the anti-clerical party. 
 
 ' I am going down to Sevenoaks on Sunday to see a place 
 my colleague has taken there, and which he vaunts as a 
 very paradise. 
 
 ' Wiesbaden will be looking just charming now before 
 the baking season has set in; not so London. 
 
 ' I am not defined on my holiday plans shall probably 
 go to France or stop in England. Have had no time to 
 touch German since last summer, and have forgotten the 
 modicum which then served me. Have been very seedy 
 indeed for some months ; had to vegetate under medical 
 threats of dire pains and penalties. Yours, 
 
 < SIDNEY G. THOMAS/ 
 
 Here again we have the warning note presaging the 
 ultimate breakdown in health. 
 
 In June 1877 Thomas, as already noted, was elected a 
 Fellow of the Chemical Society. In this month, too, the 
 household removed from Sussex Place to Queen's Road, 
 Battersea, where was the family dwelling-place for some 
 two or three years to come. Shortly after this removal 
 Thomas went abroad for his summer holiday, to be spent 
 this time among the Belgian ironworks, with the late 
 Mr. Edward Grosvenor as a companion Sidney being 
 armed by Mr. Chaloner with a letter of introduction accre- 
 diting him as the authorised correspondent of ' Iron/ He 
 was unable, however, to resist the temptation of a preliminary 
 
94 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS en. vin 
 
 dash into Switzerland on his own account, and the following 
 spirited letters therefrom may come pleasantly to some 
 readers. 
 
 To his Mother 2 
 
 ' Meiningen, 1877. 
 
 ' Dearest M., You see the mountains prevailed, and 
 here am I, finding Schweitz even more unique and lovely 
 than I had imagined far before the Tyrol. I have been say- 
 ing all day what a shame I should be here and the M. and 
 L. at Battersea. Left Wiesbaden on Sunday at noon, sur- 
 feited with hospitality almost. Had a heart-rending eight 
 hours' ride to Strasbourg. Walked about the town &c. 
 till 2 A.M., then to Basle ; on again to Lucerne, which 
 looked just charming, like the drop-scene in the opera 
 (music and all). Then a delicious sail up the lake : each 
 turn fresh sets of beauties. Landed at Alpacht. By 
 coach to Lungern (this coach a concession to you, of which 
 I was thoroughly ashamed). A ruinous and gorgeous 
 dinner (4s.) and then walked here, picking up a Scot on my 
 way then a Swiss, with whom I am now on intimate 
 terms, if I understand him rightly, sharing his room &c. 
 Our window looks on superb waterfalls and the snow-clad 
 Wetterhorn. Write to Chamounix.' 
 
 To his Mother 2 
 
 'Niederwald, 1877. 
 
 c Dearest M., I fear you will have grumbled at pencil 
 scrawl, but ink was at the moment unprocurable. From 
 Meiningen (my last night's quarters), I started at 3 A.M. 
 with my Swiss, soon picking up a Fahrer as a companion 
 (not as a guide). When my Swiss spoke before it made 
 my hair rise to understand half his speeches ; but when he 
 got talking to the Fahrer, he became a linguistic sphynx, 
 
 Written on a post-card. 
 
CH. vni EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 95 
 
 With rests and coffee on the road we passed over the Grimsel 
 (near 7,000 feet high) and had investigated the great snow 
 glacier by 1.30 P.M. It was a respectable walk and climb, 
 two hours being in the 'tarnal' snow, which nearly 
 blinded rne with its glare. The scenery a succession of mag- 
 nificent pictures, glaciers, wild rocks, torrents, waterfalls 
 (of a size and beauty to make the fortune of an English 
 county). The hospice not far from the top, with 4-feet 
 walls, where two nuns exist all winter through as receivers 
 of the lost, dogs, &c., in orthodox style, we using it for 
 coffee supplies only. At Ehone glacier I adieu'd my Swiss, 
 as the Fahrer was becoming a bore, and took a long piece 
 summd diligentid, which is an excellent way of seeing the 
 country, though extravagant. I turned in here to 
 country inn (not hotel), and have just discussed four eggs, 
 salad, wine, cheese, &c. The room, with walls and ceilings 
 of painted wood, has long windows from which I see first 
 a great stretch of green slopes (the infant Rhone inter- 
 vening with turbulent roar), the pastures dotted with 
 chalets, magnified copies of those you have : then, higher, 
 a fir-wood : higher still, rocks and great patches of snow, 
 a few waterfalls thrown in. Roses outside the window 
 and in the room. Would you not enjoy it, and Lil, and 
 A.? 
 
 To his Mother 3 
 
 ' Martigny, 1877. 
 
 c To resume. At 5 A.M. started for Viesch, from whence 
 a long pull up to a hotel, some 6,000 feet. Three young 
 Englishmen outside, more inside: in fact all English. 
 Then to a glacier, when a climb ! On way, met a girl and 
 her father, who thus from a distance : " I suppose you 
 speak English : if so, don't go that way." However, I did, 
 and got rather in a fix, but extracted myself, and getting 
 3 On a post-card. 
 
96 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. vm 
 
 to top, had a glorious view over the greatest glacier in 
 Europe, a lake of ice, and some score of snow peaks. 
 Then down. Of course I would not stop at the hotel with 
 English mob ; so, after copious milk at cowherd's chalet, 
 I adjourned for the night to a hay-chalet, where I saw the 
 sunset to perfection, and rose from my hay to see it rise. 
 My first camp-in (or out) a great success. This morning, 
 down to Viesch, and Fruhstuck at a pleasant new hotel, 
 where alas, a maiden who to a rather nice face added per- 
 fect English (gained as nursery governess in Lancaster). 
 With whom a long chat, followed by a heavy disbursement 
 (comparatively). Tearing myself away, by the Rhone 
 back to Morel. The Rhone rapid and turbulent, be- 
 tween rocky banks, and the high valley sides forest-clad on 
 each side. Most interesting ; though I confess to being 
 haunted by the Yankee idea of utilising its fierce cu-rrents. 
 Horse's and man's muscles should alike be spared here. 
 Here, near the entrance of the Simplon, German, French, 
 and Italian meet. The climate Italian. Grapes and 
 chestnuts &c. make the valley greenest after a five-course 
 dinner and a pint of wine. I wonder what the rechnung 
 will be ? Have j ust been out chatting to the passengers 
 of the passing diligence. All English. Would you could be 
 here. Have been discussing with Italian metallurgists 
 Italian metallurgy. Our views differ. 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 ' An Touriste, Les Figues : Saturday. 
 
 4 Dearest, At an open window, looking over a small 
 wood direct on to the Mer de Glace, which is backed up 
 by the Hignelle, sharp pointed rock, 10 and 13,000 feet 
 high ; the side window, also my bedroom window vis a vois 
 de Mont Blanc (as my landlady says). Once more, here 
 is a place where you ought to be. To resume my postcard 
 
CH. viii EXPEKIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 97 
 
 diary. Just as I finished my card to you on Thursday, 
 two young Scotchmen in regular tourist style came into 
 the 40 ' salle a manger,' of which I had before been sole 
 possessor. We struck up an acquaintance at once 
 gentlemanly fellows from Edinboro', law-students I fancy. 
 Had a lot of tourist talk and great fun over ordering their 
 supper and a bath for next morning. I found they only 
 mustered about thirty words of bad German between 
 them ; so I, with my sixty, came in as a swell linguist and 
 deliverer. The bath floored us all. However, the girl 
 knew a bath, such as they have establishments of, and she 
 knew the slop-basin, which is the regular substitute for a 
 basin. I explained (or thought I did) a wash-tub would 
 do ; she then would have it we wanted a saucepan, and so 
 on, till I laughed my viscera into jelly. Next morning up 
 at 4.30, couldn't get breakfast till 5.30, so felt awfully 
 late ; hadn't gone to bed till 9.15, which also made me 
 feel dissipated. I and my Scotchmen parted, they to do the 
 Eggischhorn ; they had been out three weeks, had three 
 weeks more. I told you about my charming waitress and 
 ex-governess. I implored the Athenians to call on her 
 and part freely with their bawbees for the good of the 
 house ! After a smart run of five miles caught the dili- 
 gence as it was leaving Brigue, and found myself suddenly 
 among French-speaking folk, or at least folk who speak 
 French first, and German and Italian with equal ease. I 
 found I could not muster ten words of French kept re- 
 lapsing into German, and then making a hash of both till 
 I bewildered the conductor to perfection. A long drive 
 along the Rhone valley; here flat and marshy, though 
 with big hills on each side, little clusters of chalets 
 perched up in places where you would think everyone 
 must be always giddy and hold on by the grass. Fearfully 
 hot ; turned out at a new railway-station, and on by rail 
 
 H 
 
98 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. vm 
 
 through more steaming valley, with ruins now and again 
 along the hillside, till we got to Saxon, where I turned out 
 and wandered in full marching costume into the Casino, 
 where some two hundred well-dressed people, mostly 
 .middle-aged and oldish men, and some twenty middle-aged 
 and young women, with diamonds &c., were hard and deep 
 at Rmge et Noir and Trente et Quarante, earnest and intent, 
 and calculating as if their lives depended on it, the women 
 only going through the routine of smiling when they lost. 
 It was a sight not to be missed. The croupiers excited my 
 admiration for their quick eyes and calculating powers. 
 After an hour thus spent (and without staking the regular 
 five francs) I moved on, my movements (a sort of Robinson 
 Crusoe in a ball-room) being quite attentively watched 
 and commented on. A hot five miles to Martigny, where 
 (at entrance to St. Bernard Pass and that to Chamounix) 
 I moved on some 3,000 feet up to a tiny restaurant 
 where I found two French families (eleven persons) 
 en pension, and yet a diminutive room for me. The 
 French families very polite, painfully so, inasmuch as I 
 found I could not put two words together without German 
 interpolations ; the terms four francs a day. They seemed 
 wonderfully happy, Papa telling me that with a glacier, 
 les lois, les montagnes, et les voyageurs passants, les vaches 
 et les chevaux, what could children want more ? To which 
 I replied, Pas de tout. I, however, got charged six francs, 
 and didn't get a dinner. (N.B. I had had a big dinner 
 at the station. N.B. N.B. I am feeding prodigiously; 
 if I did not walk it off I should speedily emulate Daniel 
 Lambert.) 
 
 1 This morning soon after five of the eleven had tortured 
 me with Bon jour, monsieur, fespere que vous avez lien 
 dormi, I bolted from the salutations of the other six, and 
 trotted down into a valley, and then up another 7,000 feet 
 
CH. vni EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 99 
 
 high pass, the Col de Balme, where I invaded a dirty 
 hovel in which butter and cheese were in process of manu- 
 facture, and consumed about two quarts of milk, to the 
 astonishment of the very grimy proprietor. Then down 
 the other side and investigated a glacier which possessed 
 a good big waterfall and a moraine (vide Arthur) which 
 evolved, when I determined on examining it, about ten 
 feet in height and fifty long ; but I found it took me 
 half an hour to climb to the top. Then on down the 
 Chamounix valley to this place, a roadside inn, which I at 
 once perceived would suit my purse and tastes better than 
 Chamounix. Old-fashioned people and place. Have just 
 had a monstrous cafe complet (i.e. about a pint of milk 
 and coffee, bread, butter, and honey), to which I added 
 five eggs ! Call no man happy till he dies or I should say 
 I'd made a discovery. Switzerland (by the way this is 
 France) might be called Cow Land, cows and travellers 
 being the staple industries. The cow-bell is everywhere, 
 at the top of the hills and the bottom of the vales, ever 
 tinkling, not unmelodiously. On the hills a man or boy 
 has charge of some twenty cows, by the roadside a boy or 
 girl has one or two. The cow-girls knit by the way 
 generally, and have an eye to passing business. Thus to 
 me, one : " Son jour, monsieur ; monsieur est fatigue, n'est- 
 ce-pas ? " I : " JV<m, merci,pas de tout" (N.B. That was a lie). 
 " Ah, non ? J'en suis heureux (there's sympathy for you) car 
 meditatively si monsieur veut prendre quelque chose 
 comme (piano) un (diminuendo) petit verre, mais bon . . . 
 Monsieur sait qu'il y a une auberge avec de bons lits pres 
 did" . . . I involuntarily exclaim, " Ah !" "Etjevaisy 
 conduire monsieur" which she (and the cow) proceeded to 
 do. Five young women have just passed, separately, 
 taking four individual cows to their slumbers ; one cow 
 had two guides, one holding her tail (the cow's) and 
 
 H 2 
 
100 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. vm 
 
 knitting, and one holding her horn and ditto. The Her 
 de Glace has been going off, and cracking considerably. 
 It is a curious noise, like musketry fire. By the way, 
 mindful of my promise, I am doing no hills, or anything 
 else with a tenth per cent, of a spice of danger, which is 
 painful but meritorious. Poste Kestante, Liege, Belgium, 
 my next address. I hope to get at least one letter from 
 you to-morrow, and to hear you are blooming. Your 
 letter of Saturday I've just had. I am miserable ; it is 
 eleven ; I've been up since five, and it has been pouring 
 all the time. I shall have to go to church shortly ! It 
 is dreadful ! The place steams ! Yours.' 
 
 To his Mother* 
 
 ' Chamounix, Sunday, 5 P.M. 
 
 'Desolation! Misery! Toujours la pluie. I went to 
 church : first looked in at Catholic, but found them steam- 
 ing full ; then at English, a rather pretty building where 
 I found some 120 of my compatriots, dressed a outrance 
 and going right through the whole service as though they 
 had been in a Queen's Gate Tabernacle ; two clergy, con- 
 ventional sermon, piety rampant, For myself my leggings, 
 alpenstock, waterproof and pockets stuffed with books and 
 papers, constituted an individuality. Got this afternoon 
 your card as well as letter. So pleased all is going well. 
 I have told them to send on any other letters. Just had 
 an excruciating conversation with hostess. I am rapidly 
 aging under these efforts. I confirm her idea that we do 
 not see the sun for nine months, chiefly because it is 
 easier to say ouil She informs me meat is dreadfully 
 dear 9c?. a pound. Oh, the misery you caused by ab- 
 stracting my old leggings ; there is a void of three inches 
 
 4 On a post-card. 
 
CH. viii EXPERIMENTS A DASH INTO SWITZERLAND 101 
 
 which makes me vulnerable, which they were destined to 
 cover. Let it be a warning ! 
 
 * The Her de Glace looks as if the rain did not agree 
 with it any more than with me. Shall be at Liege on 
 20th and 21st. I am thinking how I could run a railway 
 up Mont Blanc, and work it by the stream at the foot. 
 The superfluous water power here torments me. 
 
 ' Tuesday. Did Her de Glace on Sunday after all.' 
 
 The visit to Belgium was as pleasant to Thomas 
 (although in different fashion) as that to Switzerland. 
 Mr. Grosvenor speaks of the delightful enthusiasm with 
 which Sidney explained to him the working of the 
 Cockerill manufactory at Seraing, where the travellers 
 were thanks to Mr. Chaloner's letters of recommenda- 
 tion received by M. Greiner with great hospitality. 
 
102 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE BASIC PROCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 
 
 ON our inventor's return to London, we find him again in 
 constant communication with Mr. Gilchrist. On Septem- 
 ber 11, 1877, he writes : 
 
 c Have some idea of going to Newcastle, just for a 
 change. Have been uncommon seedy for past fortnight ; 
 have just struggled through work at Court, that's all. 
 Sore throats and so on are making life a misery. " P " is a 
 great and promising subject/ 
 
 On October 2 he writes again : 
 
 4 1 fear question of blast will be troublesome. I made 
 a lot [of] inquiries about blowers. How would the steam 
 engine answer by reversing its action ? Don't laugh. 
 Instead of the steam driving the piston, would not the 
 blast be turned on instead of steam ? ' 
 
 Thomas did escape to Newcastle, to the autumnal 
 meeting there of the Iron and Steel Institute, as here pro- 
 jected. Mr. Chaloner was with him upon this occasion. 
 He well remembers Sidney's going, during this expedition, 
 to the theatre at Middlesbrough, and being much affected 
 by Miss Jennie Lee's wonderful impersonation of ' Jo ' 
 an impersonation which has moved many men to tears 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PEOCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 103 
 
 which were no shame to their manhood. The following 
 letter refers to this visit. 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' 3 Queen's Koad Villas, Queen's Road, Battersea, 
 
 London, Sunday, October 5, 1877. 
 
 c Dear Bess, I guess I am a considerable delinquent in 
 the matter of correspondence, but I have many excuses, 
 which I trust you will accept on credit. I have had very 
 little spare time since I have been back, work at Thames 
 being heavy, and the getting out to Battersea long and 
 tedious matter, consuming nearly three hours a day. I 
 had six days in the north, while the Iron and Steel 
 Institute had meeting at Newcastle. We went all over 
 the place with special trains, and saw the Works of the 
 place to our hearts' content, and wound up by a walk from 
 Middlesbrough to Whitby. I have been reading Mac- 
 aulay's Life quite charming, but one doesn't know which 
 most to admire ; his stupendous menfcal capacity, including 
 the vastest memory mortal ever possessed, or his character 
 as a man. I have embodied your finance into a condensed 
 addendum. I wish you would check everything directly 
 you get it, as I keep no memorandum of your transactions 
 beyond what I send you. Yours, 
 
 'SIDNEY G. THOMAS.' 
 
 Meanwhile Gilchrist was now fairly infected with belief 
 in his cousin's theory, and was working away with a will. 
 In the rough shed on the Welsh hillside many scores of 
 ' blows ' were made with the greatest energy and enthusi- 
 asm ' blows ' chiefly conducted in the late evening or 
 night, for the Blaenavon analytical chemist had naturally 
 to work in secrecy in his leisure hours. On October 19, 
 1877, Gilchrist writes to Thomas : 
 
104 SIDNEY G1LCHRTST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 ' I want you to come down that we may get some ex- 
 periments made. I can manage the analyses all right ; 
 but I should like your assistance in the experiments so 
 say you will come.' 
 
 About this time, as letters of this sort arrived, and 
 good news of successful results, there began for Sidney a 
 new phase of anxious and feverish activity. He found it 
 indispensable to be on the spot at Blaenavon, and this was 
 only possible by means of hurried trips to South Wales in 
 days snatched from his regular avocations at the Thames 
 Police Court days which had to be reimbursed, so to 
 speak, by extra toil at other times. He would often go 
 down by midnight train on a Thursday night, and return 
 only just in time for court on the following Monday 
 morning. He had always, as his cousin has told us when 
 speaking of the French tour in 1869, been habitually 
 careless of needful nutrition and rest, and in these months 
 he became more careless than ever. The constant letters 
 to Mr. Gilchrist, some of which we have quoted, were 
 generally written from Arbour Square during the midday 
 adjournment which should have been devoted to a meal ; 
 but Thomas still, despite remonstrance, cherished his view 
 that lunch was a superfluity. The strain of anxiety and 
 labour, the midnight journeys and the life at high pressure 
 called urgently for double fuel to be supplied to the 
 machine ; but the demand was too frequently disregarded. 
 There is no doubt, unhappily, that at this time, when a 
 great triumph of vast importance to the whole world was 
 in preparation, there were developing also the seeds of the 
 malady which was to cut short in but a few years more a 
 bright and really glorious career. Grave mischief was 
 especially wrought by a long run along a railway line to 
 catch the train back to London. The strain on the lungs 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PROCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 105 
 
 was too much for the over-worked and under-nourished 
 frame, and manifested itself by a sudden fainting-fit and 
 fall. To this strain on the lungs may perhaps be ascribed 
 the ' emphysema ' which was eventually set up, and which 
 little more than seven years afterwards resulted in a death 
 premature indeed. 
 
 The contributions to ' Iron ' were, meanwhile, still 
 going on, no complication of work seeming too much for 
 Sidney's eager and indefatigable spirit. On November 3, 
 1877, he writes to Mr. Gilchrist : 
 
 c I went to Chemical [Society] the other night. Awfully 
 slow. To my intense surprise, Yallentine came up to me 
 and paid me an elaborate compliment on my ferric essays.' 
 
 An additional field of work, which absorbed an im- 
 mensity of time, was contemporaneously opening out 
 Patent Law, both British and Foreign, had to be studied, 
 and where Thomas was the student, study meant exhaus- 
 tive study. British Patent Law is by no means simple, 
 and in 1877 was probably less simple than now ; but 
 Foreign Patent Law is frequently troublesome indeed to 
 an Englishman. Sidney mastered the whole subject in 
 all its branches, his legal training, although in so different 
 a field, being doubtless of advantage to him. The gentle- 
 man who afterwards became his patent agent and a 
 valued personal friend as well, testifies that he has learnt 
 much Patent Law from him. 
 
 Beyond investigating the law on the subject, the 
 records of the Patent Office had naturally to be searched, 
 that full knowledge might be gained of what had already 
 been done in the direction of dephosphorisation. 
 
 Towards the end of November Thomas writes to Wies- 
 baden : 
 
106 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'November 22, 1877. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, All best wishes for so long a succession 
 of 24th's as you may wish to enjoy, some, I hope, with us ; 
 but, if not, wherever you may be, may you be happy. I 
 had the idea of writing you a long letter for the 24th ; but 
 a week ago some experiments in iron metallurgy in which 
 I had been long occupied came, under Percy's care, to a 
 sufficiently successful issue to have kept me ever since 
 at the Patent Office for every spare moment. I am afraid 
 it won't bring any fruit but anxiety ; but the result is 
 satisfactory, nevertheless, as confirming theoretical deduc- 
 tions I had arrived at by much toil. 
 
 c I am due now and overdue, so, with all best greetings, 
 
 ' Yours ever, 
 
 ' SIDNEY G. T. 
 
 c You will accept my intentions as equivalent to the 
 longest and pleasantest letter I have the [power] to scribble.' 
 
 On November 23, 1877, Thomas writes to Gilchrist : 
 
 'Your letters are the events of the day. Though I 
 have less to record, I have not been quite idle. I have 
 hunted up every specification that abominable indexes for 
 past ten years give any clue to.' 
 
 Later in the month he writes : 
 
 * I have been asked to go down to Cwm Avon as 
 Commissioner for dissatisfied shareholders, to investigate 
 sale. I don't think I shall. As you are known so well 
 there, it might be unpleasant to you.' 
 
 This last note illustrates both his careful consideration 
 for others' feelings and the confidence that was already 
 placed in this still unknown young man of twenty-seven 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PEOCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 107 
 
 by those who had come in contact with him. In this 
 month of November, a busy month indeed, Thomas 
 actually did take out his first patent, although the com- 
 plete specification was not filed until the following May. 1 
 On December 3, 1877, he writes to Mr. Gilchrist : 
 
 ' I have told Chaloner not to expect anything from me 
 but one article I had promised, and which will bring in a 
 little coin, of which I am anxious to secure and save all I 
 can for " the cause." I have therefore nothing but trans- 
 lations and revisions, which don't take long, to divert me. 
 Unfortunately Thames is progressing very fast in severity 
 of work. We get now nearly a thousand convictions 
 a month, besides a multitude of cases which, though 
 investigated at length, result in acquittal or dismissal. 
 
 ' If additional coin will hurry up construction of blast 
 engine do not scruple to use it. You must have worked 
 tremendously to get such a magnificent crop of results. 
 Take care of yourself. Have had two and a half hours' 
 interview with Patent Agents.' 
 
 Thomas, however, amid all these occupations found 
 time to send Christmas greetings to his cousin in Ger- 
 many : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 1 Dear Bess, All good wishes for the 25th and still 
 more for the first and all other days of 78. I am I fear 
 a hopelessly bad correspondent just now. The epidemic of 
 invention has found me an easy victim and possessed me 
 body and soul, though not to the eternal exclusion of all 
 
 1 Events, however, moved so somewhat out of date,' and, in 
 
 quickly that in July of next year point of fact, patent succeeded 
 
 (1878), and long before his disco- patent down to the day of his 
 
 very was generally known, Thomas untimely death, 
 says 'I regard this patent as 
 
108 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 thoughts of the absent. I have now nearly finished 
 reading the 500 and odd specifications of my predecessors 
 in the field, " all of whom have failed," and I have made 
 suitable arrangements to add my bones to theirs, though 
 I am just now tied up for want of immediately available 
 funds. My first trial comes off in January down in Wales, 
 some experiments on a small scale having given results 
 remarkable in a scientific point of view. The problem is 
 the separation of phosphorus in the manufacture of 
 Bessemer and Martin steel. Yours, 
 
 c S. G. T.' 
 
 However, the specifications of former adventurers in 
 the same field were gone carefully through a second time ; 
 for on January 29, 1878, he writes : 
 
 ' I have gone through the last twenty-two years' 
 specifications again with Lily's help.' 
 
 At the end of 1877 and the beginning of 1878 the 
 results of the experiments which had been continued for 
 now something like nine months with constant energy and 
 zeal had proved thoroughly satisfactory. After trials in 
 crucibles, a miniature converter had been obtained, which, 
 although it only held eight pounds, instead of eight tons, 
 sufficed for experimental purposes. Soon after Sidney's 
 return from abroad, Northampton pig-iron had been 
 partially dephosphorised by lining the converter with 
 bricks of limestone and with silicate of soda. For some 
 time, however, from some defect in the apparatus, the 
 experimentalists were not able to get a cast fluid, so as to 
 finish the operation. Later in the year complete success 
 was achieved, still of course upon the miniature scale ; and 
 they obtained a number of casts of eight pounds each, 
 which upon analysis were found to be excellent steel. 2 
 2 Creators of the Age of steel, by W. T. Jeans, London, 1884, p. 305. 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PROCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 109 
 
 The old difficulty of inventors was, however, rising as 
 an obstacle in Thomas's path, the difficulty of finance. In 
 his case, although the difficulty existed, it was minimised, 
 partly by his own wonderful frugality and forethought, 
 partly because he was fortunate enough to meet, not with 
 the typical capitalist, but with just and straightforward 
 men. Thomas had contrived during his ten years' servi- 
 tude at the Police Court to save out of his not too 
 abundant salary 3 no less than 800Z., which was to be 
 devoted to f the cause.' It was a large sum for him at 
 that time ; but expenses were heavy and he was becoming 
 anxious as to what would happen when it should be 
 exhausted. He was determined not to accept the offers of 
 further supplies which were made to him by his mother 
 and by one or two family friends who knew he had a big 
 scheme on hand. 
 
 For this reason, therefore, if for no other, an event 
 which happened in the earliest days of 1878 came in good 
 time. 
 
 The manager of Blaenavon Works, Mr. Edward Martin, 
 said to Mr. Gilchrist, ' I know you young men have some 
 secret work on hand. I think it would be well if you put 
 confidence in me.' Confidence was put in him and Mr. 
 Gilchrist 's analyses were submitted to him. Mr. Martin 
 was so much struck with the basic theory and the proofs 
 afforded of its truth that he at once afforded facilities for 
 further experiments at Blaenavon on a larger scale and 
 obtained for the ' young men ' promises of similar facilities 
 at the Dowlais Works, of course upon terms favourable to 
 the two companies should the process continue to succeed. 
 He also undertook personally to purchase a share in the 
 patent. 
 
 Thus the financial difficulty was removed. Moreover, 
 3 See ante, p. 12. 
 
110 SIDNEY GKLLCHRIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 the adhesion of a clever, practical, business man to the 
 process was in itself an immense moral support. 
 
 From that time forth Thomas had to the last day of 
 his life Mr. Martin's loyal co-operation, the loyal co- 
 operation of a whole-hearted friend and ally whose word 
 was his bond. Such help could not fail to be in itself a 
 great pleasure to him who was aided by it. Mr. Martin, 
 having committed himself to the enterprise, threw himself 
 into it with characteristic energy, and his suggestions 
 and experience were found to be invaluable. 
 
 The adhesion of Mr. Martin gave an immediate impetus 
 to the investigation, and the promised experiments were 
 at once carried out both at Dowlais and Blaenavon. At 
 Dowlais the trials were not entirely successful for reasons 
 which will appear presently ; at Blaenavon they were con- 
 tinued with satisfactory results throughout the spring and 
 summer. Thomas shall describe them presently in his 
 own words. 
 
 Shortly before the Dowlais trial, Thomas writes to 
 Wiesbaden : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 < 3 Queen's Road Villas, February 20, 1878. 
 
 ' Dear Cousin, Your letter was a very pleasant one to 
 me. I should have written you some weeks since had I 
 not been pressed on all sides for time. Last week was 
 down at Blaenavon for three days to coach my pet through 
 some infantile disorders. We are a long way yet from a 
 commercial success, though the indications are very favour- 
 able. I arranged while in Wales for the Dowlais Works, the 
 largest in the world after Krupp's, to give me a big trial in 
 a month. After that I shall be more clear as to my chances. 
 Percy has been working hard as to details and analysis. 
 
 1 1 am thinking of plunging into foreign patents to the 
 
CH. rx THE BASIC PEOCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 111 
 
 amount of 100Z. or so next. Money is a commodity which 
 goes but a small way in these matters. 
 
 { I too have been eager in politics of late. I should 
 be exasperated if we blundered into a senseless war. The 
 danger is now much more remote than it was last week, when 
 we hourly expected a collision. Going down to Wales I 
 travelled with an intelligent man who had been much in 
 India, Bosnia, and the Danubian Principalities. We had 
 much talk, from which I gained more information than 
 from a legion of articles. He by the way writes for the 
 " Nineteenth Century," which, with the "Contemporary" 
 and " Fortnightly," represent the cream of modern thought. 
 
 Tve had a note from Percy this morning of more 
 difficulties encountered ; I shall have to go down to see 
 them, I expect. My light reading now is Patent Law, most 
 contradictory of studies.' 
 
 In March, however, the first public announcement of 
 the new process was made, although the announcement 
 attracted no particular attention. 
 
 At the spring meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, 
 Mr. I. Lowthian Bell read a paper on the separation of 
 phosphorus from pig-iron in a furnace lined with oxide of 
 iron. The whole question of dephosphorisation was dis- 
 cussed by several speakers, amongst others by Mr. Snelus. 
 At the end of the discussion Thomas, who was present as 
 a visitor and who was probably the youngest man in the 
 room who certainly with his clean-shaven face looked 
 the youngest managed to get an opportunity of utterance. 
 His words have been preserved and show a characteristic 
 quietude of phrase. He said : 
 
 c lt may be of interest to members to know that I 
 have been enabled, by the assistance of Mr. Martin at 
 Blaenavon, to remove phosphorus entirely by the Bessemer 
 
112 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 converter. Of course this statement will be met with a 
 smile of incredulity, and gentlemen will scarcely believe 
 it ; but I have the results in my pocket of some hundred 
 and odd analyses by Mr. Gilchrist, who has had almost the 
 entire conduct of the experiments, varying from the very 
 small quantity of 6 Ibs. up to 10 cwt., and the results all 
 carry out the theory with which I originally started and 
 show that in the worst cases 20 per cent, of phosphorus 
 was removed, and in the best I must say that 99*9 was 
 removed ; and we hope that we have overcome the practical 
 difficulties that have hitherto stood in the way. 5 
 
 Mr. Chaloner, who was at the meeting, described long 
 afterwards in ' Iron ' (February 6, 1885) the reception given 
 to this declaration. ' We well remember the sneer as well 
 as " smile of incredulity," which spread over that meeting, 
 and can testify to the scarcely veiled antagonism exhibited 
 to the unknown youth who had presumed to proclaim the 
 solution to a problem which the leaders of metallurgy had 
 pronounced well nigh insoluble.' No observation of any 
 kind was made by anyone. 
 
 We need not be angry with the assembled experts. 
 Their attitude is probably very fairly described and explained 
 by Mr. Jeans. i The meeting did not laugh at the youthful 
 Eureka, nor did it congratulate the young man on his 
 achievement, much less did it inquire about his method of 
 elimination. It simply took no notice of his undemonstra- 
 tive announcement.' 4 
 
 Thomas went on quietly working with the aid of Mr. 
 Martin and his cousin at his experiments. He was, as 
 appears by the following letter to Miss Burton, by no 
 means displeased at provisional absence of interest by 
 scientists in general. This letter, too, brings out strongly 
 
 4 Creators of the Age of Steel, p. 303. 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PEOCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 113 
 
 the estimation in which Thomas was held at the Thames 
 Police Court by the magistrates under whom he served. 
 No external occupations, however engrossing, ever inter- 
 fered, we cannot too often repeat, with his zealons and 
 whole-hearted discharge of his official duties : 
 
 ' Thames Police Court : April 8, 1878. 
 
 ' My dear Bess, I have had to send your Italians to 
 Florence for fresh coupon sheets, as old ones exhausted. 
 . . . My experiments are rather at a standstill. Some 
 great Works promised me a trial two months ago ; but 
 have not made the necessary preparations yet. 
 
 ' However, nearly 300L has been spent in patents, in 
 anticipation of things turning out well. 
 
 1 1 said a few words on the discussion on Bell's paper ; 
 but we wish to keep quiet at present. I forget whether I 
 told you of the sudden death of my colleague as he was 
 returning to the office after a short holiday . . . His suc- 
 cessor has only just come, sol have been over full of work. 
 The Magistrates went down to the Home Office on their 
 own account, to try and get the rule of seniority set aside 
 in my favour, which was rather gratifying. Of course they 
 were unsuccessful. . . . 
 
 ' Here the east wind is on the rampage, and has knocked 
 up most people. 
 
 1 1 utterly abjure all breath of war and slaughter, and 
 am utterly ashamed of the miserable position we have 
 blundered into. The Russian may be as black as he is 
 painted, but neither he nor we will be improved by 
 slaughter. Yours always, 
 
 ' S. G. THOMAS.' 
 
 The next two letters to Germany give further glimpses 
 of the many cares pressing on the restless and indefatigable 
 mind of the writer. 
 
114 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 f May 19, 1878. 
 
 * Dear Bess, A friend of Lil's, whom I think you 
 know, wants to get languages with a view of getting a 
 better engagement. 
 
 ' They are three orphans, and coinless nearly. She has 
 been over here to-day, proposing to go to Paris on Miss 
 H.'s recommendation. I suggested she would do better in 
 Germany, to which she assents. Now could the B.'s take her ? 
 It seems she would about fill the vacancy for which your 
 advertisement was. She is I am told about twenty-two, 
 has been three or four years teaching, and would be 
 willing to pay something. If the vacancy is filled up, as 
 from your last you seem to think probable, what would 
 you advise ? Do you know of anything else ? She knows 
 no German, can teach English well, can't pay more than 
 25J. per annum. The mother is very anxious to do some- 
 thing for her. I should think lots of German families 
 would like to get an Englishwoman to teach for nothing. 
 I am up to my ears still in patents. I shall have a hard 
 fight, but even if beaten, fighting does one good. I have 
 not heard yet if they have granted my German patent. 
 They refuse a great number. I go down to Wales again 
 in a week, and hope to do something on the big scale. 
 Have had to go to the Opera twice lately ; Euy Bias last 
 night, TannMuser a fortnight ago. I was dreadfully bored 
 by both. I have an impression that I used to enjoy the 
 two or three times I went with you. We have been read- 
 ing Heine's life, very interesting, discursive on German 
 and European literature and politics. Have now the third 
 volume of "Prince Consort's Life," which of course has 
 especial bearing on the policy of the day. I do not think 
 you would gain anything by selling South Italians unless 
 
CH. ix THE BASIC PKOCESS PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED 115 
 
 at a high price. It is almost impossible now to get a de- 
 cently safe 6 per cent. Still more difficult in Germany. 
 Please answer by return as to your opinion on the second 
 question. Yours, 
 
 1 S. G. T. J 
 
 ' July 20, 1878. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, I don't know if you or I am the worst 
 correspondent, but I think if you knew how I was driven 
 you would absolve me with honour for all my failings 
 therein. Phosphorus is a subject which engrosses an in- 
 credible amount of time. My visit to South Wales showed 
 that while scientifically my views are entirely confirmed, 
 there is much money (some thousands) to be spent in 
 putting things on a fair technical footing, and much more 
 in legal defence of my position. As I do not possess 
 these thousands, I am not going to bother myself about 
 trying to force my views commercially, but let them rest 
 with doing what I can to establish them, for the benefit of 
 people at large. I am now fighting Krupp of Essen and 
 the Bochum Steel Co. As they write their objections in 
 German, and require to be confuted from German authors, 
 this is not easy. So I shan't see you in Paris, whither I 
 hope to go for a week or two in September. I hope you 
 will have a pleasant holiday in the Schwarzwald. I saw 
 your last protege off on Saturday. It made me think I 
 should like to run over.' 
 
 A day or two after Thomas writes to his sister, who 
 was away from home on a visit : 
 
 ' Thames Police Court, London, E.: July 22, 1878. 
 c Dearest Child, The mother nourishing and dashing 
 about all over country. Being free from surveillance, I 
 am increasing in weight daily, through the adiposing effect 
 
 i 2 
 
116 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. ix 
 
 of a peace and quietness which I don't always enjoy. 
 You seem to be leading a "jollies" (not jolly) existence, 
 which ought to do you a world of good. Don't go drown- 
 ing yourself not too frequently. I enclose as a matter 
 of benevolence something for you to do to fill up the 
 vacuity of your existence. Will you on enclosed ruled 
 paper make two copies of also enclosed results as neatly and 
 legibly as you can, and let me have them back not later 
 than Thursday morning, and receive my blessing ? I have 
 put in two or three to show how I should like them done, 
 only neater. Use your sense in locating remarks, &c., 
 and leave spaces when clearness improved thereby. I am 
 over ears in work. Krupp of Essen, and another, are 
 attacking me in German, and I have to refute them by 
 German authors. Fighting with your head in a bag is a 
 trifle to it. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
CH. x THE BASIC PROCESS DESCRIBED 117 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 THE BASIC PROCESS DESCRIBED 
 
 DURING this summer Thomas in collaboration with Mr. 
 Gilchrist wrote for the approaching autumn meeting of 
 the Iron and Steel Institute a paper on c the Elimination of 
 Phosphorus in the Bessemer Converter.' We cannot do 
 better than give here the substance of this paper (omitting 
 technicalities and distasteful figures as much as possible J, 
 since it furnishes the results of the experiments and 
 describes the point at which the process had arrived and 
 its rationale in the words of Thomas himself. 
 
 4 The non-removal of phosphorus in the Bessemer Con- 
 verter,' write the authors, ' owing to which the great bulk, 
 not only of British, but of French, German, and Belgian 
 ores are still unavailable for steel-making, is a fact too 
 familiar to metallurgists to need insisting on. The 
 inquiry whether this unfortunate circumstance is due to 
 causes absolutely inseparable from the conduct of the 
 Bessemer process, or to others which are merely the acci- 
 dents of a particular mode of constructing the apparatus, 
 is obviously of vital importance. If the non-elimination 
 be due to the intensity of the temperature or to the 
 fe^ort duration of the operation, or to both these causes com- 
 bined, it is almost hopeless to expect that we shall ever 
 be able to use ordinary unpurified pig-iron in the Con- 
 verter. 
 
118 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH, x 
 
 'That it is to these essential accompaniments of the 
 process that the phenomenon of the retention of phosphorus 
 by Bessemer metal is to be ascribed, is it is believed the 
 generally received opinion and one which has comparatively 
 recently received the sanction of the weighty authority of 
 such eminent metallurgists as Mr. Lowthian Bell, Dr. 
 Wedding, Professor Kerl, and M. Euverte. 
 
 c An examination of the general conditions attending 
 the removal of phosphorus in puddling and refining 
 operations taken in connection with the well-known action 
 of silica on phosphate of iron at high temperatures, and the 
 fact that in many other processes in which the temperature 
 is very high the elimination of phosphorus is not apparently 
 effected, seems, however, to justify the belief, which may 
 have probably suggested itself to other members of the 
 Institute, that it is to the silicious lining of the ordinary 
 converter and to the consequent necessarily silicious 
 quality of the slag, that the one defect of the Bessemer 
 process is due. Under this conviction, at all events, experi- 
 ments were commenced by the authors about three years 
 ago on the effects of basic lining and basic additions in 
 the several steel-making processes. Unfortunately the 
 appliances at command were of a very imperfect character, 
 and the results obtained, though highly encouraging, were 
 owing to defects in the miniature Converter employed, 
 which prevented our ever completely finishing a blow not 
 entirely conclusive as to commercially complete purifi- 
 cation being possible. 
 
 ' While awaiting the completion of an improved Con- 
 verter which was unavoidably delayed for some time, we 
 were encouraged by finding that M. Gruner, the distin- 
 guished professor of the Ecole des Mines of Paris, laid great 
 stress on the silicious character of the cinder and lining in 
 the Converter. M. Gruner, however, seems at that 
 
CH. x THE BASIC PKOCESS DESCRIBED 119 
 
 to have regarded this as one only of three causes which 
 prevent elimination of phosphorus, and proposes as a 
 remedy the preliminary refining of phosphoretic pig before 
 it is attempted to convert it. 
 
 1 With a new Converter, a large number of experiments 
 were made in the autumn of last year, which gave much 
 more definite results. The lining used in these experi- 
 ments consisted of limestone and silicate of soda, a mixture 
 which had been found to answer well in earlier trials. . . . 
 
 ' On laying some of the first results obtained from 
 this 6 Ib. Converter before Mr. Martin of Blaenavon, 
 he at once recognised their importance, and from that 
 time we have been deeply indebted to him for his un- 
 failing and liberal support and much valuable advice and 
 assistance. 
 
 ' The Blaenavon Company without hesitation undertook 
 to put up apparatus to carry the experiments further, and 
 has with great spirit fulfilled its promise to test the value 
 of the theories thoroughly. 
 
 ' In a vertical Converter, taking from 3 to 4 cwt. of 
 metal, results confirmatory of those previously observed 
 were obtained. In the six-pound Converter liquid decar- 
 bonised iron could not be obtained ; but in the new vertical 
 Converter this was readily done. . . . 
 
 ' Some fifty or more blows were made in this vertical 
 Converter, and the products analysed ; and it was found 
 that, using a basic lining, it was generally necessary to 
 continue the blow for about forty seconds after the flame 
 dropped in order to bring down the phosphorus very low. 
 With this proviso, the elimination of phosphorus could be 
 secured with absolute certainty. With a silicious lining 
 the retention of all the phosphorus in the metal was, as 
 usual, equally invariable even when, as in Mr.. Bell's ex-* 
 periments, the blow was continued till a considerable pro- 
 
120 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. x 
 
 portion of the iron was oxidised. At the same time more 
 phosphorus and less silica would be found in the slag 
 obtained under these conditions than appears to be the 
 case when large quantities of metal are treated under 
 similar circumstances. . . . 
 
 f It would seem that the presence of a considerable 
 amount of lime in a not too silicious slag is highly favour- 
 able and on a large scale essential to the removal of 
 phosphorus. As it was manifest that phosphorus was not 
 removed until the slag was sufficiently basic, the effect of 
 large basic additions in combination with a basic lining 
 was tried. With the object not only of obtaining a highly 
 basic slag at an early stage of the blow, but of rendering 
 the operation independent of the wear of the lining by 
 which alone the basic character of the slag is otherwise 
 obtained and maintained, advantage was taken of the fact 
 that lime and oxide of iron are fusible in many propor- 
 tions. . . . 
 
 * With a 1 2 cwt. Converter of the ordinary pattern, ex- 
 pressly put up by the Blaenavon Company, only a limited 
 number of casts have been made, owing to a deficiency of 
 blast. . . . 
 
 ' By the kindness of Mr. Menelaus, for whose invaluable 
 assistance we tender our warmest thanks, we were enabled 
 to try, at the No. 3 Pit at Dowlais, if the superior intensity 
 of heat which might be expected from the conversion of 
 five or six tons of metal at a time affected the conclusions 
 to which smaller experiments pointed. It was intended 
 to line this Converter with highly burnt basic bricks. 
 The bricks intended for this purpose were, however, 
 accidentally under-burnt, and so spoilt, hence recourse was 
 had to a rammed lining of limestone and silicate of 
 soda. . . . 
 
 4 These results appear to confirm the conclusion that 
 
CH. x THE BASIC PROCESS DESCRIBED 121 
 
 for the process to be of technical value, waste of lining 
 must be avoided by making large basic additions, so as to 
 secure a highly basic slag at an early stage of the blow. 
 In these trials, however,. it was thought prudent to feel 
 our way, and not add at once the very large amount of 
 base which our theory demanded, the more so as we were 
 not able to add the bases in a heated state. It is also 
 made clear that a slag containing under 14 percent, of iron 
 may be very effective in removing phosphorus. . . . 
 
 ' It is obvious that without a sufficiently durable as well 
 as refractory basic lining, the simultaneous dephosphorisa- 
 tion and conversion of cheap pig in the Bessemer vessel 
 cannot rank as a commercial process. Our early experi- 
 ments rendered it clear that ordinary nonsilicious lime 
 and limestone did not constitute by themselves a satisfac- 
 tory lining material, nor were renewed trials, made after 
 becoming acquainted with a patent dealing with their 
 application, more successful ; magnesia, the use of which 
 as a furnace lining has been suggested by M. Caron and 
 others, is at once very expensive and, when used by itself, 
 very tender. After a very extended series of trials it was, 
 however, found that by firing bricks made of an alumino- 
 silicious limestone at a very intense white heat, a hard 
 and compact basic brick is formed. These bricks unfortu- 
 nately labour under the defect of a liability to disintegra- 
 tion when exposed to the action of steam. By the use 
 of certain aluminous magnesian limestones and equivalent 
 combinations, and an otherwise similar mode of manu- 
 facture, this difficulty has been, after many failures, over- 
 come. . . .' 
 
 Here we have the problem clearly stated, namely : ' The 
 simultaneous dephosphorisation and conversion of cheap 
 pig in the Bessemer u vessel," in such fashion as to make 
 the process a commercial success.' The problem is solved 
 
122 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. x 
 
 by substituting a reasonably durable basic lining for the 
 former silicious, and therefore acid one, and by avoiding 
 ' waste of lining, by making large basic additions, so 
 as to secure a highly basic slag at an early stage of the 
 Now. ' 
 
'TKIUMPH 123 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 TRIUMPH 
 
 ANXIOUS as these times of waiting were, while this paper 
 was being written and the experiments continually 
 watched (the regular toil at Thames Police Court still 
 going on), it is characteristic of Sidney that he should have 
 found time to take lessons in French conversation. Regu- 
 larly for three months he was an hour late for dinner every 
 other day, nor was any explanation obtainable by his 
 relatives for a long period. The real explanation was that 
 he would stop in the City on his way from Arbour Square 
 to Battersea (where, it will be remembered, the family 
 were now dwelling), to have an hour's educational talk 
 with an old Frenchman. It was only later, when all were 
 gathered in Paris, that upon being complimented upon 
 his fluent Gallic speech, he revealed the little secret. 
 
 In September the autumn meeting of the Iron and 
 Steel Institute was held in Paris held there, especially, 
 because of the Great Exhibition of 1878. Thomas arranged 
 his annual holiday from his official duties to coincide with 
 this meeting, and went to the gay city in company with 
 his mother, sister, and a friend. Mr. Gilchrist also 
 attended. The paper on the i Elimination of Phosphorus ' 
 was put down for reading, and originally placed near the 
 top of the list ; but belief in the alleged discovery of an 
 unknown youth had not much spread since March, and 
 the paper was removed to the end, and then left by the 
 authorities unread for ' lack of time ' ; a course not 
 
124 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 altogether disagreeable to Thomas, who was anxious to 
 further secure the patent position. This action attracted, 
 however, some attention especially as a portion of the 
 paper had appeared in ' Engineering ' before news of the 
 change of programme could reach that journal. Moreover 
 the paper was freely distributed among members. But 
 even if the non-reading of it had been a great disappoint- 
 ment, there would have been ample and unlooked-for 
 compensation. 
 
 Thomas accompanied other members upon an excur- 
 sion to the great Works of Creusot, and there, as good luck 
 would have it, fell upon talk with Mr. E. W. Richards, the 
 manager of Bolckow, Vaughan, and Co.'s huge Works in 
 Cleveland. Sidney's remarkable personality, and vivid, 
 lucid discourse never failed to impress those with whom he 
 came in contact ; and Mr. Richards proved no exception 
 to the rule. Cleveland, it must be remembered, is the 
 district in all England which suffered most from the non- 
 elimination of phosphorus in the Converter ; for the whole 
 of its ores (and it had an annual output of 6,500,000 tons) 
 were phosphoric, and, therefore, as was then thought, 
 useless for making steel by the Bessemer process. Natur- 
 ally, the conversation turned upon the alleged discovery 
 which was to change all this. Thomas explained to Mr. 
 Richards the position in which the experiments stood, and 
 the desire that was felt to continue them on a larger scale. 
 A meeting was arranged to discuss the matter further, and 
 it is not too much to say that the further discussion at that 
 meeting secured the immediate commercial success of the 
 process. 
 
 Mr. Richards had better tell the story in his own 
 words : l 
 
 1 Words taken from Mr. Eich- Cleveland Institution of Engineers 
 ards's presidential address to the (November 15, 1880). 
 
CH. xi TRIUMPH 125 
 
 1 Messrs. Thomas and Gilchrist prepared a paper, 
 giving very fully the results of their experiments, with 
 analyses. It was intended to be read at the autumn 
 meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute at Paris in 1878 ; 
 but so little importance was attached to it, and so little 
 was it believed in, that the paper was scarcely noticed, and 
 it was left unread. . . . Mr. Sidney Thomas first drew my 
 particular attention to the subject at Creusot, and we had 
 a meeting a few days later in Paris to discuss it, when I 
 resolved to take the matter up, provided I received the 
 consent of my directors. That consent was given, and on 
 October 2, 1878, accompanied by Mr. Stead of Middles- 
 brough, I went with Mr. Thomas to Blaenavon. Arrived 
 there, Mr. Gilchrist and Mr. Martin showed us three casts 
 in a miniature cupola, and I saw sufficient to convince me 
 that iron could be dephosphorised at high temperature. I 
 also visited the Dowlais Works, where Mr. Menelaus 
 informed me that the experiments in the large Converters 
 had failed owing to the lining being washed out. We 
 very quickly erected a pair of 30 cwt. Converters at 
 Middlesbrough, but were unable for a long time to try the 
 process, owing to difficulties experienced in making basic 
 bricks for lining the Converters and making the basic 
 bottom. The difficulties arose principally from the enor- 
 mous shrinkage of the magnesian limestone when being 
 burnt in a kiln with an updraught, and of the failure of 
 the ordinary bricks of the kiln to withstand the very high 
 temperature necessary for efficient burning. The diffi- 
 culties were, however, one by one surmounted, and at last 
 we lined up the Converters with basic bricks ; then, after 
 much labour, many failures, disappointments and encou- 
 ragements, we were able to show some of the leading 
 gentlemen of Middlesbrough the successful operations on 
 Friday, April 4, 1879. The news of this success spread 
 
126 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 rapidly far and wide, and Middlesbrough was soon besieged 
 by the combined forces of Belgium, France, Prussia, 
 Austria, and America. We then lined up one of the six- 
 ton converters at Eaton and had fair success.' 
 
 Meanwhile Thomas, while following and taking part in 
 these anxious experiments, thus finally crowned with definite 
 triumph, had not been idle in other directions. His 
 energies had been devoted to safeguarding the patent 
 position at home and abroad as though he had no other 
 work on his hands. The patent of 1877 had been rapidly 
 followed by other dephosphorisation patents of January 
 1878, March 1878, and two of October 1878. Other patents 
 were taken out in 1879. In January of the latter year 
 two patents were taken out for basic bricks, and a series 
 of patents for treatment of slag begin in November 1878. 
 In foreign countries the same activity was displaved. 
 
 Thomas in the following letters gives us some glimpses 
 of his proceedings during the period between September 
 1878 and April 1879 the period which assured the com- 
 mercial success of his process and which has just been 
 described by Mr. Eichards. 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 1 Thames Police Court : October 3, 1878. 
 
 { Dear Bess, I was so sorry you did not make your 
 appearance in Paris. I had quite looked forward to it and 
 had the impression you had promised it. The fortnight 
 spent there was most enjoyable, the weather beautiful, the 
 city ditto, and the Exhibition magnificent. I went to the 
 Exhibition seven times and only saw half imperfectly. 
 The Mother was happy all day long and our quarters ex- 
 cellent and, considering the prices current, not dear. I 
 think the city much improved since I saw it in '69 with 
 
CH. XI 
 
 TRIUMPH 127 
 
 you and Robert. I spent my first three nights on the 
 sixth floor of a queer old inn close to our old quarters ; 
 this time in the Rue Montmartre. Our paper was post- 
 poned, the preference being very properly given to foreign 
 papers, and the course adopted suiting us very well. It 
 still occupies a great fragment of my attention. I returned 
 to England last Friday and have been living a la Crusoe 
 in the empty house. Tuesday night, however, I had a 
 telegram which sent me down to Wales by the mail, to 
 meet some great North of England guns who had come 
 to Blaenavon to see our experiments. They were well 
 impressed with what they saw and I returned last night. 
 ... I shall probably be in Belgium to try to start some 
 Works there early in next month. On the whole my hands 
 are pretty full. Whether we shall succeed in getting any 
 pecuniary advantage remains to be seen, I am afraid of 
 the funds which are a necessity for victory being wanting. 
 However, of exciting employment it seems we shall have 
 enough. Yours always, 
 
 'S.G.T.' 
 
 c I will send you a copy of our paper when I can/ 
 
 'November/ 18 78. 
 
 c I am awfully busy, or should have written you before 
 this. Things are in statu quo, but I am much more 
 occupied. I go to Belgium to-morrow to superintend 
 some experiments. I shall have rather a cold time of it.' 
 
 ' December 23, 1878. 
 
 4 D r Bess, Y r letter found me at Middlesbro', where I 
 think things are progressing fairly. Percy was with me, 
 he is director of all practical details, and works like any- 
 thing. His Co., the Blaenavon Iron Co., have just failed. 
 He doesn't know yet how it will affect him, but it can 
 
128 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 hardly fail to be detrimental. It is also very unfortunate 
 for our patent interests, as the Co. had engaged to give 
 us a large trial at once. From Middlesbro' I went to 
 Cumberland, and came home by mail last night, being 
 from 7 P.M. to 9 A.M. on the road. I was nearly frozen. 
 I am getting rapidly ruined, but having plenty to do 
 induces me to regard the contingency with equanimity. 
 We shan't know how we stand for another six months at 
 least . . . There is a terrible amount of distress through- 
 out England . . . My Belgian visit was quite enjoyable 
 and the result on the whole quite satisfactory, i.e. fairly 
 good steel to the amount of seven or eight tons made from 
 stuff that had never made steel or anything like it before. 
 'I see a good deal of Americans just now. I have 
 struck up an alliance with one I encountered abroad, and 
 had to stay a few days to the home folks' amusement. 
 
 1 Ever y rs always, 
 
 ' S. G. T. f 
 
 When the news of the experiments of April 4, 1879, 
 spread abroad, would-be users of the process on the 
 Continent found themselves face to face with the patent 
 rights which the forethought of Thomas had secured. A 
 literal race to the quiet home in Queen's Road, Battersea, 
 at once began. The present writer well remembers Thomas 
 telling him, with some glee, a curious story of the eager- 
 ness of foreign ironmasters to secure licences, a story 
 which is also a sermon on the text of striking while the 
 iron is hot. One April Sunday night, two Belgian steel 
 manufacturers from the same neighbourhood crossed 
 
 together in the same boat. M. A and M. B 
 
 conversed the whole way, but neither said a word of their 
 errand to Albion. They both drove to the Eoyal Hotel 
 on the Embankment, upon their arrival at Charing Cross 
 
CH. xi TRIUMPH 129 
 
 at some unearthly hour on Monday morning. M. A 
 
 thought he might safely go to bed for a couple of hours 
 and then have some breakfast before pursuing his journey 
 
 to the wilds of remote Battersea. M. B was wiser 
 
 in his generation ; he chartered a hansom directly he had 
 shaken off his fellow-traveller and rang up the quiet house- 
 hold in the Queen's Eoad at 7.30 A.M. He secured an 
 audience with Thomas and proceeded to negotiate terms 
 for the use of the process. The interview lasted for three 
 hours and was just concluding, when a telegram arrived 
 
 from M. A announcing that he was on his way. At 
 
 noon he duly arrived, congratulating himself on his 
 promptitude. Alas ! M. B - had secured the monopoly 
 of the process for the district. 
 
 It is probably to this Belgian arrangement that allusion 
 is made in the following letter : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' 3 Queen's Eoad Villas, April 12, 1879. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, Many thanks for your congratulations 
 of 10th. Of your sympathy I of course felt myself sure. 
 It is, however, not the less pleasant to receive them. Yes, 
 after some work, we have solved the greatest industrial 
 problem of England ; so at least people who have been 
 themselves trying the solution for twenty years say. 
 
 ' We have certainly secured some reputation, and may 
 (or may not) secure some money. 
 
 c This last we shall know in two or three months, but 
 not before. Till this is ascertained I do not want to give 
 up Thames, as I have to spend about 50?. a month still 
 on one thing and another. Of course I pay all Percy's 
 extra expenditure. I have just concluded an arrangement 
 with some Belgians, and shall probably have to take a 
 continental trip in a few weeks. You may imagine I am 
 
 K 
 
130 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 pretty busy ; I spent three nights out of six on the rail 
 last week. Yours, 
 
 < S. G. TV 
 
 The deferred paper of Thomas and Gilchrist was duly 
 read at the spring meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute 
 which was held in London. ' That meeting was,' says Mr. 
 Richards, c perhaps the most interesting and brilliant ever 
 held by the Institute.' Mr. Bessemer (not yet Sir Henry) 
 came forward with a cordial recognition of the new and 
 wide-reaching development of his epoch-making process. 
 1 Phosphorus,' he said, < has been my difficulty and my 
 bane.' If it had not been for discovering that steel could 
 be made from Swedish pig without the necessity for dephos- 
 phorisation, he might have continued on the road he had 
 entered upon. ' Whether I should have arrived at the 
 results which the present inventors have arrived at I can- 
 not tell. ... I hope and believe they will be able to receive 
 the recompense which their talents and industry deserve.' 2 
 ' Directly this meeting was over,' says Mr. Richards in 
 the presidential address already quoted, * Middlesbrough 
 was again besieged by a large array of continental 
 metallurgists, and a few hundredweights of samples of 
 basic bricks, molten metal used and steel produced were 
 taken away for searching analysis at home. Our con- 
 tinental friends were of an inquisitive turn of mind and, 
 like many other practical men who saw the process in 
 operation, only believed in what they saw with their own 
 eyes and felt with their own hands. And they were not 
 quite sure even then, and some are not quite sure even now 
 (1880). We gave them samples of the metal out of the very 
 nose of the Converter.' 
 
 On May 10, 1879, Thomas resigned his junior clerk- 
 
 2 Iron, May 17, 1879. 
 
CH. XI 
 
 TKIUMPH 131 
 
 ship at the Thames Police Court, after nearly twelve years 
 of service service as energetic as if his duties there had 
 been the sole object of his life. We have seen (ante, p. 
 24) what Mr. Lushington has said upon this point. Thomas 
 left nothing but good wishes behind him. The constant 
 drain upon his energies, otherwise fully, more than fully 
 occupied, must (especially during the last three anxious 
 years) have been serious indeed. Yet daring as he was 
 (often indeed seemingly reckless), it was very characteristic 
 of him that he did not abandon this modest certainty 
 until the path to fortune was clear before him. Neither 
 the acceptance of the new process by Mr. Martin nor its 
 adoption by Mr. Richards was sufficient to induce him to 
 burn his boats behind him ; it was not until continental 
 ironmasters were competing for concessions that he made 
 up his mind definitely to break with the Civil Service. 
 
 Let us say, once for all, here, that the Sidney Thomas, 
 the triumphant inventor, was in every respect the same 
 Sidney Thomas he had been years before, when simply second 
 clerk at Arbour Square eager, strenuous, and energetic, 
 but ever preserving the equal mind, and no more puffed up 
 by victory than he would have been cast down by failure 
 always anxious to ascribe success to others more than to 
 himself. 
 
 In the following letter he seems even now somewhat 
 doubtful of the future : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'May 11, 1879. 
 
 4 Dear Bess, We have scored I think one. Delivered 
 paper on Thursday before the largest meeting ever held ; 
 it was well received by all, both continental and English 
 metallurgists, and we became pro tern, junior lions. 
 
 * I have based my foreign patents nearly all on terms 
 
132 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 which may pay us well, and I hope we shall eventually do 
 some good business in England, though they are much 
 behind their continental rivals in enterprise. 
 
 ( We were introduced to everyone, and the effect of 
 the whole is by no means disappointing. Even Krupp's 
 engineer paid us high compliments. I have done my 
 best to give the Phoenix Works a good chance, though 
 German patents are largely out of my hands. I resigned 
 " Thames " yesterday, as I found I could not drive so dis- 
 cordant a team any longer ; so I am now on my own 
 resources. We have still a lot of new work to go through, 
 and not a few risks to run on account of the magnitude 
 of the stake. Whatever happens, I think we have been 
 fully rewarded for our work. Of course I have your con- 
 gratulations ; you had better come and bring them.' 
 
 The resignation at Thames brought little relief to his 
 incessant labour ; the vacant hours were instantly filled by 
 other toils. The whole of the negotiations for his foreign 
 patents fell to him to conduct. In some countries and 
 districts he sold his rights ; in others he conceded licences 
 to individual ironmasters ; in others, again, he appointed 
 agents to receive royalties. The basic process spread with 
 the greatest rapidity on the Continent, where phosphorus 
 had been even a more formidable foe to steel-making than it 
 had been here. Thomas's note-books and account books 
 during this year show him to have been continually crossing 
 the Channel, and his striking figure became as familiar in 
 Westphalian Works as it had been in Arbour Square. 
 
 In Germany, however, there was a short but severe 
 contest with a powerful combination of North German 
 steel manufacturers. These gentlemen attempted to work 
 the process regardless of patent rights, and fought the in- 
 ventor in the law courts, partly on technical legal grounds, 
 
CH. xi TRIUMPH 133 
 
 partly on other pretexts. Sidney's letter-book gives a 
 voluminous correspondence on this matter, and he was also 
 constantly present on the field in person. 
 
 The courts decided in his favour in November 1879. 
 This in the end, although not, as we shall see, immediately, 
 settled the question. ' The courts held the validity of the 
 patents to be thoroughly established, and considered the 
 substantial novelty and great value of the invention to be 
 proved and to be such as to amply cover any minor tech- 
 nical defects. This decision was generally welcomed, as 
 showing that the German Patent Court was determined to 
 administer the new law on just and equitable principles, 
 and not on the narrow basis of the old law, which refused 
 protection to the inventions of Bessemer and Siemens.' 3 
 
 The following letters refer to this contest :- 
 
 To his Sister 
 
 ' Berlin, November 20, 1879. 
 ' Dearest, After short conference in my [case], had 
 
 two days' dissipation preluding Berlin doing under P 's 
 
 guidance. He is an excellent cicerone. City very fair 
 particularly museum ; shops brilliant. Went to theatre 
 in evening nothing very characteristic comic opera. 
 To-day conference; to-morrow and Saturday the fight. 
 Thirty-six against us. I think we are fairly certain to 
 lose ; but my spirits are good. I shall not forgive you for 
 neglecting your duty in not having taught me German. 
 It is a horrible nuisance. 
 
 ' Look after the mater ! . . . 
 
 ' Yours very affectionately, 
 
 'S. G. T.' 
 
 3 Creators of the Age of Steel, p. 314. 
 
184 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'Berlin, November 22, 1879. 
 
 * Beaten the enemy on own ground. Sorry I can't call 
 at Wiesbaden. 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 'Hoerde, November 25, 1879. 
 
 ' I am visiting at Hoerde. Spent yesterday morning 
 with Dr. Wedding ; also dinner with him on Sunday. A 
 very jolly little party. We had great fun. He was one 
 of my judges ; another guest was one of my chief oppo- 
 nents. Two very pleasant German girls, an American 
 student and an engineer. They are all coming to stop 
 with us in London for an indefinite period. By March 1 
 shall know if I am the proud possessor of 20,000. or not. 
 The historic name of the family has certainly won notoriety 
 if not distinction. I am stopping with Massenez. I leave 
 to-morrow morning for K. 
 
 ' Spent last morning in Berlin School of Mines, a 
 wondrously perfect place. Was coached over by Dr. 
 Wedding and an American youth, who regards my 
 humble self as a mirror for aspiring engineers to imitate ; 
 but is (nevertheless, or in consequence) a very bright lot. 
 
 c It is an awful nuisance not speaking German. I sat 
 at writing for two days, feeling I must get up and make a 
 rattling speech in some tongue known or unknown. 
 
 ' You will hardly, I fear, hear from me again. I shall 
 be on the move all along, till Saturday, when I expect 
 to be home for some hours at least. I have been fed and 
 alcoholised to an appalling extent. Hope you are taking 
 care of yourself. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T. J 
 
CH. xi TE1UMPH 135 
 
 Meanwhile a difficulty had arisen in this country, 
 which fortunately was at once amicably settled without 
 recourse to litigation. We have said (ante, p. Ill) that 
 at the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute in March 
 1878, when Thomas made his little regarded declaration, 
 Mr. Snelus had also spoken on the dephosphorisation 
 question. This gentleman had indeed had a patent in 
 existence for several years which (it was contended) es- 
 tablished the principle of basic linings, although there 
 might be practical difficulties in its application. This 
 patent had been kept alive, but it was not suggested that 
 a ton of steel had ever been manufactured under it. It 
 might also perhaps be said that the many steps in the 
 complete Thomas-Gilchrist process not at all hinted at in 
 Mr. Snelus's specification established a very vital distinc- 
 tion in favour of that process, and indeed that Mr. 
 Snelus's specification had not expressed dephosphorisation 
 as the aim of the patent at all ; but it would be both idle 
 and ungracious to pursue a vain discussion of rival claims 
 which both sides from the first treated in a friendly and 
 loyal spirit. 4 
 
 The claims then of Mr. Snelus and of one who became 
 Thomas's valued colleague, Mr. Riley, who had zealously, 
 independently, and ably devoted himself to the lining 
 question, had of course to be considered. 
 
 It was agreed to refer to Sir William Thomson's arbi- 
 
 4 Mr. Snelus in 1883, after de- the theory of the basic process, and 
 
 tailing his experiments, said : ' Mr. he induced Mr. Windsor Richards 
 
 Sidney Thomas, shortly afterwards, to take it up. It was a piece of 
 
 with very much more energy than very good fortune, I consider, that 
 
 I had shown, followed in the same Mr. Thomas succeeded in enlisting 
 
 line, and Mr. Gilchrist and he the sympathy of Mr. Richards ; 
 
 developed the process of making this was due to Mr. Thomas's 
 
 basic bricks on a large scale. perseverance and to his determi- 
 
 Af ter this he demonstrated much nation to make the process public 
 
 more publicly than I had done and to make it go.' 
 
136 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xi 
 
 tration the question of how the profits of the British and 
 American patents should be divided between the parties 
 Thomas being left in sole possession of all continental 
 rights. Sir William Thomson made his award, an award 
 ever since cordially accepted and acted on by all con- 
 cerned, towards the latter part of this year of 1879. 
 
 Patents were taken out in America early in 1879, and 
 led afterwards to much litigation. The quantity of non- 
 phosphoric iron in the United States is so large, that 
 probably no country in the world had less need of the 
 basic process. Yet, as we shall presently see, in no 
 country in the world was there more interest in the in- 
 vention and nowhere did Thomas himself receive a more 
 enthusiastic welcome. 
 
CH. xii DUSSELDORF A GATHERING CLOUD 137 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 DUSSELDORF A GATHERING CLOUD 
 
 THE next year of 1880 opened brilliantly indeed for 
 Thomas and the little family of which he was the life 
 and soul. The household gods were in the course of this 
 year removed from Battersea to Tedworth Square, Chelsea, 
 which was Sidney's London home for the remainder of his 
 brief and narrowing span, a span the narrowing brevity of 
 which was still happily veiled from him and those to whom 
 he was dear. Tedworth Square, however, saw but too 
 little of him ; for most of his time was in this year, as in 
 the preceding one, spent in railway trains, steamers, and 
 English and foreign ironworks. 
 
 We have before us many of his post-cards and letters 
 which show something of the intense stress and hurry of 
 his life at this period, and we select a few of them as 
 specimens. 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' Paris, November 28, 1879. 
 
 ' Acceptez mes salutations (un peu en retard, je crains, 
 mais pas moins sinceres) pour votre birthday. All going 
 well, I believe, Shall know how I stand by March 1. Am 
 rather tired, having been en wagon two nights. Have two 
 more before me. Heute abends muss ich zuriich bis 
 London und dann nach Sheffield, Middlesboro und so weite, 
 so bin ich immer en route. The rout of the Teuton, even 
 if only temporary, was angenehm.' 
 
138 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xn 
 
 ' Liege, February 21, 1880. 
 
 1 Cara B, I am toujours en route vous voir, mais 
 toujours si confoundedly presse que je n'arrive jamais. 
 Wir miissen ein rendezvous en Coeln oder Coblenz haben 
 one day, for a long chat. Have now been Paris, Luxem- 
 bourg, Hoerde, Kuhrort, Liege, travelling all night (almost 
 every night) and working all day. I had to run through 
 Coeln beide Zeite or should have run up to Wiesbaden. 
 It seems dass ich soil nimmer mehr ein jour entierement 
 libre haben. Your German friends are appealing and 
 causing me a lot of extra Arbeit. Excuse my writing in 
 my ordinary colloquial language, which astonishes some 
 de mes clients. . . .' 
 
 Newcastle, March 13, 1880. 
 
 ( Dear Cousin Bess, Though I am, / expect, the busier 
 of the two, I am still the best correspondent. . . . As 
 usual, I am wandering over the earth's face. Last week, 
 Sheffield, Blaenavon, Ehymney, London. This week Glas- 
 gow, Edinburgh, Newcastle, &c. Hard at it all the time. 
 It is uphill work and complicated ; but it is, I trust, to 
 be a big work, and I am satisfied. It is only sometimes 
 rather more than one set of brains can do, to drive so many 
 different horses. 
 
 ' I think we shall succeed in selling in America for a 
 pretty fair sum. If so, I shall try and secure fair help. 
 .... I may be in Germany again in a week or two ; if 
 so, I shall try hard to run up to you for a few hours, but 
 I never get nearer than Coeln, and am always driven even 
 for an hour. . . . 
 
 ' I have come quite to look forward to having a whole 
 week at home. . . . We are still fighting in Germany, 
 though there is some chance of a settlement. Among 
 prospective journeys I have one to Sweden and another to 
 
CH. xii DUSSELDORF A GATHERING CLOUD 139 
 
 America. . . . The last time I was in Germany I was in 
 the Siegen country. I thought, as I passed through by 
 rail, it was the best scenery in Germany, bar the Bavarian 
 Highlands. . . . Yours always, 
 
 < S. G. T. ' 
 
 'P.S. I have now a pile of some thirty letters to 
 answer. I ought to answer half before going to bed.' 
 
 1 3 Queen's Road Villas, Battersea : April 14, 1880. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, I have again been to France, Belgium, 
 and Germany for a few days, during which I hoped to run 
 up at least as far as Coblentz, if not to Wiesbaden. I 
 would not write you till I knew if I could come, but was 
 called home from Ruhrort, where I had a long and tedious 
 business, to meet a man from America, and so was prevented 
 doing so, much to my disappointment. It becomes more 
 of a drive every week. Everything both abroad and at 
 home falls on me, and it is enough. 
 
 ' I am negotiating for a sale of my German rights, so 
 as to have something in hand. There is also more fighting 
 to do in Germany and elsewhere. We have had nothing 
 in papers now, except now and again a paragraph such 
 as enclosed. The affair is going well ; but it is so big that 
 it requires perpetual attention, and guarding and watching 
 with practical work. Percy takes most of the practical 
 supervision at home and I the rest, and all abroad. 
 
 ' This is an egotistical spin ! 
 
 ' . . . We are trying hard to get rooms in town as 
 soon as we can. Probably shan't succeed till June. . . . 
 
 < S. G. THOMAS.' 
 
 Already the inevitable effects of this over-worked 
 existence were visible, and doubtless deadly disease was 
 already at work sapping the very citadel of the vital 
 
140 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xn 
 
 forces; but he had no suspicion as yet of the need for 
 care. It can have been no unhappy life that he led ; that 
 which for years had been his supreme object had been 
 achieved ; his remaining anxieties were of no poignant 
 kind, and ceaseless activity (however it might physically 
 wear and tear him) was always a keen pleasure to his 
 eager nature. Meanwhile the process was everywhere 
 triumphant on the Continent, and at Middlesbrough Mr. 
 Richards, with the co-operation of Thomas and of Gilchrist, 
 was still perfecting mechanical details more and more. 
 
 At the spring meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute 
 the basic process was still the main topic of interest (as 
 it continued to be at many successive meetings), and of 
 course the meeting brought new cares to Thomas. The 
 next letter we quote refers to it. 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' Queen's Koad Villas, May 10, 1880. 
 
 ' . . . I am awfully ungrateful not to have written 
 before to thank you for your charming letter and delight- 
 ful and most useful little present. ... As usual I am 
 fairly busy. Last week the Iron and Steel Institute meet- 
 ing, which went off fairly well. I enclose a report. 
 
 ' I had to be entertaining people every evening, which 
 was the most fatiguing thing of all to me. I introduced 
 Lil to a dozen of the leading engineers of the world in 
 one evening, which amused her considerably. 
 
 'There are still many questions open which cause 
 anxiety and work; but on the whole things going not 
 amiss. . . . 
 
 I am trying to get things in order, so that I may go 
 to America in the autumn if possible. . . .' 
 
 In constant journeying to and fro, the summer of 1880 
 
CH. xii DUSSELDOKF A GATHEKING CLOUD 141 
 
 wore away, until the time came for the meeting of the 
 Iron and Steel Institute at Diisseldorf in August. Thomas 
 took his sister to Miss Burton in Wiesbaden early in that 
 month, and the former attended the meeting with him. 
 
 Thomas writes from Wiesbaden to his mother on 
 August 8 : 
 
 1 Got here at seven yesterday. A gorgeous reception 
 from B., who looks well. Stopped in, chatting, all evening. 
 I sleep at the best hotel. We are now going to Wood ; 
 shall be here to-morrow night. All very kind and nice.' 
 
 Dephosphorisation was as usual the leading topic at 
 Diisseldorf. Sidney's sister sent home the following report 
 of her brother's speech on the subject : 
 
 ' Sidney's speech on dephosphorising. Friends all 
 round ; room crammed ; perfect quiet. Prof. Turner spoke 
 first, then Siemens and Wedding then Sid. Splendidly ! 
 Clear, ringing, metallic utterance good delivery, to the 
 point, i.e., cost and general results. No nervousness 
 perceptible to the outer world (Mr. Justice l was the only 
 one besides myself who saw he was nervous; shows he 
 knows him well). I was frightfully nervous for him at 
 first, but soon I found I had no need to be. He was the 
 only speaker during the whole week's meetings who was 
 clapped on standing, and he was so clapped warmly, and also 
 interrupted for applause. President Ed. Williams requested 
 him to stop on the platform to be questioned, and many 
 friends chaffed him afterwards about having struck a theatri- 
 cal attitude. Then Snelus and Eiley spoke and Massenez. 2 
 I was quite an impartial witness, prepared to criticise 
 severely, as I always do him ! ' 
 
 1 Thomas's Patent Agent a Hoerde Works, was an early and 
 personal friend. zealous supporter of the process, 
 
 2 Herr Massenez, Director of the and gave it much help. 
 
142 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xn 
 
 During the meeting there was an excursion to the 
 Rhenish Steel Works in Meiderich, where the process was 
 seen in operation. The excitement and interest in the 
 * blows ' were intense. Mr. Richards says : 
 
 c It was most difficult to get near the workmen who 
 were testing the samples, so great was the crush and the 
 desire to obtain a piece of the metal ; and the wonder was 
 that the metal was so well blown and so low in phos- 
 phorus, considering the circumstances under which the 
 operation was performed.' 
 
 The meeting was wound up by an excursion to Cologne 
 and Coblentz, of which Thomas gives brief account to his 
 mother on one of his customary post-cards : 
 
 ' Coblentz : August 1880. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, Another awful round of pleasure 
 yesterday. First by train to Bingen, with lunch on the 
 way, 800 of us, about. Then special steamers down to 
 Cologne ; lovely weather and lovely scenery everywhere. 
 Lil introduced to thirty or forty new acquaintances. At 
 Coblentz taken through wine cellars, then through 
 Empress's Palace; then a gorgeous dinner. Stopped 
 there too late to go on to Wiesbaden, so remained here. 
 We go on to W. at ten this morning. The meeting a 
 great success. I have been feted and petted ridiculously. 
 At Essen on September 3.' 
 
 A little later he writes (still on a post-card) : 
 
 ' Bochum : September 5, 1880. 
 
 f Here all day yesterday ; over Works adjoining, &c. 
 Dinner with the Director ; more Works. Wine in evening 
 with three directors ; very hot. ... I am now on way to 
 Hoerde and Magdeburg ; at Stassfurt on September 7.' 
 
CH. xii DUSSELDOKF A GATHERING CLOUD 143 
 
 From Magdeburg he writes to his mother : 
 
 1 September 6, 1880. 
 
 ' Dearest M., Here I am again on the move. Now 
 on way to Stassfurt, to see the great Salt Works, which I 
 hope to utilise in phosphate-making. I then go through 
 Dresden (half an hour to see the Picture 3 again) to 
 Wittkowitz. ... I expect and hope to call at Wiesbaden 
 about the 12th, but may not be able to stop out so long. 
 Spent yesterday afternoon with Massenez and the H. Y. 
 .(HiMn Mind you have rides with aunt and Miss B. regularly. 
 Love to all. Yours ever, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 From Stassfurt he writes to his sister at Wiesbaden : 
 
 ' Tuesday, September 7, 1880. 
 
 c Lieber Kleinchen. Hie bin ich angekommen gestern 
 at eight (nicht unterstrichen), habe besucht grosser 
 Fabrik wo vu insisted on mich die thur zu zeigen, bis ich 
 habe developed das ich in solchefalle, it would be my 
 painful duty to obliterate aller spuren von ihren Fabrik 
 wurden.' 
 
 Meanwhile his sister had been writing home from 
 Wiesbaden under date of September 4 : 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, Sid arrived yesterday at four ; we 
 were at station to meet him. He has a cold and we insist 
 on his staying a day or two to get right. He goes back 
 to Luxembourg and Longwy ; will be back on Monday.' 
 
 This ' cold,' which was to ' get right ' in a c day or two,' 
 
 8 The Sistine Madonna. This ever he was near Dresden, for a 
 was such a favourite with Thomas pilgrimage to it. 
 that he always made time, when- 
 
144 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xn 
 
 has a mournful and knell-like sound to us who know the 
 end, and the short but sharp attack which he was nursed 
 through in Wiesbaden was a matter of serious anxiety to 
 his sister and cousin. As yet, however, he persisted there 
 was nothing seriously wrong with him, and the wearying 
 journeying to and fro was continued throughout this 
 year. 
 
 The fatigue involved will be sufficiently obvious a 
 fatigue especially dangerous in the severe winters of 1879- 
 80 and 1880-81. 
 
 Early in 1881, however, it began to be clear that such 
 voyaging (with all the necessarily concomitant changes of 
 temperature) must, at any rate in winter time, be dis- 
 continued. The cough persisted, and his uncle, Dr. Burnie 
 of Bradford, whom he consulted, detected grave lung 
 mischief. Even London fogs must be avoided. Thomas 
 was persuaded with difficulty to go for a time with his 
 sister to the Isle of Wight, and to take for a brief period 
 such rest as his enormous correspondence would allow him. 
 
 The following letters, belong to this time : 
 
 To Ms Mother 
 
 ' Esplanade, Ventnor : February 1881. 
 
 'Dearest Mother, Two bedrooms, large and facing 
 south and sea, and a ditto ditto sitting-room. Bright, 
 sunny, but cold here. Thermo, outside, at three to-day, 45 ; 
 yesterday 50. Am really much better cough only very 
 little in evening. Been out all day. Lil as good as can be. 
 I fear we shan't be able to quarrel ; she looks after, pets, 
 bullies, worries and amuses me to perfection. You have 
 nothing at all to bother about as regards your robustious 
 children. Hotel slow ; though good of its kind. Ventnor 
 prettyish. Love to all. Look after yourself. Yours ever 
 lovingly.' 
 
en. xn DUSSELDORF A GATHERING CLOUD 145 
 
 To Mrs. Burnie 
 
 1 Marine Villa, Esplanade, Ventnor : 
 March 1, 1881. 
 
 1 My dear Aunt, It is very kind of you all to trouble 
 about me and my small ailments. I am certainly the 
 better for coming here decidedly so ; though still weak 
 as to breathing arrangements. The weather here is bright 
 and fine, and sunny most days. Some days have been 
 exquisitely bright and blue-skied. It is, however, dull 
 enough, as I can only walk to a limited extent, and there 
 are too many hills to make riding very attractive. Lil 
 has got a girl with her who amuses her much, and me 
 somewhat. My " Bricks without Straw " was bought. I 
 fancy Triibner publishes here. I am. in hopes of seeing 
 you in March, that is, if I am able to get North as I 
 expect to, about the 15th, for a meeting. I rather chafe 
 at being so absolutely tied up just now, when there is 
 plenty to do elsewhere ; but it might be worse. Lil is, 
 I think, enjoying herself as she does generally, and is 
 certainly wonderfully well; she is a bright little com- 
 panion. Your friends have done well to go to Grange. It is 
 a v % ery pretty place in itself, and within reach of still 
 prettier. Please tell my uncle I am following his advice 
 as nearly as may be in all things. With best love to all, 
 ' Yours ever affectionately, 
 
 <S. G-. THOMAS/ 
 
146 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CF, xm 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 
 
 HOWEVER, he did not go to Yorkshire on March 15, as he 
 seems here to have contemplated ; for by that time he was 
 on the Atlantic. Circumstances induced him suddenly to 
 determine upon a visit to the United States, with a view 
 to defence of the patent position there. He sailed for New 
 York in the < Marathon' on March 11, 1881. He was 
 received with open arms by the worlds of iron and steel 
 and applied science. The following letters have been pre- 
 served : 
 
 To Us Mother 
 
 ' March 26, 1881. 
 
 c Dearest M., Got into New York at seven Thursday 
 evening. Laureau came on board to ask me to stop at 
 Holley's. Went with him to concert and to see Broadway. 
 At concert met the Swede Lilienberg. Next morning 
 Maynard came on board and we went to Holley's. Made a 
 lot of calls ; saw chief buildings ; travelled four times on 
 elevated railroad. Was introduced to about twenty people ; 
 dined with Holley at a Palace, far and away above our 
 Criterion. Evening dined at Hewitt's, late Mayor of 
 New York, and with Cooper, the founder of Cooper 
 Institute, a bright, intelligent, and active old boy of 
 ninety-two, who has donated about $2,000,000 to public 
 
CH. xni A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 147 
 
 purposes, and now educates in highest branches 1,800 
 folks yearly. Absolutely in evening went to Opera with 
 Miss Hewitt and her father. ' Favorita.' Fine house, but 
 overpowering amount of talking. From Opera to Century 
 Club. Am already a member of three great clubs, with 
 free access to Society of Engineers &c. Have invitations 
 for summer to Lake Champlain, North Jersey, and the Lord 
 knows where besides. I am to be dined by forty men next 
 week, alas ! If I don't get spoilt, I shall be surprised. 
 New York is a quarter of a century ahead of London, (1) 
 in telegraph facilities, (2) in buildings, (3) in elevated 
 railways and tram cars, (4) in size and convenient 
 arrangements, (5) decoration of houses, (6) in small con- 
 veniences. 
 
 c Monday evening called on Carnegie and others. 
 Lunched at Delmonico's. Introduced to more people. 
 Dined at University Club with Holley ; beautifully deco- 
 rated. I find they are tremendously ahead of us in decora- 
 tion. After to Brooklyn Club. 
 
 4 Sunday, went to Beecher's with Mrs. H. and Miss G. 
 Plymouth Church hideous, but crammed. B. preached 
 for one and a quarter hour most eloquent, original, and 
 sometimes outre sermon or address. He is obviously a 
 man of immense power. Parted with regret from Mrs. H. 
 and Miss A., and to Maynard's pleasant afternoon. 
 Called on Raymond, a very clever fellow, who is engineer, 
 poet, novelist, editor, man of business, musician, composer, 
 and Sunday school teacher, all at the same time. 
 
 ' I want to get out of New York as soon as possible. 
 I only regret not having you both. I don't like American 
 girls so far bar some. They have vivacity and dash enough 
 to set up a city, and have a good time, in other words, 
 have their own way, undoubtedly. 
 
 i. 2 
 
148 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CIT. xm 
 
 'March 31, 1881. 
 
 ' Yet more dissipation and enjoyment ; calls, dinners, 
 opera with Carnegie, &c. Tuesday evening, up Hudson to 
 Albany in palatial steamer with Holley. Arrived Albany 
 6 A.M. ; over State Capitol, an enormous building still in 
 progress. Senate and Eepresentative Chambers superb; 
 some of architecture finest I have ever seen ; decoration 
 massive and grand, in excellent taste. 
 
 ' Charming dinner in fine old-fashioned house of prp- 
 prietor of Works. Mrs. C. very pleasant and lively. Next 
 morning I wanted to go to Works ; but Mr. C. insisted on 
 driving me to his country house, and showing us some 
 miles of hothouses with wonderful varieties of plants from 
 every quarter of globe ; plants worth some 20,000. Collec- 
 tion of 13,000 butterflies. 
 
 c Back to New York by train down Hudson Valley, 
 which is very lovely, more so than the Rhine on whole. 
 
 < That confounded dinner comes off to-morrow. Con- 
 tinue brilliant ; but love hard work, not to be over-dined. 
 
 * The people have to a stranger few deficiencies, except 
 a too evident money-worship, and (whence the money- 
 worship proceeds) a reckless way of spending. They are 
 hospitality itself.' 
 
 The next letter is written in the margin of a copy of 
 the ' Iron Age ' : 
 
 ' Saturday, April 2. 
 
 c Dearest Mother, The dinner is happily past and I 
 actually enjoyed it, partly. It was dreadful sitting for three 
 hours and being bepraised ; but the speakers were really 
 clever and witty in the extreme alternating between 
 flights of real eloquence and the most fanciful word-fun 
 and wildest jokes. The actual dinner was, of course, 
 superb, costing about 200?. 
 
CH. xin A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 149 
 
 ' I trust the sale is practically settled. I go to Phila- 
 delphia to-day about it ; then back here for a day or two ; 
 then to Bethlehem, &c. I am invited to about twenty 
 dinners, and to stop at about a score of houses all over the 
 States passes on lines where I don't want to go, &c. &c. 
 Of course it is evanescent, but amusing. 
 
 'I got through my speech fairly, I think. I had 
 brought over a first-class one, but couldn't think of a bit, 
 so started on quite another line . . . Yours ever affec- 
 tionately, 
 
 ' SIDNEY. 
 
 Alter this comes a sort of post-card and letter diary 
 to his sister and mother, which we partly reproduce : 
 
 4 April 7, 1881. 
 
 ' Back from delightful two days at Bethlehem. Bound- 
 less hospitality ; enjoyed and benefited by it much. Fritz 
 is a charming fellow. Go to theatre to-night. Bessemer 
 
 matter still hangs. 
 
 ' April 8. 
 
 1 Was last night at theatre : sawDaymond in " Fush ; " 
 a wild comedy, great fun, but absurd. This morning, long 
 interview with lawyers ; shan't get business done for three 
 weeks at least. Then more interviews. Then Dr. Raymond 
 drove me through Brooklyn's beautiful park to Coney 
 Island, eight miles away ; beautiful spin behind splendid 
 horses. Am now at theatre, having been at Cooper 
 Institute. All right. 
 
 ' Chattanooga, April 14. 
 
 1 Left Washington yesterday at 7 A.M. ; travelled there 
 by palace car, got here at 8 A.M. Country very picturesque, 
 but very few substantial houses, wood shanties being the 
 bulk. Travelled very comfortably ; went to bed regularly 
 at night, eating copiously by way. All country, but 
 
150 SIDNEY (HLCHKIST THOMAS CH. xm 
 
 indeed mountainous. Shall be here three or four days. 
 Constantly thinking of you. I came south now, which I 
 ought not to have done, to keep promises to you and avoid 
 cold of the north. Have had long morning's interesting 
 and instructive interviewing. A beautiful country and 
 lovely day ; feel quite brilliant. Am thinking of settling 
 in the U.S. if the mother and you will come.' 
 
 ' Grand Hotel, Chicago : April 20. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, Wrote you yesterday from Cincin- 
 nati. Came over here by sleeping car very comfortably. 
 Been all day at the Works; of course well received. 
 To-morrow more Works ; then to Joliet [Works], Springfield 
 [Works], and back to Pittsburgh, and so to New York. 
 Weather here coldish, but bright mornings. Some snow 
 left in streets and lake frozen. Chicago certainly is a 
 --marvel ; one can't credit it with being a fifty years old 
 town, and a ten years old phoenix. It looks enormously 
 prosperous and substantial ; the country flat and unin- 
 teresting enough. I take to palace-car sleeping travelling 
 greatly ; it truly makes distance no object, except to the 
 purse. Constantly thinking of you ; sometimes somewhat 
 home-folk-sick. Yours, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 'April 21. 
 
 4 Got yours and L.'s. Please always say specifically if 
 you are well. I have written by every mail since I have 
 been away. Two Works to-day. About Chicago a mass 
 of fine residence houses, and also as fine business places. 
 Forsythe very kind. Hotel 500 rooms, good specimen of 
 caravanserai ; ground floor, railway bureau, barbierstube, 
 assurance office, electric baths, &c. &c. Bonne cuisine, but 
 not much real comfort.' 
 
CH. xiii A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 151 
 
 ' Fort Wayne, Illinois : April 23. 
 
 ' Joliet Works very interesting. Well received. Splen- 
 did day there ; dining and supping with manager. 
 Arrived at Springfield, Illinois, at 10 A.M. All day at 
 Works. Has pleasant houses, a gorgeous State Capitol, and 
 streets in which the mud, without exaggeration, two feet 
 in thickness ; fine houses and shops of brick and stone are 
 jostled by wood cabins in the most curious way. Works 
 very interesting to me, as they are working Pernot pro- 
 cess, in which I am greatly interested.' 
 
 ' The pleasant little wife of explained to me the 
 
 social points of Springfield thus. She belongs to a French 
 class, an Elocution class, a Shakespeare class, an Art Club 
 and a Married Folks Club. I find all the married women 
 here go to classes for languages,, or literature, or something/ 
 
 Next comes a regular birthday letter to his mother : 
 
 1 Pittsburgh, April 28, 1881. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, I calculate this should reach you on 
 your birthday. I only wish I could be with you too, or 
 you with me. I shall be thinking of you, then, specially, 
 and hoping you may be bright and well, and as happy as 
 the best little mother in the world should be. What 
 Carlyle says of his wife I often feel of you, especially with 
 an ocean between us that I never can or shall appreciate 
 one tenth of what you have been to us all. Now to my 
 usual egotistical chronicle. I left myself on Monday 
 morning, when, after a pleasant call I adjourned to the 
 great Edgar Thompson's Steel Works of Carnegie's. 
 Spent there many hours with advantage; dining with 
 manager a vigorous and singularly able man. Home to 
 hotel and business till bedtime. Tuesday morning, was 
 joined by Holley from New York ; spent all day driving 
 about to Works. Admirably received, of course. Much 
 
152 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xin 
 
 interesting, and all shown without reserve or hesitation. 
 In evening went to theatre with Andy, Carnegie's brother ; 
 much amused. Early next morning to Edgar Thompson 
 again, with Holley ; then to another Bess. Works, a party 
 being made up to accompany us. In evening (last even- 
 ing), a dinner by a dozen or so of leading iron men to 
 S. G. T. Brilliant dinner ; then Chairman called on every 
 individual to make a speech. I poor I was lugged in 
 by every speaker, of course. I had to orate twice, which 
 I did with commendable brevity. It is a dreadful 
 nuisance, this being talked at, and expected to talk, and 
 what is worse, be funny. The American does, however, 
 manage to let off a wonderful lot of clever and humorous 
 things. By practice, I think I should learn to grind out 
 a good thing once a month or so. We got home at 1 A.M. 
 and left Pittsburgh at 8 by palace car to Johnstown, through 
 beautiful scenery, along the Pennsylvanian Road. At 
 Johnstown, one objective was the Cambrian Works, an 
 enormous and most nourishing concern. Met there a lot 
 of people dining and supping with the manager. Came 
 by sleeping car to New York (29th) morning. The Bess, 
 people have paid money ; but I haven't yet received it. 
 6 P.M. Yet another pause : at last I have received a good 
 bit, at least, of the Bess, money. 
 
 ' I shall now be in New York some days. I give a 
 lecture at School of Mines on Tuesday. Century Club 
 to-morrow. Go to Worcester on Wednesday. Ever so 
 much love, dearest mother, and ever so many happy returns 
 of the day. Yours ever affectionately.' 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 ' Near Buffalo, on Erie Eailway : May 7, 1881. 
 ' Dearest Mother, In last I was starting for Hartford. 
 I met L. at station, and waited till last moment for 
 
CH. XTII A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 153 
 
 the entertaining young person I had looked to escorting 
 down; but alas ! she appeared not, so like a philosopher 
 I consoled myself with "Well, it's just as well not!" 
 We had a very pleasant journey down, as we found the 
 leading American landscape painter in the cars and L. 
 introduced us. We talked no end. He [is] just back 
 from Mexico has been all over Europe, Greece, Turkey, 
 &c. and much in South America ; very pleasant.. H. 
 met us at station drove to hotel. He had wired his 
 daughter not to come, as no ladies were there. W r ent to 
 meeting of Mechanical Engineers ; then to State Capitol. 
 Such a magnificent place, in a Moorish-Venetian style 
 all in white marble outside, with much coloured marble 
 inside, the staircases and panellings massive carved marble 
 altogether as nearly perfect as an architectural thing 
 can be, on a little hill, laid out as a park with river 
 running nearly round it. If it were in Italy, you would 
 have said " Now, there's a thing you modern architects 
 could never do, nor any of your men of the Steel Age," 
 and troops of pilgrims would go to see it. In evening a 
 banquet, I located between President and ex-Governor 
 H. Had to respond to Iron and Steel Institute, and spoke 
 very badly, after which three cheers for S. G. T. No, I 
 am not spoiled ; I take it just for what it is worth. A 
 number of brilliant witty speeches and two worse than 
 mine, " to my great content," as Pepys has it. Next day 
 visited Works : very interesting. I was only introduced 
 to sixty people at Hartford : asked to stop, but declined, 
 and came back to New York, and on direct to Niagara. I 
 am now on way there, of course in a Pullman. Am always 
 well. Weather bright. Ever yours.' 
 
 Next follows a series of post-cards : 
 
154 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xin 
 
 * May 9. 
 
 ' On train from Niagara. The big Falls are certainly 
 well worth seeing. I arrived at Niagara at noon yester- 
 day : drove [over] a light and graceful suspension bridge 
 to hotel on Canada side. At dinner picked up amus- 
 ing young Englishman, fresh from a visit to Texas. We 
 spent afternoon under and over the Falls, which I won't 
 attempt to describe. 
 
 ' In evening arrived a young London banker, known 
 
 to . We had a pleasant trio talk and a glorious view 
 
 of Falls by moonlight. This morning viewed them again 
 from all possible points, to my great pleasure, and finally 
 I go at 2 P.M. for New York. I start Tuesday morning 
 for P. R. run on Pennsylvania.' 
 
 ' Belleforte : May 13, 1881. 
 
 'Dearest Mother, Have really had a good time for 
 last three days. On Monday, as I wrote, I stopped at 
 Windsor. Tuesday, 9 A.M. I, Carnegie, and a Dr. Gilchrist 
 started for a place near Tyrone on the Pennsylvanian Kail- 
 road. We arrived at 9 P.M., having picked up on our way 
 a special car, with a railway man and two Pittsburgh 
 partners of Andrew Carnegie's. In this car we have slept 
 for three nights, and fed gorgeously. Real fun. Gorgeous 
 scenery, beautiful mines, grand furnaces, and lots of new 
 people. Had several long drives, and saw no end of the 
 interior country. It has really done me good. I now 
 go back again, three hundred miles or so, to Philadelphia, 
 Washington, &c. The woods are delicious in their first 
 greens. I am always longing for you two folk, which 
 spoils my enjoyment and makes me look forward to June 8.' 
 
 * Harrisburg : May 15. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, Slept at Altona, pretty place chiefly 
 remarkable for containing all the works of the Great 
 
CH. xni A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 155 
 
 Pennsylvania!! Railroad. Carnegie introduced me to some 
 engineers, and at 7 A.M. was round the " shops," that is 
 engineering ; then came down with Dr. Dudley here, 
 a four hours' ride through beautiful scenery. Afternoon 
 at very interesting Steel Works; slept, and now off to 
 Philadelphia/ 
 
 ' Philadelphia : May 15. 
 
 'Rather tired of hotel life, with its monotony and 
 numerous dishes. Have been so busy that I have presented 
 no introductions ; only seen young Conway and Mr. Holland, 
 a friend of Aunt A.'s. Carnegie and his party sail on 
 June 1. Want me to go with them : am afraid I shall be 
 
 unable to sail till 25th.' 
 
 ' New York. 
 
 ' As I post-carded, was at theatre last night. Enjoyed 
 it much ; that is, it made me quite miserable. A melodrama, 
 remarkably well acted and written. Working hard all 
 day ; am tired ; been only introduced to six people to-day. 
 All the men I meet are the most remarkable in America, 
 are also "gorgeous," "lovely," "princely," "magnificent," 
 " superb," "heroic," &c. Have not been introduced to an 
 ordinary mortal yet.' 
 
 These epistles from the United States seem to us to 
 give a real picture of Thomas, with all his eager energy, 
 vivid sensibility, and keen delight in life and its spectacles. 
 It will be perceived that he took as much genuine pleasure 
 in architecture or scenery as in converters and smelting 
 furnaces. He was still the same Sidney Thomas who 
 knew his Dulwich Gallery by heart, just as he was 
 still the same Sidney Thomas who had stood for hours 
 in Grove Lane watching the construction of the main 
 sewers. 
 
 He hardly, however, gives us an adequate idea of 
 
1-56 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xin 
 
 the reception accorded to him by the hospitable American 
 ironmasters and scientists. His ingenuous modesty leads 
 him constantly to understate the interest that was exhi- 
 bited in the solver of the dephosphorisation question. 
 
 He has given us his own impressions of the country 
 and people. The following extracts from the New York 
 i Iron Age ' 1 give something of the impression he pro- 
 duced. 
 
 ' On Thursday last Mr. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, 
 whose name is now so familiar to every one even remotely 
 connected with the iron and steel industries of the world, 
 arrived in this city from England. 
 
 ' The hospitality upon which Americans justly pride 
 themselves, and a desire to tender Mr. Thomas the cour- 
 tesies to which his genius and achievements entitle him, 
 will undoubtedly assure him a reception worthy alike the 
 hosts and the guest. His youth, ... his modest bearing 
 and unassuming manners, will gain for him many strong 
 personal friends. Though appearing to be rather a scholar 
 than a man of business, his familiarity with the practical 
 details of his profession and enlightened and broad views 
 of matters pertaining to the trade rapidly efface the first 
 impression. More perhaps than any other man now 
 living, Mr. Thomas represents a class of inventors to whom 
 the future belongs, and his success is a striking instance 
 of the correctness of the principles which have guided his 
 work. His efforts will be an encouragement to those who 
 seek for improvements of present appliances and processes 
 by the slow and laborious method of studying the causes 
 which arrest further progress and devising means for their 
 removal. In the popular mind an invention is little more 
 than a lucky idea, which, if it happen to hit the right 
 Of March 31, 1881, and February 26, 1885. 
 
CH. xni A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES 157 
 
 thing at the right time, brings wealth and glory to the 
 one who has been favoured with the inspiration, and there 
 is a large class of men who do little more than hold them- 
 selves in readiness for such fortunate accidents. Mr. 
 Thomas does not belong to this class.' 
 
 In a long memoir published four years later, after 
 Sidney's untimely death, the same paper gives a sketch 
 of his personal appearance as it struck his American 
 friends : 
 
 ' Mr. Thomas will be well remembered in this country. 
 His personal appearance was striking and peculiar. He 
 received honours and awards modestly, and his boyish face, 
 careless dress, and exaggerated forehead strongly sug- 
 gested struggling genius rather than world-renowned 
 success. He was . . . always companionable, bright and 
 entertaining. Those who knew him felt for him a strong 
 attachment/ 
 
 Mr. Carnegie of Pittsburgh (the author of 'Triumphant 
 Democracy ' ), who is so often spoken of in the foregoing 
 letters, says of Thomas : 
 
 ' The first thought that passed through my mind when 
 I saw him was, "He's a genius." I never saw one who 
 so completely separated in himself talent from that 
 indescribable thing we call genius. I cannot think anyone 
 would use the words " able " or " talented " in connec- 
 tion with him. All about him seemed extraordinary. 
 Appearance, manner, dress, voice, gesture, all said without 
 saying, " Listen to me, attend ! I am not of the routine 
 world, I walk no beaten track ; from the unexplored and 
 unknown I bring you fruit." He did not need to speak 
 this ; his manner and gaze made you see and feel it. He 
 had only to appear and we bowed before his power. I have 
 
158 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xm 
 
 never met a man who carried me so completely away as 
 Sidney Thomas did.' 
 
 Mr. Carnegie has also described Thomas (the 'pale 
 Gladstonian-looking youth' as he calls him) in his 'An 
 American Four-in-Hand in Britain.' 2 
 
 2 At pp. 85-90. 
 
en. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EAENEST 159 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 
 
 EARLY in July of 1881, Thomas, having accomplished his 
 purposes across the Atlantic, returned to England. Upon 
 his return he prepared, in conjunction with Mr. Gilchrist, 
 a 'Note on Current Dephosphorising Practice,' for the 
 autumn meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. This 
 * Note ' is mainly concerned with technical details, but 
 furnishes some interesting statistics of the progress already 
 achieved, just three years, as it then was, after the famous 
 Paris meeting when the original papers of the two cousins 
 had been passed over, and but little more than two years 
 since working on a large scale had been begun. 
 
 c The present current manufacture of dephosphorised 
 steel amounts,' said the young authors, 'to between 27,000 
 and 29,000 tons a month. It may be added that the make 
 for November, and probably for October, will considerably 
 exceed 30,000 tons, or say at the rate of 360,000 tons a 
 year, 1 while, in the course of the next few months, twelve 
 more Converters, now nearly finished, will come into opera- 
 tion, bringing the yearly make up to considerably over 
 half a million tons. 
 
 ... 
 
 ' As to the quality of the steel produced, the rapid 
 
 1 In our final chapter we give had been even two years after this 
 
 some particulars of the growth of paper more than doubled. Sed cf. 
 
 basic steel-making and the present * Conclusion,' post. 
 rate of production. The figures 
 
160 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 extension of its employment for every purpose for which 
 Bessemer steel has ever been used (excepting perhaps the 
 manufacture of Bessemer tool steel) is the best evidence. 
 That dephosphorised steel is even superior to hematite steel 
 for certain purposes, such as rails and other plates and 
 wire, is now pretty well agreed. The total number of 
 Converters at present regularly working on phosphoric 
 iron is thirty-six, of which, however, eight or nine are less 
 than four tons capacity. Thirty more Converters, specially 
 designed for the process, are now under construction. 
 Several Siemens furnaces have been in regular work for 
 some time, but details of their operations must be reserved 
 for the present.' 
 
 Thomas spent a portion of August with his mother and 
 sister at Sandgate ; but soon betook himself to renewed 
 continental journey ings. The following correspondence is 
 of this period : 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 ' Vienna: September 12, 1881, 8 A.M. 
 
 1 Came here last afternoon. Went to theatre, and bed, 
 after walking about a magnificent city, all bright. People 
 pleasant looking. The Kupelwieser charming to last mo- 
 ment ; hospitality almost too great. Kupelwieser wanted 
 to come to Vienna with me, in order that he might show 
 me about. Lil to go there next year if she behave. They 
 will probably visit us in spring for a day or two. Shall go 
 to-night to Wiesbaden, then Luxembourg, Longwy, to 
 Bonn, where I shall be very glad to get. Frankfort, Sep- 
 tember 13.' . 
 
 Metz : September 18, 1881. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother,- Confirm mine of this morning. 
 Got here at 5 P.M. Do some Works ; on in morning I 
 expect, for a few hours to Wiesbaden; then down to 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EAKNEST 161 
 
 Dortmund on Sunday night or Monday. Again a lovely 
 day, just hot enough and very bright. Holley not very 
 brilliant. I all right.' 
 
 <Biebrich: September 19, 1881, Sunday, 5 P.M. 
 ( Got to Neuen Kirchen at 5 last night. Deputation to 
 meet us at station ; did Works. Dined with owners, then 
 beer and wine with all engineers till 12. Up at 6 A.M., 
 off to K. Saw W. off at noon on a six hours' rail ride to 
 Wiesbaden.' 
 
 < Dortmund : September 20. 
 
 f Got here at 11 last night. Spent three hours in 
 Cologne and good tim^around Dom, which is magnificent. 
 This morning went to H. M. M. J. returns to-morrow night, 
 so I shall stop here till Thursday night, then to Kuhrort on 
 Saturday. We shan't join the Holley party after all.' 
 
 Alas ! with the returning autumn it became absolutely 
 necessary to suspend activity, if, indeed, Thomas could 
 ever be said to suspend activity. We all of us remember 
 the story of the man who was placed in a chamber from 
 which there was no escape, and the walls and floor and 
 ceiling of which very slowly, but very surely, contracted and 
 drew together. In such a chamber was the bright young 
 life now, as it were, imprisoned. Manifestly this winter 
 could not be spent as former ones had been ; for the lung 
 trouble grew worse rather than better. Thomas was 
 strongly pressed both by medical and lay advisers to 
 spend the dangerous months in the south of France. 
 There is before us a letter from Mr. Lushington in which 
 this view is forcibly urged. He writes in November : 
 
 ' I am very sorry to hear that you have got out of 
 health and are recommended to go south for the winter. I 
 hope you will lose no time in complying with the recom- 
 mendation, and get out of this climate and through France 
 
 M 
 
162 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 before the winter sets in, even if it is only a matter of 
 extra precaution. The old French proverb, la lame use le 
 fourreau, is not one which is safe to neglect ; and it would 
 be very foolish in you to overtax the sheath of your in- 
 tellectual identity by hard work, in despite of any temporary 
 weakness just now. I trust you have every right to an- 
 ticipate a long and prosperous career as the reward of your 
 scientific labours ; but the chances of health are not things 
 to trifle with. I am sure you will not resent, and I hope 
 you will not be tempted to disregard, the advice/ 
 
 However, Thomas could not see his way to leaving 
 England at this time, and he compromised matters by 
 wintering at Torquay, whence he returned to London in 
 the spring of 1882, only to find that he must, until 
 summer finally set in, betake himself to Ventnor. 
 
 At Torquay he had both his mother and sister with 
 him, as well as many visitors. His sister writes concerning 
 this period : 
 
 * I remember much work incessant writing a great 
 deal of fun and merriment. A favourite game with us was 
 anagram making. A novel read at this time, and much 
 appreciated, was Mrs. Burnett's " That Lass o' Lowrie's." 
 Sidney was always ready to turn everything into a joke, 
 including his own " petty ailments," as he insisted on 
 calling them. One of these " petty ailments " was an 
 inability to walk fast or far, which was just beginning to 
 show itself. Alas ! Sidney had until then been a vigorous 
 walker indeed, both as to pace and distance. 
 
 c I had some delightful rides with him. Every move- 
 ment of his horse was the text for comical disquisitions on 
 what was passing in the quadruped's mind, and specula- 
 tions on the animal's view of life in general, and of his 
 rider in particular. 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 163 
 
 c We got up the history of Devonshire, and made ex- 
 peditions to various points which our studies led us to 
 imagine would be interesting. Once or twice we rode in 
 the Brixham direction, and on such occasions we would 
 return home with pockets weighed down with iron- 
 stone.' 
 
 From Torquay Sidney wrote to Wiesbaden :- - 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' My dear Bess, Torquay is very slow. That is the 
 predominating idea with me at present. I must confess it 
 is pretty enough, and that it is sunnier (when there is sun) 
 than elsewhere ; but I am not constructed to revel in polite 
 watering-places. 
 
 1 Lil and the Mother very good, and insist on amusing 
 me. 
 
 ' I am well enough on the whole, decidedly better, 
 get all my letters here, so can keep things going. There 
 is plenty to do. 
 
 ' We have drives frequently, and hope some day to get 
 out to Dartmoor. 
 
 ' I may go over to America again in the spring. In 
 the summer (or rather September) all the Iron and Steel 
 Institute go over to Vienna. I expect I shall take Lil 
 and have a " good time ; " perhaps going to Italy as well.' 
 
 At Yentnor Thomas was with his sister. The latter 
 
 ' We led much the same life at Ventnor as at Torquay ; 
 more rides, more reading, more work, more fun. It would 
 have been very pleasant had not the days been darkened 
 for me by increasing anxiety concerning him. I remember 
 Sidney spending a whole morning on the sands with my- 
 
 M 2 
 
164 SIDNEY aiLCHKIST THOMAS CH . xiv 
 
 self and a girl friend constructing a dam, aqueduct, and 
 embanked canal, diverting the course of a little rivulet.' 
 
 Thomas and Mr. Gilchrist were meantime engaged in 
 preparing a paper on ' The Manufacture of Steel and Ingot 
 Iron from Phosphoric Pig Iron,' which was read to the So- 
 ciety of Arts in April 1882, and received the Society's medal. 
 It gives so clear an account of the whole matter that we 
 cannot resist making some rather copious extracts from it. 
 
 { Lord Palmerston's terse and accurate definition of 
 dirt,' the authors begin, ' as " matter in the wrong place," 
 may with singular appropriateness be applied to the 
 phosphorus which, while itself a substance of considerable 
 commercial value, is unfortunately so generally associated 
 with iron ores to the great detriment of their utility. . . . 
 
 * Dephosphorisation endeavours to relegate this wrongly 
 placed matter, if not into its right place, at least into a 
 neutral position, where it can do no active mischief. The 
 actual importance and scope of dephosphorisation in its 
 application to steel-making is most readily realised if we 
 bear in mind : 
 
 ' 1. That on a rough estimate about nine-tenths of the 
 whole deposits of iron ore in Europe contain more than 
 one part of phosphorus for every thousand parts of iron. 
 
 4 2. That in the smelting of iron ore in the blast furnace 
 to form pig iron (the first step in the conversion of iron 
 ore to a malleable material), no phosphorus is removed, so 
 that, practically, all the phosphorus found in the ore is 
 found also in the pig. 
 
 ' 3. That in neither of the two great steel-making 
 processes, as ordinarily carried out, is phosphorus removed, 
 so that all the phosphorus found in the pig is, under 
 ordinary circumstances, found also in the steel into which 
 it is converted. 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EAKNEST 165 
 
 f That the presence of more than one part of phosphorus 
 in a thousand of steel is not permissible where reliable 
 quality is necessary, phosphorus, as is well known, causing 
 in steel extreme brittleness at ordinary temperatures. 
 
 . . . The non-phosphoric ores are confined in England 
 to Cumberland, Lancashire, the Forest of Dean, and two 
 or three other very limited areas, as Weardale, Mwndy. . . . 
 
 ' On the other hand, the whole of the ores of Scotland, 
 Yorkshire including the vast deposits of Cleveland with 
 its yearly output of 6,500,000 tons North and South 
 Wales, Shropshire, and Staffordshire, and the great belt of 
 country extending from Wiltshire across Oxfordshire and 
 Northamptonshire to Lincolnshire, are phosphoric. These 
 deposits are of so enormous an extent as to render it very 
 difficult to calculate their probable content of ironstone ; 
 but an attentive examination of their area justifies the 
 conclusion that the nonphosphoric ores are in Great Britain 
 at least ten times more abundant than the pmer kinds. . . . 
 
 ' On the Continent also all the largest deposits, with 
 the exception of those of Spain and Sweden, are phos- 
 phoric. The great phosphoric ironstone region shared 
 between Luxembourg, the Meurthe-et-Moselle, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, and Belgium, is alone more considerable than all 
 the other deposits of Northern Europe together. 
 
 'In America the deposits of Bessemer ore are very 
 large, but are greatly exceeded in magnitude by the great 
 phosphoric ore-tracts of Pennsylvania, Alabama, Tennessee, 
 and Virginia, and it is highly probable that the centre of 
 the steel manufacture of the United States will on this 
 account gradually gravitate southwards. . . . 2 
 
 ' How does it happen that there are 9,000,000 tons of 
 pig-iron annually turned into the unquestionably inferior 
 material known as puddled iron, while only 5,500,000 tons 
 2 This rediction seems now in course of fulfilment. 
 
166 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 are converted into the superior form of steel or ingot iron 
 particularly when so great an economy of fuel and labour 
 could have been effected by turning the whole into the higher 
 class materials ? May it not be fairly contended that it is 
 really nothing but the absence of a practical and economi- 
 cal system of dephosphorisation that could justify the 
 existence of such an anomaly ? It is now proposed to 
 show that there is no reason for its continuance ; since the 
 development and modifications introduced during the last 
 four years enable steel of any desired purity, as regards 
 freedom not only from phosphorus but from silicon and 
 sulphur, to be produced readily and economically from the 
 most highly phosphoric kinds of pig iron. 
 
 { The Bessemer process with concurrent dephosphorisa- 
 tion as now practised at the Middlesbro' Works of Bolckow, 
 Vaughan, & Co. (who, under the able guidance of Mr. 
 Windsor Eichards, have been the pioneers of the new 
 industry) and thirteen other Works in France, Belgium, 
 Germany, Austria, and Russia is carried out as follows : 
 
 i The Bessemer vessel is lined with magnesian lime, 
 which has been previously subjected to an intense white 
 heat, and so brought to a condition of density, tenacity, 
 and hardness as far as possible removed from the condi- 
 tions of the material generally known as "well-burnt 
 lime," and more closely resembling granite or flint. This 
 material, which for brevity is known as " shrunk lime " 
 (as in course of preparation it shrinks to one half the 
 bulk of ordinary lime), is used either in the form of bricks 
 or in admixture with tar, as a rammed or " slurry " lining, 
 this being substituted for the ordinary silica brick or 
 silicious ganister 3 lining of the hematite process. 
 
 8 For the meaning of ganister' with Bessemer's account of the 
 see ante, p. 32. This whole descrip- original process there given, 
 tion should be carefully compared 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EAENEST 167 
 
 ' Before the metal, which may be either employed direct 
 from the blast furnace without intervening re-melting, or, 
 if for any reason this is not convenient, may have been re- 
 melted in a cupola, is run into the converter, from 15 to 
 18 per cent, of common " well-burnt " lime is thrown into 
 the vessel. The metal is then introduced and the charge 
 is " blown " in the ordinary way to the point at which the 
 ordinary Bessemer operation is stopped that is till the 
 disappearance of the carbon, as indicated by the drop of 
 the flame. The dephosphorising process requires, however, 
 to be continued for a further 1 00 to 300 seconds, this period 
 of so-called " after blow," which would be prejudicial both 
 to quality and yield in the ordinary process, being with 
 phosphoric iron (under conditions permitting of the 
 removal of phosphorus) that in which the great bulk of the 
 phosphorus, down indeed to its last traces, is removed. 
 The termination of the operation is shown by a peculiar 
 change in the flame and checked by a sample of the metal 
 being rapidly taken from the turned-down converter, 
 flattened under the hammer, quenched, and broken, so as 
 to indicate by its fracture whether the purification is com- 
 plete. A practised eye can immediately tell whether or 
 no this is the case. If the metal require further puri- 
 fication, this is effected by a few seconds' further blowing. 
 
 ' The operation is thus, as will be seen, but little 
 different from the ordinary Bessemer process. The differ- 
 ences that have been indicated, viz., the lime lining, the 
 lime addition, and the after-blow are, however, sufficient 
 not only to enable the whole of the phosphorus (which 
 would be otherwise untouched) to be completely removed, 
 but the silicon, of which inconvenient and even dangerous 
 quantities are occasionally left in the regular Bessemer 
 process, is also entirely eliminated, while at least 60 per 
 cent, of any sulphur (also untouched in the ordinary pro- 
 
168 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 cess) which may have been present in the pig is also 
 expelled. 
 
 ' It is found, too, that the once dreaded phosphorus is of 
 most substantial assistance in securing by its combustion 
 the intense heat necessary for obtaining a successful blow 
 and hot metal. 
 
 ' If it is desired to produce " ingot iron," or a metal 
 differing only from puddled iron by its homogeneity and 
 solidity, the usual addition of spiegel is omitted, or re- 
 placed by a half per cent, of rich fersomanganese. . . . 
 The phosphorus is oxidised by the blast, forming phos- 
 phoric acid, which, finding itself in presence of two strong 
 bases, oxide of iron and lime, unites with the latter of 
 them to form phosphate of lime, which passes into the 
 slag. Whether or no there is a transitory formation of 
 phosphate, making oxide of iron perform the function of 
 a carrier, is a matter (though interesting theoretically) 
 which it is needless here to discuss. . . . 
 
 ' The basic Siemens and Siemens-Martin processes 4 
 are carried out upon the same lines as the Bessemer pro- 
 cess. The dephosphorisation is very complete, but the 
 operation takes about five per. cent longer than when pure 
 material is used : the proportion of lime required is less 
 than in the Bessemer process, and the wear of the basic 
 hearth, with suitable arrangements, is not excessive.' 
 
 The authors then proceed to discuss questions of cost, 
 and show the gain by using phosphoric ores (so much 
 cheaper than hematite ones) in the Bessemer process. ' As 
 compared with puddling we find that the basic Bessemer 
 process is more economical in every item except that of 
 
 4 It has been thought unneces- will suffice to make clear the 
 
 sary to describe these processes in utility and importance of the 
 
 this Memoir. The Bessemer pro- Thomas-Gilchrist operation, Ante 
 
 cess, if thoroughly understood, p. 33. 
 
CH. XIY HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 169 
 
 loss of metal and waste of lining the economy in labour 
 and fuel being especially notable.' 
 
 The whole paper is so logical in its arrangement and so 
 interesting in its matter that we wish we could reproduce 
 it in its entirety. 
 
 Sidney, as may be seen from what his sister has said 
 above, although he might tarry in Devon or the Isle of 
 Wight, could not be induced to rest. The mass of 
 correspondence and business which his patents in various 
 countries and other matters connected with his great dis- 
 covery brought to him was huge indeed, yet he was ever 
 seeking new avenues of activity. From the first days of 
 his success he had given with the most generous liberality 
 to such objects as commended themselves to him. It may 
 be, as some of us think, that no good can be done to the com- 
 munity by any charity, however enlightened, so long as 
 the present system of society endures ; but at any rate 
 good may be done to individuals and (in any case) one 
 cannot help loving the cheerful self-sacrificing giver, who 
 gives from the abundance of his heart, or because he 
 honestly believes that he is redressing social injustice, and 
 not as one merely paying ' ransom ' for his riches. 
 
 ' I would urge him to rest,' says his mother, ' and tell 
 him that he had done enough for many years at all events : 
 but the answer to me always was, " You see, mother, I 
 must, if I live show that I can work at other things 
 besides dephosphorisation. Besides I must make more 
 money still ; I have really given so much away that we 
 shall be hampered in our plans for colonisation, workers' 
 dwellings, and what not, if I don't ! " 
 
 'If I live' is the phrase as quoted by his mother. 
 Already, it would seem, the thought that it might be that 
 he would not live, was shaping itself in his mind. He 
 writes to Mr. Chaloner about this time : 
 
170 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 ' 27, Tedworth Square, Chelsea : June 20, 1882. 
 
 'Dear Chaloner, I should not trouble about these 
 details, but am fixing up everything so that, in case of 
 accidents, my affairs would stand on a simple and business- 
 like footing for my representatives. 
 
 c I wish you would look in when near. I am really so 
 tied up that I can't make any calls (though I am obliged 
 to travel a bit from time to time). I should like a chat. 
 I shall probably go to Germany on a Works round in July, 
 and in October go away for six months, I expect. Yours 
 ever, 
 
 1 S. G. THOMAS.' 
 
 Thomas spent August of this year of 1882 in 
 Guernsey and Jersey with his sister Lilian. 
 
 'In Guernsey and Jersey,' she says, c we spent the 
 happiest month, a month of continual sunshine. We 
 drove almost over the lovely islands, housekeeping merrily 
 together. In Guernsey, Sidney always came with me to 
 the fruit market a delightful mass of lovely colour. We 
 led a bright, simple life, full of work and fun, fresh air 
 and sunlight.' 
 
 The following letters belong to this period : 
 
 To his Mother 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, We are wonderfully favoured with 
 bright weather ; though coldish wind last two days. We 
 lead such an idle life as ought to shame one ; but I manage 
 to keep a little business moving along. I wish you could 
 be here ; but at same time feel it doubtful if it is not too 
 much of a journey. The place is dull enough and to spare. 
 Wish someone would come down, but can't recommend 
 anyone to do so. I am not quite sure that it suits me. 
 By the way, I am quite clear the east coast would not. 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 171 
 
 L. the best little woman possible, thoughtful and good 
 to a degree. Have enjoyed my " Middlemarch," which is 
 inimitable, and also some " Nineteenth Century " and other 
 mags. The bound volume " XIX th " for first half '82 is full 
 of interest. I think we could move up to some place where 
 you could come next week : will give this a few more 
 days' trial. 
 
 1 Am ever so much better, but the east monotony makes 
 me feel a bit cranky. Lil has, of course, told you more 
 than everything. Truest love. Ever your son, 
 
 ' SIDNEY.' 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 Guernsey : August 19, 1882. 
 
 1 Dear Bess, I have had the hope all spring of spending 
 some time at Wiesbaden, on my way to Vienna as before ; 
 but (like many other hopes) this is, I suppose, to be 
 disappointed. I have not written you for long, as I 
 thought, if I waited, I might write I was coming to see 
 you, or that I was well enough to be too busy to come. 
 However, my unpleasant lung trouble, so far from depart- 
 ing, seems always tightening its hold ; so I came here three 
 weeks ago with Lil, preparatory to going away somewhere 
 before October, to Australia or America, it will probably 
 be, or round the world as I want to make a fight to get 
 some work done yet. . . . Guernsey has fine coast scenery ; 
 though inland it is too highly cultivated to be very pic- 
 turesque. It is small farming pushed to extremities. . . . 
 I am heartily tired of this, as (when one can only walk a 
 hundred yards at a time) is natural enough. We return 
 on Thursday or Friday, and I probably start for somewhere 
 in another fortnight. 
 
 ' I regret the missing Vienna Iron and Steel Meeting 
 immensely. You must come and see [us] when I return 
 from my long trip, We made the acquaintance of some 
 
172 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xiv 
 
 very delightful Americans who have been stopping at 
 Kingston, and had planned spending the winter together 
 in Italy, after going to Vienna together. However, I 
 expect the long trip is the wiser one. 
 
 'The Process is making fair progress. I am much 
 annoyed at having to leave it now, when so much remains 
 to be done, and also before our North Eastern Company 
 is fairly started at work. ... I have, I hear, just been 
 elected on the Council of the Iron and Steel Institute ; 
 which is rather a pleasant compliment, as the membership 
 is usually reserved for much older men and greater swells 
 than I. Lil very bonny and good ; makes a most cheerful 
 companion in a dull place. . . . You may next expect to 
 hear from me from the Antipodes or elsewhere. Yours 
 always, 
 
 <SiD. G. THOMAS.' 
 
 All the while, however, his life (although he knew it 
 not), was drawing onward to the end, an end which was 
 so sad because so early. With his return to London and 
 with the first breath of autumn he again grew worse, and 
 it was necessary to once more seek refuge in Devonshire, 
 until Thomas could put his affairs in order and embark 
 upon the voyage in search of health, which had now 
 become imperatively needed. He was unable to be present, 
 as he had much looked forward to being present, at the 
 autumn meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, which 
 this year was held in Vienna. 
 
 At this meeting a very unusual honour was conferred 
 upon him in his absence. Herr Boeumler obtained leave 
 to present to him in full meeting, on behalf of the Prague 
 Ironworks Company, a beautifully wrought casket made 
 exclusively of pig, ' ingot iron ' and steel. He said he had 
 been deputed by his company to present the casket to 
 
CH. xiv HEALTH FAILS IN EARNEST 173 
 
 Mr. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, i as a mark of their apprecia- 
 tion of his genius, as well as to express, though in a some- 
 what feeble manner, their gratitude for the benefits con- 
 ferred upon their district by the basic process. He learnt 
 with deep regret that Mr. Thomas was too ill to be present, 
 but he would place it in the hands of Mr. Gilchrist, 
 who would hand it over to their absent friend and bene- 
 factor.' 
 
 Meanwhile, Thomas had decided to begin the winter 
 in South Africa, and from thence to push on to Australia 
 (Australia had been an attraction to him all his life), taking 
 possibly India by the way. It was arranged that Mr. 
 Honman, a young medical man for whom he had a great 
 liking, should accompany him. Before starting, he wrote 
 the following farewell letter to his constant correspondent 
 at Wiesbaden : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 'Kings wear, Devon: October 11, 1882. 
 
 ' My dear Bess, ... I have been here now ten days, 
 and am all the better. It is a singularly pretty place 
 quite the prettiest I know in England. I sail day after 
 to-morrow at noon in the " Conway Castle " for the Cape 
 or Port Elizabeth ; stop there a few weeks and then to 
 Sydney, Australia. Such at least is my present idea. I 
 am pretty confident that I shall return recruited. Lil and 
 the Mother down with me, looking after me very closely. 
 I tell them they will have nothing to do when I cease to 
 occupy all their time. 
 
 4 1 am dreadfully busy getting necessary papers, deeds, 
 and letters off. I shall have a whole batch to send off to 
 post from on board. 
 
 c This is my excuse for a necessary brevity. Kindest 
 regards to all. Ever yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
174 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 ON October 13, 1882, accordingly, Thomas sailed with Mr. 
 Honman for the Cape. His copious correspondence with 
 his sister and mother during his absence seems to us to be 
 very interesting in itself, and to illustrate his own character, 
 his power of making friends, his clear outlook upon things 
 as they were, his rapid grasp of economic conditions, in a 
 very remarkable fashion. 
 
 To his Mother and tfister 
 
 ' Tuesday, October 17, Afternoon : off Madeira. 
 ' Dearest Mother and Child, Directly you left the ship 
 on Friday, I felt that there were a hundred things I wanted 
 specially and particularly to say to you both, that I had left 
 unsaid ; but as I fancy we should all have been feeling bad 
 and badder the longer we put off parting, it was perhaps 
 best as it was. I was on deck till about five. Saturday 
 was fine again, though it got cold in the afternoon. Sunday 
 also coldish and wet most of the day, so I kept in cabin 
 and smoking room mostly. Yesterday warm (65-72) 
 and sunny all day ; I sitting on deck and basking in the 
 aiv from morning to night. To-day, if possible, still more 
 brilliant and the sea mirror-like almost. Madeira looks 
 lovely as we approach. Now as to myself. Saturday and 
 Sunday I only felt middling, with now and again some 
 
CH. xy SOUTH AFRICA 175 
 
 chest pain. Yesterday and to-day I have felt no pain ; a 
 prodigious appetite, and generally in excellent health. 
 
 4 ... I haven't yet begun to feel very sociable and (as 
 our neighbours at dinner, &c. have not yet turned up to take 
 meals in cabin) I have made few or no acquaintances. One 
 man, a Major B., who is going to Madeira, where he has 
 lived three years, says climate is during winter like an 
 English fine April day. He cultivates sugar-cane, fruits 
 and vegetables, with which cane he supplies Army and 
 Navy Stores. I got a good deal of information from him. 
 I have also picked up with an old colonial returning to 
 Grahamstown in Cape Colony (400 miles from Cape Town). 
 He speaks very highly of the healthfullness of the place ; he 
 has with him three daughters (the girls Lil noticed) and five 
 sons. Is rather a nice old boy. We may possibly go first 
 to Grahamstown and then work down to Cape : our plans 
 yet unformed. They all speak highly of the healthfulness 
 of the inland country. There are several returning to Dia- 
 mond Fields who seem to find life very pleasant. There are 
 oceans of children on board, several Dutchmen, eight 
 doctors, the German Transit of Venus observer, &c. I 
 have enjoyed Trollope's " Africa," which have finished. 
 
 1 1 have nearly finished George's "Progress and Poverty." 
 Tell Mr. Vacher I have really rarely enjoyed a book more. 
 I don't agree with all his conclusions ; but do in the main. 
 His style is singularly clear, persuasive, and rich in illustra- 
 tion. I want you and Lil to get it at once (it is only 4^.) 
 and read it aloud. I have also begun three novels. 
 
 ' The ship is altogether well appointed and indeed all that 
 could be desired. We shall certainly go on, landing at Cape 
 Town or Port Elizabeth according to circumstances. You 
 may be sure we will only do what will be the most prudent. 
 I feel to-day what I have not felt for months, that existence 
 is pleasant. We only stop two or three hours in Madeira, 
 
176 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 and may likely not go on shore. Temperature is now 76 
 in cabin ; the lowest it fell to last night was 66. Saturday 
 night it fell to 52, which is the lowest it has touched. 
 
 4 Atlantic, South of Teneriffe : October 19, 1882. 
 ' Dearest Mother, As there is nothing to write about, 
 the best way to write it will be to add something daily or 
 thereabouts. 
 
 ' Firstly I am still more all right than when I wrote off 
 Madeira. We came up to the Island as the sun was 
 setting. It looked, in deep shadow, wonderfully wild and 
 picturesque ; the mountains black and gloomy, but banded 
 with white fleecy clouds, standing against a gorgeous 
 opalescent sky. It was dark before we anchored and (as it 
 promised to be coldish and we had only three hours to stop) 
 I concluded not to go on shore. The ship surrounded by a 
 score or two of boats with Portuguese vendors of chairs, 
 pots, fruit, boxes, and so on. They climbed up sides, and 
 negotiated with great zeal altogether an amusing and 
 interesting scene. We left at 10.50. Yesterday another 
 superb day, thermometer about 80 in cabin ; not lower than 
 68 all night. They had a dance in saloon last night ; five 
 ladies danced. Mr. Honman was one of the men dancers. I, 
 looking on into skylight, was amused. I talk a good deal 
 to father of the three girls; he gives a good deal of informa- 
 tion, mostly of Colony. Had also interesting talks with 
 many from Natal. All say no native works after he has 
 saved enough to buy a wife (who does enough for both), 
 unless he is ambitious and wants two or more wives. 
 From all I hear, I think I should like the Colony much. 
 
 ( October 20. Another day gone. Last evening had 
 long gossip with colonist, giving me history of his life. 
 Draper's apprentice, then buyer at seventeen in Edinburgh 
 house, getting 230Z. a year ; at nineteen left for London on 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFRICA 177 
 
 doctor telling him Scotland would kill him ; traveller at 
 30 01. a year, then on his own account in a small way. 
 Then to Cape (partly for his own health), where he now 
 employs over 100 hands, and makes 6,OOOL or 7,OOOZ. a year 
 and is painfully robust. Has lot of stories of dying men 
 who, coming to Cape, make rapid recoveries, marry, and 
 settle into monsters of health. Temperature last night 
 sank to 70. After being 90 is now 80 in my cabin, 
 We sleep of course with ports wide open. I had a 
 delicious bath yesterday. I have read much about Cape 
 and am getting reconciled to idea of settling there with 
 you, at least for the winters, if I can't stand English 
 winters. The climate is praised by everyone, and there 
 must be some fine scenery. As Cape and Natal are five 
 times bigger than Great Britain, there is room enough. 
 I could buy a waterfall and 5,000 acres of ground, and we 
 could lead quite a jolly existence. I often wonder if you 
 would have been ill for more than three days if you had 
 come. I doubt if you would have been ; though there are 
 still three or four ladies who do not appear at meals. The 
 last two days the wind behind us ; the ship is delightfully 
 steady. 
 
 ' October 23. Nothing to report last three days. Mono- 
 tonous eating, drinking, and sleeping, but getting health 
 daily. Sea smooth as a lake. Flying fish, swallows and 
 porpoises only things in sight ; not seen a ship for five 
 days. Sleep in pyjamas ; no sheet, open ports, and panting 
 at that. Have had bath twice ; sea water. Make acquain- 
 tances slowly only. Numerations (for Lil's benefit). A 
 Natal doctor, rather pleasant ; went out for health (which 
 much improved) seven years ago. Likes climate, only 
 too hot weather. Speaks highly of natives, as everyone 
 does who has had much experience of them. Says his 
 only difficulty with them is that they don't like being 
 
 N 
 
178 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 ordered about by his wife. They think it degrading 
 to obey a woman. Young doctor going out on spec., 
 just passed at Dublin ; naif and good-tempered. An 
 ex-small railway contractor, now settled in Cape, at which 
 he grumbles. Thinks no place so good as New Zealand ; 
 given me much useful information on railways, &c. 
 The " Comet," i.e. Herr Matsch, German astronomer, who 
 lives in England, and, oddly enough, has been mixed up 
 with Lowthian Bell, Newall, and others I know. Knows 
 White, &c. ; is also connection of Lil's friend Helmholtz. 
 I find it too fatiguing to make talk, except occasionally. 
 
 ' October 24. Called off at 4 P.M. yesterday to join the 
 Grahamstown party (who make their own tea every after- 
 noon) for their private afternoon tea. . . . After dinner 
 a three hours' political discussion on war, Egypt, Cetewayo, 
 Colonial Government, Gladstone, Bright, English parties, 
 law, &c. 
 
 c Parties thereto ; A. (a Manchester merchant of 50 or 
 60) going out to see his son who has settled in Natal ; the 
 man from Mansfield, who is an active politician, cousin 
 of Firth; a very intelligent Natalian who has been in 
 Durban since he was eight years old (and has given me 
 much useful information) ; another young Manchester 
 man, the contractor, &c. This really amusing. Two boys 
 sit opposite us at table, one son of Manchester merchant, 
 going out to friends in business in Natal, has been in 
 Holland for six months, learning Dutch ; the other a very 
 pretty little lad of 14, son of clergyman at Cape, has 
 crossed five times, general favourite. 
 
 ' Sunday. Had church at 10.30, after a muster con- 
 ducted by Captain. Didn't go. Chapel in evening to 
 which I did go. A Dutch minister on board gave four 
 long extemporary prayers of usual advisatory, impertinent, 
 and profane character ; and a fearful sermon, of not bad 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFEICA 179 
 
 composition but with no point or useful end of any kind 
 one-third consisted of scraps of scriptural language. Told 
 us tempter of our souls was always walking around, and 
 that he was sometimes more energetic than at others, and 
 that he was a roaring lion ! and a torrent ! and a ravening 
 beast ! and a ghostly enemy ! and that we were to put on 
 the whole armour of faith and raise the Lord's standard ! 
 and do a number of other figurative and impracticable 
 things. It seemed to me if he had told us not to gamble, 
 or drink, or eat too much, or cheat our neighbours, and to 
 help those who are helpless, and not look down on steerage 
 passengers, or be inflated with a big find of diamonds, or 
 a rise in landed estates, &c., it would have been infinitely 
 more to the point. The three girls and three or four men 
 play and sing most evenings. I sometimes go down. 
 There is a good [deal] of card-playing on board, and some 
 " sweepstaking." I don't go in for either, of course. I 
 fancy a doctor at Cape does well ; perhaps best at Natal. 
 For visiting at a distance they charge a guinea for every 
 three miles. Thus, if patient lives 9 miles off, fee is 
 three guineas, &c. 
 
 ( Don't get through much reading, though I think I 
 do more than any three others on board. Have, so far, 
 only read George's two books (which are all I told you 
 before); Trollope's "South Africa " and two other South 
 African books ; Besant and Rice's "The Ten Years Tenant " 
 (a clever collection of stories); "Hades to Olympus" 
 (cleverish, but stilted) ; a little physiology ; a very little 
 " Alkali Trade," and some light trifles. I am now on 
 Thackeray's Sketchbooks. Very interesting, and quaintly 
 illustrative of the line of thought of forty years ago. 
 His papers on French dramas, caricatures, and novelists, 
 very pleasant reading. I have oceans too many things^ 
 shan't want a third. Find more than ever, if you want 
 
 N 2 
 
180." SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 a thing done, do it yourself (unless you can get such little 
 women as Mother and Lil to do it). 
 
 1 October 27, Friday. 25th, reading mostly in after- 
 noon. Tea with the Grahamstown party, which entailed a 
 long gossip with one of the female children. Crossed the 
 line in the afternoon ; no ceremonies of any kind. Music 
 in evening ; one or two of the three girls played a good 
 deal of light bright music by heart. On 26th and 27th, 
 feeling a trifle seedyish. Honman has'sent me into my cabin, 
 and otherwise tormented me, in order to keep me from 
 interfering with him. Been reading Waterton's " Travels," 
 "Alkali Trade," Jeafireson's "Book about Doctors," 
 " Voyage of the Sunbeam," stupid novel of George Reade's. 
 Am about all right again. Talking to another Natal doctor ; 
 he also praises climate ; been out eight years. A man of 
 small capital could, I fancy, live happily enough. Eight 
 per cent, on mortgages ; nine per cent, on house property. 
 Thermometer for last three days been between 76 and 90 ; 
 cooler than when north of line. 
 
 ' Tuesday, 31st. Had cooler and rougher weather, 
 though thermometer not under 60. I've been keeping 
 pretty much to saloon and my cabin, as wind feels cold. 
 This is tiresome ; but you see I am going for over-caution. 
 Had a theatrical performance on Saturday night ; went oft 
 fairly well. Crowded house. 
 
 4 ... There is considerable singing and playing. Read 
 a good deal ; have demolished Gulliver for the third time ; 
 Dilke's " Greater Britain," electrical book, &c. A good 
 deal of card-playing on board, in which Honman and I don't 
 join. Have just re-read " Times " of October 11, for third 
 time. The woman whose face mother said she liked (for 
 reasons unknown) is a German teacher going to Cape ; 
 speaks no English. Am always thinking of you both, and 
 of time of our meeting. 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFEICA 181 
 
 'November 1. Am much better; sea continues roughish, 
 head winds ; a good deal of water shipped ; but the sun 
 has been out again for the last two days. Been talking 
 to a young Dutchman, born in Cape, who has just returned 
 from six months in Europe, and to a Dutch Cape minister^ 
 on Cape Dutch, &c. Also found a Middlesbro' man who 
 has been five years in Natal ; says he wouldn't go back to 
 England on any account. Events nil; not seen a ship 
 since leaving Madeira. Off Cape Verde saw some butter- 
 flies forty miles from shore ; also some swallows and an 
 albatross, and a few flying fish. Among the second cabin 
 passengers is a Kaffir, who has been paying a six months' 
 visit to Europe (Rome, &c.), from money he has saved. 
 
 1 . . H. reports conversation : B. " Does anyone know 
 what Mr. Thomas is?" C. U A missionary, I believe." 
 D. " Missionary be d d ! I reckon his mission is to make 
 money." 
 
 ' Friday evening , November 4. Mail is collected early 
 to-morrow morning, Saturday, as we arrive in evening 
 at Capetown ; so add last words. Honman recommends 
 strongly our going from here to Calcutta. Have just had 
 my talk to Captain ; says he doesn't think we can get a 
 steamer to Australia at all. I shall go to Australia, if we 
 can get a steamer to Calcutta. I will send this as soon as 
 we decide. We do not stop at Capetown, except to land 
 passengers and mails, but go on to Port Elizabeth, and so up 
 country, where I shall stop till I feel quite strong and well. 
 One stop will be probably at Graham stown, which is a 
 town of 9,000 inhabitants, said to be pretty and healthy. 
 I shall very likely not go to Capetown ; but in this shall be 
 guided by circumstances. Temperature for last week has 
 been 60-70 ; wind roughish and against us. I have not 
 once been sea-sick, although felt uncomfortable several 
 times. Have quite got rid of cold caught in tropics. I am 
 
182 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 so prodigiously careful, and keep in all the evenings 
 which, is a trial, as it is the sociable time. Think of you 
 all the time. Look after each other, and (Lil) see mother 
 has plenty of drives. It is clear I am all right in a warm 
 climate. Everyone is now writing letters. I shall cable 
 to-morrow. I look forward to getting on shore ; though I 
 am less tired of ship than I expected. 
 
 1 Saturday morning, 10 A.M. Post just closing. All 
 right. Table Mountain in sight. 
 
 ' Later, 4 P.M. Extra post. Feeling very bright ; 
 every one preternaturally amiable. Had games at Words 
 last night ; much chat. We shall most likely not get in till 
 dark ; we shall probably lie outside Cape Town for a few 
 hours. . Out of seventy-five passengers, know about forty- 
 five or fifty. The men quite bright. Refreshing to see 
 land again. Passed our first steamer this morning. I 
 am dying for news of you all ; write often. Once more 
 dearest love, yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 Grahamstown : November 9, 1882. 
 
 f Dearest Children, Am writing at 10 A.M. in verandah 
 in front of the swell hotel of South Africa. Temperature 
 about 60 in shade ; air clear and bright and invigorating. 
 I well and bright also. Now to resume, from the point of 
 .posting my letter off Capetown and cabling you as agreed. 
 We got to anchor in Capetown Bay, 300 yards from shore, 
 at about seven on Saturday, and put off our Capetown 
 passengers in a boat, not allowing anyone else to land or 
 anyone to come off. 1 Capetown lying at foot of semi- 
 circular precipice of Table Mountain, some thousand feet 
 higher, looks very picturesque ; is best at night brightened 
 by electric lights along one quay. At 8 A.M. next morning 
 
 1 This was on account of small-pox in Capetown. 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFKICA 183 
 
 we steamed away along a precipitous, fine, bold but in- 
 hospitable-looking coast, and had two beautiful days' steam 
 with wind behind us and big roller waves, keeping land 
 in sight ; arriving in Port Elizabeth at 7 P.M. Monday. 
 Anchored about 1,000 yards from shore, there being no 
 means of coming nearer. Slept on board, and went ashore 
 in a tug next morning, Tuesday, at 10. Air of the bright- 
 est; cool, almost cold wind; fleckless blue sky, and 
 brilliant sunshine over all. On landing, a crowd of negro 
 and Hindoo and mixed porters (all colours), among whom 
 was one in a yellow shirt, blue vest, red turban, and 
 whitish pants, whom we secured ; and he carried our 
 innumerable traps to Custom House. (Horror of horrors, 
 twelve packages ; two-thirds at least absolutely superfluous.) 
 We had to open all up at Customs ; . then deposited all but 
 a bag of H.'s at the station which is on the quay. Oh, so 
 ridiculously English a station ! A bookstall, with " Fort- 
 nightly," " Contemporary," and " Nineteenth Century ; " 
 porters in regular English porter's uniform ; carriages, 
 engines, cloak-room, ticket-office, &c., all conspiring to 
 make one think oneself in England, but for a plaintive 
 group of coloured folk who crowded the third-class car. 
 After clearing ourselves of our traps, I felt a free man 
 again, and recorded a solemn vow, never, oh ! never, to 
 let anyone fix up four packages for me, or to impede me 
 \vith six others. We then located at the best hotel ; a very 
 good one, excellent. Then called on my bank manager's 
 Son, a bright young fellow, clerk in a big store here, a 
 huge place where they have stocks of Manchester and 
 woollen goods, wine, spirits, beer, implements, wire, tools, 
 and everything else. They set up country stores ; have 
 goods on credit to enormous extent; 40,OOOZ. worth to 
 one customer, they tell me. Asked younger G. to 
 dine with us then went to fine public reading-room 
 
184 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 -with all new books, periodicals, papers, &c. ; called 
 at lot of shipping offices, and saw the town; two long 
 streets of shops and stores on the shore level, and the 
 residences on the hills above. G. dined with us, and 
 I picked up a certain amount of information from him. 
 He has been about two years out, likes place and 
 climate ; costs 50 per cent more to live than in London ; 
 profits large, but risks considerable ; great drawbacks from 
 want of harbour works ; goods landed in tiny boats, ships 
 often wrecked while lying at anchorage. At table d'hote 
 about fifty, many not living in house. 
 
 Next morning introduced to G.'s business man ; clear- 
 headed. Proposed for him to act for us in a new trade. 
 Started by train for Grahamstown (120 miles inland); 
 travelled with two men from Capetown and a young 
 barrister, all going to Assizes at Grahamstown. Had 
 much pleasant chat on colonial law and customs, and 
 prospects and land, &c. All speak most highly of 
 Grahamstown as pretty, healthy, comfortable, &c. It 
 is a very English town. Journey took six and a half 
 hours. Land covered chiefly with low scrub, very hilly ; 
 rounded rocky hills with bottoms and " kloofs " in ravine 
 valleys, dwellings very far apart, then little cottages with 
 iron roofs, or native mud houses. The third class full 
 of natives, and station crowded with do. Cacti, aloes, and 
 scrub with willows, with water, are predominant. Passed 
 lots of ostriches ; patches of cultivated land in the valleys ; 
 but few sheep and cattle find a home in the scrub. 
 Weather as before ; do. to-day. This, as before, I find 
 suits me exactly. 
 
 ' An excellent hotel ; thirty rooms. About forty sat 
 down to dinner, I next to my steamer fellow-passengers, 
 Hon. P. and his doctor. We had some pleasant talk, &c 
 A highly-educated, well-travelled man, with rank preju- 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFEICA 185 
 
 dices ; so we naturally disagreed, but pleasantly enough, 
 on every topic. Pleasant neighbour from Diamond Fields ; 
 great believer in their future. In evening talked to a swell 
 who had been in N. and S. America, Canada, Australia, 
 N. Zealand, &c. Head dozen Cape papers and old 
 "Illustrated London News" of 1st October. To bed 
 at 9.30 ; read in bed " This Son of Vulcan," for half an 
 hour. 
 
 ' Slept till 6 A.M., when girl brings you cup of 
 coffee. Snoozed till 8. Breakfast discussion with P., 
 did not interfere with consumption of four eggs and 
 porridge. My room fair size, high, comfortable, on ground 
 floor, opens out of another room. Hotel crammed. In 
 run from Capetown had good deal of talk with Natal 
 accountant and the Natal doctor. It seems one can get 
 7 to 7-J per cent, interest there on mortgage. Mercantile 
 profits very large. Not a good place for working-man 
 emigrant, but excellent for smaller large capitalist. The 
 doctor reiterating his praise of its climate. Had some 
 talk to the P. man ; he has seen much ; is ex-M.P. for 
 shire ; said to have been an active Conservative member. 
 His science very confident and very weak. My chief 
 acquisition, however, a woman six feet high, whom I had 
 carefully avoided (by reason of) her stature and appearance. 
 Her son of eighteen, a thorough colonial, with her. I 
 found her on trial a very intelligent business woman ; gave 
 me much information on diamond fields. She is a widow ; 
 her husband and she had a store at Kimberley, and bought 
 a mine cheap ; she herself used to sort the washed stuff 
 and fish out the diamonds. Told me much [that was] 
 interesting as to occurrence &c. of the stones and mode of 
 working. On her husband's death sold to a Company, 
 keeping two-thirds of shares. Net return fell from 6,000?. 
 a year to almost nothing. She had meantime retired to 
 
186 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 England, bought an estate at Epping, &c. Now returning 
 to try and set the Co. in order, and she will, I think, do 
 it ; wanted me much to go to Kimberley, to see her mine. 
 
 ' At hotel at Grabamstownmet a George St. engineer who 
 has been for three years at Kimberley and Natal putting 
 up water-works. All Kimberley people very confident of 
 permanence and future of diamond fields. 5,000,OOOZ. 
 worth of diamonds now said to be found a year. It is 
 the great feature of South Africa at present. I think I 
 foresee other diamond fields will close Kimberley, where 
 they now have to go 300 feet and more below ground. 
 There are over 30,000 people at Kimberley still. The 
 nearest railway 300 miles ; intervening country almost a 
 desert. At Kimberley nothing grows. Coal said to be 
 14L a ton. Ostrich-farming and sheep divide with 
 diamonds the thoughts of the Colony. Ostrich feathers 
 worth \0l. to 301. a pound ! Ostriches fluctuate in value 
 between 201. and 50?. 
 
 1 November 10, 9 A.M. Just had breakfast; been up 
 mines. Another brilliant day. Yesterday, in morning, 
 strolled over town. Streets immensely broad and long, 
 planted with trees ; many good stores. Two bishops, two 
 churches ; chapels, &c., in plenty. Magnificent public garden, 
 in which oaks, cactus trees, ferns, aloes, pine, firs, gum trees, 
 willows, roses in full bloom, pinks, and all kinds of unknown 
 flowers, shrubs and trees in strange juxtapositions, laid 
 out in a Hoof- rocky hills above; a stream (now dry) 
 running through it. Streets full of bullock waggons, 
 each with sixteen bullocks ; men on horseback or in 
 two-wheeled carts, with two, four, or six horses. Kaffirs 
 everywhere, doing the hand-work and driving, doing all 
 work, in fact, except that of hotel waiters. Kaffir men dress 
 anyhow ; women in cotton gowns and bright handkerchiefs 
 chiefly ; seem very quiet and obliging, and try to be jolly, 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFRICA 187 
 
 under not very elevating circumstances. Climate, if this 
 is [a] fair specimen, is certainly beautiful ; it was 82 in 
 sun, 70 in shade to-day, a good deal of air in the shape of 
 breezes. I talked to an old Englishman in charge of a 
 pumping engine at gardens; he has been twenty-five years 
 in S. Africa : before that four years [in] Australia; laments 
 over Australia, says he gets 5s. 6d. a day here, and that 
 house rent costs him 10s. a week ; everything but coarse 
 food costs, he says, two or three times as much as in 
 England; he says, truly T think, that Africa is no place for 
 labourers, as native competition too [severe] here; but 
 great place for capitalists. He had been twice to Dia- 
 mond Fields, but did no good'either time. I walked about 
 three miles yesterday without fatigue ; no pain ; cough 
 only two or three times in evening, if I get in cold air. 
 ' Am just starting for atrip to lower river for two days, 
 in style ; have joined another in hiring a trap and four 
 for our two selves there and back, so shall have easy time. 
 I still think we shall have to get to Calcutta in order 
 to make our way to Australia.' 
 
 ' Grahamstown : November 13 (Monday). 
 ' Dearest Children, I resume at point where I left off 
 my Fast, viz., as I was starting in the two-wheeled cart and 
 four, specially chartered for the occasion. Myself, H. (an 
 " Africander," or descendant of Dutch settlers, and secre- 
 tary of a Capetown bank), and F. (a Capetown civil servant 
 magistrate, born in Colony). Driving out of Grahams- 
 town by a fine road, all up-hill, had pretty view of town, 
 with its many trees and churches ; " City of the saints and 
 city of woods," covering much ground in a depression, 
 with hills all round it. Over brow of hill a great expanse 
 of hills and valleys, sea in distance ; hills and valleys alike 
 parched-looking, though a few clumps of trees in valleys 
 
188 SIDNEY GILOHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 At twelve pulled up .and took out horses at roadside 
 hotel, standing almost four miles from nearest white 
 dwelling. Met many natives on road, and saw many of 
 their huts, also abundance of cattle and some ostriches 
 (showing more in the grass than one would think). 
 
 c Starting again, up-hill and down, bumping and jolt- 
 ing ; country began to be greener, grassier, and a lot of 
 bush and small woods, chiefly of a tree looking like a thirty- 
 foot aloe ; only heard native name, blister tree ; it is only 
 an overgrown plant, and doesn't look like a tree hardly. 
 After passing through a village we got into a pretty little 
 gorge, and debouched on the River Couri here, about half 
 a mile from the sea ; a fine tidal river, with wooded hills 
 running down to the water, making it not unlike Dart- 
 mouth. I think the port is destined to be an important 
 one when harbour is finished. At present about one hun- 
 dred houses, mostly galvanised iron, on the hills on the 
 two sides. We crossed by big ferry boat, and drove up 
 to hotel on brow of hill ; going up, the cart stood on its 
 back, chiefly. 
 
 i The hotel outside looked like three galvanised iron tool- 
 houses, all in the last stages of decay, and stood together to 
 prop each other up. However, on going in, it improved 
 vastly, and we arranged for lodging : I am getting a sofa-bed 
 in a comfortable little sitting-room, and the other two a 
 room ; river between them. Before dinner, strolled down 
 to harbour works, which consist of pushing out two pieces 
 of concrete blocks of fifteen tons, between which river runs 
 out ; they have not yet got to the right point, and vessels 
 have to lie in open bay outside the bar, as in all S. 
 African ports but Capetown. We watched tug going out, 
 seas breaking over her from stem to stern. Dinner at 
 6.30 ; to my surprise five men to dinner besides ourselves. 
 Bank manager, harbour master, a swell settler, and two 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFKICA' 189 
 
 others. Dinner excellently cooked, and good, though 
 simple. Sat and talked in verandah till nine, when went 
 to bed. 
 
 ' Next day very hot ; lounged in morning, in afternoon 
 got boat and two men to row us up river for five miles. 
 Pretty ; the wooded rounded hills coming down to water. 
 Some of the houses of the town looking over river 
 very pretty, but all galvanised iron roofs and generally 
 ditto walls, with rough brush inside ; when painted 
 white looks all right, otherwise it only looks good for 
 trade. 
 
 * Sunday morning we started back here at 4 A.M., 
 just sunrise, which was lovely. Came by a different and 
 prettier road, country covered with copses of aloes and 
 different unknown shrub-like trees. At eight, stopped an 
 hour for breakfast at a nice little inn in a sort of tiny 
 valley, with a pool and spring in it ; a garden full of bright 
 blossomed flowers, and a first-class breakfast of eggs, 
 coffee, and minced meat. . . . Then up a fearful hill miles 
 long, and with sun beating down like a fire, and back to 
 Grahamstown at 12.30 ; distance each way about thirty 
 miles. I am clear that the way in summer here is to get 
 up at daybreak, sleep from eleven to four, and work in 
 evening again. 
 
 ' To-day I have moved to a very nice large airy room 
 across the way, mealing still at hotel. It has been 
 raining, more or less, all day; rain greatly wanted, 
 and is the more appreciated now, as it comes in a 
 soaking sort of drizzle, and not in a tropical downpour. 
 Had long discussion with P. 
 
 ' With my comrades to the C's. I had much interesting 
 talk. F. a very intelligent, well-read man. We discussed 
 Comtism, natural theology, Darwinism, the native question, 
 the Dutch influence in the Colonies, their civil service 
 
190 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 and magisterial system, &c. &c. It appears that there 
 is a resident magistrate and civil commissioner in each 
 district, who is a civil service clerk really ; his only train- 
 ing in law being what he can pick up as clerk to some 
 other magistrate ; they have most extensive powers ; can 
 sentence to a year's imprisonment and fifty lashes &c., 
 and are receivers of all crown revenues. F. has lived in 
 various districts, on which he gave me much information. 
 He says that Kaffirs meet with much injustice, and are 
 often very badly treated ; they are also subject to a number 
 of very onerous regulations ; cannot move without a per- 
 mit, can only rent land ; they are in fact made a modified 
 kind of serfs. A young farmer who has been here two 
 years was fiercely arguing with me that they ought to be 
 allowed to shoot natives whenever they saw them tres- 
 passing; he finally wound up by saying, "Well, when we 
 do it, we are always acquitted by a jury," which is un- 
 fortunately true. I listened outside a Kaffir church on 
 Sunday ; very earnest singing and preaching, in most 
 emphatic, eloquent style ; sounds much like Welsh preach- 
 ing. The preacher a native. 
 
 'November 15, 10 A.M. Yesterday and the day before 
 were wet and drizzling, cold ; the thermo. not under 60 ; 
 however, kept in doors chiefly, only going up to the 
 library, which is a fine public [one] and very well sup- 
 plied with books, periodicals, and papers. I have been 
 reading up my " Contemps," " Fortnightly s," and " Nine- 
 teenth Century." Have been talking much to P. ; we 
 disagreed mostly about all things ;^ but he is intelligent, 
 well-read and travelled. I have induced him to read 
 George's book, which horrifies him beyond measure. 
 There are about seventy sitting down to meals daily. I 
 attended two sales yesterday. One of a farm (including 
 house of eight rooms) of 3,000 acres, which sold for 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFEICA 191 
 
 2,100Z. ; it was within twenty miles of a good port, and 
 less of a railway; suitable for birds, sheep, and cattle. 
 I should have bought it if it had sold for 1,700Z. The 
 other, a little seven (rather insignificant) roomed house 
 and garden in Grahamstown, let for 50L a year, sold for 
 only 320L, repaying about 12 per cent. Have been talk- 
 ing to N. (member of Legislative Council here) on native 
 commission. Attended Court of Session. The native is 
 here put on a theoretical equality, but practically far from 
 it ; thus, in Court all the seats occupied by whites, natives 
 standing ; so if native assaults white, heavy sentence, if 
 white assaults black, trifling one or acquitted. Natives 
 all dress here ; some, particularly women, very well, but 
 nearly all bare legs and feet ; women generally a bright 
 coloured handkerchief on their heads. To-day lovely 
 after the rain; cloudless blue sky; bright warm sun. 
 They tell me that further inland at Cradock it is often 
 140 in the sun and 105 in shade ; but that it does not 
 feel oppressive even there. 
 
 ' I talk to every one I can get hold of, and read all 
 the numerous local papers diligently, and am coming to 
 know a good deal of local conditions. 
 
 'November 15, 4 P.M. Wet again; yesterday fine 
 and hot. I spent morning walking about town, attending 
 Courts. Heard native tried for cattle stealing, and very 
 properly acquitted. Then to library, back to lunch at 1. 
 Then to post-office, short walk, and long read at library. 
 To-day, walk before breakfast ; then called about town, 
 inquiring about investments, &c. Lunch, talking scandal. 
 Among my new acquaintances, a storekeeper at Cradock. 
 Gives me much information on up-country life Cradock 
 being the present termination of railroad, and Dutch. 
 Dutch are the great conservative and obstructive elements, 
 oppose all improvements, whether railroads, water-works, 
 
192 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 bridges [or] fencing, &c. Storekeepers' profits universally 
 admitted to be very high ; yet here I see in windows 
 trousers 10s. a pair, girls' waterproofs 7s. 6d., &c. On 
 the other hand, little things 50 per cent, to 100 per cent, 
 dearer than in London. Talked much, too, with L., a 
 London mechanical engineer who came over here for his 
 health six weeks ago ; has settled his wife and children at 
 Cradock, which he praises much for healthiness ; it is very 
 dry, treeless and dusty, 3,500 feet high. Gives wonderful 
 accounts of chest invalids who have recovered marvellously, 
 He thinks of settling here if he can get any engineering 
 work. Have just been talking to a man, a born colonist, 
 who has very large farms 40 miles inland ; said to be most 
 successful farmer in Colony. I have taken great fancy to 
 him. He speaks well of Kaffirs, if you look after them ; 
 pays them lls. a month and daily allowance of 2 Ibs. 
 meat and 1 Ib. mealies ; they save money and sometimes 
 own up to 30 or 40 oxen, which he lets them graze on his 
 land. He has cattle, sheep, and birds ; says birds pay 
 best, but require much care. Is fencing all his land ; says 
 it is indispensable, as ostriches otherwise will run away, 
 40 miles in a day. Ostriches give 30 or 40 chicks a year. 
 Says English farmers coming here lose money from doing 
 everything in English way. P. and I had much talk 
 again ; his little Jersey doctor also very confidential. It 
 appears P. was specially recommended to come here by his 
 London doctors. 
 
 ( November 17, 8 P.M. Honman turned up from Cape- 
 town last night, very pleased to have seen his sister ; had 500 
 miles to go each way. He says he has heard of several prac- 
 tices vacant, and to be obtained without payments, which 
 are worth over 1,OOOZ. a year. I think Arthur might, on 
 passing, do well here ; everyone says that a sober doctor 
 does exceedingly well. It would, however, be necessary to 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFRICA 193 
 
 learn Dutch to do really well. Have had no word or line 
 from you of any kind yet, since I left ; begin to want news 
 badly, please always keep press copies of your letters ; 
 I may have two chances of getting them. We spent this 
 morning in gardens with C. girls; walked this afternoon 
 about five miles in all. 
 
 < My breath, cough, and chest, all very much better indeed. 
 I still think it would be no hardship to live here, if it were 
 not for patents and researches. I am clear I should be all 
 right here ; but I am not sure if this or sea suits me best. 
 We can hear nowhere any tidings of direct steamer to 
 Australia. We shall probably go via Natal. I quite think 
 life here could be tolerated very easily. Am really much 
 better. Thinking constantly of you. Wish I had mother's 
 photo, in my triptych ; send it me. Take care of erch 
 other! Ever yours.' 
 
 ' I may probably not'be able to get off another letter for 
 at least two or three weeks. Please keep my letters, they 
 may serve as signposts hereafter.' 
 
 ' Grahamstown : November 22, 
 
 4 Dearest Children, Still no news of you, which bothers 
 me much ; otherwise all right, but decidedly tired of the 
 monotony of this. 
 
 c We unfortunately have no introductions here, so have 
 no one but the C.'s. Spent Sunday afternoon there. Their 
 garden is divided from the public Botanic Gardens by a 
 stream which is now perfectly dry ; after rains is 6 feet. 
 In the garden are orange and lemon and fig trees in full 
 bloom ; with pears, plums, peaches, strawberries, cherries, 
 pumpkins, also loaded with fruit though not yet ripe. 
 Eoses, fuchsias, and geraniums, with aloes and cactuses, 
 abound. Their house a long low one, only one story 
 
 
 
SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 high, with big cellars underneath and verandahs, furnished 
 in newest English style. 
 
 ' Our life very monotonous. I am up about 7.15, break- 
 fast at 8, then to post office always to find no letters. 
 Then to library, a stroll, luncheon. Then sit in balcony, 
 library, stroll; dinner at 6.30, general chat, and to bed 
 about 9.30 or 10. P. and I have long talks on all kinds 
 of subjects. He has a lot of introductions here, so gets 
 asked out a good deal by the resident magistrates and 
 the merchants, here. Another character is a man named 
 W., of an Anglesea county family, who says he knows 
 everyone, and has been in Canada, U.S., Australia, and 
 New Zealand. He is now going, and for a year's shooting 
 exp3dition. Shooting, &c., up country with a bullock 
 waggon. 
 
 c Then we have a German from Diamond Fields ; has 
 been there twelve years ; made and lost a fortune ; full of 
 regrets for Germany, dislikes the country much. The 
 Diamond Fields are a worse locality to live in. If a man 
 buys a diamond from a native or from anyone not a claim 
 holder, he is liable to a fine of 5,000?., twenty years' 
 imprisonment, and a hundred lashes. This is monstrous ; 
 but is constantly acted on. 
 
 ' We went for a short ride to-day ; threatened rain, 
 so we soon came back. It rains more or less every third 
 day. Everyone here complains of bad trade, absence of 
 money, &c. At the Diamond Fields things are certainly 
 much depreciated ; shares in the diamond companies having 
 in every case sunk to one-third or even one-tenth of their 
 value a year ago. This depression at Kimberley reflects 
 itself even here. Thus the carriage of goods to Kimberley 
 is an enormous industry ; goods are carried from here in 
 bullock waggons, carrying four tons, drawn by sixteen oxen, 
 at a rate of from 3QL a ton in good times to 16Z. a ton now* 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFEICA 195 
 
 1 As fresh men come to hotel daily from different parts 
 of Colony, I collect and compare views and facts from 
 varying grounds. There are several large schools here, 
 particularly a big Church of England Grammar School and 
 a big Wesleyan Girls' School. The natives have no good 
 school here, but have one some forty miles away. It is 
 said that the Kaffir is particularly bright at mathematics, 
 and when initiated in Euclid and Algebra, spends his play 
 time in working original problems. 
 
 i November 23. Another mail in ; still no letters. I 
 am getting desperate, and cannot even be consoled by my 
 six " Times " up to October 26, which I gloat over at the 
 Library. 
 
 ' November 24. Your letters of 25th and others just 
 arrived-^-such a relief. I had been wiring about all over 
 the place to get news of those letters. I have also news- 
 papers &c. 
 
 'ItVas wet yesterday, so we did not go for a ride, 
 for which I was thankful, being " stiff" to the verge of 
 distraction. 
 
 ' To-day we have been with C. to see camera obscura 
 of some friends. People interesting, and views of country 
 and town wonderfully perfect and curious. 
 
 ' It is possible we start in a few days for either 
 Calcutta or Australia, but the sailing is so uncertain, we 
 may be kept some time. P. talks of going up country in 
 a bullock waggon. I should much like to go to Diamond 
 Fields, but give up as they say they are unhealthy. You can 
 hardly imagine how I enjoyed your letters, and how much 
 I look to the meeting. 
 
 1 Am all right, but still rather " scant of breath ; " think 
 sea will make me a finished cure.' 
 
 o 2 
 
196 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 ' S.S. Moor," off Port Alfred : 
 
 ' November 30, 1882. 
 
 * Dearest Children both, Am on the move again, so 
 feeling happy. Sunday, Saturday, and Monday last nothing 
 happened, but weather showery and uncertain. Made a 
 few fresh acquaintances ; had several long talks with P., 
 and one long ride which I enjoyed ; had fine canter on the 
 downs above the town, which we and horses enjoyed alike. 
 I found, however, holding on rather wearied me ; we then 
 rode all over the native location. 
 
 1 The natives live entirely out of the town in about 700 
 huts, each with a small piece of ground which they 
 cultivate. In most cases they have bought the freehold ; 
 in others pay the Government \l. a year rent. The huts 
 made chiefly of wattle and mud, but some of galvanised 
 iron. In the immediate neighbourhood of their houses 
 the aborigines dispense with a good deal of superfluous 
 clothing, in which they have my entire sympathy ; they 
 also think that a good many of our so-called necessaries of 
 civilisation are really superfluities. By the way, their 
 regular wear is a garment which they dye of a highly 
 aesthetic dull brickdust colour, which suits alike their 
 complexion and surroundings. On Sunday, however, 
 they go to their kirks in the most elaborate English 
 costume. They have one chapel in the town, another in 
 their location. 
 
 ' After a long consultation with H. we decided : (1) That, 
 though Grahamstown was a good enough place in its way, 
 it, and in fact all the South African health resorts, were 
 too high up to suit me. I find that, though I have quite 
 got rid of pain in my chest, which was the main and really 
 dangerous business, my lung is only improved very little, 
 being worse than when at sea. (2) That, as we can't get 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFRICA 197 
 
 to Australia, we ought to go to India in the cool weather, 
 stop there ten days, then on to Sydney. Having passed 
 these resolutions, I began to feel better at once. 
 
 'Tuesday we paid farewells to C. P. had also dis- 
 covered that Grahamstown didn't suit him much, so deter- 
 mined also to leave this week. He is going for a long 
 waggon trip up country with his doctor and servant, and 
 is to let me know his experiences. He is actually looking 
 far worse than I, who indeed present a robustious appear- 
 ance. He has had fracture of the skull, broken leg and 
 ribs, and several other trifles, but fully expects to go back 
 to Parliamentary life. Must have had a fine constitution ; 
 tells me for years he never took more than six hours' sleep. 
 ' Wednesday morning we started by rail for Port Eliza- 
 beth. Miss C. and H. and his sister came to see us off. 
 We travelled down with a young Scotchman we met 
 at C., named Hamilton. Pleasant fellow; much talk; 
 has been [here] over five years. He and a brother, having 
 5,OOOL each, bought a wholesale saddlery business at 
 Port Elizabeth and Grahamstown for 10,OOOZ., and have 
 been at it since. Profits about 40 per cent., or say 100 
 per cent, per annum gross ; but great risks, as they have 
 to give four months' credit to people in remote parts of 
 the country. As an illustration of risks, a bank here, 
 which has just smashed, has lost 20,OOOZ. in the Trans- 
 vaal. Everyone says the Dutch here are utterly opposed 
 to all progress. In the Transvaal our retirement has 
 been followed by a sort of general bankruptcy, and they 
 are at their old occupation of pillaging all the surround- 
 ing natives. At Port Elizabeth living is very dear. A 
 clerk can hardly live on less than 150/., while salaries are 
 relatively low, 130L to 2502. I have talked to so many 
 men from all parts, that I feel I know South Africa in- 
 timately. When we got to Port Elizabeth at 6.30 P.M., 
 
T98 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 I found that there is a fine French ship, the " Havre," 
 sailing for India from East London ; do not know if she 
 is taking passengers. Found also a Union steamer leaving 
 for East London at once ; so charter a boat for a sovereign, 
 and arrive on board the Union ship " Moor," a far finer 
 boat than the " Conway Castle." We are now lying off 
 East London, and I feel as jolly and bright as can be. A 
 sea life suits me, I think, and hill air does not. 
 
 ' We hope to get to East London this evening, and either 
 to get a passage in the "Havre," sailing about to-morrow, 
 or in the " Clan Cameron," sailing next week. I only 
 propose stopping in India about ten days. Read L.'s 
 article on George in the November " Contemporary." I saw 
 the magazine in Grahamstown more read than I ever do in 
 London. Money is going fast ; at Grahamstown we paid 
 25s. a day for our joint boarding. I stayed on at G. till 
 Wednesday, hoping to get a letter from you by mail leaving 
 London on November 2. Out ! though I got one from 
 Per., 2 I did not from you. You can have no idea how I 
 appreciate seeing your writing as a sort of physical liga- 
 ment with yourselves, of whom I am constantly thinking.' 
 
 1 East London : December 2, 1882. 
 
 c Dearest, I closed my last on the S. S. " Moor," which 
 brought us here at 7 P.M. on the 30th. We were landed 
 in a tug in complete darkness at 8, and found our way up 
 the hill on to the plateau on which this town, the third 
 seaport of South Africa, is built. We had some difficulty 
 in getting put up ; though there are forty hotels here. 
 Finally got into what is said to be the best, but it is a 
 woeful falling off from Grahamstown ; rooms dirty and 
 cooking indifferent. Yesterday interviewed the agents and 
 captain of French ship Havre, but he won't take us, as he 
 8 Mr. Gilchrist, - 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFRICA 199 
 
 carries no saloon passengers, and we can't go steerage. 
 Honman called on the leading doctor here, who was very 
 polite, drove him round town, &c. I had a short chat with 
 the doctor too. He came here six years ago, and H. thinks 
 he must be making over 1,200. a year. The doctor says 
 there are a number of places in South Africa where a good 
 steady man can live and make 1,000?. a year, this being 
 one. H. is quite bitten with desire to return here and do 
 so. The doctor had bad health in England, lungs weak, 
 and had to spend winters in Madeira, so came here. 
 
 ' There are four doctors here. Population of town itself 
 3,000 or 2,500 whites ; it has a railway, and it is a con- 
 siderable port. I don't much care about the place, it is so 
 intensely new ; three-quarters of the houses all galvanised 
 iron, dusty, hot, and windy. Talking to three or four young 
 men, who all gave dismal account of colony; had all been 
 to Diamond Fields, and all more or less failed ; two going 
 home again. Also long talk with a colonist born here who 
 has large wool-working establishment up-country. He, 
 as every other English colonist, complains much of bad 
 feeling and jealousy of Dutch population, who oppose all 
 progress and improvement. He too has been at Diamond 
 Fields, says land here is too dear ; in his part, which is a 
 feeble part, it fetches 30s. an acre ; thinks it may be further 
 depreciated, &c. ; says natives work well for living, their 
 only fault cattle-stealing. A wife costs ten oxen, and these 
 they think it their duty to raise from somewhere or some- 
 body. All the rough labouring work here done by natives, 
 .artisan work by whites chiefly, and the looking on business 
 done by whites solely. Had ramble over downs this morn- 
 ing. Afternoon (heavy thunder showers) spent in public 
 library. Been interviewing shipowners. A plague of flies 
 here, and a few sanguinary and persistent mosquitoes ; 
 shall be very glad to be on board ship again. If we can 
 
2CO SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 get a ship for Australia, shall take it, but can't hear of one 
 so far. As instances of prices, we paid 25s. a day at 
 Grahamstown hotel for the two ; here we pay 20s. a day ; of 
 course all drinks extra. Thus, a pint bottle of zoedone, 
 which costs 6d. in London (or Is.) costs here Is 9cZ., a pint 
 of English or German beer costs Is., a pint of champagne 
 17s. 6d., and so on. Here, especially, the bar is always 
 crowded with young men, clerks, business men, &c. having 
 brandies and sodas (Is. 6c.), gin slings, sherry and bitters, 
 &c., on which they must consume a quarter of their income. 
 All say that most of the doctors drink. 
 
 ' Sunday, December^. Went to bed at 8.30 last night. 
 Have a three-bedded room ; but this fellow (a Mr. Bell) is 
 rather an acquisition, as he tells us a great deal. Thinks we 
 treat natives both most unjustly and stupidly, which seems 
 quite the case. We are always stealing their land and 
 pushing on boundaries, but do not govern in any proper 
 sense. He says they make good workmen if well and 
 fairly treated, and that they prefer being struck for a fault 
 to the intervention of magistrate. To-day it is blowing 
 quite a gale, so I am stopping indoors, as H. says. Wind 
 cold, though sun so bright ; had a smart thunder shower 
 last evening. Have got a sitting room to ourselves. There 
 is every likelihood of this becoming a big place ; but it 
 has first to go through some vicissitudes. So wish I had 
 a photo, of the Mother ; the one of the saucy-looking child 
 is quite a resource. It is possible that we may still go to 
 Australia instead of India. 
 
 ' Thursday, December 6. Noon. Still at East London; 
 have just decided that we will go to Mauritius and Bombay, 
 thence to Calcutta. There is no chance of getting direct 
 to Australia, and H. thinks a long voyage the best thing. 
 I believe I shall have always to remain near the sea. I 
 don't suppose we shall be more than ten days in India. 
 
CH. xv SOUTH AFKICA 201 
 
 We shall probably get to Calcutta between January 12 
 and 20. H. says I am much better than at Grahamstown, 
 though I was well enough there. The only trouble is that I 
 cannot walk more than a mile at the time. Find it very 
 dull here, though we are at the best hotel (which is less 
 clean and more flyingfied than it might be) and are mem- 
 bers of the Club. H. has made the. acquaintance of a man 
 named Pyper, cousin of Dr. Cotman. He is a clerk in a 
 merchant's house there. 
 
 ' Had long talk yesterday with a man who has spent 
 seven years in the interior of the Zambesi. Says it is 
 fine country but unhealthy ; that a pass from Matebele, who 
 is chief of a district 500 miles broad, secures from any 
 hostility of natives. Buffaloes, elephants, rhinoceros, and 
 ostriches very abundant. Gold, lead, &c. found but not 
 worked ; as waggons only practicable part of the way, must 
 be on foot. 
 
 ' I look forward to our four days in Mauritius. Besant 
 and Bice's novels make one feel to know it. I find it very 
 trying not to be able to make walking excursions, but 
 caution is the order of the day. We are going for a ride 
 this afternoon. Expect to sail from here Saturday, but 
 may be delayed, and (if so) shall not get to Calcutta till 
 near end of January. 
 
 ' If Arthur passes next summer I might perhaps bring 
 him oat in winter and settle him, if I have to come away 
 myself, which I hope I shall not have to. We get short 
 cables daily from England, generally about three lines. 
 Thus, yesterday had news of Arabi's trial, death of Arch- 
 bishop, relapse of Trollope. This climate would suit the 
 mother gloriously ; sunshine from morning till night, with 
 generally a cool wind, sometimes a cold one. H. dined 
 last night with P. ; before refused to. He (P.) lives with 
 three other men; they rent a five-roomed house for 61. 
 
202 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 a month ; have two servants, one black girl gets 121. a 
 year, the other English (cook) about 301. Rent is every- 
 where enormously high, as are luxuries; meat 6d. a pound, 
 butter 2s. to 3s., eggs 2s. or Is. 6d. a dozen. Just going 
 to post, thence to Club. 
 
 ' Yours ever affectionately/ 
 
 ' East London : Friday, December 8. 
 
 c Dearest Ones, Have just, while wasting in despair, 
 received yours of November 9. Don't now send any but 
 technical papers, please. The photos are indeed a trea- 
 sure ; I would rather them than considerable pelf. Mother 
 not good, but still good enough to be a treasure. . . . 
 I wrote yesterday, saying that we sail in " Clan Cameron " 
 for Mauritius, and then probably to Bombay, and on by 
 easy rail stages to Calcutta. I have arranged, however, 
 that if we get to Mauritius in time for steamer to Aus- 
 tralia, we have option of joining it. There is, however, 
 very little chance of this. I am longing to be at sea 
 again. This is excessively dull ; the high winds, heat and 
 dust, prevent our riding or walking, and we can't leave on 
 account of the uncertainty of the ship sailing. Nothing 
 happens but picking up a new acquaintance, going to 
 Club or Library. Had the editor of local paper with us 
 last evening. Had amusing talk with an old Italian 
 ex-captain, as agent of an Insurance Company. His 
 verdict on South Africa : " This is no fine country at all. 
 This have much dust, much wind, no water, no food fit to 
 eat, no nothing at all." It does not seem on the whole 
 much appreciated by the residents. 
 
 ' I fear there will be a " war " against the Basutos 
 shortly. It is really a pillaging expedition, the farmers 
 openly saying the object is to confiscate all the land and 
 cattle. 
 
CF, xv SOUTH AFRICA 203 
 
 ' The great trouble here is that anchorage is so bad 
 and exposed that ships are sometimes two months un- 
 loading. On Sunday and Monday, all the steamers had 
 to leave their anchors and steam out to sea, so losing three 
 days. 
 
 i Saturday, December 9. We sail this evening. Had 
 young fellow to whom H. had introduction to dinner ; is 
 in stores, been here three years, says even a clerk does 
 better here than at home. He came out on spec. After 
 three months' waiting, got a berth at 12L 10s. a month, 
 now 20Z. a month. Says clerks and principals rise much 
 more here than at home. His housekeeping with three 
 others costs him 81. a month. Says no society here, no 
 dances. We went yesterday to a place few miles away ; 
 pretty, but absence of big trees painful. The Euphorbia 
 is practically the only tree here, and mimosa bush the 
 prevailing shrub. The winter here has cold, often frosty 
 nights, but bright sunny days, with frequent cold winds, 
 but frost in day time not known. I regret not seeing 
 Natal, but it would entail going on via Zanzibar, which 
 is unhealthy.' 
 
 This is the last South African letter, and we may 
 interrupt the correspondence for a moment to observe that 
 no one would imagine from reading these epistles how 
 seriously ill Thomas really was. He writes indeed with 
 the vivid energy of a man in full health. The contem- 
 poraneous correspondence of Mr. Honman with Mrs. 
 Thomas gives, so to speak, the reverse of the medal, and 
 brings into relief the dark background of deadly disease 
 which lay behind the superficial gladness of these travel 
 days. Mr. Honman writes from Madeira of bad nights, 
 pain in the sides, and frequent coughing ' heavy fits of 
 coughing.' At Madeira, however, the cough is 'of a 
 
204 SIDNEY GILCHPJST THOMAS CH. xv 
 
 better character/ and ' the worried look has to some ex- 
 tent disappeared.' 'I hope,' says Mr. Honman, 'that 
 with care at the Cape, he may be able to take some 
 pleasure when he gets to Sydney.' On November 3, 
 there is further good news : ' Sidney, in spite of dull cold 
 weather, is better both in health and spirits ; he has, I 
 noted, attempted to part his hair to-day not a very 
 successful effort, but a most favourable sign ; he is par- 
 ticular about his collars as well.' There has been, how- 
 ever, more 'pain in the side,' and an l attack of pleurisy.' 
 He is as careless as ever of ' himself, and will talk to 
 anybody in the coldest wind.' 
 
 Improvements continue to be spoken of in Mr. 
 Honman's letters from the Cape ; but the warning note is 
 still constantly recurring to one reading between the lines. 
 There is ( great shortness of breath,' much greater at 
 Grahamstown, however, than at East London. 
 
 The result of the letters is, substantially, that although 
 symptoms change and soften in character, the lung trouble 
 never really disappears. 
 
 In Thomas's own letters there is naturally a constant 
 desire to make the best of things for the sake of the 
 anxious ones at home, whom (as appears from every line 
 he wrote) he loved so dearly. He made indeed ineffectual 
 attempts to ' edit ' the communications which he knew 
 that Mr. Honman was making to his mother. The good 
 doctor writes from East London on December 8 : ' I have 
 no doubt he has given you all news, but I write this and 
 send it separately, as he desires to revise my letters.' 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 205 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 MAURITIUS AND INDIA 
 
 WITH this necessary interruption we resume Thomas's 
 correspondence with his ' children.' The reader will be 
 able to sufficiently discount the praiseworthy affectation of 
 good health which he will occasionally detect. 
 
 To his Mother and Sister 
 
 4 December 14 or thereabouts, Thursday. 
 
 S.S. " Clan Cameron," Indian Ocean, Lat. 295. 
 
 * Dearest Ones, I posted you a letter on Saturday 
 morning last at E. London, and one posted on Thursday, 
 and went on board at 3 P.M. on Saturday. At E. London, 
 you must know, no ship can come nearer than half a mile 
 from the shore ; so we got out in a little tug which tosses 
 and tumbles considerable, and we, (H. and I,) clamber on 
 board by a rope. There is no shelter, and the stormy 
 winds do blow with praiseworthy persistence and force. 
 So the " Cameron " has been ten days putting her cargo on 
 shore ; this being done by lighters. We soon found that 
 we should not start that afternoon, and it began to blow 
 in the evening and continued all Sunday; so that the 
 lighters for the balance of cargo could not come out, and 
 we were pitching and tossing at anchor in a most distress- 
 ing way. Monday morning, however, was decently calm ; 
 so we landed balance of cargo and got off at about 2 P.M. 
 
 * The ship, a ne'vy iron one of 2,400 tons, on her second 
 
206 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 voyage only. Captain pleasant, chatty little man, who 
 has hitherto commanded Australian passenger sailing 
 ships chiefly ; only his second voyage in steamer. Only ac- 
 commodation for eight saloon passengers. Comfortable 
 saloon and cabins ; only all too near the screw, which is 
 a peculiarly noisy one ; fare and attendance very decent. 
 No doctor on board, so Honman is sort of semi-official 
 honorary surgeon. A doctor came out in the " Cameron" to 
 set up in B. London, but after ten days concluded to give 
 it up, and returned to England the day we left. I was 
 sorely tempted to leave H. behind at E. London, as he 
 would have liked ; but I feared you would raise some 
 paltry objection and get alarmed if I did, so I heroically 
 brought him along. Am I not quite too good ?...!, 
 too, eat like a hale and hearty crocodile. 
 
 ' Now for our co-passengers ; to gratify Lil's morbid 
 curiosity. No. 1, Scotchman brought up as working 
 engineer ; in 70 working in Manchester at 36s. a week ; 
 found his master would only screw more work out of him 
 the more he did, so determined to try Kimberley. Started 
 within a week of hearing that good work to be got there. 
 Started there at 4Z. 10s. a week; lived on 15s. a week. 
 Helped a man who wanted to import machinery ; taken 
 on at 9Z. a week. Presently started on his own account 
 as small engineer; got a partner; worked up business, 
 turning over 80,000/. a year ; then amalgamated with a 
 larger firm doing still better. Is now taking trip to 
 Australia, America, England, and back to Kimberley. 
 We talk of his experiences, the Fields, engineering, &c. 
 He is really nice fellow to know. I have taken quite a 
 fancy to him ; he does not boast or swagger, but is full 
 of information. Has just been showing me his collection 
 of photos and stones &c., including nine rough diamonds. 
 
 'No. 2 is also from Kimberley, a Scotchman, making the 
 
CH. xvi MAUKITIUS AND INDIA 207 
 
 tour with No. 1 ; lias a store ; has been in America thirteen 
 years, gold -digging, in N. Zealand, &c. &c. ; very pleasant 
 and intelligent. No. 3 is on his way to Australia, thence 
 by United States home. Affects the swell ; has been 
 twelve times in U. S., also in China, Japan, India, &c. 
 No. 3 forms with No. 4 a hostile camp. No. 4, young 
 engineer, has been five months in Kimberley. He and 
 No. 3 (who has only been six weeks in the Cape) abuse 
 Colony all dinner-time every day till No. 1 can stand it no 
 longer, and mildly points out that all their facts are wrong 
 and their conclusions without foundation. I naturally 
 support No. 1. 
 
 * No. 5, young Swiss, been eighteen months in Cape 
 trying to open up business in Swiss goods, but has not 
 succeeded ; takes it philosophically ; is now going to Re- 
 union and then to join a firm in Madagascar. His father 
 has factory in Baden, Switzerland. He has spent a year 
 at Birmingham and is fairly bright generally. No. 6 is 
 a young fellow from Glasgow, who is going the round 
 trip for his health. Started from Liverpool, and goes via 
 Mauritius, Bombay, and Suez Canal, home by same ship. 
 I believe they charge 901. for the trip, which will take 
 about 110 days to 120 days. Besides these, there are four 
 coolies who have been a year in Africa and are now going 
 to Mauritius, where they expect to do better ; and a family 
 of German Jews who are abandoning Africa as not suitable 
 for tailoring enterprise. 
 
 ' We sedulously do nothing all day long. I have read 
 '< Celia's Arbour" and "Monks of Thelema" since I came 
 on board ; both very amusing. Besant and Eice certainly 
 have more in them than ordinary novelists ; they always 
 work in some queer social ideas and are unconventional. 
 Have you read " George " yet ? Mind, I shall examine 
 you both in him severely. Did I tell you I made poor P. 
 
208 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 read it ? which was rough on a proximate peer and Irish 
 landlord. His criticisms, however, were fun, and clever, 
 and kept me on the qui vive as defender of the faith of 
 George. The day I left Grahamstown P. accidentally 
 told me his views of me by saying that my views seemed 
 to be nearer those of Cowen than anyone else. Soon after 
 he described Cowen as a man of the most odious and dan- 
 gerous views, though &c. ! I miss my talks with him ; it 
 was exciting sparring sometimes, and kept one alive. . . . 
 4 Monday, December 18. Have had beautiful weather 
 ever since my last, hottish, but never over 85 in the shade, 
 and generally a cool breeze ; am certainly benefiting 
 much. H. says I am getting quite fat-faced. We all get 
 on well together, talk and read. I read chiefly, but talk 
 considerably with M., who has shrewd ideas on subjects he 
 knows. ... I have been reading of California ; it seems 
 after all the finest place in the world for climate, fertility, 
 and everything together. Taking it all round, I think 
 there are a number of better places than S. Africa. I feel 
 now that I know all about S. Africa, and could pass an 
 exam, in its resources, politics, sociology, climate, &c. We 
 all long to get to Mauritius, to have a run on shore. I find 
 we cannot get to Calcutta before January 26, or there- 
 abouts, which means about March 15 for Sydney, and not 
 leaving Australia till end of April. In short, I hardly see 
 how to get home much before July ; but all this may alter. 
 I should like a fortnight in America, if I come that way. 
 It is a dreadful time to wait before seeing you. The 
 photos get constant attention. 
 
 ' Mauritius, December 22. We anchored off Port Louis 
 on Tuesday afternoon, having been for two hours skirting 
 the island, which has several ridges of most romantic and 
 striking looking precipitous mountains, some running 
 straight up from the sea, some springing from the interior 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 209 
 
 lowlands. Port Louis has a superb situation, being backed 
 by an amphitheatre of hill and precipitous cliff, with the 
 slopes covered with low thickets, vividly green, with great 
 patches of scarlet flowers. We anchored a mile outside 
 the harbour, and (to our horror) were put in quarantine, 
 with a talk of being kept for two weeks. At 5 P.M. on 
 Wednesday we had the joyful news that we were allowed 
 out of quarantine, but concluded it to be too late to land, 
 so landed on Thursday after breakfast. The situation 
 grew more striking as we neared the landing. There were 
 some thirty vessels in the harbour, a busy quay, and the 
 town white, but embowered in trees. Our ship, from the 
 moment quarantine was removed, was invaded by a multi- 
 tude of boats, all manned by Indian coolies of multifarious 
 races, and Chinamen or Malays ; numbers came on board 
 such handsome men ; some of the Malays and Indians 
 in the loveliest linen garments, and scarlet girdles and 
 turbans, forming an extraordinary contrast to our ragged 
 dirty crew. 
 
 ' On landing we spent two hours or more walking in 
 the town. The market, a very large building, crammed 
 with Hindoo and Chinese vendors, with a few negroes 
 and half-castes, but not a single white person. Shops 
 mostly kept by Chinese or coolies ; many of stalls kept by 
 women in most picturesque costumes. The effect of a 
 bright green under-garnaent covered by an overskirt or 
 burnous or thingumbob of scarlet, and a few brass (or 
 gold) ornaments, is delicious. Lil should adopt it; it 
 might be necessary for her to improve her personal colour- 
 ing with walnut juice. Also, I know no more becoming 
 dress than a white linen nightgown with scarlet sash, deep 
 collar and cuffs. This last I propose adopting myself for 
 Chelsea and office wear. Blue is the only colour they seem 
 never to use, except the Chinese. It was my first experi- 
 
 p 
 
210 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH . XTI 
 
 ence of Oriental life. There are certainly fifteen different 
 shades of colour and race ; the rarest in the town being 
 the pure negro. 
 
 'As we shall stop here till 26th or 27th, probably till 
 29th, we have come up in a body to Cureppe, the sana- 
 torium of the island, 1,500 feet above the sea level. We 
 came by afternoon train, making a party of seven we 
 being now excellent friends all. We break up here, three 
 to Australia and United States, one to Bourbon, one stops 
 here for a time, and one goes on with us. The railway 
 ride was very interesting, picturesque, and strange. The 
 coolies, who thronged stations, peculiarly interesting. 
 There are 250,000 coolies here, they say. The women 
 work in fields, carrying loads, &c., to a painful degree. 
 They come here on five years' contract, but generally stay 
 on. For further description of Mauritius, its scenery and 
 customs, see Besant's and Rice's Xmas number of I. L.N., 
 " Ready Money Mortiboy," and " My Little Girl." 
 
 ' On arriving at Cureppe, we, after a reconnaissance, 
 descended the seven of us on an hotel kept by French 
 people (everyone in the island nearly is French ; nearly 
 everyone speaks French, though mostly English as well). 
 The hotel is in a large garden, running over with palms, 
 tree ferns, aloes, roses, bougainvilles, pine-apple, shrubs, 
 and 963 other flowers and trees, for which, if I invented 
 suitable names, the mail bags wouldn't hold the list thereof. 
 It is such a contrast, too, to Cape hotels in living and bed- 
 rooms. Here everything scrupulously clean; there all 
 scrupulously dirty ; there, bad cooking and doubtful food ; 
 here, French cooking and delicious fruit, salads, &c., with 
 lovely coffee. Breakfast is at ten, and dinner at seven. 
 The village is all round exclusively coolie and Chinese 
 shops, or as nearly so as possible the shops about ten 
 feet square, some only five feet. 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 211 
 
 ' It has been very hot to-day, so much so that I found 
 a walk of 500 yards quite enough ; but in the morning 
 and evening it is quite cool. All the servants here are 
 Indian, deliciously quiet, swift, and efficient. A Hindoo 
 watchman keeps all night in the verandah just outside 
 my window. The watchman, with his turban, toga, and 
 bare legs and feet and staff, is a highly picturesque feature, 
 though I fail to see his utility. 
 
 ' December 24, Sunday. I am wearying of the intense 
 idleness of the life ; yet, it is impossible to do anything. 
 The moisture of the air makes one feel an insurmountable 
 languor ; though temperature only 85 in shade. There are 
 constant tropical showers, and it does come down when it 
 comes. I have been several short walks round. The ground 
 fertile to a degree, and crowded with the quaintest and 
 most variegated types and colours of people. All the 
 shops are kept by Chinese. . . . We went this morn- 
 ing to see people coming from church oh, such smartness 
 and colour ! The nights here are regularly cool, though 
 mosquitoes a little troublesome. ... It is all French here ; 
 only one waiter understands any English, though all 
 servants are Hindoos ; our host a thorough Frenchman ; 
 hostess and daughters ditto. The number of travelling 
 hawkers (chiefly of cakes, sweets, &c.) is surprising. 
 
 ' We have not succeeded in getting any English papers 
 here, so I know nothing of English affairs since November 
 8. I look forward to getting to Calcutta with the utmost 
 anxiety. I must say I am very weary of idle wandering. 
 We can't get any saddle horses here, which is a great 
 disappointment. 
 
 ' December 25, Xmas morning. Thinking much of you. 
 Up at seven. Very bright and sunny. Thermo, down to 70 
 and people coming from church in gorgeousest of raiment. 
 
 p 2 
 
212 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 The bulk of our party going an excursion, from which 
 I have cried off. 
 
 * Yesterday fetched a pleasant ride through the Botanical 
 Gardens, &c. There are charming houses, chiefly verandah 
 and garden all round, this being the residential quarter. 
 
 'December 28. Xmas Day, went to church at nine. 
 Church dressed with palm branches, ferns, and flowers; 
 crowded with white folk, well dressed ; thirty or forty car- 
 riages waiting outside. A number of coloured folk of all 
 hues, in back seats and standing ; the coloured girls all 
 have white muslin thrown over their heads, looking very 
 picturesque and well. Sermon in French, singing not 
 first-class. Mass of usual elaboration, gorgeously dressed 
 attendant boys. 
 
 ' Breakfast at ten ; lounged in verandah till one, when 
 H. and I, and one or two Kimberley friends, started to 
 drive to the waterfalls, three miles off ; passed on our way 
 hundreds of the coolies' huts (wretched hovels of boards 
 and thatch mostly), and thousands of their occupants, 
 children, and brown and -black in all shades, in all degrees 
 of non-clothing, but mostly plump and well formed. 
 Passing a sugar mill, we stopped and went all over it, 
 finding it very interesting. The canes brought to the mills 
 by two wire tramways and a traction engine, in addition 
 to endless trains of mule-carts, bringing the cane to the 
 rollers direct from the fields in which it was cut. The 
 mill is, of course, tremendously hot, as boiling and eva- 
 porating is going on all over the place. All the work is 
 done by Indian coolies, who work very hard. Their average 
 earnings are only 4s. a week, and rations worth 2s. a 
 week more. At the factory gate was the usual Chinese 
 general shop, where we bought some Scotch beer and some 
 soda water and biscuits, by signs chiefly. They kept 
 everything you can think of, but their great business is 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 213 
 
 in dried fish, rice and rum, which the coolies and natives 
 buy in ha'porths and penn'orths. 
 
 ' The cascades are a fall of a small river some 400 feet 
 in seven falls, very beautiful in their way. They fall into 
 a deep, profusely wooded gorge ; precipitous peaks tower 
 on either side, and then the gorge opens out by a further 
 fall into a rich plain of sugar plantation, bounded by the 
 sea. 
 
 ' Yesterday (27th) we all reposed. On 24th had been to 
 crater of extinct volcano, a mile or so from here ; very 
 curious and romantic. All the soil here is lava, the 
 whole island being of volcanic origin. . . . 
 
 ' January 1, 1883. On 29th bade adieu to our friends 
 at Cureppe, and came down by midday train to Port Louis. 
 Spent two hours in luxuriating over a fortnight's " Times," 
 bringing us up to Nov. 20, and got on board our old friend, 
 the " Clan Cameron," after spending half an hour in 
 hunting all over the town for photos of the isle, which we 
 failed to get. We found the captain and mate ailing from 
 Mauritius fever ; they having been on board in the harbour, 
 which is hot and unhealthy. The young Scotchman from 
 Glasgow had also stopped on board, and was also ill ; but 
 none very bad. Found, to our disgust, no other saloon 
 passengers to Bombay, so we and the young Scot are all 
 by ourselves. We had pictured the pleasure of having 
 engaging young Mauritiennes as co-passengers. When 
 we got on board, the ship crowded with some two hundred 
 coolies, of every shade and type of face, saying their adieus 
 to forty coolies and Chinamen, who are going with us as 
 deck passengers to Bombay, having served their five years in 
 Mauritius; the Chinese are en route for Hongkong. There 
 are two women and a baby also with them. The ship 
 is rather heavily laden with sugar for Bombay, and rolls 
 heavily, taking in water all the time, which makes it 
 
214 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 wretched for the sick folk, and less comfortable for us ; 
 they are, however very good-natured over it. Several 
 speak English, but more French (or rather a sort of semi- 
 French-English-Hindostanee) . 
 
 4 January 3. We have had two lovely days and this is 
 yet another. The thermo. ranges between 75 and 85 ; 
 sea calm, and motion of ship creates a pleasant cool breeze ; 
 so that on deck it is never too hot, but just the enjoyable 
 temperature, though when we go to bed it is too hot 
 to sleep till 1 A.M. or so. . . The officers are not strong in 
 conversation. We all now sit at one table ; but I and the 
 Captain have to do all the talking that goes on. It seems 
 that, on ordinary sailing vessels now, chief mates only get 
 81. a month, second 71. or less, and third 5Z. 10s. to 61. 
 You can't expect a man to talk much on such a salary as 
 these. Of course on steamers the rates are higher. 
 
 ' Respecting the general dearth of conversation at table, 
 I stumbled last night on a great joke. I said something 
 about it being hard work to keep some talk going to the 
 Scot, when he replied, " Well, you know, I think you are 
 some restraint on them, Mr. Thomas ; I don't know if you 
 prefer not being addressed by another title ! " I puzzled 
 my head for explanation, which arrived at, amounted to 
 the fact that all the officers and men, having maturely 
 deliberated, have concluded that I am Sir Gilchrist 
 Thomas, Bart., and have been observing my movements 
 with great interest and curiosity in consequence. W. had 
 written home with a description of the affable Bart. The 
 myth seems to have originated in that source of all evils, 
 Lily's dreadful calligraphy, her "Sid." Gilchrist T. being 
 read as " Sir." Please Lil take this as a warning. . . . 
 
 ' Have been reading Haweis' " Current Coin" (which you 
 should get); they are suggestive rather than thorough 
 [essays] but bold and advanced enough for a clergyman. I 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 215 
 
 have been having some square thinking on religious ques- 
 tions, partially led thereto by Lynton's " Under which 
 Lord ? " (which also read) ; it is clever and trenchant, and 
 apropos to the times, if occasionally overdrawn a little. . . . 
 
 c I collect testimony when I can as to efficiency of Hindoo 
 labour. The general evidence is that two good Indians 
 are more than equal to one good white man in most kinds 
 of work; while the wages of the two are less than the 
 wages of the one by at least one half. I am full of fresh 
 ideas and experiments I want to work up and try. I am 
 inclining to leave business alone as much as possible. 
 
 ' January 5. We crossed line yesterday evening in the 
 loveliest of weather ; the 84 of heat being tempered by a 
 slight breeze increased to a pleasant one by the ship's 
 movement. 
 
 6 This morning is close, damp, and oppressive. ... I 
 am picking up a deal of nautico- commercial and ship- 
 building information. The Captain has been thirty years 
 at sea and twenty-four in command, always sailing ships 
 till last voyage. . . . He sticks to his opinion that New 
 South Wales is the best place in the world. I am 
 wondering if the mother could stand a trip to California 
 if I find it wise to go away next winter ; H. thinks not. 
 When sailing about as now, always remaining (when on 
 land) in English ground, one feels pretty strong symptoms 
 of pernicious British pride. I read and think in a desul- 
 tory way a good bit, and don't feel very bad at the con- 
 finement. If I had you two with me I should be quite 
 content. I am now anxious to get to Calcutta for news. 
 
 1 Sat up late last night reading a book of Thomas Cooper 
 on Christian Evidences. Have been examining Bible and 
 Prayer Book to-day with great diligence. The skipper 
 came up and looked over my. pile of books and, to his 
 great astonishment, found : 1. Prayer Book ; 2. " Alkali 
 
216 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS . CH. xvi 
 
 Trade ; " 3. Cooper's Book ; 4, Electricity ; 5. Bible ; 6. 
 "Cleveland Engineers;" 7. "Iron;" 8. Novel; 9. Blue 
 Book on Australia. He wanted to know if I read all those 
 at once ; to which I of course replied that I did. 
 
 * The sunrise and the sunsets are glorious ; after all 
 cloudland is a picture gallery open to all which it is not easy 
 to surpass for loveliness of form, colour, and every changing 
 variety. It is, however, always dark by seven. One misses 
 the twilight. I have got into the way of waking for the 
 sunrise and then going to sleep again. . . . 
 
 ' January 9, '83. Off Bombay. We hope to get into 
 dock in about an hour; we are however rather late for 
 the tide, and may not get in this tide. Will reserve my 
 impressions of Bombay till they are consolidated. Our 
 run from Mauritius has been a very quick and pleasant 
 one. With the exception of one muggy, windy day, the 
 weather has been glorious ; the thermo. never fluctuat- 
 ing more than four degrees on each side of 81 day and 
 night. During the last few days nothing of any kind has 
 happened, beyond once sighting a vessel six miles away, 
 which is but a mild form of excitement. Conversation 
 has languished, though we are all on the best of terms ; 
 there is simply nothing to talk about. ... I am feeling 
 well and bright; no pain for a month, cough a little in 
 evenings occasionally. Can read and think well. I am 
 going to stop away so long to make betterness permanent. 
 Eat prodigiously. I long for letters. I haven't spoken 
 to feminine human being for six weeks. . . . 
 
 ' Bombay ', January 10. Landed at 5 P.M. yesterday; 
 the ship lying in the harbour. You see very little of the 
 size of the town from the harbour, which is spacious and 
 sheltered. We missed the tide, and so couldn't get into 
 dock. We drove through native town for some three 
 miles to the Adelphi Hotel. The town crammed with 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 217 
 
 humanity ; yet somehow does not' convey idea of a city 
 with 770,000 inhabitants. The natives live largely in mud 
 and thatch open hovels, giving no protection, it would 
 seem, against rain. Hotel a huge place, two-storied, with 
 enormous verandahs and galleries. . . . Sat in verandah 
 reading old papers and being bitten by mosquitoes. . . . 
 We go on towards Calcutta this evening, stopping two 
 nights on way, Allahabad and Benares. I shall not 
 bother about Agra and Delhi (much as I should like to 
 see them) as they are out of our line. We shall be riding 
 about Bombay to-day and getting money, &c. 
 
 ' This morning we have had successively visiting our 
 bedroom (which has no glazed windows, only wooden bars) 
 coffee-boy, newspaper man, barber, boot-cleaner, bath-man, 
 washer-man, and a few others. Crows and pigeons abound, 
 
 ' 6 P.M. Just leaving. Had a pleasant day.* 
 
 * Benares, 7 P.M. 
 
 January 13, 1883. Dearest Children, My last 
 left me at Bombay on Wednesday, when, alter calling at 
 Bank, H. went down harbour to see a friend on another 
 steamer. As he did not return for three hours, I chartered 
 a boat and five, no one of whom understood a syllable of 
 English ; and at last glided triumphantly down the har- 
 bour to the " Clan Cameron." I said good-bye to officers ; 
 found H. had been there, and got back again in triumph ; 
 chartered a cab, which here is a first-class vehicle, some- 
 thing like a Cape cart, or a high hansom cab with the 
 driver in front, and drove all over town, chancing on H. 
 driving in another cab. One of my searches was for a 
 sun helmet ; but Bombay could not raise one big enough 
 by three sizes. 
 
 * We started for Calcutta at 6.30 P.M., being seen off by 
 our only co-passenger on the " Cameron " and having only 
 
218 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. XYI 
 
 one other in our carriage, which was a first saloon to hold 
 nine, and sleeping arrangements, with water, &c. laid on. 
 We had a very comfortable night, though we required 
 our rugs. Our fellow-traveller [was] a native, who had 
 bedding, crockery, glasses, milk, fruit, dressing cases, and 
 every conceivable appliance. He made himself very 
 friendly and obliging, spoke English well, and gave us 
 much information. In the morning a grand sunrise, still 
 cold ; country all day varying between a fair state of 
 cultivation and monotonous scrub or semi-wooded ground. 
 Village of mud and straw huts, miserable looking to a 
 degree, scattered about at rarish intervals. We passed 
 through some fairly pretty nooks and valleys in crossing 
 the Ghauts, which are quite low. 
 
 ' At 8 on Friday morning we got to Allahabad and got 
 into excellent quarters at the best hotel. . , ..We . . . 
 hired a carriage and a guide for the day, and went to 
 Public Works Office, where I saw several polite officials on 
 business, and got some information ; then through Euro- 
 pean and native towns, which are quite separate, the 
 former consisting of tree-planted roads 100 feet broad, with 
 stucco semi-classical buildings standing back in grounds 
 (shops and private houses alike) ; the native town, narrow 
 streets lined by little open shops, no fronts at all, each five 
 to ten feet square ; in most cases manufacturing and selling 
 going on in the same contracted space as carpenters, smiths, 
 potters, brass-founders, image-makers, jewellers, cap- 
 makers, sweetmeat and cake makers, fan-makers, fiddle- 
 makers, and a score of other trades. Vegetable, fruit and 
 stuffs sellers are almost confined to the bazaar or market. 
 Then to see the great bridge carrying the railway over the 
 Jumna, just before its junction with Ganges ; this junction 
 is a specially sacred spot for bathing in, and for the next few 
 weeks millions come to bathe. From the bridge (a brilliantly 
 
en. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 219 
 
 designed iron structure) to the fort (which commands the 
 actual junction and a fine view) ; it is largely garrisoned, 
 but we got a pass and went all over it and the stores and 
 workshops these last entirely operated by natives. 
 
 ' January 14. In the fort is also a long subterranean 
 cavern or passage, with irregular niches, occupied by 
 images of gods, which were being worshipped by peram- 
 bulating crowds. Atmosphere abominable from crowd ; no 
 ventilation, and grease lamps. 
 
 ' At dinner thirteen at table, one a lady in white evening 
 costume. Not having seen a good-looking woman for three 
 months, I couldn't keep my eyes off her. Talked to my 
 neighbour (a male, alas!) about native servants, who cost 
 four to ten rupees a month ; horses, including two grooms, 
 cost four rupees a week. Then got talking across table to 
 General Napier Campbell, a man of about fifty-five. We 
 had a long talk about literature, politics, America, &c., 
 continued after dinner in his room ; very pleasant and 
 intelligent, as evidenced by his saying he had enjoyed his 
 conversation. 
 
 ' Went off at 8 A.M. this morning by train to Benares. 
 We had to cross river on bridge and drive four miles to 
 the hotel, which is, as usual, in the European quarter; 
 then drove back to the town in tow of a regular guide (for 
 the first time in my life am I so degraded). " Fergusson " 1 
 took us, however, regularly round to about ten superior 
 temples, mostly poor enough architecturally but quaint 
 and barbarous to a degree; some laid over with gold 
 plates, but mostly stone or plaster covered with red paint. 
 The Monkey temple, colonised by some hundreds of 
 monkeys of a sacred herd, who seem fully as intelligent 
 as their cultivators, struck us as perhaps most curious, 
 
 1 It is probably unnecessary to Twain's guide * Fergusson ' in The 
 say that the allusion is to Mark Innocents .Abroad. 
 
220 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 and I was intensely interested in the monkeys. In the 
 Golden temple, which is crowded with sacred cattle, and 
 has a well (which smells like a bad sewer) in which the 
 god Siva resides, we were mildly mobbed on the question 
 of offerings and backsheesh. We were, after four hours' 
 templing, tramped through the bazaar streets, which I 
 really enjoyed more. The crowded way, jammed vitality, 
 and yet impassive unchangeableness of the life is at once 
 interesting and oppressive. I hardly suppose the native 
 towns, or way of life, or arts, are changed from their state 
 two thousand years ago. 
 
 ' A pleasant party at dinner, though no general conver- 
 sation. Four ladies an event ! 
 
 1 Up at six next morning and drove down to the river, 
 where we met " Fergusson " with a boat, and we rowed up 
 and down for two hours, watching the thousands of re- 
 ligious bathers. The whole side of the stream is lined 
 with stone steps or terraces, some fifty or a hundred feet 
 high, surrounded by magnificent buildings, built by 
 different rajahs to commemorate their visits to Benares. 
 The steps and terraces themselves covered with minor 
 shrines, idols, &c., and thronged with multitudes of the 
 devout going down to, or coming from the water, or 
 standing in it. Men, women, and children, in blue, white, 
 red, green, mauve, gold, yellow, violet, crimson, purple, 
 and every combination of all or any of these human in- 
 genuity could devise. I could have rowed up and down 
 all day, but " Fergusson " insisted on depositing us at the 
 Eailway Station an hour before time, and (after selling us 
 some fraudulent Brum. coins at ten times their value, and 
 charging us preposterously for his services, leaving me 
 with one and a half rupees in my pocket and our tickets), 
 he insisted on our giving him a gaudy testimonial. . . . 
 * In the next compartment was some almighty swell in a 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 221 
 
 green nightgown, blue pants, and gold vest, pink and gold 
 turban, silver and gold shoes, turned up and coiled over 
 in rings, in case his feet grew during our journey. Item : 
 two infants of ten or twenty ; one male, one female ; very 
 fat, in green, gold, white, red, blue, and silver satin. 
 Item : two soldiers. Item : two silver sticks, and one gold 
 ditto in waiting. Item : six coolie s to carry their bags. 
 Item : three superior and six inferior officials ; chief duty 
 to give lollipops to junior swells. These infants must be 
 even more spoiled than our silver-spoon youngsters. We 
 rode on, having a fine compartment to ourselves, dining 
 and supping en route gorgeously, and sleeping comfort- 
 ably wrapped up in rugs at night. When at Benares and 
 Allahabad it was quite cold. Thus, on Tuesday, it was 
 135 in the sun at 2 P.M. ; at 2 A.M. it was only 50 or 
 43 in the grass. 
 
 1 We arrived at Howrah, the " Surrey side " of Calcutta, 
 at six A.M., and drove over here, which is the swell hotel in 
 the swell street. ... On entry, found a whole host of 
 servants waiting to be engaged. Finding it is usual here 
 (as we had been warned) to employ one or two servants 
 each, we took on our table servant, and a majestic man in 
 silk and white linen, with a white turban, began to take 
 off H.'s boots and hand him his hair-brush, which greatly 
 gratified H., and we presently found that this great being 
 had engaged himself as body servant. They then chevied 
 the balance away, leaving us quite alone, bar a gentleman 
 who wanted to wash [us] and our clothes, a second who 
 had shaved me before I had considered the question of 
 being shaved, a third who insisted on measuring me for a 
 pair of trousers, a fourth who wanted to sell me a hat, a 
 fifth who left a silk dress on approval, a sixth who in 
 tones of tender emotion wanted to cure me of corns, a 
 seventh who began cutting my hair, an eighth who wanted 
 
222 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 to take off my boots, and the six men who were getting a 
 bath, making the bed, and dusting the chairs. 
 
 ' After breakfast we went to P. O. and Bank, and got 
 your three letters, "Truth," "Graphic," "Ironmonger," 
 and " D. News." So delighted to get all, and above all 
 to hear you are both well, which is the great news. I 
 should say that our guardian in the turban feels it his 
 duty never to leave us. While at the Bank and the 
 P. 0., we tried to dodge him by a side entrance, but he 
 had us in custody again in a second. At a shop I again 
 nearly got clear away, but was captured after a few 
 minutes of freedom. This afternoon, by great fortune, I 
 found a cab with no seat or step for our custodian, and we 
 at last succeeded in escaping by keeping at a gallop. 
 While enjoying our freedom, saw Patent Agent, Patent 
 Secretary, Public Library, &c. On our return we felt 
 awfully penitent as our Mentor took us in charge, and 
 reproachfully brushed Honman down (I declined to be done 
 anything to), and fixed up our chins. 
 
 4 Our table servant is arrayed in gorgeous linen vestments, 
 with a girdle and white turban. My first three evenings I 
 always felt dinner, with one of these silent mysterious beings 
 behind every chair, to be a solemn and oriental ceremony, 
 and I always expected to hear one whisper, either that 
 Fatima, captivated by the piercing glances of my eagle eyes 
 would a word with me in the sheltered alcove, or that 
 " Haroun al Raschid deemed it best for the benefit of my 
 health and my chances of Paradise to encircle my lily neck 
 with a steel wire bow-string." However, now that I have 
 two mysterious children of the Caliph or some other Eastern 
 gentleman among my personal retainers, I am getting to 
 feel bold and commonplace. I also feel none the worse 
 for journey, and generally jolly. Lil seems to have done 
 everything possible in business way. 
 
CH, xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 223 
 
 c Bengal, January 22, '83. Last Tuesday (15th) I 
 called on B. and H., two members of Supreme Council 
 very well received ; lunched with H., his wife, and a R. C. 
 priest or bishop ; all pleasant. Next day called by appoint- 
 ment on H. again, to meet six of the government engineers 
 and heads of Public Works Dpts. I think, after two hours, 
 I pretty well converted them all. It seems, however, that 
 the Indian Secretary at home, has, since I left, been 
 attacked in the House and by English ironmasters, so that 
 there is likely to be much difficulty and probably failure, 
 owing to interference of the English control. Tuesday 
 also got your letters ; much enjoyed them ; so glad to hear 
 you are both well. . . . Was asked to dine with H., but 
 as Honman didn't want me out in evenings, refused. 
 
 ' Wednesday and Thursday called on head of Geol. 
 Survey. Very kindly received. . . . He and everyone says 
 drink is the curse of Europeans, and real cause of two-thirds 
 of illness. Called on engineer of leading railroad; had 
 pleasant chat. ... I think the interview will bring 
 business to N. E. S. Co. Then saw agent for Rothschild, and 
 (later) head here of Great E. I. Rail. I found in all cases 
 most pleasant reception ; got lot of information, enjoyed 
 talking to rational men again. [Saw] also Secretary of 
 Bengal Government, a Major. Of course I didn't walk a 
 step. I had a two-horse cab, my own footman, and the cab 
 footman hanging on behind, and all this luxury for about 
 Is. or Is. 3d. an hour. Got your first batch of papers, 
 "Graphic" and "Truth," but none by Tuesday's mail; 
 enjoyed them very much. . . . 
 
 ' On Friday came down Barrakur, where theB. Ironworks 
 are. S. (who is a German engineer looking after Works for 
 government) met us with carriage at station, and drove us 
 up to his house ; very nice one on hill ; climate here delicious, 
 coldish even, at nights, about 70 in shade during daytime. 
 
224 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 Country round not very pretty but fairishly well cultivated. 
 S. and his wife very hospitable and pleasant ; we have 
 driven about and seen a good deal. It is a little too hot 
 for much walking from 11 to 2, but very pleasant in house 
 even then. Am always bright and fresh. S. four years 
 in India; married two years ago. Was two years in 
 Scindia's employ as engineer in general to everything. 
 He tells many curious stories, and I have heard much of 
 the ins and outs of Indian society. They have twelve 
 servants here, costing 16s. a month each for wages. All 
 keep themselves, and all are men ; so the total cost is about 
 110. a year. Two gardeners, one coachman, one groom, 
 one undergroom, one top man housemaid, one under male 
 housemaid, one water-carrier, one man for cleaning, one 
 tailor, and one miscellaneous man. Food cheaper here than 
 at home. A fowl costs 3d., beef Is. a pound; a cow costs 
 5Z. for best kind. S. and I know many Germans mutually. 
 
 ' We leave here to-day ; see H. to-morrow ; leave Cal- 
 cutta about 29th. We stay perforce ten days in Ceylon, 
 then on to Sydney. I have enjoyed this country jaunt, after 
 hotels, very much. First night jackals and wolves singing 
 all round kept me awake, now I am used to it ; jackals cry 
 like the spirits of departed teething babies. Have seen no 
 snakes, though said to be abundant. I look in my boots 
 and hat every morning, but to my great disappointment 
 have failed to find one. 
 
 { Tuesday, Janucvry 23, '83. Here we are back again 
 at Calcutta (Great Eastern Hotel) ; we had a drive, &c. 
 yesterday and came down here with S. by afternoon train. 
 I shall see the Council to-morrow or to-day, and then 
 live a very quiet week here, not going out in evening till 
 29th. The temp, here very equable and pleasant ; by no 
 means too hot. S. says India is excellent for chest com- 
 plaints, and that he has quite got rid of one chest disease 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 225 
 
 he suffered from. Travelled down with a large party of 
 English, including a young female who smoked cigarettes 
 in a disgusting manner. I think young women who smoke 
 cigarettes should be burnt alive, with tobacco as fuel. We 
 took one of our servants with us to Barrakur, but finding 
 him no use sent him back. I gave him 2s. a day (his 
 proper wage being Is.) and he has now turned up again with 
 his former colleague in new clothes of the most gorgeous 
 description from head to foot (at least he has no clothes on 
 his feet), including blue turbans and scarves and lovely lace 
 petticoats ; they are now both quite too beautiful to expect 
 to do anything ; but as they never did anything before but 
 put on H.'s boots and hold his comb and toothbrush till he 
 wanted it, it don't much matter. 
 
 1 1 learnt much on Indian manners and customs at 
 Barrakur, and am very glad I went there ; it was the 
 pleasantest trip we have had. I really feel my mind and 
 knowledge of peoples expanding so rapidly that I am 
 obliged to let out all my hats. Some of my things have 
 gone back in a box to H.'s people, with a lot of his, 
 though he still persists in carrying his top hat along in a 
 special hat-box, about which I keep him worried by con- 
 stantly starting up and saying, " Now I believe that hat- 
 box was put in the Simla train as being certain to belong 
 to the Viceroy," or suggesting that it has fallen over or 
 got sat on. 
 
 ' Great Eastern Hotel, Friday, January 26, '83. Dearest 
 Ones, . . . Saw H. for two hours, Tuesday, and some 
 engineers and bankers Wednesday ; always in, easier to 
 work, and meeting the pleasantest receptions. . . . Tester^ 
 day went over Geological Museum and spent some time in 
 their library very pleasantly, the head of the Survey being 
 my cicerone. I drove there, and am ashamed to say came 
 home in a palanquin or palki, carried by four men. It is 
 
 Q 
 
226 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 a curious sensation. They are much used here, and are 
 absurdly cheap. You can hire one for five hours for Is. Sd. t 
 English money. I gave my men ten annas (the fare being 
 three), and they immediately started a hubbub of the first 
 magnitude, thinking I must be insane. H. and S. are 
 much exercised by my ruining servants, coolies and porters 
 &c., by what they call my reckless extravagance. I tipped 
 about ten servants at S.'s house. I began with 1-J- rupee 
 (say 3s.) each, but got down to Is. at the end. It is 
 curious that being liberal don't seem to be appreciated. 
 Thus, I gave coolies who put our luggage (only three bags) 
 in train Is., and they asked for more. S. (who had three 
 big boxes) gave 2<1, and was overwhelmed with bowing. 
 . . . Don't let mother worry. I am getting along 
 beautifully. I feel more and more that I would not have 
 missed this initiation into Asiatic life. By the way, 
 Keshub Chunder Sen gave a lecture last Sunday to an 
 enormous mixed audience, on Christianity, Natural Religion, 
 Brahminism, and the relations of Europe and Asia. Read 
 it if you can get hold of it. I was very sorry to be unable 
 to hear it. Did I tell you the Baboos (or writer and 
 merchant class) look exactly like Romans ? Many have 
 classical firm features, hair cut square over foreheads, and 
 wear a toga, and no head covering or trousers of any 
 kind. Julius Caesar, or his facsimile, cashed a cheque for 
 me the other day. 
 
 1 Both our old servants have returned to us, as well 
 they might, as we pay them over double the usual rate, 
 that is, 2s. a day each instead of Is. The bearer is a fine 
 "tall high-caste Hindoo ; so high that all the waiting he 
 can do connected with food is bringing us our early 
 morning coffee at six. He then gets our bath, folds up 
 our clothes (to my great annoyance), and gives H. each 
 article -of clothing, makes beds, and supervises us with a 
 
CH. xvi MAURITIUS AND INDIA 227 
 
 critical eye. For the rest of the day he does nothing, 
 unless I invent an errand for him (which, as I am in 
 constant communication with government, I often do). 
 
 ' Wages at Barrakur for labourers are about 3d. per day. 
 For women (who work, they say, often better than men), 
 2d. ; for children (who I am sorry to say work hard from 
 eight upwards), about Id. On other hand, an English 
 foreman who would at home get at most 12Z. a month, 
 gets there 301. I went to two collieries. At one a native 
 manager very courteous, intelligent, and obliging ; gave 
 us all figures asked ; [at] one an Englishman, also pleasant. 
 Miners earn about 9d. a day ; bring up about two tons a 
 day each ; much less than our own men. They won't use 
 gunpowder, owing to some prejudice. I should ex- 
 tremely like to push iron-making in India ; even if it cost 
 me money, it would be a grand thing to keep ten million 
 rupees annually in India. . . . 
 
 ' I go to dinner with H. to-morrow ; sail Monday. Went 
 over Mint yesterday. Temperature beautiful ; about 65 
 at night, 70 to 72 in day, shade. The cruelty to 
 unfortunate oxen used as beasts of burden is dreadful, and 
 is the only thing that cools my ardour to relieve India of 
 her burdens. Have seen boat to Melbourne I thought of 
 going by, but don't like it ; so shall go by P. and 0. to 
 Ceylon, and so to Sydney by "Paramatta." Have just 
 been seeing two Ministers again ; they are frank enough, 
 and if Kimberley doesn't put spoke in wheel, shall do 
 well. Now for five weeks of absolute quiet, and monotony, 
 and dulness.' 
 
 This is the last letter actually written from Indian soil 
 (although the next epistle describes a farewell dinner), and 
 it will be well to give Mr. Honman's view of his patient's 
 health during those journeyings and negotiations with the 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 SIDNEY GILCHBIST THOMAS CH. xvi 
 
 Indian Government. He writes to Mrs. Thomas from 
 Calcutta : 
 
 1 There is a decided improvement this week in his 
 lungs. . . . Those pains that have been so much cause of 
 anxiety have not been present for the last month/ But 
 the anxious physician goes on to complain of Sidney's 
 broken sleep upon mail nights, and to urge the importance 
 of keeping from him the details of business as much as 
 possible. ' Will you see that everything that can possibly 
 be kept back (unless of vital importance) be kept back ? 
 He dreams of fresh complications each time, and he 
 awakes with a bad headache.' 
 
 In point of fact the success of Thomas's discovery and 
 the commercial undertakings which had followed in the 
 train of that success had brought the usual penalties with 
 them of much care and trouble. 
 
 A week later Mr. Honman writes (still from Calcutta) : 
 
 c Sidney has told you about the trip to Barrakur, I 
 suppose. It has a beautiful climate at this time of year, 
 but it is too cold at night to continue there. . . . Sidney 
 can work a great deal better than he could before, but I 
 endeavour to prevent him as much as possible, as I notice 
 it does not improve him. . . . The stay in India has not 
 been such a bugbear as we anticipated. His lungs have 
 improved since we arrived, and I have no doubt would 
 have improved more if we had stopped longer, only I am 
 afraid of the work here. The government people have 
 no regard for anybody's health.' 
 
CH. xvii CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTEALIA 229 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 
 
 So, with a little rift showing in the gathering clouds, 
 Thomas sailed for Australia. We resume his corre- 
 spondence on shipboard. 
 
 To liis Mother and Sister 
 ' S.S. " Teheran," off Madras : February 3, 1883. Saturday. 
 
 c Dearest Ones, I left off in my last just leaving en 
 grande tenue for dinner-party at H.'s, who is the equivalent 
 perhaps of our President of Board of Trade (or nearer to 
 French Minister of Public Works), and Member of the 
 Supreme Council. There were eight men there and four 
 ladies ; the men, a E. C. dignitary and military and 
 civil servants. I talked chiefly to H., who told me his 
 experiences of natives, among whom he has, he says, many 
 intimate friends. (He speaks several Indian languages.) 
 * . . Says they produce excellent mathematicians, engineers, 
 and architects. He is an architectural amateur himself. 
 We then spoke of ironworks &c. I am very desirous 
 to aid in introducing these in India ; it would ultimately 
 keep in India nearly a million sterling a year, which is 
 now a fearful drain on her poverty. 
 
 1 1 talked also much to Colonel S., the Director-General 
 of Kailroads, who was born in India, was through the 
 Mutiny, and knows much of the country. Thinks all but 
 a small class of Mahomedans and ambitious spirits are 
 
230 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. x.vn 
 
 content with our rule &c. Also with a man who had 
 been " Resident " in Scinde and other native states, a very 
 able man and good talker. Enlarged my views on many 
 Indian topics ; we had some pleasant sparring. He very 
 sensitive to English criticism and that of men travellers. 
 I was kept by H. after others. Dinner very good, not 
 ostentatious; six servants in picturesque costumes and 
 gorgeous turbans fastened with magnificent aigrettes. 
 
 ' Next morning up at 6. (Honman, like a brick, had 
 done packing previous evening.) Started at 8 ; backsheesh ; 
 got on board P. & 0. s.S. " Teheran," a fine boat which 
 takes us to Colombo, where we wait ten days, sailing 
 again in " Paramatta " about 16th for Australia, where we 
 should arrive about March 13. We sailed at 9. Such 
 a crowd of friends to see us and the fifty or so passengers 
 off. Sailed down Hooghly ; chiefly striking for tropical 
 vegetation and the enormous number of ships lying in tier 
 after tier. . . . 
 
 1 Among other passengers a S. American, who speaks 
 French and is a sort of Commission to Australia, for some 
 mysterious purpose, studies Vetat social et communal, agri- 
 cole et industrielj &c. Talks well, only the strain of French 
 breaks me down. 
 
 ' Then there is a man named P.. in the Chinese Con- 
 sular service, who is quite interesting ; is one of a doze.n. 
 men who talk and write Chinese with perfect ease, and 
 fluency. Gives one a very different idea of the Chinese 
 from that one derives from books. He says that actually 
 there is no religion at all among the male Chinese, though 
 they believe in a future state, in which, however, they do 
 not suppose their conduct here will affect their position. 
 He also describes them as highly logical and reasonable in 
 argument, &c. Says opium trade is a grievous ill that, 
 we . have forced on them ; that it seriously affects health,. 
 
CH. xvii CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTKALIA 231 
 
 (Conduct, &c., of huge districts, and that Chinese are sin- 
 cerely anxious to stop it. He has been lending me some 
 notes of his on Chinese law and the paternal power. 
 
 i Item : A Scotchman who has lived twenty years in 
 Boston and Toronto, made his fortune and tried to settle 
 down in London, but had had to start round the world for 
 a change ; has been doing Egypt, Syria, and India ; is 
 going on to China. He likes Canada much better than 
 England; says too, Canada can absorb any number of 
 really working immigrants. Has been recently in Mani- 
 toba, of which he speaks highly as to its futurity. . . . 
 
 ' I am tired of shipboard again, and am so looking 
 forward to getting home; the long spell from and to 
 Australia will be very tedious. The chief officers here get 
 201. a month, the junior captain 400?. a year, the senior 
 1,000. Doctor gets ~LOl. ; Honman says doctor also gets 
 numerous fees. By the way, S. played the zither delight- 
 fully. I like it much better than piano ; it is low and 
 melodious, and doesn't obtrude itself on Anyone. . . . 
 
 ' Thursday, February 8. We arrived, in Colombo last 
 night ; shall stop up at a sanatorium near town till 
 " Paramatta " arrives. We are two days late here, owing 
 to some defect in engines, which we had to stop four days 
 at Madras to cure. We lead the usual uneventful life. . . . 
 
 ' I am always well enough ; the only thing I absolutely 
 do not get clear of is a little cough. I often think if you 
 could have stood the sea (which you couldn't) how jolly we 
 might have been together. I am very savage at having to 
 stop so long at Colombo ; we shall only get five or six 
 weeks in Australia. 
 
 ' Everyone says that no one ought to go to India after 
 early March for the first time. November, December, and 
 January are the best months to go. It seems certain that 
 Europeans cannot colonise in India ; that is, after three 
 
SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xvn 
 
 generations in India, they die out. On the other hand, 
 Lewis, Sir J. Phayre, and all authorities say that a man 
 who eats moderately, drinks not at all, and protects his 
 head from sun, is nearly as healthy as in England. Liver 
 complaints are very little known. The climate seems 
 most fatal to children ; then to women. If brought up 
 in India, they say only one soldier's child in nine lives 
 to twenty-one ; on the other hand, in a female orphan 
 asylum, where they live with extreme simplicity, and great 
 attention is paid to cleanliness and exercise, they have 
 wonderfully good health. . . .' 
 
 Mount Lavinia Ground Hotel, Ceylon : February 12, 1883. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, We landed at Colombo at ten on 
 morning of 8th. The town, with its red-tiled houses and 
 clusters of palm trees coming down to sea, looked bright 
 and pleasant. We drove about for an hour, walked 
 through the markets &c., and I felt I knew Colombo. 
 Many of the buildings are the old Portuguese houses and 
 forts transformed. 
 
 ' We finally came up here by train ; the railway skirting 
 the shore all the way, with cocoanut palms, among which 
 the native houses are scattered thickly on the other side. 
 Mount Lavinia is only seven miles from Colombo, but 
 said to be much healthier. It is a knoll of rock, only 
 some fifty feet high, jutting into the sea ; the hotel an 
 ex-governor's country house ; it is very large, of classical 
 architecture, and very commodious and magnificent. Thus, 
 the dining-room is a magnificent hall, some 100 or 150 feet 
 long, with two rows of pillars down the sides, with a number 
 of little tables, exquisitely laid out with linen, glass, and 
 flowers, making a more striking ensemble than any I have 
 ever seen in any hotel anywhere. The dining-room opens 
 by wide (always open) doorways into the drawing-room, 
 
CH. xvn CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 233 
 
 and that on the verandah ; thus we have the ocean on one 
 hand, the palm forest on the other. We have a room 
 which can take forty or fifty, with only an average of 
 eight; though yesterday twenty or thirty came over to 
 dine. The meals are appalling in their variety, frequency, 
 and richness, and the cooking far ahead of anything I have 
 ever suspected. We fare sumptuously if we take three 
 out of nine courses. We have not wandered more than 
 three miles away on either side. The Ceylonese or Cin- 
 galese are a fine, if somewhat womanly race ; don't affect 
 clothing above the waist ; wear long hair and tortoiseshell 
 combs. . . . This is quite a Castle of Indolence, even 
 worse than the steamer. We revel in " Punch," " World," 
 "Truth," "I. L. N.," "Graphic," "Pub. Opinion," 
 " Field," and " Queen " (alas ! I have read all these twice 
 through), and are in all ways in pampered luxury. The 
 native fishing boats, six feet broad, twenty long, with an 
 outrigger, are an endless subject of curiosity. They sail 
 magnificently. 
 
 4 February 14 ; Mount Lavinia. Yesterday we spent in 
 Colombo, wandering about, and chatting to some of our 
 old steamer acquaintances. We are the only ones who 
 have been out here. Colombo tremendously hot; but 
 grass always green, which, after arid deserts of India and 
 Africa, a great refreshment. We came up again in the 
 evening, and now find we do not sail till midnight 
 to-morrow. I shall post this before we sail. They say 
 the " Paramatta " is a splendid ship. Our life here 
 dreadfully slow ; there are two young women here, but 
 both married, and with their friends, who are not sociable. 
 I get on here well enough reading and lounging, and 
 playing chess (for Honman's delectation). Mind, I do not 
 believe an idle life is good for anyone at any time, and I 
 loaf under protest. Our Spanish-French passenger from 
 
234 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvn 
 
 Calcutta goes with us to Australia. We may very possibly 
 land at Melbourne and go by train to Sydney. 
 
 ' I like the natives ; they are quiet, dignified, and well 
 featured, though I fancy somewhat idle. The hard work 
 is done by immigrants from Malabar. Remember, you can- 
 not possibly get another letter from me before the end of 
 April, when I trust I shall be on my way home. Tell me, 
 Lil dear, exactly how mother is always. Yours lovingly.' 
 
 ' February 25, 1883 : P. & 0. s.s. " Paramatta," Latitude 24. 
 ' Dearest Children, We parted with some regret from 
 our palm-forest and marine-palace of Mount Lavinia early on 
 the morning of 15th ; went down to Colombo, sending our 
 traps on board. We parted, to amuse ourselves in our re- 
 spective ways, till ship sailed in evening. I, lounging in 
 hotel verandah, soon picked up some of my " Teheran " 
 friends. Several were leaving for China the same evening, 
 among them my Chinese consul. With him I drove to 
 the museum, far away from the town, and saw some in- 
 teresting carving, inscriptions, and jewels of old Ceylon. 
 
 ' Talking (which we did at a great rate, my consul being 
 an interesting and aggressive conversationalist) we spoke of 
 Arabi, and I said I had a mind to leave my card, as a mark 
 of sympathy. P. jumped at this, and said he should 
 like above all things to interview the Pasha. We finally 
 compromised by agreeing to leave cards, and leave it to 
 A. P. to say if he could see us or not. This we did. Arabi 
 sent out to ask us in. His house is a moderately comfort- 
 able sort of European-Indian house, in a longish garden, 
 in the suburbs of Colombo. We found Arabi and another 
 pasha sitting on the verandah, with seven or eight sub- 
 ordinates round. We shook hands and began to exchange 
 complimentary remarks through the medium of two very 
 atrociously bad interpreters. The consul, to my disgust, 
 
CH. xvii CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 235 
 
 said I was a member of Egyptian Committee (which I am) 
 and a leading pro-Egyptian and pro-Arabi politician ! 
 This being floridly translated, Arabi began bowing to me, 
 putting his hand to his heart, and insisted on my taking 
 an armchair by his side, and showed me an elementary 
 Arabic-English phrase book, in which he was grinding up, 
 pointing out words "my friend" as describing me, and by 
 bowing, smiling, &c., conveyed his goodwill. I felt rather 
 an impostor, but disclaimers proved no good. We con- 
 tinued to be cruelly mistranslated, and to be obviously 
 made to say imbecile things, till I was reduced to the 
 verge of distraction ; but the consul was quite equal to the 
 emergency. Finally coffee drunk with infinite empresse- 
 ment, and a loving parting. 
 
 'Arabi looks earnest and determined, but does not 
 strike me as peculiarly brilliant ; not a very striking face, 
 but still beyond the average. 
 
 1 After excursing further about Colombo, and having a 
 final gossip in the crowded hotel verandah, I went to our 
 ship in one of the native outriggers, which are the queerest 
 but safest of craft. 
 
 ' " Paramatta," as you will have seen in papers, is a 
 fine new boat this has led to her being very crowded * 
 there being over a hundred saloon passengers. 
 
 ' A young pair only two or three months married ; the 
 husband, quite youthful, is going out as first Professor of 
 Anatomy to the New Medical School at Sydney. His 
 wife still young, pretty. The professor is well up ; speaks 
 French, German, and Italian, and knows some general 
 science. To my great astonishment I found, after a day 
 or two, that Mrs. R. and Mrs. Professor between them 
 have persuaded the man whose cabin I shared to retire in 
 favour of Honman to a far inferior cabin, leaving his to 
 Honman and self. 
 
236 SIDNEY GILCHEIST 'THOMAS CH. xvn 
 
 'It having got abroad that I am with a doctor, and 
 there being nothing visibly wrong, it is generally supposed 
 I am a dangerous lunatic. . . . 
 
 'We have an ex- Victorian merchant, now living in 
 Tasmania, of the healthfulness of which he gives the 
 most glowing account ; an ex-Sydney merchant ; a N.S.W. 
 surveyor, born in colony, returning from tour round world 
 all by himself; an ex-ship captain who has recently lost 
 his wife, taking voyage to get over his loss ; a missionary 
 who sits next me at meals ; in intervals of eating (he 
 consumes more than I should have thought physically 
 possible for anyone), answers my examinations as to his 
 twenty-five years' Indian experiences with patience and 
 intelligence. Also a Newcastle man (who introduced 
 himself to me as one to whom my name was a household 
 word! ahem!) travelling round world for his health. 
 We discuss politics and northern affairs with zest. I 
 have just been reading Cowen's last speech, which he lent 
 me. Also an Australian doctor who has been ten years in 
 practice, has been spending two years at hospitals of 
 Vienna (where he says teaching splendid for students, but 
 utmost brutality to patients), Paris, and Berlin ; is now 
 'returning to practise as a specialist. Also Bailey (an en- 
 gineer who has been twenty years in India, on various 
 railways, as a contractor) ; has told me much as to native 
 labour and habits bright, clever little fellow. Also an 
 Eurasian doctor (and wife) ; has been thirty years in 
 practice in Calcutta, has two sons in Tasmania, where he 
 is going to retire. Has son with him, much darker than 
 father, though mother an European. . . . Also a China 
 merchant who has told me much of China and Borneo. 
 Besides, we have the new Bishop of Adelaide (an ex- 
 Bradford cleric). 
 
 1 . . . The day passes as to-day. . Up at 7.30 ; on deck 
 
CH. xvii CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 237 
 
 till 9, chattering to different people. Breakfast ; then on 
 deck, chattering on New Zealand; and then with the 
 engineer. Then talk to Mrs. R. and Mrs. Professor. 
 Have short skirmish with the professor. Then the Spaniard 
 came and talked French to me, mostly jokes about Honman 
 (to whom he has taken a fancy and insists on talking 
 French to him, to H.'s utter confusion). . . . Then, to 
 make up, he gives H. a French lesson. Afternoon, a 
 group forms, and we have a general discussion (Honman, 
 incited thereto by jealousy, or envy and malice, declaring 
 that I lecture them all, and can be heard at the end 
 of the ship). Then a short read ; then the Spaniard (by 
 the way he should be Argentine) and Honman come up, 
 and the Argentine gets off his burlas (jokes), and criti- 
 cisms on the promenaders. H. bullies me about some 
 imaginary misdemeanours, and we find it's dinner time. 
 Evening : I write in saloon. 
 
 1 Tuesday, off St. George's Sound. Made some fresh 
 acquaintance. Bishop of Adelaide not at all a bad sort ; 
 was telling me about a winter spent in Morocco for his 
 health, ten years ago. He speaks highly of Morocco. He 
 knows Middlesbro', and we did not collide any. 
 
 ' Continue all right ; though Honman says I ought to 
 spend next winter away, to which I demur strongly. > 
 Yours, dears, both, 
 
 The extremely favourable view Thomas here, as usual, 
 gives his family of his health is hardly borne out by his 
 faithful physician's letter from Colombo. 
 
 f We started from Calcutta,' Mr. Honman writes, ' under 
 rather unfavourable circumstances ; for Sidney had caught 
 a cold at a dinner-party at Mr. H.'s on Sunday night, and 
 the next three or four days was suffering from a feverish 
 
'238 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvn 
 
 attack of bronchial catarrh. However, that has dis- 
 appeared again. The symptoms of overwork have dis- 
 appeared to a great extent. He sleeps better . . . and 
 looks less worried. The only thing that I am not satisfied 
 about is the condition of his lungs. The left has improved 
 considerably . . . but his right lung is still unsatisfactory. 
 ... he has still a cough in the mornings, and (only 
 occasionally) during the day. Keep as much as possible 
 all work at home. This is most important. Especially 
 any bearing upon Australian questions. It will end in 
 interviews, negotiations, and business never ending other- 
 wise.' 
 
 Mr. Honman might well dread adventitious spurs to 
 energy. His patient, who draws above his own fancy 
 pictures of his pleasant f loafing ' existence, was in truth 
 constantly more than occupied with problems and questions 
 old and new, quite apart from pressure of the actual busi- 
 ness and commercial affairs upon which he had embarked. 
 This latter class of work was, indeed, kept from him as 
 much as possible by his sister, who devoted herself to the 
 task of representing him, so far as she could, in his absence ; 
 but there were of course some matters which it was 
 absolutely necessary to submit to the decision of Thomas 
 himself. A source of anxious care at this period was the 
 nascent North-Eastern Steel Company' at Middles- 
 brough mainly founded by Thomas. Unfortunately, 
 about this time a heavy depression set in in the iron 
 trade, and the new venture had to bear all the brunt. 
 ' Sidney,' says his mother, ' always had perfect faith in its 
 future especially -managed as it was by Mr. Cooper. His 
 faith was amply justified in the result.' 
 
 The new problems he was perpetually engaged upon 
 were probably not so hurtful to his health, since in thei$ 
 
CH. xvri. CEYLON, AND THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA 239 
 
 the element of anxiety was comparatively wanting. Some 
 patents date from this time one particularly for special 
 steel sleepers for India. The utilisation of the slag 
 formed in the Thomas-Gilchrist process was a matter 
 which now and always occupied his mind. 
 
240 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xvin 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 ON resuming the correspondence, we find Thomas on 
 Australian soil. 
 
 To his Mother and Sister 
 
 1 March 6, '83: Melbourne; St. Kilda, West M.I 
 wrote and cabled you on Saturday from Adelaide, where I 
 landed and spent three hours on shore making several 
 calls and picking up some information. The city covers 
 much ground, and is backed by hills about a mile behind 
 it being itself two or three miles from the sea. Every- 
 thing, however, was baked brown, and an indescribable 
 glowing sunshine pervaded all. There is every evidence 
 of prosperity; but the place is not attractive, and one 
 understands how great a refreshment the shadiness and 
 dirt and air of long habitation of an old city must be- 
 come to the dwellers in a new one. Arriving in the 
 morning at nine, we left at five P.M., our passengers being 
 diminished by twenty-four old ones, less a half-dozen new 
 folk. 
 
 <A pleasant run close to coast (which is mostly 
 sandy, but occasionally rocky cliffs); arriving inside 
 Melbourne Heads at eight A.M. on 5th. Yesterday nothing 
 happened on the way but a further closing up of 
 acquaintanceship, pleasant talk with a New Zealand 
 squatter and two other New Zealanders, who are all 
 
CH. xvin AUSTRALIA 241 
 
 enthusiastic about N. Z., and want me to go down there. 
 I think I must. I also want to see Tasmania ; but how it 
 is all to be done I don't know. I think I shall have to 
 stop over till May, after all. 
 
 ' Landing by boat, we came up to Melbourne by train, 
 and went at once to the Library, a magnificent one, 
 where I revelled for two hours. They have, in same 
 building, a, picture and sculpture gallery and museum. 
 There are some really fine pictures. I then called on the 
 man to whom P. gave me letter, and (in afternoon) came 
 out here, and settled into a pleasant little hotel facing 
 sea, where Mr. and Mrs. R. and two other fellow-passengers 
 turned up soon after, and we spent the evening together 
 very pleasantly. We do not go on board till to-morrow 
 at noon. The run up will only take thirty hours, so we 
 arrive 7th at Sydney, where I hope my " letter hunger " 
 will be satisfied. The suburbs of Melbourne bear every 
 evidence of prosperity, and some of the houses charming. 
 To-day H. gone to Hospital and races. E. gone to races. 
 I am going to make some calls and to the Library. A 
 bright clear day, but wind coldish. I feel first class, and 
 mean to stop so. . . . 
 
 ' Shall return here before I leave Australia. A man 
 who joined at Adelaide came out in " Sobraon." He was 
 a special invalid, and is now quite well. He says, of 
 seventy passengers, sixty were invalids more or less ; two 
 died on voyage. He says there is no doubt as to steam 
 being preferable. I thank my stars I did not go in her. 
 We had a number of affectionate partings yesterday. 
 
 'March 11 : Sydney. Dearest Mother, I wrote you 
 last from Melbourne, giving account of myself to date (by 
 the way, I have never yet missed a mail to you). That 
 morning Honman went to Hospital, and I into Melbourne 
 after seeing some people. . . . H. and I only next meeting 
 
 R 
 
242 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 on going aboard (as he had been to Eaces and Theatre) ; he 
 told me he had offer of locum tenens in a healthy place 
 midway between Melbourne and Sydney for a month, which 
 would give him a chance of seeing how he liked Australian 
 practice, and yet rejoining me, if I liked it, or in fact my 
 joining him, it being in district I am recommended by the 
 Sydney doctor on board to go up to. As he was anxious 
 to go, we arranged he should get his things off the ship 
 and start at once, and let me know at Sydney if I should 
 join him or go somewhere near. 
 
 ' Going on board, we found only a third of our old 
 number going on, though many of those who landed at 
 Melbourne came to see us off. ... Of my party there 
 remained first and foremost my little New Zealanderin, 
 Mrs.. B., Mr. and Mrs. R., and the squatter millionaire. 
 We formed a most pleasant set, and I made friends with 
 various other passengers; so we were all like a family 
 party. Starting at 1 P.M. Wednesday, we did not get 
 on shore here till 9 A.M. Saturday, and I felt very sorry 
 to break up even then. I had pleasant chats with young 
 Victorian passenger, also with the Secretary of the Queens- 
 land Legislative Council, one of the oldest of Queensland's 
 permanent officials. . . . 
 
 ' At four on Friday we have our last " tea," the host- 
 esses being Mrs. E. and Mrs. B. and the " Child " ; guests, 
 the ship's doctor and three officers, a nice, bright and 
 cultivated old lady from Queensland, Miss T.,the two E.N.'s 
 just budding into uniform, L., and a few waifs. Such a 
 laughing, childlike party as Lil would delight in. The 
 Child decrees we are to have a final " race game," to which 
 imbecile pastime we forthwith devote our whole energies, 
 with the utmost gravity. 
 
 1 Next morning we are all up at six, and enjoy the lovely 
 view as we move slowly up the harbour to the wharf; the 
 
CH. xvin AUSTEALIA 243 
 
 R.'s and I go to same hotel, and we all disperse the 
 " Child " being carried off to the new Premier's till she 
 sails for N. Z. I rush to P. O. and get your three missing 
 Cape letters on paying a huge sum for accrued postage ; 
 then to D.'s, where more letters, but only one of later 
 date than those I got in Calcutta. . . . 
 
 ' Monday evening. On Saturday dined with L., who is 
 at another hotel, Mr. and Mrs. E., and a Col. L, an old 
 ex-army man of some family in Scotland ; knows everyone 
 here and has a lot of schemes. We sat talking till nearly 
 midnight. 
 
 ' Sunday I spent reading your letters and looking up 
 information about the Colonies. . . . Sydney streets are 
 largely traversed by tram lines, on which run large cars, 
 drawn by steam locos at a great rate. They are an im- 
 mense convenience and (astonishing to say) do not frighten 
 the horses. I had two steam cars thundering down a hill 
 after my cab, their wheels almost touching ours, but the 
 horse did not move a nerve. The park is large and beau- 
 tiful, continues down to the harbour, and on Sunday was 
 full of well-dressed people, mostly work folk, I imagine, 
 quietly enjoying themselves. 
 
 ' This morning have seen the Commissioner of Railways, 
 the ex-Premier, the present Premier, the Treasurer, the head 
 of Geological Survey, and a few others, and been generally 
 gassing around and acquiring piles of information. I 
 have also had an interview with a female inventor and 
 patentee, who really knows something of what she spoke 
 of ; though she spoke of a good deal of which she knew 
 nothing. I met the Premier at the Club. Immediately 
 on introduction he ordered " five brandies " for myself 
 and himself, the late Secretary L., and two others. This 
 solemn ceremony is colonial all over. 
 
 ' They all abuse democracy and tell fearful stories of 
 
 R 2 
 
244 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xvin 
 
 the independence of working folk ; but I am inclined to 
 think things would not be half so well under any other 
 'cracy. The free libraries, accessibility of Ministers, cars, 
 parks, &c., are all democratic, and I like them. The 
 public buildings are very fine and convenient. The Free 
 Library (open all days f including Sundays) is alone worth 
 living in Sydney for. I spend a lot of time there. . . . 
 
 ' I have a quiet day to-morrow, and expect to leave for 
 Wangaratta (Honman's place) on Wednesday or Thursday. 
 I am awfully good, and won't go out evenings, though 
 I should immensely like to. ... 
 
 ' Lil, dear, your letters are all that could be desired, we 
 must give you promotion. Try, darling, to understand 
 everything. You know why I want you to be posted in 
 everything. I boast no end of my little sister colleague. 
 Thank E. for her letter (amusing like herself). I hope 
 the Shipping Co. she has joined is Limited. Everything 
 depends on management. If Co. is not Limited, don't let 
 her put [in] more ; she had even better get out. Tell her 
 to read articles on shipping investments in "Whitehall 
 Review " of December and January. Weather just lovely : 
 hot in sun, cold in shade, and clear to distraction. 
 
 ' If you still think it best, I am inclined to selling 
 house and carrying you both off, next winter, so as to run 
 no risks of relapses. I had almost forgotten to say I am 
 lusty and strong. 
 
 c Wangaratta, Victoria: March 18, '83. Dearest Mother 
 and Lil, Though I only wrote Tuesday, I won't let inter- 
 vening mail go without writing. 
 
 c Wed. I went to R.'s to see their rooms, and then 
 with K. to see the Secretary of Works. In afternoon I 
 saw the " Child " off and made acquaintance with the 
 Premier's daughter, who came also to see her off; she a 
 bright girl, who, having been to Europe, pines to return 
 
CH. xvin AUSTEALIA 245 
 
 thither, as most girls seem to do. On Tuesday had been 
 to call on Mrs. B. who says I do not attend to social 
 duties. Laudable youth ! . . . 
 
 ' Had a comfortable berth in sleeping car and slept till 
 six, when we were traversing a dry, flat to undulating 
 land, covered with gum trees, mostly barked and dead, 
 giving a forlorn and desolate look. At 1 P.M. we came 
 to end of N. S. W. Railway and had four miles in coach, 
 crossing the river to the Victorian R. R. terminus. This is 
 a wine district ; still arid and witheringly hot ; but hills 
 and green trees and vineyards a relief. The river not of 
 much account now ; but big bridges show what it is in 
 rainy season. 
 
 1 At 4 P.M. got to Wangaratta ; Honman at station to 
 meet me. Got a room at a nice little inn. His hospital 
 with a dozen beds (able to make up thirty) is only fifty 
 yards off; he sleeps there, but has his meals here. There 
 are five young fellows also boarding and sleeping here, 
 four bank clerks, and one the clerk to local justices, in fact, 
 pretty much what I was at Thames. The latter intelligent ; 
 has told me a great deal about local conditions and politics. 
 , . . Excellent table, though simple. 
 
 ' Honman gets all his exs. and a guinea a day, besides 
 some extras ; thus he made extra 50s. yesterday. The 
 charge for visiting 5s. a mile. Thus, if patient is ten 
 miles from town they charge 50s., as was case yesterday, 
 when he and I drove to see a patient ten miles away, wife 
 of a small farmer, living in three-roomed house. It seemed 
 to me very hard lines that he should pay 50s. ; but he did so, 
 and H. goes there again in a day or two. He is now off to 
 see a patient twelve miles in another direction. The hospital 
 is partly supported by Government (who give 900/. a year), 
 and balance by private subscriptions. The house-surgeon 
 gets IbOl. a year and one room, but not, as I understand, 
 
246 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 board. He also takes as much private practice as he 
 likes. Honman, you understand, is merely locum tenens 
 for a month. . . . Honman drinks nothing and admits he 
 is the better for it. He says the first days he was here 
 he was asked to have twenty drinks a day, but now no one 
 bothers him ; and I can see fehat he is respected for it. 
 
 ' I have come here (though it is a dull place with nothing 
 near it that in any way interests me), because Honman 
 declares it is the most likely place to do me the maximum 
 of good, and I thought you would like me to be near II. 
 or rather with him. I therefore feel " awfully good " at 
 having banished myself from the attractions of Sydney 
 and not having gone to N. Z. or elsewhere. I shall' try 
 to hold out here for a month. . . . All right ; but oh ! so 
 inexpressibly stiff after a two hours' ride on an aboriginal 
 quadruped. I am going to get H. to rearticulate all my 
 joints. Yours, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 Wangaratta : March 22, 1883. 
 
 ' (Thursday before Good Friday.) 
 
 'Dearests, Life here is absolutely eventless, the only 
 thing happening being a rain-storm the evening before 
 last. . . . 
 
 ' The magisterial clerk talks well enough. He spent 
 three years in Queensland, by Gulf of Carpentaria, locating 
 a station, but got fever and scurvy and had to throw it up 
 and come back, riding 1,000 miles to get a steamer back 
 to Victoria. 
 
 * My ride has not worn off yet. I am even stiffer than at 
 Torquay. I did not get as far as the hills, which are eight 
 miles away, and feel monotony of the everlasting gum 
 trees ; though these are by no means bad trees in their 
 way. 
 
CH. xvin AUSTRALIA 247 
 
 i The land here agricultural chiefly ; but also largely 
 cattle-raising ; worth 31. to 51. an acre. One man has been 
 here thirty years, has nice farm and six-roomed brick house, 
 lives in plenty. Was a Bucks agricultural labourer at 
 12s. a week. The man who was to emigrate with him got 
 frightened and stopped at home, and is still getting 12s. a 
 week. 
 
 ' Female servants get 10s. a week ; said to be scarce, but 
 the latter I fancy mistress' fault. The maid here does for 
 five boarders (ourselves and two other family boarders) ; is 
 always on hand, bright, quick, and smiling; has taken 
 Honman under her wing, and dashes in with hot things 
 for him whenever he comes in late. . . . 
 
 ' The Athenaeum here (free) is a glorious place. We 
 have " Graphic," " Illustrated L. News," weekly edition of 
 " Times," "Fortnightly," "Contemporary," "Westminster," 
 " Cornhill," " Longman's " ; besides Australian papers, 
 periodicals, and a good library of good modern books. Have 
 been enjoying " Other People's Children." Get " Realities 
 of Irish Life," by Trench, one of the 6d. reprints the best 
 book I ever met on Ireland. . . . There is a strong anti- 
 Irish feeling being got up here, particularly a propos 
 of the Redmonds' visit. 
 
 1 Fruit I am told grows here luxuriantly, though one 
 doesn't notice it much. We get a reasonable amount- 
 grapes 3d. and Qd. a Ib. ; in Sydney, even Sd. 
 
 i What [a] delicious, though impossible and irrational, 
 book is " All Sorts and Conditions of Men ! " Get cheap 
 edition ; it is worth having in the house, as a piece of 
 dreamland. I don't do all novel reading ; but (by dint of 
 diligent study of Australian Gazetteers, handbooks, Mineral 
 reports, &c.) am preparing to make myself the authority 
 on Australian resources, so that I may " gas about " with 
 effect. 
 
248 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 1 Good Friday. Specimen Day. Up at eight ; breakfast 
 about till 9.30. Then over at Hospital with Honman ; 
 reading " Lancet," physiology, theology, &c., till lunch at 1 ; 
 after which drove with H. to patient six miles off. Had 
 chat with patient's husband : he took up the land (320 acres 
 free) twenty years ago; farm now worth 1,300?. without 
 stock ; has large family, all look not very healthy, mostly 
 sore eyes, probably owing to flies and bad water. Untidy 
 rambling low house ; plenty to eat ; good farm machinery, 
 reapers, chaff cutters, &c. ; buggy. Would have been farm 
 labourer at home. Orange growing here interesting, 
 pleasant and profitable ; but have to wait three years for 
 fruit. There is a good deal of typhoid fever in outlying 
 districts. On return, stop to chat with chemist, between 
 whom and doctor there is the closest alliance. He comes 
 from Totnes ; twenty-eight years in colony ; free-thinker, 
 intelligent, dogmatic. . . . Then look in at Athenaeum 
 (open every day in the year). Back to dinner. Honman 
 called on six patients sixteen miles away. Honman pro- 
 poses coming back with me, and then returning to Australia. 
 His farmer patient to-day said, " New thing for us, a doctor 
 who don't drink," and told how a predecessor came drunk, 
 and severely injured him, performing an operation while 
 drunk. The bank clerks here say the bank clerks in Mel- 
 bourne are constantly drunk, say once a month or week. The 
 young ladies of Australia are, I fancy, slightly American. 
 
 ' By the way, dear child, you have still got to learn some 
 Chemistry and work with me. I am absolutely brimming 
 over with things that demand investigation ; the lines are 
 already laid down and they must be investigated. I shall 
 never have time by myself and you must help ; you can't 
 tell what a glorious, entrancing, delightful occupation it 
 will be, with rewards of the most magnificent description 
 in reputation, work, benefits, and lucre. 
 
CH. XYIII AUSTEALIA 249 
 
 c Sunday evening. Yesterday and to-day idled away, 
 reading, and good deal at Athenaeum, and in open air. 
 Been sixteen-mile drive with Honman to-day. Had long 
 talks with several farmers and labourers ; am becoming pro- 
 digiously learned on all agricultural matters. A man near 
 here made 8,OOOZ. this year out of fifteen acres of hops. 
 Another, a carpenter, tells me he has been here sixteen years : 
 earns 10s. a day ; says working men can live cheaper here 
 than at home ; meat 3^d. a lb., bread 3d. a loaf, flour 10s. 
 per 100 Ibs., clothing and groceries alone dearer. Educa- 
 tion free ; house rent cheap, and (land being cheap) can 
 [live] out of town, have large garden, &c. This man, how- 
 ever, considers he is not one of the successful ones ; says 
 he could earn 7s. 6d. at home ; his family middle class 
 people living at Netting Hill. 
 
 ' There being no poor laws, I fear there are many cases 
 of hardship and even death of sick and old people. There 
 are benevolent asylums ; but difficult to get admission. In 
 this little hospital the average of people brought in dying 
 of starvation from remote parts is twenty a year ! An old 
 man brought in last week, been lying in a field by the road 
 starving for a week. He died without recovering con- 
 sciousness. 
 
 c As illustration of colonial politics at their worst, two 
 incidents of last week: (a) A member, charged by the 
 Premier in the House with saying in a speech to his 
 constituents that he had seen thirty-five members of Par- 
 liament drunk, jauntily got up and said he had said so, 
 knowing it was a lie, in order to influence votes in his 
 favour. This is taken as a satisfactory apology, and an 
 ex-Premier speaks of the M.P. in question, immediately 
 after, as his "promising young friend. 5 ' (b) A Cabinet 
 Minister gets drunk at the Redmond Banquet, and makes 
 an imbecile drunken speech ; has in consequence to resign. 
 
250 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xvni 
 
 Petition to withdraw his resignation, as it was only a 
 trifling indiscretion another M.P. in the house saying it 
 was cruel to take notice of such a thing, particularly as so 
 many leading public men were the biggest thieves on earth. 
 ' Wednesday. Long to be back to see you ; otherwise 
 contented enough. If you see T. T., tell him I rely on his 
 trying the slag experiments thoroughly and having a 
 perfect slag process before I return. My heart is set on 
 this. I am sure I am on the right track. . . . Yours, 
 
 < S, G. T.' 
 
 ' Wangaratta : April 2. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, I really feel very cross and anxious 
 at receiving no news of you all since January 12. I know 
 you would not have left me so long, so conclude letters 
 have miscarried ; but I am bothered just the same, as I 
 have got it into my head you may be ill. I got a whole 
 budget of papers last Thursday from Sydney, including 
 some you had sent to Cape. I so enjoyed reading even 
 the oldest. They were well selected too. 
 
 ' My present plans include returning to Melbourne with 
 Honman, then to Sydney, then up country to quiet place 
 for a few days, then to New Zealand for ten days. Hon- 
 man quite thinks to come back again. ... He has been 
 out several nights, and has twenty cases in Hosp., all 
 more or less bad. A man brought in yesterday from fifty 
 miles away with a fractured thigh. We are here in the 
 heart of the bushranging country of a few years ago. 
 The sister of Kelly, the great bush-ranger, is now a patient 
 in the Hospital. I had a drive with Honman on Friday, a 
 ride on Thursday, and a longish walk yesterday ; so I 
 know the country round well. Weather continues fine and 
 bright, though a good deal of rain has fallen during two 
 nights. 
 
CH. XVIII 
 
 AUSTRALIA 251 
 
 ' I learn a good deal from the Magistrates' clerk of the 
 business and social policy of the colony. I have been 
 grinding up the resources of the various colonies from all 
 sources, and it certainly seems to me that New Zealand is 
 the best, New South Wales the second, or Queensland, if 
 you have no regard to health considerations. In New 
 Zealand good land, within thirty miles of a harbour, is 
 still to be got at under 20-9. an acre. Here the same land, 
 only less fertile, costs 31. and upwards, and in England 301. 
 and upwards. Am reading " Adam Bede ; " a glorious 
 book. This vegetating, I think, does me good, slow as 
 it is. 
 
 ' I am sorry to say I fear there is no prospect of start- 
 ing Works in Australia, as I had hoped, so I have nothing 
 to do but to loaf. Whenever you see T. T., tell him I am 
 relying on his trying the slag experiments I sent him a 
 list of; that I am sure the slag question is soluble in the 
 way indicated, and that its present unsolved state is the 
 great trouble of my life. 
 
 ' By the way, I hope you were thoughtful enough to 
 get three or four copies of " Cinderella." I go once a day 
 to a place where they have been framed, to refresh myself 
 by looking at her. 
 
 ' I hope you are taking care of yourself; I hope tooLil 
 has found some work of her own, in the direction of 
 Besant's Angela or otherwise. . . .' 
 
 4 Beratta, Victoria : April 8, 9 A.M. 
 
 ' (In hotel verandah, in a very comfortable chair.) 
 ' Dearest of Mothers, This is intended to be a birth- 
 day letter, and I hope the P. 0. will arrange for delivery 
 accordingly. That I wish you ever and ever so many 
 happy returns of the day, and that you may continue in 
 your special way to grow younger and younger, as your 
 
252 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 offspring grows venerabler and venerabler all goes with- 
 out saying. Your second sight, or affectionate intuition, 
 ought to be telling you all the time how much I am always 
 thinking of my facetious little mother. I sometimes think 
 of setting up a special shrine, on your plan (with travelling 
 lamp attached) for your and Lil's photos. I am feeling 
 peculiarly bright and brisk ; the receipt at Melbourne of 
 your letters of Jan. 19 and Feb. 21 (which only reached 
 me April 6 after a month's blank) was an immense 
 relief. . . . 
 
 ' As I wrote you last week, we went down to Mel- 
 bourne ; only came from there last evening. I do not care 
 for Melbourne ; though there is much life and animation, 
 still the country round is flat and uninteresting, and it does 
 not do after Sydney. The hotels and buildings, Public 
 Library, Museum, &c., are all finer than in Sydney, and 
 it is much ahead in population. I had planned to go over 
 from Melbourne to Tasmania, which I much wanted a 
 glimpse of, and I also much wanted to see an Iron Works 
 there for which I have interesting views ; but I got your 
 letter on the morning of starting, and (as Honman seemed 
 to think my going to a colder place injudicious) I gave 
 it up with much groaning and tribulation. Now I call 
 that an exhibition of gorgeous abnegation of my own 
 (better) judgment. ... It is much colder in Melbourne 
 than at Wangaratta. Thermo, about 65 in shade, which 
 I call cold. ... I may stop here two days ; then to Fitzroy 
 for a day or two ; get to Sydney about Thursday, stop three 
 or four days to find out some of the people I have intro- 
 ductions to, and then up country again quietly. Start for 
 home about mid May ; it is uncertain whether by U.S. or 
 by the Orient, or Messageries. Honman returns with me. 
 
 ' All the Australian towns seem just like one another. 
 Buildings mostly one-storied, some brick, some wood ; 
 
CH. xvm AUSTKALIA 253 
 
 balconies and verandahs wherever practicable. Wide roads. 
 Country round often looks like wilderness, or a ragged 
 English park; generally a river about six feet wide, with 
 a bridge sixty feet wide, to provide for floods. Bright blue 
 sky, clear air, bright sun, now often cool wind. Two banks, 
 public library, first-class school. Lots of stores, and every 
 fourth house an hotel or drink shop. People here seem 
 religious; in Wangaratta (with about 600 people) a 
 Roman Catholic Church, Church of England, Wesleyan, 
 Presbyterian, Independent. R.C. has schools, and excom- 
 municates all who send children to State Schools, which 
 here are free, and I am told very good. Very loyal and 
 patriotic too. At present all papers are abusing Ireland 
 and the Irish, and circulating and believing ridiculous 
 atrocity stories. Railways all State ; indifferently managed 
 and undermanned. Porters remember they are Govern- 
 ment officials, and act accordingly. . . .' 
 
 ' Sydney : April 12. 
 
 { Dearest Ones, Your home news may seem trivial to 
 you, but it is delicious to receive out here. I will certainly 
 be back before July 20. 
 
 ' Now for a spell of gossip. I spent last Sunday very 
 quietly as I wrote you, mostly on verandah. A curious 
 incident was [the] passing of a small " selectors' " funeral 
 to R.C. Cemetery. First a hearse; then about a dozen 
 buggies, carts, and traps of various kinds, all full of decent 
 poorish country folk ; then thirty-six men riding two and 
 two on horseback, some smart, some shabby, some ragged, 
 most dirty, some with a bit of black tied on, mostly with- 
 out. It was curiously impressive, motley as it was. The 
 deceased, it seems, belonged to what they call the " Kelly 
 Crowd," i.e., the friends of Kelly, the notorious bush- 
 ranger, who lived between here and Wangaratta. Did I 
 
254 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvni 
 
 tell you his pretty young sister was in Hospital, a patient 
 of Honman's, from anaemia ? H. says simply hunted about 
 and worried into severe illness by the police. 
 
 ' In evening I found that a man I had talked to in 
 morning, and taken for a com. traveller, was the M.P. 
 for the district. Picked up from him and others local 
 information. Land round Beratta very good; most 
 of it worth 3Z. to 4>l. an acre on average. You hear 
 constantly of English farm labourers now farming 500 
 or 1,000 acres of their own. Wages for agricultural 
 labourer 20s. a week and board, but said to be hard 
 to get. 
 
 ' At 11 A.M. Wednesday started by train back through 
 Wangaratta to Wodonga ; then three miles coaching and 
 through Albury by train through Wagga, Macdonald's 
 nearest station, to Mittogovey, seventy miles from Sydney, 
 and on top of hills 2,000 feet high. Got there late; 
 knocked up landlord ; got in. 
 
 1 Next morning found it a curious big public, with 
 (as usual here) several boarders. We all mealed together. 
 We sat down to dinner, host, hostess, two daughters of 
 about twenty (to whom I devoted myself) ; a Chinaman ; 
 an Irish shopman ; a railway porter ; a storekeeper (ex-gold- 
 digger in Transvaal, bit of a carpenter and doctor also, 
 and quite a character, became quite a chum of mine) ; a 
 hawker and itinerant quack. This last been all over world ; 
 entertained me with account of a trip from 'Frisco to New 
 York knife and scissor grinding. Three or four odd lots, 
 diggers, labourers, &c., and an aboriginal. In my two 
 days I conversed more or less with all. Spent morning 
 in talking to landlord, an ex-policeman, ex-auctioneer, 
 ex-storekeeper, &c., and going over the abandoned Fitzroy 
 Ironworks, which I enjoyed. Afternoon went for a walk ; 
 was introduced to leading citizens and storekeepers. They 
 
CH. xviii AUSTRALIA 255 
 
 had a general idea that I was either emissary of Rothschilds', 
 an impecunious digger, or a lunatic. 
 
 ' Next morning at 7 an intelligent quarryman came with 
 two horses to take me to see a geological phenomenon 
 which they told me I couldn't find by myself. After a time 
 we struck into bush and rode for some way up and down 
 hills, among the forest. . . . My horse shied at the first 
 Australian bear I have seen, not bigger than a big poodle, 
 climbing up a tree. My guide then began riding down'a 
 precipice, and I made my will, strapped myself on to my 
 horse, and requested that animal to do with me what he 
 would. The result was the quadruped proceeded to walk 
 up and down vertical walls of a few hundred feet high 
 (with superb trees growing at the bottom) for some four 
 miles, occasionally having a quiet jump across a mountain 
 or river, and I enjoyed it very much. I think, however, 
 my guide did not think I was such a good talker as he had 
 been led to expect, as I found fastening myself on required 
 considerable attention. 
 
 ' The scenery in those precipitous rock gorges really 
 very fine and enjoyable. The phenomena, which were of 
 a carboniferous character, proved very interesting, and I 
 rehoved and restrapped myself on to my charger and 
 trotted gaily back, leaving it as before to my friend the 
 horse to say whether he should proceed on his hind legs, 
 or his forelegs, or his tail, exclusively -or otherwise. 
 Generally speaking, he would coil his tail round a tree and 
 then drop down on his hind legs to the next valley. Any- 
 how, he understood the country, and we got up a showy 
 gallop when we got within sight of the hotel. The young 
 women removed my remains from the saddle, and I felt 
 good for dinner. My companion was very intelligent, and 
 I collected mines of notes which my executors will believe 
 are mutilated cuneiform inscriptions. 
 
256 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvni 
 
 'Left Mittogovey by 2 P.M., not a whit the worse for 
 my ride, which I had actually enjoyed immensely. Found 
 two men in carriage, the one a colliery owner, the other a 
 merchant ; plunged into discussions. Lots more informa- 
 tion, exchanged cards, spread myself out. 
 
 * Got to Sydney 6 P.M. ; came here (better than other 
 hotel) ; found here P. (my Newcastle " Paramatta " friend) 
 and Mr. W. and his sister (of Liverpool), who came out in 
 " Paramatta " for their health, intending to stop here only 
 a few weeks. They both look worlds better, and are going 
 to New Zealand and Tasmania before they return. He 
 talks of settling here. After dinner chat with Miss W., 
 and joined by Miss T., who also here with her people. 
 They also from " Paramatta." Find two others from P. 
 also here. Weather bright and pleasant. Next day get 
 my delicious big budget of letters ; revel in it. Call on 
 big firm [of] merchants here. G.'s step-son pleasant, sharp 
 Scotchman; gives me some information I want. . . . 
 Called also yesterday on Watson, ex-Colonial Treasurer, 
 pleasant bright man, Scotch ; interesting short talk ; had 
 some trouble to avoid invitation to dinner, which I do not 
 want. Bead some time at Royal Society's library. To-day 
 (Saturday) have made some calls, had a photo taken (which 
 is hideous in the extreme), to please you. ... Land here 
 at present is at a fabulous price ; had gone up five-fold 
 in five years. . . . Went to the Picture Gallery, a small 
 good collection, and Botanical Gardens and Domain Park, 
 coming down to harbour, hilly ground very well laid out, 
 making a lovely park. . . .' 
 
 'April 18. 
 
 ' Dearest Mother, I have little to add to my hugely 
 long letter posted on the 16th per Orient S.S. Monday I 
 called on one of the ex-Ministers, a Jewish merchant. . . 
 
CH. xvm AUSTEALIA 257 
 
 I spent some time at Library, wrote letters, &c. Yester- 
 day called on one of my fellow-passengers ; then drove 
 to University, saw Professor S. (another shipmate) ; his 
 class as yet only five ; very busy. They have allowed him 
 to spend over 1,OOOZ. in specimens and apparatus, and 
 give him all in buildings &c. that he wants. They intend 
 to have a first-class Medical School. Then called again on 
 professor of chemistry, who showed me round and thawed. 
 . . . Called on Sydney Jones yesterday. He has big 
 practice ; very pleasant. He examined me, recommended 
 me not to stop in England next winter. Honman says 
 same. . . . S. Jones comes home same time as I do for a 
 two years' holiday. He advises me to go on hills, so I 
 go up to Lithgow to-morrow. I may then go up to 
 Brisbane, which he also recommends me to do. We had 
 heavy showers yesterday and to-day, but bright sun mean- 
 time. 
 
 ' Thursday, 19#i, Noon. Just got yours of 9th. I wish 
 I were worth one- third of the thought you give me. Your 
 letters make me feel quite ashamed always of not being 
 worthy of your goodness. Lovely weather. Sitting 
 writing in verandah. Honman goes with me to-morrow 
 into the hills. Ever yours.' 
 
 ' Sydney : Saturday Night, April 21, 1883. 
 'Dearest Mother, On Wednesday afternoon took a 
 trip up the Paramatta River for the greater part of its 
 course, and round the harbour to Paramatta, one of the 
 oldest towns. Started at 1 P.M. ; arrived at 3 ; back here 
 by 5. The whole way a panorama of pretty scenes, wooded 
 knolls, and bold rocks. For first three or four miles from 
 Sydney large numbers of suburban villas and villages ; these 
 grow fewer as you go further. The harbour lovely to a 
 degree ; sites overlooking it now selling at enormous rates* 
 
 s 
 
258 SIDNEY GLLCHEIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 * Had pleasant chat with old boy who had been twenty- 
 eight years in Melbourne ; was an official on Victorian 
 Rails. Being now entitled to retire, was speculating if he 
 could live in Europe without the sun. Evening, chat on 
 balcony with various hotel acquaintance. By the way, my 
 first appearance in antipodean journalism (a short editorial 
 article) was an anonymous letter of mine to " Sydney 
 Morning Herald" on behalf of the caged monkeys of 
 Botanical Gardens, which I had to interfere with roughs 
 for ill-using on Sunday. 
 
 ' Thursday got your letters of 9th in morning ; had to 
 scurry to reply by mail leaving two hours after. In after- 
 noon went on board the " 'Frisco " mail boat to see Mrs. W* 
 and her brother off on their way to New Zealand. I was 
 tempted to go down to New Zealand too ; but they say it 
 is too cold at present, so I have resigned the hope of see- 
 ing New Zealand . . . this time. Archbishop Vaughan 
 (Catholic Metropolitan of Australia) sailed for Europe by 
 same boat. The Catholics had been holding farewell meet- 
 ings and addresses for several days, and had given him 
 3,OOOZ. for pocket money, and now crowded steamer, and 
 had lines to small steamers which were thronged with 
 people (some thousands) to accompany him down harbour. 
 It was a curious sight. He (a fine-looking man six feet 
 high) stood on top deck, with gold chain and eccentric 
 (Archbishop's) costume, waving hand as they cheered, and 
 waved handkerchiefs, till ship out of sight. A splendid 
 vessel. I hope to sail by the next month's boat, if we 
 can get cabins. 
 
 1 Did I tell you of going over ironmongery store of L., 
 one of our " Paramatta " fellow-passengers ? . . . A vast 
 place, steam engines, tools, machinery, ironmongery, china, 
 glass, furnishing, natural gems, wire plates, &c. &c. Turns 
 over 500,000. a year, and (I suppose) nets 40,000. or so. 
 
CH. xvin AUSTRALIA 259 
 
 * Friday at 9 oft by train to Lithgow, crossing on way 
 the Blue Mountains, 3,000 feet high, by zigzags. Superb 
 views for three hours ; highest point Mount Victoria, 
 a great tourist's place. Talked with Scotch clergyman 
 now in Sydney ; very intelligent ; says no poverty here, 
 except from drink or improvidence. We talked much 
 together on poverty, its remedies, workmen, &c. Very 
 liberal, enlightened man. Asked me to call and see 
 him. 
 
 ' At 3 got to Lithgow, in valley, 600 feet below Mount 
 Victoria-; pretty, but collieries and an Ironworks. Hotel 
 moderate ; hobnobbed with other guests a com. traveller 
 from Belfast, Ireland intelligent; came here partly for 
 health ; much better. 
 
 1 This morning went over Works, formed opinion, got 
 lots of information. Manager bad lungs; says Sydney 
 suits him best ; says labour costs twice that of English 
 labour ; interested, became great friends. 
 
 ' Left at 3 P.M. for here ; at station chatted with man 
 of sixty-five, a selector in hills, born here, brought up 
 thirteen children, who are well educated ; '.' is ,not lern't 
 himself, but knows things." Has house and bit of land ; 
 still has to work, " but has his victuals and his bed, and 
 don't see he'd be better off if he was Lord Chief Justice of 
 New South Wales, as his school-mate, Sir F. Martin, is." 
 (N.B. Find he has iron ore on or near his bit of land.) 
 " Has been a pioneer; rough times, seen men speared by 
 blacks, may have shot some blacks; opines he has; but 
 won't be sure if you saw a man who might spear you, you 
 would [not] think it safest to shoot him. Father lived 
 to be ninety-six ; expects to do the same." Had difficulty 
 in getting into hotel, being all full ; at last got half a 
 room with my sick com. friend from Lithgow. Have been 
 talking Irish politics to him. Bathurst big place ; lots of 
 
 8 2 
 
260 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 churches, bishops, and institutions ; is on the high-lying 
 plain at foot of Blue Mountains. 
 
 ' Sunday. Vile wet day ; fortunately comfortably 
 lodged, bar bedroom. Had fire last night and this 
 morning, and quite enjoy it, half wood half coal. I am 
 quite childishly looking forward to seeing you both ; am 
 wearying of wandering, though there is much I enjoy. 
 I have not yet got any papers by last Suez mail, so do not 
 know anything about time of I. and S.I. spring meeting. 
 I hope to get Suez papers when I return to Sydney. Fear 
 there is no chance of picking up a lovely girl ! . . . I am 
 pretty clear they won't come out to be picked up by me. 
 I hope to get more letters here ; and a budget at Palace 
 Hotel, 'Frisco, if I cable you I return that way. ... I 
 am still inclined to think that London for next winter 
 would be injudicious. I have no desire to run risks, to 
 entail more banishment. If I. & S. Meeting in Middles- 
 brough, you must make your long promised trip to York 
 with me, staying there or going on as you prefer. I know 
 Lil will prefer staying at York, so we will leave her there 
 anyhow. , , 
 
 'I go to a place thirty miles from here by rail to-mor- 
 row ; said to be very pleasant ; stop there a few days, then 
 back to Sydney for a few days ; then probably to Brisbane, 
 as it is getting hot here ; back to Sydney and so home- 
 wards. Hurrah ! Lovingly yours.' 
 
 Sydney. 
 
 ' Dearest, Just starting with Honman for Brisbane 
 by his advice, so as to get a spell of warm weather before 
 leaving by 17th May, on which berths booked. Shall cable 
 you if nothing occurs to change plans. It is rather ruinous 
 dashing about so much ; but I am become reckless, in 
 Colonial fashion, of expeditions. , . .' 
 
cn r xviii AUSTRALIA 261 
 
 '^Brisbane : May 1, 1883. 
 
 1 Dearest Ones, Here I am in a new colony and new 
 life again. . . . Brisbane boat close quarters after the 
 P. and 0. Enjoyed much the steaming up the harbour, in 
 praise of which one can't say too much. Had beautiful 
 passage, close to high rocky coast all the time. A coast 
 range of hills, unfortunately, between coast and inland. 
 The line of coast far prettier than the line of English coast 
 on an average ; but very little settled, land not being good ; 
 several good harbours. Passengers uninteresting as a 
 whole. One had been ten years on cattle station; well 
 educated ; said he began with too little capital, and has 
 always regretted it. Says you ought to have at least 
 3,000?. to 4,OOOZ., and that if you have 8,OOOZ. or more, 
 you ought to make 18 to 20 per cent. In this all agree. 
 Cattle worth SI. each, fat sheep 10s. to 13s. Got much 
 warmer weather on Sunday. On Monday at 2 got into 
 Moreton Bay, and soon entered river ; fine winding stream, 
 banks high one side, generally low on other ; luxuriant 
 vegetation, pretty houses, mills, &c. at intervals. 
 
 1 Brisbane, about thirty miles up, looks like a compromise 
 between a huge country village and a big city. Fine build- 
 ings everywhere, with trees and gardens sprinkled about. 
 Landed at 6 P.M. ; nice hotel, all on ground floor, somewhat 
 Indian; found our fellow-passenger whom we met at 
 Sydney at hotel; chat, dinner, to bed betimes as usual. 
 To-day like a hot English summer day, everything bright 
 and pleasant. Going out for a walk. We have taken 
 passage by New York route; start for 'Frisco on 17th, 
 arrive at 'Frisco 14th June. I feel like a schoolboy at 
 prospect of getting home and seeing you. Got your two 
 birthday charming letters on Saturday, just as leaving for 
 here. ... I grieve at not being able to stop at New York, 
 but Honman, I think, advises not. 
 
262 SIDNEY G-ILCHKIST THOMAS C 
 
 ' Tuesday morning, May 2. Spent yesterday loafing 
 in reading-room, Botanic Gardens, and about. Weather 
 delicious, though perhaps air a trifle too moist. Land in 
 Brisbane has increased four times in value in last six 
 years. Best frontages now sell for over 2661. a foot, i.e. for 
 a frontage of 100 feet the price is over 20,000?. Thirty 
 years ago you could have bought the whole city for a fourth 
 of this sum. There is a vast inland country, say as big as 
 England, France, and Spain, which is now found to be 
 rich cattle and sheep land, and coast land is already 
 enormously used for sugar. One " squatter " here, worth 
 three millions, is said to live as he did when he had a few 
 hundreds, spending much of his time passing from one of 
 his stations to another, sleeping on ground, feeding on 
 " dampers " &c., never having new clothes, and never 
 spending on anything beyond necessaries. Millionaires 
 are absurdly abundant here, and men talk of square miles 
 as we do of acres. I have had many offers of leases of 
 1,000 square miles, the rents of which are often only 10s. 
 a mile, while good-will fetches scores of thousands. One 
 station recently (but this freehold) sold for over 300,OOOZ. 
 . . . The more I see of Brisbane the finer does its 
 situation seem ... on the bend of a fine river with high 
 rocky banks, and wooded hills as a background. Hurrah ! 
 Shall see you in ten weeks. Love to all. Yours ever. 
 
 * Friday, May 4. Dearest Ones, Though I only posted 
 to you on Tuesday I will send this line as an Orient S.S. 
 is leaving. Tuesday, reading-room and gardens ; the 
 latter very pretty, on a peninsula, surrounded by river, to 
 which they slope. Cricket and lawn tennis in full force, 
 notwithstanding the heat. Hotel very comfortable. Made 
 acquaintance with a Scotchman who has recently come out 
 to look after business of a great Glasgow thread house. 
 He gets 1 ; OOOZ. a year and expenses, all out of reels of 
 
CH. XVIII 
 
 AUSTEALIA 263 
 
 cotton &c. Yesterday same routine ; Honman spent evening 
 with leading doctor here ; there are twenty-three doctors 
 here for 30,000 people. Is no opening except up country. 
 Read Sullivan's " New Zealand ; " very good. Still lovely 
 weather. Go down to Sydney in a few days. Start on 
 17th. Hurrah!!' 
 
 We have now for a long time been following Thomas's 
 admirable letters from Australia. We will presently give 
 Mr. Honman's health report, which, as usual, corrects 
 Sidney's own too optimistic view : but let us interrupt the 
 Australian letters at this point, to relate what the Iron 
 and Steel Institute was contemporaneously doing in Eng- 
 land, to pay honour to the young inventor. In 1873 Sir 
 Henry Bessemer had founded, under the auspices of the 
 Institute, a gold medal, to be awarded annually by that 
 body, to persons distinguished by their inventions or 
 services in promoting the manufacture of iron or steel. 
 The Council of the Institute in this year, 1883, resolved to 
 award two Bessemer gold medals one to Thomas, and the 
 other to Mr. Snelus, whose connection with the basic 
 process we have noticed above. 1 
 
 The Institute held its spring meeting on May 9 in 
 London. Thomas was, of course, in Australia, and, at his 
 mother's request, the actual presentation of his medal 
 was deferred to the autumn meeting. Thomas, it will be 
 remembered, had during the preceding year been elected 
 a member of the Council of the Institute succeeding Sir 
 James Ramsden, who himself succeeded the ill-fated Lord 
 Frederick Cavendish, as one of the vice-presidents. 
 
 A day or two before this meeting Thomas was begin- 
 ning the following last letter home from Australia. 
 1 Ante, p. 135, 
 
264 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS 
 
 To his Mother and Sister. 
 
 * Bellevue Family & Squatters' Hotel, George Street, Brisbane 
 (opposite Botanical Gardens and Parliament House, Brisbane) : 
 
 * May 7, 1883. 
 
 * Dearest Ones, I hope to follow within a fortnight 
 of this, but I certainly shan't get home before July 15, 
 possibly not till 20th. ... I wrote you on Friday last. 
 Friday afternoon I spent in Gardens, and calling on the 
 Clerk of Executive Council, who showed us over Parlia- 
 ment Houses ; fine buildings, but Parliament not now 
 sitting. Rather a rowdy lot, I gather, have got in lately. 
 
 ' Saturday. Calls, reading-room, Gardens, &c. 
 
 1 Sunday. Dined with a merchant to whom I had an 
 introduction from a business friend ; bachelor, new house 
 on river, two miles out, pretty view. Banker dined with 
 us ; pleasant talk ; they had both been round trip by 
 America, Japan, &c. All say New Zealand has finest 
 scenery in the world. We go down to Sydney to-morrow; 
 raining to-day. 
 
 1 May 12, '83. Got yours of February 24 only to-day, 
 as it was not addressed by Brindisi. . . . Revenons a 
 notre diary. On Tuesday last we started for Sydney per 
 steamer, my merchant friend seeing us off. Had a beauti- 
 ful sail down the river and along the coast ; chatted with 
 passengers on Northern Queensland and Queensland 
 politics (on which I am proficient), land laws, &c., wool, 
 and beef, and democracy. We sail within half a mile to a 
 mile of the coast nearly all the way, there being a range of 
 hills twice, coast and good inland country. Next day at 
 noon wind began freshening till it got so fresh that at 
 teatime I and Honmaii felt that eating was a morbid carnal 
 craving of unregenerate man, which ought to be suppressed. 
 It finally got so remarkably fresh that we concluded to 
 
CH. XVIII 
 
 AUSTKALIA 265 
 
 seek the retirement which a small cabin with closed ports 
 and all the hatches battened down gives so sweetly, and I 
 began offering fabulous rewards to anyone who would 
 drown me out of hand. As everyone, however, was 
 occupied in a private service of groaning on his own 
 account (H. included), no volunteer handy. We finally 
 got to Sydney on Thursday evening, slightly the worse for 
 wear. One lady passenger was delirious, and very ill. 
 Honman stopped with her on board for some hours. 
 
 ' Friday, went and talked to the Premier about some 
 ideas of mine. It was, unfortunately, deputation day, and 
 (as the Premier is now holding two offices, Colonial Secre- 
 taryship, and Minister of Works) I had the opportunity 
 of seeing the poor man chevied about all over the building 
 by hungry packs of subsidy seekers. 
 
 ' Sunday, May 13. Yesterday made a call or two in 
 the morning. Met Professor S., who made me promise to 
 go up to his house to-day. In afternoon young S. came 
 to hotel ; interviewed me at great length on European 
 politics, literature, &c. . . Honman and I go along lovingly. 
 He proposes to come back with me to see America, though 
 of course there is no necessity for it. I am quite rejoiced 
 at the prospect of getting nearer home from Thursday 
 next. 
 
 ' To-day Club in afternoon ; then with Prof. L. to tea 
 at Prof. S. Latter just got into eight-roomed, single-storey 
 house, rent 150Z. . , . 
 
 ' Monday. Called about; raining all day. Evening 
 dined at Club with Professor L. Old School of Mines man ; 
 had next bench to Percy. Has 1,OOOZ. a year as professor. 
 Lives at Club, where it costs he says 250/. a year. Is an 
 F.R.S. and clever . . . was . . . very nice to me. Sydney 
 merchant dined with us told us many things. . . . Says 
 miners of a concern he is director of earn 50s. to 70s. a 
 
266 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH, xvm 
 
 week. Were earning 20s. to 25s. at home. This morn- 
 ing, Tuesday, saw Railway Commissioner. Profitable 
 chat. . . 
 
 ' Thursday, 17, Noon. Been interviewing Premier and 
 Treasurer. Very busy, having great fun bullying ministers. 
 Lovely day ; feel very well, as I could for next five years. 
 Honman and I go on board at 2. Been farewell visiting. 
 Flourish of trumpets. Hurrah ! Shall see you in two 
 months. Take care of yourselves. Mind, I am first class 
 in health.' 
 
 ' First class in health ! ' Such is Thomas's last message 
 from Australian soil to his ' dearest ones ' at home. Let 
 us turn to Mr. Honman's reports, sent from time to time, 
 during the two months' sojourn in the Southern Conti- 
 nent. 
 
 From the ' Paramatta,' Mr. Honman had written : 
 
 ' I am sorry I cannot say that his lungs have improved 
 much.' 
 
 From Adelaide on March 4, 1883, he wrote : 
 
 ' I have examined Sidney's lungs this morning ; the 
 left is greatly improved, the right has improved sufficiently 
 to give satisfaction.' 
 
 From Wangaratta, the stay at which up-country place 
 Thomas has described above, comes- really the first 
 reassuring news. On March 14 Mr. Honman writes : 
 
 1 Sidney has been improving gradually since my last 
 letter, and I can at last report some decided improvements. 
 His left lung is better and his right is improved to a great 
 extent. His general health is also better. I have been 
 stopping here and at Melbourne for the last three or four 
 
CH. XVIII 
 
 AUSTEALIA 267 
 
 days, and to-morrow Sidney joins me again. It is a very 
 good place, and more suitable for him than any we have 
 yet been at/ 
 
 When Thomas himself gets to Wangaratta the in- 
 telligence is still better. On March 26 Mr. Honman 
 writes to Mrs. Thomas : 
 
 1 1 have had Sidney here again, and am so far satis- 
 fied with his condition. Our climate here is perfec- 
 tion. 
 
 ' . . . He will still persist in working out some 
 scheme of an Ironworks here. ... It seems impossible 
 either to prevent him working or talking. ... I have 
 been able to take him some long rides in the buggy 
 through the bush, and he is always ready to act as a Jehu 
 and pilot the horses along. The drives are delicious here, 
 in fresh wajm air, through miles of bush the " bush " 
 consisting of big red gum trees and other aromatic smell- 
 ing trees. The air is so clear that hills that are ten miles 
 away appear to be but half-an-hour's walk. . . . This 
 seems to me the best climate we have yet reached, and the 
 healthiest, I fancy. . . . Sidney's chest has not improved 
 much ; but his general health has improved. ... I don't 
 think we can do better than here/ 
 
 Thomas's mother and sister were so much struck with 
 the good reports of Wangaratta that they wrote entreat- 
 ing Sidney to remain there, and offering to wind up affairs 
 in England and join him in Australia. Thomas talked 
 sometimes, as we shall see immediately, of reverting to his 
 early love medicine, and qualifying for a physician's 
 career. Knowing that he would never consent to a life of 
 idleness, and that a strong counter-attraction would be 
 required to distract him from metallurgical problems re- 
 
268 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xvm 
 
 maining to be solved, the solutions of which could only be 
 satisfactorily procured in Europe, it was suggested that 
 he might, in partnership with Mr. Honman or otherwise, 
 become a doctor in Australia. Unhappily, the letter con- 
 taining these proposals only reached the antipodes after 
 Sidney's departure therefrom. Perhaps, despite the little 
 improvement ever really manifest in the lung, his life might 
 yet have been saved had he received this letter, acted upon 
 it, and settled at Wangaratta. It is sufficiently useless 
 to speculate upon such might-have-beens. As it was, the 
 letter was returned to the senders months afterwards, when 
 the dear doomed one was already entering into the Valley 
 of the Shadow. 
 
 On April 10, 1883, Mr. Honman wrote from Mel- 
 bourne : 
 
 I Sidney has been stopping with me at Wangaratta, 
 and it has done him a great deal of good. Your letter to 
 him arrived very opportunely ; he had determined to go 
 to Tasmania against my wish or permission. . . . How- 
 ever ... I have sent him North, where we shall be con- 
 stantly heading for now. 
 
 I 1 wish I could tell you his lungs were highly satis- 
 factory. I cannot indeed do this. His right still remains 
 the same ; his left is better, but for the emphysema. I 
 have endeavoured to persuade him, although it would be 
 painful to you, that he should not go back till the next 
 summer ; but I am afraid he will not consent to this. I 
 said I should be no tie to him, because I should set up 
 here, and he could enter into partnership with me ; he 
 always declares that he is the best doctor of the two ; and 
 I have proposed another plan that he remain here, and 
 I go home/ 
 
 The effect of all Mr. Honman's letters is the same. The 
 
CH. xviii AUSTRALIA 269 
 
 general health improves, but the lung trouble never dis- 
 appears. He writes from Sydney on May 16, at the very 
 moment almost that Thomas is describing his ' first-class 
 health.' ' Cough a little troublesome . . . The months 
 on board ship ought to improve him more/ 
 
270 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CM. xix 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 HOMEWARD BOUND 
 
 LET us quit for a little the slow process of measurement 
 of the advancing steps of Death, and revert to Thomas's 
 own correspondence, brimful as it is of life. 
 
 To his Mother and Sister. 
 ' SS. " Zealandia "off New Zealand : May 21, '83. 
 
 ' Dearest Ones, As I wrote you per P. and 0., mail 
 left Sydney Thursday at 3 P.M. Tuesday and Wednesday 
 spent in interviewing Premier and Treasurer, who mildly 
 complained that I treated them in a most unceremonious 
 " stand-and-deliver " fashion, but showed by their action 
 that it was the right line. They had a Cabinet Council on 
 me, and were greatly disturbed at my audacity, and wound 
 up with saying that they were favourably impressed, but 
 wanted time to consider. All this showed much of the 
 interior working of colonial politics, and kept me quite 
 amused. . . . Sydney Harbour looked its best in the 
 bright sun as we steamed out. We had had a week's 
 rainy and cold weather, so appreciated the bright sun 
 the more. 
 
 4 The vessel a good one, with admirable arrangements 
 for the passengers, the saloon and stateroom being forward 
 of the engines. There are eighty or ninety passengers in 
 the saloon ; thirty more join at Auckland. I have chatted 
 with twenty or thirty of the crew. Among them are our 
 
CH. xix HOMEWAED BOUND 271 
 
 South American shipmate from Calcutta to Australia : a 
 pressman and ex-Victorian M.P., going to report for his 
 paper on the United States, with whom I chat much : 
 Speaker of Victorian Assembly, who lost his arm in heading 
 miners' revolt against authorities thirty years ago : a 
 Brisbane doctor ; a Queensland sugar-grower : a South 
 Australian wine-grower: two or three health travellers: 
 two young squatters : four girls, and eight or nine married 
 women : two Roman Catholic priests, and a Victorian 
 Anglican cleric. 
 
 ' May 28, '83. We arrived at Auckland late at night 
 this day week. I went on shore before breakfast next 
 morning and took train across the island, to see the only 
 Ironworks in New Zealand. Particularly interesting, as 
 being trial of a new process. Saw manager &c. Returned 
 to Auckland. Made a call ; got some useful information on 
 several subjects. It was by this time raining hard, so took 
 a cab back to ship, and we steamed away at 2 P.M. with 
 twenty new passengers. The glimpse of New Zealand I 
 had was pleasant. It is greener even than England. 
 Abundant vegetation and picturesque rocky coasts and 
 hills 
 
 ' There are three doctors among passengers. . . . There 
 is also a Belfast man, who has for some years been 
 wintering in Australia, who has ideas, and with whom I 
 discuss politics sometimes ; and a Sydney man from 
 Canada, who is bright and intelligent. I am making him 
 read " Progress and Poverty." Gambling on the " run " 
 occupies two-thirds of the time of two-thirds of the 
 passengers. I, of course, keep out of it. ... They have 
 had a dance and a concert and games. P. (my South 
 American acquaintance) is very popular. The other night 
 he ordered champagne all round to drink to Argentine 
 Republic, on anniversary of its formation He came to 
 
272 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xix 
 
 me to write an English version of the French speech he 
 proposed to make. I rewrote an English version of a 
 gorgeous description, and coached him how to deliver it ; 
 but at the last moment his courage failed him, and he 
 asked me to read it, which I did ; so finding I have not 
 quite lost my voice. It amused me to hear P. con- 
 gratulated on the English of his speech and its periods 
 congratulations which he received with great modesty and 
 satisfaction, and an occasional smile and bow. . . . 
 
 ' June 4, '83. I feel good, when I think I am now 
 only six weeks from home, at most. Our voyage to 
 Honolulu, where we arrived at noon on Sunday last, quite 
 uneventful. . . . Have discovered another bright fellow, 
 a young Cornishman, who is partner in a large New 
 Zealand business [of] the London house which he entered 
 as a clerk nine years ago. He is not only clear-headed on 
 business, but has read, can talk, has thought, speaks French 
 and German, plays the piano, and draws clever carica- 
 tures. 
 
 * We were at Honolulu from noon to midnight on Sun- 
 day, June 3. The Island, of which Honolulu is the 
 chief town, is volcanic and rather picturesque; vegeta- 
 tion nearly tropical, sugar-cane chief crop. The natives 
 rather fine-looking, identical with Maoris of New Zealand ; 
 women, however, get stout and coarse-looking early. 
 We landed at one, and I sent Honman for a drive. I 
 (strolling round) picked up a young fellow, a cabinet- 
 maker from San 'Frisco, who showed me round till 6 P.M., 
 all over the town and surrounding country. My guide 
 proved very conversable and well-informed, and posted me 
 thoroughly in Hawaian matters. He (though only twenty- 
 one) was making about 71. a week. The country is 
 particularly " run " by Americans, who control the chief 
 political posts and the bulk of the business. The half-* 
 
CH. xix HOMEWARD BOUND 27B 
 
 caste girls are singularly good-looking, with clear, brilliant 
 olive to white complexions. The King is given to drink,' 
 but is otherwise a good constitutional sovereign, that is, 
 does nothing, draws an enormous salary, and gets into 
 debt. There is a large Chinese population living entirely 
 to itself. I went through and through the Chinese 
 quarter, which is densely crowded. Here, as elsewhere, 
 they propose shutting the Chinese out. Labourers there 
 now get 65. to 12s. a day: artisans 12s. to 20s. Rent is 
 dear 20s. a week for a four-room house ; but food cheap 
 enough. We took fifty passengers on board for 'Frisco, so 
 are crowded to a degree. 
 
 i Sunday, June 10. Thank Heaven, we have but one 
 day more before we see shore and get letters. I am more 
 tired of this trip than of any of the others, and weary for 
 the land. The past week has been coldish, and sufficiently 
 rough to prevent being on deck, so we have been nearly 
 confined to the smoking-room and saloon, both of which 
 stuffy. ... I hope to see you all before July 17. Have 
 been very well all trip, though still obliged to be careful. 
 Honman seems to be for coming home. . . . Don't be 
 making engagements for July or August. I want to see 
 as much of you as I can. 
 
 ' Tuesday morninq, June 12, '83. We arrived in 'Frisco 
 last night. Just on shore : all well.' 
 
 To his Sister 
 Palace Hotel, San Francisco : June 13, 1883. 
 
 * Dearest Lil, The Palace Hotel is truly palatial. 
 
 ' Like city well enough. Weather bright and sunny ; 
 coldish winds. We leave to-morrow [for] Laramie City. 
 I hate delaying a day, but at same time want to gather 
 any information that may be useful to N.E.S. Co. on way. 
 I don't see way to getting home before 15th. I got 
 
 T 
 
274 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xix 
 
 " Ironmonger," and of course much interested in report 
 of meeting. ... I walked several miles yesterday with- 
 out being tired. ... If any of my fellow-travellers 
 call before I return, you will, of course, do the right 
 thing, and tell them when I return. 
 
 ' Lovingly yours, dears, 
 
 ' SID.' 
 
 But while Thomas was writing thus cheerfully home 
 of * walking several miles,' Mr. Honman was describing 
 the true state of affairs, viz., that he was in a ' dangerous ' 
 condition, and quite unfit to remain in England. 
 
 On June 14, 1883, the latter writes from the Palace 
 Hotel : 
 
 1 1 have had the opportunity of examining Sidney off 
 ship and in a quiet place. His right lung is still dangerous 
 and gives me a great deal of anxiety. It is absolutely 
 imperative that he should leave England immediately the 
 more important business matters have been settled, or else 
 entirely drop business matters for the autumn and winter 
 months (and this latter, I presume, would be an impossi- 
 bility if he were to remain in England). I wish that his 
 condition had been free from everything to cause anxiety. 
 Had it been so, I should have remained in Australia. . . . 
 Sidney has been walking about all day in great spirits. 
 We have lovely weather, but with a fearfully cold wind at 
 night. . . .' 
 
 Here this long correspondence practically ceases. 
 
 Thomas, now nearing England, no longer writes 
 voluminous epistles, but confines himself to short letters 
 and post-cards. We give some of these in their 
 order : 
 
CH. xix HOMEWAKD BOUND 275 
 
 To his Mother and Sister 
 
 1 Laramie City, June 17. Arrived here all right. . . . 
 All way very comfortable ; had ten of " Zealandia " pas- 
 sengers with us. Some very fine scenery, but most 
 monotonous plains. . . . Get to New York about July 1. 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 Pittsburg : June 24, Tuesday. 
 
 f Dearest Folk, Arrived here last night and got your 
 letters (with delight as usual) of 31st and 5th. ... I 
 haven't so far found United States at all too hot. In fact, 
 I can stand any heat. ... I was kindly received at 
 Cleveland; driven about, taken over Works &c. Saw G., 
 who sent messages to you. He is earnest and innocent as 
 ever. At Chicago saw M. ; had F. to dinner, who drove 
 us about and took us to Club &c. Taken to Cleveland in 
 state in Dunlow car. Had rather hot ride here, starting 
 at three and arriving nine. Had G. and his chief to early 
 dinner with me before I left. This American part is 
 proving very costly ; have been twelve days in United 
 States, and have spent over 60Z., besides railway tickets. 
 Have just met two Liverpool men who are stopping here, 
 going round the world the other way. Am going to call 
 on Mr. Tom Carnegie. Will now only write you post- 
 cards, or shall have nothing left to tell you when I come 
 back. I must be in London till the end of August, or 
 nearly so ; can't be back now till 18th or 19th. I wish 
 we could have got earlier passage. Love to all. Tell A. 
 I expect him to be M.R.C.S. when I return. Ever yours, 
 best ones, ' SID.' 
 
 ' Pittsburg^ June 26, '83. Spent very pleasant evening 
 on Sunday with Tom Carnegie. . . . This morning been to 
 Works, quite leisurely and easily, declining to exert myself 
 
 T 2 
 
276 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xix 
 
 any. Pleasant reception everywhere, much kindness. 
 Get on to Philadelphia to-morrow ; easy travelling. Shall 
 have a week in New York, which I worry over ; am so 
 anxious for return. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, June 28, '83. Left Pittsburg Tuesday, 
 after seeing a little more quietly. Yesterday drove down 
 to Steel Works at Harrisburg, where working Basic. 
 Very kindly received. Came on to-day to Philadelphia ; 
 lovely day ; taking it very easily. Get to New York on 
 Monday. I wish I could sail at once. 
 
 ' New York, July 6, '83. Just another line to say all 
 well. Weather still very hot ; shall be glad to be on ocean 
 again. Everything improving since last here; colossal 
 buildings everywhere, both office-blocks, hotels, and apart- 
 ment houses. This hotel has been beautified enormously, 
 less high, art restaurant and ultra high art Bar, with 
 good oil paintings, statues, bridges, antiques, &c., painted 
 windows and iced drinks. 
 
 ' Honman and I spent 4th July, when New York is 
 shut and deserted (except by youthful fiends letting off 
 crackers), mostly in Central Park. In evening to theatre. 
 
 ' Yesterday, calls ; dined at seaside. We go on board 
 to-night. Sail to-morrow. Unfortunately I shan't get home 
 till three days after this [arrives], as our " Nevada " is a 
 very slow boat.' 
 
CH. xx A SAD HOME COMING 277 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 
 A SAD HOME COMING AND A FLIGHT SOUTH 
 
 :< His voyage from the States,' says his sister, ' was not 
 made under satisfactory conditions. In his haste to get 
 home he had wired to a friend in New York to secure 
 berths in the first ship. This happened to be the "Nevada," 
 a vessel chiefly used to convey Mormon parties to the 
 States. It was old, slow, and badly ventilated. 
 
 ' Letters calculated to worry him reached him at 
 Queenstown. The very day of his arrival at Tedworth 
 Square visitors, requests for appointments, business of all 
 kinds, began to pour in upon him. It was quite evident 
 to us at once that his health could not withstand the strain, 
 and we made despairing attempts to keep work from him, 
 attempts mostly made in vain. It was well nigh impossible 
 to check his activity and eagerness.' 
 
 Not alone had he to deal with the many questions con- 
 stantly arising in connection with his various patents, with 
 the development of the basic process, and with the progress 
 of the North Eastern Steel Co.'s Works some of which 
 questions had necessarily been reserved for his considera- 
 tion upon his return but the very travels primarily under- 
 taken in search of health had produced a new crop of 
 plans and problems to be worked out. From every country 
 he had visited, he had brought back a mass of figures 
 and economic statistics, together with general information 
 of all kinds. He had occupied himself with the special 
 
278 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS GH. xx 
 
 circumstances affecting iron and steel in South Africa. 
 He had entered into lengthy negotiations with the Govern- 
 ment of India, with a view to purchasing from them certain 
 ironworks, collieries, &c., his object being to establish (or 
 rather to re-establish) steel manufacture in the peninsula. 
 This was a matter which he had very much at heart, not 
 only from a commercial standpoint, but also as a right 
 and proper effort to give back to Hindostan an ancient 
 industry which the British Raj had destroyed. As will 
 have been seen, he constantly dwells upon the subject in 
 his letters. For Australia there were schemes for the 
 foundation of fresh colonial steel works. 
 
 These were no idle phantasies of an imaginative 
 inventor. It must be remembered that, from the first 
 ' blast,' Thomas had had the sole legal and financial conduct 
 of all matters connected with the basic process. The 
 rapid and absolute success of that process is the best 
 possible tribute to his practical ability and clear grasp of 
 realities. That success was not won without some sharp 
 legal contests ; above all, many delicate and difficult nego- 
 tiations were needed to secure the fruits of discovery. 
 The very important North Eastern Steel Works, started at 
 Middlesbrough to work the process, owe their existence 
 chiefly to Sidney's initiative. 
 
 Beyond all these things, the question of the utilisation 
 of the * slag ' produced in the basic process was a problem 
 which from this time, for the few remaining months of 
 his short life, more and more dominated Thomas's never 
 quiescent mind. Of that problem and its thoroughly 
 successful solution we will speak presently. 
 
 The pressure of work and the harassing business inter- 
 views, soon destroyed whatever good the voyage round 
 the world had wrought, and after a fortnight of London, it 
 
CH. xx A SAD HOME COMING 279 
 
 became very clear that town must be quitted at once, and 
 England itself at the first opportunity. In the first days 
 of August, Thomas and his sister went down to stay at 
 the White Hart, Sevenoaks Common, leaving their mother 
 to wind up matters in Tedworth Square in preparation for 
 a long absence from British soil. 
 
 * He and I,' says his sister, * thus set out once more 
 on the health quest, this time together. Our month at 
 Sevenoaks was happy in its way (happy since we were 
 once more together), although it gave me too many 
 grievous proofs of his frailty of health, and too much of 
 that anxiety of heart which seems most overwhelming 
 when one realises that cherished hopes have been dis- 
 appointed. We worked together, and in the intervals of 
 work sauntered along the country lanes or sat in the old- 
 fashioned inn garden. Many kind friends came down to 
 see us. The last Directors' Meeting of the North Eastern 
 Steel Company which Sidney was ever able to attend was 
 held specially at the White Hart, the other Directors 
 thoughtfully travelling south to meet my brother, inasmuch 
 as he was quite unable to go to Middlesbrough to meet 
 them.' 
 
 Thomas wrote a letter from Sevenoaks to his old 
 chemical teacher, part of which we reproduce : 
 
 To Mr. Chaloner 
 
 1 Sevenoaks : August 28, 1883. 
 
 ' Dear Chaloner, I should have answered yours of 
 Saturday before but for a tremendous influx of business 
 (from which I still suffer) keeping me hard at it all day, 
 while we have two Directors' Meetings for to-morrow. . . . 
 ' The fact is I have thrown my health and everything 
 else into the basic business, and it is possible I may not 
 see the harvest myself. But we shall see. Thanks very 
 
280 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. x* 
 
 much for taking so much trouble about Algiers. We shall 
 be able to do with Murray, which I have ordered. I 
 shudder to think of the ten volumes. 
 
 ' . . . We shall sleep at Dover; probably spend 
 Sunday there. 
 
 ' We have almost, not quite, settled to go Saturday, if 
 I can finish off business by then, so can hardly hope to 
 see you. ... In haste, yours very truly, 
 
 S. G. THOMAS/ 
 
 So long as any physical power remained, even reason- 
 able rest was impossible to Thomas. ' Sidney,' says his 
 mother, i instead of resting, was interviewing at the White 
 Hart his cousin Mr. Gilchrist, his secretary and chemical 
 clerk Mr. Twynam, numerous friends, anxious to say good- 
 bye. His brother, Dr. Llewellyn Thomas, was quite 
 overcome at discovering the rapid change for the worse 
 which had set in since Sidney's return to England. The 
 change made little difference in my boy's ardour for work. 
 " Mother," he would constantly tell me, " I have so much 
 to do." Much time was necessarily occupied by writing 
 business instructions to those he left behind him in London 
 and Middlesbrough. He had a long day with his lawyer, 
 arranging all his affairs. 
 
 ' I joined my children at Sevenoaks on August 25. 
 Sidney, although unfit for it, insisted on driving to meet me 
 at the station. I saw at once that the two or three weeks 
 which had passed had left him weaker even than he had 
 been in London. We drove the two miles to the White 
 Hart sadly and almost in silence.' 
 
 After some anxious days of waiting, the little party 
 began to journey southwards, taking advantage (on 
 September 8) of the first fine day to cross the Channel 
 and gain Paris* After much study of the advantages and 
 
CH. xx A. FLIGHT SOUTH 281 
 
 disadvantages of various Mediterranean health resorts, 
 Algiers had been pitched upon as upon the whole the best 
 place to winter in, Cairo (whither Thomas had wished to 
 go) being shut to him by the cholera, which was then 
 raging there. 
 
 ' We stayed only long enough in Paris,' says Sidney's 
 sister, ' to make some necessary financial arrangements and 
 travelled on to Marseilles, breaking our journey at Lyons. 
 Boats do not go every day to Algiers, and some days had 
 to be spent in hot, dusty, noisy Marseilles.' 
 
 The turmoil characteristic of the great southern sea- 
 port tried Thomas (now, in truth, an invalid) much, and 
 he became alarmingly worse. He was removed to an 
 hotel some three miles along the seashore, at the end of 
 the Prado, and grew better again. ' We waited here,' 
 says his sister, ' happily enough, save perhaps for the 
 mosquitoes, out of which, even, Sid managed to extract 
 fun, describing his skirmishes with them in grandiloquent 
 and Homeric terms, and trying various languages in which 
 to summon me to aid in a conflict with them, finally 
 declaring that, though they understood French and English, 
 German was too much for them, so that they did not 
 know when we plotted their extermination in that tongue/ 
 
282 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 A WINTER IN ALGIERS 
 
 ON September 22 the little family got themselves on board 
 the Algiers packet. ' We were two nights at sea,' says 
 his mother ; ' Sidney better, as he always was at sea. We 
 landed at 6 A.M. on the 24th. The juxtaposition of 
 Eastern and French civilisation much impressed my son, 
 as it impresses everyone. Before 7 A.M. we had driven 
 into the courtyard of the Hotel Kirsch, where we were 
 received by sleepy servants, evidently surprised at European 
 health- seekers coming to Africa so early in the autumn. 
 We soon discovered that we were the very first guests of 
 the season, full three weeks too early. The ground was 
 still parched from the summer heats and all vegetation 
 had withered away. The sun shone with a constant hard 
 glare and the deep blue sky remained from morning till 
 night without the shadow of a cloud to veil its brightness. 
 Sidney became very ill from the fatigue of the journey and 
 from the prostrating heat. The English physician had not 
 yet arrived for the winter, and we sent for a kind French 
 doctor (an Alsatian, whose own excellent health had been 
 built up by the Algerian climate). He evidently thought 
 my poor boy in a very bad way ; but after one or two 
 visits he said that his courage and mental force gave him 
 a chance. On this foundation we raised great hopes. 
 
 ' I even now think that, if we could have kept hia 
 
CH. xxi A WINTER IN ALGIERS 283 
 
 mind quite at rest, he might have rallied, but this was 
 impossible. Letters poured in, causes for anxiety arose, 
 and no effort or persuasion could induce Sidney to " let the 
 world slide as they did in the golden days." Even during 
 the three weeks of summer heat, he would insist on 
 driving out almost daily to look for a house. Fortunately 
 we consulted the excellent British Consul, Colonel Playfair, 
 and he pointed out to us that most of the pretty houses 
 we saw, and were pleased with, were badly drained. So 
 for the present we stayed on at the Hotel Kirsch.' 
 
 A part of Thomas's correspondence with England 
 referred to the presentation of the Bessemer Medal, a 
 presentation which had been, as we have seen, postponed 
 from the spring meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. 
 Thomas was quite unable, of course, to be at Middlesbrough 
 to receive the honour. He wrote, however, a letter of 
 thanks to the President, as characteristic, in its generous 
 tribute to others and in its self-effacement, as anything he 
 ever penned. 
 
 ' It would be difficult,' he says, ' for me to insist too 
 strongly on how greatly we are indebted for the success 
 the basic process has now attained to the unwearied 
 exertions, the conspicuous energy and ability, of my 
 colleague, Mr. Gilchrist, whom I regard as no less my 
 associate in the acceptance of this medal than he was in 
 the sometimes anxious days of which this is the outcome. 
 I am sure, too, that he and I are agreed in saying that the 
 present position of dephosphorisation has been only 
 rendered possible by the frank, generous, and unreserved 
 co-operation of Mr. Richards. As an instance of the 
 effect of free discussion of metallurgical theories and 
 experience which this Institute especially promotes, it may 
 be interesting to note that, while in the autumn of 1877 
 there was, so far as I know, no public record of even any 
 
284 SIDNEY OILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 successful experiment tending to show that phosphorus 
 could be removed in the Bessemer or Siemens process, 
 for the present month of September 1883 the make of 
 dephosphorised Bessemer and Siemens steel is between 
 60,000 and 70,000 tons.' l 
 
 By a happy departure from usage, the actual ceremony 
 of ' presentation ' of the medal was, in this instance, 
 performed by Sir Henry Bessemer himself. 
 
 We resume Thomas's mother's narrative : 
 
 ' After our three weeks of drought, clouds suddenly 
 gathered, and we had such a downpour of rain as two of 
 ^s, at least, had never seen before. After that the weather 
 was perfect and everything grew into delicious life. 
 About this time an invalid Irish gentleman arrived at the 
 hotel, who became a great friend of Sidney's. He had 
 lived many years in Paris, and had come thence to Algiers 
 seeking renewed health. Many discussions did he and 
 Sidney have on Ireland and her needs, politics in general, 
 or on the prospects of the Algerian colony. We spent 
 four months and a half in the Hotel Kirsch, Sidney 
 fluctuating much, but always steadily working, and fighting 
 against his disease. We passed our time entirely together, 
 he, his sister, and myself. 
 
 ' Friends gradually gathered round us (Sidney made 
 friends wherever he went), and, as we were still buoyed 
 up by hope, the time passed not unhappily, in spite of 
 terrible dreads. Sidney was always cheerful and even 
 vivacious, save when unusually weak. He would eagerly 
 join in the conversation at our end of the table d'hote, 
 bringing his varied knowledge and acquired experience to 
 bear on current topics. Once a week or so, when Sidney 
 felt well enough, we would drive into Algiers and sit in 
 
 1 For the present output of Basic steel seepost, ' Conclusion ' ; cf. ante, 
 p. 159. 
 
 
CH. xxi A WINTEK IN ALGIERS 285 
 
 the great place, watching the different nationalities and 
 gaming peeps at Arab life.' 
 
 In the following letters Thomas gives some glimpse of 
 his Algerian impressions : 
 
 To Mr. Chaloner l 
 ' Hotel Kirsch, Mustapha, Alger : October 4, 1883. 
 
 ' My dear C., After seeing you when you last so kindly 
 enlivened me at Sevenoaks, I had some days of being very 
 much indeed under the weather. Lil said I talked to you 
 too much, which I denied as the causa mali. Once started, 
 took very slow stages, sleeping one night at Dover, two 
 Paris, three Lyons (which is bright interesting town), and 
 stopping ten days at Marseilles (where at last I found it 
 decently warm). The last town looks very flourishing and 
 busy, is well-ordered, and from the sea looks magnificent ; 
 but for smells it beats Paris at 2 A.M. 
 
 ' Crossed here. The town of Algiers looks well from 
 the sea, with high green trees all round it ; it is built on 
 slopes and steeps. Here, we are two miles from the town 
 and some 700 feet or more above it, looking on the bay. 
 We came here direct, and shall stop for some months 
 anyhow. Town very interesting ; mixture of new French 
 town and slip of Arabia and the Patriarchs. Camels and 
 tramcars ; mosques and chapels ; Arabs and Parisians ; 
 steam-engine and hand-pounding of wheat. The natives 
 and immigrants are unanimous only in fleecing the stranger. 
 Hope to benefit. At present find it too cold at 70. 
 
 < Yours, 
 
 <S. G. T.' 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 ' Dear Bess, Many happy returns of the day, and no 
 more returns of any failing in health ! These are the best 
 1 On a post-card. 
 
286 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 wishes I can wish for you. We were so very glad to hear 
 that your holiday did you so much good, and that you had 
 returned quite bright and well. 
 
 ' Whether I shall ever get round enough to enjoy a 
 real holiday is dubious; but meantime I ought to be 
 enjoying this wondrously sunny place, which is, for the 
 rest, interesting enough otherwise, if I could get about 
 more. 
 
 ' We live pretty much entirely in our own rooms. I 
 have plenty to think and write about : so we are not 
 altogether dull. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 Innumerable letters on financial and chemical matters 
 of course continued to arrive and need reply. Thomas's 
 correspondence alone would have been sufficient to tax the 
 energies of a vigorous man ; but the brain of this invalid 
 was constantly occupied with engrossing thoughts of all 
 kinds, and with fresh projects quite unconnected with 
 current business. Truly the ; aspiring spirit' 'o'er- 
 informed its tenement of clay.' 
 
 ' Among his ideas at this time,' says his sister, who was 
 ever his indefatigable helper, ' was a plan for an improved 
 type-writer, in which he sought to interest his old friend 
 and teacher Mr. Chaloner, who was to help him with it 
 in England. Many were the trials we made in the Hotel 
 Kirsch drawing-room of the relative speed with which I 
 could strike the piano keys with my finger or with rods of 
 varying lengths, and many are the sketches he made of 
 his improvements, sketches which remain to testify to a 
 portion of the work still left for him to do, but which he 
 was prevented from accomplishing.' 
 
 The type-writer project is spoken of in the following 
 letter : 
 
CH. xxi A WINTER IN ALGIERS 287 
 
 To Mr. Chcdoner 
 ' Hotel Kirsch, Mustapha Sup., Alger : November 20, 1883. 
 
 * My dear Chaloner, Many thanks for your card. . . . 
 I should have written you long since but for the extreme 
 weariness I generally feel after getting through with the 
 little necessary writing of the day : add to which the life 
 here is eventless absolutely. The weather is, after all, the 
 only thing to talk about and that is certainly superb. 
 Sun, sun, and again sun ! though (alas) we are now degene- 
 rating into 50 F. at night, and have had three wet (and 
 so fire-needing) days ; but to-day it has been 100 in the 
 sun again, and I breathe once more, literally. 
 
 1 Have not been up to any foot rambles now ; but what 
 we have seen in driving of the country is pretty and fertile 
 orange and olive trees ; vineyards and all sorts and 
 kinds of vegetables ; flowers in bloom (roses, geraniums) 
 everywhere. I could wish it 10 hotter all round ; but 
 one can't get everything to suit. 
 
 ' We are stopping at a sort of compromise between a 
 hotel and a boarding-house ; pleasant enough, the host and 
 hostess kind and obliging. ... I am ... satisfied to be 
 left to my books, we having four tiny rooms to ourselves. 
 
 * I have several fresh things on hand which may, or 
 not, fructify. Among other things, the improved type- 
 writer l I have seen the way to for some years past, and 
 spoken to you of before, has turned up again. I think a 
 type-writer could be sold to write 15 or 20 per cent, quicker 
 than present, and at half the price. If so, it means con- 
 siderable money. . . . 
 
 ' I grieve very much over the steel trade. Prices are 
 
 1 It will be remembered, of since then. These matters are 
 
 course, that all this was written only inserted here as illustrative 
 
 in 1883. Probably type-writers of Thomas's character and bent 
 
 have been radically improved of mind. 
 
288 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 lower than ever ; but on the whole I doubt if it will hurt 
 our prospects, from a patent point of view, ultimately. 
 But meantime we are squeezed some getting along on the 
 Continent ! 
 
 * Lily insists on my leaving off. Yours, 
 
 < S. G. T.' 
 
 A month or two later Thomas, in his regular correspon- 
 dence with Mr. Chaloner, recurs to the type-writer in a 
 long letter, too long and too technical for profitable 
 reproduction. However, we may perhaps insert here a draft 
 Memorandum on the matter which was enclosed therein : 
 
 'Memo. re Type-writer. The only two type-writers 
 in practical use are the Remington and the Hall. 
 
 ' These defective as follows : (a) Price : Remington 
 costs 131. to 25Z. ; Hall, I believe, 71 7s. (I) Both fatigue 
 the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints ; while the Hall also 
 cramps two fingers. In both the whole hand and arm 
 have to be moved to reach and depress a key. The action 
 of the Hall is especially fatiguing and cramping; the 
 striking of each key necessitating considerable muscular 
 force. In both the eyes are strained to catch the type-marks 
 of the keys the Hall notably very defective in this 
 respect, the effort rapidly producing head-ache and ex- 
 haustion, (c) In the Remington the large number of 
 complicated jointed levers exposes the machine to 
 frequent disarrangement, and it is very hard for the user 
 to repair it. 
 
 1 My object is to produce a machine which shall not 
 cost more than 50s. to manufacture wholesale ; that will 
 require a minimum movement of the hand or fingers and 
 no muscular exertion, combined with simplicity and the 
 possibility of much greater rapidity than can be attained 
 in the present machines. 
 
CH. xxi A WINTER IN ALGIERS 289 
 
 ' To attain this : 
 
 'I.I use type set radially or circumferentially on a 
 wheel or quadrant. 
 
 '2. I cause a given type to be brought into striking 
 position by raising or depressing a key by electro-mag- 
 netic instead of muscular force. 
 
 ' 3. I make contact with the keys, and so establish the 
 current which brings the type into place by means of a 
 short rod or light hammer which enables the comparatively 
 slow motion of the fingers which guided to t be translated 
 into a very rapid motion of the striking end of the rod. 
 It can be shown by experiment that twice the rapidity 
 of key striking can be obtained by the use of this hammer 
 that is obtained by the unaided finger or hand. 
 
 1 4. The necessity of striking exactly on a particular 
 key is obviated by the use of angular guides into which 
 prolongations of the keys fall, and which guide the type- 
 bearer into its exact position. This also enables a much 
 larger type-indicating board to be used, which can be 
 placed in any convenient position, so that the eyes are not 
 strained. 
 
 ' It would appear that the idea of setting the type 
 radially on a circular surface or wheel has been suggested 
 before, and it is not proposed to claim this, or to claim any 
 special method of moving the paper upward or forward, 
 this being done either by a rack and pinion, or a screw 
 and a ratchet. 
 
 ' In my proposal two or three bichromate cells would 
 supply the power. Compressed air &c. might be pro- 
 posed as alternatives, but would be less convenient and 
 efficient. 
 
 ' The only items of cost in such a machine would be : 
 (a) the type- wheel, which could be of ebonite with the 
 type cast on it. This, with the keys and attachment for 
 
 U 
 
290 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 bringing the type into striking position, would cost less 
 than 10s. The (b) framework and paper, advancing 
 screws and ratchets, might cost 10s. more. Case (c) &c. 
 5s. Battery (d) and electro-magnet with attachments, 
 say 12s. Items : (e) 8s. ; or (say) 45s. in all. 
 
 ' The points are use of electro-magnet in place 
 of muscles; long hammer in place of moving arm and 
 hand ; use of angular guides for bringing types into 
 exact position. 
 
 ' If the thing could be sold for 4L and enable an 
 ordinary person to write sixty words a minute, I would 
 contract for 100,000.' 
 
 Thomas was, however, diverted from his type-writer 
 by the more pressing interest of slag-utilisation. 
 
 On February 7, 1884, the family removed from the 
 Hotel Kirsch to Bir-el-Droodj, an English-built house 
 near the village of El Biar, which is situate on very high 
 ground, three or four miles from the city of Algiers. 
 Here Thomas was able to have a laboratory of his own, 
 and could work at various haunting problems, above all at 
 that special problem of the utilisation of basic 'slag/ 
 which, as we have said above, 1 was becoming more and 
 more the dominant question of all to him. 
 
 6 The slag matter,' says his sister, ' tormented him. 
 How right he was as to the capital importance of this 
 question will be seen when I state that, in 1889, 700,000 
 tons of basic (or " Thomas ") slag were produced (con- 
 taining thirty-six per cent, of phosphate of lime), and 
 that most of this immense quantity of slag was used as 
 a fertiliser, being applied directly to the land as a 
 manure. 
 
 ' In the winter of 1883-84, this valuable product was 
 1 Ante. p. 278. 
 
CH. xxr A WINTEK IN ALGIERS 291 
 
 looked upon in England as so much mere troublesome 
 rubbish, to be got rid of somehow by stacking on waste 
 ground or even by taking it out to sea in barges and 
 there depositing it. In Germany things were more ad- 
 vanced. The mode of utilising slag, which has eventually 
 proved commercially successful, viz., grinding it to a fine 
 powder, had already been tried on the oolitic ores of Ikert, 
 at Peine, by Herr Hoyermann. About 1880 that gentle- 
 man had applied the grinding treatment to the puddle 
 slag produced at the Peine Works. On the great success 
 of the Thomas process in Germany, Herr Meyer, Chairman 
 of the Peine Works, pointed out to Hoyermann the greater 
 richness in phosphorus of the "Thomas slag." Such 
 slag was, therefore, substituted for puddle slag with 
 thoroughly satisfactory results. In the winter of 1882-83, 
 what is now known as " Thomas phosphate powder " was 
 first tried on the land in Germany as a manure, and in 
 November 1883 Herren Hoyermann and Meyer were able 
 to report to the German Royal Agricultural Society most 
 excellent effects from its use. 
 
 4 These details, however, were not at the time known 
 out of Germany. Sidney, for all that, had long had a 
 very practical belief in the future of the basic slag. 
 Already, early in 1882, he had induced a few other 
 metallurgists to join with him in purchasing and stacking 
 this " waste product," as it was then supposed to be, 
 relying upon his ability ultimately to turn it to account. 
 From Algeria he wrote to Mr. Gilchrist, strongly express- 
 ing his views on the slag question, and putting them in 
 what must then have seemed a very paradoxical form 
 (although the paradox has already to a great extent proved 
 true) : 
 
 " ' However laughable you may consider the notion, I 
 
 T7 2 
 
292 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 am convinced that eventually, taking cost of production into 
 consideration, the steel will be the by-product, and phos- 
 phorus the main product." ' 
 
 To Mr. Chaloner, it may be observed, Thomas uses very 
 similar language. On February 15, 1884, he writes to him 
 from Bir-el-Uroodj : 
 
 'I should have written to you long ago had I not 
 been. so seedy that I have had to reserve all my strength in 
 the writing way for pressing regular business, and the 
 development of certain theoretical views which may or 
 may not turn out to have considerable practical conse- 
 quences. . . . 
 
 4 1 have recently patented provisionally certain ideas 
 of mine connected with the alkali trade &c. They have 
 been verified to a considerable extent ; but (for my complete 
 specification) I want to have the result of certain other ex- 
 periments, which will be pretty numerous, and require 
 considerable care and some partial analyses.' 
 
 And on the 29th of the same month he writes to the 
 same correspondent : 
 
 ' My idea, which I have already patented under five 
 heads in separate patents, is this. I propose to make 
 steel as a by-product in a new alkali trade. . . . 
 
 * You see, according to my old principle, I have taken a 
 big contract, and I intend to take it through. There is a 
 big stake at the end/ 
 
 We resume Thomas's sister's narrative : 
 
 ' He also suggested to Mr. Gilchrist a series of fresh 
 experiments on slag utilisation, which he wished him to 
 
CH. xxi A WINTEK IN ALGIERS 293 
 
 undertake ; but his cousin did not desire any fresh work, 
 and declined to help in this direction. 
 
 ' Sidney therefore enlisted the services of Mr. Twynam, 
 his valued assistant, who had (as had also Mr. Aldred) 
 carried 011 experiments for him for some years. In a 
 short time three other chemists were also working at 
 " slag," upon lines laid down by my brother. 
 
 1 Two distinct processes were tried at this time. By 
 the one it was sought to extract the phosphorus from the 
 slag by the use of acids. By the other (which became of 
 absorbing interest to Sidney) the object was to so treat 
 the iron, while in the process of conversion, that the phos- 
 phorus in the slag should be deposited in the form of 
 soluble phosphates, which would need no treatment to 
 render them immediately agriculturally useful. 
 
 t Sidney would often talk to me in Algeria, not only of 
 the necessity of utilising the slag in order to further im- 
 prove the position of the basic process, but also of the 
 benefits to agriculture which would accrue from making 
 useful such a vast mass of material. He often quoted the 
 saying about the benefit to mankind of making two blades 
 of grass grow where one grew before, and described the 
 fields of corn which would ripen in the future upon " basic 
 slag." 
 
 i A very competent authority thus writes of the im- 
 portance attached by my brother to the slag as early as 
 March 1884: 
 
 4 " I may say that Mr. Thomas was the man in 
 connection with the North Eastern Steel Company who 
 first appreciated the important part in basic steel manu- 
 facture that basic slag was destined to play. In March 
 1884 we had some negotiations with a large firm who 
 wanted to buy our slag over a term of years." (At this 
 time, the " waste product " might have been reasonably 
 
294 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 considered to be advantageously disposed of on any terms.) 
 " Whilst we were negotiating with them, we received a 
 letter from Mr. Thomas, in which he said that, so impor- 
 tant did he consider the slag question to us, that if we did 
 enter into an arrangement with anyone over a long term, 
 he would have to consider whether he would not sell out 
 his interest in the company. This letter influenced us 
 greatly, and I am quite clear that, at one time, he was the 
 only one of us all who appreciated the value of the slag." 
 
 ' It is now evident that, Lad the slag been sold forward 
 at the low price it would then have fetched, the company 
 would, to say the least of it, have been seriously 
 hampered. 
 
 'In this same month of March 1884, Sidney, wishing to 
 superintend the slag experiments himself, arranged for 
 Mr. Twynam (his able assistant above mentioned) to come 
 out to Algiers. The whole of the miniature "plant" 
 needed had to be imported from England, and there were 
 journeys down to the quay to arrange for its landing and 
 conveyance to our villa upon the plateau of El Biar. It 
 was, however, when the strange packages had been safely 
 carried up by the bare-legged Arabs, and the whole ap- 
 paratus reared in the court-yard (looking oddly out of 
 place amid its surroundings) that our difficulties began. 
 
 * For fuel we had to use wood, charcoal, and coal, 
 there being no gas. For the blast there was a " foot- 
 blower " which needed a human foot to move it, and we 
 were all needed for other posts. I sallied forth to El Biar 
 village to procure a man to work the blower, and soon 
 engaged an Arab willing to take the payment per 
 hour Sidney offered, which was sufficiently high. How- 
 ever, when our Arab presented himself and was shown the 
 work he had to do (merely to work with his foot the 
 bellows supplying the miniature converter) he shook his 
 
 
CH. xxi A WINTEK IN ALGIERS 295 
 
 head gravely, and departed without a word of explanation. 
 After this we had many applicants " to see the machine ;" 
 but having been shown it, they either left silently, or else, 
 when the fire being lighted and the " blast " starting 
 the sparks began to fly, they took an early opportunity to 
 glide away. We found that they considered the apparatus 
 an " infernal machine " at the very least. In the end, 
 however, we found a young Arab who took everything that 
 happened with the greatest and most imperturbable coolness. 
 Sparks might fly, molten metal splutter when poured, this 
 Ishmaelite at any rate evinced no emotion of any kind, 
 but went calmly on with his work, only pausing to change 
 from one foot to the other. Afternoon tea was always 
 brought out to us in the courtyard, and " our Arab" (as 
 we called him) would accept a cup with the same gracious 
 dignity with which he worked the blower. When, at the 
 end of two or three hours of experimenting, he retired, he 
 would gather a sweet-scented flower or two (always with 
 permission), stick his nosegay behind his ear, gravely 
 salute, and leave. 
 
 ' We must have made a strange scene in that Arab 
 courtyard. On two sides of it stood our English-built 
 but quite Algerian villa, on the third an old Arab house 
 and " loggia " joined to the villa, the fourth side was open, 
 save for a low wall, beneath which the hill sloped down 
 to a little valley running towards the sea. On the ground 
 floor of the older Arab house Sidney had established his 
 small laboratory. In the midst of the courtyard, with the 
 *' loggia" as background, stood a palm, with pansies at its 
 feet, and a great Roman vessel of earthenware, dug up in 
 the vicinity, beside it. To one side was the little Besse- 
 mer converter. Sidney would sit in a delightfully sheltered 
 invalid chair (lent by kind friends) and thence direct 
 operations., now and then dashing down the books and 
 
296 SIDNEY (HLCHKIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 papers of which his chair was always full and sallying forth 
 to lend a hand to Mr. Twynam at the pot, to be forthwith 
 driven back. Meanwhile " our Arab," with crossed arms, 
 red fez, bare legs, and white garments, gravely worked the 
 bellows with his foot. 
 
 ' The experiments were continued with varying success, 
 hampered a good deal as they were by the difficulty, 
 either of getting up sufficient heat, or of repairing any 
 little accident to the apparatus. Many apparently insur- 
 mountable obstacles were overcome by Sidney's inability 
 to feel himself beaten, and fertility of resource/ 
 
 In June he wrote to Mr. Gilchrist : 
 
 ' I wish I could convince you that our one hope of 
 reducing costs is in slag, as I am sure it is. Remember 
 the phosphorus is more valuable than the iron in pig only 
 we are too stupid to turn it to account properly/ 
 
 Alas, amid all this eagerness to follow fresh paths of 
 discovery, Thomas was not growing better rather, the 
 fatal lung disease was strengthening its hold upon him. 
 His sister gives two illustrations of his persistence in 
 attempting to ignore weakness. The first has reference to 
 his sensitiveness to anything in the shape of cruelty to 
 the lower animals, an example of which has already been 
 noted (ante, p. 258). The present writer well remembers 
 his growing almost angry in argument (a rare thing indeed 
 with him) because the said writer defended vivisection by 
 some possibly too sweeping assertions as to morality not 
 applying to our dealings with brutes. 
 
 4 He was constantly,' says his sister, ' interfering on 
 behalf of dumb creatures. One day on our way town- 
 wards, I parted from him to make some inquiry. On my 
 return I found Sidney breathless and exhausted, and found 
 
CH. xxi A WINTER IN ALGIERS 297 
 
 from the friend with him that he had interfered to prevent 
 a driver (who had called in a soldier to assist him) from 
 belabouring an unfortunate overdriven horse who found 
 it hard to toil up the steep hill. He had succeeded in 
 stopping the ill-treatment, and had sent the driver back 
 for another horse to help draw the load ; but his success 
 was at the cost of great exhaustion to himself, partly from 
 his indignation, partly from the effort he made to keep his 
 indignation in some check. All strong emotions exhausted 
 him, and the more because of the self-repression he always 
 exercised. The strain only showed in the lines of his face 
 and the added pallor of his complexion.' 
 
 The other illustration of his readiness to plunge, ill (in- 
 deed dying) as he was (although the latter condition he did 
 not yet realise), into physical exertion is of a different kind. 
 
 1 We found a difficulty,' says his sister again, ' in getting 
 satisfactory copies of letters, having brought no copying 
 press with us. He declared that " if he had two boards, 
 a rope, and a pole, or plank, he could rig up a gorgeous 
 press." I thought no more of this declaration. Next day, 
 however, I met a procession up our leafy lane, consisting 
 of Sidney and a friend, carrying a plank some four or five 
 feet long between them Sidney so scant of breath as to 
 be scarcely able to speak. I, of course, assailed him with 
 reproaches, when he humbly explained that he had slipped 
 out after dejeuner to the village, and had procured a 
 satisfactory plank for his press from the French carpenter. 
 It being, however, the siesta hour, he could find no one 
 to carry it, and had consequently shouldered it himself. 
 On his way he had met his friend, who was sufficiently 
 astonished to see the invalid in such guise, and who had 
 naturally insisted on bearing a portion of the burden. The 
 copying press was forthwith constructed, and remained in 
 use till the end of our Algerian sojourn.' 
 
298 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS en. xxi 
 
 There were many visitors and callers at Bir-el-Droodj. 
 Thomas would especially .enjoy long talks with Mr. John 
 Bell, with Colonel Playfair, the British Consul, and with 
 Mr. Boys, the Anglican chaplain. Lady Macfarren (then 
 also an Algerian sojourner, and next-door neighbour to the 
 Thomas family) would regularly come in to play to Sidney, 
 and her visits were sources of great delight to the invalid, 
 who was always passionately fond of music. 
 
 When not in his chair in the courtyard, superintending 
 the ' blows ' of the little converter, Thomas would (if the 
 day were warm) spend his time in a hammock in the 
 garden, reading, writing, meditating. ' He would lie,' 
 says his mother, ' in his hammock, a pile of books and 
 papers by his side, absorbed in thoughts, calculations, or 
 diagrams. One of us would be always with him, although 
 he might not speak for hours. If we left him for a few 
 moments, he would soon grow restless and would be gazing 
 up the garden for us as we returned.' 
 
 On a perfectly still day he would sometimes drive down 
 into Algiers with his mother and sister, in a little pony 
 chaise. ' One beautiful Sunday in May, I remember, 
 especially,' says his mother, ' we drove through the city 
 and up to the church of Notre Dame d'Afrique, built on a 
 high hill overlooking the sea, to hear the fine service and 
 see the procession from the church doors to the edge of 
 the hill a procession in which the priests offered prayers 
 for those at sea, and a hymn was sung. The scene, beneath 
 the African sun and upon the shores of the blue Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, was a very impressive one. Sidney was tired, 
 but took no harm.' 
 
 Thomas still kept up a correspondence with the staff 
 at the Thames Police Court, especially with one who had 
 been really a friend of his, although in what would te 
 called a subordinate position, R., the gaoler of the Court, 
 
CH. xxi A WINTER IN ALGIERS 299 
 
 who in 1884 was still at his post, although over eighty 
 years of age. No man ever lived with less of class feeling 
 than Sidney Thomas ; for him what has % been called the 
 * class war ' was as non-existent as, under present arrange- 
 ments, it can be for anybody. He met R., whom he liked 
 and respected, as he met everybody else, on a footing of 
 absolute equality. The following letter from Mr. Lushing- 
 ton was, it will be seen, written in consequence of a letter 
 from Thomas to R., and shows the feelings with which the 
 whole staff at Thames regarded Sidney : 
 
 Mr. Lushington to S. G. Thomas 
 
 Thames Police Court : May 30, 1884. 
 
 ' Dear Mr. Thomas, R. showed me a letter from you 
 a few days since, from which I gather that you are wisely 
 staying in your Southern quarters till the summer has 
 really set in, and then only coming to the north of the 
 Pyrenees, or some such climate, not trusting yourself in 
 this treacherous east-windy England. I fear the winter 
 has not been a very favourable one for you as far as 
 weather goes. I hope you don't let the chemical amuse- 
 ments which you mention to R. exaggerate themselves into 
 any such prolonged occupation as to affect your health. 
 You have made such a mark upon the world that you have 
 every right to try and enjoy your success as happily and 
 easily as the misfortune of your weak health will permit you. 
 
 ' Do you happen to have read Nasmyth's " Autobio- 
 graphy ? " It is to me one of the most delightful books I 
 have seen for a long time. Probably you have; but I 
 mention it as a possible amusement in case it should not 
 have come across you. 
 
 ' You will be glad to hear that old R. appears to me as 
 vigorous as I have seen him for several years, and he has 
 had a very good winter. Most of your acquaintances here 
 
300 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 are gone. You would find a great change if you could see 
 the amount of work here now compared to what it used 
 to be. The Thames is getting the reputation of being 
 one of the light Courts. . . . With all wishes for health 
 and happiness in all ways, I am, yours very truly, 
 
 ' F. LUSHINGTON.' 
 
 Thomas's health was in a far more serious condition 
 than probably Mr. Lushington supposed. Possibly, as we 
 have said above, if he could have abstained from work, 
 and, above all, if he could have been kept free from the 
 anxiety of many business complications which had fol- 
 lowed upon his achieved success, his life might have been 
 somewhat at least prolonged ; although the disease of the 
 lung had probably by this time progressed too far to make 
 final recovery in any case likely ; but rest from further 
 labour was quite outside the limits of possibility to one of 
 his mental constitution, and freedom from anxiety was not 
 vouchsafed to him. His mother in her diary repeatedly 
 notes the arrival of worrying letters and consequent 
 aggravation of distressing symptoms. 
 
 ' Our good French doctor, M. Bruch/ says Mrs. 
 Thomas, ' would stroke his head and say, " Keep him 
 quiet," " Keep him from writing and thinking ; " but this 
 was just what could not be done. 
 
 ' His physical state fluctuated much ; but on the 
 whole, even in Algeria, he grew feebler. Drives fatigued 
 him more and more, and he more and more rarely ventured 
 away from his hammock or his hooded invalid chair. His 
 patient endurance was wonderful ; never through all his 
 sharp attacks of chest pain or through all the prostrating 
 exhaustion which followed, did he cease to be our dear 
 thoughtful companion, so much a part of ourselves that it 
 seemed impossible that we should be separated.' 
 
CH. xxi A WINTEE IN ALGIERS 301 
 
 In May Thomas himself insisted upon M. Bruch and 
 the English doctor who was also attending giving him 
 a faithful opinion upon his case. They both frankly told 
 him that they feared his disease was incurable. Thomas 
 characteristically pressed for a mathematical statement of 
 the probabilities of his living a year. This the physicians 
 declined to give ; but they said openly to him that they 
 deemed the chances to be against his surviving so long. 
 ' Still,' says his sister, ' I do not think he himself took by 
 any means so gloomy a view. Although he knew the 
 possibilities before him, he did not realise the inevitable- 
 ness or even the probability of the end for some months 
 later, until after November 1884. He would form many 
 schemes for the future ; we were to carry out the scheme of 
 the preceding year, and to settle in Australia ; or to live at 
 Grasse (near Nice), or in Egypt, after the cholera was over/ 
 
 Already, at the Hotel Kirsch, Thomas had been told of 
 wonderful cures of lung disease effected by an English 
 doctor then resident in Paris who claimed to have dis- 
 covered a new and successful method of treatment. From 
 various sources there came reports of his skill. Thomas 
 made the most careful inquiries and found much to justify 
 faith. The excellent M. Bruch, when consulted, said simply 
 that he could do no more, and that he saw no objection to 
 the trial of a new system of cure. Thomas thereupon 
 entered into correspondence with the physician in question, 
 who insisted upon the necessity of personally seeing his 
 patient. For months there had been debates in the little 
 family as to what place of refuge was to be sought when 
 the arid summer heats began in North Africa with the 
 advent of July. Thomas resolved to go to Paris, and 
 give the much-praised cure a trial. Accordingly, on 
 July 7 the Algerian home was broken up, and a new 
 hegira made northward. 
 
302 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxi 
 
 Down to the last the slag ' experiments were pursued. 
 In June we find Thomas writing to Mr. Gilchrist : 
 
 ' I wish I could convince you that our one hope of 
 reducing costs is in slag, as I am sure it is. Remember 
 the phosphorus is more valuable than the iron in pig ; 
 only we are too stupid to turn it to account properly.' 
 
 On quitting Algiers it was arranged that Mr. Twynam 
 should proceed to Middlesbrough to continue the experi- 
 ments. 
 
CH, xxn THE LAST DAYS IN PARIS 303 
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 THE LAST DAYS IN PARIS 
 
 CHOLERA and rumours of cholera caused some difficulty 
 in gaming France. ' Quarantine/ says Mrs. Thomas, ' was 
 strict between Algiers and Marseilles. Finding we could 
 go by the Spanish route, we packed hastily and got on 
 board the steamer to Puerto Yendres. The vessel was so 
 full that we could only with much endeavour procure a 
 berth for Sidney. We ourselves were obliged to remain 
 during two nights in the dining saloon, which was so 
 crowded that we could not get even a sofa to ourselves. 
 We all felt very sad at leaving our lovely villa, and part- 
 ing with so many friends we felt we should never in all 
 probability see again. Through all discomforts on board 
 Sidney was cheerful and hopeful, as he always was in 
 difficulties. We landed early on the morning of July 9. 
 We journeyed by way of Narbonne and Toulouse to 
 Limoges, where we remained a little ; for the intense heat 
 quite exhausted our boy. We arrived in Paris (still gay 
 with the National Fete rejoicings) on July 15 (the morrow 
 of " Bastille Day ") and alighted at the Hotel Normandie.' 
 From Limoges Thomas wrote to his old Wiesbaden 
 correspondent : 
 
 To Miss Burton 
 
 1 Grand Hotel de la Boule d'Or, Limoges : July 14, '84. 
 
 ' Dear Bess, I should have replied before to your 
 kindest of letters; but the last three or four weeks we 
 
304 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxn 
 
 have been living in a state of utter uncertainty as to where 
 we should be next week. The cholera scare infected Algiers 
 badly, and finally not only delayed our start by a week, 
 but forced us to go round by Port Vendres, far the 
 longest route. With considerable regret, we left our 
 pretty home at El Biar last Tuesday, looking quite its 
 prettiest, with flowers, fig-trees, cacti, aloes, oranges, 
 fruit-trees, and vines. We all concluded we should not 
 be likely ever to live in such a pretty place again. The 
 heat for the past week had, however, been pretty consi- 
 derable (70 to 80 F.) ; although we now find it is still 
 greater here. 
 
 1 Our crossing of 30 hours was uncomfortable enough, 
 tremendously hot ; boat much overcrowded, chiefly with 
 Jewish families; sleep out of question. The mother 
 knocked up, but got over it wonderfully. 
 
 ' We landed at 5 A.M., and went by train to Narbonne. 
 Queer old place, with a staring new quarter. Stopped 
 there 24 hours ; then on to Toulouse, where Twynam left 
 us to return to London, we stopping 48 hours to rest. 
 Animated busy town ; back streets and churches old ; 
 rest all new. Interesting country all the way from 
 Narbonne. 
 
 * We came on here Saturday, and stop till to-morrow, so 
 as not to be in Paris on the Fete Day. We propose going to 
 hotel at first, and then looking for rooms. We may stop 
 only a week or two, or possibly two months, according as 
 
 I think Dr. has or has not anything useful, and as 
 
 I can get over some business matters connected with 
 France. 
 
 * 1 have been working a little at Algiers on an inves- 
 tigation which may, or may not, lead to a " discovery," 
 but which has anyhow been very instructive (the main 
 thing). It is a kind of offshoot of my old ideas, but in a 
 
CH. xxn THE LAST DAYS IN PARIS 305 
 
 different direction. I do not expect it will be finished for 
 a year or two ; anyhow it has served as an interest to keep 
 me from stagnating, though it has absorbed a good deal 
 of money. 
 
 ' I doubt if we return to Algiers ; though I like it and 
 the people well, the crossing is trying for the mother, and 
 I doubt the climate suiting me. 
 
 ' The whole town here is disorganised with the Fete. 
 It never went to bed last night and it seems will not 
 to-night. Yours, 
 
 ' S. G. T.' 
 
 On arrival in Paris, after a few days, comfortable and 
 airy apartments were secured in the Avenue Marceau, and 
 there Thomas spent the last seven months of his life. 
 ' He now only drove out,' says his mother, * on very fine 
 days. He continued, however, to work continued his 
 investigations. When he was tired with thoughts of busi- 
 ness, I would often read to him by the hour together. 
 With us he was always happy, but various letters from 
 England often troubled him much. His brother, Dr. 
 Llewellyn Thomas, wrote urging us to go home, and 
 expressing his belief that our patient would do quite as 
 well in England as in Paris ; but Sidney shrank from the 
 notion, indeed told me that business interviews such as 
 would necessarily follow upon a return to London would kill 
 him at once. After that we said no more of the matter.' 
 
 Thomas had at once placed himself under the care of 
 the physician whom he had come to Paris to consult, and 
 for a time he apparently derived some benefit from the 
 ' new treatment ' ; but the improvement did not last and the 
 end was now but too absolutely certain. He did, however, 
 derive much entertainment and, no doubt, some consequent 
 physical benefit, from the conversation of his doctor, who 
 
 x 
 
306 SIDNEY GILCHKIST THOMAS CH. xxn 
 
 was a much-travelled Ulysses with a great deal to say for 
 himself. The two would engage in hours-long discussions 
 and arguments, which were a real refreshment to the sick 
 man. 
 
 The following epistles give some notion of Thomas's 
 pre-occupations and health during this summer and 
 autumn. 
 
 To Mr. Chaloner 
 '61 Avenue Marceau, Paris: August 1, 1884. 
 
 ' Dear C., The above will be our address till the 
 middle of September. Shall be glad to hear from you. 
 Not feeling very bright, or would write. Yours, 
 
 1 S. G. T. 
 
 ' We are close to our old quarters in 1878 ; the Avenue 
 Marceau used to be Av. Josephine.' 
 
 ' 61 Avenue Marceau, Paris : October 17, 1884. 
 
 ' Dear Chaloner, It is nearly four months since I have 
 heard from you, though I have written you meantime, not- 
 withstanding a very bad attack on the lungs which floored 
 me completely during August and September, and from 
 which I am still hardly quit. I am, however, going in for 
 a special form of treatment which compels my staying in 
 Paris till the cold forces me to bolt, which may be any 
 week. The treatment is I think doing some good, but I 
 hardly know yet. My illness has naturally led to arrears 
 of correspondence all round particularly as I have had 
 much business to get through meantime. 
 
 1 What have you been doing all the time ? . . . Have 
 you done anything in the experiment way ? I have got 
 some rather good results after much delay. I presume 
 
 
CH. xxn THE LAST DAYS IN PAKIS 807 
 
 you will have no time for experiments, now Birkbeck has 
 started on a big scale. . . . 
 
 ' We are having coldish weather, and I am quite tied 
 to the house. . . . Things in the way of business very 
 dull. No orders and awful prices. We do better at North 
 Eastern Steel Co. than our neighbours ; but that is our 
 only comfort. Writing wearies me, so adieu.' 
 
 This last letter is in Sidney's own hand ; but much of 
 his correspondence about this time is written by his sister, 
 sometimes by his mother. The sands were already run- 
 ning low in the glass. 
 
 The little family was not left entirely alone in the 
 Elysian Fields ; many friends came from time to time to 
 see Thomas ; most of them, it may be surmised, with a 
 foreboding that their visit was a farewell one. Among 
 others who came at this time were Mr. Vacher (one of 
 Sidney's old chemical teachers of whom we have spoken 
 above), 1 and his wife. Mr. Vacher, in a letter to Sidney's 
 sister, thus speaks of his departed friend and of this 
 visit : ' What I do possess and value exceedingly is the 
 very definite and vivid impression made on me by his 
 personality. Of his intellectual side I can hardly speak, 
 being but a distant admirer of his talent and splendid 
 achievement. Of his character I should say that its 
 distinguishing trait was nobility and highmindedness, that 
 he was by intuition opposed to all that is ignoble and 
 petty. 
 
 ' On one occasion he gave me a lesson. ... I made 
 use of the word cads, and he received it with such quiet 
 coldness than I at once saw the incongruity of the notions 
 implied by it with those ideas of fraternity which were 
 common to us both. . . . 
 
 1 A-ntc, p. 36. 
 
 x 2 
 
308 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxn 
 
 ' His public spirit was of the highest order. Poverty, 
 prosperity, sickness, death, none of these disturbed the 
 earnest purposefulness of his life. My wife will never 
 forget the impression made on her, (when we saw him a 
 few times in Paris shortly before he died,) by his calm 
 attitude, cheerful patience, and exceedingly sweet expression. 
 She says that, notwithstanding his pale face and wasted 
 frame, the thought of him is always suggestive to her 
 of strength, and in times of weakness she often likes to 
 call up the vision.' 
 
 Business friends also would come to see him, ' and it 
 was wonderful,' says his mother, ' to see how, on such 
 occasions, he would gather himself together and be his 
 old erect keen self, but he would afterwards suffer terribly 
 from reaction ; ' thus justifying his horror of a return to 
 England and concomitant worrying interviews. 
 
 In September his brother Llewellyn Thomas (who was 
 after all to die before him) visited him, and Mrs. Thomas 
 remembers a * happy although sad ' time. * After this 
 visit Sidney's life became entirely that of an invalid. 
 October was upon us, and the weather seldom permitted 
 him to go out for even the shortest drive.' Yet, although 
 thus imprisoned in a sick room, the only change from 
 which (as was becoming more and more apparent) might 
 be to the grave, Thomas did not lose heart. 'He was 
 always full,' says his sister, i of quaint sayings and jokes 
 which relieved the heaviness of sick-room life. I think no 
 one, coming into the room, would have imagined the 
 anxieties which lay behind our fun and cheerfulness.' 
 
 The workers and their lots were ever in his mind. 
 ' One of his favourite subjects of dreaming in the 
 gloaming ' (we quote his sister again), ' after we had 
 despatched our letters for the day was the possibility of 
 building a " model lodging house " which should be really 
 
 
CH. xxn THE LAST DAYS IN PARIS 809 
 
 a model. There was, in the very first place, to be a lift 
 for goods at least ; for the poor women coming to the 
 Thames Police Court had often told him that one of the 
 strong objections the poor folk had to " model " dwellings 
 was the drag upon them, often delicate enough as they 
 were, of carrying every scuttle of coals or basket of 
 provisions to the top of the high buildings. There were 
 to be conversation rooms and reading rooms for men and 
 women.' 
 
 I Slag ' was still an engrossing topic of thought, and 
 Thomas carried on an elaborate correspondence with the 
 chemists who were working at the question under his 
 direction. In November there came news of the success 
 of the simple German plan of grinding the slag and then 
 applying it directly to the earth, and Thomas was in commu- 
 nication concerning the good tidings with Mr. Wrightson 
 of the North Eastern Steel Works, who sent samples for ex- 
 periment to his brother, Professor Wrightson of Salisbury. 
 The experiments thereupon conducted by Professor 
 Wrightson led the way to the adoption of the new 
 fertiliser in England. 1 1 may say,' says his sister, c that 
 Sidney some years previously had suggested this mode of 
 treatment to practical farmers ; but he was assured that 
 the earth would not assimilate the raw slag. He remained 
 in interesting correspondence with Mr. Wrightson, Pro- 
 fessor Wrightson, and Professor Munro up to the last. 
 At the same time he did not relax his direction of experi- 
 ments on other processes, and one of the last matters he 
 was able to take keen pleasure in was a telegram announcing 
 results obtained by Mr. Tucker.' 
 
 In November he writes to Mr. Gilchrist : 
 
 I 1 shall be thankful to welcome any method of utilising 
 the slag b\ treatment or non-treatment.' 
 
310 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS CH. xxn 
 
 Early in this last month it had at length been finally 
 determined to move south to Grasse. Tickets had been 
 taken and a coupe-lit secured, and Thomas wrote to Mr. 
 Chaloner by the hand of his sister : 
 
 1 Cold and cholera are driving us from Paris. Address 
 on and after Saturday to Grand Hotel, Grasse, Alpes 
 Maritime.' 
 
 At the last moment, however, Thomas had a fresh 
 access of lung trouble, and his doctor advised that a 
 journey, even with every precaution, would probably be 
 fatal to him. From Paris he was destined not to move 
 again. 
 
 The clouds were indeed finally closing in upon the too 
 short sunshine of his life. In this very November Dr. 
 Llewellyn Thomas, Sidney's elder brother, died suddenly. 
 A letter came to the little Parisian household one morning 
 to say that Dr. Thomas was ill ; the same afternoon a 
 telegram announced his death. Sidney's sister immediately 
 crossed to London. It would not be fitting to attempt to 
 describe the gloom in which sat Sidney (unable himself to 
 quit the Avenue Marceau) and his mother (unable to quit 
 him) under the shadow of this affliction. 
 
 From that day it seemed as if Thomas had in truth 
 entered upon the pathway leading to the end. His sister 
 noticed upon her return from her sad journey, that Sidney 
 in sketching, as his wont was, future plans, always left 
 himself out of account. His great subject of anxiety 
 now was that the money he left behind him as the reward 
 of his inventions and the fruit of his toil should be spent, 
 (mainly spent, after a modest provision had been made for 
 the mother and sister who were so dear to him,) upon 
 bettering and making somewhat easier the hard lives of 
 
 
CH. xxn THE LAST DAYS IK PARIS 311 
 
 the toilers who create all wealth. Over and over again he 
 impressed upon his sister the sacred trust he bequeathed 
 to her. Her discretion as to ways and times subject to 
 certain general lines which he laid down was to be abso- 
 lute ; but to the workers the money was in the bulk to go. 
 His mother he would urge, as she says, ' almost passion- 
 ately,' to husband her remaining vitality, that she might 
 live to help and strengthen his sister in her task. 
 
 If ever there were a logical consistent life that life 
 was Thomas's. The old boyish dream of making a fortune 
 had been realised as few dreams are, and (a far more 
 wonderful thing) the old boyishly imagined use to which 
 that fortune was to be put, the aid and comfort of the 
 needy and the oppressed, was to be realised too. A nature 
 uncorrupted by the ' deceitfulness of riches ' is a rare one 
 indeed. 
 
 It is right to say here that Thomas, unlike some of us 
 who, for weal or for woe, have become distrustful of old faiths, 
 was a firm believer in immortality. 'He was perfectly 
 persuaded,' says his sister, ' of a future existence. During 
 these last days he would say to Mother, " You I shall see 
 soon, dear Mother; but you, Lily, not for some fifty years 
 yet." He held, too, quite as firmly, that he should be 
 conscious of what we were doing here while he was 
 waiting for us. In the dusk of the evening he would 
 speculate, as we sat together, on the possibility of his 
 manifesting himself to us whom he so dearly loved.' 
 
 The new year of 1885 opened sadly, enough for those in 
 the Avenue Marceau, who now knew but too well that they 
 could only wait for the end. ' Sidney,' says his mother, 
 ' only grew, the nearer that end approached, more gentle, 
 patient, and thoughtful, and more anxious to ease the 
 parting to us.' In these last days his devoted nurses 
 would get Thomas up as of old and settle him in his chair 
 
312 SIDNEY GILCHRIST THOMAS CH. xxn 
 
 with his books and papers by his side, but it was little he 
 could write, and that laboriously. Most of his books even 
 were too heavy for him to hold. His sister would read 
 much to him. 
 
 In the middle of January his surviving brother Arthur, 
 now a fully qualified medical man, was summoned from his 
 professional duties to Paris, and his skilled and brotherly 
 care and help were greatly prized by the dying man. 
 
 The ' end ' came at length. In the early morning of 
 February 1, 1885, Sidney Thomas died quietly in his sleep, 
 in the presence of his mother, sister, and brother, breath- 
 ing only two or three heavy sighs. The immediate cause 
 of death was emphysema. 
 
 He had, by his great invention, left a far more perma- 
 nent mark upon the 'world than many a veteran general or 
 aged ' statesman ; ' but he had not completed his thirty- 
 fifth year. He was buried, by his own earnest desire, in 
 the Passy Cemetery. He had shown much distaste to the 
 notion of his dear ones crossing the Channel with his 
 body in the dreary winter weather. 
 
 His mother concludes the notes for her son's life from 
 which we have so often quoted by a citation from Jeremy 
 Taylor : 
 
 ' It is a vast work any man may do, if he never be 
 idle ; and it is a huge way a man may go in virtue, if he 
 never goes out of his way by a vicious habit or a great 
 crime. Strive not to forget your time, and suffer none of 
 it to pass undiscerned. So God dresses us for Heaven/ 
 
813 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 THE old hackneyed, yet ever new and ever untranslat- 
 able, Virgilian line, fraught with all that ' tender majesty ' 
 which makes the Latin singer dearer to us than even greater 
 poets, rises perforce to our memory as we contemplate the 
 death of this young inventor at an age when many have 
 scarcely entered upon their life-work, and as we dream of 
 so much he might have done in the world, perchance upon 
 quite different lines 
 
 Suiit lacrymse rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt. 
 
 No moral needs to be tagged to a memoir of Sidney 
 Thomas. His is a life which speaks for itself. 
 
 It only remains to add that the great process of steel 
 manufacture with which his name will be ever identified 
 has thriven and nourished as he expected it to thrive and 
 flourish. As we have seen, in 1878 there was not even in 
 existence any public record of successful dephosphorisation 
 of pig iron. In 1884, 864,000 tons of basic steel were 
 produced. In 1890 the production was 2,603,083 tons. 
 Moreover, in this last year, too, there were also produced, 
 together with the steel, 623,000 tons of slag, most of which 
 was used for fertilising purposes. 
 
 Thomas's plans for the disposal of his money for the 
 benefit of the toilers have (it is probably unnecessary to 
 
 Y 
 
314 SIDNEY GILCHEIST THOMAS 
 
 say), been carried out by those loved ones whom he left 
 behind, and many a life has been gladdened by the results 
 of his labours. Truly his short life has a completeness 
 lacking to many long ones, and of him it may indeed be 
 said : Finis coronat opus. 
 
 PRINTED BY 
 
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AN AMATEUR'S INVENTION 
 
 TO THE EDITOR OF *THE TIMES 
 Sir, Adverting to yoia* article upon what 
 is known as the Thornas|GilQhrist basic steel 
 process, may I emphasizjfe t^re charming and 
 entirely unassuming persorfejty of Sidney Gil- 
 christ Thomas ? During the last years of hia 
 career in the Civil Service his chief at the 
 Thames Police Court was my father, the late 
 John Ronaldson Lyell, M.A. I well remember 
 the. visits which Thomas paid to us from time 
 to time at our home at Hampstead. His 
 work over this invention in its later stages 
 necessarily involved journeys all over the 
 country, sometimes at a moment's notice. 
 These on occasion doubtless proved a some- 
 what disconcerting interruption to the routine 
 of a Metropolitan police court, but were always 
 most gladly and cheerfully arranged for by 
 his colleagues, who were pleased and proud to 
 help the young man whose scientific work was 
 showing promise of such striking success. ThL* 
 remarkable and epoch-making success when 
 it finally arrived never spoilt him, and during 
 the remainder of his short life he always kept 
 in touch with his old friends, with whom he 
 had been associated in the administration of 
 justice. Of Thomas it may truly be said, 
 "Quomodo fabula, sic vita ; non quam diu, 
 sed quam bene acta sit, refert." 
 
 I am your obedient servant, 
 
 JAMES P. R. LYEL&. 
 78, Woodstock-road, Oxford, Feb. 1.