ROBERT ERNEST COWAN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THS QUESTION OP BOUNDARY BBTWKKN VENEZUHLA AND BRITISH GUAYANA. SUBMITTED TO THE BOUNDARY COMMISSION BY THE COUNSEL OF THE GOVERN- MENT OF VENEZUELA. Vol. I- Washington, D. C. Press of McGill & Wallaci;, 1896. 7 4 1110 %^ / DOCUMENTS REIyATiNG TO THE QUESTION OF BOUNDARY BETWEEN VENEZUELA AND BRITISH GUAYANA. SUBMITTED TO THE BOUNDARY COMMISSION BY THE COUNSEL OF THE GOVERN- MENT OF VENEZUELA. VOL. I. WASHINGTON, D. C: McGiLL & Wallace, Printers. 1896. • » • • • . • • » ••••«••• -^^ [Translation.] Case 133. — Drawer 3.— File 16. General Archives op the Indies. (Seville.) 1763. REPORT SUBMITTED BY DON JOSE DIGUJA, GOV- ERNOR OF CUMANA, WITH LETTER NO. 19, DATED CUMANA, DECEMBER 15, 1763, MAKING A LONG HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION OF THESE PROVINCES. (The testimony referred to in this report has been copied separately.) Cumand, December 15, 1763. Governor Don Joseph Diguja calls attention to the irrepar- able injury which will be done to religion, to Your Majesty, and to the subjects of Your Majesty in these Provinces, if Guayana is transferred to Angostura del Orinoco. In support of his views he appends to his Report a volume containing tes- timony on the subject, and makes a long description of the advantageous situation of Guayana, etc. Cumana, December 15, 1763. Crovernor Don Joseph Diguja forwards a volume containing testimony in support of the Report and map submitted by him in consequence of the decision of Your Majesty, com- municated to him, to transfer the city of Guayana to that place XoTE. — This paper was received on or about September, 1765, when Guayana had been already transferred to Angostura del Orinoco, For this reason no action was taken on the Report. 292597 oil the Orinoco iiivrr wIktc tlic stivaiii has the less width. Jle makes a long deseri[)tion of the advantages of the present situation of the city, and explains the irreparable injury to be sustained by religion, by the service of Your Majesty, and by the subjects of Your Majesty in those regions, if the mov- ing of the city to the above-named i)lace is accomplished. The Report begins by a kind of Introduction, in which a short statement of its contents is made. — Page 1. 'O" First Part. Ch.vpter T. — What the Government of Cumana was in 17-20.— Page 4. Chai'TKR II. — Progress of that Government from 1720 to the present year, ITOo. — Page G. CiiArxER III. — The progress made in the Provinces of Cu- mana and Barcelona from 1720 to the present year, 1763, is due to the two missionary bodies, which are evangelizing there. — Page 13. Note. — Upon consideration of the Report made on December 15, ITOl, by Don Josejih Solano, setting forth that tlie old town (la Poblacion Aiiti;/uA. 'JMk' (.ioVL'niniL'iil til ('uniaii.'i, at whose head was placed Don Josc])li Carroiio in 1720, consisted of the Province of tliat name and the I'lovince of Barcelona. A large portion of tile territor}'' north of the chain of mountains which runs from east to west across the tAvo }>rovinces was unknown and unex- plored. The other tract of land situated on the south of these mountains was possessed and iidiahited by the Caribbean In- dians, by other Indians not yet pacified, and by those Dutch, English, and French people, who were in their company. The towns of the Province of ('uinana were as follows : Its capital, with no more than one hundred very small houses, built of mud and timber, and thatched roofed. The inhabit- ants of this town were very poor, although some of them owned small farms on the coast of the Gulf, or in the Cariaco valley. 2. The city of -San Balthasar de los Arias, otherwise called Cumanacoa, consisting of twenty or twenty-five thatched-roofed, mud houses, inhabited In' j)oor farm laborers, most of them mulattoes, half-breeds and negroes. The principal production was tobacco, but only to the amount necessary for consumption wit III 11 tlie Province. 3. The city of San Phelipe de Austria, or Cariaco, where the cultivation of cacao had ])ecn started in some small farms be- longing to peo|)l(' of Cumana, who used to come and reside there temporarily. The real inhabitants of this city were negroes, mulattoes and half-breeds, who lived in about thirty thatched-roofed cabins, scattered here and there on the grounds where they cultivated their corn, manioc, bananas and fruits •of various kinds. These were the only three towns, or settle- ments of Spaniards, in that locality. 1. <)n the north of the Mountains, as shown by the General Map, some eighteen or twenty Indian villages had been already 11 •established. Five of these settlements were taken care of by secular priests; the balance were in charge of the Aragonese Capucins. The inhabitants of the villages entrusted to secular priests and some other towns entrusted to the Friars aforesaid, had been taught the Christian doctrine. All the rest were under missionary rule and not yet well educated. Some missions and settlements began also to be established on the toj^ and the southern slope of the mountains. 5. These new Missions, and even the old ones near Cumana- ■coa, were frequently insulted by the Caribbean Indians and the French and English people who accompanied them. Owing to their having destroyed by fire the town of San Felix de la Peni- tencia (see General Map) and their having perpetrated some other outrages at Aragua, in the neighborhood of the said town, Governor Carreiio saw himself compelled to enlist soldiers and rsend an expedition to the Guarapiche River, for the purpose of punishing them. So it was done, as appears from the report sent by that Governor to His Majesty, on March 30, 1719, and from a Royal Ordinance, dated Madrid, March 6, 1721, ap- proving M'hat had been done. All of this is shown by the testimony hereto appended, page 4, on the back, and the follow- ing up to page 6. 6. In the Province of Barcelona no other town existed than its capital, which consisted of between 80 and 100 frame and mud, thatched-roofed houses, inhabited by people who were still poorer than those of Cumana, because they had to confine themselves to cultivate the most sterile lands on the coast and the mountains, and were unable to undertake any work in the fertile plains of the interior for fear of constant molesta- tion by the Caribbean Indians. 7. The Franciscan friars {observantes) of Piritu had in their charge fourteen or fifteen Indian villages, whose inhabitants had been kept under missionary rule until the date in which Don Joseph Carreno raised them to the rank of already instructed '{puestos en dodrina). The land occupied by the pacified In- dians was situated on the chain of mountains which faces the north, and on the banks of the Unare River, extending as far ^s the locality in which the Huere River empties into the 12 Unare. These towns were often attacked hy the Caribbean Indians, assisted by some Dutch and I'nolish pi'ople, who, in company with tlie said Indians, made incursions in tlie unex- plored territory of the Province of Barcelona, and in a portion of that of the Province of Caracas, reaching, through the Ori- noco, the other Provinces access to which can be facilitated tlirough navigation on that river. To this and nothing else the Government of Cumana was reduced in the above cited year seven liundred and twenty, in which Don Joseph Carreiio ceased to be Governor, and was succeeded by Don Juan de la Tornera Sota, who continued in the same way as his })redecessor to take measures to preserve the Missions and repress the Caribbean Indians and their English, Dutch and French companions who harassed them. Chapter II. Profjress made in the Government from 1720 to tJie present year,. 1763. 1. In order to explore the unknown portion of the territory of the Province of Barcelona, and to pursue the Caribbean Indians and the foreigners who accompanied them, some movements towards the interior were started by the Mission- aries and the small force which Governor Tornera could give them as escort. The result of those expeditions was the exploration of the banks of tlic Orinoco and the Carey Rivers, and the foundation of the San Buenaventura Mission, called also La Margarita, where many Indians who had been persuaded to leave the mountains were gathered. Some other Indians, in larger numbers than the above, were^also in- duced to come and settle in the proposed Missions of Santa Rosa and San Joachin. (See the general map as to the location of these places.) All of this was reported to His Majesty, under date of January 8, 1724, by Governor Tornera, who urged also, as a matter of great importance for the Royal service, the forti- fication of the narrow part {La Angostura) of the Orinoco River,, and the foundation of some Missions in its neighborhood. Said 13 Missions were to be in charge of the Franciscan Fathers, to whom, in compliance with the repeated provisions of several Royal -orders, the proper escort should be given. As up to that time no escort had ever been paid anything, owing to which fact, as it appears from page 6 to page 9 of the testimony, the Missions had suffered considerably, efficient measures were suggested to secure actual payment in the present case. To this His Majesty graciousl}^ answered, through his Secretary of State, Don Joseph Patino, in a communication dated at Madrid, September 7, 1728, by informing the Governor that the proper orders had been issued for the fortification of La Angostura, as decided by His Majesty at some previous time. The text of the said Royal Order is to be found in the testimony hereto appended, from page 9 to page 10. Another Royal Order, issued at Madrid, on the same date, transmitted by the same Secretary Don Joseph Patiiio, which can be found in the same testimony from page 10 to page 11, shows that Governor Tornera had reported to His Majesty in Novem- ber, 1727, the number of Indians who, with the assistance given him for that purpose during his term of office, had been sub- dued (reducidos) and caused to live in villages or other settle- ments of permanent character. It shows also that the Caribbean Indians and other savage tribes had waged war against those settlements and attempted to kill the missionaries and the Spaniards who were with them ; that the banks of the Huere River (see general map for the location of this river) had been properly defended; that in these skirmishes many Indians had been killed, and some others made prisoners ; that close to the banks of the said river about eleven houses had been discovered which were intended, as it seemed, for storage pur- poses, wliere many fire arms, and arms of other kinds, clubs, and arrows were found and captured ; that the hostile Indians had been assisted in their effort to establish themselves in their old homes by English officers and soldiers ; and that His Majesty had imparted his approval to all that had been done, by the Governor, in regard to this subject. 2. The same system of government, with little or no changes, and no greater improvement of the situation, prevailed during 14 the wliole period of Governor Tornera's commaiid. In August 1733, he was rejjhiced by Don Curios de Sucre. Governor Tornera, however, had received the instructions of October,. 17'2(), which appear from page 11 to page 10 of the testimony, and had been entrusted witli tlie Government pf these posses- sions, as sliown by the same testimony, for the especial [)urpose, as shall be more particularly ex|>lained in its proper place, that he should fortify the narrow part {la Amjosiiira) of the Orinoco Kiver, or Island of Faxardo. 3. In order to comply with the duty entrusted to him. Gov- ernor Sucre moved to the Presidio of Guavana, on or about the month of February, 1734, and remained there during the longest period of his term of office. Nothwithstanding this fact, and although the Governor before leaving the capital had appointed the Marquis of San Felipe to act in his place in everything concerning the government of these Provinces^ a large amount of business was often submitted to his personal consideration. The communication with Guayana was at that time difficult. By sea the trip was very expensive and long, as it was necessary to go first to the Island of La Margarita, for which place alone pilots were obtainable to proceed to the Island of T^a Trinidad, and there engage another pilot,, generally an Indian, expert in the navigation of the Orinoco, to take the vessel from one mouth of that river to the city of Guayana. By land it was still worse, because there was no road which would lead to that place. The missionaries of Piritu, in their excursions through the territory of the Province of Barcelona, had gone no farther than the banks of the River Cari, which, being very wide and carrying a large volume of water before emptying into the Orinoco, was found by them to be impassable, unless by using some craft, which they had not in tlieir possession. Nevertheless, under the spur of necessity, with great efforts, after crossing tiie summit of the Guanipa Table, where the Morichales, forming the sources of the River Cari, are found (see General Map, and Note No. 5 of the Book of Notes, as to explanation of what the Guanipa Table and the Morichales 15 are), and fording some other rivers, a road was discovered which leads to a locality just opposite El Presidio. This is'- the only way of communication by land now used, and is marked in the map hereto annexed. 4. As soon as this road was discovered the missionaries- applied themselves to improve it as much as possible, and to secure the establishment, at some convenient point of its traject, of a town or some other station, where the people could get provisions and rest from the fatigues of a six days" journey through the sands of the desolate Guanipa Table; and to this end they founded, in 1735, with Indians belonging to the- Guarauna nation, who inhabited the shores of the Del Manso Lake, as shown by the appended map, a Mission to which they gave the name of Nuestra Sefiora de los Remedios (Our Lady of Remedies). This undertaking, however, soon proved to be a failure, because the Caribbean Indians becoming infuriated at the Guarauna people having consented to be subjected to missionary rule, made, at the end of that year, and with the assistance of a certain number of French allies, an attack upon said Mission, which ended in its ruin. They suddenly rushed into it, at the very moment in which the priest was saying mass, and after assaulting and wounding him, while at the altar, dragged him out of the church, hanged him from a tree, and ignominiously outraged his corpse. They killed 37 Guaraunas, burnt down the church and the houses, and carried away with them the women and the children. 5. In spite of these and other similar misfortunes, the mis- sionaries continued with not less earnestness the work of civiliz- ing the unhappy inhabitants of those territories. These efforts, as well as the increase of trade in that region in consequence of the events in Guayana ; the steps taken by Sucre in the Presidio to prevent the introduction of foreigners allied to the Caribbean Indians, and the action of Marquis San Felipe in the Province of Barcelona, as shown by the Royal Letter dated at Aranjuez, April 28, 1737, and copied from page 19 to page 20 of the testimony, tended to facilitate the pacification of the Caribbean Indians, which was then initiated and which, dur- 1(J ing the wliole period of Sucre's adininistration, was continued with such ,1 ilfgree of success as to allow tlir inhabitants of Barcelona to establish stock farms in these territories, although occasionally some hann was doni' both to the cattle and to the people who had it under their care. G. While this was happening in the J^rovinco of Barcelona, matters were progressing very slowly in that of Cumana and in the region to the south of its mountains. The .Vragonese Capucins had established in the latter region some oi the Mis- sions which are now in existence; and on the northern part, on the coast, and in the neighborhood of Cape Tres Puntas (as shown by the General Map), two Spanish towns had been founded, whidi were respectively designated under the names of Kios Caribes and Carupano, and became afterwards very useful for the pacification oC the coast of Paria. 7. Such was the condition of things in the Provinces of Cumaiu'i and Barcelona in 1710, when on or about the month of June of the same year, (Juvernor Don Cai'los de Sucre was recalled and I'eplaced by Don Gregorio de Kspinosa, who had also been instructed, as will l)e explained hereafter, to fortify the Orinoco. AVbat took place m these Provinces during his government will be presently stated. S. Shortly after his arrival and his taking possession of the Goveriuiient, Guayana was attacked by an English privateer. The Governor at once sent a force there of one hundred men of the militia of Barcelona, but when they reached their destina- tion the Presidio haaiticular in taking measures to insure the safety and proper development of these Provinces. As for myself, I can say that the steps I have taken, after my general visit, specially for the good government and the proper treatment of the In- dians, have not been few. To remedy the evil effects of intox- ication in the Caribbean Missions on the banks of the Orinoco, I gave the local authorities of Barcelona, Aragua, Pao, and Guayana such instructions as were deemed necessary to secure their appearance in the respective places of their territory, as soon as some disturbance occurred. I also made arrangements by virtue of which the said local authorities, and all other officials of the (rovernment, were enabled to assist each other whenever necessary. All of this will appear from the elabor- ate statement of the General Results of my Visit, submitted by me to Plis ^lajesty through his Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies. The fact is, that owing to these measures taken by myself, and to those which my ])redecessors had taken during their respective terms of oilice, communication can now be had without risk between all i)laces of the territory, whether on the plains or in the mountains, belonging to the l*rovinces under my command. Any man can now go alone to Guayana, and come back, witliout fear of molestation of any kind. Twenty years ago no man could think (»!' making such a journey with- out a strong escort. No foreigner, allied to the Caribbean In- dians, is now seen in the country ; nor can any Caribbean Indian himself be seen outside the towns. The same safety is to be noticed in the communicaticju by water. The navigation 19 along the sea coast, through Golfo Trlste, the mouths of the Orinoco, and up the river, is freely made, and those engaged in this business can go and come without disturbance. There are excellent pilots, perfectly well acquainted with every locality in the whole Northern Coast, the Guarapiche River, the Chan- nels of Santa Isabel, Teresen, and Coiguar, the coast of Paria, and the Labyrinth of the mouths of the Orinoco. 13. At the time of my visit there were in the Province of Barcelona 121 ranches, which, according to the statements of their owners, contained from fifty to fifty-five thousand head of cattle. This secured for the Province a revenue of 25 or 30 dollars per year, as shown in note No. 13 of the Book of Notes. The number of ranches is becoming every da}'- larger and larger; and this fact, the abundance of cattle, and the increase of the number of Indians who become civil- ized and devote themselves to the cultivation of the lands, have rendered the capital of Barcelona four times better and more advanced in every respect than it was in 1720. Now, as far as the comfort of the inhabitants is concerned, the said capital is the best city in this Government. 14. The same increase in the number of houses, population, and wealth of the inhabitants which has been noticed in the capital of Barcelona, has also been noticed in the capital of Cumana and in all other cities and towns of this Government. Nothing, of any account, was received in the Royal Treasury in the year 1720; because the number of Indians who paid tribute was very small, and because the revenue derived from the payment of tithes was of little importance. The receipts coming from what was called " entradas y salidas,^' was, if pos- sible, still more insignificant, because the production was small and the trade almost null. The result was that at that time the Royal Treasury- was scarcely able to meet the few obliga- tions which weighed upon it. But at present, as shown by note No. 11 of the Book of Notes, a most favorable change can be noticed in the Government's receipts and expenditures. It may be said, in a word, that the difference between the situ- ation of the Treasury now and in 1720 is just as striking as between being and not being. This increase in the resources 20 of the Government, no nnitter how ^nvat, can nut, however, justify the undertaking of many enterprises, ami this I will explain, as thorouijjhly as it is indispensable to j^ive a proper answer to the chapter of the lioyal Ordinance which relates to the moving of La Guayana to La Angostura. 'Phis I shall do when stating the principal reason which produced that in- crease. That part of m}' Report wherein I suggest certain measures and recommend tliom as cHicicnt will then also be substantiated. Chapter III. Tlic progress made in the Provinces of Cumand and Barcelona, from 1720 to the present year 1763, is due to the two Mission- ary bodies engaged in their evangelization. 1. It can not be doubted that the repeated measures, more or less active, taken by my predecessors, have caused the very noticeable development of the cities and towns of this Govern- ment ; the exploration of the vast territories which pertain to it; the pacification of the Lulians who inhabited its mountains and forests, and are now reduced to live in proper settle- ments the life of civilization ; the expulsion of those foreigners who, in union with the Indians, overran these Provinces and harrassed their inhabitants with the intent of establishing themselves in their territory ; the discover}^ safety and good arrangements of the road to Guayana, which facilitates the communication with that place; and, as a consequence of all these facts, the occui)ation and settlement of these hitherto un- ex})lored Provinces and vast territories by Spanish people, who formerly had been compelled to live in the arid and bar- ren lands which lie in close vicinity with the establishments on the coast. None of these measures, however, would have amounted to anything, if their execution had not been secured and fostered as it was by the missionary bodies, engaged in the evangelization of the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona, namely : The Aragonese Capucins in Cumana, as explained 21 in Note No. 4, and the Franciscans of Piritu in Barcelona, as explained in Notes No. 7 and No. 10. Tlie territory in which their missionary work is done is marked in the General Map. 2. These two bodies of missionaries have always been lack- ing the proper assistance. The number of missionaries has never been sufficient. They have not received enough alms for their proper support. They have not been given adequate escort to insure their safety, protect the new settlements, and explore the neighboring forests in search of Indians to be evangelized. They do not possess such ecclesiastical vestments, images, bells, etc., as are desired. The missionaries themselves, as well as the Governor, have most repeatedly set forth their needs, and requested His Majesty to grant proper assistance to this important branch of the service. His Majesty most graciously, as becoming to his Royal and Catholic zeal, has attended to this matter by issuing proper Ordinances and taking other measures, all of them tending to the spiritual and temporal welfare of the poor Indians. But most of these Royal Ordinances and decrees have become of no effect, owing to the scarcity of funds, out of which the expenses required to carry them into operation had to be paid. Lately, when reporting the results of my general visit, I called His Majesty's attention to the present needs of the two missionary bodies above named, and also to the needs of the other body of Catalonian Capucins of the Province of Guayana, as stated in the documents, copies of which I sub- mitted, and may be found from page 247 to page 256 of the appended testimony. Particular information of the present condition of these Missions is found also in Notes No. 4, No. 7, and No. 10 of the Book of Notes, which corroborate and com- plete what is said in the documents above mentioned and in the minutes or journal of the general visit. Evils of great impor- tance, requiring prompt remedy, are now being felt in the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona, and are due to no other cause than the scarcity of funds. The fact is acknowledged that the missionary work is no longer carried out with as much zeal and efficiencv-as in former times, or as it is now carried 22 out in Guayaiui by the Cataluniiui Capuciii.s. This matter has been treated by me separately in a special report which, upon the result of my general visit, I sent to His Majesty and his Supreme Council. 3. In spite of all this, it must be said that all the progress made in this Government, in spiritual and tem{)oral matters, is due to the two communities above referred to, and, also, that no further progress can be expected to come from other sources, either in the same two provinces, or in the Province of Guayana, where they have begun to evangelize. 4. These two missionary bodies are certainly the cause of the pacification of these provinces. With no little diffi- cultv, and incurrino- jrrave risks, thev have subdued the In- dians, and succeeded in establishing 79 Indian villages, the town of Aragua, and the settlement of El Pao. In the vil- lages aforesaid the}^ have congregated from 2() to 27,000 natives, most of whom have been converted to our Holy Religion. In the Caribbean vilhiges of the neighborhood of the Orinoco, where there are no missionaries to attend to the education of the inhabitants, or where the mi.ssionaries, if any, sent there have not been given such an escort as was neces.sary to their protection, heathenism still i)revails. The inhabitants are ba{)tized only in case of necessity, but the}' do not refuse this Holy Sacrament to be administered to them, Avhen in condition to receive it, or to their infant children. But many among the inhabitants of both the latter and the former villages are lost, unless, for their good fortune, some missionary jiriest happens to reach their residence in time enough to minister to their needs. The number of mission- aries sent to these Provinces is not sufficient to ])ermit any ])riest to be permanently located at any village, and attend to the religious education of its inhabitants. The result is that the children grow up with the same habits and ideas of their {)arents, and that Christian religion does not become iirmly rootiil in these Missions. Indeed, it is a miracle for the Missions themselves to have survived, as no restraint of any kind can be exercised on the Indians who inhabit them. In manv cases there is onlv one missionarv for two, three and 23 even four villages, separated from each other by large dis- tances. The same thing happens in the matter of teachers {doctrineros), who are compelled to spend their lives on horse- back, going from one place to another. In many cases a priest says mass at one village which is not within convenient dis- tance of another, and the inhabitants of tlie latter have to do without mass, unless the priest can come and say it a second time. 5. It is also due to these two bodies of missionaries that the Spaniards succeeded in establishing themselves in lands of more fertility than those close to the coast, and in increasing the number of their farms, and of the towns, which now are eight, in these Provinces. It is due to them, furtliermore, that the Royal Treasury receives tribute from thirty-nine villages already Christianized, and is able therefore to meet the ex- penses required for the support of the Churches, and the pay- ment of the teachers and local authorities, leaving a large balance to dispose of in some other ways. The amount of these receipts will be doubled in a few years, as many other villages will hereafter become fully Christianized and begin to pay tribute. 6. If these missionary communities should be assisted in the manner and form I have suggested to His Majesty, it is to be hoped that the Guarauna Indians, who inhabit the swamps at the mouth of the Orinoco, would be jnicified and induced to settle on the dry lands of the interior, and also that the exten- sive province of Guayana would then be explored and pacified. That would be the only way to cause the Spaniards to occuj^y the fertile and vacant lands which the Indians fail to take advantage of, and secure the population of the banks and the neighborhood of the Orinoco River. This will be treated more in full in some other part of this Report, but the above has been stated beforehand in order to cause what I have said about the importance of these missions to be well understood. It is necessary for these two missionary bodies to be properly assisted, because it is through their work, and in no other way, that religion can be established in these vast Royal dominions, nor can in any other way these remote Provinces 24 be pacified and po})ulated by Spaniards. Experience has shown in the whole America that tlie hitter will not settle on any territory which has not been pacified. Cliiipter IV. Present condition of the Provinces of Cumand and Barcelona, which are the principal provinces of this Government — How little can he undertaken therein, and upon whom the execution of the order to move the Guayana depends. 1. The poor condition in which the Government was in 1720, and the evident progress which, in the 43 years subse- quent to that date, has taken place in the same, due to the missionary bodies which are engaged in the evangelization thereof, and without which none of the measures taken by my predecessors would have been of any effect, having been dem- onstrated, it is now proper to show what the condition of the same is at the present time, because this is a point to be con- sidered for the execution of the Royal Order of May 27, 1762, directing that Guayana be moved to Angostura, and to ex- plain furthermore upon whom the comphance with the said lioyal Order depends. 2. I say, that notwithstanding the progress shown b}'' me to have taken phace in these rrovincos, they are still in too poor a position as to be able to undertake in Guayana a project of this nature so superior to their forces, for, after all, tliey are little less than uninhabited, and have no more than eight towns, all of them very small. These towns are as follows: Five on the Northern coast ; another {San Balthasar de los Arias, or CumanacOa), at ten leagues distant from the capital of Cumauci; and in tlic^ midst of the mountains, the town of Aragua, and the settlement of Kl Pao, at the head of the ex- tensive plains of Barcelona, which are the nearest to the Orinoco River, as all appears from the General Map. 3. Notes No. 3 and No. of the Book of Notes explain the number of inhabitants as well as the resources and means of 25 these towns. I shall briefly mention here what is stated' there. The Capital of Cumana has 550 vecinos (suburban residents),. and 776 families, including those of the soldiers, and those in- habiting the valleys of Bordones, Mochima, Santa Fe, and the whole coast of the Gulf of Cariaco. The total population is- 4,372, including the troops and 937 slaves of all races, ages and sexes, all subject to the only Parish existing in the city. All the able-bodied male inhabitants are enlisted for military service, but the whole force actually consists of 799 men, out of which 270 or 290 are white, the balance being negroes, mulatoes and half breeds. This capital, although the best of all these cities, as far as buildings are concerned, contains^ only about 80 very small, tile-roofed, stone houses, 150 houses, also small and tile-roofed, built out of timber and mud, and 200 houses, more or less, likewise made of mud and timber, but thatched roofed. The Parochial Church and the Convents are built out of the satne materials. There are no public buildings in this city, and even those most necessary, as a jail, a City Hall, or a school are missing. Its inhabitants are all of limited resources; about one-third of their number, and these are the ones who are in better circumstances, are en- gaged in the cultivation of the soil and in raising cattle;. another portion of the inhabitants is devoted to fishing and other maritime occupations; and the balance consists of gov- ernment clerks, servants, and laborers, most of them in extreme poverty. Such is the capital of the most extensive government of Cumana. 4. The second city in the same province is called San Balthasar de los Arias, whicli has 90 vecinos (suburban resi- dent.s), 117 families, and 795 inhabitants, including 60 slaves. It contains 88 thatched-roofed timber and mud houses, and 213 men ready to take up arms, out of which 60 or 70 are white and all the others colored. The church is a small timber and mud, thatched-roofed building. There is no other pub- lic building. The residents of this town are extremely poor, although the lands around it are fertile. 5. The town of San Phelipe de Austria, distant from the capi- tal twelve leagues by sea, and 18 or 20 by land, contains 200' 2G vccinos (suhiirlnm resitlents), 250 luinilics, 107 slaves, and 1,305 souls, 102 tliatcluMl-rootV'd houses, scattered through the neigh- boring grounds, belong to this town, and 270 men capable of bearing arms, SO of which are white, all the others being colored. The church, although in a very bad condition, is the only stone building of its kind in the city. It is thatched roofed. 'The town has no other public building. 6. Carupano, distant from the capital 30 or 34 leagues by land, and the same, more or less, by sea, has 170 vecinos (sub- urban residents), 1S7 families, and 028 iidiabitants in all. The liouses, all thatched roofed and scattered through the neighboring ground, are 108 in number. The men capable of carr3'ing arms are 101. The church is in ruins. 7. Rio Caribes, distant from the ca[)ital 30 leagues by land and the .same by sea, contains 130 families. The whole popu- lation, including in its number 2o slaves, is 1,077. It has 130 thatched-roofed houses, and 226 men capable of bearing arms, most of them colored. The church is of the same material as the houses. 8. At the time of my visit, the town of Araya had 208 fam- ilies, 71 slaves, and a total i)o[>ulation of 1,002, including the troops, the Guaiquery Indians, and 50 militiamen. A great number of the.se people are now scattered in other towns. Tliey left the places when the fortress therein erected was de- molished, and when the cisterns which supplied water both to the Spaniards and the Indians ceased to be of service. 0. In the I'rovince of Harcelona the first city to be noticed is its caj)ital with 550 rn-iuos (surlnirban residents), 005 fam- ilies, and a total po[)ulation of a,o~)l inhabitants, including 035 slaves. The liou.se3 are 432, all of which, exce{)t 20, are frame and mud tliatched-roofed buildings. The balance are covered with tiles. Tlic city can luustci- (iltO men ca])able of bearing arms, 250 out of this number are white while the others are colored. About one-third of the iidiabitants is en- gaged in fishing industries and general seafaring. All the others are engaged in agricultural })ur.suits. The church, which was to be a stone building, has not been finished, and during the many years which have elapsed since the beginning 27 •of tTie work only the foundation has been completed. There are neither workingmen nor money to continue the building ■of the church. The city has no public building of any kind. 10. The town of Aragua has 150 vecinos (suburban residents), 180 families, and a total population of 824 inhabitants. There are about 150 houses, all of them thatched roofed. The church is built of the same material as the houses. There are about 145 men capable of carrying arms : all of them are colored, extremely poor, and engaged in the cultivation of the soil. 11. The town of El Pao has 90 vecinos (suburban residents), 121 families, and 632 inhabitants. The houses, all of them thatched roofed, are 90 in number. The church is of the same material. The men capable of bearing arms are 165. half of whom are white and the other colored. 12. In the written explanation to be found on the map a general idea has been given of the total number of regular troops and militia of this government, including the garrisons of Presidio and Guayana, and the demolished castle Araya, amounting in all to 3,288 men, 1,000 of whom, more or less, are white. The rest are half breeds, mulattoes, and negroes. The smallness of this force is rendered still more to be regretted on account of the distances between the towns and settlements where it is scattered. It would be impossible for any one to call together at once the whole militia ; and if it were pos- sible to do so, the calling would be injurious, as it would be equal to the taking away of many families from small towns or unprotected villages. 13. In addition to the scarcity of population in the eight towns above named it is to be noticed that skilled laborers can not be found in any of them, even for the most necessary things. In the capital of Cumand there are two blacksmiths and they are only able to make nails and screws for the ships. Ship carpenters and carpenters of other kinds are in greater number, but none has sufficient skill to build a derrick or to construct an engine of any importance. There are •three or four masons, but without sufficient skill to build well a stone wall, and this is the reason why all the churches within 28 the limits of this uoviTiuiu-nt, except at Bureehtiui, are mado of timber and iiiuass through the said plains on their way to Guayana a bloody encounter may take i)lace, there being no way to prevent the Caribbean Indians from making an attack of this kind. If,. X(( dcjHiidence can be placed upon the Caribbean Mis- sions of the Franciscan Fathers and the Catalonian Capucins of the Province of Guayana, because these Missions are re-^ cently established. The natives do not understand well the- 29 language, and are not yet accustomed to obedience or to work too much, and if urged to do what they do not wish, they are very apt to run away and return to the forests. All measures of coercion would result in the abandonment of the Indian villages. In addition to the loss of those wretched people, many other irreparable injuries would be thereby inflicted. 17. The detriment to the interest of the inhabitants of the ■Spanish towns, which will be the consequence of the exact compliance with the Royal Order, as well as the large amount of money which will be required to compl}^ with it, and the unconquerable difficulty which would have to be overcome, shall be made the subject of a proper explanation in the second part of this Report. That explanation will be better understood xifter having acquired the general knowledge herein given of the Presidio and Province of Guayana. Chapter V. What the Province of Guayana ivas in the year 1720, and ivhat progress was made in it during tJie previous 14-1 years. 1. In the year 1720 the Province of Guayana was a de- pendency of the Government of La Trinidad, and no other settlement existed in it than the Presidio and city of Santo Thome, situated on the banks of the Usupamo River. The settlement consisted of only 20 or 25 houses, inhabited by as many vecinos deprived of all human assistance, and with no means whatever to clear the dense forests which sur- rounded the place, and which caused its climate to be un- bearable. Provisions for the support of the people were scarce in the extreme, and generally no other food could be obtained than the fish of the river, which was of various classes, but always unwholesome, and apt to produce fevers, some game, and such vegetables as could be raised on the grounds nearest the city. The settlers did not venture to go too far from their abodes for fear of the Caribbean Indians, who infested the locality. The lack of proper food and the harshness of the 30 cliiiiatf kept all tliese poor iiilial)itaiits without enjoying good liL'altli even lor an hour. 2. The tortilicatioiLs of tlie Presidio consisted only of the castle, called »San I'lancisco, scarcely defensible on account of its feeble and almost ruin('(l walls, and of the few men which it had to manage its jioor artillery. There were only four or six cannons of small calibre and one lo-inch ,i;un without its- corres{)onding battery. This, according to the testimony of three old men who still live in Guayana, was the miserable condition of that city in the year above named, and this is all the progress which was made there in the 141 years which elapsed ever since its foundation on the site on which it now stands, and to which it was moveil t'loin its original location seven leagues up the mouth of the Caroni River, opposite the Faxardo Island, as shown by the map hereto appended and by the statements of Father Gumilla, when rcfcning to liistorian Herrera, in folio- 10 of his "Orinoco Jlustrado." Cliai>ter VI. Pleasures taken to fortify the Orinoco between 1694- and the month of Maij, 1762, luJien the matter was left as it now stands. 1. In the year ['ui\ when, according to Father Gumilla, old (iuayana had been plundered and burnt down, some of its in- habitants, showing a good deal of sound judgment, considered that the ]dace where the city now stands was the most adequate to build it anew. As it was possible for them to Ibrtify the rock on which the San Francisco Castle was erected, they and their .successors were enabled, although with almost incredible j)erseverance, to maintain themselves in exile in such solitude. It was due to these pioneers that no foreigners could come and take possession of the Orinoco, because although the resistance which they could have made was not very great, it was sufficient, however, not tf) allow strangers to dislodge them from their posi- tion. This rendered them strong and respectable to the eyes of 31 the enemies. But as the number of inhabitants was so small,, the castle so dilapidated, and the artillery so inferior, it was not possible for the people of Guayana to prevent the foreign- ers from passing up and down in front of their place. This could be done freely during the night, and also in day time, by the said foreigners united to the Caribbean Indians, who infested the unexplored districts of the Provinces of Cuman^,. Barcelona, and Caracas, and who, by navigating the Orinoco, could reach the Provinces of Caracas and Santa Fe, and plunder and burn all the missionary establishments which had been founded there. The Dutch, more especially than allother foreigners, used to trade with the Caribbean Indians and take away from their homes as many natives as they could to be put to work in the plantations of their own Colonies at Esquivo, Berbis, Surinama, and Corentin. 2. The sense of insecurity produced by these incursions of foreigners and Caribbean Indians, and the losses sustained, induced the Governors of La Trinidad, Cumana, and Caracas, as well as the Franciscan Missionaries of "Piritu, the Catalo- nian Capucins of the Province of Guayana, the Andalusian Missionaries of Caracas, the Jesuits of the Xew Kingdom of Granada, and the Missionaries of the Meta and the Casanare rivers to address different memorials to His Majesty, asking him to graciously provide what in his Royal judgment would be conducive to stop the inhuman acts of the Caribbean savages and the unlawful trade of the Dutch. These rep- resentations received the kind consideration of His Majesty since 1094, and, in order to provide the proper remedy to the evils complained of, a report was asked of the Governors of La Trinidad and Guayana and the Prefects of the Franciscan, Capucin, and Jesuit Missions of the Orinoco. When these reports were given, they w^ere referred by the Council to the Audience of Santa Fe, with instructions to substantiate the truth of their statements and to proceed, upon examination of experts, if the Audience by a majority of votes deemed it ad- visable to do so, to fortify the Orinoco River in such a manner as might be thought proper. Nothing was done in this respect,. however, until the year 1719, when Don Antonio de Pedrosa 32 was attending to tlie organization of the vice royalty of Santa Fe. But it was decided in that year tliat an exploration and survey of the banks of the Orinoco should be made by some Jesuit Fathers and other persons of knowledge and experience. The result was a recommendation to fortify the Faxardo Island, which, for the reasons set forth in the Keport, was deemed the best place for the purpose desired. The Council, in an opinion dated June 7, 1723, submitted to His Majesty the above said recommendation ; but as, in the meantime, some other representations had boon made to His Majesty, by the authorities and people of [\\l->hj provinces, the action of His Majesty was suspended, until the Council could report on the new petitions. This gave occasion to three furthor opinions of the Council. Upon consideration of the whole subject His Majesty decided, by Decree of July 1, 1726, that a castle should be built, at the expense of the Royal Treasury, at the Faxardo Island, and that the direction of the work should be entrusted to Don Carlos de Sucre, who was at that time the Governor of the city of Cuba. In compliance with this decision of His Majesty the proper commission and papers were forwarded to Sucre on October 31, 1725. He was also appointed Governor of Cumana, which Province, formerly a dependency of the Government of La Trinidad, was annexed to this Government of La Guayana, by Royal Letter, issued at Seville on the 30th of June, 1731. The said Royal Letter, as well as the commission and other papers sent to Sucre, are ke})t in the Archives, together with another Royal Ordinance, issued also at Seville, on December 22, 1729, which contains full instructions as to the Iniilding of the fortress at the Faxardo Island. This ordinance has been copied ill the testimony hereto appended, from J^ngo 11 to page H). 3. By Royal Letters of January 15, 1737, His Majesty directed Don Pablo Diaz Faxardo, an engineer, who was then at Carta- gena de Indias, to go to Guayana, examine the fortifications, and report to His ^lajesty about their condition and useful- ness, as well as about any repairs which might be necessary. The engineer was also instructed to proceed in all this with the 33 advice of Don Agustin de Arredondo, Governor of La Trinidad. In compliance witli tliis Royal decree, surveys and explorations were made of the mouths of the Orinoco, a portion of the river itself, the place named La Angostura, the site of Guayana and the Faxardo Island, and the work was done, a conference was held at La Trinidad, between Engineer Faxardo and Governor Ar- redondo, on June 28, 1733, wherein it was decided unanimously that the Castle of San Francisco de Asis should be left where it had been built, because its situation was tlie best and the most advantageous for its purposes along the whole course of the Orinoco, and that certain repairs should be made in it. It was decided also to fortify the Padrastro Hill, and to build another fort, on the island of Limones, opposite the San Fran- cisco Castle. The fortification of the Faxardo Island was deemed useless and even injurious. All of this fully appears from the hereto appended testimony, from page 61 to page 08 ; but there is nothing to sIjow that His JNIajesty, upon con- sideration of this Report of Engineer Faxardo and Governor Arredondo, should have been pleased to take action upon the subject. Mention has been made here of all this on account -of its importance. 4. Don Carlos de Sucre took possession of the Government -of Cuniana, in August, 1733 ; and in the month of February, 1734, after giving at his capital such orders as he thought proper, he started on his voyage to the Presidio of Guayana, taking with him the Engineer Don Pablo Diaz Faxardo, who was at Cumana, on his way to Cartagena, after having fulfilled his mission on the Orinoco. When the Presidio was reached, :Sucre examined the fortifications, and inspected with great care the Angostura and the Faxardo Island which he had been instructed to fortif3\ The result of his labors is embodied in the report submitted by him to His Majesty, on May 10, 1735, wherein he showed the impossibility of fortifying said Island, and said that all the previous reports given to the con- trary had been given by people belonging to religious orders, who had no knowledge whatever in matters of fortification. This report made by Sucre, together with a memorial of Mar- quis San Phelipe, and another of the Governor of La Trinidad, Vol. 1, Ve.\.— 3 34 were retenvd l)y His Majesty to the ('uiincil ot" tlic Indies for tlie proper ri|.()it. The Coiuuil thoui^ht it advisable, before I)assin Island was useless for fortification purposes, and that the narrow part of the Orinoco, La Angostura, was precisely the best and most adequate place for the building thereon of the proposed Fort- ress. The council advised His Majesty to cause La Angostura to be fortitied, as suggested in the above mentioned reports ; and His Majesty decided accordingly on December 10, 1738. 5. Before llis Majesty having taken any action on the repre- sentations made by Sucre, Father Joseph Gumilla sent to the Royal and Supreme Council of the Lidies a nieniorial or report, urging, with arguments which have no weight for any one acquainted with the Orinoco, the fortification of the P'ax- ardo Island, and criticizing the Re[)ort of Governor Sucre, as well as the statements of the Memorial of Marquis San Phe- lipe. All of this is shown by the hereto appended testimony, from page 20 to page 33. Another memorial of Marquis San Phelipe is to be found in the same testimony, from page S'd to page 40, wherein Father (lumilla's statements are refuted upon grounds much more substantial, and upon nmch better information. Father Gumilla doubtless had addressed His Majesty only to endorse the opinion of the Jesuits, who in 1710 had explored the Orinoco by order of Don Antonio de la Pedrosa. Father Gumilla's own ideas, as shown by a letter which he, in his own handwi'iiing. wrote to my predecessor, l)on Pedro Tavares, and can be louiid in the hereto appended testimony, from page 1(» to [)age 42, were that the Faxardo Island was useless. In ihi- letter he said that if he wrote to the contrary, was only to obey his sui)erior, tlie Provincial of his order, who luiij ordered him to do so; but that in his. own conscienti(jus opinion the foi'tilicalioii of the ]>imones Island was much better, because it would close the Orinoco, and would i)c less expensive. To fortify the Faxardo Island,, he said, would he efiuivalent to leave twelve leagues of terri- tory to the mercy of the foreigners, and to open to them a 35 road for making incursions, without being molested, in the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona and Caracas. Some other important statements were made in this letter. 6. The Council took no action on either the memorial sub- mitted to it by Father Gumilla, or the memorial filed also be- fore it, in reply to Father Gum ilia's statements, by Marquis San Phelipe; but it took both of them into proper considera- tion. When His Majesty was pleased to appoint Don Gregorio de Espinosa, Governor of Cumana, giving him orders identical to those which his predecessor Don Carlos Sucre had received, the Council ordered its Fiscal, Don Joseph Borrull, to prepare the instruction, which bears date of December 3, 1739, and in which the whole history of the plan of the fortification of the Orinoco River, up to the date of the instruction, is accurately given, and this instruction was forwarded to Governor Espi- nosa, together with copies of the memorials of Father Gumilla and Marquis San Phelipe, in order that he might be able, with full knowledge of all the aspects of the case, to act as directed. 7. On June, 1740, Don Carlos de Sucre was succeeded by Don Gregorio de Espinosa, who brought with him Don Antonio Jordan, an engineer, whom he at once sent to El Presidio de Guayana to rebuild the city, which had been plun- dered and burnt down by an English corsair, and to make at La Angostura and the Faxardo Island such surveys as the condi- tion of the waters of the Orinoco would permit at that season. Governor Espinosa remained at the ca[)ital to attend to cer- tain war business which required his presence. Jordan died while performing his duties, and although Governor Espinosa wrote to the Governor of Caracas and the Viceroy of Santa Fe, asking them respectively for another engineer to continue the work, none could be found. For this reason Governor Espi- nosa decided, in 1743, personally to go to the said Presidio, in company with some persons of experience, complete the ex- plorations and surveys of La Angostura and the Faxardo Islands and examine the situation of Guayana. The Gov- ernor and his companions were all of the opinion that the for- tress should be built on the Island of Limones, at the mouth of the channel opposite the San Francisco Castle. This site 36 was decided to be the only one adequate to close the river. A report to tliis effect was sent to His Majesty, through his Royal aii'l Snj)reme Council of tin' indies; but no action was taken, and things continued during the whole period of Gov- ernor Kspinosa's administration as they had been before. 8. Tn I )('cendjer, 1745, Brigadier (leneral Don Diego Tavares was ai)i)ointed to succeed Don Gregorio de Espinosa. He was given the same instructions as Sucre and Espinosa, in regard to the fortification of the Orinoco, and, to facilitate his action, he w^as supplied with a copy of the instruction drawn up b}' Fiscal Don Joseph Borrull, and of the memorials of Father Gumilla, and IMarquis San Phelipe. A note, written b}"- Don Fernando Trevifio, Secretary of the Council, was appended to Fiscal Borridl's instruction explaining what liad been done during Governor Kspinosa's administration. The idea was that Governor Tavares, being thus well acquainted with all the facts, should [)roceed as directed. All of this fully ap- pears from the Royal ordinance of December 1), 1745, and other documents, iroiii page 42 to page 55 of the testimony liereto appended. 9. Brigadier General Tavares took possession of the Govern- ment on IVIay, 1746, and personally went to El Presidio of Guayana in the month of February, 1747, in company with Don CJaspar de Lara, an engineer whom he had brought from Spain. Upon examination of the locality, as well as a proper study of all the points set forth in the Royal instructions, the Governor and the engineer agreed to the following : That the fortress should be l)uilt on the island of Limones, near the mouth of the c-iianiicl of the same name. This agreement, together with cert.iiu iiuips then made, and a statement of the grounds on which the ilecision had rested, was sent \)y the Governor to His Excellency Don Sebastian de Eslava, Viceroy of Santa Fe, to whom His Majesty, as shown by the instruc- tions and IJoy.il orders copied in the hereto appended testi- mony, had entrusted the final disposition of this matter. While waiting for the action of the Viceroy, Tavares returned to the capital of Cumana, not without leaving instructions to Don Juan de Dios Valdes, the officer in command of El Pre- 37 sidio, to clear a part of the woods of the island of Limoncs and observe what effect the risings of the Orinoco were likely to produce on the soil of the island. All of this was done by Valdes, as will be explained hereafter. 10. The Viceroy of Santa Fe referred the letter of Governor Tavares, together with the map and drawings which accom- panied it, to Don Juan Bautista Mac Evan, Engineer-in-Cliief at Cartagena ; and upon the favorable report of this official he imparted his approval to the selection of the site, as well as to all the other recommendations of Governor Tavares for the erection of the Fortress, and directed the work to be proceeded with at once. (See Testimony, from page 86 to page 92.) Nothing practical could be done, however, at that time, be- cause the officials of the Royal Treasury at Caracas, from whom the necessary funds were asked, failed to send them. No mone}' was obtainel until 1752, when the Viceroy of Santa Fe sent sixteen thousand dollars, at which sum the work had been estimated. The Viceroy had been instructed to do so by Royal order transmitted to him by His Excellency the Marquis de la Ensenada, the text of which can be see:i from page 92 to page 94 of the Testimony. 11. In the year 1753, when the moneys were at hand and the good season had arrived, Governor Tavares and Engineer Lara went again to Guayana in order to begin the building of the Fortress ; but they found, as reported by Commandant Don Juan de Dios Valdes, that in consequence of the clearing of the woods at the Island of Limones, the waters of the Ori- noco had washed out in the same island some 23 yards of land, which the said Commandant declared to be swampy and easy to be carried away. (See from page 55 to page 61 of the Testimony.) The truth of these facts having been ascertained, the Governor and the Engineer decided to build the fortress on such substantial and firm a ground as might be found on the opposite bank, on some place which the waters of the river could not easily reach, and to begin at once to build the founda- tions. So it was done, as stated from page 68 to page 84 of the Testimony, wherein a particular account is given of all the reasons which moved the aforesaid officials to take this action. ti92597 38 Tliis account was illustrated with a map an (Tovci'iior. or the representative of the latter at Guayana, but without allowing any other person to interfere with him, as far as his profession was concerned ; that from time to time without sto])ping the work, a report should be sent to the Viceroy showing exactly all that had been done ; and that, in case the balance of the appropriation should be found insufficient, a requisition for the amount needed should be made to the Viceroy, who would provide the means neces- sary to complete the work. All of this is shown by the Royal 39 Order above cited, which can bo read from {)age 94 to page 96 of the hereto appended Testimony. 15. When Governor Gual received this Royal Order he had already, by order of the Viceroy, sent to Spain Engineer Lara. For this reason, the said Viceroy, to whom instructions to the same effect as the Royal Order had been transmitted, decided on August 17, 1756, to put the work in charge of Don Gaspar de Salaverria, a military officer of high rank (sargento major) of this place, who was directed to make at once an estimate of the amount of money, if any, which would be required, in ad- dition to the balance in hand and the material not yet used. This estimate having been made and approved by the Vice- roy, the proper orders were issued by him to the Treasury to furnish the 9,204 dollars and 1| reales, which, in addition to the unexpended moneys of the first appropriation, amounting to 5,200 dollars and 6 reales, and the material not used as yet, were required. (See from page 96 to page 104 of the Testi- mony.) 16. All !of this having been done and duly reported, Major Salaverria went to Guayana, and in the month of February, 1757, began again to work on the Fortress, using the same foundations which Engineer Lara had built. Governor Gual gave him, during the whole period of his government, all the assistance he could, and his successor. Governor Don Nicolas de Castro, who received his appointment in December, 1757, did the same thing until January, 1759, when I was appointed in his place. 17. As soon as I became acquainted with this business, I wrote to Engineer Salaverria, urging him to hasten the work as much as could be done without interfering with its strength, and with the orders of both His Majesty the King and the Viceroy. I told him furthermore, to keep me advised of everything which might happen, and to ask me for such assist- ance as might be required. This assistance I gave him to the full extent of his wishes, until he wrote to me, wdiile I was at Cabrura, in the Boundary Commission, that the foundations of the house had been damaged, to which I replied what seemed to me to be just. Then, upon my return to this capi- 40 tal, S,il;i\'crria cniiu' to sec nie, ami infoi'iiKMl uw tliat the walls o( the l''()rtivss hail been cracked, but that this accident was not serious. I tliought this intbruiation important enough to cause an investigation to be started, and ascertain tlie facts and tlieir exj)lanation, iiuh'pendently of my going personally to the Presidio and becoming acquainted, through my own in- spection, witii the defects of the work. So it was done, and on the 2!»th of December, 17(10, I submitted to His Majesty the result of the investifration. 'Phr same informatinn was transmitted by me, at the same time, to the X'iceroy, who, on the 23d of June, 1701, ap))roved my action, and directed me to await the decision of His Majesty. 18. The King, by Royal order of October 7th, 'G7, transmit- ted to me by Your Excellency, was pleased to a[)prove the sus- pension of the work until I could make the promised visit to the fort and report about its condition. The Royal order fur- ther said that it had been deemed advisable to cause the works to bo inspected also by the engineer of Caracas, and that instructions to that eHect had been sent to the Gdvernor of the Province last named. 19. Wlien I received this Royal order, I had already made the visit to wliich it refers, examined the fortress, made an in- vestigation, additional and supplementary to the former one, and fully ascertained that the ruin of tlie fortress was inevit- able and impending. For these reasons, and acting in con- formity with a report of Juan Parrilla, an architect, or builder, who a.ssured me, upon some gi'ounds which I shall set forth here- after when explaining the present state of tiie fortifications of (ruayana, that the evil was irremediable, I sent a full report to His Majesty, dated September 23, 17G1. A copy of this report and of all the papers therein referred to was also sent to the Viceroy, on the 28th ot I'\bruary, '02. The Viceroy said to uic in npiy, July 30th, to wait for the decision which Plis Majesty miglit be pleased to give upon examination of the papers submitted by me and of the report of the Caracas engi- neer, whom the Viceroy supposed to be at the Fort doing his work of ins})ection. Rut the engineer never went there, owing on the one side to the war which had just broken out and re- 41 quired bis presence at Caracas, and on the other side to an attack of gout, which at last cuhuinated in his death. 20. During the month of April of the present year I received a Royal order, transmitted by Your Excellency, dated May 27, 1762, a copy of which is to be found at the beginning of the testimony hereto appended, in which His Majesty was pleased to command, among other things, that an armour should be built all around the walls of Fort Limones, at a distance of nine feet, and penetrating into the ground to a depth of four feet lower than the foundations ; that the earthworks which are now at this Fort should be raised so as to make them two and a half feet higher ; that the proper number of portholes should be open on the walls for the use of the artillery, the said portholes to be provided with ports; that the whole building of the fort should be roofed with a flat roof, provided with as many skylights as might be necessary to give light to the build- ing, and fixed in such a way as to allow the sentinels freely to communicate with each other; that the artillery of the fort should consist of four guns, two of them 8-inch guns, to prevent an attack from the water side, and the two others 4-inch guns, to prevent an attack from land ; and that four swivel guns should also be mounted on the flat roof. These provisions, as well as others of the Royal order, have given occasion to this Report. The particulars above stated show what the condition of this work, commenced in 1694, is at present. They show also that we are confronted with the inevitable necessity of abandoning the said fort, for the reasons which will be explained in the second and the third parts of this Report. Chapter VII. Progress made in the Province of Guayana from the year IJW' to the present year 1763. 1. The deplorable condition, already described, of the Pre- sidio and Province of Guayana, in 1720, remained unchanged until 1734, when Don Carlos Sucre decided to go there. He took 12 Avith liiiu three rescnt they do not dare venture beyond the Presidio, because owing to the sul)jection of the Indians they are unable to get pilots or guides. All those who have attempted to pass that limit have been either ar- rested or put to flight. The affairs of the Royal Treasury have been put in good order ; the keeping of the accounts has been organized in proper form; and measures have been taken to enable its head to furnish annually a sum of money, which, although small, is sufficient to keep the fortifications in good repair, and to provide them with the necessary ordnance and ammunition, a state of things never witnessed before, when the expenses had to be met with funds received from outside sources. The Missions in charge of the Catalonian Capucins have been assisted. The Caribbean Indians and the Dutch who, by way of the Cuyuni and Mazaroni Rivers, and on the rear of the said Missions, IkuI attempted to wage hostilities against them, have been driven away and j)ursu(Ml. Troops have been sent against these enemies, and a fortified house, built by the Dutch on the banks of the Cuyuni river, where they had gathered all tiie Indians of other tribes captured by the Caribbeans and sold to them for mere trifles, was assaulted and taken. A number of fire arms wns found in that house, and a Dutchman, wlio was a miner i)y occupation, and had undoubtedly come there to make mining explorations and surveys, was also found and captuicd. The testimony appended to this Report contains from [)age lOo to page 140 a full statement of these facts, together with a copy of the current account which the Dutch kept with the Caribbean Indians, and the proper notice of the death of two men of that expedition. The progress shown by the above to have taken place in the- Provincc ami Presidio of Guayana is of great importance. The- 45 •condition of the one and the other in 1734 was miserable. It was just as bad, if not worse, in 1740, after the attack of the Pre- sidio and the burning of the town. But now (17G3), altliough not flourishing enough to justify the statement that the Pre- sidio can defend itself against enemies, it can be deemed suffi- cient to secure the respect of all foreigners and prevent them from engaging in unlawful trade. All of this will be shown still more in full in other parts of this Report. Chapter VIII. The fact that the Dutch have not settled in the central part of the Province of Guayana, and all the 2^'>^ogress made at the Presidio, are due to the Mission of tJie Catalonian Capucins. The Presidio can not stand wWtout the 3Ilssion, nor can the Mission stand ivithout the Presidio. 1. As the Aragonese Capucins and the Franciscan Fathers of Piritu pacified the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona where they are engaged in evangelical labors, they having been in- strumental to the settlement by Spanish people of the vast territories of said Provinces, and to the foundation of the town of Aragua, and the villages of Concepcion del Pao, Rio Caribe and Carupano, as stated in the proper place, so also the Catalonian Capucins who came to the Province of Guayana, pacified its Indians; reduced to subjection a great number of them ; prevented the Dutch from settling in the interior oi' the Province ; assisted the Presidio and city of Santo Thome ; caused things there to have reached the state in which they are now ; closed the Orinoco to the inhuman commerce of the •Caribbean Indians and of the Dutch ; prevented the latter as well as other foreigners from running through the country, freely, as they used to do in former times in the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Varinas and Santa Fe ; did what never could have been done before in spite of the measures taken ever since 1694 ; caused the Presidio to be a serious establish- ment ; improved the fortifications of the same ; secured thereby 46 tlie settlement and population of the Province; established' sixteen Missions ; and founded, eight leagues towards the in- terior, the new town of San Anton Id de Upata, which will here- after secure respect to those places, •2. Ill Note No. 10 of the Book of Notes, T stated that the above-named Catalonian missionaries began to work success- fully in 1724, and I explained the reasons why neither they nor any other missionaries have been able to do anything of importance. I said that in the year above-mentioned, those Fathers founded a Mission, whicii was tiie first, and which they named " La Concepcion del Suay." I also stated that at the time of my visit the number of the Missions founded by them liad grown up to sixteen, without counting eight more, which had been founded during the same intervening period, but had been disorganized and disbanded. And I gave further- more a detailed explanation of the condition in which the said Missions were at the time of my visit, and of the causes which had produced the loss of tiie establishments of the same kind which had been ruined. As all this is shown by the hereto- a[)[)ended Testimony, from page 141 to page 149, I will not dwell any longer in discussing this subject. o. Tn said Note No. 10, as well as in Note No. 8, of the same Book of Notes, I insisted upon the vast importance of these Missions, both for tlie j)urpose of preventing the Dutch from reaching the interior of the country, \>y Avay of the Cuyuni and the Mazaroni Rivers, the position of which can be learned by looking at the General Map, and of protecting the Presidio, to whicli they furnish provisions, and the nuinlxT of Indians needed to man the shi{)s engaged in trade at that place, and to do such other works, public as well as private, as may be- come necessary, <)ii the other hand, while it is true that without the Mis- sions the Presidio can not be maintained, it is likewise true tliat witliout the Presidio the Missions themselves would go to ruin. This is the point whicli I shall endeavor to prove. 4. The growth of the Presidio and the fact that its establish- ment has become day by day more permanent and important^ have permitted it to provide the missionaries witli such escort 47 as they needed to continue their explorations southwards, and found, among others, such villages as El Nato, El Yuruario, and Ave Chica, the latter at about 40 or 45 leagues from the Presidio, all of them on the banks of rivers which empty into the Cuyuni, as can be seen in the General Map. By means of these Missions, serving as advance posts, the Dutch and their assistants, the Caribbean Indians, have been prevented, to a great extent, from reaching the interior of the country through the Cuyuni and the Mazaroni Rivers, committing acts of hostility, kidnapping Indians, not belonging to the Caribbean tribe, and starting some settlements of their own in the center of this Province. Several expeditions, the last of which was organized in 1758, have been fitted out, at diverse periods, to frustrate those invasions. The expedition last mentioned suc- ceeded, as before stated, in possessing itself of the fortified place which the invaders had built on the banks of the Cuyuni River, which fact had been re|)orted by the mission- aries, upon information furnished them by the Indians in- liabiting villages in the neighborhood of said river. All of this is fully proved by the hereto appended Testimony from page 105 to page 140. It is self-evident, according to that Testimony, that it is a matter of vital importance to continue these Missions southwards, and to likewiee establish in that direction, on the most fertile plains of the central part of that Province, as many towns and villages as may be possible. To secure this most desirable result, it is indispensable that the Missionary Fathers be given assistance which I explained to His Majesty, when I gave an account of the general visit,, and is stated from page 251 to page 252 on the Testimony. There is no other way to c-heck the Dutch, and prevent them from making settlements, as they attempt to do, in the section of the country aforesaid, which, although unexplored, is watched by the neighboring towns and villages, and kept under the vigilant eyes of the missionaries, who can report at once to the Presidio anything which happens. 5. When in the year 1724 the first Mission, namely, the Mis- sion of La Concepcion del Suay, was established, the Presidio found itself in the same wretched condition in which it was in 48 1720. It continued in tlie same state until 173-4, wlien Don Carlos Sucre visitcil it, and directed, among many other useful tliiiiji;s, that the missionaries should he provided with an escort, as strong as could be gathei'ed there, ami witli such abundant supplies as could be obtained, in order to enable them to con- tinue their march toward the interior of the country. The result of this measure was that the Missionar}' Fathers could, as tliey went farther on in their explorations, establish on fer- tile lands the two new Missions of "San Francisco de Alta- gracia" and "The Divine She[)herdess," and continue and properly support the other four Missions which they had already founded in the immediate neighborhood of the Orinoco River, on lands rather sandy and of little fertility. G. After the establishment of the two new Missions above named, and others wdiich were founded afterwards, the Indians who had settled in them began, under the care of tlx,' mis- sionaries, to cultivate the land on a larger scale, and reap therefore larger cro])s than were required for the support of the inhabitants of the towns and villages. The surplus was then, as it is still, given to the Presidio, and it can be said, safely, that without this assistance it would have been impos- sible for the Presidio to support the people which live in it. Nor would it have been possible for the people who were en- gaged in commercial trade in the region of the Orinoco to carry on their business with as much facility as they can do at present, luul it not been for the fact that at the Presidio they can find abundant provision of casabe and other supplies sent there by the missionaries. Should the Missions fail at any time to furnish this assistance, the iidiabitants of the Presidio would certainly starve. Supplies from other sources would be very costly, and only to be obtained at very distant places. 7. The provisions with which the Presidio is daily supj)lied consist of casabe, corn, rice, fruit, and poultry. All the soap consumed at the Presidio is also given to it. But all of this is furnished, not by all the villages, but only by four or five out of their number, which are surrounded by fertile lands, and are inhabited by Indians already civilized and educated, whose effects are managed by the missionaries with great order 49 and economy. These natives are, therefore, well dressed and supplied with ever3^thing necessary, including tools and imple- ments for agricultural and other purposes. Some other Mis- sions might be able to do the same as the five just referred to, because of their enjoying identical advantages as to the fertility of the land ; but so far they are prevented from con- tributing, as explained, owing to the recent date of their foun- dation, to the fact that the Indians who have settled in them are not as yet fully accustomed to work, to the great distance which separates them from the Presidio, which, together with the difficulty of communication, increases the cost of transpor- tation, and deters the Presidio from looking to them for its supplies, except in case of extreme necessity. 8. The Missions in the neighborhood of the Orinoco can not furnish anything to tlie Presidio, owing to their being located on sandy ground, of no fertility at all, and to the tact that their inhabitants, as I have said in Note No. 10, above cited, are rather fishermen than agriculturists. 9. The provisions furnished by the five villages above re- ferred to are not given in excessive abundance; but they are sufficient for the support of the garrison and of the inhabitants, not many in number, of the place, and for supplying what is necessary to the small ships which are engaged in the trading business of the locality, or which occasionally arrive at the Presidio. This sufficiency, however, is very apt to disappear, from tlie very moment in which scarcity is felt, in any of the five villages above referred to, whether on account of bad crops due to climaterical conditions or to the failure to pay proper attention to the agricultural labors. The fact that the Indians are sometimes withdrawn from the fields and taken to the ships to man them, or to some town or village or else- where to work, to build houses or other edifices, as well as roads, etc, — a work which no other Indians less civilized can ed I'or the necessities of the service, as for instance the govenunent ve.s.sel wliidi yearly goes to Santa Fe, and the two barges which during the wdiole of last 3'ear, owing to the state ol war, were stationed at the principal mouths of the Orinoco, to walcli, and re[)ort at once, should 51 any vessel or vessels be discovered by them to try to enter the river, in order to avoid surprises. All of this is shown by Chapter V of the Instruction given by me to the com- manding officer of the Presidio, Don Juan de Dios Valdes, wherein I explained to him what had to be done to defend and preserve the Presidio should it be attacked. Said Instruc- tion is to be found from page 177 to page 186 of the hereto appended Testimony. 11. It must be noticed, owing to its importance for the proper understanding of what will be said in Part Second of this Re- port, that it is extremely difficult for the Missions to supply these Indian laborers. They do not leave their villages, ex- cept very reluctantly, and if, once at the Presidio, they are not treated kindly, there is no way to keep them there. At the very first opportunity which presents itself to them they run away and take refuge in the woods. Only in a few cases they come back to their villages. And as a general rule, no matter how good the treatment of these Indians may be, it is always impossible to keep them at work for more than eight days. It was with extreme difficulty that the barges above referred to could be kept with the proper crew. 12. Another thing to be taken into consideration is the small number of Indian laborers which can be furnished conveni- ently to do this work, owing to the great distance between most of the Missions and the Presidio, as can be easily seen upon inspection of the General Map, and also to the fact, well shown by the hereto appended Testimony, that a large proportion of the Indians gathered within the Missions in the immediate neighborhood of the Presidio are still heathens. Hence, it is, that the five Missions, whose inmates, as above said, are fully Christianized, are the only ones called upon to furnish laborers, as well as the provisions, without which the Presidio could not be ke[)t in existence. It is plain that the cultivation of the soil, and the raising of the crops, which are primary objects, because without them no food could be obtained, has to be abandoned, or neglected, or conducted on a lesser scale, if the Indian laborers are taken away from the fields and compelled to do the other work which i.s mentioned in Part Second of this Report. 13. IjlU, if the Missions are absolutely indisj)ensRble for the preservation of the Presidio, the Presidio is al^^o imlispensable, as has been stated, for tlic preservation of the Missions. The latter would be disorganized and disbanded if the Presidio would not give tliem some protection. This is the reason why most of the Missions are new and iiiliabited by Indians wlio did not leave the woods but very recently, and feel more in- clination to their old way of living than to the present one. Were it not for the respect and fear with which the troops of the Presidio inspire them, it is probable that they would go back to the woods, or engage in wrongful acts. The presence of these troops is very necessary, as the Indians are used to see their prompt arrival at the places where public order and peace have been disturbed, and their efficiency in putting an end to the uprisings. The need of this assistance is felt more especially at those Missions whose inhabitants belong to the Caribbean race, and are by nature luiughty, unruly and apt to rebel. The Testimony hereto appended shows what the lessons of experience in this respect have been ; and it is clear that if ■for some unfortunate circumstances the Presidio is attacked by the enemies of the Royal Crown and falls into their hands, the Missions would at once be destroy eil. Their own inhabit- ants would plunder them, and after burning them to the ground would return to the forests. That was the lesson of 1740, in which the Indians did much more harm than the English. Froni iierc it is to be concluded that even in case that the Presidio would Ix' ])roducive of no other advantage than being instrumental to the [)i\'servation of the Missions, it shonld be entitled to receive the most serious attention. But this is not the only reason which makes it deserving of that attention. It will be shown by this Report that the safety of all these Provinces depends upon the ])reservation in good order of the said Presidio, and that without it, neither could any new Mission be established farther on in the country, nor could the old ones be preserved on account of the warlike, traitorous an artillerymen, a druiniiu'r, and 77 private sol- diers, making in all 100 persons. Most of them (except the officers and very few white persons) are mulattoes, mestees and negroes who can stand better the climate; that the said 100 persons are annually paid $13,994, as may be seen by the corresponding statement of the general map. This amount is paid out of $14,000 drawn by His Majesty on the Treasury of Santa Fe. The above 100 persons are employed to-day as follows: nine men and one corporal detached to the Island of Trinidad; IG to 18 in custody of the Missions of the Catalan Capuchins; an officer, one corporal, and six men that are em- ployed most of the year in traveling to Santa Fe, in Cj[uest of the $14,000 of the apportionment ; two detached by order of the chief of scjuadrons, Don Joseph de Iturriaga, considering as daily sick 10 to 12 men, and remaining in the service of the fortress, without including the commander, chaplain, con- stable and drummer, 43 ; in which number there are 26 men daily employed in this way: one officer, one corporal, and 12 men in the Castle of San Francisco; one sergeant, one cor- poral and four mm in that of San Diego; six men, one acting as corporal at the headquarters, and the orderlies at the com- mander's house. It is therefore evident that having no more than 4G, as the total remaining after the service of the fortress, not only they have not the rest allowed by the regulations, but tlie guard relieved has to redouble the service of six men, and in consequence it is indispensalde to increase this garri- son, as I expose to His Majesty in my representation of the 27th of August of 1701, dealing with the subject of the demo- lition of the Castle of Araya. 90. I said likewise in mv note 9 that all the neighborhood of the fortress forms a militia company of fifty-eight men in arms, including the officers, without excepting whites nor mixed ; that said company of militiamen is the one that 77 works ill all the garrison, on account of the frequent detach- ments of the regular troop to the Mission of the Catalan Ca- puchins, to control the Indians in their incursions, and other occurrences of the fortress. 91. By the statements of the above-mentioned acts of the visit in said note 9, it is shown that there were ninety fami- lies, including those of the regular troop, and in all five hun- dred and thirty -five souls, occupying sixty-six houses. Out of these one was burned, but an increase of eight more and the roofing with tiles of ten have been noticed, giving an actual existence of seventv-three houses, situated in the order shown in figure 2 of the accompanying map. Besides the eight newly-built houses and the ten roofed with tiles, a great deal of stone has been gathered for the church that is in project to be built of stone and mortar, and in the country three or four farms have been added to the twenty-five and twenty-six ex- isting at the time of said visit, the only increase noticed since that time. 92. In my memorandum and last chapters of notes 9 and 10 I have briefly exposed, by way of notice, the state of the new cities of Real Corona and Ciudad Real, the establishment of which in the Province of Guayana was undertaken by the chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga, and that shall have to fail and ought not, therefore, to be counted as settlements of said Province. 93. I could not explain in said notes, nor can I do so here, the use or uselessness of said new cities, the expenses that they may have occasioned and do occasion to the Royal Treasury nor the advantages nor disadvantages to these Provinces, as that subject is fully under the competence of the chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga, whom His ]\Iajesty has allowed the necessar}^ powers for the formation of the settle- ments that he considers proper to undertake, commanding the Yicero}^, Governor and Justices of the Kingdom to facilitate what he requires in carrying out the various charges intrusted to him for the Royal service, as shown by the Royal Cedule, dated at Buen Retire, on the 14th of September of 1753. I am not conscious of having exceeded my limits in what, 78 by way of notice, as settlements of the government in my charge, I liave exposed in the above-mentioned notes, nor that I should exceed any in representing the condition in which said cities are found to-day, and that of San Fernando which he undertook in the territory of the new Kingdom of Santa Fe, as it is of the utmost importance to show, in the course of this representation, the insurmountable difficulties found in the way of establishing Spanish- populations in remote coun- tries, without anticipating the pacification of the Indians in- habiting the country, and that after said Indians are reduced these Spanish settlements are easily formed without any great expense of the Royal Treasury, and only on the allowance of the privileges and franchises granted by His Majesty and by the Royal laws, for the good government of these his dominions. D4. And I say that in virtue of the power with which the above mentioned chief is invested he undertook to establish in the Province of Guayana the cities Real Corona and Ciudad Real. For the first one he commissioned with the title of Captain Settler, and under his orders one Alonso de Soto, to whom he assigned the annual salary of $500 to be paid by the Treasury of Santa Fe, and I do not know whether he has- drawn said pay. On account of the Royal Treasury a church and about twenty-five houses were built and assigned to the new settlers brought from the Provinces of Caracas and Barcelona. In order to obtain them they were offered by the said Alonso de Soto many other advantages, out of proportion and in dis- regard of the Royal regulations about the new settlements. But as the new settlers were not allowed what had been promised, and under the experience of irregular extortions, they gave up tlie new city, recrossed the Orinoco and returned to their old homes, from where the}^ had been removed, and they gave me an account of what they had done and their reasons for so doing. 95. I found that it was impossible to compel them to remain in a settlement that did not suit them and it was not in accord- ance with the Royal regulations to force them, besides many otlier reasons that I omit and will explain if necessary. For the purpose of serving God and the King I found proper tc^ 79 gather all of said neighbors in the settlement of Pao situated on the plains of Barcelona, where they are suited, and from where many of them had been removed, induced by the offers of advantages promised by Soto at the new settlement. 96. The steps that I took to meet the requests that I received and the reason given for the abandonment of the new city are shown at folios 162 to 177 of the accompanying evidence of the non-existence of the said Ciudad de Real Corona and the irregular beginning of the same. 97. Of the establishment of Ciudad Real de Uyapi, said chief of scjuadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga took charge, and by the repeated information I have received it consists to-day of a church, paid by the Royal Treasury, but already fully ruined, and fifty houses built and paid by the same Royal Treasury, thirty of them are deserted and empty and twent}' are occupied by Don Joseph de Iturriaga, his family, sergeant, chaplain, and other clerks, depending on him, in the expedition of boundaries, that remain there yet, the Sergeant Major of this fortress and the detachment of this garrison under the orders of the above mentioned chief together with six or seven fam- ilies. One aggregated to that of Don Joseph de Iturriaga, another of a Dutchman (very injurious there) called Adrian, two of the island of Margarita, and three who were formerly at the settlement of Cabruta ; and all are supported at the cost of the Royal Treasury. Such is the condition of the Ciudad Real, without any hopes of any greater advantages, but the promise of a total dissolu- tion at the time of the absence of the said Don Joseph de Itur- riaga, the only one who has it in existence for his family and those who depend on him, as the seven families remaining to-day will give it up as soon as their rations fail, and the rest will quit whenever they are allowed to do so. 98. The city of San Fernando, founded by the third com- missioner, Don Joseph Solano, was still more unfortunate than the two preceding cities, as most of the settlers perished. Tliis- city has been placed above the Vichada River, shown by the general map on the banks of the Orinoco, within the territory of the government of Santa Fe, inhabited by Indians still ta 80 be reduced. The first settlers were compelk'(l to go from tlie Province of Caracas, and some other rehictant persons, not exactly enchained as the fornu'i-, hut a strong detachment was in the custody of l)oth settlers, from the garrisons of Cumana and Araya, the whole of them under the orders and direction of the third Commissioner, Don Joseph Solano. 99. On account of the opening and clearing of the woods, for tli( establishment of the new settlement, and the bad cli- mate on the ])anks of the ()rinoco River, with tlie extreme scarcity of victuals, the greatest portion of the unwilling set- tlers perished, together with some of the soldiers detached for their custody, making in all 150 fatalities, during the time of the residence there of Don Joseph Solano, after his withdrawal and shortlv after the retirement of the militarv detachment, leaving the miserable settlers in that desert, without i)rovisions nor spiritual attendance, without any escort, and destitute of all human help, with the Indians at their back, the great Ori- noco in tlieir front, and no embarkations whatever suitable for the navigation. lUO. For a few days the}' remained in that place under the greatest affliction, but, pressed by want, tliey went inland, and no traces have been left or signs of what became of theni. The remaining settlers went down the river in small boats, two of which were lost and the people drowned, witli the exception of a good swimmer, who brought the news of the misfortune; four or five others reached the Missions of the Jesuits, where their wants were attended, and thence they pro- ceeded to the plains of the Province of Caracas and Barcelona, where they are full of precautions to avoid their l)eing appre- hended again. That was the end of the city of San Fernando, and shows the great diiliculty and irreparable injuries of un- dertaking any settlement in places so remote and desert before being reduced. 101. It tlie settlements in distant j)laces, deserted and not reduced, are iliihcult, tlieir t'.stablishment, after the Indians are pacified, is very easy, and of no expense to the Royal Treas- ury, as it is shown to-day in the same Province of Guayana 81 with the new settlement of San Antonio de Upata, which com- menced in the year of 1762, for the following reasons : 102. Having undertaken my general visit, in the year 17G1, and while making that of the Missions in that Province in charge of the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers, and with the knowledge and examination of the fertile lands occupied by the establishment inland, distant from the banks of the Orinoco River, fit for breeding cattle and every kind of farm- ing and for sugar-cane and cocoa plantations, in a temperate climate, healthy, and free from the insects produced in the neighborhood of the Orinoco River, I had a conference with the Prior of the Community about the importance of the establishment of one or more Spanish settlements to answer for our safety and residence of the Missions, as well as a bar- rier to the Dutch Colonies and defence of the fortress of Guay- ana, that ought to be abundantly provided with the products of said Spanish settlement to be established, so as not to have said fortress dependent on the short crops and Indian farms as at present. 103. My proposition was satisfactorily heard by the Mis- sioners who promised with pleasure on their part to attend to the spiritual wants of the new settlers, and keep an eye on their operations and advancement, feeding them with bread and beef for one year and facilitating Indian laborers free for the build- ing of houses, churches, and sowing the first plants, supplying them with free transportation and the use of horses for their baggage from the fortress to the new settlement, and having the said horses ready to receive the families, at the time of their landing, so as not to have to stop at the fortress; and on my side taking care of soliciting persons willing to go to the set- tlement, sure of the fertility of the grounds in that region. Of all of what may inform Father Fr, Fidel de Santo, then Prefect of said Missions and now the Attorney-General of the same, residing at the Court. 104. Having returned to this capital I made propositions to several persons to send explorers of their own choice and in- spect the lands and examine other circumstances, and after Vol. I, Ven.— 6 82 bciii*;' sure ol" the fertility, saluln-ily, aiul other conditions, to send twenty-four families, going of their own free will and with- out the least expense to the treasurer, as it was done, and they reached Guayana in safety, and from there they were taken to the })rojected place for the new settlement, between tlie Mis- sions of Alta Gracia and Copapui shown in the general map, at two hours' journey from Alta Gracia, and nine to ten leagues from the fortress of Guayana wdiere they are at present, after having built twenty-one houses, the church with His Divine Majesty already inaugurated, a condition never attained by the cities of lieal Corona, Ciudad Real, nor San Fernando. 105. Besides the above-mentioned twenty-four families, thirteen more were ready to set out, but they are discouraged and have suspended their voyage, on account of the news generally spread in these Provinces that the Province of Guayana is being depopulated. In that case I will not doubt that the new settlement of San Antonio may partake of a similar fate, on account of being exposed to the incursions of the Indians, who may not be to-day in fear of the troops of the fortress. But if it is not depopulated (as I expect His Majesty will command it) I have no doubt that the new popu- lation will be the beginning of other settlements, and the great horror of the insalubrity of the climate of that Province will disappear, followed by many temporal and spiritual advan- tages and the pacification of the many Indians contained in said Province, and the benefit of its fertile and abundant soils, upon which a reliable information may be had from the Rev- erend Vr. Fidel de Santo, and it will lead to a great deal of good — His Majesty's support of the bodies of Missioners, as I have requested, and it appears in the accompanying proceed- ings — and will expose in my third part of this representation. lOG. Another similar case happens in this Province of Cu- mana as an evidence of the difficulty of establishing population ill })laces where the Indians have not been reduced, and the unfortunate result of overlooking this condition. 107. By old and repeated Royal Cedules His Majesty has decided to make one or more settlements on the banks of the 83 Ouarapiche River, so as to protect the rear of this Province and that of Barcelona, avoiding tlie entrance of foreigners and the frauds of the residents. 108. In consequence the Governor, Don Joseph Carreflo, undertook the settlement of the village of San Carlos, for which a few families commenced to establish their residence on the southern bank of said Guarapiche River ; but they soon desisted from the enterprise on account of the assault by wild Indians supported by the French, and, for want of a greater number of settlers who would dare to keep the place. 109. In time of the Government of Don Juan de la Tornera an establishment was undertaken on the northern bank of said Guarapiche River, called the city of Maturin, which could not stand, on account of the want of j^opulation of those territories and the indifferent safety of the Indians recently settled in that neighborhood. 110. As a result of my general visit, and sure of the exten- sion and fertility of the land at the south of this Province, with high mountains, near the banks of the Guarapiche and the im- portance of that place for one or more Spanish settlements, to avoid the clandestine traffic carried on through that river, (as explained by note 2 of my memorandum,) I commenced toin- ifluence several parties to go to that settlement, promising the portions of fertile land and the other privileges granted b}^ the laws to the new settlers. Several persons having an intention to settle there have examined said land and ascertained its fertility and extension for cattle farms as well as sugar-cane and cocoa plantations, and there are about 40 families already enlisted in this city, Barcelona and its plains, besides many others, in expectation of the progress of the settlement to follow their turn. 111. I have already appointed a captain settler who awaits my approval of the site in which to found the new city which is in Maturin, where it was undertaken by Tornera. I will carry out the plan, as soon as my many occupations permit, not entertaining any doubt of the success, for there is no fear now of any embarrassment opposed by the Indians, as all the sur- rounding settlements in that neighborhood are under a Mission 84 and well trained and ruduced I'onnally in the way uf catechi- satioii. 112. Once said city is settled as intended, there is no douht that other settlements will follow, as the lands invite, with their many advantages, new settlers from these Provinces and and even from Caracas. AVithin twcntv or Iwentv-five years we may expect a production of as much cocoa or very little less than what is produced in that of Caracas. The present case shows that the countries after being pacified, may be settled with very little diligence and more facility, and that that is practicable, without the least expense to the Royal Treasury and only by the inducements of the grants and privileges allowed bv law. Chapter X. The fortress of Guayana is the most important stronghold held hif the King our Lord in tliese his American dominions, Havana and Vera Cruz only excepted. 1. The more or less estimation of a settled place is regulated by the commerce and wealth it contains, its strength, extent,^ and usefulness of the territory defendeoi)ulation has not only 450 persons, including the troops, as they have informed His Majesty, but 535, as shown in my first part. Chapter 9, No. 91. " The condition in whi(di the chief ca.stle calleil San Francisco- de Asis is iound, the wall of which lias little resistance." iU. Ill the accompanying map, ligure 2, may be seen the situation of the Castle of Asis. In figure 3 its i)lan .settled, and the precise and [luiictu.d scale })laced at the margin, with the conden.sed explanation of the same. And in Chaj)ter 9 of the first i)art, from 1 to 31. an extensive explanation of its circum- stances, repairs nuide on account of the walls, and its condition at the time of the visit and at present, without any contradic- tion of what r explained there, as it is such as represented, and mav be verified at aiiv time. 99 11. With my exposition in the said Chapter 9, and the numbers quoted, it is evident that the Castle of San Francisca de Asis is a very regular fortification, even if situated in another place, where men of war of the line could open an attack, and where it is more than ordinarily good, and very strong, if the Padrastro is fortified (as I will explain in my third part), which is the point to make it useless as stated in Chapter 9, No. 43, where it is shown how solid it is, and not any fault of resistance of its walls, as His Majesty has been in- formed. "And it is under the guard of one Castillian captain, one lieu- tenant, two standard bearers, and 100 men." 12. His Majesty has not been informed with more accuracy in regard to the garrison of said castle, as it does not consist of one Castillian captain, one lieutenant, two standard bearers, and 100 men, but one Castillian captain, one lieutenant, two standard bearers, one constable, one chaplain, two sergeants of fusileers, two corporals, 12 artillery men, one drummer, and 77 soldiers, making in all 100 men, who receive salaries and are employed, according to my exposition, in the first part of Chapter 9, No. 89. " With 18 cannons from 6 to 24," 13. In the year 1720 the fortifications of Guayana of the then indefensive Castle of San Francisco were dnly four to six guns of small calibers and one of 15, as I have exposed in Chapter 5, No. 2, and it was thus kept, until the year of 1752 in which by Royal Order communicated by the Most Excellent Marquis of La Ensenada to the President of Commerce of Cadiz, who was then your Excellency, there were sent, by way of Caracas, ten iron cannons, four of the caliber of 18, two of 12, three of 8, and one of 4, and through the same way there were received in this capital and forwarded to the fortress of Guayana, in August of 1756, and were mounted in the Castle of San Fran- cisco and a few of inferior caliber were dismounted and trans- ferred to the Padrastro, and at the time of the visit, which I 100 made in tlie year of 1761, the existence at Saa Francisco was of twelve mounted cannons, four of 18, one of 15 useless, two of 12, three of 8, and two of inferior metals, as it is reported in Chapter 9, No. 2(5, and at present, and from last year, there are in said fortification seventeen cannons for the reasons ex- plained in said Chapter 0, Nos. 28 and 20, without room for any more artillery, as may be seen by the phin and figure 3 of the accompanying map. Therefore there is sufficient evidence that said castle has never had noi' has now I'ighteen cannons, and of those existing at present, none is of the 24-caliber as rejiorted to His Majesty. (< rn Their poor temper." 14. In the year 1720, and even in 1740, the Castle of Guay- ana was insupportable, on account of its bad temperature and total scarcity of victuals, and other reasons explained in chap- ters 5 and 7 of my first part, ])ut to-da}^ with the more or less provisions brought from the Missions (as it is shown in the first part. Chapter 8, from No. 5 to 9), it is inhabitable, not being any sicklier than the re.st of the banks of the Orinoco River and the settlements of Piacoa, Aripuco, Encaramada, Uruana, and Randal, the banks of which are marked in the map, nor any less healthy than Carthagena and the settlements at the margins of the Magdalena River, and much more important than said fortress, as I have shown in the first part of Chapter 10, making indispejjisable the .subsistence of said fortress, with- out minding its bad temper, which will undoubtedly improve (as experience shows it) when victuals are abundant and the natives find other conveniences of which they stand in need now, not being sure of healthiness with the change of locality, but on the contrary, as T will explain in another place, while the present matter will i-einain })ending yet. "And that tlic houses are built of wood and mud, covered with jiahii ])ranches, and the church likewise." 15. It is evident that the church and the 60 houses existing at the time of the visit, and 73 at present, are built of wood and mud (called " Bajareque " in this country) and covered 101 with palm leaves, except 10 of them, that after the visit have been roofed with tiles and two which were already tile roofed, as everything is shown in the first part. Chapter 9, No. 91 ; but whoever sent this report to His Majesty had not seen, nor had noticed that all those of the government are of the same material, except the capital, having about 80 of stone and mor- tar and 150 of " Bajareque," all covered wdth tiles as well as the church, and about 20 of this same material and cover ; and the church of San Phelipe de Austria, which is of stone and mortar material covered with tiles, and the rest of the houses of the capital and of the other settlements of the Pro- vince are of " Bajareque " covered with spread mud and straw or palm leaves, as is shown in the first part, Chapter 4, No. 3 to II, with the particular notice that, aside from the settlement of Pao, none else shows as good order as that of Guayana, nor in all the Provinces are found two-story houses, roofed with tiles, as those belonging to the commander and the standard bearer Ferreras. In the plan figure 2 of the accompanying map, they are marked with Nos. 3 and 8. " Having in the south in the interior 18 settlements of reduced Indians by the Catalan Capuchin Missioners." 16. All the settlements of the Missions reduced by the Cata- lan Capuchin Missioners are not in the interior of the south, nor do they amount to 18, as reported to His Majesty; those of Piacoa, Aripuco, Caroni, and Aguacagua are on the banks of the Orinoco River, and to the east and w^est of Guayana (a circumstance of importance for what it shall have to be said), as it is shown by the accompanying map, and in the general one, where the remaining settlements are shown, but not to the amount of 18, but only 16, the greatest and the only number that they have attained, for although eight of them have been lost, it was at different times and before ascending to the above- mentioned number of 16, existing at the time of the visit and at the present, as it is shown in my first part, Chapter 8, No. 2, showing the want of information of whomsoever sent said advi ces to His Majesty. 102 " That it is easy to insult its garrison by a " coui) de main " and lose the Padrastro, with which no defense could be made of the little fort of Limones, nor of the Province, leaving the Orinoco 0}»en and uncovered the rear portion of Cu- mana, Caracas, liarinas, and even Santa Fc, without remaining there a sufhcient force to stop the })rogress of an euem}', nor those coming from the neighboring Provinces will find embarkations and stores to stand a siege." 17. It is undeniable the facility with which the garrison, not that of the Castle of San Francisco, which is in condition to avoid and resist a surprise, but that of San Diego or Padrastro, consisting at present of one sergeant, one corporal, and four men, as I have stated in Chapter 9, No. 89, without means for increasing tliis fort for want of lodgings, according to the said chapter and numbers 44 to 49, nor in time of war may said garrison be more numerous, unless kept in the open air, which is impossible in that country, on account of the excessive rains most of the year, and even during months that are not of the rainy season, it seldom fails to rain every day, and the dew is alwaj's damp and sickly. IS. It is likewise evident that in case of a surprise of the most important mountain of Padrastro no defense is left to the Castle of San Francisco, as it is dominated by the summit of said mountain at an elevation of 36 yards above the level of the parade ground, and at a short distance of a regular musket- shot's range, as shown in No. 43 of the said Chapter 9. 19. It is likewise certain that once these fortifications lost, the whole Province remains defenseless and tlie Missions in charge of the Catalan Capuchins un})rotected, the navigation of the Orinoco free and at the mercy of whomsoever controls and fortifies the mountain of Padrastro, just as well the Provinces of Cuimana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, Santa Fe, Popayan, and Quito likewise, as it is exposed in the chapter and number above quoted, and in tlie whole of the tenth and of the first part, without any possibility of sufficient force concurring to stop the progress of the enemy, while not dislodged from the Padrastro, which is a very difficult task if they mount batteries and lodgings to keep 40 or 50 men on said mountain, and if 103 that were the case (not as remote as it seems to be, and I will explain in time), said Provinces would be lost because, even if not controlled by the enemies, they might take all the ad- vantages wanted and make useless the ports of Cartliagena, Puetro Cabello, La Guaira and Cumana, as I have explained in my tenth chapter of the first part. 20. Bearing in mind the utmost importance of said moun- tain and fortress, I represented to His Majesty on the 27th of August, 1767, while dealing with the subject of the demoli- tion of the Castle of Araya, that said fortress was of supreme importance, among those of His Royal dominions, and in note 9, of my memorandum with the general map of this Province, addressed to His ^Majesty, I exposed that it was the only advan- tageous spot, of all the Orinoco River, that could be fortified with safety, and that it ought to be strengthened, and that the chief purpose of this consultation is addressed in the same spirit, and if it is done as I will explain in the third part, the Orinoco will remain perfectly secure, and it will be very diffi- cult, if not impossible, for an enemy to possess it ; on the con- trary, if they succeed in securing said mountain, it is the only key and the door to enter into the other Provinces. " His ^Majesty has decided that the city of Guayana be re- moved 34 leagues above the castle to the Angostura, where the Orinoco's breadth is reduced to 800 yards." 21. This transfer of the settlement of Guayana to the site of Angostura, or whether it will remain where it is, so that the King our Lord may secure or lose a great portion of America defended and pending from said fortress, is an affair of the greatest importance that is necessary to treat with more par- ticular extension than the rest of the contents of the Royal Order, so that His Majesty, well informed of the case, may de- cide what it may meet his Royal pleasure. 22. The great Orinoco River, after having received the waters of the Meta, follows its course for 200 leagues, more or less, until it empties its waters into the sea, through the labyrinth of mouths seen in the general map ; its breadth in all this dis- tance, the extensive plains through which it runs, the large 104 margins left in them, daring its lowest waters, the great extent covered by its floods at the highest point, the confusion of branches in which it is divided, the infinitv of islands formed by them, has raised doubts and opinions controverted, for the last seventy years, about the fortification of this most impor- tant river, so as to prevent its navigation by foreigners and secure the whole of all these Provinces, facilitating the inter- nation in the same, for which only three places have been con- sidered adequate, that is to say: Angostura, 70 leagues far from the moutli and the sea, or labyrinth of mouths through which it empties. its waters; the Island of Fajardo, 12 leagues below Angostura, and the fortress of Guayana, 7 or 8 leagues further down below said Island of Fajardo, and 20 from Angostura^ (and not 34 as reported to His Majesty). These three loca- tions are shown in the general accompanying map and I will deal with them separately, in justification of the opinions pro and contra of each one of them. 23. In favor of Angostura was the report to His Majesty by the Governor of Cumana, Don .Juan de la Tornera, as it is shown in the first part, Chapter 2, No. 1; but by the document quoted there, in support of the Governor's opinion, he did not consider or inform His Majesty, on the point of fortifying the Orinoco River, and only had in view to prevent the access of the Caribs and strangers through Angostura and prevent the ravages occasioned in the Province of Barcelona, then unknown and not pacified, having in mind, said Tornera as well as the explorers of the Orinoco and Cari rivers, that Angostura was the only place fit to prevent the access of the foreigners, who were already acquainted witli the road, leading from the for- tress of Guayana to the plains of Barcelona and Caracas, as shown in the accompanying map, and was not known to the Spaniards when Tornera, in the year 1784, sent his report to His Majesty. It is likewise shown that said Governor consid- ered one fort as sufficient, and for the subsi.stence of the gar- rison he thought a few settlements were enough of the Mis- sions in that neighborhood, but he does not show that he was of the opinion that the population of Guayana, of which he had very remote ideas, w^as to be transferred to Angostura, so that 105 he could not inform His Majesty upon the more or less im- portance of the fortress, and whether it was to be preferred or not over Angostura. It was likewise in favor of Angostura the report of Father Fr. Francisco del Castillo, a Missioner of the Province of Bar- celona, as it is shown in Chapter 6, No. 4, and folio 47 of the corresponding proceedings. Said report elicited the Royal resolution, quoted there, for the fortification of said Angostura, and not of the Island of Fajardo, as had been decided before, on the ground that said Reverend Father Fr. Francisco del Castillo did not consider that it was fit for the purpose, taking the same view and the same terms as the Governor Don Juan de la Torn era, so that nothing was done or thought, in regard to the fortress of Guayana, nor the fortification of the Orinoco, to prevent the enemies of the Royal Crown from seizing it, and it was only in contemplation of the unfitness of the Island of Fajardo, for the construction of the fort, under His Majesty's directions, and the selection of Angostura for the same fortress, in order to stop the ravages of the Caribs and foreigners, among the Missions of the Province of Barcelona in charge of that community. No other reports in favor of Angostura are known to exist, besides those above-mentioned, not dealing with the subject of fortifying the Orinoco, and having in view only the protection of the Missions of Barcelona, just as the fort of Clarines was erected for their safety, as it may be found by the above-mentioned instruments existing at the Supreme Royal Council and the acts accompanying the same, for al- though Don Cristobal Felix de Guzman proposed to His Majesty to build a fort on the site of Angostura, his petition was refused, as shown at folio 46 of the proceedings. 25. In favor of the Island of Fajardo were the Reverend Fathers of the Company, Juan Capitel and Juan Romez, who with other persons, and by special commission, explored the Orinoco in the year 1719, as shown in Chapter 6, No. 2, and in view of the documents presented at the time. His Majesty directed the construction of a fort in said island, as extensively shown in said No. 2 ; but the Fathers of the Company and the other persons accompanying them, who left Angostura, did not lOG di,sapj)rove the fortress of (riiayana, and on the contrary they expected that the one, on the above-mentioned island, wouUi in- crease its strength, and that both this one and that of the island closed and secured the Orinoco. That is the only report in favor of the Island of Fajardo, which has been objected l)y every one who has had to do with the subject, as I will show. 26. The fortress of Guayana has deserved the general atten- tion of all the protessors on fortifications, and ol" those conver- sant with the Orinoco, in favor of which, repeated representa- tions have been made to His Majesty, rejecting Angostura and the Island of Fajardo. 27. In the year 1541, according to Father Guniilhu folio 8 of the " Orinoco lUustrado," the first Spaniards were located in the Orinoco River. For their first establishment the Angos- tura was not selected nor the Island of Fajardo, nor Guayana, it was the mouth of the Caroni River, marked in the accompa- nying map, undoubtedly for the want of knowledge of the river and its more advantageous grounds. They subsisted in their first settlement until the year 1579, when the Hollanders destroyed it by fire, its inhabitants already familiar with the Orinoco, setting aside Angostura and the Island of Fajardo, were located 7 leagues below, from there, in that gorge of said river, where for the second time the breadth of the water is reduced to 1,400 or 1,500 yards, and there they founded the city of Santo Thome of the Guayana, and as they found it pos- sible, they fortified the rock that forms to-day the Castle of San Francisco, the ground of which is so hard, and they kept it, until the year 1720, with Constance, exposed to misery, as shown in Chapter G, No. 1. 28. It is well understood that the first settlers of Guayana foresaw, that that was the only strong and advantageous spot, to prevent the navigation of the Orinoco and the entrance in the Provinces through which it runs, and not the Angos- tura, that although the breadth of the water is reduced to 800 or 900 yards, it is too far inland to prevent the landing on the whole length of the 20 leagues distance from Guayana, and that iji the present situation of Guayana the whole of the Provinces and the navigation of said river was defended. 107 29. They likewise foresaw that the immediate surround- ings of Angostura, the grounds of the same Province, were in- undated live or six leagues inland, leaving at low water exten- sive lagoons, such as that of Caimaiies, shown in the accompa- nying map; that they had no kindling wood or timber for building, no farming grounds, and the extensive sandbanks around were unfit to keep cattle, and that so indispensable conveniences and circumstances were at 8 or 9 leagues further inland ; and on the opposite border of the river, within the Province of Barcelona, there were the same difficulties, so as to prevent even the Indians from settling that territory. 30. They likewise found that tlie land is not lit for any de- fence as it is all plain and sandy, where no fortifications could be erected except in Guayana, as they conceived it and did it, as the shape of the land itself contributes its share, and the experience has shown that they could never be dislodged, although the miserable party could not oppose any greater resistance to the foreigners, as shown in my quoted No. 1 of Chapter 6. They entered freely in front of that unhappy forti- fication, and that was the origin of the repeated appeals to His Majesty, as shown at the following No. 2. 31. The number 3 shows that the engineer, Don Pablo Diaz Fajardo, and the Governor of Trinidad, Don Augustin de Ar- redondo, by Royal Order herein quoted, were commissioned to examine the fortifications of the Orinoco and tlie utility or inutility of the same, and of those that ought to be constructed, setting aside the Angostura and the Island of Fajardo, they informed His Majesty in favor of Guayana, alleging reasons so solid, that to-day there is nothing to add to said well grounded report, and there is nothing said of what was the result, 32. After the engineer Fajardo and the Governor Arredondo, followed the Colonel and Governor of Cumana, Don Carlos de Sucre, who came down with a commission to fortify Angos- tura and the Island of Fajardo, and having well examined the ground they informed His Majesty, rejecting the Island of Fajardo, and although it is to be inferred from the docu- ments concerning the proceedings that he was inclined to for- tify Angostura, it was without prejudice to the fortress of 108 Guayana, to wliidi he gave the pret'eivnce, as more advantage- ous, as may be sicii in his above mentioned conduct, No. 4 of said Chapter 0, the original of "wliicli is at the Supreme Royal Council of Indies. O.J. In favor of the fortress of Gnayana, and n-fnsing Angos- tura and the Island of Fajardo, was the report to His Majesty, by the Marquis of San .Pliilipe, as may be seen at No. 12 of the memorial presented by Father Gumilhi in the accompany- ing i)roceedings, as from the consultation of the Marquis of San Pliilipe, quoted there, there is no copy found in the archives of tins government, but it will be certainly found at the Su- preme Royal Council of the Indies, together with the one sent by the Governor of Cumana, Don Carlos de Sucre, for the rea- sons explained in Chcpter 6, No. 4. 34. Father Joseph Gumilla, by means of a memorial ]irc- sented to His Majesty, through His Supreme Royal Council of the Indies, contradicted the opinions given by Sucre and the ^larc^uis of San Philipe, and sustained those of the Fathers of the Company, who explored the Orinoco in the year of 1719, insisting in the fortification of the Island of Fajardo; but afterwards he confessed, in discharge of his conscience, that he had presented said memorial to His Majesty, in obedience to the wishes of the Provincial Father, notwithstanding that he knew that the Island of Fajardo was not a fit place, and that the only advantageous location on the Orinoco was Guay- ana, as it is shown by the above-mentioned document at No. 5 of said Chapter 6. 35. The memorial of Father Gumilla and other circum- stances brouglit about new steps taken by the Supreme Royal Council of the Indies, as shown in No. 6 of the same chapter and of the 7th. It appears that the Brigadier Don Gregorio de Espinosa and the Engineer Jordan, under his orders, came as commissioners to fortify Angostura or the Island of Fajardo,. according to the instructions given them, as .shown in the above No. G. In order to carry out said in.struction the Engineer Jorda n >vent to Guayana and commenced the repairs of the fortifications and the rebuilding of the city which the English had destroyed by fire, but the Engineer Jordan died before he 109 could send his report to His Majesty, and in order to do so he awaited the arrival of Don Gregorio Espinosa, who went after- wards to the fortress, and rejecting the Island of Fajardo and Angostura sent his report to His Majesty in favor of Guayana, as may be seen in his consultation quoted, Chapter 6 and No. 7. 36. After said report His Majesty appointed the Brigadier Don Diego Tavares to succeed Don Gregorio de Espinosa, with the same commission to fortifj' the Angostura and the Island of Fajardo, giving him for that purpose a copy of the instruc- tions given to Espinosa, with several other documents, so that he could, in accordance with their contents, proceed as directed by the Royal Cedule quoted in Chapter 6, No. 8, where the several instruments are quoted in justification of all that lias been exposed hereto. 37. The Brigadier Don Diego Tavares brouglit with him from Spain the Engineer Don Gaspar de Lara, with whom he went to Guayana and examined the ground, in accordance with said engineer and other experts, who concurred and dis- proved the Island of Fajardo and Angostura, and according to his instructions sent his report to the Viceroy of Santa Fe in favor of Guayana, as shown b}' No. 9 of said Chapter 6. 38. The Viceroy of Santa Fe, after the report of the engineer director of the fortress of Carthagena, Don Juan Bautista MacEvan, approved the opinion of Tavares and directed the construction of the fortress in the Island of Limones, as shown by No. 10, Chapter G. 39. From what has been expressed heretofore, it appears that Angostura has had in its favor the opinions of the Gov- ernor of Cumana, Don Juan de la Tornera, and of Fr. Fran- cisco del Castillo, a Piritu Missioner, and that they contem- plated avoiding and stopping hostilities from foreigners and Caribs, in the Province of Barcelona, and that they never took into consideration the utility or inutility of the fortress of Guayana to protect the Orinoco,' so that the foreigners could not hold on it their establishments, as it is not likeh" that the}' should have considered Angostura the proper place for that purpose. 40. That the Island of Fajardo has had in its favor only the no i\'j)ort of the Fathers of the Company, Juan Capital and Juan kumez, tliat explored togetlier the Orinoco River and thought that it could be closed by fortifying- said island, adding a new strength to the fortifications of Guayana, which were not dis- carded, as nothing was nicntiiMu-d about it on said report. 41. In fa vol' of the fortress liave been the report of the En- gineer Don rablo Diaz Fajardo, the Governor of Trinidad, Don Augustin de Arredondo, the Colonel and Governor of Cuniana, Don Carlos de Sucre, his lieutenant, the Mar(]uis of .San I'hilipe. Father Joseph Gumilhi, with very jiowerful rea- .sons notwithstanding his former report in support of the opin- ions of Fathers Capitel and Rumez, the Engineer Don Antonio Jordan, the Brigadier Governor of Cumana, Don Gregorio de Espinosa, the Brigadier and Governor of Cumana, Don Diego Tavares. the engineer director of the fortress of Carthasfcna, iJoii Juan Bautista Mac Evan, and in virtue of his report the aj)])robation of the most excellent Don Sebastian de Eslava, and as many as in the company of the above-mentioned per- sons have attended to the exploration and examination of the ground, as experts or conversant with the subject of fortifica- tions, all unanimously were in favor of the fortress, and the same thing will happen with every engineer and practical person, familial' with the Orinoco, sent by His Majesty to ex- amine the subject accurately, if they do so impartially and withotit any private ends, and only in the interest of the best service of God and the King. 42. T)ut there is no need of any new and repeated explora- tions, rejtorts of engineers, experts of the Orinoco nor modern addresses, when experience has decided this point .so much controverted and of paramount importance, showing what steps are proper to be taken, without contention or contrary opinions, and as it has been settled by experience I shall have to say in as few words. 43. In the year 1720, the Frovinee of Cuniana was at the lowest condition of misery, as stated in Chapter 1, suffering constant ravages from the Caribs supported by the Hollanders, English, and French, wlio with the Caribs, overran this Prov- ince, that of Caracas, Barinas, Santa Fe, and the Province of Ill Guayana, enslaving the Indians and killing all those that they could not keep, except the Caribs, burning the Si)anisli settle- ments and those of the Missions established in said Provinces,, notwithstanding the steps of the Governor, my predecessors, and the active measures enforced within their powers, as it is shown in the following instances. 44. After the destruction by fire set to the population of San Felix, (of the Penitence), the Governor, Don Joseph Carreno, at the head of all the people that he could gather, marched through the mountains of Cumana and entered the Guara- piche River, on the banks of which he fought seriously the Caribs and French together, reporting the affair to His Majesty, as shown in Chapter 1, No. 5. 45. During the government of Don Juan de la Tornera, several visits were made to the plains of the Province of Bar- celona, and in one of the earliest, an encounter took place on the banks of the Huere River, fighting the Caribs and English,, as reported by Governor Tornera to His Majesty in Novem- ber, 1727, and before, in January, 1724, he had applied and requested likewise the fortification of Angostura, as shown in Chapter 2, No. 1. 46. During the government of Don Carlos de Sucre, several steps were taken to persecute said Caribs and the foreigners,, opening a road to the plains of Barcelona in the direction of the fortress of Guayana, and other most useful measures, that I omit out of brevity, but it was not enough to avoid the un- fortunate event, which occurred at the Mission of Our Lady of Remedios, carried out by the Caribs and French, as explained in Chapter 2, from Nos. 2 to G. 47. During the government of Don Gregorio de Espinosa he endeavored to the utmost in stopping the foreigners. The plains of Barcelona commenced to be settled, as well as the pacification of the Carib Indians who inhabited the same, as shown in Chapter 2, already quoted, from Nos. 7 to 10. 48. During the government of Don Diego Tavares efficient measures were adopted for the continuance of the settlements and to stop the foreigners, especially the fortress of Guayana, as I will show bye and bye and successively, during the- 112 time of Don Maleo Gual, Don Nicolas de Castro, and in my time. 40. But the vigilance of my predecessors was not enough to prevent all the ravages that at different times had bc'cn carried out hy the Carib Indians, always supported and encouraged by foreigners, especially by the Hollanders. See the accompa- nying proceedings, from folios 21 to 24, and there the contents of Xos. 2 to 7 of the memorial of Father Gumilla, omittins; the exposition of many other outbreaks, by many foreigners perpetrated at the remotest Provinces in communication with the Orinoco. 50. Evident as it is b}' the contents of Chapters 2 and 7 that the tranquility of said Provinces, most of them inhabited by Indians, except the unknown parts of the Guayana, has been secured, and the Caribs are bringing no more trouble, except once, and then on account of intoxication. From said Caribs several settlements have been established in the Province of Barcelona under the Father Observants of Piritu. The same thing has been done in the Province of Guayana, under the Catalan Capuchins, where the gentiles and inhabitants are iu the vicinity of the Dutch Colonies, shown in the general map, and in fear, and discouraged from entering into the Orinoco, nor in the Province of Guayana, but very seldom and Avith the utnaost i)recautions. The care taken with them leads to their withdrawal, and facilitates the work of the Catalan Ca- puchin Missioners, as shown in Chapter 8, followed likewise by the establishment of the new settlement of San Antonio de Upata, as shown in Chapter 9, Nos. 101 to 105. 51. That in none of said Provinces are noticed at i)resent any foreigners going around as enemies, nor inducing the Carib Indians to hostilities, except the Hollanders, their allies, who purchase from tiiem all the Indians that are not Caribs. There are no foreigners navigating the Orinoco, that is above Guayana, for at their mouth and in tiie neighborhood of said fortress they do so freely, but without being able to land, in any nf tlie above quoted Provinces, nor do any more trade than the fortress allows, and within the terms exposed in my note 13, of my memorandum of news, and without said con- descendance, nothing at all can be done, as the remedy to this 113 short and despicable injury will be exposed on the third part. There is no case of foreigners travelling through the Orincco since 1746, except the case of a Frenchman, called Ignace, a great expert, who navigated the Orinoco in the year 1752, up to the mouth of the Apure River, where he took a stand, as shown on the ba'ck of folios 84 to 86 of the accompanying pro- ceedings, but his vessels were seized then, and on two other occasions in which he tried to do the same ; and being thus undeceived and rich in troubles and misfortunes, he desisted from undertaking similar enterprizes, and no other persons have been willing to try the experiment of like misfortunes, im- itating said Frenchman Ignace. xlll these facts are true, and subject to no contradiction. It is likewise a fact that, during the tranc[uility of these Provinces, several settlements of Spaniards and natives have been established in the plains of Caracas and Barcelona, and the fields contain now large herds of cattle, yielding positive advantages and profits to all the in- habitants, as shown by Chapter 2, Nos. 11 to 14. 52. The pacification and settlements of the Indians of this Province is due to my predecessors and to the bodies of Mis- sioners spreading the Gospel throughout, as stated in all of the Chaf)ters 3 to 8. 53. And what is the reason why the foreigners do not enter farther inland, through the Orinoco River, in this Province nor those of Caracas, Barinas, and Santa Fe ? Is it on account of the steps taken by His Majesty, in consequence of the vari- ous appeals of the governors and bodies of Missioners men- tioned in Chapter 6, No. 2? No, indeed, as from the latter appeals a confusion of opinions has resulted, stopping the con- struction of the unfortunate port of San Fernando, as shown in all the Chapter 6. 54. Is it due to this fortification ? Neither, as not one cannon had been yet mounted, and before it was finished it had been made an armory and fully worthless, as shown by Chapter 9 and numbers from 50 to 88. 55. And why is it that the foreigners who so freely entered the Orinoco until the year 1746 are not doing so to-day ? Who prevents them or has closed the doors for them to do it ? It is Vol. I, Ven.— 8 114 clear, nml ;i iiiii()ri(jus fact to all tin- inhahitant.s of these Provinces and to the same foreigners, that the reason is the formation of the fortress of Guayana, ])lacing its fortifications in state of defence, completing its small garrison and increas- ing that ncighhorhood that, although in a short nunihcr. it is enough to keep closed the entrance of the Ofinoco and to resist the foreigners intending to force it. as it was not possihlein the year 1720, in whicli that fortress was in a state of infelicity as shown in Chapter 5, Nos. 1 to G, and in the same condition was kcj)t u}) to the year 1747 on account of the fires set to it, and it c()mmenced to be kept in proper form by Governor Tavares. 56. And is this formalization of said fortress the result of Royal direction, in virtue of tlie repeated appeals made by the Governors, m}- predecessors ? Nobod}' could say so, as there is no Royal Order whatever on the subject, in the Archives of this Government, directing the least hel{) for these fortifica- tions, and oidy those quoted in Chapter 6, for the construction of the fort San Fernando, and a Royal Cedule under date of the 21st of March of 1750, a[)proving the recjuest of the Governor, Don Diego Tavares, for the construction of the fort San Diego, carried out as shown in No. 44, Chapter 9. 57. As there is no Koyal order for the increase or repairs of the fortifications of Guayana and the formalities of their strength, to j»lace in a respectable condition, how is it that the foreigners do not dare to go up the Orinoco and can nut repeat their- incursions, as they did before in this Province and tlieir neigh- bors? I say that my predecessors, well aware of the utmost importance of that place, and that it was the key of tlie Orinoco, xind of all these Provinces, and as responsible for the same, have extended their j)owers to the utmost, and besides the representations sent to His Majesty, every one in turn has taken particular steps towards the state of repairs in which the fortress is now. 58. And what particular steps are those taken .by the Gov- ernor since the year 1734, when Don Carlos de Sucre took charge of the fortress of Guayana, and separating himself from the Governor of Trinidad was aggregated to that of Cumana? 115 To justify the particular appeals made to His Majesty and the steps taken by my predecessors for the safety and improvement of the fortress I do not consider necessary, for in virtue of the documents held in these Archives, it may be done with more or less extension whenever it may be convenient, bearing in mind for the present what I have stated in Chapter 7, Nos. 5 to 8, and Nos. 27 to 31 and 44 of Chapter 9, and other places of the first part. 59. But I think it is proper to find out whether the above- mentioned steps of my predecessors, and those taken in my time have placed the fortress of Guayana in good terms of de- fence, and able to resist the enemies of the Royal Crown in- tending to take it, in order to hold it or sack it and destroy it, as tkey have done at other times. I will satisfy the questions by answering that in Chapter 9, in the first part, and from Nos. 8 to 49, the actual condition of the Castle of San Francisco is shown, as well as that of the tort San Diego or the Padrastro, and the more or less resistance which they may oppose. From Nos. 50 to 88 tlie inutility of the fort of San Fernando is shown. In No. 49 the garrison of the fortress, its employment and necessity of an increase are stated. In No. 90 the short number of militiamen and tlje ^reat help they render to the garrison. And in all the above- mentioned places and numbers it is shown that the fortress is incapable to resist an enemy of the Royal Crown, intending to establish there or to sack it, but sufficiently fortified to pre- vent the foreigners and illicit traders from navigating the Orinoco and landing in these Provinces, or going inland to oarry any hostilities in those of Caracas, Barinas and Santa Fe, as they did until the year 1734, and more or less until that of 1746, which is as far as the Governors my predecessors could extend their powers and lay before His Majesty the necessity of fortifying said post, increasing its garrison, so as to prevent the enemies of the Royal Crown from establishing there and become masters of the great commerce of said extensive Provinces guarded by it. I have represented the same thing, laying the case before his Royal Majest}^ as a result of my general visit, and in answer to the consultation of the 27th of 116 August, dealing with tlio sul)jeet of tlic (k'liiolitiou of the Castle of Araya, l^esidcs tht' repairs that, on account of the waiv I had to carry out in these fortifications, as it is shown in the above-mentioned nuud)ers of ('lia[)ter 0. 60. Now, if the oidy fact of the Governor formalizing that fortress has been sufficient to close the pass to tlie foreigners not only to navigate the Orinoco, hut tVoin landing and going inland to carry hostilities to the Provinces through which it runs, and if this fact has facilitated the pacification of the Imlians inhabiting Barcelona and Caracas and part of Guay- ana,and the establishment of several S]);inish settlements and ])opulatioiis of natives in said Provinces and their extensive countries full of cattle, without an}' hostile demonstration nor disturbance by the Caribs or the foreigners their allies, it is fully justified also what the engineer Don Carlos Diaz Fer- nandez, and the Governor of Trinidad, Don Augustin de Ar- redondo, and the rest of i)ersons who followed them, in reject- ing the Angostura and the Island of Fajardo and giving their reports in favor of the fortress, until the approbation of the Most Excellent Don Sebastian de Eslava who acted with })er- fect knowledge, and consequently it is not necessary to go into new examinations and reports of engineers and experts about the Orinoco, nor entertain any doubts about the situation of this fortress, as the only and most advantageous spot of this river and said stronghold closes the navigation and internation through those extensive dominions under its guard, depend- ing from the same ; and for this reason it must be fortified even for better reasons than that of Carthagena, not only to prevent the navigation of foreigners tlirough the Orinoco, but likewise to make impossible for them their establishment along the river; for if they had such an intention (which is not far from happening) it should be easy for them to succeed, on ac- count of the want of defence at present, and after having suc- ceeded, the loss of the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, Cara- cas, Barinas, Santa Fq, Popayan and <^)uito would be inevita- ble, according to the terras exposetl in all the Chapter 10 of the first part, and for a better proof, I shall have to extend the contents of this consultation. I do not think that in consid- 117 •eration of the irreparable injury, fully explained, the aban- donment of this most important fortress will meet the Royal pleasure, transferring to Angostura the small population and the lodgings of the short garrison of its fortifications, with the loss of the Mission under the Catalan Capuchins, the bulwark of the Dutch Colony. Said Mission could not subsist without the settlement of Guayana nor this one in Angostura, nor even where it stands at present, without said Mission, as has been stated in all the Chapter 8 of the first part, and at the end all that has been advanced in the way of safety of the Orinoco, as well as the Provinces which will be brought back to the miserable condition in which they were in the year of 1734 (which will be the best that may happen), or the estab- lishment, at the fortress of (niayana, of a foreign colon}^ even more injurious than that of Sacramento in the Platte Hiver, for this one can not control any more territory than the circumscription of the place, and that of the fortress might control the extensive Province of Guayana, that of Cumana, and those of Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas and Santa Fe, with more ease than Sacramento can control the Province of Buenos Aires and its surroundings. 61. It is no Avonder that the report sent to His Majesty was in ignorance of the previous measures for the fortification of the Orinoco and the other circumstances that I have shown, as the documents existing in the archives of this government were not noticed, and they have been necessary for my present report. I have good reasons to presume that they did not an- ticipate, in their report to His jNIajesty, the insuperable difficul- ties, large expenses and irreparable injuries which will neces- sarily accompany the transfer of the city of Guayana to Angos- tura, for if they had reported the case with the proper accuracy no such a transfer could have been directed. On this jDoint I think it is due to the Royal service that I explain the great difficulty, expenses and injuries attending the transfer contem- plated, so that His Majesty may decide whatever may be His pleasure. 62. Among the insuperable difficulties making impossible the transfer of the city of Guayana to Angostura, is the poor 118 qiialitv of the soil and tlic want of tlic necessary conveniences for the location and subsistence of a |)0})ulation. The western ground of Angostura in tlie Province of Guayana is very low and exposed to the inundations of the Orinoco River, which may flood 4 or 5 leagues, more or less, of the eastern portion of Angostura, while during the low waters a large portion of the river bed is dry and lagoons like that of Caimanes appear, as may be seen by the accompanying map. The waters flooding the western part of Angostura are not in communication with the floods from the eastern portion, as there is on that side a kind of causeway of continued hills and low mounds of earth. The breadtii there is about half a league and the length about 4 leagues. Towards the north, the narrowest part of the cause- way of Angostura is formed and widens in a direction from north to south, following inland about four leagues, where it is incorporated to a low ridge of hills. 63. On the extensive ground left dry by the Orinoco, from east to west of Angostura, and all that sandy country, which is not inundated, nor on the causeway and low ridges formed around, no timber exists fit for buildings, nor grass for the pasture of cattle or horses, nor farming lands, unless going inland for a distance of 9 to 10 leagues. It is to be added that most of the year the people have to u.se the flooded water from the surrounding country gathered in the main river, which keeps unchanged only during one month. All the other borders of the neighborhood are pro- pense to produce fever, according to the report from the In- dians, which can not be overlooked, especially as they never settle or stay in that neighborhood. The new population con- templated receives the breeze from the Caimanes lagoon, which is certainly unhealthy, besides many other inconveniences, not only on the grounds of tlie Province of Guayana, but like- wise on the opposite side, on those of Barcelona, which the first settlers had undoubtedly in mind when they established themselves on the Orinoco in the year 1541, and the settlers and founders of the fortress of Guayana in the year 1579. The foreigners were not ignorant of this fact. If the ground were suitable and the Angostura would defend the Orinoco they 119 should liave tried to establish themselves there as they did in other places when freely navigating said river. Said incon- veniences have likewise influenced the report to His Majesty of those who have rejected Angostura and favored the fortress of Guayana. (See their reports given before.) Indeed, the fact is so plain to the eye of the most indifferent person that I hardly need to continne giving any further justification. With the inundations of the country around, the want of building timber and kindling wood, pasture and farming grounds, and the poor water near the whole year, with a sickly climate exposed to fever, it seems to me that there is no further rea- sons necessary to convince of the impossibility of the subsis- tence of this population, and therefore I will nndertake to expose the second part, and no little difficulty of the transfer of the same. 64. In Chapter 9 of the first part and in No. 91, I have said that the city of Guayana consists to-day of a church, the head- quarters of the troop, and 73 houses situated in the order shown by figure 2 of the accompanying map, with the marginal and especial explanations. Said 73 houses at a moderate estimate averaging $-100 each, are worth .$29,200 added to $4,000, the cost of the headquarters, and S4,000 that of the Church and materials gathered for its rebuilding, the whole will amount to $37,200, as the lowest value I believe of the material cost of said city. In the same Chapter 9 and map, will be seen marks of from 28 to 30 small plantations, belonging to the neighbors, some yield fruits and some of them sugar cane, used in the manufacture of liquors and sugar of very poor Cjuality, which they call papelon, the only kind in use and consumption at that Missions. Other farms are reduced to a few cocoa trees, beginning to yield, and among them all, there is a yield of six to eight hundred pounds (6 to 8 fanegas). On the opposite side of the river, in the territory of the Province of Barcelona, they have herds of cattle for the supply of the fortress. Said establishments as an average are valued at $1,000 each, and the whole at $30,000, considering the tithes paid during five years, which are awarded annually at $118.6 reals, as shown by the corresponding statement and general map with the accom- 120 paiiying proceedings. Adding to the .SllS and reals cxliil>- ited by the collector of tithes, and tlic \i\ovr or less moderate profit of tlu' principal value of said plMiitation, niore tli.-in tlic above-mentioned $30,000, taking ior granted that they yield about 4 per cent. 65. The 75 houses alone, together with the church and headquarters of the troop, are worth, as they are, r$37."2(i(), they could not be built in Angostura for any less than $50,000, con- sidering the absolute want of building materials, timber, straw ami tlie rest, such as nieclianics for the construction, Indians for the work, and the necessary boats, Ibr caiiying said ma- terials and provisions for the subsistence of all. His Majesty has drawn $-1,000 to help the construction of the church, as I will explain : to said' sum we must aggregate $5,000 to $0,000 from the Royal Treasury for the construction of suitable military headquarters in Angostura, answering for parade grounds and fortress, as the constant rains of the coun- try do not permit drilling on uncovered ground nor the re- views and other military daily exercises, which may be per- formed inside and not always outside, when tlie weather is not propitious. Subtracting these two amounts from the total of said $50,000 there remains $41,000 as the necessary amount for building the 73 houses above mentioned, for the lodging of the 90 families existing and residing at {)resent at the fortress. Said amount shall have to come out of the ])ockets of those poor people, besides $30,000 value of their small plantations, that they shall have to a])andon (here is now the dithcult}^) as how is it j»o.ssible that such a miserable peo})le and their families, that are only dependent upon their salary as soldiers, and the corresponding officers, should have to abandon the hou.ses they have built at the expense of many years' savings and labor, to go over to build them again in a sandy place, without any convenience or means to secure any support? And how is it credible that the neighbors, not soldiers, give up their own farms and fields and their city houses, being lelt in the direst poverty, to go to Angostura to establish their houses and new farms on unknown grounds, distant 9 or 12 leagues from the population, without Indians to help them in their 121 work, or money to pay the same or the provisions for their .subsistence ? That is, notwithstanding the reports sent to His Majesty, morally impossible, unless there is a lapse of many years, and then by perseverance and at considerable expense, that so serious difficulties could be overcome. 66. The want of provisions is the third powerful reason making impossible the transfer of the city of Guayana. The -535 persons composing the 90 families derive their supplies and live from the j)i"oducts of the 30 small plantations in cul- tivation and from the short crops of the five settlements of the Missions in charge of the Catalan Capuchins, as I have exten- sively shown in Chapter 8 of the first part, Nos. 6 to 12, the total amount of victuals brought to the fortress is short, and there is very seldom a year of real abundance, but ver\' fre- quently they endure extreme wants, and in the happiest times not 100 men may come to the fortress, without producing a famine for them and the inhabitants, besides sickness, as it has been demonstrated by experience. (The boundary expedition may attest it.) Their wants are not remedied, on account of the distance of the coast, as the only resources come from the Province of Cumana and the valleys, along the northern coast, whenever they are not suffering the same inconvenience, as it ;so happens not infrequently. 67. As it is undeniable, everj'thing I have exposed in the above Chapter 8, and notorious to all those who have been in the fortress, it follows as a consequence, that even if the ground of Angostura were not so entirely unfit and easy for the transfer ■of the 90 families, their subsistence is impossible after having to abandon the 30 small plantations and the 535 persons and over, to be aggregated there by directions of His Majesty, hav- ing to depend on the few supplies produced by the five settle- ments of the Missions, not sufficient to-day to support half of said number of persons, who must have the necessary victuals in Angostura at excessive prices, on account of the unavoidable ■expenses and losses occasioned by the transportation from the Missions to Guayana and from there by water to Angostura. 68. Perhaps whoever sent the report to His Majesty thought that the new farms undertaken by the new settlers of Angos- 122 tura would be sufRc-ient to afford the necessary supplies for those persons transferred from the fortress and the rest of those aiigrc'oated to them, not tliinkiiig of the vast space of the dry borders at Angostura and the barren grounds around, through the s})ace not inundated, the necessity of going inhmd 9 or 10 leagues in quest of proi)er grounds, the want of Indians for the cultivation, the short number of inhabitants who mav work the fields and the inability of the soldiers to do that kind of Work, ami nuu-h less at such a distance from tiio po[)ulation, the risk they run in those unknown deserts not yet reduced, and the absence of means of tlie neighbors to buy slaves, im- plements, carriages and liorses and open roads in those wild woods, to till and plant them, building a few houses, in which to find shelter, as it has Ijeen done in their abandoned {>lanta- tions, and many other difficulties which are met with in that desert country, not permitting the establishment of farms be- fore the lapse of half a century of continuous and efficient work, with the loss of a great many persons contriving to open and settle amid those woods, requiring a large amount to keep and support the laborers. In justification of all that has been said it is only necessary to refiect on the unhappy actual con- dition of Guayana, after 180 years of its establishment and in spite of all that has been done to improve it, and the people- that have perished, out of want at all times, as I have said in Chapters 5 and 8 of the first part. 69. But admitting and not allowing that the Angostura ground was fit for the location of the settlement, and that the inhabitants of Guayana should be transferred there, as well as those directed by His Majesty to be aggregated of their own free will and pleasure without the least inconvenience, other difficulties are yet to be encountered, on account of tlie exces- sive expenses required. The 100 persons of the service of the fortress, and the 58 militiamen of the company of residents formed in that neighborhood, are frequently employed to- render the service of the regular troop, as I have said in Chapter \), part first, Xos. 89 and 90, the garrison is very small for that fortress. So have my predecessors represented the case- to His Majesty, and on account of the general visit and in the- 123 consultation of the 27th of August, while dealing with the- subject of the demolition of the Castle of Araya, I repeated the same request of my predecessors, asking His Majesty to kindly increase said garrison with 60 persons more, including the cor- responding corporals. Transferring now that settlement to Angostura, it seems to me that the detachment that ought to garrison the fortress should correspond to 100 regulars and the 58 forming the militia company, and the necessary increase should be in all 228 men, enough to draw the detachment for the Missions of the Catalan Capuchin Fathers, another for the Island of Trinidad and the guard of the presidial ground, and the num- ber of sick to be taken into account, with another supernumer- ary force for sudden contingencies, such as the armament of launches, the re-enforcement of detachments, whenever there is any incursion of the Hollanders going inland of the Province of Guayana ; all these movements are frequent enough in that fortress in which the militiamen take a part, but supposing that there were no more than 170 regulars, and from these 30 to go to the Missions and 10 to Trinidad, leaving in the fort- ress 130 men, between sound and sick persons ; where are these people to be quartered? The Castle of San Francisco has no more than the small body of the guard, marked in the plan of the accompanying map, tigure 3, letter J, where there is no kitchen or extension even for two bedsteads. In the fort of San Diego or Padrastro there is only one lodg- ing room of 4 square yards as represented in Chapter 9, No. 47, and consequently, if there is no lodging room in these fortifications, it is necessary for the King to build and keep formal headquarters with the corresponding oflticers, bed- steads, and other utensils for the troop as well as for a hospital, drug store, surgeon, and assistants with twenty-five or thirty bedsteads for one-fourth part of the garrison and detach- ment, which is the least that in that climate ought to be considered with permanent sickness, and where the sick are now taken care of in their private houses. His Majesty would keep likewise a chapel and chaplain, as well as a store to keep the provisions brought by the Indians from the Missions,. 124 ^nd the person who, on account of the Royal Tivasuiy, ha-; to pay for the same or a reguhir Purveyor to attend to that suh- ject, and send to Angostura the provisions received, as the Indian avIio l)rings three or four small loads of casave. eggs, chickens, rice, and fi'uit, could not on his own account and risk take upon himself the ti'ansportation (jr he delayed to await for the proceeds. Taking into consideration the ex- penses thus pointed out and how indispensai)le they are, it Avill l)e found out that they will aniduiit to large sunis, involv- ing losses and difficulties. In that fortress a few more houses are wanted (not on account of the King), for lodgings of the traders of these Provinces, and for the Indian.-^ hi'inging supidies from the Missions, who at present come to the Syndic of the Community, and with his intervention the sale is made to the public of what they hring, and the other traders come to their acquaintances among the neighbors, and without this recourse they would keep in the ojien air, thus making very scarce the communication with these Provinces. It is neces- :sary to keep there a storekeeper of the ammunitions and ai)pli- ances for the fortification, and a lieutenant of the Roval officers to collect dues from the vessels making the traffic as -with the first port of entry. And Hnally it is necessary to have the same [lopulation that is raised and not sufficient in that for- tress, or that its fortifications do not subsist. '" So that in this manner the troop may liold a second ])la('(^ where to repair their wants, stop the progress of an t'uemy, and congregating there superior forces, they may go down the river and dislodge it, preserve the pojmlation, and increase and reinforce the troop of the Castle.'' To. From the fortress of Guayana to Angostura there is not a distance of 34 leagues, as reported to His Majesty, but only •20; there is the same distance from the settlement of Cari, sit- uated on the table lands of the Guanipa, from north to south of Angostura, down to the port of Camino real (main road), opposite the fortress, (see the general accompanying map and the particular one, to whieh 1 refer for an examination, besides 125 what appears from various instruments in the proceedings- herewith); althouoh it seems to me that said Fortress of An- gostura by the land route of the same Province may be distant 34 leagues, and probably more, according to the times. In summer, on account of the dilficulties in wading the Caroni River in the neighborhood of tlie Mission of Murucuri; when the country around is not inundated, it is no doubt the road will be much shorter. In the rainy season it is necessary to go up and wade the Caroni River, before it is reached by the Paragua River, for, once both of them joined together, it can not be waded, and to cross it becomes very risky, on account of the strong current up to the Missions of Aguacagua. Once the Caroni and Paragua Rivers waded, the country around becomes more or le.ss inundated, making necessary several de- tours towards the mountain, u]) to the place where the low ridge and causew^ay before mentioned forms i^ngostura, after inverting the time necessary to make 34 leagues; but we are not certain of this simple news of the Indians, as nobody from Guayana is conversant with the country and western surround- ings of Caroni and Paragua, knowing only those towards the east, where the Missions are located by the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers. 71. As all that I have said is positive beyond question, it results that if the enemies of the Royal Crown would invade the fortress with the object to sack it and destroy the fortifica- tions, as they have done on previous occasions, or else to hold it; and supposing, in such a case, that unfortunately it would be lost, the troop of its garrison has no second place where to recuperate, nor any other course left than to withdraw to the settlements of the Mission inland, as the only and best means in their choice, not only to defend said settlement, but to de- prive the enemy from receiving any supplies which they might find there. If Angostura is chosen to make any stand and repairs, it should be reached either by water or land ; if by water, who could imagine that the enemy in con- trol of the Padrastro mountain and the Castle of San Fran- cisco w^ould allow the garrison to embark and take a stand at Angostura, without persecuting the embarkations by those of I2r; superior force, eitlier under siuh or by oars, and thai in case ■of readiness of launches, as Mell as crews well provided with the necessary stores for the transfer of the garrison on Ixtard, withiiul the disorder and confusion attending similar unfor- tunate cases. And il' the way hy land is clioscii. it will ho no less ditiicult for want of provisions and horses, having besides the large Caroni liiver to be crossed, and in want of the neces- sary l)oats and ineans of transportation, through roads not opened or known, through strange forests, according to the time in which the necessity of such a withdrawal should occur. If this is undertaken by way of the Province of Barcelona it is necessar}' that the enemies allow the pass of the Orinoco, and on the opposite side to take the main road shown l»y the map, having ready horses and at least tlie reijuired })rovisions to l)e carried by the men for a distance of 20 leagues' journey to the settlement of Cari, the only ]»ass practicable to reach Angos- tura, abonl 6 leagues from north to south from said settlement, and recrossing again the Oi'inoco to be incor])orated with the garrison and iortification of the settlement of Angostura, being- impossible, that with so many dithculties as are met with in those deserts — the fre(|uent showers, the heat, the want of pro- visions and s})ring water, and the pass of tlie river through the thick clusters of the palm trees called Moriche, the trans- fer and reparation could be attained without disorder or trag- edies leading to the dispersion of the troops. 72. Ikit supposing that either by land or water the with- drawal is carried out successfully and that Angostura is reached, the enemy could not be detained there in its pro- gress; on the contrary, it will succeed in subduing the defend- ers of Angostura by depriving them from tlio provisions su})- plied l)y the Missions of the Catalan Cai)uchins, and being in control of the navigation of the river, excluding the Spaniards, there is no remedy left to those holding Angostura and in want of provisions and of vessels to procure the same, and even if thev had these vessels the enemv could seize them, and if in the future they wouM establish plantations and settle- ments by the Missions, in the neighborhood of Angostura, the enemies in control of the Orinoco might without any difficulty 127 destroy them and employ many other devices facilitated by their control of tlie navigation of the river, and without wasting any powder surrender the fortifications of Angostura, no matter how strong and the number of its garrison, which may be re- duced by want. It may be claimed that they could receive their victuals by way of the plains of Barcelona ; but that will only show the want of knowledge of the country and of the difficulties for transportation from the city of Barcelona and the other settlements of the required supplies. When they would be ready, who can assure that the enemies, while absolute masters of the Orinoco, would permit their conveyance and transfer from the Province of Barcelona to that of Guayana? 73. And supposing that the garrison of Guayana might safely withdraw to Angostura and find there all needed supplies and superior forces enough congregated, how could they go down the river and dislodge the enemy? If they would intend to do so by water, how could their vessels, inferior in number and capacity, resist those of superior strength from the enemy and the fire of the fortifications? If by land, with what car- riages, provisions, and campaign trains could they attempt to do so? They certainly can not do so by the sword as against fortifications, even if they could gather around 4,000 well disciplined soldiers. The whole will only show that once the Padrastro Mountain lost, and consequently the Castle of San Francisco, the enemies could freely control the navigation of the Orinoco River, and that Angostura can not be defended, nor the Missions of the Catalan Capuchins in that Province, nor prevent any hostilities to the Provinces of Cumana, Bar- celona, Caracas, Barinas, and Santa Fe, as extensively exposed in all the Chapter 10 of the first part. 74. Similar convincing reasons could be exposed besides to prove the difficulties, expenses and irreparable injuries follow- ing the transfer of the settlements of Guayana to Angostura, but I omit them, so as to avoid any further delay, especially when the answer of the remaining chapters of the Royal Order contains many more reasons in justification of the two previously stated, concluding with the following reflection : 75. If the fortress of Guayana is the chief key of the whole 128 ( )rinoco River and the Provinces tlirouu'li wliicli it rnns, and tliu only advantageous s]»ot that must l)e tbrtitied, according to thi- opinions of the L-ngineer Fajardo. thi; Governor of Tiinidad. I )on Augustiii df An'('d(>iido ; the Governor of Cu- niana, Don Carlos de Sucre ; liis Heutenant, the Marquis of San Philipe; Father (iuniilla, the engineer, Don Antonio. Jordan ; the Brigadier Dun Diego Tavares, the Brigadier Don- Gregorio de Espinosa, tlie engineer Don Cnaspar de Lara, the engineer director of the fortress of Carthagena, Don Juan Bautista MacEvan, and in virtue of tlie approbation of his Excellency Don Seljastian de Eslava, and of many other per- sons, who have examined the subject and whose accurate and unanimous judgment has been well justified by experience, as after the Governor gave shape to the fortress up to the condi- tion shown in the foregoing number 59, the entrance and nav- igation of the Orinoco River by foreigners has been fully stopped, as well as their landing in the Provinces, and their going inland, it is showing evidently that said fortress is pre- cisely the only door to all those Provinces. The Fathers of the Company, as well as Juan Capitel and Juan Romez, consider this fortress as very useful and necessary, nothwithstanding their opinion that the Island of Fajardo ought to be fortified, a report not acce[ited by the Governors and Engineers commissioned by His Majesty for the fortifica- tion of said island ; all those persons directed by particular Royal Unlers to examine the subject have acknowledged that Angostura is useless for the fortification of the Orinoco and defence of its navigation by strangers, intending to ettect an entrance in said Provinces, in spite of the opinions of Governor Tornera and Fr. l-'rancisco del Castillo, who did not dwell on the question of the fortification of the Orinoco and only with that of preventing the ravages experienced by the Missions of the then unknown Province of Barcelona ; and there is not a single opinion in favor of Angostura, as it is shown that the country around is inundated, that there is a want of Iniilding timber, kindling wood, good water, j)asture grounds, farming lands, and only abounds in lagoons, bringing about the unhealthy condition reported by tiie neighboring Indians. To all these: 129 inconvenieucies must be added the difficulties and large ex- [)enses of the tnmsfer of the inhabitants, the impossibility of their subsistence on account of the present scarcity of victuals and the prospective continuance of the same for many years to come, and although the transfer might be carried out wholly or partially, and the Angostura fortified, that place can never be defended, nor from there could be undertiiken the recuper- ation of Guayana in case of its loss, nor the protection of the Missions of the Catalan Capuchins, preventing the control of those Provinces by the enemies and their invasion of Cumana Barcelona, Caracas, and Barinas, with mij.ny other difficulties, ■expenses, and injuries that are yet to be exposed. What benefit follows or is expected by our holy religion and the service of both Majesties, the State, the Royal Treasury, or the inhabitants of this Province from the transfer of the small and necessary city of Guayana? I do not see any, nor do I believe that these sad results have been duly anticipated and foreseen by those commissioned by the Royal Order to handle this most important subject. But I consider as certain that the depopulation of Guayana is very easy, and that the population ■of those families in Angostura is verv difficult, and if the in- tended new projected city shall partake of the same unfortu- nate fate of the two cities of Real Corona and San Fernando, this one founded by the third commissioner Don Joseph Solano, and the other by the chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturri- aga, and the same that inevitably awaits Ciudad Real, founded by said chief, as I have exposed briefly in notes 9 and 10 of my memorandum of reports, and from Nos. 92 to 100 of Chapter 9 of this work. In order to realize the transfer, as directed by the Royal Order, it will take many years, excessive expenses and the risk of manv lives in that new and unknown territory. And after haying secured all that is needed as projected, the Ori- noco will remain indefensive and exposed to the enemy. And if by misfortune an enemy could take and fortify the Padrastro mountain (ihe Gibraltar of these Provinces) they should become masters of all these Provinces in spite of the fortifications of Angostura, if they could be held. I consider Vol. 1, Ve.v.— 9 130 out of question that if tlie population of rinayana is removed and the small population it contains In- (iis|terse(l, and later on the necessity of this settlement should he fidly understood to be as I do represent it now, it will he difficult to bring it hack, and many years shall have to elapse before a similar congregation of families come together, used to the climate and well attached to the spot, as they are now, (the only way to make them subsist.) In the meantime it is very possible that the enemies may assault that most iiii|iortant phu-c from which they are not fiir nor forgetful of tlie past, as 1 will show in tlu' third part of this work. And finally 1 have to repeat that I do not entertain any doubt that if His ^Lijesty had been duly and accurately informed about all the above in- conveniences and whatever else I will submit to Ilis Royal kindness, the transfer of the population of Guayana, should not have been directed, as it will be prejudicial to our holy religion, to the Koval Sovereignty, to the Treasury and to all these vassals. " That to the 100 men of the full assignment of Guavana tlie 73 of the escort of the Mission of the Jesuits of the Orinoco and the Barinas dominions be aggregated." "^o&" 7<;. In note 10 of my memorandum of reports I state that the Reverend Father Jesuits of the new Kingdom of Granada teach the Gospel at the Missions established on the margins of the Meta and Casanare rivers, shown partially in the gen- eral map ; that these Missions belong to the Government of Santa Fe, except those called Encaramada, L'ruana, Carichana, and Raudal, situated to the south of the Orinoco River in the Province of (ruayana, belonging to the Government of Cu- mana ; that for the escort of said Missions His Majesty keeps 48 soldiers and one captain at the annual .salary of $905 for the latter and $132 for the former, to be paid from the Royal Treasury of Santa Fe ; that the progress of the Jesuits in the Province of Guayana was very slow, on account of the great amount of work in the pacification and settlement of the 131 gentiles inhabiting the unknown regions in the neighborhood of the Meta and Casauare rivers, and that the Missions on the banks of the Orinoco River were establislied more for the pur- pose of keeping an eye on the Caribs and preventing them, from navigating it and assauhing those of the Meta and Casa- nare than to spread the same into the interior of the Province of Gua3'ana, as shown by the above quoted note. What was then sufficient to give a general notice of said Missions, espe- cially of those (four in number) within the government in my charge, is not so to-day for showing the impossibilities in re- gard to their escort and that of the dominions of Barinas com- ing down to be aggregated to the garrison of Guayana. It be- comes necessary to show the territories occupied by the two Missions. From their remotest settlement to the fortress there is a distance of from 300 to 350 leagues, through the roads in use to reach those Missions. The quality of the troop employed in these escorts and the method of serving their places will show, after it is well known, how difficult and pre- judicial should be their aggregation to the garrison, and that the reports sent to His Majesty on this particular point, show not the least knowledge of the previous circumstances for the transfer of the city to Angostura. 77. Very near to the capital of Santa Fe, and at the highest point of its mountains, is the source of the Meta River, which aiter several windings falls to the valley called Turmeque, the name of an Indian settlement so called and situated in the same valley. From this settlement it continues its windings through the mountains until coming out to very extensive, and in its greatest portion unknown, prairies called the plains of San Juan, where there are several missionary settlements gov- erned by its Corregidor provided by the Viceroy of Santa Fe. In the year J 753 there were in charge of the Augustine, Recol- lect, and Calzado orders of that Kingdom, but I am ignorant whether they have passed or not to secular clergymen accord- ing to the last Royal provisions on the subject. Not far from this doctrinal settlement, on the same plains of San Juan, the Jesuits have different Missions on the margins of the Meta River, among them those named La Conception, San Miguel, 132 and San Francisco Ucgis, not ciabraccd in the general map, which does not reach the whole of the same within SO leagues, and thus the said Missions, La Conception, San Miguel, San Juan, San Francisco de Axis, and others situated in said plains, at a distance from the Orinoco hy elevation 1G(> leagues and from Guayana about 2(3, which calculated at one-third more, on account of the windings and detours of the ()riii(^co and Meta rivers, it is understood that said last Missions are far from Guayana from 340 to 350 leagues at least 78 On tlie Orinoco, and at seven days' journey from the capital of Santa Fe, the high and snow-bound sierras intervene, called the Paramos of Chita. From there comes the Casanare River, which after several windings descends to the plain and the place where the general map represents the Mission of San Salvador de Casanare and from there follows until it empties into the Meta River, with the name of which emi)ties its waters into the Orinoco, as shown in the general map. Before the Casanare River comes out to the plain, and in the same sierras of Chita, it receives the waters of the Purari and Tacaragua rivers. On the banks of these two last mentioned rivers the Fathers of the Company have the two Missions called Pantos and Patuti, distant about 20 leagues fr(»iu that of San Salvador. Lower down, below the Mission of San Salvador, the Casanare River receives the waters of the Tame, on the banks of which are situated the Missions of Betoyes, Tame, and Jiraras, distant by elevation from those of San Salvador, Panto, and Patuti 05 leaijues from the Orinoco and 230 from Guavana, to which increasing one-third of allowance for the windings of the rivers it results that from the fortress of Guayana to the Missions of Pauto and Patuti there is a distance of about 300 leagues and of 350 to the Missions of La Conception, San Miguel, San Juan, Francisco Regis, and others situated on the above-mentioned plains of San Juan, as shown in the general map, with that of Father Gumilla at the beginning of his work "Orinoco Ilus- trado," and what is exposed from folios 21 to 23, dealing with the subject of said river and Missions, which he did with par- ticular knowledge of all those territories, having been with them for many years as an Apostolic Ministerial Delegate and 133 Superior of the Missions. Said distances agree with those kept at the fortress of Guayana for the annual journeys to the cap- ital of Santa Fe in quest of funds for the payments, and the carriers of those funds take a long time in that long journey, as I wilt briefly state. TU. Since His Majesty has kindly designated the Royal Treasur}' of Santa Fe for the payment of the funds necessary for the subsistence of Guayana until last year, 1762, an officer was sent from that fortress who, in order to reach the capital of Santa Fe, was to navigate the Orinoco as far as the settlement of Cabruta, where the first Mission Avas in charge of the Jesuit Fathers, as shown in the general map. From said Mission, and passing through those of the Encaramada, Uruana, and Carichana, also in charge of the Jesuits, and all situated in the Province of Guayana, he continued his navigation up to the Meta River, taking in all twenty-five days. From the Orinoco he navigated up the Meta river to the mouth of the Casanare, taking eight days, and thence he followed to the Mission of San Salvador de Casanare, which recjuired fifty-five days. From there by land, and after four days' jour- ney, he passed that of Pautos, taking from there to the capital of Santa Fe fourteen days more. Summing up, it results that from the fortress of the Mission of Pauto, the last one in charge of the Jesuits within the jurisdiction of Casanare, ninety-two days were required, thus justifying the calculation of the Field Marshal, Don Eugenio de Alvarado, accompanying a copy of the Royal Order communicated by Your Excellency on the 22d of January, 1762, by which His Majesty directs that in future the journey in quest of these funds be discontinued by the way of Casanare and carried out by that of the Meta River. Said Royal Order has been duly enforced in the present year by the receiver and Vjearer of said funds, the lieutenant of the garrison of Guayana, Don Felix Ferreras, who, on his return from that fortress on the 31st of last August, has given me an account, confirming said calculation of the route, except in re- gard to the open roads, by the above-mentioned Don Eugenio de Alvarado, that he found impracticable. His travel through the Meta River is the following. 134 80. After having navigated tliirty-three days, through the Orinoco and j\leta rivers, up to the confluence of the Casanare, this one is not followed as before, but the navigation continues on the Meta, and after eight days the Mission of San Miguel, the first in charge of the Jesuits, in the jurisdiction of the Meta, is reached. From there, passing to those of Surimena and Casimena witliin six days, the moutli of tlie Rio Xegro is reached. After three days navigation on this last one the brook called Pachaquiero is reached and navigated for one day; from there l)y land to the Mission of Apiay, there is another day, and tlience to Santa Fe live day^. making in all from the fortress to the Mission of Apiay, the last in charge of the Jesuits within the Meta territory, fiftv-two davs at the best time required by the Royal < )i'der, when the Orinoco River is at the lowest ebb and the winds in full force and propitious for the navigation. 81. Having produced an evidence of the distances between the fortress of Guayana and the Missions of Pantos and Apiay, the last under the Jesuits in the Departments of Meta and Casanare, and the only roads in use at present for the traffic between them, it ronains necessary to give a similar report of distances in regard to the Missions of Barinas as follows. 82. The Reverend Dominican Fathers of Santa Fe keep a body of Missioners in tliat of Barinas. The Gospel field of the same and that of those under the Jesuits of Casanare are divided by tlie great Apure River, wliicli receives its waters from the great sierras of Santa Fe, and after having run 300 leagues it empties into the Orinoco, as represented by Father Gumilla at folio 18 of his "Orinoco Ilustrado," and is shown in the map which he brings at the beginning, and in tlie gen- eral map which I have addressed before to His Majesty. The Mi-ssion of the Dominican Fathers does not follow the route of the Jesuits, as this one comes from the neighborhood of the capital of Santa Fe, following the waters of the Meta and Casanare rivers to the south, down to their confluence with the Orinoco, and from there it takes the direction towards the cities of Barinas and ]\Ierida and thence to the west in going through the mountains down to Maracaibo, as shown by 135 the general map, wliicli only comprises the Missions of Tico- poro, Santo Domingo, Las Tapias, La Mesa, San Joseph, and Lagunillas down to the Taravita, situated on the Ghama River. Said Missions and those in the interior of the mountains towards Maracaibo enjoy a cold and dr}' climate, on account of the elevation of the mountains covered with snow around the same. Those of the Jesuits enjoy the same climate, except those situated on the plains between the sierras and the Ori- noco, where there is a warmer climate although not so damp as that of Guayana. 83. On the same general map the Missions of San Joseph and Lfigunillas are shown close to said Taravita at a distance from the Orinoco of about 80 leagues by elevation, and from Guayana 200, adding one-third more for the windings of the Orinoco, Apure, and Santo Domingo Rivers and the land roads from the settlement of Lagunillas and pass of the above- mentioned Taravita, it results that the distance between this one and the fortress is 270 leagues. 84. The general map and that of Father Gumilla show very well how difficult it will be to travel by land from the fortress of Guayana to the Taravita of the Chama River and the Mis- sions of Lagunillas, as it should be necessary to cross the table- land of Guanipa and the extensive plains of the Province of Barcelona, Caracas and Barinas to the city of Merida, and from there to the Mission of Lagunillas, for which, besides the traveling of 300 leagues, it must be added the sufferings and inconveniences of desert countries of an ardent climate, copious showers, and tlie pass through numberless rivers, shown in the general plan, with other difficulties which I omit. 85. In order to make more tolerable such a long journey it is considered that the best and only way should be that of the Orinoco River, navigating the same up to the mouth of the Apure River, and following this one until it meets the Santo Domingo River, and from there going to the city of Barinas, thence by land to Merida, and proceeding through the Mission of San Joseph to Lagunillas. There is nobody in Guayana unfamiliar with this route, nor any one who may give an ac- count of the possibility or impossibility of the navigation of 130 the whole of the rivers Apuiv iiiul .Santo Duiiiiiigo, nor how many days it takes to reach the pass (Taravita) of the Chama liiver and the other Missions in the interior of the mountains not reached in the map ; although it is to be inferred that the travel will not be in any way shorter than that from the fort- ress of Guayana to the last Mission of I'autos, in the jurisdic- tion of Casanare, for which tliey take ninety -two days; but in order to dispel these doubts it will be necessary to examine the subject, and they did not, in order to send positive informa- tion to His Majesty, and that is all 1 have to say in regard to the situation of these Missions, and the distances from them to the fortress. 86. For the escort of the Missions under the Jesuit Fathers, His Majesty keeps 48 soldiers, under one captain only, who draws a salary of $995 a year and the soldiers $132 a year, making in all $7,331, as it is shown by the certificate given, in virtue of a decree at the time of the visit, by Don Juan Antonio Bonalde, who was then their captain, and is found at folio 71 of the third part of the proceedings, that I sent to Plis Majesty, through his Royal and Supreme Council, with the other acts of the visit. The $7,331 are received from the Royal Treasury at Santa Fe, by the attorney of the Missions and by direction of the Superior of the same, are distributed among the persons of the escort. The captain is appointed by the Viceroy of Santa Fe and the soldiers are mustered at the })leasure of the Superior, who likewise discharges them, whenever he finds it convenient or unfit for the escort. The whole of the people serving in it are horsemen, but not trained as military men, nor acquainted with the handling of muskets, nor their arma- ment is equal or proportionate, as it is in the style of new simple chasseurs. That they are not military men, acquainted with that profession, is shown by the fact that the fortress of Carthagena, I'uerto Cabello, La Guaira, Caracas, Cumana, and Guayana (the only i)laces where there are regular bodies of troo])s) there is no detachment for the above escort, and this one is not under the direction of a military chief, but a civilian as well as the soldiers, who are familiar with the countr}' in every respect and travel inland with an admirable knowledge 137 and rare facilities, just as if they should do so through the best roads, keeping themselves in those places without any other help than the facilities of their muskets and other devices which only are known to themselves and to the regular troop, that have never performed these travels and could not easily acquire the knowledge of the country, woods, mountains and sierras as these civilians do, used and brought u}) in this kind of practice, although ignorant of the military service. Those who are serving in that escort are detached from the more ad- vanced Missions, and they are less domesticated, kept at the entrance of the mountains, in order to gather around and bring with them the Indian fugitives from the settlements, they have to keep and reduce those that have never been settled, and are accompanied by one or more missionaries, as directed by the Superior. They are employed in doing whatever is thought to lead to the safety of the Missions, and for that purpose (notwith- standing their want of military training), they do better work than the veteran grenadiers. Said civilians, as a rule, are married and keep their families in the settlement from where they are detached ; the Missionaries prefer those possessing these conditions, so as to avoid other inconveniences in detri- ment of the welfare of the Indians. 87. I do not know the number of men serving as escort tothe Dominicans of Barinas, but if there is no mistake in the re- ports sent to His Majesty on this subject, 24 men make their corresponding share to complete the full number of 73 alloted by the Royal Order. I am likewise ignorant of the pay they draw, but I am sure that they receive it from the Royal Treas- ury of Santa Fe, by means of the Attorney of the Missions of said dominions, and that the equality of the troop and methods of the service agree entirely with those of the escort of the Jesuits and of the other persons in the custody of the bodies of Mission kept by His Majesty in America, except those of the Catalan Capuchins that have been escorted by a detach- ment of regular troops from Guayana, and were better if they were civilians and good horsemen. 88. For better justification of what has been stated in this chapter, I refer to the report of the Viceroy of Santa Fe, if 138 His Majesty would l)e pleased to direct him to carry this method into eti'ect or direct an investigation hy competent l)ersons, heing sure that nobody would entertain a contrary opinion in any of said ])oints. SlJ. And under this conviction I say that as tin; persons serving as escorts to tlie Fatlier Jesuits of Orinoco and of the dominions of Barinas liave not been bound to submit to the rules, penalties, and terms prescribed l>y the lioyal ordinances, and they are all horsemen, less those Avho are civilians under a salary, without any fixed time, ignorant of the military dis- cipline, without the armament as such, residing in cold and dry climates, most of them married persons and with their families spread through various settlements from where they are detached far fi-om the fortress, some 270 leagues, others ■300 and 350 leagues, with extensive deserts intervening, it is not i)racticable to make them all abandon their families and become aggregated to the garrison of Guayana and bound there to the military subordination, being instructed in the infantry service, paying for their uniforms and accoutrements, Avhich they do not wear, and exposed to a warm and damp climate. The soldiers bound to serve in the infantry ali'eady settled in that fortress, used to its bad climate, married there with 820 less salary, as they only draw $120 a year, re- duced to $112 after the necessary discount for the transporta- tion of the money, ouglit not give up their families to serve as escorts to the Missions under a civilian, such as the cap- tain of the escorts of the Jesuits is. nor they ought to pay for their horses, saddles, and trappings, becoming horsemen and experts of the country and the mountains that they never saw, and providing themselves with woolen clothing to stand the cold and dry weather, in opposition to the warm and damji weatlK-r that they leave behind. 00. In the event that the regular troop should be assigned for the service of the escort (as enjoined farther on by Royal Order), and that they should be aggregated to the garrison, it should be necessar}^ to send three launches of the fortress, one for tlie navigation of the Orinoco uj) to the mouth of the Apure Kiver, going through it as far as the confluence of the Santo 139 Domingo River and navigating througli the same to tlie city of Barinas, and thence by land, said detachment going as far as Merida. From there and across the Taravita (or pass) of the Chama River and thence to the Missions, in tlie interior of the mountains of Maracaibo, for wliich horses must be brought from the city of Barinas, and while there to await the launch of the relieved people, and return by the same to the fortress, consuming in that journe}^ about six months. That the other two launches navigating the Orinoco up to the jNIeta River, enter by the mouth of this one, following up to that of Casanare and parting company there, one going tlirough the Casanare up to the Mission of San Salvador, and the otlier through the Meta up to the Apiay. And the detachment of the fortress of Meta and Casanare being relieved, return to the fortress by the same way it came, requiring for this journey another six months. But the expense of tlie launches, their •crews, stores for the same, and troop carried on board and re- turning, may be set at $1,000 each, costing so much the garri- son of the fortress, while sending vearlv to Santa Fe for the allotted mone}", as shown by notes 1 and 9 of the memoran- dum. And that at every time of the change of these detach- ments they make an expense of $3,000, and with the greatest economy it is no less than $2,500. And could the troop re- lieved and relieving spend all that money? By no means ; as they will not fail to leave behind some help to their families and keep their respective places. If the troop can not bear these expenses it is necessary that they should be made by the Royal Treasury, as if it is not so they must not be borne by the escort aggregated to the garrison of Guayana. 91. And in case that the removal of the garrison should be facilitated. His Majesty paying for the transportation, there is no doubt Ihat the troop leaving Guayana might take lodgings in the suburban districts of the Mission ; but how could the civilians and the escort do so (being strangers both in the fort- ress and in Angostura) ? Where would the}' lodge, and how are the}' to be attended while sick? There is no house in Angos- tui'a, and at the fortress only 73 exist, occupied by 90 families ■contained in the population of the city, and the headquarters of 140 the ti-()<>|) rfduccil to ;i siiiall store, under four hare walls covercl willi tilo, vvitliout any kitclicii, bedsteads, or any (itlicr iiidis])ensal>lc utensils, and only fit to jtass tlui monthly ami daily reviews, and answer for the lodging place of the six men doing the guard duty as the main guaid of the fortress, as stated in Chapter 1), No. 89. Therefore, for the lodging of the escort and rest of the troop that His Majesty directs to be aggregated there, it is indispensable to have regular headquar- ters i)rovided with bedding and other appliances, and a suitable hospital for the care of the sick. If that is not the case, tliis troop can not succeed nor its aggregation carried out. 1)2. And although the regular troop might relieve the escorts and these be aggregated to the garrison and His Majesty ac- cedes to do so on account of the Royal Treasury, i)aying for the transportations, lodgings, and hospital for the fortress, it is necessary to carry out said aggregations by means of new regu- lations about salaries. If the civilians of the escort of the Jesuits are paid yearly $132 and the troop of the fortress $120, of wlii(di they only receive $112, as explained before, it is to be feared that this inequality of salaries for the same service may raise complaints and pernicious consequences. It is therefore necessary to make the payments daily or monthly, as the an- nual payments (as practiced heretofore) prevent them from keeping in their own jiost and supplying the families they leave Ijehind in thi-ii' homes. 03. i\nd supposing that the troo}) of the fortress goes to the relief of the escorts, and that these without any difficulty are aggregated to the garrison, and that the Royal Treasury pays for their transportation, lodging, and hospital, that a new regu- lation is issued and the pay of the troop of the fortress raised to $132, drawn by the civilians of the escorts, and that said civilians' salary is lowered to $120, allowed to the soldiers, or the $1 12. which is all they receive, and that the salary allowed to bo til is paid daily or monthly, so as to carry out the aggrega- tion without disorder, it is necessary that each one of the launches carrv an ollicer, and that the number l)e increased at the fortress, and that those detached on the launches be allowed some coni])onsation, as those going after the allotted funds, as- 141 the captain, wlio is allowed SGOO, only receives SoOO after tlie discount of the transportation, and the lieutenant, drawing §450, only receives S414, for the same reason, and the standard- bearer out of the $372 only receives S343, and they can not afford to bear the expense of the journey without the suggested compensation and without being relieved in this kind of serv- ice, as the one going three consecutive time-^ for the funds would become unable to continue. The escort of the Jesuits, although drawing 8995 a year for the captain, may afford to go up and down the Orinoco, but althougli (badly missed at the Missions) he can only carry one launch without an officer at each time, carrying detachments to their destinies, no douljt liable to desertions, and in those bare and miserable settlements of the Mission, through which he is at liberty to go thefts, quarrels, and disorders may happen, very painful to the In- dians, or at least long delays, increasing the expense of the launches, crews, and stores. 94. In conclusion of this subject, omitting many other rea- sons, making impossible the aggregation of the escorts to the garrison of Guayana, a subject that will be dealt with farther on, and the difficulties of which have been already explained, as not having been anticipated by tliose who sent the previous reports to His Majesty, I shall have to say that I have not the least doubt that if the intended aggregation of the escorts to the fortress and of this one to the garrison, serving as escorts before that is done twice, there shall not be any troops left to relieve them, nor the escort of civilians to be aggregated to the garrison, and that necessarily things should return to the condition in which they are to-day, after .some difficulty in the way of settling them. "And the 25 of the fort of Limones, owing to increa.se this total 50 and 2 of the troop of Araya." 95. In order to be able to aggregate to the garrison of the fortress the 25 men of the fort of Limones I Ijave endeavored to inquire exactly where they are, and in consequence I have ascertained that there are not 25 men there nor ever have been, 142 and that the report sent to Ilis Majesty on this subject was in- correct ami not founded on real fiicts, which I related from the beginning. 96. In the year 1740 His Majesty appointed the Brigadier Don Gregorio de Espinosa as Governor of Cumana, with the special commission of fortifying the Island of Fajardo or An- gostura in keeping with the instructions given by orders of the Council to the Attorney Don Joseph Borrul, found in the accompanying jiroceedings, at the back of folio 42, where, be- sides other things, he was requested to form an estimate of the annual expense of the troop that ought to garrison the fort, the construction of which was entrusted to him, and to give a re- port to His Majesty by the first opportunity and immediately to the Mceroy of Santa Fe. 97. Espinosa took charge of his commission under the Royal instructions, finding in a most deplorable condition the fortress of Guayana in the same year of 1740 after having been set on fire and ransacked by the English, killing some of the neigh- bors and dispersing others, as it is stated in part first, Ciiapter 7, Nos, 2 and 3 of the proceedings, under date of the oOth of September, 1743. Among the various points which he sub- mitted to His Majesty, through the Supreme Council, he pro- posed that it was advisable to increase the service of the for- tress of Guayana with 73 soldiers, and he informed likewise on this particular point, the Viceroy of Santa Fe, who was at the time His Excellency Don Sebastian de Eslava, but there is no record in these archives of what decision was arrived at by His Excellency. 98. In the year 1745, His Majesty appointed the Brigadier General, Don Diego Tavares, as successor to Don Gregorio de Espinosa, with the same commission to pacify the Orinoco, in the terms mentioned in the })art first, Chapter 6, No. S, and in consequence he proposed to said Viceroy the increase of 30 men for the garrison of the new fort of San Fernando, and the answer on this point was in the following words : But in re- gard to the increase of 30 men distributed in the form proposed by Vo'ur Honor, I should like to know ivhether the full allowance of 100 for Guayana are complete, and wluther there is enough people 143 to fill the 30 men of the increase, or if reducing to tliis number the 60 half places, as contrived by Don Gregorio de Espi7iosa,it should open the way to aggregate insensibly more neighbors with the same zeal with which he promoted liis idea witlioid failing to remove some of the obstacles that heretofore have retarded the enforcement of the repeated orders from His Majesty, as it is shown on tlie back of folio 89 of the proceedings. 99. Under date of the 12th of January, 1752, Tavares urged the Viceroy, who was at the time His Excellency, the Marquis del Villar, for the increase of the 30 men, and he received the following answer : Having not thought convenient to extend my powers to the increase of the 30 men in the company of the Castle of Guayana, and the corres'ponding salary of $5,325, and having no orders from His Majesty, to whom Your Honor assei'ts to have reported the subject, I restrain from doing so for want of a resolu- tion to your consultation. I will do so likewise with a copy of Your Honoris communication, so as to proceed witli more accuracy in resolutions of this gravity. As it is shown at folio 92 of the proceedings, having no record in these archives of documents, showing the date of the representation sent by Tavares to His Majesty on the subject. 100. At the instance of the Missioners of Piritu, His Majesty issued the following Royal Order : On account of the Father Missioners of the Indians of Piritu, it has been represented that since the year of 1736 these Missions have been increased with five settlements and one hospitium in tJie new city of Barcelona, and that at present there are 26, and in them 11,850 souls under the charge of 28 Reverend Fathers and one layman, who asked permis- sion for the transportation of 20 more Missioners, on account of the Royal Treasury. His Majesty, after being ii formed of this instance, and of the exposition about the same of the Council of Indies in consultation of the 11th of February of this year, bear- ing in mind tlie new commission, entrusted to these Missioners with the conimission for procuring the establishment and foundation of settlements on tJie opposite bank of the Orinoco River, an idea which was supported by a representation of the Secular Council of New Barcelona, he has allowed th,e permission for tlie transftr of 20 Reverend Fathers with the purpose of preserving the old Mis- 141 sions and establish in;/ the new one, that Jias been jirnjected by His Royal Order and ivitk which I maJce you acc^uainted hereby, en- joining that in regard to the custody of troops wanted by these Missioners and corresponding to botli objects, Ifi soldiers are to escort them, notwithstanding His Majesty has decided to leave this point to the discretion of Your Honor, directing that from the gar- rison of the Castle of xi ray a a competent number of soldiers be detached so as to stop tlie Caribs from assaulting tlie old and the new Missions tltat have to be formed, taking Your Honor the surest steps and giving me an account of the progress obtained, and Your Honor will give tJie above-mentioned escort, in case that you think it is necessary. The above resolution is brought to your notice, so as to have it carried out. — May the Lord keep Your Honor's life for many Years. — Madrid, July 11/., 1752. — The Blare/uis of La Ensenada. — To Seflor Don Diego Tavares. 101. And at the instance of the Catalan Capuchin Missioners, His Majesty issued the following resolution : The Catalan Capu- chin Missioners of the jurisdiction of Guayana have represented the injuries and deaths perpetrated in their Missions at some settlements by the Caribs, under the influence of the Holland- ers from Esequivo, as it is surmised, on account of their having taken refuge in said Colony and because the Governor of the same grants them letters patent to make slaves of all the In- dians whom they meet, and as a remedy they ask, among other things, the increase of their escort, up to 40 men, one captain and one subaltern, assigning thein tlie salaries of those of Santa Fe, said soldiers being well qualifieil, of good morals and hab- its, replacing tliem with those presented by the Prefect and Judges of the Missions, in case of being found inadequate; and in order to rescue the souls of the rebellious Caribs, to have them pardoned for the present offence, His Majesty being in- formed of this representation and of what Your Honor exposed by letter on the subject, and the report of tlie Council of the Indies, has decided that Your Honor take very particular care that the Missions of the Reverend Fathers be well guarded, detaching for this pur|>ose the troop that you may find suffi- cient frum that in your charge, and even by detaching a por- tion of that of the Castle of Araya, as Your Honor does not 145 consider necessary this fortress, accord inoj to the advice of a furtlier letter, and in case that you do not find convenient to to do so, Your Honor may increase the number of men that you think fit for the fortress of Guayana, in order to afford the required protection, being of the approval of the Viceroy of Santa Fe, to whom Your Honor will send a report, as well as to His Majesty, for approval. His Majesty directs likewise that Your Honor take particular care that the soldiers of the escort be of the best morals and habits, separating and replacing them if they do not answer, or cause any apprehension to Your Honor, after receiving the reports of their faults from the Mis- sioners. And in order to dispel any fears on the part of the rebellious Indians, His Majesty desires that Your Honor in His Royal name and behalf pardon them for the crime of rebellion, exhorting and cautioning them for the future. — May the Lord keep Your Honor's life for many years. — Madrid, March the 30th, 1753. — The Marquis of La Ensenada. — To Sehor Don Diego Tavares. 102. The foregoing Royal Orders, although addressed to Don Diego Tavares, were received by his successor, Don Matheo Gual, who, after being informed of their contents and of others, twenty or twenty-five, for the same purpose, and issued at dif- ferent times, and that have never been carried out, and of what his predecessor represented to His Majesty, under date of the 30th of April, 1755, he submitted to His Majesty, that in order to render assistance to the Reverend Observant Missions of Piritu and to the Capuchins of Guayana, and better security to the fortress, it was necessary to form a company composed of one lieutenant-captain, a sub-lieutenant, and 70 men, in- cluding the corresponding corporals, and that the annual salaries will amount in all to $10,017. This consultation brought about the Royal Order issued by command of Your Excellency, as follow^s : The purser of the Missions of Piritu of this jurisdiction has represented that notiuithstanding the orders issued in the year 1752, for the purpose of granting them a suita- ble escort, had not been carried out, and making a punctual nar- rative of the progress of said Mission, he has repeatedly urged the same request. In this state of things the letter of Your Honor has Vol. I, Ven.— 10 Mr, been received, uadcr date of the oVth oj April of lo.xt year, 1755, in satisfaction to the order communicated t(j your predecessor on the 14.th of duly, 1752, and 'proposing for the escort of tliese Mis- sions and those of the Capuchins of Guayana, the formation of one company, composed of one captain, one lieutenant, one sub- lieutenant, and 70 men, with the corresponding corpofals aggre- gated to the fortress of Guayana, at an annual expense of $10,017 , and the King, well informed of all that is luanted, directs that these Missions he attended irifhonf the neiv company proposed to tlidf < lid. and flint (lie garrison of Guayana be detached for the purpose. 1 make Your Honor acquainted luith said directions for their observance. — May the Lord keep Your Honoris life for many years. — Madrid, March 3d, 1756. — Tlie Bailiff, Fr. Don Julian de' Arriaga to Senor Don Math eo Gual. The contents of tliiii Ro.yal Cetliile and of the others, for the same purpose, above quoted, have never been carried into practice for various good reasons intervening, and on which 1 will dwell in another place. 103. His Majesty having kindly directed nie to make a state- ment as to the utility of the Castle of Arnya, under date of the 27th of August, 17(51, I brought to His Royal notice the inutility of said fortili cation, meantime representing the utmost importance of the fortress of (luayana ; and having paid due attention to the Koyal Orders and other circumstances for the increase of the garrison and the necessity of the escort of the bodies of Missions, I represented extensively howim- l)ortant it was to tlie Royal service the establishment in the fortress of Guayana of a new comj>any with a captain, lieu- tenant, sub-lieutenant and 70 men, as proposed by my prede- cessors, Don Matheo Gual and Don Gregorio de Espinosa, and that from there the necessary assistance should be given to the Missions in the terms }>rop()setl in my representation. Those are the only circumstances connected with the increase of the garrison of the fortress of Guayana ami stronghold of Limones without tlie existence of any documents on the subject, nor in connection with the 'io men reported to His Majesty. 104. In order to increase said garrison with 73 more men 147 represented In- Espinosa to His Majesty, and tlie sixty half places he proposed to the Viceroy, tlie thirty places that Gov- ernor Tavares considered necessary to garrison the small fort of Limones, the company proposed l)y Gual (for which I have made a new request in my consultation of the "iTth of August), and the 25 men that have been lately reported to His Majesty, a Royal resolution is necessary, as well as the assignment of funds for the subsistence of the troop so increased, and to be added to the garrison as soon as said funds are assigned. 105. In another place, in its proper order, and as I have proposed in No. G of this part second, I will expose wiiatever else I judge in regard to the 52 men of the garrison of Araya to be added to the fortress of Gua^'ana — " That the Commander of Guayana, without loss of time, ft)rti- fies the two planes in front of the eastern and western forts of the small fortification of Guayana with a strong pali- sade and parapet raised with sticks and earth, and that, from tliert; to the eastern phme's cannons of large caliber be mounted, to defend the rear of the castle and the pass to the lagoons Baratillo and Zeiba, so as to make flank shots in protection of the northern side of the fort and the west- ern part of the palisade, and from this with smaller artil- lerv to emijarrass the ascent of the enemv bv wav of Baratillo. That he must raise the parapet of the western curtain and place there in position three H-pounders, cov- ering the front with a second palisade. That the towers of the small fort be laid down and the interior square covered with tiles upon the pillars of thick ami hard wood fixed to the terre-plein, touching the inner face of the par- apets of the curtains, without embarrassing the defences." 106. The same want of reflection and judgment observed in the reports to His Majesty, in regard to the 25 men of the fort of Limones, is found in what concerns the ])alisade of tlie small fort of Padrastro of Guayana (many years ago it was projected, and it was carried out last year, on account of the war), and the tower and small house upon it, on account of not having been placed in the possibility or impossibility of constructing them, nor the utilitv nor inutilitv of the same, as I will expose at the proper place. 148 111". Ill tile iustiiiftidii uivcii l>y order of the Council to tlio attoi'iicy, Don .Io6e|)li Bonnil. touml in the proceedint;- at the ])ack of lolio 42, directions were «iiven to Hriiiadi?!' Dun (ire- gorio de Esjnnosa, for the construction of a ioit in the Ishnid of Fajardo or An^^ostura, |ii-ovitlcil the expense wouM not ex- ceed $10,000, or rather l$l,000 more or less, limiting the pow- ers so as not to incur a greater expense. Espinosa was aware that Angostura and the Island of Fajardo were not the })roper places, and under date' of tiie .'JOtli of Septem])er, 174o, he rep- resented to His Majesty that the above mentioned fort ought to be located at the Ishmd of Liinones, in front of the Castle of San Francisco de Asis, and while lie awaited the Royal reso- lution he became aware of the indefensive condition of the Castle of San Francisco and the other fortifications built in Guayana, if the Padrastro mountain was not duly fortified. He contrived the construction of a small fort guarded by pali- sades around, and a fosse on the western part, making tliese expenses from the funds of fines imposed by the tribunal of the Governor, for want of ])owers to use the funds of the Royal Treasury for that |)ur{)ose. The greater fortification necessary there was not commenced, but the collection was made of $000 on account of fines. While things were in this condition he was relieved by his successor, Don Diego Tavares, wlio was entirely in accord with Espin.psa's ideas, aiul in order to carry them out he continued ap})lyingthe fines, up to the amount of ^1,775, to the construction of the fort of San Diego ; but after having undertaken the work he found it was not sufficient ti) carry it to a full completion, and finally decided to finisli it with funds from the Royal Treasury to the amount of s47o, and report to His Majesty his resolution, in order to obtain his approval, as it was done by the cedule of the 21st of March, 1750, as I have exposed in Chapter 9, Nos. 44 uj) to 4.S, where an account is given of the material of the work, and in fig. G of the accompanying map the {»lan is displayed and explained by a marginal note, but nothing was decidctl about the con- struction of thr palisade and fosse on account of the Treasury, as Tavares did not take the responsibility of doing so, ex|)ect- ing to be able to raise the funds for the purpose ; but there 149 were only $87 at the time he was relieved by Don Matheo Oual, who, having examined the fort, accepted the report of his predecessor and directed at once the opening of the fosse, as indeed it was done during his government, but only to the extent of one-half of said work, besides gathering stones for the building of palisades. 108. At the time of my general visit, and among other works considered necessary in that fortification, was the con- struction of the opening of the fosse and the protection of the fort by means of the esplanade formally projected, and for which I ordered an estimate of the expense, including the other rt-pairs, with a view of reporting the result to the Vice- rciy of Santa Fe. While absorbed in this project, I received the Royal Order under date of the third of October, 1761, in which His Majesty cautioned me, enjoining the greatest care as in time of an open war. Therefore I took every proper step to furnish that fortress with the gun carriages, ammunition and other elements that were needed, and thinking that I ought not to defer and await the resolution of the Viceroy for the undeii'taking of the works and ordinary repairs for the best defence and protection, I concluded to go on with the work under the terms exj)osed in Chapter 9, Nos. 27 to 31, in con- sequence of which the esplanade was made as it appears in the plan, figure 6 of the accompanying map, marked with the letters E E E E, which consists of a thick, low wall, built of stone and mortar, about 1| yards high and three-quarters of a y;ird thick, and the stakes spliced with it, and the embrasures for tiie fire of the artillery, marked with the interior number of said plan. The fosse was finished, having 10 yards in breadth and 3| in depth, all built in a solid rock as exposed in No. 49, Chapter 9, and is seen in figure with a special marginal explanation of the map. 109. On the strength, undoubtedly, of a few confused ideas derived from these antecedents it was deviced, as a new pilau in connection with the utmost importance of the mountain of Padrastro, to bring to the notice of His Majesty the usefulness of the palisade on the same and a second one below on the ground, but they did not think of the different and uneven 150 rocks forming the mountain, and as solid as flint, and therefore very ditlicult, if not impossible, to open the necessary holes for bearing the stakes. They did not think that there was no earth on the mountain, and that at its foot and 2 leagues around Guayana there is only sand, in spite of tlie manufacture of brick and tiles there, as that is done with the mud taken out from the bed of the lagoons Zeibji and Baratillo, containing a great portion of sand thatmakesthe material of a poor (|unlity. They did not tliink that even if they had soil it should be ex- pensive to carry it up to the mountain. They did not think of the difficulty of pounding the earth for the esplanades on account of the excessive rains. They did not think that dur- ing two or three months the waters arc not so frequent, and that if built within the remaining nine months of tlie year, no matter how solid and strong, they can not resist the strength of the copious showers by means of which the soil or earth contained in the palisades should be carried down. They did not think that the palisades of earth and the one projected of stone and mortar and lime (at present already built) is a very weak defence for the fort of San Dieuo. Thev did not think that this one and its esplanades are a ridiculous defence for the paramount importance of the Padrastro mountain, from wtiich the safety of the Orinoco and the Provinces through which it runs depends. And, lastly, they did not think that this advantageous site required a formal fortification irrespect- ively of expense, and that the armament it has at present is provisional and through the devices of the Governors, who have not been able to extend their powers to the greatest wants of that work, laying the case before His Majesty. 110. Many persons feel persuaded of the convenience of cov- ering the whole of the small fort of Padrastro with a tiled roof on wooden pillars, and I was of the same opinion, at the time of the visit, but I became convinced, as the rest of the other parties, of the solid reasons alleged and submitted to me by the Commander, Don Juan de Dios Valdez, and the other officers present there at the time, who, after having heard of my ideas, they asked me: Where is the i)lace for the garrison to sleep, because in the fort of .San Francisco and in tlie settle- 151 ment around nobody sleeps exposed to the open air, and who- ever docs so is soon affected with fevers and other malignant complaints; that in order to avoid these consequences, the garrison was compelled to make three hours sentr}' duty in the daytime and only one by night, covered with a small cloak of rough material that they showed me. They reminded me of what they had formerly insinuated (and that I had already noticed by experience), and that is, that from 5 o'clock in the afternoon it is necessary to wear a woolen cloak if you have to keep out doors, and in a short time this cloak is so damp as though it were exposed to the thickest fog in winter, and to this humidity, as shown b}' experience, the sickness and other com- plaints experienced there are attributed, and therefore the in- habitants try to retire early and sleep under cover, protected from the dew ; that it should not be the case w^ith those sleeping under the tiled roof of the fort, if opened on all four sides, and conseciuently it would subject the persons of the garrison to many kinds of complaints. On account of the same humidity there should not be a fit place to keep the powder and wadding- existing in that fortification, nor where to keep stores for eight days if it was necessary to gather them there. 111. I was made to understand, besides, that the tiled roof on pillars could not avoid the penetration of the waters within the 10 yards square space, which is all there is at that fortification, as being situated on the summit of the Padrastro mountain, and as it rains all around, with strong and squallv winds at that elevation, said winds will introduce the water through the four open sides, and consequently in that small space the gar- rison could not be sheltered, unless it were on the two sentry boxes shown in. its plan. 112. All these well-considered reasons, vindicated by experi- ence, persuaded me that the small house ought not to subsist, consisting of 4 square yards, Avith a high and low room, and on this a wooden box to keep powder in cartridges and the waddings, leaving a space for the necessary provisions for^eight or twelve days, and in that, (accessible through a wooden ladder), the troop of the garrison sleeps, guarding such a small fortification, the house of which, although in poor condition. 152 I ordurc'd its prosorvntion, as far as possible, while 1 would in- form tlie Viceroy in reference to its new construction, and what I have done, and that he approved, as shown in Chapter 9, Nos. 27 to 31. 113. If all that I have exposed had been reflected and borne in mind, when tlie report was sent to His Majesty, undi)ul)tedly they should not have moved him to order the fortification of the most important mountain of Padrastro by means of useless earth palisades, nor the injurious tiled roof of the small fort, but the building of a respectable fortification necessary there, and the only useful expenses to be made, according to the opinion of engineers, governors, and many other persons ac- quainted with the subject of fortifying the Orinoco, as I ex- posed by way of notice in note 9 of the memorandum, and is plain to the eye of the least qualified person. " That Your Honor be restricted to the small fort of Limones, with counter-foundations distant 9 feet, drawing 4 feet more than its foundations; and that tlie terre-plein be lowered, so as to measure 2J feet higli ; that tlie embrasures of the artillery be opened and the same ])laced within the portholes, covering all the Ibrt with a flat I'oof uj)on the bank of the parapet, leaving one skylight lor the commu- nication with the sentries. That afterwards, four 8-])0und- ers be mounted in position to defend the water avenues, and two 4-pounders to defend the land avenues and the said flat roof upon which four swivel-guns must be mounted on their crotches." 114. In Chapter G of i>art first, I have made a full and well authenticated statement of the antecedents which have originated the construction of the fort San Fernando and the small fort of Limones; the steps that have been taken from the vear 1694 to that of 17()2, in reoard to tlie fortification of the Orinoco and all the events that have taken place in refer- ence to this subject, down to the time of the receipt of the preset Royal Order. In Chapter 9, Nos. from 50 to 88, I have specified the condition of the fort, its shape, diameters, the want of solidity of the ground where it stands, the teii splits from top to bottom, dividing the whole of the work, the 153 inevitable total ruin, that even placed in perfect shape of security it can not subsist in that j)lace, as the banks ot the Orinoco come near it and will in time sink it ; that the serious danger threatened of a wider bed of that formidable river might make useless the fortifications of Guayana ; that the loss of that ground already effected by the waters will be irreparable, it the proves and woods are not allowed to stand on the banks from wdiich they were removed, and that the jilague of insects produced by the waters flooded, where the fort is situated makes the whole of that location inhabitable, as well as the rest of th.e muddy islands flooded by the Orinoco. And here with the contents of the two chapters I will show the useless- ness of the expenses of the counter-foundation and other works called for by the Royal Order, and the want of intelligence of those who reported to His Ahijesty the circumstances relative to the security of this unfortunate fortification. 115. The surrounding of the small fort of Limones with coun- ter-foundations is not difficult, and may be done by means of stakes or stone and mortar construction built by a mason, but it was not understood by those who sent the report to His Majesty that the ablest engineers could by means of counter- foundations make solid the ground where the fort stands, as it is muddy, sandy, and movable, just as the ground of the refused Island of Limones, and that these works should only make it more muddy and swampy, especially, the mason work, having overlooked the circumstance that these counter-foundations (might prove very serviceable and advantageous if the ground were solid and the weakness were only noticed in the founda- tions of the work against the current) are useless and injurious ■when there is no solidity in the ground in which the counter- foundation can not absolutely sustain the weight of the work that as heretofore will continue bending the center, and with it the counter-ioundatiou, if they are built of sand and mortar, as this kind of device is never used to keep a building on its level, and only to defend and support the foundations which are not the cause of the ruin of the fort, but only the want of .solidity of the ground where it stands, which the best and most practical engineer could not possibly unite and consoli- ir,4 (late, V)v nionns of counter-foundations on the ton j)laces where the oval t'orm of the fort is already spHt; they did not see that no matter how covers and repairs are intended for stopping tlie ten splits, they will never be as solid again, nor waterproof against the inundations of the Orinoco River (as foreseen by the master mason Luque), and they will open again, as expe- rience has shown to be the fact, without any help from the construction of counter-foundations that will never keep the heavy weight of the oval construction and the ten Cjuarters that form the same. The}' did not see that by uniting and stopping the ten rents no engineer could, by means of counter- foundations, avoid the introduction of the rains so continuous in that country, nor of the waters of the Orinoco River during the month of August and part of September, when the fortifi- cation is flooded over and above the socle and several yards from the snrface of the land. They did not think that any engineer could prevent, by means of counter-foundations, the Orinoco carrying awa}^ the banks (more elevated) nearer tCK the fort, nor the sinking of this and the counter-foundations,, nor the expanding of the bed of the Orinoco 20 yards over the ()0 that have been already spread during the work, as the resnlt of the removal of the trees, the roots of which kept to- gether such frail ground, just as the abandoned Island of Limones, on account of the loss of gronnd sustained while clearing it of trees. They did not see that counter-foundations do not remove the intolerable plague of mosquitoes and insects, jirodueed by the Hoods and close groves, nor did they find out by experience that tliis plague make uninhabitable that ground and every other of the kind. lib. The lowering of the terre-plein to '1^ feet high does not ofJer the least difhculty, but they did not know when they re- ported the fact to His Majesty that the terre-plein of 2h feet high shall be from the end of July to the middle of Septem- ber under another foot and a half of water, as such or more is the elevation of the Orinoco waters inundating the fort, said waters, even withont the ten splits dividing the work around,, would penetrate through the inner part of the terre-plein, and will rai.se up to the level of the outside waters, and to-day 155 without any difficulty, they will come in and go out throiigb the said ten splits that rise from the very bottom of the foun- dation, and to prevent the waters from going above the terre- plein and keep this structure 2^ feet higher, it is necessary that above the surface of the ground with the contents of the earth will measure nearly 7 feet high, and thus keep the de- sired 2| feet above the river waters at their highest point. They did not see that besides the elevation of the river waters above the 2^ feet of the terre-plein the continual rains of the year will introduce the water througli the ten splits dividing the work from the parapet to the very foundation, keeping in the interior of the fort an inexhaustible well (and the same should happen with the 7-foot terre-plein), without any possi- bility of remed}'' by any engineer, without joining and consoli- dating the ten splits, which is as impossible as the solidity of the ground on which the oval stands. 117. The opening of portholes from the ten quarters in which the fort is divided, is not impracticable at a more or less expense, but those who sent the report to His Majesty did not understand the loss of strength of the structure already disfigured, if kept standing only on account of its oval shape and the eight interior counter-forts that adjusted to each other in the terre-plein prevent this one and the ten c|uarters from falling outside, and that the portholes (even if the fort w^ere in good service), not having been built with the work, will now break the wall, and its thickness of 2 yards and 26 inches would extenuate the strength of the oval fortification. They did not see that if the portholes would be opened at competent distances over the 2| feet of the terre-plein, they would be just on the level of the socle, and from the end of July to the middle of September at the level of the water, be- ing 2 yards and 26 inches in breadth, and that in order to reduce this thickness the wall should be proportionally re- duced and therefore weakened. If the portholes are placed at 8|^ feet above the ground and 5J above the socle, and just above- the same, the 7 feet of the terre-plein, they should have 2 yards and some inches thickness, which is all the breadth of the wall in that part, and hardly fit to show the mouth of a 24-pounder. 156 lis. The arraiigenR'Ut ol' the artillery with two i;uns of 8 -caliber and two of 4, firino- jrom their respective i)orllioles is very easy, but those who sent the report to His Majesty did not see that tiie fort in tlic present condition does not permit the loading of the artillery on the terre-plcin nor the repetition of the discharges, without the risk of the ten quarters or part of them V)u]ging out. They en for tlie use of the artillery, which, being fired from the interior of the fort, it may pos- sibly blow out said box, which is likewise shown to the necessary fire kept within said fortification, especially for cooking, during the months of the inundation of the ground, when it is not possible for the garrison to go outside for tht'ir meals, nor to have them brought up to the fortress. And, finally, they did not calculate that even if the ground were solid, free from mosquitoes, and that the Orinoco should not carry away the banks, it would be easier, cheaper, and a greiit- deal better to build a new fort, rather than to have its counter- foundations newly built, reducing the terre-plein, opening new portholes, fixing their ports, building a flat roof and mounting the artillery, remaining after all these improvements in as use- less condition as it is now. And if they had reflected and under- stood the above inconveniences and others that I have to omit, they ought to have reported to His Majesty the necessity of abandoning the small fort of Limones and fortifying the Pa- drastro mountain as the only advantageous spot for the de- 158 fence of tlie Orinoco River and the Provinces, through the territories of which it runs, und that spot may be fortified with safety, according to the judgment of the Governors and tlie engineers who liave been commissioned by His Ahijesty for the purpose, as I have exposed by way of reference in note 9 of niy nieinorandum. "" That the stones taken out of the small fort be left at its foot and defend with loose stones the eastern jioint of the Li- mones creek." 119. To leave at the foot of the fort the stones taken out from its interior portion, 1 am not persuaded that it has anv otlu'r advantage than saving the expense of removing them away, nor any other disadvantage than encumbering tliat weak grouiitl with tliat new inconvenience around the fort. 120. To defend with loose stones tlie eastern point of the Limones creek, besides being expensive is impossible, notwith- standing the report sent to Ilis Majesty that ought to have been originated, on account of the ignorance that the creek of Limones is so called with reference to the Orinoco River, that in certain times of the year contains more water than the deepest cut of Aranjuez during its greatest floods, and that no rivers of this magnitude can be stopped by means of loose stones. According to the observations which, by order of the Governor, Don Diego Tavares, were made by the commander of the garrison, Don Juan de Dios Valdez, in the years 1749, 1750, and 1752, of which he made an authenticated copy, found in the proceedings from folio 55, it a})pears that the Limones creek is over 20 yards wide, its banks 6 yards high, with a quicksand bottom, tliat at the earliest part of May it begins to receive water, and keeps growing up until the end of July, at wliich time those of the Orinoco and of the creek fall together in one body and inundate the Island of Limones, its surround- ings and wl)at is called mainland, where the fort is situated, with an elevation of six quarters (of a yard) above the highest })(jint of that ground, so that by the end of July the said Li- mones creek is over 20 yards wide and 9 deep, continuing so 159 full until the middle of September, when the waters of the Orinoco begin to fall, and at the same lime those of the creek, until the end of November, when it is entirely dry, and so it keeps until the following May. Upon this supposition, I say, it is very eas}'', during the six months when it is dry, to throw all the loose stones wanted and place them in any way desired, but as said stones have to be thrown uj)on quicksand and on a steep slope to the depth of 80 fathoms, the depth of the Orinoco during those months, it will not be possible to resist the strong current of the Limones creek, during the months in which its channel is 20 yards wide and 8 or 9 deep, and thus the current should certainly carry away Avith the moving sand all the loose stones to the bottom of the Orinoco or else the stones become embedded below the sand. And if there was any such resistance and the stones were not embedded nor carried away, what is to become of the sandy Island of Limones and of wiiat they call main- land? The waters of the Patapaima creek enter into that of Limones and can not retrocede against the force of the Orinoco impelling them, and they will continue their course, sweeping along with them everything in their way. An examination could be made, with an expense of |500 to .$600, by throwing one hundred launch loads of loose stones in the creek, aiid if they stand the first flood and at the first low ebb should be found in the same place where they were thrown down, it will be an evidence of the accuracy of the report sent to His INIajesty, but if said one hundred launch loads of loose stones are found embedded in the sand or carried away to the bottom of the Orinoco, (as I have no doubt it will turn out to be the case), it wull be understood that this inconvenience was not properly anticipated, and that they were ignorant of the fact that in order to stop that creek the Orinoco or any other river from carry- ing away the ground with their current, the best supporters are the trees with their roots. They were likewise ignorant of the fact that the Orinoco had carried awa}- 23 yards from the Island of Limones, on account of having cut down the clusters of trees that held together the banks, and that as soon as new roots commenced to grow they stopped the loss of ground IGO wliicli had taken j)lac-e in what is rilliMl niaiiihmd, whfii ilwy have cleared about 60 vards of trees, uhatt,'ver else is likewise cleared of trees, will he carried away in tuturc 'lliv hmse stones thrown on the mainland ny the island of Limones will not stop it, as reportefl to His Majesty, as the stones may stop ami u'ather the waters of a mill, but not the powerful Orinoco and its more violent creeks, larger and more rapid than the most renowned rivers of Spain. " That two Caiiarian launches be constructed, one for the ser- vice of the garrison of the forts, and the other to be kept at Angostura." 121. My predecessors have all considered necessary one or two armed launches for the fortress of Guayana, well manned for cruising at the mouth of the Orinoco River, and other uses submitted to His Majesty by the Man^uis of San Philipe in his memorials above mentioned, Nos. 4 and 5 of Chapter G. and that their crews be paid so as to avoid the evil conse- ([ucnces explained l)y the Marquis iii his second memorial; but neither myself nor my predecessor have been detained by the cost of the launches, which in that countrv is verv limited, and each one could be built for $300, and I, without expense to the Royal Treasury, should have employed two of them seized and confiscated in my time. The difficulty has been on account of the .soldiers and stores for the crews, and so I say, that in constructing the two launches reported to His Majesty, it is very easy, and will only cost i!?()00, but if tliey must be armed and manned for crui-sing purposes, $3,000 a year will be reipiired in this way : 8 sailors and one pilot at $8 each sailor and 810 the pilot, will cost $1,776 a year; a real (one dime) for each ration every day, $827 ; careening and repairingof oars and boot-tops, $100 ; nuikingin all $2,690. To this amount the daily ration of the troops must be add( «1 when on board, it will be more or less, as the case may (luvc four instances, one of them the same city of 163 Guayana, founded in the year 1579. What has been ad- vanced in the same settlement Avithin the 184 years of its ex- istence? All the improvements found possible are reduced to the congregation of 90 poor mustee families, including mu- lattoes, negroes, the officers, and 6 or 8 white families, the building of 73 houses, one church covered with palm leaves, and the repairing of the fortifications in the terms exposed in Chapter 7, besides the establishment of 30 small plantations, as shown in Chapter 9, No. 91. Therefore, if in the 184 years, and with all the work performed, the improvements are so very few, it is not to be expected that in a short time could Angos- tura and its extensive bare grounds do much better and obtain happy progresses. The second instance is that of the city of Real Corona, founded by the chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga, in which large sums from the Treasury were ex- pended ; and what was the result ? It is stated in Nos. 93 and 96 of Chapter 9. The third instance will be that of Ciudad Real de Uyapy, founded by the same chief of scjuadrons, Don Joseph de Iturriaga, at the expense of the Royal Treasury ; and what is its condition or its improvements after eight years of labor? See No. 97 of said Chapter 9. The fourth instance is the city of San Fernando, projected and undertaken by the third Commissioner, Don Joseph Solano, and in whicli he worked three or four years, expending large amounts of money from the Royal Treasury, and the result of what has become of said city is found in No'i. 98 to 100 of Chapter 9. Therefore if these cities, after having been settled at the ex- pense of the Royal Treasury, have met with such an unfortu- nate result, it could not be expected any better end to the projected city of Guayana, even distributing $59,200, value of the houses and plantations, among the inhabitants and owners, and if the said amount were not paid to them, it is not diffi- cult to persuade them to go to Angostura to establish a new city. By that I do not mean thiit it will be impossible to make them remove from there ; on the contrary, I think it is very easy and practicable within two months, or even eight days, if it were so desired, but it wall be necessary for doing that to fill three conditions ; the first should be the use of force. 1G4 to which those poor inhabitants could not resist, except by means of tears and regrets for the al)and()nnient of their small plantations and dwelling-houses which they possess, in order to be conveyed to a long bare bank of the river, 100 leagues far from any settlement from where to secure any help, having the great Orinoco River across. These complaints began as soon as the report cf the transfer was heard, when several in- habitants came to me and expressed their desires to al)andon the fortress and come over to this Province, and part of the troop under various pretexts tried to ol)tain leave of absence. In order to dispel their fears I felt compelled to write to the commander of the fortress to assure them nil that there should not be any such transfer ; that I would submit the subject to His Majesty so as to quiet their feelings, as it was done, accord- ing to the report received by letter from the commander, copied authentically at the back of folio 2(J7 of the proceed- ings, and other documents remaining at the office of the Sec- retary of this Government ; but notwithstanding if they are directed to transfer their residence they will readily do so. Tlie second condition should be to pay from the Royal Treas- ury a daily ration to each person of the 90 families to be re- moved, as it has been done with those of the Real Corona, Ciudad Real, and San Fernando, as otherwise it will become impossible the subsistence of the 535 persons composing said 90 families, nor the others that His Majesty desires to aggre- gate to them. The daily rations for 535 persons, including transportation, stores, and other contingencies, will make an annual expense of S20,000 to $24,000, and may be §30,000, if the troops have to be added, as directed by the Royal Order, and as the entries of the Royal Treasury will not bo in con- ensable to adopt a new regulation for the srarrison of Ciimaua. which ought to be increaseil bv 2o more men, and likewise that of the fortress of Guayana. with a com- pany consisting of one captain, a lieutenant, a sub-lieutenant, and 70 more men. so as to be able to detach escorts to the Mis- sions to the Catalan Capuchins and Observant Fathers of Piritu, besides the detachment to Trinidad for the better defence of its fortress : but it was not found convenient or easy to have formed out of the troop taken from the garrison of Araya for the reason then stated. I likewise brought to the notice of His Majesty that in regard to the Treasury of Caracas the 10,000 ducats assigned to the garrison of Cuniana could not be collected, nor the alms of the Catalan Capuchin Missioners and those of the Observant Fathers of Piritu (sarlieLilar directions to fortify Angostura. His Excellency Don Sebastian de Eslava, Viceroy of Santa Fe, in virtue of Royal directions apjtroved the report of Tavares and his predecessor, Espinosa, and ordert'd all the forces in eharge of the safety of the Orinoco to be located at the fortress. To-day it is sufficiently fortified to prevent the foreigners' illicit trade and the entrance of the Caribs, their allies, in the Orinoco river, and their landing and hostile demonstrations against these Provinces, as they did before until the ycnr 1717. Tavares made the repairs needed in the year 1740, cau.sed by the English attacks, and increased the garrison and the neighborhood, but it is unal)le to resist the enemies of the Royal Crown that may come to hold it and destroy it again, on account of the want of corresponding forti- fications and efficiency of the garrison and residents to defend those that they have already, nor those that may be constructed. The eastern and western lands around Angostura are inun- dated, and have no timber, kindling wood, pasture, or farming- grounds. Angostura stands on a narrow strip of land of low and continuous hills, in no way lit for the establishment of a population, and very difficult to be defended on account of the conditions of tlic place. The transfer of the residents of (xua- yana will reduce them to a miserable condition of poverty, on account of the abandonment of their homes and plantations which they possess. They can not subsist in Angostura for want of supplies, unless they are supported at the expense of the Royal Treasury, which will involve a very serious outlay. It is not practicable to aggregate to that garrison the escorts of the Jesuits of the Orinoco and Dominicans of Barinas, nor the detachment of 52 men from the remnants of the garrison of Araya, and still less to keep them permanently there with •their families. The desert part of the Province of Cumana -can not furnish the necessary men for the numerous garrison of Angostura, where, in oi'der to relieve the detachment of the Jesuits, Dominicans of Barinas, Catalan Capuchins, Observants of Piritu, the Island of Trinidad and the fortress, 500 men are necessary and must be kept as a standing garrison in their •corresponding post, as they are now. 191 No matter how Angostura be fortified it will be impossible to avoid the landing of foreigners and their entrance in the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, and Santa Fe, if the fortress of Guayana be lost, nor is it feasible that the natives of this Province reach said fort, by the way of Camino Real, shown in the map, or through other roads to be opened in those deserts. No matter how Angostura be fortified it can not defend the fortress of Guayana nor, after the loss of said fort, defend itself, no matter how well fortified and how strong the garrison which it contains may be, nor avoid that the foreigners become masters of the place of the Orinoco river, and of the extensive Province of Guayana and their free en- trance in Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, Santa Fe, Popayan, and Quito. 2. Bearing in mind all these circumstances and undeniable facts, and following the opinion well founded of the founders of the fortress of Santo Thome, that of the Engineer Fajardo and the rest, following up to the approval of His Excellency, Senor Don Sebastian de Eslava, and in view of what has been demonstrated by experience, I crave, most humbly, that His Majesty may decide that in no event the transfer of the city to Angostura be attempted, as entirely contrary to the interest oT His Royal service and the safety of these his vast dominions ; and I crave, likewise, that His Majesty may order that the city and fortress of Guayana, by all possible means, be increased to the number of 200 inhabitants, so as to have the men en- listed in two or three militia companies, rendering assistance to the garrison and managing the artillery, in which exercise they must be trained and well disciplined, with very especial care, as they may be of great service ; the increase of neigh- bors will not be difficult if His Majesty grants some exceptions and privileges to those going to settle and stay there, being well understood that this object can not be attained in a short time, on account of the want of victuals and houses where to stop, but it w^ill be easy, within three or four years longer, through diligent agents and the corresponding measures for the help of the new neighbors and those who are now existing and cultivating their farms, improving the same, and in the 192 Missions ahx'aily well Iruiiiud, and fiij()yin<^ jl;oo(1 fariuing lands, and with those of the new Si)anish founthition of 8an Antonio de U()ata the same cave may be iiad. 15y this in- crease of the neiii'hhoi-lidoil of the garrison, and tlu' corri'spond- ing fortification t!iat I hav^e exphiined, His Majesty will feel most safe ; the foreigners will stop before i)utf ing into practice their {)riijeet, and \vill not att(Mii[)t to take and fortify Angos- tura, without taking the fortress ; their illicit commerce will be very easily stopjied ; tin- large expenses considered necessary, as rej)orted to His Majesty without sufficient knowledge, will be reduced, and the residents of Guayana will be spared the infliction of the loss of their plantations and their homes in the city, in order to have them build new houses in Angos- tura while exposed to the open air, and thesure inconvenience of the now grounds, when they are newly opened and cleared, and from this exposure many of the new neighbors may perish or give u}) the place under the atiiiction of various diseases, and Guayana may be depopulated, costing more labor, money and time the congregation of a like number of neighbors as now exist, and those who are thought necessarv, in order to have them accustomed to the climate, and in condition to undertake new plantations and farms, without which no po[)U- lation can exist there or in Angostura. Chapter IV. Tliat tlie garrison of the Fortress be increased by 73 men, as pro- posed by the Governors, Don Gregorio de Espinosa and Don Matheo Gual, and as I have requested His Majesty in niy rep- resentation of the 27th of August, 1761. 1. In I )art second I have shown that it is not practicable to aggregate to the garrison of the fortress of Guayana tlie 73 men of the escort of the Jesuits of Orinoco ami of the Dominicans of Barinas, and that even iC it were practicable, by relieving these detachments, the ex[)ense of doing so will amount from $2,500 toS3,000. That the 25 men that have been reported to 193 His Majesty as belonging to the fort of Limones are imaginary, as there is not, nor ever has been, any such 25 men there, nor ever will be unless His Majesty requires them, allotting the necessary funds for their subsistence. In that case it will be very easy to muster the men into the service. It is not practi- cable to complete the garrison, which used to belong to Araya, so as to send them by detachments or as a standing force with the 25 men and others remaining from that garrison to serve in Guayana. If it were practicable that the 73 men of the es- corts of the Jesuits of Orinoco and the Dominicans of Barinas, the 25 men of the Fort of Limones, and the 52 of the garrison of Araya, aggregated to the J 00 of the allotment of the fort- ress, in all, 250 men existing in Angostura, in order to provide the detachments of the Missions of the Jesuits of Orinoco, Dominicans of Barinas, Catahm Capuchins, Observants of *Piritu, the Island of Trinidad and the fortress, this force is too small, and no less than 500 men are wanted to relieve said detachments, or else they must remain in their fixed posts and respective employments where they are at present. Although His Majesty may allow the 500 men suggested for the post of Angostura at the fixed corresponding annual salaries, involv- ing an expense of $64,000 to $65,000, it is not practicable, for want of provisions, to keep them without houses or adequate headquarters, nor hospital, apothecary shop, or surgeon, and because this desert Province can not furnish such a large num- ber of single or married men for said garrison, as in the eight settlements under this Government only 1,000 men are able to bear arms who are considered to be white persons, and it is not possible that these 500 men go to Angostura and be replaced whenever they die, desert, or are disabled to do duty. Even if it was practicable, 500 men, or even a greater number, placed in Angostura, can not defend the fortress of Guayana; and if this is lost, that of Angostura itself can not be defended or prevent the enemies from taking it as well as the Orinoco, and go inland into the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, and Santa Fe, and introduce at least their trade in every one of them, and in Popayan and Quito, becoming mas- ters of the deserted Guayana. Vol. I, Ven.— 13 194 2. I have shoAvn, likewise, that according to the opinion of my predecessors, Espinosa and Gual, and with the knowledge that I ae(juired in my general visit of this Province, the Orinoco, and the fortress of Guayana, I suhmitted, under date of the 27th of August, 17G1, to His Majesty, that if it was his Royal pleasure the Castle of Araya ought to be demolished, and that it was convenient that the fortress of Guayana should be allowed tiie increase of its garrison with one company of a captain, lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, and 70 men, so as to facili- tate the corresponding escorts to the Misions of tiie Catalan Capu- ciiins and the Observants of Pii-itu, but l)y no means it ought to be counted for that purpose the troops, serving at the Castle of Araya, for the reason adduced in that correspondence, and that it should be easy to form that company with men who, of their own free will, would be ready to go and reside, doing duty at the fortress of Guayana. 3. Well aware now of the unavoidable difficulties and large and useless expenses that might be occasioned by the accumu- lation of so many men at Angostura and the indefensive con- dition in whicii the Orinoco river might be left, with the greatest veneration I renew my humble request to His Majesty for the increase of the above-mentioned company, considering in keeping with the convenience of the Royal service that said company be composed of men willing to go and serve in that fortress, without having to compel the natives of this city to do so, for the reasons I have shown in part second as being impracticable, with tho only difference that in my report of the 27th of August ] re[)resented to His Majesty that the new company might answer for the escorts of the Missions. And now, witl) the same reverence, I .submit to the Royal considera- tion of His Majesty, that in casc^ he dc^-ides the construction at the mountain of Padrastro of the Castle of Concepcion, the 73 men of .said company, and tho allowance of 100 more for the garrison of the fortress, to till all th(? posts and contingen- cies of the fortification, can not be detached to escort the Mi.s- sions, and that will be the only thinoj that, out of convenience of the Royal service, has to be changed of wiiat I have stated in my communication of the 27th of August. I con- 195 sider injurious and onerous to the Royal Treasury the greater Increase, tliat has been represented to His Majesty as neces- sary, of a company of 100 men, as a similar number of militia- men may be aggregated to the fortifications, as I have suggested; and I consider sufficiently safe the Orinoco river, coramandiujr the respect of the enemy, whose squadrons could not come and assault that place but with smaller vessels, and unable to stand the fires of the castle of San Francisco and of the pro- jected fortress of Concepcion and the ravelin, being defended by 173 regular soldiers, and as many or more militiamen, who could not be surprised nor surrendered without giving ample time to receive the support of this government with provisions and superior forces, which the enemy could not stop, as they will never be masters of the Orinoco river, without taking the Castle of Concepcion and its collateral of San Francisco and the ravelin. The large annual expense of keeping 500 men in Angostura, and the detachments to defend the fortress of Guayana, Orinoco, and Angostura may be saved, and it will be unnecessary the increase of funds for the maintenance of the 73 men of the suggested company, as they may subsist out of the savings of the demolished and suppressed fortification of Araya, as I proposed to His Majesty in my above-mentioned communication of the 27th of August, and have been already done by the Governors in dealing with this subject and the fortification of the Castle of Guayana, as shown by their cor- responding representations quoted in the present one. Cliai>ter V. Tltai the fort of Limones be abandoned and a latuich be kept at the fortress, as represented to his Majesty by the Marquis of San Philipe, and if Angostura is to be fortified, to be so ivitJi only the battery which luas proposed by the Governor, Don Juan de la Tornera^ and is sltoivn by figure p of the map. 1. In Chapter 6, of part first, I have stated all the circum- stances which gave rise t-j the construction of the fort of Li- mones and those following up to the time of the receipt of the 196 present Royal Order. In Chapter 9, from Nos. 50 to 88, 1 have exphiined the .situntion, shape, and diainctors of the fort, the waiit of solidity of that ground, and how it is inundated by the Orinoco; that said fort is divided into ten (piarters, useless- and out of repairs; that it is uninhabitable and intolerable, the plague of insects product'd by the flood of the ground upon which it stands ; that in its present condition, and even if it- were in perfect order, it could not subsist in that place, close to- the high banks of the Orinoco, that has taken out 60 yards in front since the time of the commencement of the work, and will take many more in that movable ground if it is cleared of trees, and may spread and extend its bed as far as to render useless the Castle of San Francisco and the projected one of Concepcion. From Nos. 53 to 60 of part second, I have shown that by the present form already given to the fortress of Guayaua, and witliout any help or need of the fort of Limones, the Orinoco has been closed to the foreigners and their illicit trade, and to the Caribs, who often invaded the Provinces, and that if the mountain of Padrastro is fortified the foreigners- could not take it nor continue their commerce. From Nos. lid to 118 of part second, and other works (sic) directed by Royal Order and reported to his Majesty {sic), they in no way prevent the inevitable ruin threatening the fort nor the inun- dations of that ground, nor its want of solidity, the plague of insects produced, nor the sinking of the fort with the banks of the Orinoco, nor the spread of its bed, requiring only large disbursements and undue expenses. In note 9 of the memo- randum of reports, without being well aware of such powerful reasons, I show that the fortress of Limones ought to be aban- doned. And now I say that being divided into ten quarters, use-, less for the s(;rvice and out of repairs, becoming uninhabitable on account of the plague of insects produced in that swampy ground, where the Orinoco river carries away every i)art which is cleared of trees, spreading its bed and making useless the fortification of San Francisco and those of Padrastro, and the experience demonstrating that without the fort of Limones the Orinoco has been closed to foreigners and may be secured onlv bv the fortification of the Padrastro mountain, I am of 197 the opinion, if it meet the approval of his Majesty, that the fort of Limones must be abandoned and the banks of the river be preserved by not allowing the cutting of trees or removal of timber from there, nor opening any new roads. That will be the best way to secure the ground and prevent the river Orinoco from spreading its bed above it, and probably restore the 60 yards which have been taken away, and the 23 from the Island of Limones. 2. With the same profound reverence, I submit to His Maj- esty, that in order to stop the illicit trade of tlie foreigners navigating the mouth of the Orinoco, I consider necessarj^ to the Royal service to keep a launch, of the Galera shape, at the fortress, with capacity for an 8-pounder on the prow and four or five swivel guns on the sides, well manned and paid, and not with unwilling parties and residents to the fortress without a salarv and at a great injury of their families, as it has been done heretofore, with the necessary evil consequences repre- sented to His Majesty by the Marquis of San Philipe in his memorials quoted in Nos. 4 and 5 of Chapter 0. The launch so armed, manned, and guarded by some troop on board could not be opposed by any sloop or schooner of those trading on the Orinoco, no matter how well armed ; it could not be re- sisted, on account of the difficulty of turning around in the narrow creeks and against such a rapid current. 3. I submit, likewise, to the Roval consideration, that the said launch and fortification of the Padrastro mountain defended by the Castle of Concepcion and the ravelin, I consider as cer- tain that the illicit trade of the foreigners will not continue at the mouth of the Orinoco, which will be safe, and the fortress in capacity to resist any enemies of the Royal Crown intending to give an assault ; but if, notwithstanding all those circum- stances, the fortification of Angostura meet the Royal pleasure, I consider sufficient the onlv batterv shown in fissure 9 of the map, located where it was proposed b3^the Governor Don .Juan de la Tornera, in a ground not subject to inundations, where it may be furnished with provisions and people of the settlements of Aragua and Pao, without any need to cross the Orinoco, and other convincing reasons which I omit. To serve this battery, 108 a sergeant with S or 10 inun IVoiii the fortress may be detached, and I do not consider it entirely useless, as it will always com- mand some respect, presenting a second pass of the illicit traders of the country, the only employment of the said battery, but not for the defense of the Orinoco, as Angostura without it, nor with any fortifications whatever, can defend itself nor the whole of the Orinoco if the fortress of Guayana be lost. Cbai)t«'r A'l. That the Missions of (lie Catalan, Capnchin Fathers and of the Observants of Piritu be attended to, as I have requested before, ill consequence of mi/ r/encral visit. 1. I have shown in Chapter 3 of part first, that although the bodies of Missions spreading the Gospel through the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona have been always in want of more Missioners to make up their corresponding numbers, and de- prived of sufHcient alms for their subsistence and ornaments, images and Ix'lls for their Church in tlicir new settlement, without sufficient escorts to keep and improve them, it is due to them the pacification of these vast Provinces and the estab- ment of sixty-nine townships, containing from 20,000 to 27,000 Indians; among them the village of Aragua, the settle- ment of Pao, Rio Caribe and Carupano of the Spaniards, besides other improvements known and already explained, that without these bodies of Missioners should have rendered useless all the measures of the Governors on the subject. In Chapter 8 I have explained that to the Mission of the Cata- lan Capuchins, spreading the Gospel in the Province of Guay- ana,isdue theestablishmentof 24 settlements, although only 16 are now^ in exi.stence. The fortress of Guayana has been formed and brought up to its present condition, which could never have been obtained or subsisted without the help of the Missions, and lately the establishment of San Antonio de Upata is due to said Mission. In consequence of my general visit, I submitted to s Majesty the condition of these bodies of Missions, their 199 wants, and the abuses introduced, making impossible the col- lection o\ the alms assigned to them ; the necessity of more Missioners as well as ornaments, images and bells for the new settlements, and sufficient escorts for the protection of tliose established already and the future settlements. The great convenience to the Royal service for the safety of those exten- sive dominions and the spiritual benefit of so many poor Indians spread throughout them, require the support of these bodies of Missions and their progress, going farther inland through the extensive Province ot Guavana, as shown bv the copies of said communications and other documents therein quoted at folio 247 of the proceedings accompanying the pres- ent report. 2. And to-day I most humbly submit to His Majesty, in the interest of the Royal service, His Sovereignty, the safety of these Provinces, and the propagation of our holy religion, that the Catalan Capuchins be protected and their alms made effec- tive, allowing them more Missioners and a sufficient escort ; that the same protection be extended to the Observants of Piritu, and that the greater part of this body of Missioners go over to the Orinoco (as it has been ordered), and be established in the Province of Guayana within the terms expressed in said communication ; that in the same Province of Guayana, at proportional distances, two or three bodies of Missions be kept where they have sufficient work to do ; and that the four or five bodies established there go farther inland on the banks of the Orinoco to the south, as it is done by the Catalan Capu- chins, thus succeeding in occupying the countries in tlie rear of the colonies of Esquivo belonging to the Dutch, and those of Cayena occupied by the French. The extensive Province of Guayana will be known, the infinite number of Indian in- habitants will be pacified, and it will be ascertained how the Portuguese are going inland and coming to the north. At the same time the Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, and Caracas have been increased with new Spanish settlements without the least cost to the Royal Treasury or violence to the settlers ; and in the same way those of Guayana, which have been already commenced, may be settled, as that of San Antonio de Upata. 200 But if the Indians are not pacified, or in capacity to help the Spaniards in their labors, it will not be possible to establisli anj' settlements, and still in such remote countries, as by re- peated instances it has been demonstrated in America, and lately in the same Province of Guayana in the cases of the cities Real Corona, Ciudad Real, and San Fernando, in which, notwithstanding the immense amounts already exfjcnded for their establishment, the only results obtained have been trou- bles and misfortunes, and they never reached the conditions of the settlement of San Antonio de Upata, that has cost nothing to the Royal Treasury, as shown by Nos. 93 to 112, Chapter 9, of part first. 3. In m}' representation of the 27th of August, 1701, I sug- gested to His Majesty that by an increase of 73 men to the fortress of Guayana the Missions of the Catalan Capucliins and the Observants of Piritu might be escorted. In the ])revious chapter I have shown that by fortifying the Padrastro moun- tain, as I request His Majesty to do, the 73 men are necessary for that garrison, so as to cover the posts of the fortifications and other contingencies of the fortress, allowing the corre- Sj;onding escorts to the Missions. 4. And now^ I most reverently submit to His Majesty to allow the Catalan Capucliins 20 or 24 men as a standing escort of the Mission; that thev must be horsemen, as the infantry is not (juite as useful and has to be idle most of the time, with- out any action distributed around the settlements ; which is not the case with the horsemen, who nuist go every da}' around the country and become familiar with the diiferent places, keeping the Indians in feai', when not settled, and avoiding many difhculties, rendering prompt assistance wher- ever wanted, and such is not the case with the infantry. It will be advisable that the {)ersons of said escort be married men and keep their families there, as it is the case with tlie escort of the Missions of the Jesuits, as that will be the only way to avoid disorders and injuries to the Indians witli sol- diers from the fortress detached to the new settlement, where they forget the duties of their profession, the military subordi- 201 nation, and become otherwise objectionable. The families of the married men are attached to the places where they are brought up, and the result is beneficial to the populations, without need of any grenadiers, as the Indians are very easily controlled. 5. I am likewise of the opinion that the Observants of Piritu ought to be allowed 12 men at present while they do not go farther inland to establish other settlements, besides the three which they keep in said Provinces, and proportionally to the other bodies of Missions spreading the Gospel in their terri- tories, so that within 20 or 25 years, without any excessive cost to the Royal Treasury His Majesty may have a Kingdom, now unknown in that extensive Province, while the miserable Indians will be reduced and brought to the bosom of our holy religion, trained for a social life and useful for the help of the Spaniards, who may establish any trade there, protecting the same Province and reimbursing the Royal Treasury of the outlays and moneys expended now for their settlement and education, the only proper way considered adequate for the conquest and population of, America, especially those coun- tries where the allurement of mines and the interest of com- merce do not attract visitors, and prescribed by repeated laws of His Majesty for the good government and pacification of the Indies and the newly discovered regions. 6. This is, most Excellent Sir, what I consider my duty to represent to His Majesty, in answer to the serious matters in- volved, as a good vassal, and in the discharge of my conscience, being responsible to His Royal kindness for the truth of every thing that I have stated. Your Excellency (if it is necessary) may kindly lay it before His Royal notice, and I beg to be excused for the unusual length of this communication in my desire to fully expand the various points embraced in the Royal Order, not permitting more conciseness. May the Lord pre- serve the life of Your Excellency for many happy years, as it is my desire. Cumana, December (15th) fifteenth of seventeen hundred and sixty-three. 202 Most Excellent Sir. — Kissing the hand of your Excellency .- Your most obedient servant. Joseph Diguja — [here is a flourish.] To the Most Excellent Seiior Baliff Fr. Don Julian de Arriaga. This copy agrees with tlie original existing in the General Archives of the Indies, in Stand 133 — Case 3 — Docket 16 — Seville, October 13th, 1801. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish.] [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Sefior Carlos- Jimenez Placer, Chief of the general Archives of the Indies. Madrid, 28th of October, 1891. P. FORTOULT HURTADO. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Sehor Pedro Foutoult Hurtado, Consul General of Vevezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, Marcli (Uh, 189G. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Afiairs. 203 Stand 131.— Case 5. — Docket 7. General Archives of the Indies. — (Seville.) 1761. Memorandum of Notes explaining tlie general map of the Government of Cumana sent to His Majesty by the / Governor Don Jose Diguja. Cumana, December 18, 1761. Notes sent to His Majesty by the Governor, Colonel Don Joseph Diguja Villagomez, in the year 1761, for the prompt and readier understanding of the general map of the Government of Cumana. This memorandum contains thirteen notes. In the first,, twelfth and thirteenth, a general and short notice is given of the government of Cumana, and the rest refer to the other Provinces under said government, particularly the settlements^ shown by the map, and taken from the acts of the general visit and other instruments therein quoted and observed and recognized in the course of said visit by the present Governor. Government of Cumana. — Note First. A general notice is given of the government of Cumana, the Provinces composing the same, the climate, the place of resi- dence of the Governor, the Tribunal to which the same gov- ernment is subordinated, its Diocesan Prelate, the Tribunal of Crusades, that of the Inquisition, the neighboring governments^ and other notes showing briefly what this Government is. 204 Governraent of Cumano.. The Government of Cuniana is one of the more extensive among those within tlie dominions of the King our Lord in these His Royal possessions and lies more to the eastward of the two kingdoms of Santa Fe and Peru. Provinces compo^inrj if. Tt contains three Provinces, to wit, that of New Andalusia or Cumana, the capital of which is Santa Inez de Oumana; that of New Barcelona, the capital of wliich h(>ars this name; and that of Guayana, the capital of which is the fortress of Santo Tiiome de la Guayana, although the largest in territory, is totally unpopulated, and a little less is true with respect to the other two. In these three Provinces there is a variety of lands, elevated and extensive sierras, spacious plains, important rivers, especially the great Orinoco that runs through the center of all the Government territory, and others of less importance ; and, without being unproductive, many countries depending upon only I'ain water. Its height and temperatm^e. The greatest height found Avithin these Provinces is the Cape of Three Points, on the coast of Paria, which is at 10° 20' north latitude and 313° (sic) and 30' west longtitude ; but withal, the climate is mild, free from the excessive heat of other countries of similar situation, that might be experienced in this country, if it were not exposed to the northern and eastern winds gen- erally from the beginning of November to the beginning or middle of June, and during those months tlicre is hardly any rain. From beginning to the middle of .Inne the winds are vai'iabh', from the northwest and the south, with frequent showers and greater heat, but not as excessive as that of Car- thagena and the Province ot that name. The months of fre- quent rains are called in this country the " winter" (envierno), in spite of being warmer ami less healthy. Residence of the Governor. The Governor always resides in the city of Santa Inez de •Cumana, the capital of the three Provinces. He is named 205 Governor and Captain-General of them, and exercises the- Vice-Patronage (in ecclesiastical vacancies), the Superintend- ence of the Koyal Treasury and of the branch of the Crusade. The rank of the men appointed for this Government has gen- erally been for some time to the present that of a Colonel and a Brigadier, although sometimes Lieutenant-Colonels have been appointed. Tribiuials to luJiich the Government is subordinated. By the reserved way the Royal Orders from His Majesty are received from the Secretary of the Universal Despatch of the Indies, as in all the rest of America, and through the same this Government addresses its representations and affairs, cor- responding to that classification. Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies. In the same way in which the rest of America receives the Royal Cedules of His Majesty, through His Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies, where this Government sends its con- sultations and affairs corresponding to this class, but with the circumstances that this Government, being on the mainland, as those of the Kingdoms of Santa Fe and Peru, and subordi- nated to the Viceroyalty of the former, the Royal Despatches are received by way of the Secretary of New Spain by which, and not by that of Peru, His Majesty addresses his above-men- tioned communications to this Government, having no Royal disposition found in these Archives to trace the origin or the cause and beginning of this practice. Viceroy of Santa Fe. In Government affairs the Governor is subordinated to the Viceroy of Santa Fe ; the correspondence with that capital is so very rare that only from year to year despatches are received from the hands of an officer of the fortress of Guayana going after the funds assigned at the Royal Treasury of said Capital for the payment of the garrison. The officer brings the de- spatches to this goverrmaent, to the Island of Trinidad, and ta that of Margarita, likewise subordinated to the Viceroy, who on the return of said officer sends his replies to the aforesaid 206 three governments, as the only occasion avaihihle, and costing said garrison §1,000, paid to the officer, and discounted from their own sahiries, p7'o rata, at the time of effecting the annual payment to each person of the garrison. Royal Audience of Santo Domingo. In r(\oard to the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona, sub- jects of contention (in the lawsuits) are subordinated to the Royal xVudience and Chancery of Santo Domingo in the Island Spaiiobi. lloijal Aadleuce of Santa Fe. 'rh(>y are likewise subordinated to tiie Royal Audience and Chancery of Santa Fe (all subjects of contention), in the Pro- vince of Guayana. Viceroy of Mexico. To the Viceroy of Mexico an annual rc()ort is sent, giving an account of the branch of bulls of the Hoi}' Crusade. He disposes of this fund, after deducting the greater amount re- mittee! from that Royal Treasury to meet the payments here of the garrison of the Castle of Araya. Chief Accomptant of Caracas^. The Royal Treasury and everything that appertains to it in this government is subordinated to the Chief Royal Accompt- ant of Caracas, who receives the accounts of these Roval officers and the other Ministers of the district. Diocesan Prelate. The Diocesan Prelate in all the territory of this government, the Islands of Margarita and Trinidad, is the Bishop of Porto Rico, who by Royal Order, and in consideration of the long distance intervening, appoints a Superintendent Vicar of all these annexed territories residing at the capital of Cumana. It is very remote and casual the correspondence with this Pre- late, so that for the despatch of the atiairs of the same territo- ries certain powers are delegated by said Superintendent Vicar, one of them being to fill the ecclesiastical beneficial vacancies. Before this Minister all the oppositions, appointments and pre- sentations by the Governor are made, and the vacant benefi- 207 ciaiy post is filled, according to the Royal directions, and everything is attended to by said Vicar in the affairs con- nected with the Royal patronage. Tribunal of the Crusades. The Tribunal of the Crusades resides in the city of Cumana, under a particular Commissioner, Sub-Delegate from that of Porto Rico, and this one from the Commissioner General of the Crusades, in conformity with the last Royal directions for the administration and collection of this branch, in conformity with which this particular Commissioner exercises his powers and issues his decisions, in accord with the Governor, as Super- intendent of the same branch in this district, and at the end of each proclamation of the bull takes the accounts from the Treasurer, and with his approval or the objections made they are forwarded to the Government, who submits them to the Royal Officer for revision and auditing, and after his report he approves the same and orders the delivery by the Treasurer of the amount to the Royal coffers. Tribunal of the Inquisition. The Tribunal of the Holy (3ffice (the Inquisition) of the City of Carthagena of Indies has at present two Commissioners here, one who resides at Cumana, and the other in Barcelona, who, according to their powers, institute j^roceedings on the subjects within the jurisdiction of their tribunals, and forward the cases, after being substantiated, to their Superiors. Neighboring Governments. The neighboring Governments are those of the Island of Trinidad to the leeward, Margarita, Caracas, and the Province of Santa Fe, as shown in the map ; and to the south those of the Province of Guayana with the dominions possessed by the Most Faithful King of Brazil, but to a great extent, containing an unknown territory without any precise or reliable descrip- tion sufficient to form a correct knowledge. I will treat what concerns said Province in a special note in which notice will be taken of the Dutch and French Colonies to the east of them. 208 Sec Notes 12 and J3. In tliu y-enoral snmmarv contained in note 12. and in doaling witii the snl>ject ni' tlic illicit commerce, end)i'aciii^ all oi the note To, tlic rc[ioits of the j)rcscii( ai'e extended, and tliC}' show, in a condensed way, the chief features of the government of Cumana and tlie other Provinces, as contained in the memo- randum with individual references. Part of the Province of Guayana. — ^ote 8. Reference of the few and confused notions about the Province of Guayana, its limits, i)rincii)al i-ivers, gold and silver mines, Dutch and French Colonies and [)opuhitions of all. Evervtliing that has been shown al)out the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona is based on the perfect knowledge obtained of their situation, lands, temperature, etc. ; but of the vast exten.sion of Guayana very little is to be said, and most of that derived from Indian reports, or rustic people deserving less credit. At present we have to accept those reports as the only data we have of this Province, and in this connection an explanation will be added of what seems to be sufficient to make it comprehensible. Province of Guayana. This is a vast Province, most of which is unknown, as no in- telligent person has visited enough territory inland of it, except the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers, and that through only a short distance, as shown by the ma}), and will be ex- plained when dealing with the situation of the Missions estab- lished by the Capuchins. Througli several Carib Indians who, yielding to their wandering and warlike propensities go far inland, away from their native haunts, it has been discovered that in the center of extensive j)rairies and high, elevated sierras, some with fertile soils and many covered with snow, and being the source of large rivei's. inehiding the great Orinoco; that in some of said sierras and forests there arc a great many Indians of various tribes ; that in some of those sierras, although under the ei|uinoctial line (sir) (e([untorial), the weather is ex- cessivelv cold, and the reason why said Caribs have so little 209 traffic with them is for fear of dying, as they say, and should not be strange, on account of their nudity and habits of warm coun- tries. They likewise give confused reports of the lagoon of Parima, assuring to have seen in it various islands, most of them populated by Indians who live on the abundant fish of said lagoon, which receives large rivers, running from the .sierras covered with snow towards the north and south of the lagoon; that those of the north, and where the source of the waters of the Orinoco is found, are shown in the map situated .at 5° latitude {sic) and 313° longitude (sic) in a north to south direction from Angostura and the Tableland of Guanipa. The Spaniards have only surveyed the banks of the Orinoco and 8 or 10 leagues inland, by the way of w'hat they call Muitaco and the ]\Iissions of the Reverend Observant Fathers of Piritu. Boundaries of the Guayana Provinces. The boundaries of the Province of Guayana are : On the east .all the coast in which the Dutch Colonies are situated, Esquivo, Bervice, Deraerari, Corentine, and Surinam, a'nd further to the windward that of Cayena belonging to the French. On the north, the banks of the Orinoco river dividing the Provinces -Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, Santa Fe, and Popayan, forming a semicircle, returning to the east to reach the sources of the Parima lagoon, as it will be seen in the general map of said Provinces and river. On the south, with the dominions of the Most Faithful King in Brazil, the confines of which, as well as those of the Province of Guayana and their central contents, are unknown. Principal rivers of the Province. — Orinoco River. The first and most famous river of the Province is the great Orinoco, receiving its waters within the same Province and being the receiver of those of all the other rivers coming from the Provinces of Popayan, Santa Fe, Barinas, Caracas, and Bar- celona. To treat of all of them should go beyond the limits of the present report about the Government of Cumana, so that as the rivers from the Province of Barcelona flowing into •tlie Orinoco are mentioned, it will likewise contain those more Vol. 1, Ven — 14. 210 important and well known of the same Province of Guayana^ tVoni wliicli it comes and flows into the sea, and the other rivers shown in th(^ map. Those that arc not represented may be seen in the first four chapters of Padre Gumilhi's " Orinoco Ilhistrado," where with his knowledge and individual notice he explains what the Orinoco river is, and the other great rivers it receives, except those towards their sources that said Father considers to be in the Province of Popayan or Timaiia. From the exploration of the late Commissioners of the expedi- dition (of boundaries) in charge of the Chief of Sc|uadron, Don Joseph de Iturriaga, for the demarkation of limits, it is located at the Pari ma lagoon, which receives its first waters from the snow iiiountain to the north of said lagoon, as shown in the map. The mistake of Father Gumilla denying the commu- nication of the Orinoco river with Rio Negro has been rectified, as said communication was not in doubt at the time of the exploration of the Commissioners, having been discovered before and after the work of Father Gumilla by Father Manuel Roman, of the Jesuit Company, and a Missioner. The source of the Orinoco, its communication, by means of the Casiquiari with Rio Negro, and the Guaviari river, descending from the Province of Santa Fe and receiving the waters of Timana and Pasto, in the Province of Popayan, which is the one that Father Gumilla mistook for the Orinoco, will be seen in the general map, and as it has been said will be added with every detail gatliered about the Orinoco river, its tributaries, during its extensive course, and those that are navigable, and to what extent, with marks of the places; having very little more to add to that of Father Gumilla, on account of reliable reports. Caroni River. The river called Caroni enters into the Orinoco at a distance of 8 leagues above the fortressofGuayana, being divided in two bodies, forming the island called Caroni. The river is broad and rapid, but is not navigable on account of the strong cur- rent and numberless rocks and islands it contains, besides a fall near the Mission of Aguacaua; its waters are very clear,, although they look dark and turbid on account of the black 211 sand at the bottom of the river, brought down from its sources, the course of which is not known. The Caribs say that it comes from mountains close to those covered with snow, and thesame furnishing the Uigoon of Parima with water, as shown in the map, and from the ridge of mountains traced by Father GumiUa. Aruy River. At about 24 leagues from the Carooi, the river called Aruy empties its water. It is not as broad as the river Caroni. Its sources are not well known ; the Caribs, however, state that they are at about 50 leagues distance, in some mountains less elevated than those originating the Caroni. Between these two rivers there are a great many Indians located on plain and mountainous grounds, but all very pleasant. Caura River. Fifty leagues above the Aruy river the Caura empties its waters, and is broader and more important. It comes through large rocks, preventing the navigation to all vessels above the sizes of canoes and small launches. The sources of this river are at about 60 leagues distance from its mouth, taking its waters from the elevated sierras, inhabited by many Indians, who are harrassed by the Caribs, who take them to the Hol- landers, making prisoners of the women and children and exterminating the grown people. These three rivers are the greatest and best known of those in the neighborhood of Gua- yana entering the Orinoco River, without mentioning the small and infinite streams of the Province not possessing any importance. Gold and silver mines. On the mountains of this Province the existence of several gold and silver mines is supposed, but none in actual opera- tion nor even known at present. It is thought that they exist, according to the Royal Cedule dated at Aranjuez on the 9th of June, 1740, registered at the Accomptant Office of Guayana, in which it is mentioned that in time of Don Carlos de Sucre, while Governor General of these Provinces, several samples 212 were sent to the Court, and from the assays it was ascertained that there was very fine silver in one of the samples, and the other was of gold of twenty-one carats, and His Majesty directs Governor Don Gregorio de Espinosa, successor to Don Carlos de Sucre, to have said mines surveyed, and report the pos- sibility of enforcing the measures proposed by the Chief As- sayer, and for that purpose to send his report to the Viceroy of Santa Fe, to whom instructions had been communicated. That is the only reference obtained about those mines, no doubt on account of the want of population of the Province and the absolute w^ant of experts for this kind of assays and labors. Dutch Colonies. — Esquivo. To the east, on the coast of this Province, are situated the Dutch Colonies of Esquivo, Demerari, Bervice, Corentin, and Surinam. According to the reports obtained by Don Juan de Dios Valdez, Commander of the fortress of Guayana, a person of information and ability, the Esquivo Colony consists of sev- eral sugar-cane plantations that the Hollanders have planted for a distance of 30 leagues on the banks of the Esquivo River, beginning from its mouth, and likewise several islands formed by said river with lands fit for plantations. The greatest part of those plantations are of sugar-cane, with dwelling-houses and grinding mills at a distance of about two or three leagues from each other. The Esquico Blver, and continuation of details of the Coloity. The Esquivo river, from which the Colony takes its name, at its entrance into the sea is one of the important rivers of America. The source of its waters is to the south, and its bed diminishes in proportion to its approximation to said source. It is navigated by launches for a distance of about six days' journey up the place where its waters diminish and are di- vided into various rapid streams, with many islands amongst them ; and up to the present time there is no Hollander who has ever been at its source, and the only report they hear is from the Carib Indians, saying that its sources originate from 213 the great lagoon of Parima. This river receives other very im- portant rivers, especiall}' those called Mazeroni and Cuyuni, that enter together into the Esquivo, at a distance of 8 to 10 leagues from its mouth, the reason why it is so bulky, when it reaches the sea, where it empties its waters through five mouths, and in every one of them with a sufficient channel for the naviga- tion of sloops and schooners, but not of larger vessels. In two of its islands formed by its mouths there is a plantation in each one of them, with several houses for negroes and Indians. Every owner has a group of those, resembling small villages, and the same appearance is noticed at the plantations on the river banks. On the third island, more to the east, they have about twelve houses erected for the residence of the Governor of that Colony, the Captain of the troop, and the Surgeon, that of the Secretary, minding the interests of the Company, two or three inns, two blacksmith shops, a few stores and lodgings for the negroes of the Company, besides the church or place of worship. This small number of houses form the only pop- ulation of the Colony. On the highest spot of the island, close to the house of the Governor, stands the fort, Zeeland, built upon stakes on muddy ground, beaten by the river and the sea at high water, a reason why they very often have to under- take new repairs. Besides this fort there is a horizontal bat- tery on the level of the water of both river and sea, with twelve pieces of artillery of 24-caliber. It is commanded within the fort Zeland. The garrison of these fortifications and the Col- ony consists of a company of regular soldiers, in all 70 men, 40 of whom are paid by the Company and 30 by the inhabi- tants. A detachment of a sergeant and 30 men is sent to the garrison of the small fort kept at the mouth of the Demerari River, at a distance of 5 leagues from the Esequivo along the coast to the east. The commander is a subaltern and a lieu- tenant of the Governor. Demerari River. The Demerari river does not go far inland as the Esquivo does, and is only navigable by launches. Its banks are cov- ered with plantations; its inhabitants are English deserters 214 mill (U'liii(|U('iits, payiiiu' tiil>iitc to the I lollniiders for the grounds tliat tliey possess. The products of their phintations are sugar, coffee, and cotton. Tlicy navigate to Europe un- der the same formalities tlnit the Hollanders of tlie Esquivo river do. This Colony is supported from l^urope with two annual shi[tments, on account of the company and of the in- habitants, including those of the Demerari river who, at their own risk, send the ])rodncts of their ])1antations, paying so nuich to tlie Company as the owners of the vessels, carry- ing likewise tlie products belonging to the Company from their ow'n plantations, and those purchased fi"om the inhabit- ants not willing to risk their shipment on their own account, and likewise those brought from the Colonies of Bervice, Cor- entin, and Surinam, among which a constant trade of minor vessels is kept gathering these products. From the three Colonies of Bervice, Corentin, and Surinam there is no j)ar- ticular knowledo-e, and it is onlv known that thev are dilferent from that of Esquivo, not reached in the map, and therefore it is omitted to refer to them ; and for the same reason nothing will 1)0 said of Cayena, belonging to the French. Injuries occasioned hij ilir Dutch Colonies, especiaUi/ that of Esquivo, in flu Province of Guayana. The Dutch Colonies are very injurious to the Province of Guayana, especially that of Escj^uivo, as the nearest to the Orinuco river. Thev Q'O hv this river and those of Mazaroni and Cuvuni, protected by the Carib Indians, jtillaging and capturing the Indians that are not Caribs. from this Province, and reducing them to slavery, in the same way as they do with the negroes, and sell them and employ (hem in their plantations and tarms. In order to seize them they employ every device that tyranny and avarice can suggest, keeinng in close friendship with the Caribs, a ferocious and warlike tribe overruning all this extensive Province and part of those of Barcelona, Caracas, and Santa Fe, in ])ersecution of other Indians, on whom the Caribs hold control, on account of their peaceful and gentle character, being continuall}^ assaulted in their 215 ranches or grounds; the old Indians arc killed and the young and the women captured to be reduced to slavery. Tliese incursions disturb very frequently the Mission of the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers, not quite so well established, en- ticing away their Indians who take to the woods at the least news of the approach of the Caribs, in spite of all steps taken by the Missioners to stop them, in consequence of their cowardly and pusilanimous disposition, which may sometimes he overcome by the presence of Spanish escorts in the settle- ment to which they resort for protection and defence. The native Hollanders of those Colonies who accompany the Caribs, teach them how to manage the arms, and they are even more inhuman than the Caribs themselves, so that a close watch is necessary to stop them and defend the Missions which they procure to destroy in order to remove that obstacle from their Colonies, as shown in the map. Settlements of the Guaymia Province. All this extensive Province contains no more Spanish settle- ment than the fortress, known under the name of the City of Santo Thome de la Guayana, for although the Chief of squad- ron, Don Joseph de Iturriaga, tried to establish the cities of Ileal Corona and Ciudad Real, neither the one nor the other has been successful, as will be explained, but there are IG set- tlements of Missions under the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers, four settlements likewise of Missions under the Rev- erend Jesuit Fathers, and three more under the Reverend Fran- ciscan Fathers and Missioners of Piritu, as it will be seen in the following two notes. City of Santo Thome or Fortress of Guayana — Note 9. Details are given of the fortress of Guayana, its fortifications, the troop and garrison, the salaries of the troop and the Royal Treasury where to collect them, the militia, the neighborhood, the families, the stores contained, the plantations possessed, the Church, the Pastor, the want of a Minister for the administra- tion of justice in ordinary cases, and what the settlements are that bear the names of Cities of Real Corona and Ciudad Real. 210 After having said what little is generally known of the ex- tensive Province of Guayana, it remains to explain in par- ticular what those settlements are, as it has been done with those of the Provinces of Cumana and Barcelona. Fortress of Guayana. The fortress or the city of Santo Thome de ( Juayana is sit- uated at 8° and 17' north latitude and 314° (sic) 17' longitude. It is the capital and only township) of all this unknown Province, its temperature is warm and damj), and very un- healthy. The ground is not fertile, on account of being sandy^ it is situated on the bank of the Orinoco river, at its narrowest point, and close to the first mouths or islands dividing the river. Its breadth from tlie fortifications of tlie city to the opposite part of the river is hardly witliin range of a 24- pounder, and its bottom is from 70 to 80 fathoms. Fortifications of the Castle of San Francisco. Upon the same bank and in a quasi horizontal position with the water line is the Castle of San Francisco de Asis, its irreg- ular figure, with the greatest front to tlie river. To the east it has another small front, but so low that it may be scaled witli great facility. The front towards the south is defended by a great lagoon at its rear ; on tliat front tliere are a few short compartments for stores, headquarters, and the guard for the troop. The front towards the west is where the gate is located, and all its work is of stone and mortar. x\t a small expense it may be improved and secure this fortification, but it is not to be relied upon if the Padrastro mountain is not fortified, as it will be explained. The cannons and their cali- ber, balls and powder contained in tliis Castle may be found in the statement corresponding to the same, in the map Avhere six small guns are included, a little more than swivel guns^ that are placed on the Padrastro or Castle of San Diego, as it wmU be explained ; the other utensils exist in the Castle of San Francisco, and are described in the first })art of the Acts of Visits, as also those of this fortress, at folios 229 to 298. 217 Fort San Diego or Padrastro. Besides the Castle of San Francisco there is another called' San Diego or Padrastro. It is situated upon a rocky mountain which dominates the fortification of San Francisco and at such a short distance as to be within the range of a musket shot. Said mountain is really the spot that ought to be fortified, as it is only in name called Castle of San Diego, which is but a small tower of four equal fronts built of stone and mortar, and its parapets of mud and adobe. It has six swivel guns mounted,, that can hardly be played within the short space they occupy, and besides what has been said it is so low that a man with a very little help from another man may penetrate into it, without the least difficulty, so that by no means can it de- serve the name of Castle or fortification, being really the ad- vantageous and only spot of all the river that may be fortified with safety and a little less than Angostura, being the two places where the river may be rendered impassable. In the rear of this mountain, upon which the Padrastro stands, there is a large lagoon similar to the one defending the Castle of San Francisco, and it is not easy to drain it. The two lagoons around contribute to the unhealthiness of the population settled to the south of the lagoon of the Padrastro and within a short range of the same. San Fernando. On the opposite side of the fortress, and in the creek called Limones, is situated the fort named San Fernando, in the shape of a round tower, still in course of construction, for the reasons explained to His Majesty, under date of the 23d of September, 1761, being built of lime and brick material. This fortification deserves the close attention of that of Padrastro, with the diflFerence that this one must be fortified very well, and the other abandoned altogether. Troop for the garrison of these fortifications and place where to he paid. In this fortress in charge of the custody, of which His- Majesty keeps a captain commander, a lieutenant, two sub- 218 lieutenants, a constable, a cliaiil.iiii. two serg^eanls of fusileers, two corporals, 12 artillerymen, a druinmer and 77 soldiers, ainonf^ whom tliere are a very few white jiersons, most of them are mulattoes, mustees and negroes, who stand hctter that in- salubrious climate. The .salaries paid annually to tiiese per- sons are found in the corresponding statement of the map. and likewise the total amount of S13,91)4 paid out of §14,000 that His Majesty has assigned for this payment from the Royal Tn-asury of Santa Fe. Said fund is collected by an officer sent every year for tliat purpose and bringing the same to the fortress, at the expense of the garrison, to the amount of $1,000, paid as explained in note 7. This oiiicer undertakes the journey through the Orinoco river up to the confluence of the Meta, continuing the navi- gation through it tV)i' lialfthc (Hstance shown l>y the map, and thence going i^y land sixteen or eighteen days through the roughest mountains up to the capital of Santa Fe. The in- crease of this garrison is indispensable on account of the rea- sons laid before His Majesty in my representation of the 27th of August, wiiile dealing with the subject of the demolition of the Castle of Araya, besides those that Avill be exposed in the following note. ^filitia. Besides the regular paid troop, all tlie residents are enlisted in a company of 58 militiamen, including officers, as may be seen in the corresponding .statement of the map. These militia- men ilo all the work of the government, as the regular troop is detatclied to escort the Mis.sion of the Reverend Catalan Capuchins, in order to stop the frequent Indian incursions that take place. Nelf/hhnrliiioil. — Families. — Inhabitants. — Slaves. — Houses. The ru[)orts of the general vi-^iit of thi.s fortress already men- tioned at folios 220 to 29S .show an existence of 90 families, including those of the regular troop, in all 535 souls, includ- ing in that number 113 slaves. They inhabit 66 very reduced houses built on sandy ground, which, together with the con- 219 tiiiual rains, the heat and the vicinity of tlie lagoons, makes the chmate very insakihrious and insufterable to all those that are not natives, except the negroes, mnlattoes, and mustees, who stand better its effects, and some of them become cor- pulent. Plantations. The inhabitants possess 20 plantations, some of them of .sugar cane and some corn fields, besides a few herds of bovine cattle, containing about 1,800 heads of all kinds. Church . — Pastor. There is only one parochi.d churcli in the city, straw roofed, on heavy timbers and mud walls, attended bv the cliaplain of the troop, who is a Reverend Capuchin of the Catalan Mission, drawing the salary of tlie chaplain, and the .small parochial fees to whom a fourth of the tithes collected belong, reaching in a few years over $30 ; and the alms of the residents and troops are dedicated to keep the church. Want of an Ordinary Justice. There is no common council nor ordinary justices in the city. The military commander refused to entertain those •cases, on account of the large expenses they entail, and only attends to those within his jurisdiction or ]jy commission from the Governor, before whom the parties appear first. Cities of Peal Corona and Ciudad Peal. The chief of Squadron, Don Joseph de Iturriaga, in virtue of ins powers undertook the establishment of two settlements, under the name of Real Corona and Ciudad Real, for which he congregated several persons dispersed on the banks of the •Orinoco and the Provinces of Caracas, Barcelona, and even from the Island of Margarita, who were supported for some time at the expense of the Royal Treasury, but after the withdrawal of that support they recrossed the river and returned to their old places, notwitlistanding that the Chief remained still in Ciudad Real with several families and clerks attached to his .expedition. It will disappear entirely when the Chief quits 220 it, on account of the insnperal)lG ditiicultios experienced in places so far away from all Iminan help, without any interest to- attract inhabitants, even if they were protected against the continuous assaults by the Indians, so that they can not be considered as settlements of this Province. Missions of the Reverend Catalan Capiioliln Fathers ; of the Keverend Fathers of the C<)nii)any of Jesus; and of the Reverend Franciscan Observant Fathers — Note lO. The Catalan Capuchin Missioners — Beginning of their Mis- sions — First settlement is established by them — Sixteen settlements existing — ]\Ien of arms — Families — Souls — Houses — Churches — Land occupied — Education of the Indians — Number of Reverend Fathers — Alms allowed them — Their cattle estate — Tiie importance of these Mis- sions — Those of the Jesuits — Father Observants of Piritu in this Province — Those three bodies spreading the Gospel in the Province. Bodies of Missioners Spreading the Gospel in Guayana. Three bodies of Missioners spread the Gospel in this Pro- vince of Guayana. They belong to different orders, to wit :: The Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers; the Reverend Fa- ther Jesuits of the Province of Santa Fe, and the Reverend Observant Fathers of Piritu, under whom are the Missions and ecclesiastical settlements of the Province of Barcelona, as heretofore explained. These three bodies of jNIissioners and the settlements under their charge, as well as the progress obtained, will be tlic sub- ject of a separate note. Catalan Capuchin Missioners. The Capuchins of the Catalan Kingdom keep in this Prov- ince a community of Missioners, who at the expense of the Royal Treasury were transported from their Province, until in- corporated in this Mission; all those existing in it apj^oint their Prelate every three years, under the name of Prefect, but neither 221 the community nor the Prefect are subordinated to the Prov- incial Prelate of the Catalan kingdom, but to that of the Province of Andalusia, their only Superior Prelate. This community performs the duties of their ministry with wonder- ful diligence, good order, and success, without sparing labors, and due to these circumstances are the happy progresses accomplished by the Missions in their charge. Beginning of the Missions. They were established in the year 1724, notwithstanding that other Missioners had undertaken the same work before. This conclusion is derived from the contents of a book of bap- tisms, showing that from the year 16G4 several other Priests at different times had tried the pacification and reduction of these Indians, such as Father Joseph Sanpayo, a Reverend Father of the Dominican order, and Father Manuel de la Purification, of the Bare-footed order (descalzos) of Saint Augustine; the Clergymen Don Francisco de Rojas, Don Miguel de Angulo, Don Joseph de Figueroa, and the ration canon Don Andres Fernandez ; the Father Jesuit Juan de Vergara, Dionisio Mestand, Francisco de E. Mauri and Ignacio Cano, the Catalan Capuchin Father xVngel de Mataro and Father Pablo de Blanes, the Capauchins and others. The Fathers of the Com- pany made an a.ssignment of said Missions, and the act was authorized by the Governor of Trinidad, Don Tiburcio de Harpe y Zuniga, in the year 1681, as shown by the Royal €edule of the 7th of February, 1668, and the 29th of April, 1687, by which His Majesty approves the assignment made by the Jesuits, and sends the Catalan Capuchin Fathers to attend the Missions of the Province of Guayana. These two Cedules are kept in the Archives of the Community. From said year 1687 they took charge of the Missions and commenced their work, but the miseries and deaths, without any help in their wants, were so discouraging, having nobody to replace those who died, many long interruptions of the Apostolic ministry followed, losing at the same time wliatever advancement had been made previously for the good of the souls and the pacifi- action of the natives. 2 2 -2 111 tlio yoar 172.'J tlic Mission of Guayana was in want of FatluT Missioners and without means to bring the few that might liave been obtained, for want of provisions and the nec- essary ahus for their support; hut during that year several pious persons, especially the Missioners of Piiitu, gave and facilitated the transportation of 10<» licad of cattle, which have kept on the increase and are to-day the support of the Missions in all the cxtrcinc necessities of the Indians, for want of meat, whenever they were to be attracted to the townships, as this element is an inducement securing exemption from famine and want. Fird Settlement in 1724-. Upon this basis, in 1724, the first Mission was founded, under the name of Ooncei)cion de Suay, two leagues inland from tlie City of (Juayana, and to-day they have planted 16, as it will be shown, going inland about 40 leagues to the south of said city, situated at that distance from the Mission of Avechica, as it is shown in the map. Besides the IG Missions existing, 8 previously settled have been lost, on account of the misfortunes of the pestilence of small- pox and measles, besides the invasions of the Caribs, the hostili- ties of the English in the year 1740, with the loss of over 1,000 Indians, several settlements and their furniture, having proved a dreadful drawback aggravated by the want of payment of tho alms assigned by His Majesty to these Missioners from the Treas- ury at Caracas, and the indifferent help afforded by the escorts in charge of the custody of the settlements to stop the invasions of the Caribs and restore order in the ]iopulation occasionally disturbed by intoxications. Altiiough part of the garrison from the fortress is detached tor that service it is not sufficient, as 25 to 30 more men ought to be ready to meet these contin- gencies whenever they happen. Twenty-five or 30 men not always can Ix; detached from the fortress, where there is very often no more than the required number for its custody. From that of Araya it is impossible, on account of the distance of 200- leagues, aside the other reasons submitted to His Majesty by my representations of the 27th of August, 1761, in reference- 223 to its demolition as useless, not l)eing of less importance the consideration of the isolation of all the Missions, wliere noth- ing is found of the necessaries and conveniences of human life,, nor any one ready to supply this want at any cost, and for that reason the same Missioners, witii the poor help of the Indians, are the masons, carpenters, and mechanics of other trades for the formation of the settlements and the works required for the same purpose, except churches, which arc not so easily built, and for which bells, ornaments, and other furniture are needed, without the means to buy them, and for that. reason only three of the settlements have churches. The Sixteen Existing llission Settlements. The 16 Missions established at present are those of Capapui,. Altagracia, Suay, Amaruca, Caroni, Arepuco, Aguacagua, Murucuri, San Joseph de Leonisa, Guarimna, Carapu, Miamo, Guasipati, Palmar, Avechica, and Piacoa, as shown in the map, in the corresponding statement of the men of arms, families, souls, houses, and churches existing in every one of the said 16 settlements. Men of Arms, Families, and Souls. One thousand and eighty-one men of arms ; 1,031 families; 4,302 souls ; 408 houses ; and three churches. Lands of the Missions. These Missions are most of them situated in very fertile lands,, fresh, salubrious, abounding in water and well provided of all the necessary products fit for the maintenance of the Indians, except those of Suay, Arepuco, Caroni, and Piacoa, that are not salubrious nor abundant in eatables on account of their prox- imity to the Orinoco river and sandy ground. The houses of all the settlements are built with symmetry in extension and sufficientlv convenient for the Indians. The three churches, although poor, are very clean and capacious, the same as the house of the pastor close to the church. Near the parson's house there is a sort of tower built of timber and mud, covered with straw, where they keep two or three swivel guns. The^ 224 tower, house, and church are defeudeJ bv a round fence of 7 7 V stakes so as to take care of the Caribs if they do not come in company with the Hollanders, for whom the swivel guns, if there are experts in the population to handle them, the noise alone ir.ay impose fear on the Caribs, wlio would not dare to reach the settlement and much less the palisade defended by the tower, where the women and children and even tlie Indians take refuge, in case that the enemy's forces are superior and do not allow sufficient time for the use of arrows in their defence. Education of tJw Indians. The education of the Indians is not the same in all the settlements ; in some of them they are not all baptized, when just taken out of the woods, incapable of a Cliristian education, and only in cases of need they are baptized, but this sacrament is administered to all their children born in the settlement and the infants arriving from the woods. Other Indians are already Christians, but without having forgotten the crowd of vices so common with them, and both sexes remaining naked, out of their natural rusticity and habit, as well as the impossibility to pay for clothing. The Fathers try their best to i)rovide them with iron utensils for the cultivation of their fields. In four or live of the oldest settlements they are dressed, in keeping with the good government of the Missioners, who gather with the greatest care and keep an account of the casave, superabundant with them, send it to the city of Guayana where there is a de- mand, and out of the proceeds buy clothing for tlie people in return for their casaves. This recourse is not available with those who are at a greater distance from the fortress, on account of the cost of transportation wiping out any possibility of profit. The Indians of tliese five settlements are well instructed in the Christian doctrine and sufficiently conversant with the •Castillian language. Many of them learn nuisic and play sev- eral instruments skilfull}^, and most of them are apjdied to the service of the Church, where the solemn functions are carried out with reall}' edifying ceremonies. Indeed, all these Missions .are proportionally well established, and governed with very 225 particular harmony, economy and education, so that in the visit of the same I had nothing to observe that was not highly laudable, a reason why, in the name of the King our Lord, the government rendered thanks to the community, encouraging them in the continuation of their holy ministry, as it is shown in part third of the acts of the visit to said Missions. Reverend Fathers present at the time of the visit. The fourteen Reverend Fathers and one layman, making in all fifteen, were present at the time of the visit. The lay- man attends to the sick, and this number is very limited, con- sidering the amount of work they have to perform taking care of the settlement and new conversions for new establishments. Alms assigned to each Mission. To every Missioner His Majesty has assigned, by way of alms, $150 a year, drawn on the Royal Treasury of Caracas, where the present arrears to the Community amount to ($32,- 000) thirty-two thousand dollars, according to a certificate given by the Prefect and shown in the third part of the acts. This delay in the jiayment of these alms has been felt and is felt, bringing about extreme want to the Reverend Fathers. Cattle estate of the Missions. The same certificate shows that the cattle estate of the Community contains from 14,000 to 16,000 head of bovine cattle for the maintenance of the settlements and the Mis- sioners. The cattle has been placed on new grounds in pro- portion of its increase, and to-day it is kept in the Mission of Guarina, where the fields and mountains are most abundant in grass and water, in a cool climate. On account of these circumstances, the multiplication of the cattle has been in- credible. High convenience of the expected help to this Community. If His Majesty kindly assigns the payment of these alms to the Missioners at a Royal Treasury's Office, where they do effectively pay, enough to maintain 25 or 30 Fathers, allowing this Mission the bells and ornaments established by law, and Vol. 1, Ven.— 15. 226 an escort of 25 to 30 men, in a very few years a great increase should be noticed and many more, if as the community de- sires, His Majesty applies similar alms for six or eight la}'' Brothers, good carpenters, masons, blacksmitiis, and weavers, so as to teach these trades to the Indians, especially weavers, of which they might avail themselves for the use of the large amount of cotton which they may gather, and is not fully used in the manufacture of hammocks done by the Indians, and taking a long time and labor for want of instruments. These Missions arc most important to the service of God and the King. Besides the spiritual advantage obtained by the natives, they help the fortress of Guayana with their provisions and interposition between the same and tla' Hol- landers, who by all means endeavor to enter iidand in this Province and the mouth of the Orinoco, the key to these dominions — upon the subject of which the necessary reports are sent to His Majesty. Jesuit 3flssio)i.ers from the Province of Santa Fe. In charii'o of the Reverend Jesuit Fathers of the Kinodom of Santa Fe are the Missions established on the Meta and Casanare Rivers, shown in the map. These Missions belong to the Government of 8anta Fe, excepting four of them which are established at tlie south of tlie Orinoco river, to wit: Settlements of the Jesuits in Guayana. Encarainada, Uruana, Carichanti, and Randal belong to teh Province of Guayana, although the}^ have been established and reared by the Jesuit Fathers. The four settlements are very poorly situated, on account of the sandy ground and little fertility of the banks of the Orinoco, and on account of its proximity they are not salubrious; hut the necessity of tem- porizing with the Indians who are settled in them does not allow, for the present, anything better. The distance of these settlements from the communication and treatment of the Spaniards keep them totally ignorant of the Castillian language, but they are in every thing else well instructed with that profusion of the Missioners, as far as per- mitted by the recent date of these four INIissions. 227 Men of Arms — Souls — Houses — Churches. The statements presented at the time of the visit by Father Manuel Roman, their Superior, and the other acts of the visit found in the third part of said acts are those concerned with this Mission, folios 71 to 76, and show that the four Missions contain 160 men of arms, 1,423 souls, 61 houses, four churclies, and their ornaments. It shows the good order of the settle- ments, the time of their foundation, and the method for the instruction of the Indians. In every one of these^ settlements there is a Reverend Mis- sioner whom the corresponding alms are paid by the Treasury of Santa Fe, as well as to the other officers of the Meta and Casanare rivers, and the escort for the custody of these Mis- sions, who guard likewise the four settlements of Guayana. The escort consists of 48 men and one captain, to whom the salary of $995 is paid annually, and each soldier $130, paid from the Royal Treasury of Santa Fe. The progress of the Jesuits in the Province of Guayana was very slow, considering the many Indians whom they have to reduce and pacify around the Meta and Casanare rivers and neighboring countries, and it was difficult for them to go far inland in the Province of Guavana, where most of the Indians are found, and not on the banks of the Orinoco river, that are very sickly and unin- liabitable, and their lands hardly fit for populations ; but there is no possibility of going further inland without establishing first a few settlements on each bank. Those on either side of the Orinoco river are rather watching places for the protection of the Meta Missions from the assaults of the Caribs navigating the Orinoco, and not for the purpose of going farther inland in the Province of Guayana. Missions of the Observant Fathers of Piritu. All the ecclesiastical establishments and missionsof the Prov- ince of Barcelona aremnderthe Reverened Father Observants of Piritu, as stated in note 7, but having no longer any more Indians to reduce and pacify in said Province, as they are all settled, as has been likewise explained in the above-mentioned note, they went over the Orinoco river and settled the place called 228 Muitcaco, within the Province of Guayana, building a lodging house, and then established the settlements called Platanar, Atapidere, and Guazapairo. These three settlements are com- prised in the seventeen of tlie Mission of the Province of Bar- celona in the acts of the visit, and tlie statement of the map, where there is a brief descri})tiun of the number of souls con- tained in each one. Thev are almost abandoned l)v the Mis- sioners, on account of the want of persons to send to the Pro- vince of Guayana for IIr' purpose, without being missed in that of Barcelona, for whicli there are r;iot enough persons, and cVL'U if it were easy to em})loy them on the other side of the- Orinoco, they have no means of subsistence except what is impossible of collection from tlie Royal Treasury, on account of alms assigned to these Missioners, the arrears of which amount at present to $31,605 (thirty-one thousand six hundred and five dollars). If these alms were paid, an escort granted as requested from His Majesty under date of the 27th of Au- gust, 17(31, explaining the inutility of the Castle of Araya, there is no doubt that this body of Missioners might work with more utility than shown at present, as it has been reported to His Majesty in a separate representation. Pending His Majesty's decision in regard to the escort, 12 men are detached from the garrison of Cumana, so as to pre- vent the loss of those three settlements; but being (10 or 70 leagues far away, the continuation of this detachment is not possible without serious difficulties stated in the representa- tion already mentioned of the 27th of August. If this community, wdtli a like conduct, charity and effi- ciency similar to that of the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers, should work in this Province, besides the spiritual good attained by the many Indians inhabiting the country, a better knowledge than what we possess at present should be secured and the entrance of the Portuguese, wdio are perhaps advancing inland towards the north, would be prevented, while now nothing is known of tiie establishments that they are forming in this direction, and the Orinoco would be secured, as it is the means of navigable communication with all the other centers of these vast provinces. 229 Territory corresponding to each body of Missions. These three bodies of Missions have among themselves an understanding al)out the territory to be occuj)iecl by each one, and this understanding has been authorized by the Gov- ernors, Don Carlos de Sucre and Don Augustin de Arredondo, in the year 1734, and afterwards approved by His Majesty, as shown by Father Gumilla in his " Orinoco Ilustrado," Chap- ter 1, folio 12, and is shown by the Royal Cedule found in the archives of this Government, and the boundaries are as fol- lows: The mouth of the Orinoco to Angostura, under the Catalan Capuchins ; from the Angostura to the Caura River or Cuchivero, under the Observant Missioners ; from the Cuchivero to the west, all under the Jesuits, with the under- standing that each bodv of ^Missions should go always to the south, as the only means of settling and knowing this most extensive Province. The establishment of townships, as in- tended by Don Joseph de Iturriaga, becomes impossible, on account of the distances intervening through the extensive desert plains, between the new foundations and those already established by the Spaniards of the north, and the coast in the Provinces of Caracas and Barcelona, and much more of that of Santa Fe, being the readiest and surest recourse to the fortress and city of Guayana, that after so many years of its founda- tion has not secured any of the advancements ; but notwith- standing, through this way, though at a great expense, all the other townships could be helped, on account of the greatest facility and convenience of tlie water communication. Horse transportation from Barcelona and Caracas is not either easy or reasonable, still less when the return is not effected in silver, as these populations have no way to procure it in this shape, but by means of products when practicable. At present they are all engaged in rearing cattle, which abound in all the prairies, and it is without consumption or estimation in Gua}'- ana. With so few advantages prese nted by this territory, few people of wealth will come to establish here, and as a conse- quence these settlements shall have to suffer, as explained in the preceding note. CuMANA, December IS, 1761. Joseph Diguja — [here is a flourish]. 230 The foregoing copy agrees with the original existing in tlie General Archives of the Indies in Stand 131 — Case 5 — Docket 7— Seville, October 13th, 1891. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Don Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. Madrid, October 28th, 1891. P. FORTOULT HuRTADO. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Seilor Pedro Fortoult Hurtado, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March 6th, 1890. P. Ezequiel Rojas. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 231 No. III. Stand 131. — Case 2. — Docket l7. General Abchives of the Indies — (Seville.) 1769—1779. Testimony of a certificate given by Don Andres de Oleaga, Acconiptant Officer of the Koyal Treasury of the city of Gnayana, about the confiscations and seiznres made under the command of tlie Commander General Don Manuel Centurion. Don Andres de Oleaga, Royal Accomptant Officer of this city of Guayana and this Province for His Majesty, (whom the Lord may protect). I certify in due form, for the notice of those whom it may concern, that : From the time of the possession of Don Manuel Centurion of his post, as captain of the Royal body of Artillery and Commander General of this Province, and due to his great diligence and constant zeal displayed in the Royal service, the following confiscations and seizures have been effected : On the 27th of January of the year 1767, at a port out of the way of the fortress of the old Guayana, a launch coming from Es- quivo, a Dutch colony, with two slaves, a cargo of brandy and other goods to Don Vicente Franco. On the 6th of March of said year, at the same fortress, several goods to Bernando Montes, coming in a small boat from the same Colony. On the 11th of April of the same year, inland from the fortress, four mules loaded with goods and foreign clothes, without per- mit or landing certificate. On the 22d of the same month and year, and above the port of this city, several goods, without permit or landing certificate, to Lorenzo Yeguas. On the 16th of July of the same year, at the fortress of the old Guayana, 232 sixteen sinull barrels of brandy, to the Pilot Caspar Vidal, who brought them furtively and had buried them in a small island of the Orinoco. On the 28th of September of the same year, at the port of Piacoa, below the fortress, an Indian boat, (curiara), loaded with Dutch goods from Esquivo-, to Pedro Sanchez. " By the Sergeant of the Company of Pioneers, Cipriano INIay- orga, with the boat in his charge, one of the cruisers of the Orinoco held by the foreigners trading in the clandestine shipment of mules, horses, cattle and other products of the Cuarapiche and Teresen rivers emptying into the Paria Gulf; one English sloop called " LaSevillana; " a Spanish, schooner, " La Esperanza ; " two Spanish launches; likewise an English boat, with four wild African negroes, some cattle, several packages of foreign merchandise, and a few more in the coun- try ; and before returning to this city, a French schooner, called " Maria Luisa" with two wild African negroes, two casks, one containing red wine and the other brandy, and ten pounds of coarse thread fit for hammocks; and at the same time by the same cruiser, manned at the Island of Trinidad, one French sloop and another French schooner, with mer- chandise and wild African negroes, from which, after deduct- ing all expenses, a sixth part was applied for tlie ministers, and one-half, amounting to seventeen hundred and ninety-two dollars and twenty-four maravedis, the proceeds of which in this city were two thousand and eighty-five dollars three reals and one and a half maravedis. These seizures were tried and adjudged as good prizes, awarded to His ]\Iajesty, on the 30th of April and the 29th of July of the year 1708. Besides the above mentioned prizes and confiscations, the Captain of the Company of Pioneers of the Orinoco, Don Francisco Civito, with two launches armed as cruisers of this river, commis- sioned b}^ the Commander, Don Manuel Centurion, appre- hended two foreigners who had been established at the Barima creek in the jurisdiction of said Province, two boats, and sev- eral iron implements and agricultural utensils that, by the award of the 19tli of April of said year of 17G8, w^ere confis- cated. All these acts appear to exist in ten portions of the 233 •several proceedings institute'l, and the total amounts in all to seven thousand and one dollar one real and twenty-five and a half maravedis, out of which tlie corresponding Royal du- ties for His Majesty were two thousand seven hundred and ninety-five dollars seven reals and thirty-three maravedis. And finally the above Captain, since the 13th of October of last year to the present time, with the launches of his com- mand, by direction of the Commander General of the Orinoco, has seized in the rivers Guarapiche and Teresen a Spanish launch with twelve batteries, an English sloop with eighty mules, six horses and five negroes; two large sloops, one Eng- lish and the other French ; three English schooners and one :small sloop of the same nation ; a Spanish launch with seven horses and other merchandise and utensils, the trial of which is still pending. And at the verbal request of said Com- mander General, Don Manuel Centurion, 1 issue the present •certificate for whatever use he may see fit. Given at this Royal Accomptant Office of Guayana, on the twenty -eighth day of January, in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-nine. Andres de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. AVe, Don Joseph Rexi, Captain of Infantry, and Don Vicente Diez de la Fuente, Sub-Lieutenant, Adjutant ]\lajor of this troop of Orinoco, attest that the signature autliorizing the pre ceding instrument or certificate is the same used in his office by the Royal Accomptant Officer of this city and Province, Don Andres de Oleaga, and that it is entitled to full faith and credit everywhere, and for those whom it may concern we certify to the fact in the absence of a Notary Public, and sign herewith, in this city of Guayana, on the twenty-eighth •day of January of seventeen hundred and sixty-nine. Joseph Roxi. Vicente Diez de la Fuente. [There is a flourish in each signature]. 234 The foregoing copy agrees with its original in the General Archives of the Indies — Stand 131 — Case 2 — Docket 17 — Seville, July 2d, 1891. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish.] [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned. Consul General of Venezuela in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Don Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. P. FORTOULT HURTADO. Madrid, July 17, 1891. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Senor Pedro Fortoult Ilurtado, Consul General of Vene- zuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March 6th, 1890. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 235 No. IV. Stand 131.— Case 2.— Docket 20. General Archives of the Indies. — (Seville.) 1790. Two letters from the Governor of Giiayan a, Don Luis An- tonio Gil, to Don Pedro de Lorena, informing- him of the situation of the Dutch Colonies located on the coast at forty-five leagues, (he says), from the mouth of Na- vios of the Orinoco River, and about the kind of Inde- pendent Republic which had been formed by the fugi- tive slaves, at the sovirces of the rivers betw een Surinam and Esquivo.— 1790. 1790. — Strict ly confiden tia I. Most Excellent Sir : — In consequence of the strictl}^ confi- dential Royal Order of the 4th of last June that your Excellency has kindly communicated to me, in order to find out, through all prudent and cautious possible means what is the amount of fugitive persons from the Colonies of Surinam, Bervice, Deme- rari and Esquivo, that are established in the interior of this continent, and if among them are the two nephews of Tupac- Amaro, with the other matters therein contained. In accord- ance with the Captain General of Caracas, as I am instructed to act, I will carry out this important measure through the saf- est, most reserved and cautious means possible, advising sub- sequently of all details and the result. May the Lord keep your Excellency's life for many years. GuAYANA, October 16, 1790. Luis Antonio Gil — [there is a flourish.] Most Excellent Don Pedro de Lorena. 230 Strict bj confidential. Most Excellent 8ik : Well aware of wliat 3'our Excellency directs me to do, b}^ the strictly contideiitial Royal Order of the 4th of last June, I have been informed with the greatest se- crec}', reserve and necessary precautions for finding out the number of fugitives from the Dutch Colony of Surinam, and whether among them are the two nephews of the rebellious Tupac-Aiiiaro, if they have any dealings with the Indians, and whether the latter look upon them with any consideration. Upon these particulars and the other j)()ints communicated to me, (simulating a desire to be posted as to the extension of this Province, their boundaries and frontiers, number of inhabi- tants, whether white or colored, of the Indian tribes, reduced and wild, inhabiting the countr\^), I have succeeded only in obtaining the following information: That the amount of fugitive persons from Surinam is very large, and that it is further increased by the accession of those who go to join them from Bervice, Demerari, and Esquivo, all foreign colonies situated on the same coast at a distance of 45 leagues from the Boco de Navios of the Orinoco River; that they are in communication with the interior part of this Prov- ince; that these Colonies carry on an active commerce with Holland in products which they gather in abundance from their cultivated possessions by European inhabitants, the greater part, with the help oC numerous negro slaves which they bring from the coast of Guinea. These slaves find their local situation on the respective rivers easy to escape, and they use it at different times, withdrawing and making themselves strong at the sources of the rivers, to the extent of threatening the same Colonies, so as to have had to capitulate after several unlucky encounters with said fugitives, under conditions far from decorous, and of injurious transcendence, as it is to be expected from the operations, contrivances, and devices of a free, independent Republic, composed of ferocious and barba- rous [)eople, and the neighborhood of which has to be the source of con.stant care and vigilant attention. The territory occupied by the fugitive slaves is situated be- tween Surinam and Esquivo, where it ends, and it is defended 237 (to prevent our communication with them) by the Carib In- dians and other tribes, under the domination of a petty King or Casique, supported by the Government of Esquivo, that, ])y way of commerce, permits the inhabitants of that Colony to supply him with blank and fire-arras, powder, balls, iron im- plements, and dry goods in exchange for Indians, whom the}^ enslave for the works of their plantations, keeping stores and commercial houses for that purpose on the frontier of their possessions not so far as to remove the possibility of their coming in force from the interior, if they so intend it, to invade our own Missions of the Catalan Capuchin Fathers, and even those of the high Orinoco and Rio Negro, as there is no force in the way to prevent it nor Spanish settlement to opj)ose them. The tribes of natives above mentioned have been alwa3^s our avowed enemies, opposed to the expedition sent by this Gov- ernment a few years ago for the discovery of the Parima lagoon, having had several encounters with them, having found them armed with muskets and powder and balls furnished, as it is said, by the Hollanders from Esquivo, who have sent several cases as presents to the petty King or Casique. Embarrassed as it is, the communication with the fugitives, there is nobody from whom to obtain reliable renorts as to the existence with them of the nephews of the rebellious Tupac- Amaro, nor is there any sure way left to investigate the fact, without risks and difficulties, as we have the barrier of the above-mentioned tribes in the interior to prevent it, and from the seaport it is hardly possible, on account of the extreme vigi- lance of the Hollanders, withdrawing our communication for fear of the evil consequences that might follow. For the same reason they take every precaution to avoid the publicity of what happens with the people of the obnoxious savage Republic. Since the time of my possess-ion of the government and Command of this Province, I have not spared any means con- ducive to the elucidation of this subject. I have tried to be present at the visit of the vessels trading with the foreign Colonies, so as to find out whether among the passengers 238 * brought by them any one may be suspected, on account of their answers to the questions set to tliom hy me with the same caution required by the secrecy of the subject. I will continue followino- the same ])()licy and keeping your Excel- lency well informed of all thu details that I may find out, besides those that I have already conveyed to your Excellency, and likewise to the Captain General of Caracas, availing myself of every favorable circumstance to secure that end and the safetv of this Province. May the Lord keep Your Excellency's life for many years. Guayana, November 8th, 1700. Luis Antonio Jil — [there is a flourish]. To his Excellency Don Pedro de Lorena. The foregoing copies agree with the documents existing in the General Archives of the Indies in Stand 131 — Case 2 — Docket 20. Seville, December 31st, 1891. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [there is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Cousul General of Venezuela in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the siguature of Don Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. Madrid, January 14th, 1892. P. FORTOULT HURTADO. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Senor Pedro Fortoult llurtado, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March Oth, 189G. P. Ezequiel Rojas. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Aff'airs. BOUGHT FROM THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP Greenberg & SniiUi Dealers in all kinds of r«;n« Antiquites, CuPios Stamps, Coinfe., Anxiqu Arms, Books, ttc. 433-35 Montgomery St. San FraDcisco DOCUMENTS RKLATING TO THK QUeSTlON OF BOUNDARY BETWEEN VENEZUELA AND BRITISH^UAYANA. H^l SUBMITTED TO THE BOUNDARY COMMISSION BY THE COUNSEL OF THE GOVERN- MENT OF VENEZUEI.A. Vol. II. Washingtqw, D. C. Press of McGill & Wallace, 1896. ^^gj I DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE QUESTION OF BOUNDARY BETWEEN VENEZUELA AND BRITISH GUAYANA. SUBMITTED TO THE BOUXDARY COMMISSION BY THE COUNSEL OF THE GOVERN- MENT OF VENEZUELA. VOL. II. Washington, D. C. Press of McGill & Wallace, 1896. Vol. II, Tex. — 1 No. 5. {Tniiislatiou.J General Archives of Indies. — (Seville.) Stand 131. — Case 7. — Docket 17. Document No. 2. 1758.— Testimony in regard to two Hollanders imprisoned at the river Coyuny [Cuynni] by the secret expedition, which went out from the City of Santo Tome de Guayana in the year 1 758. (This document came with a letter No. 13, from the Commander of La Guayana, Don Manuel Centurion, dated on the 5lh of April, 1770.) Forming a part of the proceedings instituted in consequence of the claim made by the Minister of Holland, complaining of the conduct of the Orinoco Spaniards against the colony of Esquivo [Esequibo]. 1758. — Testimony taken in the case of the two Hollanders impris- oned at the river Cuyuni by the secret expeditionary party ivhich left this city in the year 1758 — Number 2. Senor Don Felix Ferreras. Dear Sir: The Caribs from tlie mountains having killed the captain and his companion of the Guayca Indian Station, who with their people formed there a population upon good priiici[)les and with hopes of making it a large establishment on the banks of the Supama river, within the Hauchica district, that settlement has now been lost on account of the above deaths. The Guaycas have therefore again taken to the woods, and as other folks of the said tribe there may be yet found in the Missions of tho Turuario, they are oftentiines chimorous fur vengeance : hut the Father of that Mission, with his usual pru- dence, has niatlo nie acquainted with the fact, and stopped them, exphiining his very good reasons, and his fear of still worse misfortunes. I requested the Commander, Don Juan Valdes, to be kind enough to nialsortioii and secure the end of their journey. 3. They iuu.st cniploy the b(\'st means to ascertain Ijow the Hollanders keep iheii' estahlishiniMit ; if they have their houses harriea(U'd in the lower or hioher }iart ; if they have an}' can- nons or light guns, or either class ; under what kind of people; if the Indians accompany them under arms; in whicli way they may be reached without being perceived, so as to take them unawares l)y surprise; if they keep stakes around, and whether the ends of said stakes are poisoned ; if they are dis- guised with false floors in the transit ; if they keep lookouts, in which places, anil how they can be caught. 4. When everything has been found out they will advance towards the houses of the Hollanders at daybreak, and not by night, to avoid tiie risk of offending one another, and the pro- toctinn of the obscurity and the knowledge of the ground ena- bling the offenders to escape. But, in case that a night advance be required, to have every one of the party under a white device, covering their heads, so as to recognize each other. 5. The prisoners once well secured, if there is any informa- tion about other Dutch places on the lower or upper portion of said river Cuyuni, and if there is a certainty of their appre- hension, they shall go after them, ])roceeding witli the same precautions observ((l in regard to the others, and witli the same security they shall be brought to this garrison, as well as the Carib Indians found__witli them, and the Poytos, which must be treated with love and cliarity, and delivered to the Reverend Father Prefect, Fray Benito de la Gariga. 6. As said Reverend Father Prefect has had the first infor- mation upon this painful subject and the serious injury done to the success of their holy administration, a conference must be liad with said Reverend Father, so as not to make any mis- take. The war instructions already mentioned will be carried out by said Bonalde and Puente as it may be found proper. 7. If the Carib Indian named Bumuro be found, he must be secured, as 1 am informed he controls all the Indian settle- ments of his tribe, and imprisons those of other tribes, to be sold the Hollanders, as well as to otlier Indians employed in sim- 1'^ o ilar negotiations, taking from liim all the slaves that he may- have in his possession and delivering them to the order of the Reverend Father Prefect, for their Christian instruction and population. 8. If it happens that during the navigation they are attacked from the banks of the river by any enemy, embarrassing their way and destination, and that the same vessels are not suit- able for returning the fire with advantage, they will leave them in custody, so as to be able to hind and charge the enemy until every one be apprehended. 9. Everything will be carried out as directed by the above- mentioned Don Santiago Bonalde and Don Luis Lopez de la Puente, whose valor and zeal for the Royal service promise the best success under these instructions, to which they will adjust their conduct in everything connected with their orders, in virtue of the present commission intrusted to them. Guayana, the 27th day of July, 1758. Felix Ferreras. The greatest care will be taken so as to secure the ransoms and all the articles of commerce which may be seized, making an inventory of everything, and not allowing anything to be taken out and kept in the vessels in which they make the commerce. Date, Ut Supra. Ferreras, Appointment of witnesses. — In the city of Santo Tome de Guayana, on the 27th day of the month of October, in the year 1758, Senor Juan de Dios Valdes, Castillian captain of the fortresses of His Majesty and Commander-in-Chief, said : That in order to make and institute a summary information, accord- ing to the chapter of instructions from his Honor, the Captain General and Governor of these Provinces, upon the secret ex- pedition and the result of the apprehension of two Hollanders, with their wives and a negro slave, in the river Cuyuni, and as one of the Chiefs in command of the expedition is the Notary Public of this city, Don Luis Lopez de la Puente, not able to 14 Act as such in this matter, it has become necessary to appoint two satisfactory persons highly trustworthy, so as to make them witnesses in all the acts corresponding to this subject, and these circumstances concurring in the persons of the Ensign of In- fantry, Don Luis de Alemiin and the Cadet, Don Francisco Xavier Pllgueyra, I ought to appoint, and do appoint the same, so as to act as witnesses, after having been notified for their acceptance and the oath of office ; first, and before everything else, they must faithfull}'' attest to all the acts that will be per- formed in their presence, and then it will follow every other act in the same manner. It was so ruled and signed. Juan ^^vLDEs. Notijicatloii. — Immediately following, I, the expressed Com- mander, Don Juan Valdes, did notify his appointment as a witness of the preceding ruling, to the Ensign Don Luis de Aleman, and, being well understood, he said that he accepted and did accept it, and swore before God our Lord, making the sign of the cross, to perform faithfully and well his duties, as explained to him, and he signed with me. I certify to the same. Luis de Aleman. Another. — And then I, the expressed Commander, notified the other witness of his ai)pointment, according to the above I'ulc, the Cadet Don Xavier Filgueyra, who said that he ac- cepted and did accept it, and swore, in proper form, * to keep and observe faithfully the duties devolved on him in the prem- ises, and signed w'itli me. So do I certify. Valdes. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y Garcia. Rule. — In the city of Guayana, on the SOtli day of tlie above month and vear of the Lord, Don Juan Valdes, Castillian *The Spdiiish form of the oath of the previous noti6cation will l)e thus reduced ■by the translator. 15 Captain of His Majesty and Commander in Chief of tliis Province, said : That, in order to proceed and substantiate these proceedings according to law, he ought to command and does command to have at the head of them the letters of the most Reverend Prefect of these Missions, which were the mo- tive of the sending and organizing of the above-mentioned expedition, together with the instructions and appointment of the chiefs in command, signed by the Ensign Don Felix Ferreras, who, in his absence, was the Commander ad interim of this place ; and afterwards the above-mentioned witnesses, Don Santiago Bonalde and Don Luis Lopez de la Puenfe, the appointed chiefs, will be summoned to appear at eight o'clock to-monow morning before his Honor, said Commander, to render their sworn affidavit about all the incidents, acts, and resistances on the part of said Hollanders opposed to them, exhibiting the papers that they may have found with them, and stating distinctly which of them was the aggressor who took the life of one of the soldiers of said expedition and badly wounded another in his arm, answering to all the questions of his Honor from the beginning to the end of the above- mentioned expedition until their return to this city. To the same end several other soldiers who went in the expedition will be examined, and after their affidavits have been taken, the declarations of the two prisoners, the Hollanders, will be heard, and they shall be brought under a suitable custody to the presence of his Honor, so as to state the reasons for their sojourn and business in those places, by whom they were posted there, and for what purpose ; all of which being accom- plished, the other necessary acts connected with these pro- ceedings will follow. Done under the authority and in presence of the under- signed, who certify to the same. Juan Valdes. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y Garcia. Summons. — Following in order, we, Don Luis de Aleman and Don Francisco Xavier Filgueyra, the witnesses appointed 16 to substantiate tliese acts, called at the residence of Doii Santiago Bonalde and Don Luis Lopez de la Puente and sum- moned them, as ruled hy the above act, for to-niorrow morning at eight o'clock, in person. We certify to the same. Luis Aleman. Francisco Xavikk Filgueyka.. Affidavit by Don Santiago Bonalde. — In the above city of Gua v- ana, on the 3Lst day of October, in the year 1758, appeared before his Honor, Seiior Don .luan A^ildes, and the witnesses, Don Santiago Bonalde, in order to render his affidavit in com- pliance with the above rule as one of tlie cliiel's ;i[>poin((Ml for the secret expeditionary force that was sent to the Cuyuni river, and after having been duly sworn * in the proper form,, and promising to state the truth of nil that he knew, and upon which he would l)e interrogated, and l)cing questioned, lie said as follows : 1. That having de[)arted from this city with the order and instructions tliat he shows to reach the settlement of Yumario,. where he found the armed people ready, and that he reviewed immediately and examined their arms and vessels, and find- ing everything in proper shape and ready for the march, he gave orders to the cockswains and people to embark and have the vessels to proceed in good order one after another. 2. In regard to the second chapter of his instructions, he said that he had failed to carry out its directions as to appre- hending and carrying along with him tliose Indinns that he would meet, because he thought a more convenient policy to attract them with friendship and affection, so as not to frighten them, which })olicy proved correct, as he succeeded in securing their help in everything that was wanted. If he had seized and tied them, after apprehending them, a few at least, he was afraid, would have rebelled and brought about mischief, as they are numerous and their fields afforded no facilities for any defence. *The same form of the oath as above quoted by the translator. • 17 3. That ill regard to the tliird chapter, he performed with every possible skill everything therein expressed, aiid did not find any old houses staked in, nor any other kind of ambush. 4. That in regard to the fourth chapter, he said that in order to avail himself of the occasion he got some of the Caribs who infest those places to befriend and lead him, without being noticed, until he reached a place, the name of which he does not bear in mind, where a white Hollander was found at noon and made no resistance, nor atlempt to run away when he was apprebended. From that j)lace they continued their march, in company witli the Indians, as far as the hut where said Hollander lived. Said hut was covered with palm leaves, without any walls. They spent two days in reaching the same, going down tbe river. When they were near the said hut they stopped until it was dark, as he thought the darkness favorable for an advance ; that he disposed his men in the best possible order at the time suggested by the Caribs, and at about eight o'clock in the evening, or it may have been seven o'clock, he undertook the assault with liis men on the said hut, and found one Hollander, who seemed to be lying on a ham- mock, and warned by the barking of a dog he arose, and they all fell on him so as to prevent him from reaching any arms that he might have had there. At tins time four or five gun shots were heard, and they were not able to find out who fired them ; that he found ont that his own went off accidentally, and that a soldier that had fired his blunderbuss said it was on a negro who accompanied said Hollander and was running away from the hut ; that he could not find out who fired the other ; that he only heard the voice of one of the soldiers, while strug- gling with the said Hollander, in order to tie him, saying, simultaneously with a pistol shot, " This rascal has killed me ;" and without minding who it was we endeavored only to secure the person of the Hollander, and having succeeded he found out, on inquiry, that one of his soldiers had been killed and another badly wounded in an arm ; that he immediately tried to find the arms held by them, and found two pistols already emptied and a musket in the hands of the Caribs ; and having upbraided the Hollander for his having fired, he answered Vol. II, Ven.— 2. 18 that lie liad not, that it might have been the negro who was with liini. 5. As to the fifth chapter, hu ioUowod his instructions and found out that that there were no otlier huts or ranches up or down the river. (i. That ho followed the sixth chapter just as it is. 7. In regard to the seventh chapter, he found it was better to let the Caribs come freely, as they promised and did so, as otherwise he could not have succeeded, on account of their large number. Many of them are found already in the Mission of the Reverend Capuchin Father. In regard to the Indian Tomuto, he had no news whatever. 8. As to the eighth chapter, he found nothing new in its contents. 0. As to the ninth instruction, he followed evervthing as directed. In regard to ransoms, he found only twelve dozens of knives, seven of hatchets, and remnants of cloth that he dis- tributed among the Caribs, so as to keep them well pleased and safe; that the ten dozens of said knives and seven of hatchets he delivered to the Reverend Father Fray Thomas de San Pedro, as he could not bring them to this city on account of the long delay and fatigues of the road ; that he did the same with five guns and a pistol taken from the Hollander, to whom he asked who had i)laced them in that station and for what purpose, and he answered that they had been placed there by the Governor of Esquivo, without saying anything else in re- ply to the other questions; that in a little box he found cer- tain papers having the appearance of instructions, and that he delivered them on his arrival to this city in the hands of the Ensign of Infantry, Don Felix Ferreras; that from the j)lace where they found the ranch on the river Cuyuni, to the Mis- sion, wherefrom they had departed, the journey took twenty- two days, three of which in the navigation up the river and the remainder by land ; that this is all that he knows and what is contained in his notes, and the truth under the oath that he has taken, and that he affirms and ratifies the same, and will 19 assert again if wanted ; that he is thirty-four years old, and signs with his Honor and witnesses. Juan Valdez. Francisco Santiago Bonalde. Luis de Aleman, Francisco Xavier Filgueyray Garcia. Affidavit of Don Luis de la Puente. — On the same day and year it caine before his Honor, the Commander Don Juan Valdes, and the acting witness, Don Luis Lopez de hi Paente, one of the chiefs appointed for the secret expedition, who was duly sworn by his Honor in the usual form (as already given), and promised to tell the truth of all that lie knew, and was interrogated as it was done in the order of his instructions, and he said : That having left this city with the order and instruc- tions shown him, he took his departure for the settlement of Yuruario, and there found the soldiers, and that everything was ready; that he examined the arras and took to the boats, which left as directed. 2. In regard to the second chapter of instructions, he said : His comrade did not think it was a good policy to do the least harm to the Lidians which they met on the way, and thought best to treat them kindly, so as to deserve their favor, as it was done successfully ; that on account of this circumstance he did not carry out the letter of instructions of this chapter. 3. In regard to this chapter, he endeavored to find out and ascertain the point? mentioned, as directed, and he could not find nor ascertain the places, or any case of ambushes. 4. In regard to this chapter, he said : After eight days' nav- igation he arrived at an Indian ranch of the Caribs, and there found out that a Hollander by the name of John Baptist used to come and visit another ranch of Caribs, and he sent from there the pilot, directing liini that in the event of finding said Hollander in that ranch to notify his party, as it was done on the following day, when the Hollander was apprehended, with- out opposing any resistance to follow them as far as the site where they found the house that the}^ had placed as a limit; 20 that they made a stop in order to reach it by night, as it was done at seven or eight o'clock ; that tlicir approach was antici- })ated by the bariving of a dog ; that on account of that cir- cumstance they entered tlie house in haste to secure the person of the HoHandcr, wlio seemed to be lying down on a ham- mock and was already standing, at the time of l)eing seized l)y a soldier; Francisco Rob.lez fired a pistol sliot, which caused him to address the said Koblez the words: "This dog has killed nie;" that hearing at the same time three shots more he ascertained that one of them was fired by a soldier called Pedro at a negro who was running away, and the other shot was firt'd by Don Santiago Bonalde without knowing how or at whom ; that the other shot, he never knew who fired it; that he founl out through the interpreter that the said IIol- hinder thought that they were Caribs, and for that reason he fired, and the wounded man could not give any explanation. 5. In regard to this chapter, he tried to find out whether the}'' had some Poytos, or other ranches; that none were found, nor any news of having any eitlier up or down the river. (3. That this chapter was carried out as it is, without doing anything to the contrary. 7. Tiiat in regard to the seventh eliapter, the}' found no riulian there by the name of Tannito, nor any other employed in taking Indians to make them slaves. S. That in regard to this chapter he said: That there was nobody against whom to take any precautions, as nobody was found. In regard to the last i'hapt(^r. he said : That everything was carried (jut as directed, with the greatest zeal for the sei'- vice of both Majesties; and that, in regard to ranscans, they found only twelve dozens of knives, seven ol' hatchets, three kettles, five muskets, three pistols, and a large number ol' cloth remnants, that were distribute(l among the Caribs accompany- ing the party, and the distril)ution was maile l)y his comrade, who was the principal chief, and likewise a few papers which were taken and delivered to the Knsign, Don Felix Ferreras ; that it took twenty-two days to make the return jonrney to the Mission from where they had started ; and that he has nothing 21 else to depose on the subject, and thus ended his statement, in which he affirms himself and ratifies, and if necessary will renew the same und^n- his oath ; that he is thirty-three years old, and signs herewitli with his Honor and the witnesses who certify to the act. Juan Valdes. Luis Lopez de la Puente. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra AND Garcia. 3. On the same day, month and year, in compliance with the preceding rule of his Honor, the Commander, it appeared before him and the witnesses of this act Juan Jose Fragas, a military man of this castle, who was duly sworn by his Honor in due form, and under the strength of his oath he promised to tell the truth of all that he might know and were interro- gated, and having been questioned by his Honor, he answered about the time of departure following the expedition, the point of destination reached by his company and the events of the expedition, saying: That he left the settlement of Yuruario under the command of Don Santiago Bonalde and Don Luis Lopez de la Puente, at the head of the party, and followed them down to a certain place (the name of which he does not recollect), where they met a white Hollander, who, without resistance nor attempt to run away, let us apprehend him, and from thence they left, in company with some Indian Caribs, until they reached the ranch they had in said river Coyuni ; that before reaching there the chiefs in command stopped cautiously at a place, in the immediate neighborhood of said ranch, and there awaited until seven or eight o'clock of the evening, when they advanced toward said hut, where they met a white Hollander and a negro that seemingly was lying in a hammock, and at the rumor of the barking of a dog he rose, and having been assailed by all at once, so as to secure his person, I heard the firing of four musket shots without knowing then who fired them, and he could only un- 22 derstand (wlien lie saw it) tliat one of (lu^ sliots wsa fired by the military man Pedro de Rojas, outside of the house, aiming at a negro, who Avas found in coin})any of the Hollander^ because he ran away, and after they had all quieted from the first assault, he heard Don Santiago Bonalde say that when he left the boat he had cocked the two triggers, and one of them went off, in the act of apprehending the said Hollan- der, and that he did not know whether it had l)een himself the author of the death occurred ; that in regard to whether there are or not other ranches, he does not know of any ; and that from the Cuvuni river thev returned to the Mission wherefrom they had departed, taking twenty-two days on their way back ; that he has nothing else to say than what he has already answered under oath, and that he ratifies and will repeat it over if necessary; that he is twenty-four years old, and signs with liis Honor and the witnessses who certify to this act. Juan Valdes. Juan Jose Fragas. Luis de Alemax. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra AND Garcia. 4. l\\ the city of Guayana, on the second day of November, 1758, in order to carry out the preceding rule, appeared before his Honor the Commander, Don Juan^Valdes, and witnesses,^ the military man, Segundo dc la Cruz, whom his Honor had duly sworn, and promised to toll the truth of all that he knew and was to be questioned. He was asked wherefrom did he de- part on the secret expedition and where he went with his com- pany, wliom he met and whether they apprehended anybody, and what the events were on that journey, and he answered : That he left the settlement of Yuruario, in com[)any with the troops commanded by Don Santiago Bonalde, the first chief, and Don Luis Lopez de la Puente, the second ; that he followed them down to a place (the name of which he does not know) and there apprehended a white Hollander, who made no resist- ance, and was carried in his company until they reached a 23 ranch in which another Hollander resided ; that they assailed the place all at once, because they were heard, on account of the barking of a little dog found there; that there were several shots, one of which killed a companion and badly wounded the deponent in his arm, which is paralyzed, and that he does not know who fired, on account of the obscurity, but heard saying, while suffering pain, that Don Santiago Bonalde's gun went off on account of one of the triggers having been cocked, it was a double barreled musket, and he did not know whether any harm had been done. He affirms his statement that said Hollander did not fire, nor were any arms found with him, as he was the first that seized him by the breast, and that in regard to the other shots he can not give any explanation, for the reasons already explained of having been wounded ; that he does not know anything else on the subject, beyond what he has already asserted under oath, and that he will, if necessary, repeat again ; that he is twenty -five years old, and did not sign, as he did not know how. His Honor signed with the witnesses of the act, and certifies to the same. Juan Valdes. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra Garcia. 5. In the said city of Guayana, on the same day, month and year, pursuing the same investigation, appeared before his Honor Don Juan Valdes, Castillian Captain of His Majesty, another witness summoned to appear, the military man Pedro Arochy, who, being duly sworn, promised to tell the truth of all he knew, and was questioned, and having been asked wherefrom he departed, with what people and in virtue of what order, for what purpose and where did he go, and whom he met, what houses he saw and what events took place, he said : That he left the settlement of Yuruario in company with the other military men (the number he does not know) in virtue of orders made known to him by the Ensign of In- fantry, Don Felix Ferreras, and Don Santiago Bonalde, first 24 chief, aiifl Don Luis Lopez (1(3 la ruente, second ; tliat he knew they were orcJered to apprehend a few Holhinders, and descended the river Cuyuni ; that they fouml n Hollander who made no resistance when appreliended, and was carried by his company up to the neighborhood of a little ranch, where they awaited the night in order to advance, following the order of the chiefs as it was carried out, between seven and eight o'clock in the evening; that there were a few shots fired in the disorder in which the advance was made, and that he is not aware who were those who liretl the same nor who killed tlie man wlio died, nor who wound(Ml the other? he heard Don Santiago Bonahie say that his gun went off and that it might have been the cause of tlie mischief; and he heard somebody else among the soldiers say tliat he fired his blunderbuss in the air, and that was outside of the ranch ; that he knows that no arms were found with said Hollander, nor did he fire any; that he had no news of any other ranch u[) or down the river; that he came back to the Mission from which he departed, taking twenty-two days on his return, suffering many hardships ; that he has nothing else to say about the matter, and that he has stated the truth under his oath, and will be ready to repeat it if necessary before any other triliunal : that he is twenty-eight 3'ears old, and does not sign, as he does not know how to do so. His Honor signs, and the witnesses of the act certify to it. Juan Valdes. Luis de Aleman. FrvANcisco Xavier Filgueyra. Huh. — Appearing from the above affidavits by the two chiefs commissioned for the secret expedition, that certain papers and instructions were taken from the above-mentioned Hollanders, and being known they were delivered to the Ensign of In- fantry, Don Felix Ferreras, commander ad interim at this place, his Honor ought to order and does order that he be noti- fied and requested to exhibit said documents and papers. 25 It was so ruled, and his Honor signed the same in the city of Guayana on the 2d day of Novemher, 1758, under his cer- tificate. Valdes. Luis de Alemax. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y Garcia. Immediately afterwards said witnesses called at the house of the Ensign of Infantry, Don Felix Ferreras, and notified him •of the preceding rule, and in compliance he exhibited and delivered to us four papers written in the Dutch language, and one which he said was the Castillian translation, all of which facts we certify. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y Garcia. Rule. — In the citv of Santo Thome de Guavana, on the 2d day of the month of November of the year 1758, his Honor, the Commander Don Juan Valdes, said : That as the papers had been exhibited in the Dutch language with a translation delivered by the Ensign of Infantry, Don Felix Ferreras, he ought to rule, and does rule, that the same be added to these proceedings, first taking the affidavit under oath, according to the creed of the two Hollanders kept imprisoned in the castle of San Francisco de Asis, bringing them under a proper cus- tody to the presence of his Honor, and as they are not conver- •sant with the Spanish language, he ought to appoint, and does appoint, as an interpreter for both of said Hollanders, the Artillery Sergeant, Juan Andres de la Rivera, so that he will make the inquiries of the Commander and answer clearly and distinctly what they say, without going into explanations of the terms used. He will be notified for his acceptance and sworn before his Honor, the Commander, that he will faithfully .and legally interpret, according to the above statements, with- out fraud or deceit, and will observe the actions and motions in the way of rendering their affidavits, the said two Holland- ers, and whether they contradict each other, and will warn his 26 Honor, the Commander, for his better government and mode of inquiry, and will keep in all the best method necessary ta 11 11(1 out the real facts. It was so ruled, signed, and certified by his Honor. Juan Valdes. Luis Alemax. Francisco Xaviek Filgueyra y Garcia, Notification. — Immediately afterwards the aforesaid witnesses appointed by his Honor called at the residence of the Artillery Sergeant, Juan Andres de la Rivera, and notified him of his appointment as an interpreter, by the preceding rule of the Commander, for the two affidavits to be received trom the two Hollanders, and after being notified, he said that he accepted and did accept, and we certify to the fact. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y' Garcia. Tn the above-mentioned citv of Guavana, on the 3d dav of the same month and year quoted, his Honor, the Commander,, and the witnesses of this proceeding received the Artillery Sergeant, Juan Andres de la Kivera, who, after being notified of the above rule, accepted, and was sworn in due form and promised to faithfully and lawfully interpret the two affi- davits to be taken from the two Hollanders, and signed, with his Honor and witnesses certifying to the act. Juan Valdes. Juan Andres de la Rivera. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra. Confirmation. — In the same city of Guavana, on the 3d day of November, in the year 1758, Don Juan Valdes, Castillian Captain of His Majesty, made appear before him and witnesses one of the two Hollanders now imprisoned in the castle of San Franc isco de Asis, and, after being sw^orn according to the rite 27 of his religion (he said he was a Lutheran), he raised two fingers^ of his right hand, and was examined as follows : 1. Asked wherefrom he was a native, his name, and occupa- tion, he answered: That he is a native of the States of Hol- land and his name is Stephen Hiz, and a laborer in mines. 2. Asked what he was doing in those places, he answered :. That he was placed there by the Governor of Esquivo as the head of a fixed guard kept there. 3. Asked how many men composed the guard and the rea- son why he occupied that post, he answered : That the guard is composed of four men, including the two white Hollanders and two Indians, and that he keeps there in order to appre- hend the negro fugitive slaves leaving the Colony of Esquivo and to restrain the Carib tribes, so as to prevent them from making any mischief, either to said Colony or the neighbor- ing Spaniards or to the domestic Indians, as shown by the chapter of the instruction that was seized from him by the chief of the Spaniards who apprehended him. 4. Asked why he took arms against tlie Spaniards and fired on them, he answered : That he had done neither one nor th& other, nor could he do so, as he was alone and the Spanish people were too many, and that when they advanced towards the house he was actually asleep in a hammock and at the trampling and noise made he awoke, attempting to get up and run away, thinking that they were Caribs, and in his surprise^ and fright he did not do so, nor did the Spaniards allow him to do so, as he was immediately seized and tied. 5. Asked how it was that if he did not fire, a Spaniard was killed and another badly wounded, he answered : That he is persuaded that the Spaniard was killed by his own com- panions, and that the other was likew^ise wounded in the act of entering and trying to tie him, when the Spaniards com- menced to fire within his house. 6. Asked what arms and defence they had in that post and what is the name of it and what river is nearby, he answered : He had five muskets, three sabers, thr^e pistols, a flask of powder, and piece of lead for ammunition, and of these arras only two muskets were his own property and the rest were- 28 fiiruisluMl by the Company : that tlie post is called Cuiba and close to the banks of the river Cuyuni. 7. Asked what o;oods or ransoms were seized by the Spaniards when he was ap})rehended, and if he had them for the purpose of negotiations and purchases, he answered : That they seized fourteen dozens of knives, eighteen pieces of iron utensils like hatchets, machetes, and two pieces of calico, nine bundles of glass beads, and a dozen small looking glasses, twenty-four yards of skirting, twenty of coarse blue cloth, all for the pur- chase and maintenance. 8. Asked how long had he l)t'iMi kcjjt tlicre and wliat had become of the farms, liow did he carry out his trade, he an- swered: That it was eiglit months since he came there a,s a head man, and was commencing to till a short piece of ground so as to plant it with the yuca or tapioca plant, and has not carried out his trade. 9. Asked whether they had given liini goods for the pur- chase of Poytos and liow many had he sent to the Colony of E.squivo, he answered : That in tlie short time that he had been there he had not made any such ])urchases, nor had he been given any ransoms for them; that he had only in liis charge the collection of what was due to liis jiredecessor, as it "will apjiear by the said |)apc'rs. lU. Asked liow far is said post from the Colony of Esquivo, he answered: It is only a short distance, although they take three natural days to make it, as it is only navigable in keep- ing with the tides, and the navigation is performed through creeks. 11. Asked if he knuw those countries, where lie was found, belong to the jurisdiction of Esquivo, and if for man}' years they have kept those posts, he answered: That he does not know whether it is or not under the jurisdiction of Esquivo, -and that for many years they kept the post in that ])lace. 12. Asked if said site is fit for the cultivation of cane and •other plants, he answered : That they are not fit for that pur- pose, as they are swampy, but where the [)Ost is maintained, .and farther upwards, there are places fit for the cultivation of 29 said plants, but there is an express order from the Governor to- prevent the passage upwards to any person whatever. 13. Asked wiietherthe negro who is in his company in the prison is a slave, he answered : No ; but he is bound and dedi- cated to servile occupations under the company who keeps him there. 14. Asked what other order he had and what other trade he kept and what general news he knew about there, he an- swered : That he does not know, nor any news; that that is the trutli under his oath, according to his religious foith, and that he atiirms and ratifies his statement and will make it again if needed ; that he is forty-eight years old and signs with his Honor, after being duly certified. JuAX Yaldes. Stephen Hit. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra y Garcia. Confirmation. — On the same day, month, and year, in the same city of San Thome de Guayana, his Honor caused the appearance before him and the witnesses for these acts, under a proper custody, of Juan Baptist Brum, whom his Honor had sworn in due form according to his faith, by raising two fingers of his right hand and promising to tell the truth of what he knew and were asked of him, and having been asked by said Commander, through tlie interpreter, he answered the follow- ing questions? 1. What is your name? Where are you a native from? Where is vour residence? What is vour trade? And he an- swered : That his name was John Baptist Brum, a native of the States of Flanders, and a resident in the Colony of Esquivo ; that he is a tailor by trade. 2. Asked what he was doing in those places, he answered : That he was there as a soldier of the post, placed by the Gov- ernor of Esquivo, under Stephen Hiz, the head of said post. 3. Asked what reason had the Governor to keep a guard there, he answered : In order to apprehend the fugitive negro- 30 slaves who run away FrDiu (he Colony and to prevent the Carib trihe from making any mischief to the domesticated Indians. 4. Asked what reason he had to be away from the site where the Post is kept, at two days distance, as stated l)y tlie Spaniards who ap{)reliended him, he answered: That 1)y the direction of his superior he had come to said phice in (|uest of a few IncHans to help the work of a farm they were opening, and that shortly after being there the Spaniards arrived and tied him, without his opposing any resistance or defence, and was carried away in tlieir company up to the neighborhood of the house ]\v had. 5. Asked whether he knew or has any notion of who wounded one of the Spanish soldiers and who killed the otlier, he an- swered : That he knew nothing, and could give no account of anything, as he was left behind and tied up at a distance from the house within a gunshot, when they advanced, and from there he had to continue the wa\' under said Spaniards to this city. 6. Asked what arms ami defences they had, he answered : That only five muskets, belonging to the Company (jf Esquivo. 7. Asked what was the name of tlie site where he had his ranch, and what river is near the same, he answered: That the site is called Cuiba, and em})ties into the Cuyuni river. S. Asked how long he had been there and whether he had made any purchase^) of Poytos, he answered : That he had been there eight nionths and never had anything to do with such purchases. d. Asked how far is it fron:i that site of Cuiba to the Esquivo Colony, he answered: Three days, more or less, being under- stood that the navigation depends on the tide, and is made through the creeks and swamps. 10. Asked whetlier he knew if the above-mentioned place is within the jurisdiction (jf Esquivo, and whetlier the Gov- ernor had kept that guard thei'e for a long time, he an- swered : That he did n(jt know, and that the guard had been kept there for many years. 31 11. Asked whether that site is fit for farming, he answered : ]^o, on account of its being swampy land, but that in the upper part there are found portions of good hind, but the Governor does not allow it to be tilled nor permit any one to stay there. 12. Asked whether the negro was a slave, he answered : No ; but he was placed there by the Esquivo Company and is bound to serve for a compensation. 13. Asked what other trade he was pursuing, what his in- structions verbal or written were and to tell the truth, he answered : That lie does not know or had any knowledge of anything else, except what he had stated under oath, according to his faith, and which he ratifies and will assert again if wanted ; that he is forty-eight years old, and is not able to sign, not knowing how to do so. Signed by his Honor and certified by the witnesses of the act. Juan Valdes. Luis de Aleman. Francisco Xavier Filgueyra AND Garcia. Translation. — Translation made and signed by me, Sergeant Juan Andres de la Rivera, in virtue of my appointment by His Honor, the Commander ad interim' of this place, of the instru- ment of ordinance for the Post or guard kept at the Cuyuni river by a party of the States General, written in the Dutch language, and delivered to me by the present Notary Public, the tenor of which is literally as follows : Article 1st. The head of said Post or guard, according to our absolute command, must show every friendly distinction to the neighboring Indian tribes, and if they require any help against the wild tribes, the guard or Post will be bound to render them help. 2. The head of said Post will be careful not to allow any harm to be done to the Spaniards, who are our friends, and in everything they will keep in correspondence and good terms 32 with tlieui, but nuist bu careful that in ca-cthc said Spaniards shuuKl want to cross theCuyuni river, or any of the hinds of our Cohjuy and give us any trouble, the head of said Post or guard shall immediately send a man with the news to the Castle of the (Tovernor. 3. The head of said Post or guard will not allow any com- merce to be carried out, except in the river or in the surround- ings when well provided with special passports, in which case he will allow tlu'in a permit : but if any Indians go across the Post, while coming down the l^xpiivo river or going up tlie same, and said Indians are carrying along Chinese slaves, or any merchandise to buy the same, it will be the duty of all the inha1)itants of the Esquivo river to allow them, and those of all the other tribes, to pass without l^eing molested. 4. It will be the duty of the head of the Post to be very care- ful in stopping any runaway slaves, and follow^ and appre- hend tlicni, in order to restore them to tlu'ir masters, according to the directions of the States General, allowing ten florins a head as a reward to the head of the Post for his trouble. 5. If there are any slaves belonging to the iiiliabitants of the Esquivo river, who run away and their masters go after them, having had no time to get a passport, they will be al- lowed to pass through said Post, wdiich will render them every possible liel[> to secure the recovery of their slaves. 6. The noble Company allows the Post to carry on business, on their own account, under condition that in everything that they purchase they allow the })refcrence to the Company, who will charge the same price for good goods. 7. The Post will be bound to collect [all debts due to the previous old Post, and it will be likewise paid at the rate of ten florins a head and a florin forleach hammock, aiioard, as they had seen and recognized his vessel, had left theirs, carrying away their sails and cutting the best part of the rigging. Al- though he tried his best to reach them, he could not succeed. Through the Aruaca Indians who had been seized he was in- formed that that schooner belonged to the Esquivo Colony, and came there for the purpose of fishing; that finding him- self with these two vessels without any crew, he had only four men in their charge, two men in each one; that he had only six men left, and being informed that five days at least were necessary to reach the place where the traders in Poytos were reported it to !x', it was natural to suppose they had been warned of his visit by those who had left the vessel ; that he found necessary to return at once, as he did, finding that his order was only to reach the same mouth (Barima) ; that on 41 his return up the river he met another launch, which he had heard before was to be found there ; tliat he sent Pedro de Salas in a curiara (small Indian boat) with orders to seize everybody found on board, without allowing any one to escape ; he did so in regard to the launch, but not the people who had taken to the woods where they had a ranch, and they could be seen ; that from there he continued his journey up to the principal port of this city, where he anchored with the three vessels seized ; that that is the truth in virtue of his oath, and affirms and ratifies his statement, and will make it again if wanted ; that he is thirty-nine years old, and signed, with his Honors, of all of which I attest. Juan Valdes. Lorenzo Coronado. Juan de Dios Gonzales de Flores. Luis Lopez de la Puente, Notary Public, and of the Royal Revenue. Affidavit. — Affidavit of Pedro de Salas: On 'the same day,, month, and year, in pursuance of the investigation on tliis matter, their Honors summoned before them Pedro de Salas, who appeared, and before me was duly sworn, and said he was one of the military men of those Castles, and promised to tell the truth of all he knew, and were interrogated by their Honors, and he did so, as follows : That having left this port on board the war schooner they reached the mouth of Barima, where they were tacking about, and descried a vessel ; that they went towards the same, and after a blank gun shot she stopped; that they boarded her and found a few Aru- aca Indians, who said that they came from the Esquivo Dutch Colony to fish, and that on the following day they went through the mouth of Barima, and, going up the creek, they descried, at a distance of about three leagues up, a schooner that had been left aground by the low tide ; that on account of the long distance, they could not reach her until the higk 42 tirlo came; that when tliey came on board of her they did not find any person whatever, as tliose who were on board had had ainidp time to escape and carry away witli th(Mn the sails, part of the shrouds and rij>;f^ing, which tliey had cut olf; they ascertained from tlie pilot that it was a distance of about five days necessary to reach the people trading- around ; tliat there was, besides, the inconvenience of not having sufficient water in the nai'row creek for a large vessel, besides being short of hands to Ix' able to go any farther and keep the vessel already seized ; that the Lieutenant-Commander decided to return as he did, going up the river; that he received news of a launch lyine: at a creek near a land ranch, and that he was sent with four men on board a curiara, so as to seize the same, with the crew and every thing found on board ; that he found no person, and went to the ranch with no better success, thinking they all took to the woods; that from there he brought said launch to the Lieutenant in command ; that thence they proceeded up the river to the chief port of this city, where they stopped and cast anchors; that that is the truth under his oath, and that lie affirms and ratifies his statement, and will repeat it if wanted ; that he is forty-four years old, and signed with his Honors and the Notary Public. Juan Valdez. Lorenzo Coronado. Pedro de Salas. Before me — Puts de la Puente, Notari/ I'lih/ir, (ii\il of the Royal Bevenue. Ajjulacit. — Affidavit of Miguel de Sosa : In this garrison of the Cruayana on the same day, month, and year, in pursuance of this investigation, their Honors made appear before them and me, the Notary Public, Jose de Sosa, a military man of this Castle, who being duly sworn, promised to tell the truth of all that he knew and was interrogated, and said in reply to their Honors : That he left this port in the armed launch 43 ■of war, under the Lieutenant of Infantry, Don Juan de Flores, •and reached the mouth of Barima, where they undertook to tack about, and while so doino;, descried a sail steering towards "the mouth of the river; that they followed the same and ■caused lier to stop by firing a gun shot; that they l^oarded "the same and only found ten Arauca Indians, three of which Tan away ; that .having been examined the Lieutenant found that they liad come from the Dutch Colony of Esquivo to fish in the Orinoco river; that as soon as the same were all secured, leaving two soldiers in charge, they continued their sail, and ihe next day they entered through the mouth of Barima and navigated the creek for about three leagues upwards, when they descried a schooner left aground by the low tide, at a distance in the river, which did not permit us to draw near and board her, until high tide, when they went on board and found no person, as they had had time enough, while we expected "the high tide, to run away, carrying along with them the sails and part of the rigging and ropes which they had cut off"; that although the Lieutenant tried to catch the people, he did not •succeed ; that the Arauca Indians said that that schooner had come from the Esquivo Colony for the same purpose of fishing ; ihat the pilot when asked, replied that the place where the Holland traders in Poytos had a ranch was about five days •distance from there, and that the vessels could not go "through the creek, as it was very narrow, where only small boats could pass, that for that reason, and after having placed two soldiers in each of the two seized vessels, and fearing that the Hollanders had been already warned of their coming by the people who ran away from the vessel, the Lieutenant de- attendant witnesses, Jose Hernandez and Andres Torrico, military men. Before me — De la I'UEXTE, Notary PubUc. 3. Third votice. — In the said citv of the Guavana, on the sixth day of the same month and yt'ar, V)eing a Xotaiy Pnldic, standing at the same place and at the same hour above quoted, I caused the ]Md)lic crier to re})eat several times and proclaim the sale of the articles contained in the (irst, observing in all and every respect the formalities of the i)revious notices, uidil sunset, and having had no bidders the act was sus])ended and signed by me in the presence of the witnesses, Don Joaquin de Mieres and Andres Torrico, military men. De la i'uLNTj;, Notary Public. Auction sale. — In this city of the (iuayana, on tlu^ seventh day of the same month and year, the Captain Commander, Don Juan do Dios Valdes and the Lieutenant of Royal OIH- cers, Don Lorenzo Coronado, attending to preside over the act of the auction sale to be made of all the articles contained in the present apprizement, after having been previously pro- claimed to be sold, on account of the Royal Treasury, in com- pliance with the orders of their Honors, by the above rule of 57 February the third, in the year seventeen hundred and sixty- one; at about five o'clock in the afternoon, and standing at the door of the Treasury Office, situated in the Public Square of this city, in the form of the Tribunal of their Honors and before me, the Notary Public, it was proclaimed by Antonio Biamonte, a colored slav^e, acting as a public crier, the sale at iiuction of all the goods contained in the three previous no- tices, which were to be sold on account of the Royal Treasury, repeating every item in a high, intelligible voice, and express- ing the value of each one, according to the apprizement ; bids were asked from all the attendant parties, and no bid having been made until after repeated calls, Manuel Hernandez, a resident of La Guaira, came out and made a bid for the price ot the vahiation for the launch rigged as a schooner, with her •apparels, for the other, almost worthless one, with the small, damaged boat, and the third of middle use, with the round sail and apparel contained in the apprizement, the six hatch- ets, ten Indian drawers, six bundles of beads, four barrels of powdered salt, all of which amounted to two hundred and fortv-nine dollars. Having had no other cash bids besides this one, it was admitted by their Honors, after proclaiming repeatedly and calling wiiether there was any other bidder, until sunset, their Honors called for once, twice and three times for a higher bid, and having none other the sale was allowed and awarded to the said Manuel Hernandez as the only bidder who, being present, said that he was ready to make the payment in cash, and it was done, and their Honors :signed and not the bidder, who did not know how to write. Juan Valdes. Lorenzo Coronado. Before me — Luis Lopez dp: la Puente, Notary Public, and of tlie Royal Treasury. Certificate of j^ayment. — On the eighth day of the month of IFebruary, in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-one, before me, a Notary Public and of the Royal Treasury, appeared at 58 tlic Trca.surv Otlice MaiiiU'l IK'nianiU'/,, a rcsidi'iit oi" this cit\\ tu whom I certify that I know, ami said: That having pur- chased at auction yesterday the thict' vessels and the several articles sold, and received them to his full satisfaction, he ex- hibited and did exhibit the amount of two huiulicd and forty- nine dollars, which was his bid and award, for which I ac- knowledoe the present receipt, and hand over to him the present certificate of payment in due form. He did not sign, as he did not know how to wi'ite. At his request one of the witnesses signal for him bclbrc nic — Jose Landre y Salvatierra, at the request of Manuel Hernandez. Before me — Loi'EZ L)E LA PUKNTE, Notary Pablk, and oj the Royal Treasury. Rule. — In the city of Santo TJiome, de la Guayana, on the twenty-seventh day of May, in tlie year seventeen hundred and sixty-one, the Captain-Commander. Don Jnan de Dios Valdes, and the Lieutenant of Ifoyal Officers, Don Lorenzo Coronado, saiil : That they had just received a dispatch from the Governor and Captain-General of Royal Officers of His Majesty for the Provinces of Cnmana, confirming the forfeit- ure and award in favor of the Royal Treasur}' of the vessels seized at the Barima creek by the Lieutenant of Infantry, Don Jnan de Dios de Flores, and directing the apportionment of the same, according to the Royal laws, preceded by the apprise- ment and sale at auction after the appointment of intelligent and conscientious experts for the valuation ; and as all those things have been anticipated for the reasons above mentioned in the rnle of February third, they ought to rule, and did rnle, that an authenticated copy be made and kept in this city of the original act forwarded to his Honor at the city of Cumana, making a sworn statement at the foot of this, by the Lieutenant of Royal Officers, of the proceeds of the five barrels of salt fish, which were to be sold, according to what was ruled 59 y at the time, and of the expenses and costs incurred. It was so ruled by their Honors and signed before witnesses, as the present Notary Public has ceased in his functions. Juan Valdes. Lorenzo Coronado. Luis Centkno. Diego Ignacio Marinos. I, the undersigned, swear and certify, as Lieutenant of the Royal Officers of this Fortress of this Guayana, that the five barrels of salt fish of the size of flour barrels were sold, on account of whomsoever might be favored with the award of the forfeiture of the same, with the other articles contained in the present act, amounting in all to tw^enty-five arrobas (twenty- five pounds weight), at the rate of five arrobas per barrel at five reals per arroba (of twenty-five pounds), which is the general price for river fish ; the proceeds of said twenty- five arrobas amounted to fifteen dollars and five reals, which together with the two hundred and forty-nine dollars, the pro- ceeds of the other effects, make in all two hundred and sixty four dollars and five reals, errors excepted, etc., and as it agrees w4th the proceeds of said fish, I give tlie present on the twenty-seventh day of March in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-one. Lorenzo Coronado. Sworn statement made and signed by me, the Lieutenant of the Royal Officers, about the costs incurred in these proceedings, as folloivs : Firstly, for three cargoes and a half of casave furn- ished by the Commander, at the rate of three dollars a cargo, amount to ten dollars and four reals. For nine arrobas of beef furnished by said Com- mander, at the rate of six reals an arroba, amount to six dollars and six reals. . fiO For two ]iuiii1i'(m1 and forty-two (day.s) subsistence of the imprisoned mustee I'oi' laiions, IVoiii tlic t\renty- ciglitli day of Sciiipti'iulici'. iii(dusivo, to tlir twenty- seventh (hiy of May of the following' y<';u'. at tlic rate of a real per ralion (if caidi un Juan de Dios \*alth of Martli, 1753, and a testimony in '^" "^^ 52 folios. A petition from the Prefect of the Mis- sions of the Catalan Cai)uchins of the Province of (inayaiKi, datiHl on the <)th of .Inly. IT*)^, in which he reports what had ha|ipeneil in inward to the three Indians that had heen purchased with their dauf^'h- ti'rs and enslaved hy the Hollanders, having heen taken awav thr(»uii.iN. ail index was made at the Department of the several papers, in reference to this subject, and although they are many, we will oidy consid<'i' those in con- N"- I. nection with the jiixsent subject at tlie time. An- other index of several consultations made at differ- ent times ujion the same subject, and having been submitted to the Attorney, as it had been directed, his answer, dated August the (Uh, 1774, advised the Council to com|ily with their decree of the 1st of o.^i, folios f^pptpij^ijgi. of the same year, and sent the matter to Lettt-r by ( T o V e r n < ) r i)t' Ciiinaii;!. ibl. :\. 77 tlie Relator with all notes, abstracts, and all the antecedents, so that he might report the result to his Majesty, and it was so carried out. Supplement I. Stand 3. xVnd, in order to fully understand this ^oc^et 3 subject, it must be supposed that, in the letter sent to the Council by the Governor of Cumana, Don Gre- gorio Espinosa, dated the 1st of February, 1742, he accompanied the acts showing the demarcations and boundaries of the jurisdiction of that Government and that of Venezuela ; and that by such boundaries the extreme limits had been fixed dividing the Pro- vince of Caracas and sea coast along the Codera Cape and thence running a line eastward across the moun- tains of Santa Lucia to the headwaters of tiie Orituco river and following its waters down to the plains to the entrance of the Guarico river and going down the stream to where it disembogues in the Orinoco river, and following its current down to the mouth oes.-rii.- of tlie same, where it empties into the sea. And loi- map i.y ni- . , . siu.l;'.- lowing the geographical description and notes in- serted for the explanation of the general map of the Government of Cumana forwarded by the Governor, Don .Josef Diguja, in the year 1761, it is said that the boundaries of the Province of Cumana are ; on the east, the mouths of the Orinoco river, the Guarapichie river, and the point of Paria ; on the north, the same point of Paria, a three-pointed cape, following along the coast of Araya and the Gulf of Cariaco down to the point at the town of Pozuelos, which is already in the Province of Barcelona; on tlie west, from tlie said town to the table land of Guanipa, from where another line is retraced towards the east, following it until it reaches the Orinoco, opposite Guayana. That the Castle of Araya is one of the best strong- foho 29. holds, and that it was erected to defend from the Kolio (Mi. 78 Dutch a large salt-pit tliat had Ix-en watered, (^ther salt-pits have been since discovered, leading to the idea of demolishing said fort, as it seems that it was done. That the Province of Guayana has for boundaries: Oii the east, all the coast in which are situated the Dutch Colonies of Esquivo, Bervis, Dcmerari, Corentin, and Surinama, and more to the windward the Cayana, belonging to the French ; on the north, the banks of the Orinoco dividing tlie Provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, Caracas, Barinas, Santa Fe, and Popayan, which forms half a circle returning to the east, towards the source of tiie Parima Lake, as may be seen in the general map of said Provinces and river; on the south, with the dominions of the most Faithful King in Brazil, the boundaries of which and said Province of Guay- ana not beinc; known, nor its contents in the center. And in regard to the rivers Orinoco, Caroni, Aruy, and ('aura, it is said that at forty leagues from the Aruy the Caura empties its waters as the hirgest river running through large rocks, })reventing the navigation of vessels larger than canoes or small launches; that the sources of this river are sixty leagues far from where it empties its waters and takes its oriirin IVoin hiiih mountains inhabited bv many Indians disturbed by the Caribs who sieze children and women to sell them to the ITolhinders, and exterminate the older Indians by every i)Ossible means; that east of the coast of Guayana are situ- ated the Dutch Cohniies of Esquivo, Demerari, Ber- I'oiio (i'.i. vis, Corentin, and Surinam, according to the infor- mation received by Don .Juan de Dios Valdes, Connnander of Guayana. That of Esquivo consists of cane plantations, which at the distance of thirty . leagues were held l)y the Hollanders, who planted the same by the margins of the Esquivo river; that said Dutch Provinces are most injurious to Guay- ana, especially that of E-^quivo as the nearest to the Folio lis. 79 Orinoco. That they enter through the same river and those of Mazaroni and Cuyvmi protected by the Carib Indians of that Province, whom they enslave and sell just as they do witli the negroes employed on their plantations and farms. That in order to seize the poor Indians they resort to every means their cupidity and tyranny suggests, trying to secure their friendship with the Caribbean tribes, warlike and ferocious, who overrun all that extensive Province, as well as those of Barcelona, Caracas, and Santa Fe, in quest of other Indians, on whom they always secure predominance, on account of their peaceful and good nature ; that they were continually assaulted in their ranches and lands ; that those of age were killed and their children and women captured to be sold as slaves ; that these in- cursions very frequently disturbed the Missions of the Catalan Capuchin Fathers, not so firmly estab- lished yet, as their Indians were taken away, or in fear of the Caribs took to the woods ; that there was no means to stop them, on account of their cowardly and timid nature ; that sometimes, if there was a Spanish Guard in the vicinity, they used to put themselves under its protection ; that the native Hollanders of the Colony used to accompany the Caribs and give them instruction in the manage- ment of arms, and w^ere still more inhuman than the Caribs, making necessary a great vigilance to stop them and defend said Missions which they procured to destroy so as to remove their opposition to the plans of their Colonies ; that they took the silver and goods from Cumana in exchange for iron utensils, machetes, knives, cotton, and linen goods coming from the Dutchmen and Indians of the Is- land of Curacoa ; that this commerce is very obnoxi- ous, because they resell the goods to the poor peoj^le, and this trade can not be made without the consent and the interest oftho.se who command, and if that Folio IW. Folio Iftj. ^0 weri' not tln' casi- it wmuM be very easy to remedy llu^ evil, as it was doiic hy the ( Jovenini- at that time. Aiitci'CMleiits vvitluMit si Solution. unso^''v.•'!I -i- \\ 'l'' •1^1^' aiitiL-ii)ati()ii llie euiui.laiiil made by eiits'/''*'' tlic Minister of Holland on the subjects heretofore Lotti-i-A. mentioned was sul»mitted to the Council by order of Nos. Kvj. the King, and inidcr date of the 11th of ^hiy, ITbS, another des{)a tell t'lom the Andiassailoi- of England intending to })rove that the lunaway negroes from tlieir island, coming to ours in America, ought to he- returned liome, and that cartels or pulilic advices of the case fixeth of March, 17(17, it seemed, that the- 81 inhabitants of Cuba had lately taken by force many negroes from the northern part of the island of Ja- maica, and that many more had run away to Cuba, where not only they had been well received but like- wise well concealed, and refusing to deliver them back. That after Governor Cletson had informed Count Shelburne of a new desertion of a number of slaves, and having made his necessary representations to Don Antonio Bucareli and the Marquis of Casa Carigal, Governor of Santiago de Cuba, but all in vain, as the latter gave as his reply that having taken legal steps in the matter, he had sent a state- ment to his sovereign, and had no Dower left to do anvthing; in the matter until he should hear the pleasure of his King and Lord. That the chief inhabitants of the Virgin Islands had already sent their complaints of the large losses sustained on account of the admission and detention of their fugitive negroes in Puerto Rico. 7. That in consequence of these repeated com- plaints he had received orders from the King his Lord to urge the case in his name before His Catho- lic Majesty, in order to obtain, from his known sense of justice, the necessary orders to his American Gov- ernors to make a prompt restitution of these fugitives to their corres{)onding masters, forbidding them to continue such an irregular and unjust conduct. 8. That it was useless to show that the trade in negroes was authorized with the concurrence of all the European nations, and particularly that these slaves were looked upon as private property, and therefore the allowance of asylum to said fugitive slaves and the refusal to return them back home to their owners, was a conduct directly in opposition to every sense of justice; and that it was absolutely necessary to i)r()vide a remedy for an evil so inju- rious to private property and to the good under- standing subsisting between the two nations. Vol. II, Ven'.— 6 82 9. That to tliis ciiunishment, and that the reciprocity should be assured, as decided by His Majesty, at the consultations of the Council on var- ious occasions, and particularly since the year 1703 up to that of 17-19, when restitution was accorded to the Frenchman of all tiie fugitive negro slaves of their Colonies, as well as soldier deserters ap})re- hended in that island, within its jurisdiction ; the Council directed that in future the same conduct was to be observed in similiar cases of fugitive slaves or French deserters. 11. That His Majesty's Royal resolution accepts 83 the advice of the Council only in regard to negro sla ves. 12. In another consultation of the 25th of Febru- ary following, in the same year, tlie Council showed His Majesty the result of a letter from the Governor of Cuba find the testimonv accompanying the same, about the decision in I'egard. to an Englishman called Peter George who left Jamaica on account of religion, with six of his negro slaves; that it was of the opinion, following other instances, that he would be admitted under the Royal protection, meaning said Peter George, and that he should be granted lands fixing his domicile for his subsistence, and deciding tliat in regard to the payment of dues on slaves, it was only to be applied to those that he might sell, but not on account of their entrance, as such was a tree act, in consideration of the religious purposes accomplished, and recommending most particuhirlv to the Governor of Cuba that if he be- lieved that the Englishmen sincereh^ sought refuge in our dominion on account of religion, he should grant them lands and designate their domicile as far as possible from the coast ; that this condition ought to be observed witli the greatest care in this ca-e, as the said Peter George's case was open to doubts as to tlie good faitli in which he carried out his passage; that His Majesty accepted the opinion of the Council as final in this case. 13. That on the 10th of September, 1764, the Council brought to tlie notice of His Majesty a copy of what was represented by tlie Governor and Rox'al Officers of Havana in regard to the three French negroes found in the neighborhood of the Morro Casle, and the final decision issued by those Minis- tt'i's on the 29th of July, 1760, when the said three slaves were confiscated, and three negroes, as well as three wild i^egro boys, who were, according to evi- dence, at the house of the Ensign, Don Francisco 84 Hernandez, who was enjoiiifil [n present tliein on the second day, and in ih'fanU to pay tlicir price as fixed ]>y the reguhations, according totlie price allowed to tiie Royal Company for the same, so as to have the proceeds of all ilistrihnfeil in the custoniaiy way oh- served in similar cases, according to the laws and regnlations; and having been represented on the l)art of the negro called Balthasar that lie is free, it was decided to suspend the sale of his person until tlie final decision of his case be reached. 14. That His Majesty was requested by the Coun- cil to confirm the sentence and return the proreed- ings, so that they he placed in the condition in whit-li they were when the request of time for the delivery of the six negroes was made, and empowering tiie Governor and Royal Officers to {>roceed and try the case according to law, witii directions that the otiier negro called Ralthasar be thoroughly investigated, so as to find out whether he really was free as he pretends. His Majesty adopted this advice as final as the result of the consultation submitted. 15. Tiiat in regard to the other case of the 23d of December, 1705, the C\)nncil sliowed to His Majesty what was represented by the Intendente of Ilavana, Don Miguel de Altaniva, requesting a suitable de- cision as to whether certain negroes acquired before- hand were to be considered as duly acquired, as at the time of the restitution of that place there was no proper evidence of tlieii- apprehension and owner- ship, ami wh.it eliarges or dues were to be collected. On this particular point, it was the opinion of tiie Council that said Intendente ought to l>e re(|Ueste(I to forward the full eo]iy of the ])i-oceedings carried out on the subject, and a correct report of the per- sons who j)urchased the negroes from tlie I-^nglish- men during the war, and of those wlio, through vio- lence, j)ersuasion, or robbery introduced them ; as the disposition of one and the other case must be different, His Majesty api)roved the opinion of tlie 85 Council and the corresponding cedules were issued, but it was not ascertained whether they had been carried into effect or not. 16. That by another consultation of the 30th of September, 176G, the Council showed to His Majesty that the representation from the Governor of Santi- ago de Cuba, with a copy of the proceedings, about the landing of ten negroes introduced at the port of Baracoa by Alexander Johnson, a native of Eng- land ; that it was discovered that those negroes were slaves of several residents of Guarico who had run away under the influence and persuasion or robbery of said Alexander Johnson ; that tlie Council under- stood that there was no reason whatever to consider them as a lawful prize, by confiscation or reprisal, nor to act in any way detrimental to the right of the owners, on account of their landing within the coasts of His Majesty's dominions; and that it was advisa- ble to direct the Governor of Cuba to send notice to Guarico, so that the owners might recover them lawfully, paying the expenses incurred, or if sold, to recover the price after deducting the Royal dues ; that it was proper to serve notice of the case with the cor- responding copies and the final decision to the Ambassador of France ; and that His Majesty ac- cepted the report of the Council in response to the above consultation. 17. That the Council, in consideration of what was represented by Don Miguel de Altaniva, and of the documents accompanied by the same, in refer- ence to the case of a negro obtained by Don Fran- cisco de Chaves, while the English were in pos- session of the City of Havana, decided by an act of the 6th of March, 1768, to include said negro as pro- tected by the amnesty of His Majesty and in the en- joyment of his freedom as he claimed, and approv- ing the decision of the Intendente, reserving Chaves his rights on the subject against any other party. 18. That this decision of the Council had been 86 dictated after fiiidiiiij,- a siifficiont evidence that tlie negro was within the meaning of tiie Royal order of the 17th of April, 1704, declaring free all the negroes imprisoned hy the English dnring the siege of Havana, and, after the surrender of said citv, had deserted, in ordci- to embrace the Catholic religion, considering thciu all free, nolwitlistandinu" their dc»ul>tiul intention. 19. That in view of everything heretofore stated in connection witli the contents of the despatch from the Ambassador of England, and the antece- dents gathered on the subject, tlie General Accomp- tant found them all applied to ])artieular cases differing from each oilier, and decided, according to the circumstances of the time, they were not suffi- cient to justify assent to a request so general as the one intended by the Ambassador of England. 20. That since the establishment of the Euiilish, French, Putcli, and Danes in the Colonies they possess in America, fugitive negroes had kept com- ing to the islands and dominions ot His Majest}', some of them to escape ill treatment and others to embrace our Catholic religion ; tliat on every occa- sion they had been well received by the inliai)itants and Spanish Governors, convinced as the}' were, that l)y showing kindness to these people their own people derived the benefit of their cultivation of the land, besides linding the protection of a good aii foi'eiguers had always set their claims again.st this })raetiee, and that the interfer- ence of the Ambassadors and .Ministers of foreign countries, in order to aboli.-^h it, had been repeatedly tried in order to obtain the restitution of their slaves ami prevent their concealment, within the posses- sions of His Majesty ; that although now and then orders had been issued in several instances accord- ing to ciivunistances, publicly directing the Cover- 87 nor to comply with such requests, the actual delivery or compliance with them had never been consented, nor an asylum refused, and much less the assent to assent to any treaty or convention allowing any absolute restitution. 22. That this conduct of the wise Ministers of His Majesty had been founded on sound political prin- ciples of necessary preservation of their dominions, and. that the accjuisecence and tolerance of the for- eign powers had strengthened and qualified their policy as opportune and legitimate, and. deriving still more force from the fact of never having been derogated by any of the several general or special treaties of peace heretofore concluded snice the con- quest of the Indies. 23. That the laws of the Kingdom, Royal orders, and fundamental constitutions of the Government forbid the commerce and trade of the subjects of Her Majesty with foreigners under severe penalties, as well as the admittance of their vessels in any of the ports, rivers or roadsteads. 24. That the powxrs who had colonies in those parts, were aware of these rules and had respected them ; so that by the article eight of the treaty of Utrecht, with their concurrence, it was stipu- lated that no change was to be made in the form and manner established for the commerce of the Spanish Indies. That tliis treaty had been rati- fied by those which followed it, and that ever}' one of the contracting nations were interested in avoiding any alteration or contravention of their tenor, and that if the request of the Ambassador of England were allowed, the other powers might complain, as nothing could be granted to said powers without being allowed likewise to France. 25. That the cartel proposed ior the reciprocal restitution of the negro slaves, would be equivalent to the granting of a general commerce between the 88 Letter D. Letter E. No. 1. Folio 3. Letter F. No. 2. islands and dominion of His Majesty, and the Col- onies of the King of Eno-lnnd, under the assumed pretext of claiming the retnrn of the chives, coming to all our ports, and the Spaniards going to their places with silver, gold, goods, and produce, and establishing an illicit commerce, enriching the Eng- lishmen and ruining inl'allil)]y the Royal Treasury and the subjects of His jNIajesty, besides other evils and difficulties which can be very easily ascer- tained. 26. That taking all these considerations into ac- count, and those that mav occur to the well-known zeal, accuracy, and wisdom of the Council, tiie Accomptant General conceived that the present subject deserves every consideration, and the closest examination in view of the many antecedents held, and the more recent one pending now before this Tribunal, upon the convention entered into with the Court of Denmark, just submitted to the Council, and that it could likewise be examined at the same time, and His Majest}" consulted upon his pleasure on l)oth subjects. 27. And noticing that in the meantime the Attor- nevs answered to the case of a claim inti'oducetl 1)V France about the restitution of negroes, they were of the opinion in tluMr rc'})ort of the 21st of April, 1708, that nothing ought to be mentioned of the matter ol the Ambassador of England, nor the con- vention entered into with Denmark, as it might prove unwise to dwell on a cjuestion that could be of no advantage under the circumstances. 28. It was submitted, likewise, to the attorneys on their request and in obedience to the Council's direc- tions a copy of the convention of his Majesty and the King of Denmark, about the reciprocal restitu- tion of deserters and slaves between the Island of Porto Rico, Saint Cross, Saint Thomas, and Saint John, which was sent to the Council by the Ijailitf, 89 tit the request of his Majesty, with a letter dated on the 26th of February, 1768, and in their answer, foUos. after due notice of the convention and of the des- patch from the Ambassador of Enghmd they showed that they considered strange the phrases somewhat indecorous, not proper or respectful, of the Ambas- sador of England in addressing his Majesty, showing a spirit easily to be understood in appearance, rather than his propositions, which were not admissible, •on account of the difficulties and injury which might foUo 22. follow the cartels or public edicts that the English wanted for the recovery of their fugitive slaves, as •such a practice was opi)Osed to the policy and fun- damental rules of the government in America and ■detrimental to its subjects and to the Royal Treas- ury ; that it ought to be limited to the restitution of those fugitives taken away by the Spaniards from their Island or Colonies by means of violence, per- suasion, or seduction in time of peace, as it had been the case in Jamaica, that such a fair claim had nothing to do with the claim of fugitive slaves in general. Upon this particular his Majesty might answer to the Ambassador that nothing had been heard of the answers given on this subject by the •Governor of Cuba, who said he had forwarded the same to his Majesty, and that if it was true as repre- sented, his Majesty should grant a fair trial and an indemnification to the interested parties, punishing Foiio42. the delinquents ; that the convention which His Majesty had kindly entered into with the Danes, for motives which were not to be investigated, had caused, beyond any question, an irreparable injury to every one of the islands and to the subjects of his Majesty in America, opening doors to strangers and to all those established in those countries, out of tolerance or condescension imposed on the Crown or for any other reason far from fairly claiming the restitution of their fugitive slaves, making every 90 Folio 5. Letter E. Folio 1. Letter H. day more and more impossible the acquisition of those operatives, so necessary for the cultivation and iiiiprnvciiK'iit i)f the crops, the cliici" incentive ot the negotiation and subsistence, and that said conven- tion ouglit not to be enforced. 29. And having reported everytiiing to the Coun- cil, a decree Wcis issued on the ISth of April, 1768, consuhing His Majesty, and stating that the despatch of the .Vmbassador of England was to be forwarded to the Treasurer, and that willi his report the two Attorneys were to be consulted ; that before they took any action they applied for the convention, with the King of Denmark, and that having been submitted to said Attorney, and in consequence they had represented to the Council that it would be expressed, in answer to the consultation, that the Council lunl assented to thcii' opinion for the reasons explained in the same ; and in consequence, under the date of .May the Uth, 17GS, his Majesty was con- sulted, and all the reasons extensively given by the Council to refuse the request of the British Ambassa- dor ami not to carry out the convention with Den- mark upon which there was a consultation pending before His Majesty. Proceedings of the Day. 3(>. All the above cases referred to and their an- tecedents still pending, about the proceedings in regard to tiic claim of tlu' Minister of Holland, now before his Majesty, complaining of the conduct of the 8i)aiii;irds established on the Orinoco river against the Esquivo Dutch Colony, were forwarded and sub- mitted to the Council l)y Royal Order of the 10th of September, 17<')'.», in order to ].)e examined and to consult His Majesty in regard to the extension of those boundaries and the alleged rights of the liepublic to fish at the entrance of the Orinoco- river. 91 31. Said claim by act of the Council, dated on At margin, the 12th instant, was sent to the translator, so as to be forwarded with his translation to the Attorney, with all the antecedents of the subject. The translation shows that the claim is taken from the book of Resolutions of the High Powers of the States-General of the United Provinces bearing the Idate of August 2d, 1769, the literal version of which is as follows : (Translation.) • 32. It has been read before the Assembly the representation of the Deputies of His Most Serene Highness the Lord Prince of Orange and Nassau and Directors of the allowed Company of the West Indies of the Presidial Chamber of Zeland that this general Company, having the particular direc- tion of the Esquivo Colony and the rivers dependent from the same, that in this case the petitioners had always considered, for a quasi immemorial time, in possession not only of the Esquivo river but of many other rivers and rivulets disemboguing into the sea along that part, as well as all the branches of rivers and rivulets emptying into the Esquivo,. particularly the northern branch called Cayoeny ; that for an immemorial time the bank of the Cayoeny river has been considered as dominion of the State, and that the wooden barrack or post with a guard had been kept there, besides many others of this Colony, on behalf of the company, fur- nished with a vessel and a few slaves and Indians. 33. That the petitioners, under such an under- standing, and after what had taken place in the year 1759, where astonished at the receipt of the new^s conveyed by a letter from Lorenzo Horender Granvesand, General Director of Esquivo, written under date of the 9th of last February, stating that a Spanish detachment from the Orinoco had ad- 92 vanced to tliat Post and seized several Indians, threatening with llicir return, on tlic next tide, to visit anotlier rancli of'tlic i->(|niv() I'iver, called Mas- eroeny, situated IjeUveen this one and the river Cayoeny, wliich. without any dispute, is a }>a]'t of the territoi-y of (he rrjiuhlic. and to visit likewise and seize a party ol'Carihs, an Indian lril)c allied to the ITollanders, and in some sort belonging to thcni, and then to go down the Maseroeny river, returning and going up the Cayoeny and visiting there the said Barrack of the Conip.iny : that the pleni])oten- tiaries could see by a letter, marked letter A, what has been stated, a coj^v of wliidi is nnnexed to this petition; that the sanui contains likewise a state- ment of the steps taken by the Director General, so as to prevent it; that the jjctitioners had considered these threats as nnmcaning, as many others made before, and notwithstanding said Director General had informed them by his letter of the 21st of Feb- ruary, ITtjy, a copy of wliich goes herewith, marked with the letter B: tliat tlie Spaniards had built two houses guarded by many troops, one of which was very near the Company's Barrack on the Cayoeny river, but apparently within their own territory, and the other farther and high up on the margin of a rivulet disemboguing in tliis same river : tliat m case of an attack from that (piarter by the Spaniards, in time of peace, it was very likely to come from that quarter; that the Director General had sent a letter on the 3d of last March, a copy of which is accom- })anie(l and marked with the letter C, about said representation: that the petitioner h;id been witli astonishment made acquainted with the contents of a letter which the Director General had addressed to his son-indaw, tiie Commander of Demerari, the original of which was forwarded and a cop\^ of wliich, marked letter D, reported the Spaniards having seized the Indians of Maroco and the port of 93 the Company situated near a rivulet, at the east of the Weyne river, between this one and the Possaron (Pumaron?), where the Company had likewise held for time immemorial a commercial place, said place under the dependency, without contradiction, of the territory of the Republic. 34. That the petitioners had received the confir- mation of that news by the arrival of a triplicate of a letter from the Director General, under date of the 15th of ]\Iarch last, the original of which had been forwarded by way of the Island ot Barbado, and the duplicate by the way of Surinam, and had not yet arrived; a triplicate in copy is produced, marked letter C, in which the plenipotentiaries might find the particulars of the proceedings of the Spaniards and the conduct of the guard around of the measures taken by the Director General provisionally, and that every statement had been confirmed, as shown more particularly by the annexed copy, marked letters F and G, one of which was a copy of the testimony of the statement of the Governor of the Guard wdio kept the Maroco's Barrack sent to the Director Gen- eral on the 7th of last March, and the other was a copy of a paper in writing given by the Capuchin Fathers who came along with this expedition to the Guard of the Barrack, in the Spanish language, and had not been translated for want of an opportunity ; said document His Most Serene Highness, the Lord Prince of Orange and Nassau, had kindly commu- nicated to the petitioners, who, having seen that they had apparently been forwarded along with the original and duplicate of the same, found no reason why they had not received the latter. 35. That the petitioners had ascertained likewise, through this same tri[)licate, that the Spaniards of the Orinoco river had killed or caused the death of one who was their subject, the man on duty at the Arinda Barrack belonging to the Company and sit- i.»4 uated at the east n\' the lO^iniivo River, anil all the Caribs that were roiiinl ncai' it, ami that the Chief of the Caribs, on that a<-ci>nnt, liad appcai-iMl l)efore tiie Director General and obtained his permission to take revenge for the deatlis of his compatriots and to attack their ninrdrrers, as may be seen by the annexed copy, marked letter H, a second copy of the same letter on the same subject from the Director, dated on the loth of last March. That although the petitioners had received at the same time the above- mentioned trijilicate of the letter of said month of March, on the loth, a letter from the Director Gen- eral of the 4th of April last made no mention of any subsequent enterprise on the i)art of the Spaniards, and contained oidy a statement of all the steps taken in order to oppose similar enterprises; the petition- ers, however, thought it was their duty not to silence this partienlar detail, and rather bring it to the notice of the plenipotentiaries with every possible specification, entertaining no doubt that tiiosc high- handed attempts should be resented and the most efheient rei)resentation made, on account of the manifest violations of the territory of the State. 36. That the petitioners can not avoid stating to the plenipotentiaries on this occasion that the Ori- noco parties had not only commenced to dispute, for some time past, the right of those from Esquivo to lish at the month of the (Orinoco, but had, besides. effectually stopped it, notwithstanding tliat the Esquivo ])ai'ties had been for a long time in jiaeific pcssession of the right of fisliing, IVoni whieh they derived a great benefit, on account of the abund- ance of fish fonnd there; said Orinoco parties had ■commenced to stop liy foree the fishing on the terri- tory of the same state, a territory extending from the river Maresigue uj) to tlie other side of the Weyne, very near the mouth of the (Jrinoco, as may be seen by the geographical chart of those countries, and particularly by that of Anville, one of the most 95 esteemed on account of its accuracy, and that the plenipotentiaries will find the proofs of these injuries in tlie document marked letter Y; the articles one, two, and three are copies of letters from said Director General, dated September the 15th, 1768, and Febru- ary the 21st and April tlie 4th, 1769 ; that the ])etition- ers could not fail to Ijrino- to the knowledo'e of the plenipotentiaries the conduct, not only contrary to all the treaties, but to the law of nations likewise, on the part of those parties from the Orinoco l:)y re- taining and inducing the slaves deserted from the Colony to run away towards the Spaniards, to the great injury of the planters and of the wdiole Colony ; that notwithstanding the formal demand of the own- ers, and the most efficient steps taken and deputa- tions sent, everything had proved useless ; that con- sidering the present desertion, in case of not being- stopped, it may bring about the total ruin of Esquivo, and that the Spaniards had favored and facilitated this state of things, respecting the two houses men- tioned before so very near the territory of the Re- public, attacking the barracks of the com2:)any and killing the men on guard, as the plenipotentiaries will find out by the two annexed copies, marked with the letters Y C, in articles first and second, and the other with the letters P D, which are the copies of the above-mentioned letters of the Director Gene- ral, dated on the 9th and 21st of February and the 3d of March ultimo. The petitioners crave that in consideration of the injury necessarily involved in this conduct and its progress, the plenipotentiaries send, on the ground of the one made before on the 31st of July, 1759, a copy of this representation and annexes to the Envo}' Extraordinary, Mr. Doublet de Groenevelt, representing the plenipotentiaries before His Catholic Majesty, instructing said Minister to make the necessary representations before the Span- ish court. 37. And afi.er mature deliberation on the subject, 96 it wa^ luiiiiil lit. ami it was (Iccidcd, tluit a copy of the aijove representations, witli tlic (lociiiiuMit an- nexed from Mr. I)oul)lft de Groenevelt, Envoy Extraordinary of tlic TMrnipotcntiary of the Conrt of Spain be forwarded, and an arc^nnt of the j)ar- ticuhirs and offences comj)laincd of be oiven by those implicated in the same, so as to provide for a prompt remedy against the hostilities committed and the reinstatement of those persons wiio were re- moved from the said Barracks, and extending like- wise to the subject of the fisheries in tiiose places, and recommending to take every precnution neces- sary lo prevent further cau.se for similar conii)laints in the future, and that the Couit of Spain issue the necessary orders for the return at the tirst request, avoiding injury and expenses on account of all fugitive slaves found yet in the handsof theSpaniards or that may desert in future, in which case the plenipotentiaries will issue the like orders to their E.'^quiyo Colony. 88. A copy of this resolution of the ]»lenipotentia- ries will be addressed to the Manpiis dl Tuente- Fuerte, Envoy Extraordinary of His ('at hoi ic Maj- esty, {>raying his support, as far as possible, by his good offices on behalf ol these claims of the plenijio- tentiaries. 39. And the Attorney, in view of the answer of >'o. 5. the 17th of September of said year 17<'>9, suggested that in order to forward these proceedings, on ac- count of the despatch from the .Vmbassador troin Holjand, alleging the righiof nshing in the Orinoco river (upon which His Majesty had e v,,_ 1. consulted), he mis.sed tlie follewino- documents: a K,,i, I. memorial and statement to which Captain Don Isidro Andrade referre(l in aiKjther printed paper, which with the Royal or(h'i' of the od of September, 1740, was .sent by the Council and had been exhibited, advising of iiis having stojiped the Caribs in their insults committed and induced by foreign help. 97 The four letters that liad heen received in the years 1757 and 1758, written at the town of Cabruta by the Chief of Squadrons, Don Joseph Iturriaga, sent with the expedition of boundaries to the Ori- noco river, one, in whicli a description was made of the rivers entering said Orinoco river, and in refer- ence to the state of those Missions and their neigh- borliood, towns, inhabitants, etc. ; another, in wliicli in virtue of one of tlie chapters of reserved instruc- tions given to the same by Don Josef Carvajal, lie deal- with the subsistence or demolition of the Castle of Araya ; another letter in which he reports to have been informed that the Hollanders were building a fortress on the Maruca (Moroco) river, at a short distance from the mouth of Navios of the Orinoco, and that he had decided to send a launch to ascertain the conditions of the structure, its capac- ity, its artiller}', etc., concluding with an exposition of tlie very serious inconvenience that might origi- nate from tlieir being allowed to build the same, in the already mentioned site of Maruca ; and another letter in which tlie said Iturriaga continued the sub- ject of liis previous letter on the affair of the preten- sions of the Esquivo Hollanders to the Orinoco river publishing that tiieir dominions extended as far as tlie moutli of Navios or large mouth of the said Orinoco rivor where they entered to fish. The re- port made in the year 1702 by the Captain of the Navv, Don Josef Solano (to whom said letters were sent for the purpose), and who, on the subject of the context of the third and fourth letters, in regard to the [)retensions of the Hollanders on the Esquivo, stated that they had no other foundation than the omission and neglect of the C^ommanders of Guay- ana, who had let them fish at the mouth of Navios, and the rivers Baiirna and Aguirre ; and he refers to the answers that the Most Christian King gave and the steps taken by that Court, on account of having submitted to the Royal consideration of the VuL. II, Vex. — 7 98 King, Philip the ")tli, In' way of consultation at the Council of the 0th of .Sei)temljer, 1705, the news received from the Governor of Cuinana, Don Josef Ramirez de Arellano, u[H>n the commerce of the Guarapiche river hy the I'^icnch from ^hlrtinique, not only in timhcr, hamiiiorks, jiml liiids, l)ut also in Indian slaves from the same river and coasts from the mainland, considering those lands as barren and out di' the (loniinidii nfanylMidy. not being i)opulated Ijy Si»aniai(ls. and considering th(,' I ndians as savages. The Council was of o[iinion thai despatches shoukl be sent to that sovereign, in order to strictly forbid the introduction of his vassals into Guarapiche, and His Majesty resolved that tlie Ambassador from his grandfather, the King, was charged with bringing liim an account of those reports, and transmit to His Majesty the orders issued in France on this subject. He was of opinion that the Council should consult His Majesty and tlirough the Department of State, where those documents ought to be Ibund, contain- ing the above results, to have them forwarded to those Kingdoms and to the Council with all the facts, concerning this subject, in conserpu'nce of the resolutions of His INhijesty in regard to the above consultation dated on the <)th of Se})teniber, 17t)3, so that the Council takiim' everv tliino- into considera- tion may be enabled to report with a full knowledge of the case upon this serious matter, and this Tri- bunal to submit said re|)ort to the Royal considera- tion. 40. By his decree of the loth of the same month th^'back. ^"*^^ September, 17()0, in accordance with the o[)inion of the attorney, it was decided to consult His Ma- jesty (as it was done on the 27th of said month and year), about the address of all the above mentioned documents. Letter M. 41. In consequence of the Royal order of Septem- ber 22, 1770, the Secretary sent to the Council the Xo. i. 99 documents found in his Department and called for by the index accompanying the same, and announced his having applied b}' letter to the Department of State for those missing and not found with the rest. He likewise furnished the news received (and re- quested from him), to the Commander of Guayana and the Governor of Cumana, with a representation of the Prefect of the Catalan Capuchins of the j\lis- sions, so that in consideration of the whole subject the Council might consult His Majesty and hear his pleasure, returning meantime the documents con- tinue* I in the said index from Nos. 1 to 5, as well as the plan of the Province of Guayana contained in No. t). 42. And noi^icing that the same Bailiff, with the Royal order of September 6, 1770, advised the Coun- cil that he had not found in the Department of State the documents which, among others, had been asked by the Council in consultation of the 27th of Sep- tember, 1769, so that with this notice the examina- tion of' the proceedings might continue, said Royal order was ordered to be annexed, and the docu- xo. meuts received from the Secretary of the Indies fol- lowed in the same order in which the}" are indexed. The contents of the No 1 of said index is a letter b}" Don Josef Iturriaga, dated on the 12th of June, 1757, ir.)in Cabruta on the Orinoco, about tiie description lie accompanies of the Apure river and the Missions of Barinas. From the same it is found that said river has four principal mouths; the first, going up the Orinoco river, comes out at Cabruta and is called " El Guarico ; " the second and principal one is called Apure at three leagues' distance from Ca- biuta ; the third, called Orochuna, at a distance of tlu\'e leagues and a half from the main one ; and the fourth, called Horqueta, is opposite the Mission of Ur- bana — explaining how and in what kind of vessels said river is navigable around these mouths, and of Letter M. Xo. 1. Letter P. Xo. L 100 the rivers composing the Apiire; amongst them the Sarare, L'i"il);iiit(', Allies ami Capuro. It is said that twenty-four leau'iies jrom the separation of" the ( )ro- clinna, at six leagues above that of the ( iuarico, and at a distance of sixt3'-three k^agues, that of Horqueta is located, and from thence to the Sarai'e there is a distance of fiftv leagues. He continues, then, mak- ing a description of the ?*Iissions on said river and its settlements, eight in all, according to his inspec- tion, during the month of April, 1757. Letter p. 43. The secoiid document contained in index No. 2. under the No. 2 is a letter from the same Iturriaga, dated (Ui the liith of June, 1757, sent from the same Cabruta, stating that the Castle of Araya was ])uilt to [)revent the Hollanders from taking the salt from the salt-i)its contiguous to the place, as they did several time-, and on tliat recount said Hollanders had discovered various other salt-pits which he enu- merates in said letter, and that said salt-i)its of Araya had been lost, and he [proposed the conven- ience of demolishing the said Castle of Ara^-a on account of Ix'ing too expensive to the Crown and of no further use. Letter p. 4h Tlic tlui'd doiaiuieut Comprised, as No. 3 of >'o. a. the iude.x, is another letter written by the same I turriaga, dated on the 15th of December of the same year, 1757, in which lu^ reports his having re- ceived word that the Hollanders were building another fort on the ^Taruca rivei', at a short distance from the mouth of Navios of the ( )riuoco river, stat- ing that he had si'ut, on that account, a launch to go up the river sounding it, so as to make a survey of the structure of the fortress, its materials, size, garrison, and he was answereil what was to l)e found in a copy accompanying the letter. 45. Said letter is dated on the '1 1 of the same month, address-d to Iturriaga by \) ni .luiii Valdes, in which the latter inform^ him that he had i)rac- 101 ticed the required examination and found no such a fort, but only the news that the Hollanders of the Esquivo Colony intended to change the Guard, that under the name of Post, they kej^t at the Maruca creek, carrying down the same towards the mouth, fronting the sea, about six leagues away, and that they had made a considerable progress felling the trees around and tilling the ground for farming purposes, and building houses ; that he did not know the reason of this change, but heard that they ]»roposed to prevent the fugitive slaves of the Com- pany and residents of tlie Colony from coming over to our dominions; that from the Guard, kept at the mouth of the Maruca, they could recognize any ves- sels passing along the coast towards the large mouth without entering there, and he explained the kind of vessels that could navigate around there. 46. And continuing his letter Iturriaga said, that itumaga's letter from this report he understood that they wanted to ^ 1 T 1 1 • T T 1 • Folio 1. establish sugar plantations, adding to their masters and slaves a number of Aruaca Indians, who were those w^ho enjoyed their confidence in the highest degree, so as to prevent the transit of soldier desert- ers and Indian and negro slaves through that place, and that it might be that to this end, and in order to protect their plantations from any rising of the slaves of one or the other kind, they might build a small fort with two or three small guns served by four or six men. 47. That the Governor of Esquivo called himself in his letters patent to be such likewise of the Ori- noco ; that if the Hollanders were allowed to hold Maruca they would come over to Barima, which emptied its waters through the same mouth, and from thence they should proceed to the Aguirre river, the mouth of which was at the same Orinoco ; that it was not ver}^ proper that he should style himself Governor of Esquivo and also of the Ori- 1 ()2 iioco, lull llial it wa.s to their interest to do so in order to be allowed to _l!,-o up tiie river to the Ai'uaca Indians to catcli turtles; that the Commander of Guayana assented, and allowed them permits for their dilferent boats to go up tlie river with that view: that on these occasions A ruaea Indians and Caribs used to go with tlie Hollanders, avoiding to be discovered, and they used to land at the Caura river and other })laces to purchase Indian slaves from the Caribs, while the rest of the party were fish- ing turth^s, and some times these very fishermen ])ur- chased other Indian slaves from the Caribs, Ijringing on their return a great numl)or of them. Letter do. 48. The fourtli document, j narked at the index No. 4. with the number four, is another letter written by the same Iturriaga on the lOtli of April, IToS, in which he states, in regard to his re]iort alxtut the affairs of the Maruca river, that he had received a letter from the Commander of Guayana answering the nine questions that he had proposed, and a copy of which he forwards enclosed. 49. From the lettt'r of the 30th of March of that year sent to Iturriaga by Don Juan A\-ildes, it ap))cars that the change of the Guard with the name of Post, held by the Hollanders of the Es([uivo Colony, at a distance of about twenty leagues from it, situated at the river Mornca, had not been carried out; that they had erected only a house fifteen yards in length at the mouth on the sea shore, with mud walls and doors, intended, as they said, for i)assen- p-ers ti'adiiiL'- with said Colonv, so as to remain there during tlie intermissions of the river navigation on account of the low and high tide; that the Guard or Post was kept in the same place without any in- crease of troops or artillery; this latter consisted of three cannons of three |iound caliber dismounted, one corporal, and two soldiers, so that the Aruaca In- dians who resided in that place, for the puipose of 103 trade, were found in three divisions of people, each one composed of ten or twelve small houses, each corresponding to an Indian family, at a distance of one league or more, each division from the other following the banks of the Moruca river, and that this place was about seven leagues far from the sea, and the rest being thirteen up to the Colony along the sea coast. 50. Iturriaga's letter continued, stating that the Esquivo Hollanders made public and held that the extension of the domain of the States - General reached the mouth of Navios, or the large mouth of the Orinoco river, and even went far inland to con- tinue to enjoy the right of fishing, so valuable to them on account of the total want of meat on shore and the great scarcity of fish in their river. 51. The fifth document, marked number five by the index, is a report of Don Josef Solano, in view of the letters written by Don Josef Iturriaga, agreeing with him in regard to the demolition of the Castle foUoi. of Araya, as the only object of said fortress was the defence of the salt-pit contiguous to it, and the English had been allowed, bv article third of the treaty of Munster, the right of availing themselves of the salt produced at the island of Tortuga, and that fortress did not prevent the access to Cumana or the coast of the Province by foreign vessels, and did not answer any essential purpose; that in case of an attack by any enemy it could not receive any help from the land. As to the description of the Apure river, he Ibund it entirely in accordance with the reports he had received, as he observes, that the Barina parties, in view of the falling price of tobacco, on account of the increased produc- tion of the Provinces of Caracas and Maracaibo, near the coast, with more facilities for the transpor- tation, and that the expense of conveyance of their own product being hardly equal to its original value, iUl 1i;h1 (Iccidcil 1(1 open llic li;i viuat iitll <>l' llH'AjiUre river, wliicli cuiplics inld the ( (imudco, in urdcr lu make even the dillereiice in piMcc ; tli;il tlic intro- duction (if toliacco in tliat Pi'ovincc lin>uuiit almut losses to the }>lanters and their adherent-^, ami the abandonment of their phmtations : tiiai tiiat part of Folio 2 theeountrv wouhl have been left witiiout any popu- hition. if they had not been re]ilaeed by ai'rivab from the new Ki]ig(Kjm of Grenada; that the Indian set- tlements failed to receive this kind of new visitors. and tiieir decadence continued, and the instruetion of the infidels embarrassed l>y tlie suggestions of those wanting them in the woods, for the continuance of tlieir illicit trade. And in retei'euce to t!ie other two letters from Iturriaga, dealing witii the pi'eten- sions of the Govei'uor of the l)nti'h ('olony of the Es(iuivo river, and wdi at they said aliout the < )rinoco, founded U{)on the titles wliieh they had h'om the States-General, giving them as under that jurisdic- tion, Solano explained that notwithstanding lie did not know that they had claimed the prizes that had been made by the Tiinitarians and (iuayana parties, in the waters of that rivei'. nor against their dislodunient from the Post, that thev had built on the Cuyuni river, for the purpose of protecting their parties, entering in Guayana to [lurehase Indian slaves from the Carib tribe, he could not find, on what ground they could base their pretensions; that although ai'ticle fifth of the treaty of Munster granted them the domain of the countries, forts, factories, etc., possessed by them, at that time in America, they had none on the <)rinoco, nor any- body t'lse than the Spaniards had ever hail any there up to that time; that they did n(»t hold nor had ever liehl any place, stronghold, castle, fisheries,. hunting establishments, nor land enjoyments; that they could not derive any rights from the tacit or even express consent of the Commanders of Guayana 105 and Orinoco granted several times, allowing them to fish around the mouth of Navios, and the rivers Barima and Aguirre, emptying into the same, nor in the Barracks for salting and drying fish, nor in the navigation which they had furtively covered under permits, go up to Giiayana or fartlier on ; nor could they legalize the Post or Guard which they held at the Moruca river, as reported by the same Iturriaga, said treaty forbidding them from erecting new fortifications under any pretext whatever ; that they could only allege the patience of the Com- nianders of Guayana in regard to that usurpation. 52. That in the meantime the Hollanders were foHos. drawing their domain towards the large mouth of the Orinoco, and with an easy navigation intro- duced themselves through the same, and the rivers Apure, Meta, and others into the Provinces of Bar- celona, Caracas, and Barinas, in detriment to the Ro^'al Treasury, and the progress of the Spanish population, which augmented superabundantly in the immediate neighborhood of the City Capital ne;a' the sea, the people went in farther and farther inland and extended to the Orinoco, guided and several times united to tlie Missioners ; that with the safeguard of that great river and the help min- istered by Dutch interest to the barbarian Caribs, they refused to hear words of peace and denied to the Spaniards their navigation and the pass of the Missioners, causing the death of many holy men and many faithful Indians, and that most of their new settlements should be suspended and the progress and diffusion of our holy faith stopped, and that the Rev. Fathers could not have remained without the assistance and countenance of His Majesty in keep- ing, as has been done by his glorious predecessors, the troops and escort necessary to protect them within the Garrison and Castle of Guayana. And said Solano continuing his report, pointed out the jihiccs wlitrc tile I'liitresses out;lit to lie erected lor the defence nl lln' (Jrinoeo and the Trovinci' of Cuniana and the (ithcr.<, and the siU'S where they ought to be locatcil with their garrisons, concluding with an expression of Ins opinion, recoiummding the creation by the government of the ofiice of mili- tary commander for the Orinoco, as it was import- ant to withdraw tlic city to the site of Angostura (a narrow })hice u}) the river), removing the neigh- boring Indian settlements to a better climate; that the residents of Guayana should withdraw their cattle, so as to deprive the enemy from that kind of food, helping our forces and making impossible or difficult to obtain fresh beef or mules for the sugar mills of the Dutch Colony of Esquivo, and forbid- ding the cattle owners of the Capuchin Mission from discoverine; the countrv between them and the Colonv, and that with the forts alreadv established as recommended, and the garrisons, the city re- moved, and tlie neighboring settlements as well, and the troops united from the Orinoco, Apure and Meta rivers, together with the creation of the office of Governor for the Province of Guayana, the obnoxi- ous introdnction of strangers conM he made impos- sible and the ])ious ends of His Majesty facilitntctl. LetterP. 53. The (h)eument marked V)y the index uiKhn- No. 6. numl)er G is a letter written on the oth of A}»ril, Testimony. 1770, l)y the commander of Guayana, Don Manuel No. 1. Centurion, in whicli, according to tlie order dated Foi.7. Scpt('nil)cr 23, 1700, sent to him witli a eo]>y of a ^'"^■^- despatch from tlie Mini.sterol lloUand, as a reserved matter, his attention is called to its contents for his- report, as soon as possible, on the facts represented l»y the same, stating, for the knowledge of His >hi- jesty, what has happened; he stated what will he found below, accompanied with his letter of the 8th, and a statement of the evidence in regard tO' the master, sending likewise a plan of the Province- of Guavana. 107 54. And proceeding, in regard to the requirements th^''*com- of the above contents, I have to say that the judicial GuaVama. proceedings copied herewith show that the Director of the Colony of Esquivo, Lorenzo Hormoan {sic) Grave- sand, had intended to alarm the States General with impositions, and that the Republic of Holland had heard the complaints sent by means of its Minister to our court, in reference to the conduct of the Span- iards of the Orinoco against that Colony ; that it ap- pears from the first part of the proceedings, number 1, that the Hollanders were not, and never had been, in possession of the rivers nor rivulets emptying their waters into the sea on the coast extending from the Esquivo to the Orinoco rivers, nor had had around there any other establishment than a guard kept within a straw-roofed barrack, on the eastern side of the Moruca or ^Nlaroco river, that had been tolerated, during the last forty years, to prevent the desertion of their slaves; that under this pretext they have carried the iniquitous trade with the bar- barous Indians and cruel Caribs, buying from them Indians as slaves taken by surprise after killing- other tribes that were peacefully and freely residing within the dominions of the King our Lord. 55. It was also shown by the above-mentioned part foHo 2. number 1 that the Hollanders were not in possession of the Maserony (Mazaroni) nor of the other rivers emptying into the Esquivo, on the western side, and that it was necessary to undeceive them, removing that error, from whence were derived their un- founded complaints. That the Esquivo river runs parallel approximately to the coast of the ocean from the neighborhood of the Corentin until it reaches the sea, forty-five leagues east of the mouth of the Orinoco ; all the rivers proceeding from the in- terior of the Province of Guayana and in the direc- tion of the coast, between the mouth of the Corentin and the Esquivo, meet precisely at this last one, that runs across and receives their waters. If, as the Hoi. F.)li< 108 Liiiders .siii)poso(l, their Inii'l was to embrace the rivers aiul livnlrN of the Esquivo, comprising Cay- uiii, ^hlser(Jlly, Mau, Ai)anoni, Putara, and other smallrr rivers, with their hi'anches and sources, as witliin the tcrritiM'v (if the l{("])n1»lic. Uh- strangers should hold a hirgcr porliou of lands than our King- in the ri-o\-incc of (iuayana. as is shown hy the ac- companying [ilan that he had drawn as part of Ins report, marking in yidlow color what in his ju1 on the we-tcni niai'^in of the Yu- ruari river, a Iributarv of thu (Aiyuni, at a distance of sevent}' leagues from the Dntch barrack destroyed ; that the reason they liad to believe it is that they had no other establishment in that direction, and that although there were no luoi'i' than one soldier in any of tliese settlements for the escort of the Mis- sionaries, the Caribs, whose statements seem to be believed l)y Monsieur de ( iravcsand, as he says m his statement, may have deceived him wuh this stor\% as it appeared by a few others contained in its erroneous statement. Foi.!)ion. That the witnesses 1, 2,3, and 4, said that in Feb- ruaiT of 1700, the Prefect ot the jNIissions of the Capuchins (who is tlie witness 1) gave a })ermit to Father Josef Cerbera and Father Felix Taraga (wlio are witnesses 3 and 4) to go down to the mouth of the Orinoco and Barima rivers, to uatlier the Arua- cas, the Guaraunos, deserters from the Missions un- der their charge, and tliat said Fathers, with the launch and escort lea tlic Indians wlicn they Avere at- tacked liy wild tribes, and that n<> harm woidd be done to tlie Sj)aniards as Iriciids, hut not to allow them to cross the Cuyuni livcr. nor pci'init anv one of tlir^ni nnv commerce bevond theii- iihice on the rivi'i'. hut to aHow the Indians to carry through thcii' ( 'liinese shivos e by the i'^scjuivo resi- dents; great care was enjoined in securing all fugi- tive slaves and lielping their masters to recover them, I'aying ten tlorins for each one, collected as due, according to the accounts of the previous ^Master of the Post; that every year a statement was to be for- warded twice to the Governor of Esquivo. With a ro\.u. testimony of these proceedings the ( 'ommander of Guaynna sent the two imprisoned Hollanders to the Governor and (Japtain General of that J'rovince. 71. And hnding nothing else in the above men- Letter of tioned testimony No. 2, said Connnander of Guayana mander^"of Continued his statement as follows: That the Post Guayana. xi j. / < i -1,1 i • i , 1 tliat (aravesand said to fiave l)een seized bv the Si»aniards near a rivulet towards the south of the Guayne river, between this and Tovarun, where it was supposed that the Coin]»any had had from time immemorial a place of commerce and a Post depend- ing without contradiction Irom the territory of the republic, the exponent sup|)oses that it may be the one that the intnideil Hollanders abandoned at the Barima river in the yeai' 17<')S. when they ascer- tained through the Caribs. their li'ieiids. that our launches as corsairs w^ere ready to go around and search those i-ivers emptying into the Orinoco as well as the Barima, the importance of wlii<'h they tried to diminish, calling it a rivulet; that he did not dare to call by name the Director of Esrpiivo and style him a usurper, who made himself so })Oor of memory as to call immemorial an establishment hardly two years old, as it is shown by the part No. 3. Fol. 4. 121 72. From this part it ajjpears that the Commander Letter p. of (iuayana was informed that several Dutch fami- ^o-(>- lies had settled at the Barima creek within our Test. 3. jurisdiction near the large mouth of the Orinoco ; ^"^- ^^■ that he sent a Captain with a launch and the cor- resj)onding crew, witli directions to notify said families once, twice, and three times to remove their settlements from there, as that place did not belong to nor was within the territory of the States General, but was under Spain ; that the Captain, in compliance with his commission, went and came back from that j)lace, bringing several articles from tlie houses left by the families; that said articles 'were enumerated in a regular list and apprised and sold at auction after being proclaimed, and the pro- ceeds distributed according to the Royal regulations ; that said Captain and three of the persons of the crew made their affidavits, showing that after the receipt by the Commander General of Guayana of a report that at the aforesaid creek of Barima close to the large mouth of the Orinoco river, where it emjities, some Dutch families had settled, they had been sent, said Captain and crew, with instructions to notify them one, two, and three times to leave that territory that was annexed to the Province of Guayana; that the ex{)onents left for their destina- tion, at the creek, and having reached its mouth saw there several Indians of the Carib tribe, and that these spread the news of their approach before reaching the establishments and iarms of said strangers, wlio ran away, allowing no time for any nntifieation ; that the houses were found abandoned, and the effects, iron implements, and utensils found in them were taken under an inventory and shipped on board of their two vessels; that they afterwards set fire to the houses so as to prevent their re-estab- lishment, and destroyed as far as possible the farms around. 122 rrom\^he ''^- Cout i iiu iii^' his icjiicstiitalions, said Com oiTuwylma. Hiander ofGiiayana showed that the Spaniards liad Foi.-i. never disputed then or at any time with the Dutrh about fisliiiig at the mouths of tlie Orinoco, because they (the Dutch) had never chiimed the right to fish there; tiiat (hiring the three years ehipsed since tlie time wlicn he commenced toemploy armed hiuiiclies as corsairs in this river twenty-three foreign vessels had been seized, but none of them were employed in fishing; that they had not seen or even heard any report of the possession by the Hollanders of the fishing rights as it a})peared by the part No. 1, as already mentioned ; th.it he had found only an instance of a seizure by Spaniards in the year 17G0 of a small schooner and two Dutch fishing launches at the nntutli of the<)riiioeo and IJai'iuia river, as it ajipears by the ]>art No. 4: tliat he was of the ojiinion that they ought to be prevented from fish- ing there, as said fishing might degenerate into an illicit trade, difficult to sto^) and too injurious to the Spanish Provinces. ^Qti_ 74. It appears by said jjart No. 4 that tlie Com- mander of Guavana, alter having received intelli- gence that a few Hollanders near Baritna were carrying on the inhuman and illicit commerce of pur(/hasing Indians in trade tbr merchandise from tlie Caribs, issued his order of the 7th of September, 1760, instructing the Lieutenant of Infcintry, Don Juan de Dios y Flores, to prevent said traffic ; that said lieutenant lelt, but did not reacli the ])lace of his destination, on account of liaving seized, on his way, a schooner and two r)utch launches that came to Orinoco for tlie pur}»ose of fishing; that he brought said vessels to the ]iort of Santo Thoirie of Guavana, where they were visited as prizes and an inventory made ; that a local investigation was in- stitntecl, by which it apjiears tliat said lieutenant and his crew seized the above-mentioned vessels, on Test 4. Kol. 1—1. 123 account of their being employed in fishing at the Ori- noco; that three men of their crew fled with the ex- ception of a miistee and a few Arauca Indians ; that the reason for not having reached the phice of destination was on account of being short of hands, and that it was natural to suppose that the Hol- landers, whom they were after, Iiad received news of their approach and left ; that it was shown by the confessions of the persons arrested in the vessels seized ; that the vessels were Dutch, on their way to fish in the Orinoco; that there were several Hol- landers at Barima purchasing Poytos ; that the Com- mander ordered the arrest of the mustee, and the other Indians to be sent to the Missions ; that, by direction of the Commander General of Cumana, tlie other parties were apprized with their appurtenances and sold at public auction, distributing all the pro- ceeds, according to the Royal regulations. 75. The Commander continued his exposition, stating that in Orinoco only were retained, out of the Esquivo slave deserters, those who were Indians, and of the negroes, only those who came to enjoy the benefit of becoming Catholics, as it appears by the part No. 5, as that was the rule of His Majesty. 76. This testimony shows that the Commander of Guayana had referred to the Captain General of the Province of Cumana with the corresponding testi- mony, the case of a negro who came over to our dominions from the Dutch, in order to become a Christian, asking for instructions for the guidance of said Commander, who received an an&wer, dated September 12, 1761, directing him, according to the orders from His Majest}' found in his office, to in- stitute an investigation as to the proof of the escape, and whether it was really effected with the purpose of becoming a Christian, and if so, to take him under the Royal protection and deliver him to the Pastor, so as to be instructed in the mysteries of our Fol. IS— 21. Folio 21. Fols. 24—28. Fol. 2S— 34. Fol. 34— 41. Letter from the Commander of GJuayana.. Fol. 5. No. G. Test. 5. Fol. 5. 124 failli. l)i|>ti/,e(l, ami let free. ail\-isiiiLi- liim In lead a quiut ami ('lirisli.ni lite; that the same iiK'lhoil was to be ob.serveil witii cwi'v cithci' fui. s-i(i. 77. The same pai-t ."> .;iid in silver to them, when they had agreed to have them sold, jis it was shown by ])ait Xo. 6 and othei' acts of the kind existing in the Royal Archives. Letter p. 79. I'^rom the above part (or proceedings) it ap- No.6. pears that in September. 1759, Captain Andres Te.st.fi. Scliut, a neiglibor of Esquivo, came to Guayana and Fois. i-is, presented his pas.sport from the Governor of the Colony to claim certain negroes who had run away ; the same were sold and the price ])«n-t ; lluil llic liollaiKlers possessed those parts of the coast of most importance to that vast eouniry, having many navigahU' livers running from the innermost and most profitahlc part of (Juayana; that it was therefore advisahle to destroy the Dutch Colony, beginning at Ks([iiivo ami following to Demerari, Berbis, Corentin up to Surinam : that the exponent thought of two projx'r ways, the first to receive, protect, and set free all the fugitive slaves from said Colonies, as it was the practice at Caracas with those from Curacao, wdio did not want so much protection for the free use of the Catholic religion as those of the colonies did, where no importance was given to the subject, and their slaves were left to live as gentiles; that the second way to accom{)lish such an end was to keep in said Province a standing ]»at- talion of Infantry to watch and verify the frontiers and rivers emptying into the Estpiivo, the building of strongholds that even when [)rojected had fright- ened the PloUanders, thus j)reventing and eiiili.ir- rassing the usurpation of more territory than what they are holding and their considerable trad<' in Indian Poytos or slaves, through which our lands are deserted and theirs populated and prodigiously cultivated ; that facilities should be given the Indians thev have enslaved to escape, and they would not be encouraged to pay much higher })riees for negroes for fear of losimj,- them ; that the loss of both kinds of slaves will (•rii)ple the Dutch colonies and their operatives will come to us, consi(»urhon, with Spanish families, from the Province of New Barcelona, without taxing the King for rations • for tlicir maintenance during the first year, nor any other expenses, as it has l)een the case with other populations in former times; that he erected in the interior of that Province, at the Paragua river, a small fort furnished with artillery and troops for the defence of the place, and to prevent the Hollan- ders from taking away the Poytos they used to seize on the margin of the Orinoco, for the service of their Colonies on the Atlantic coast of that conti- nent; that he had increased and improved lliat city with over sixty houses with tiled roofs and common walls, and the corresponding families brought from the neighboring Provinces to inhabit them, and en- joying conveniences which they did not possess at home or Ibund among the inhabitants of Guayana ; that the settlement of cattle ranches and towns set- tled l)y Spaniards on the u})i)er Orinoco by order of His Majest}', and in all tlic new establishments and communities of Missionaries supported by the Com- mander General, the true zeal of the same was manifested, as well as the economical conduct of his government, and the generous disinterestedness he showed in his emUiavors for the advancement of tliat Province, as well as the benefits to be derived by the Spanish Crown from the population, advancement, and safety of that extensive Province, so advantage- 133 ously situated, as beiiit;' the nearest from Aiiierica to Spain, the constant trade that could be kept with those countries even in time of war, vvitliout any fear of the interception of their vessels by cruisers or corsairs of the enemy, as there was no obstacle or any fixed place to wait for them from tlie large mouth of the Orinoco to the Spanish shores ; that the parties signing this certificate consider it their duty to impassionately confess that the Orinoco was the only near and sure place the King had in America in time of war, as he was enabled to com- municate the necessary orders to those dominions within twenty or twenty-five days ; that they ought to state the fact that if said Commander were furnished with the necessary means according to his diligence, activity, intelligence and the favorable disposition of many persons desiring to settle in the neighbor- ing Provinces, attracted by the conveniences and fertility of that most beautiful and extensive Pro- vince, on account of its commerce and amenity, it should become within a short time a New Spain for the State, with all the above advantages, that will make it the most distinguished, and therefore deserve the first attention of His Majesty; that in order to appreciate the force and truth of the foregoing state- ment, it was enough to see the benefits derived b}'' strangers from the French Colony of Cayena, and the Hollanders from those of Surinam, Bervis, and Esquivo on the eastern coast of that Province ; that it should be observed that in the first and second one, within thirty leagues inland (navigation on the river of their names), they kept in continual trade over 200 vessels each one, and a few less ves- sels correspondingly kept by the third and last of less population and on the sea coast side; that if those Colonies yielded such valuable commercial advantages to their inhabitants in products, within such a short distance inland, the Orinoco trade 134 could coi'tainly })r()ve of considerable more benefit with all the advantae^es of a more extensive field in constant circulation, population, and general estab- lishments. Letter p. §§ Another of the (locunients forwarded as re- N,,. ;. served matter, marked in the index as No. 7, is a Itt- Letteroftheter by Dou Pedro Josef de Urrutia, Governor of tn.ni cii-Cumana, of the lOtli of Mav, 1770, accompanied wilh supportmg documents, and stating that on the oOtli of March of that year he had acknowledged the re- ceipt of the Royal order of the 2od of September, 1769, accompanied with a paper in which the Minis- ter of Holland complains of the conduct of the Spaniards established at the Orinoco against the Esquivo Colony, and the facts of its contents, and he promised to address the required report with justi- fying documents of what should be found out in re- gard to the case. 89. That, in com})liance, he reported that the only facts that he had ascertained to exist took place be- fore the separation from tlie Province of Guayana from the Government of Cumana, and were brought about by the same Hollanders of the Esquivo Colony, close to the Missions of the Catalan Capuchins in said Province; that in the year 1758, the Governor (iposition to their holy work, so as to con- tinue the abominable trade they kept with tlie 135 Caribs, giving them ns of the King ISO my Master is kept. Tlie same Cuyuni river, and all that district, being within said dominion, it is not creditable that the plenipotentiaries of the States- General could have authorized your Honor to intro- duce your people there, and much less for the pur- pose of trading in Indians with the Spaniards and their settlements. Upon that point I fully justify the conduct of this step. I am not at liberty to re- lease the prisoners and send them to you until the final decision of my Sovereign, to whom I have sent an account of the proceedings, justifjdng the facts. Your Honor will find me readj^to accede to any just demands. May the Lord keep 3'our Honor in his Holy guard. " I kiss the hands of your Honor. Your servant, " Don Nicolas de Castro. "Cumana, September 9, 1758. " To Monsieur de Gravesand." 96. The Governor of Cumana further stated that tvon/tiie after the answer given by Don Nicolas de Castro to .-f cumfana. the Governor of Esquivo, said Governor addressed a p,,, .5 case to the Commander of Guayana, who, after find- ing out that it contained a map and a paper, witli- out taking any further steps, closed and returned the same to said Governor, bv the same bearers, as everything is found extensively explained by the other testimony accompanied. 96. From this testimony it appears that after the Test. 2. report received by the Commander of Guayana, in regard to the arrival of a vessel in charge of a few Arauca Indians, bringing from the Governor of Es- quivo a closed dispatch addressed to that of Guay- ana, double sealed, and a case three-C[narters of a yard in length, nailed, containing a map, he de- cided on the 20th of March, 1759, to call the Notary Public to attest to everything in connection with the case, and it was done as directed. 140 Koi. 2. !)7. ]\v another act it was ascertained, after open- ing the a])ov(-'-inentione(l case, that it contained a map, and it was closed again and sent back to the Governor (if Ivsquivo with tlic paper acorn pa nying the same, Ijoth withont being ojiened, and another with tlie official letter stating what was sent hack through tlie same Indians. Tlie Notary Public made the corresponding delivery of everything after taking an authenticated copy of the contents of said otiicial letter. i''"i •• 98. And having made the delivery, as directed, the Notary certifies that the official letter of remit- tance is worded as follows : "Dear Sir: Tlie habit of opening this })ort to peaceful Indians, trading on the Orinoco, allowed the entrance of the Araucas (who not having been known as envoys of your Honor) sent to this city with the purpose of delivering to me a double sealed single despatch, and a small pine case, both ad- dressed to me. It is not in my power to open the paper, on account of the general [)rohibition to allow tV)reign vessels entering the Spanish ports of America or hold correspondence with these Colonies, and because I understand that your Honoi' intends to insist upon a demarcation of limits, in whicii the Colony under your command is situated, making inadmissible said despatch and case. For that reason I return both to your Honor, the despatch closed and the case nailed, through the same bear- ers, so that you may take whatever steps you may think pro[)er, before tlie competent parties. And as vour llono)- in tlie letter of the last of September of last year, inli.rnis me of having reported to your Sovereign (on a subject almost of the same nature) may address your claim through your Ambassador before the court of His Majesty. " I am not at liberty to act in this matter, nor on similar subjects, as I have no power to do so. Letter o ni t >vernoi Cuniana. 141 " May our Lord keep your Honor for many years in His holy guard. " Kiss the hands of your Honor. " Your obedient servant, " Juan Yaldes. " To Seiior Don Lorenzo Thomas de Gravesand." " GuAYANA, 3Iarch the 20th, 1759. 99. On the same day, tlie 29th of Marcli, said Com- foi. i. mander of Guayana ordered the original proceedings to be sent to the Governor of Cumana, after having taken a testimony of the same as it was done. 100. Following this report, the Governor of Cu- mana stated that neither at the Government public omeTnoAf archives nor at his office were found any other doc- uments on the subject than the two foregoing testi- monies and a Royal Order, a copy of which he ac- companies, issued by the Government at Madrid on the 30th of March, 1753, communicated to the Mar- quis of La Ensenada for the remedy of the injuries and loss of life occasioned by the Caribs to the Mis- sions of Guayana, under the influence of the Esquivo Hollanders, and the other reason therein contained. His Majesty, after taking due notice of the same, will decide what is to be done. 101. From said copy of the Royal Orderof the above K,,yai order date there is nothing else than an order to furnish a stronger military escort to the Missions of Guaj^ana, so as to protect them against the evils and attacks, harm and loss of life by the Caribs under the influ- ence of the Hollanders, as was represented by the Missionaries to His Majesty. 102. The last document sent, as reserved matter, Letter v and indexed No. 8, is a representation addressed to no. 8 Kep- His Majesty, by the Missions of Guayana, on the 6th ofThe^Vre- of July, 1760, signed by Fr. Benito de la Garriga, M*fssionK. Prefect of the Catalan Capuchin Missions of Guay- ana, in which the case of the Hollanders is referred to, in regard to the three Indian women, with their Li-1 chiMreii, I'li-lavnl ami taken tVoin the iiitmtli of the Orinoco 1)V the Iliillaiiders and reuovertMl trnni their Post at the Morucu riviT (as mentioned in i)cira- graphs 59 and Go of this abstract), and stating that the Cxovernor of Esquivo had coniphiined against the fact, having no right to do so. lie continned exi)hiining the reasons he liad, as well as his predecessor, for keeping a sliarp vigilance against the Hollanders to prevent the injury they do to the Missions. He stated that the practice of those strangers was now, as before, to go to the in- terior of that Province to enslave the Indians, vas- sals of His ^Tajesty, and carry them away to their Colony : that this {)ractice was currently authorized by the (Governor of Ivs(juivo, as stated in tlie letters patent and passports from the same Governor, and in liis own handwriting, deliveretl to the jiersons leaving the Colony for the purpose of enslaving the Indians, and without any respect penetrating in our own settlements, as had been done several times before; that the predecessors of the exponent had informed His Majesty in the year of 1751 of the case ; that the Commissioners of the Royal Expedi- tion had given the same report, and In'ought it to the knowledge of I)oii Josef Iturriaga by a letter addresseil to him by the de[»onent in 175G, request- ing the means of practically stopping this abuse, and by a letter of Don Ricardo Oval in 1757 ; that the representation of the exponent seemed to have reached the notice of the Minister of His Majesty, liut without any })ractieal benefit. 103. In the year 1748, our Mission of Miamo was visited by two white men from Esquivo with a pass- port from the Governor to buy Indians, and as the Father Missionaries had only recently arrived from Spain, he could not understand the gravity of the case, and he sent them back only, without giving them time to collect old debts from the Caribs, and 143 that in the same year, at the plains of Corumo, a colored woman from Esquivo was buying Poytos from the Caribs, and that in 1749, a sohlier from the escort of the Missions arrested one of these traders, while very near the Mission of Miamo, who had a patent from the Governor of Esquivo to come and purchase slaves ; and in said letters patent the Gov- ernor called himself Governor of Esquivo and the mouth of the Orinoco; that this and other letters from the same Governor were sent by his predeces- sor with the above-mentioned report of said year 1751. 104. That one of the Hollanders was domiciled with the Caribs, during eiglit years, at the Aquire river, making purchases of Poytos, and that numer- ous other men were carrying on the same trade in Puruev, Caura and Parava, from where thev used to send to Esquivo and Surinam remittances of twenty to fifty Poytos, and they had decamped for fear ot the arrival of the Royal Expedition in Orinoco. 105. There was a revolt in the year of 1750, when all the Caribs of our five Missions of Miamo, Cunure, Tupuquen, Curumo, and Mastanambo rose and killed four soldiers of the escort and eight Span- iards, showing many other kinds of hostilities. At the end of one vear many of them were brought back, and they discovered what had been supposed before with sufficient reason, that they (the Caribs) had done what they did at the instance of the Hol- landers, who taught them the way of doing it, select- ing ten Caribs beforehand to each Father, and ten more to each soldier, and the rest to plunder all at the same time, at the hour of the mass and at the time of leaving the church, when they were to kill the Fathers and soldiers ; that it was so carried out ; that the exponent knew of the circumstances, having been present and an occular witness to the 144 same, as lie was the President at the TupiKiiun (Mission); tliat lie was likewise a {iri^oiirr of' tlic Cai'il)s ami his liberation was a miracle; that he saw the way in which the Caribs killed two militia- men and two soldiers left as dead, after smashing- their heads with Macana sticks; that they carried away to their feast the hand of one of those who was killed, and stole the sacred vessels and ornaments for the Divine Service; that he saw likewise and recognized a colored Hollander, who came to teach the Carib Indians and stimulate them ; that his name was well known in those Missions. 106. It was in 1762, when the Father President of the Mission Supama, reported to him that a Guaica Ca])tain of that Mission had stolen several young- Indians from the same settlement and sold them to Dutch traders, and that in order to deprive him of another opportunity he had placed him and his party in another Mission, and that his settlement was bound to perdition under the persecution of the Caribs. 107. It was at our Mission of Cavallaju that, on the 20th of June, 1766, a negro and an Indian, both pnrt-hasers of Poj^tos, came each one with a pass- [tort IVom the Governor of I^scpiivo, who, as they represented, was their Master, and that they were slaves, although in the passport it was stated that they were to go to the Aponony river, as the inter- preter said, to collect old debts, being understood that they were to collect and purchase Indians, and the Father, at the head of that Mission, ordered the retention of the two Curiaras (small Indian boats) at the port of the Mission, and b}' land sent them to the Mission at Guasipati, of which the exponent was the President, and took away the passports from them, written in the Dutcli language, and the same as are annexed to his representation, markeil witii the letters A and B ; that the soldiers arrested 145 • the two men and presented them to the Reverend Father Prefect, wlio was at the time Fr. Josef de Guardia, and the negro was sent to Don Joaquin Moreno, the Commander General of Guayana, who let the Indian stay at the Caroni Mission. 108. Tliat this same negro, at the end of the year 1765, had come before to the Mission of Gavallaju and Guasipati with a passport saying that he was a negro Creole, on his way to Carapo in quest of a few fugitive Indian slaves from Escjuivo, four in num- ber, from ditierent tribes and families, who six years before had been in said Mission ; that the exponent prevented them from going any farther, and allowed two of the said Indians to inform them that they did not wish to go, persuaded as the}^ were that it was infinitely Vjetter to remain in the Mission than to be slaves of the Governor ; that he sent back said negro, and that he promised to return with his fam- ily and become Christians, informing the exponent that for three years he had been at Parava, buying Poytos from the Caribs, who deceived him, and as he could not give a good account to his Master he was kept imprisoned for a long time, and that there is not a Carib who does not know of his case. 109. That the debts mentioned in the negro's passport were sliown by the fact of his coming from £<|uivo to Cayuni, Yumari and the port of the Ca- vallaju Mission with two Curiaras, or small boats, one of which, loaded with firearms, iron imple- ments, hatchets, knives, drygoods and gewgaws, and tliat everything had been distributed among the Indians of said settlement and those of Guamo and Guasipati, being understood that the payment for the same goods was to be made b}' the Caribs in lit- tle young Indians ; that the Father Missionary of Cavallaju, Fr. Josef Antonio de Cervera, and that of Guasipati, by an order of the Reverend Father Pre- fect, took away from the Caribs the goods that had Vol. il, Vex.— 10 146 been •listributed, consisting of four guns with itow- der and balls, twenty-two yards of blue muslin, a few iron inipleinents, mirrors and other triiies, with the purpose of })ri'venting tlair sale to the Indians and to rebuke this kind of trade. As soon as the Cavallaju parties heard of the arrest of the negro manv of them took (h>\vn the river the boat loaded with goods, and notliing is known of what became of the same ; that the Missionary found in a house of the settlement a pair of fetters, and the Indians when asked where did they find them, said thev had Ixcn taken from the negro's boat, where he had many others, as well as manacles. no. That the exponent thought it was a heavenly inspiration, the arrest of this negro, which prevented the accomplishment of the evils intended to be done to the Cucuycoto Indians found on the southern side of those Missions, to the north of the Aponony river. Fifteen days before the arrival of the negro at Caval- laju, the Indians of that settlement and ^liamo, Carapo, and Guasipati were busy in making the usual short, flat oars, euriaras, arrows, sharp-edged wooden weapons which they said were intended in order to go after saiil Indians anring tliein to the jNIission settlement; that they had believed it was so, not })aying nuich attention to the nov- elty of so many arrows, as they knew the Cncu- yotos were a brave tribe ; but afterwards they found their mistake, for as soon as the Caribs hoard of the arrest of tlie negro in tlie castle, and that not- withstanding that the Spaniards were re[troached for the imprisonment of a slave belonging to the Governor, who would consider himself offended b}' the Caribs, and all this talk to no purpose, they soon stopped the building of euriaras and the rest of the work, keeping quiet and saddened; that this tuiii of affairs was considered strange, as well as the l»ad phazes of the Caribs, until it was discovered that they 147 held given up the projected visit to the Cucuyotos for whieli tht'V liad been invited by the negro, in order to go and Icill tliem, carrying away their young ones to Esquivo ; that the negro was to go as captain of this iiarty ; that at tliat time it was feared that an- other revolt was in contemj^hation like the former one, on account of the arrogance and other signs noticed among the Caribs in their dyes and bearing, especially when they met the lowest of the foreign Hollanders, supposing that, as they were so very near Esquivo, they could escape at any time from our Missions. Finally, it was discovered that they had contemplated to quit tlie Missions of the exponent and the otlier Reverend Fathers and take refuge at Parava, under the protection of the Hollanders. 111. That natuially the Esquivo Colonists in- creased their wealth by the service of so many In- dian slaves, and in proportion to the ingress of many Englishmen their plantations were multiplied to the point of wanting yet more farming lands. On pretence of keeping advanced Post Guards they extended their plantations and territories; that the Indians reported that they had already extended their plantations, occupying all the banks of the Esquivo river from its mouth up to the Cuyuni, a distance of about 20 leagues of navigation ; that at the mouth of the Cuyuni, up the Esquivo river at eight days of navigation, they had a guard of six soldiers, and along that distance of eight days there were no plantations, on account of the soil being sandy. 112. That in the year of 1758 the exponent re- ported to the Commander of Guayana that at the Cuyuni river, under the cover of a Post, there was a settlement of two Dutch families with their house and farms; that an order was given to seize them, and a patent of the Governor was taken from them containing the orders that they had to observe, 14S ami wliich the .exponent lorwardcMl, markcil witli tlie letter C. Lettci-r. 113. This |)atciit l>v the (lovcriKM- of l'%(|uiv<), xo.s.copy dated on the •J'.'th of Sci item her, ll'u, directs the ol last rue- ' lions of the Master of the Post at the ( "uvuni river to keep on Master 1)1 • 1 CuviiuT^ "* friendly terms with llie Indian neighhurs, and not to do tliem any liai'm, nor dcpiive them of tiieir |iro|)ei'tv, nor allow others to do so; to l;e careful not to offend the Spaniards nor give them any grounds of complaint : tliat lie was hound to ohserve and wateli where said Spaniards were hnildinii; their houses; to follow their movements on the Cuynni so that they would not hrini;' any trouhle and, if thev received any harm from them to send notice to the Governor of Esquivo, and do the same if any parties should go there for the purpose of collecting- debts : not to permit any negotiation in saiil river, unless the parties concerned had pow'ers to do so l\v their passport; that the Indians who were owing- slaves, should not l)e allowed any advance of goods in trade until the i)ayment and delivery of the slaves due; not to forl)id the Indians to travel nor be de- tained on their way to make ])ayments; to carefully ■watch and find out the fui>itives. and that when he knew of any to seek them until arrested, and after Ijeing a])prehende(l to dtdiver tlu'in to the (iovei'uor and collect ten ihjrins jier head, and the cliargc on the -laves of any other party; that the masters of slaves going after tliem, when rumnng away, ought to pass freely even when they have iiad no time to be]»rovided with passports, and to render them assist- ance and hel|); that the fompauy allowed liim power to conduct freely his business on his pi'ivate account, on condition that everything should be purchased from the Company in preference, as he would be charged the same price for the same kind of goods; that he was bound to collect all debts due to his immediate predecessor at the Post, collecting 149 ten florins per head likewise and one florin for each hammock ; that it was his duty to report to the Gov- ernor all his purchases and dehts collected and also to send to the Governor twice a year a statement of everything done, and that he was bound to reside always at the Post, as a good officer of Esquivo. 114. The representation of the Father Prefect of the Missions accompanies, likewise, a list of the No. s. names of those Caribs from wdiom (said Master of .Letter ^ trom the the Post) had to collect 27 Poytos (Indian slaves) P«'f':c^.»f ' J \ / the Mission, and 37 hammocks, marked with the letter D, add- foi-^- ing that the Commander .sent two Hollanders to the Governor of Cumana, Don Nicolas de Castro, asnd that the above mentioned were p apers written in Dutch. 115. This list contains the same items mentioned, adding only that the Caribs, through whom he ought xo. 8. to make the purchase of Poytos were ten, and those Letter d. for the purchase of hammocks were three, and that List of ' _ ' debts. in said list were found the names of the above-men- tioned Caribs. 116. Following his representation, the Prefect stated that the other Hollanders who had been >jo .^ domiciled at the nearest point, above the Cuyuni, Letter near the mouth of the Curumo (river), not far from prefect of Cavallaju, had withdrawn ; that was the inference sion/foLB. when they tried to acquire neW' sites, in order to allege possession and, in time, make a noise if they had no boundaries fixed, as already imagined, that the whole Cuyuni river is theirs, when, indeed, their guards did not go before any farther than its mouth ; that it was shown by said written orders, regulating the conduct of the Corporal of the Cuyuni, that he considered the same place as his own, as well as the Moruca and Barima rivers, as mentioned now in his complaint against said Commander General, using the words " insults and high-handed ways," on ac- count of their expulsion from the advanced place of 150 Barima, as it has been noticed : tlmt in (heir (Dutch) hinds tliere was a Large niultitinlc (»f Indian allies Avhich they had from three ti'ihes. that is to sa}', Carihs, Araucas, and Guaraunos, without mention- ing the Indian shives, as thoy n(^v(r rcstrain(Ml their l»ad habits nor spoke of Christian doctrine; they enjoyed their life, and others came to increase (heir number; that tlie j)rinci{)al Caribs they had with them were fugitives from our settlements and of the Reverend Father Observants ; that they always tried to attract others, and, as they were familiar with the Province and of a roving disposition, they ke]>t pro- curi-ng Indian slaves for (he lienetit of the foreigners. 117. That the territory of the Missions of the expo- nent for the reduction of Indians was marked by cedule of His Majesty of the year 1736, as foUows: From the Angostura of (lie Orinoco (river), down to its large mouth, and a straight line; from both ends to the Amazonas and Marairon rivers. That this (cedule) and the above complaint of the Governor of Esquivo, made doubtful to the exponent whetlier he was to be allowed to go inland in future in the work of reducing Indians from the saiil phices of Barima, Moruca, Cuyuni, and even on the coast, and as i( was necessary for his practice in the reduction of Indians, he thought proper to lay the subject of liis doubt before His Majesty. No. 8, leuer 118. There is also in this No. S a letter from the c. same Reverend l^'r. Benito Garriga, dated .Inlv G, Lett IT of ,, , , "i- the s:iiae 1/(3/, addrcsscd to tlie ravmaster General ot his Prefect. '. . "... order, in which he states that if it was possible for the Hollanders of Esquivo to complain before the King, on account of the foregoing subjects mentioned in his report, he thought that it was proper to inform His Majesty, so as to have him pos((Ml in regard to the conduct of those strangers; that they were endeav- oring to extend their territory, not only towards Barima and Cuyuni, but far above the Esquivo 151 river inland with tlieir Guard Posts; that on that account it was to be feared that some trouble and difference might happen in the future between them and ourselves, on account of the Indians on the present occasion, and in order to avoid difficulties to the Missionaries it was proper to propose his doubts in the form already stated. 119. That on one occasion the exponent com- plained to a Dutch Hollander, (arrived from Es- quivo to reside in Guayana), about the cause of the revolt of the Caribs of our Missions in 1750, and he answered that it was because the Fathers made the sites of their Missions within their own territor}^ ; that that of Curumo overstepped the line they drew from the mouth of the Acquiri river to the south, and that this territory had been in their possession since the year 1740, in which their term had ex- pired, and the King of Spain had not contradicted them ; that the Mission of Miamo was distant from Curumo about ten leagues, according to the opinion of the Dutchmen, and that either they themselves or we were in error about the jurisdiction of the ter- ritory ; that that same Hollander was well aware of the pretensions of those of Esquivo ; that he like- wise sent to His Majesty a statement of the condi- tion of our Missions, that, according to the above cedule, ought to be forwarded to the King every year ; that he had not done so before, because he was busy with the occupation and novelty of the transfer of the four Missions, ordered by His Ma- jesty; that besides the twelve Reverend Fathers lately arrived fron Spain, in the year 1764, he wanted eleven more Priests, and one more to act as nurse, witii the approval that he sent from the Commander General of that Province in the middle of the pre- vious year; that they ought to go as soon as possible as there were two Carib settlements without a Mis- sionary on that account, and they had to organize No. 8. Lettrr V lc2 other settlements at Parava and Caroiif on the upper south bank, in order to (h-aw near the Rio Negro, so as to stop there tlic ingress of the strangers and Caribs, who destroyed the tribes of those territories. 120. From this statement of the condition of the Missions it api)e{irs that thcrr are twenty-one Mis- sions, tliat fourteen tribes of Indians were still want- ing suitable settlements, and that lie appointed fur every one of them the necessary ^lissionaries, specify- ing t!ie name of the Fathers in each one, giving the total number of baptized Indians from the time of the corresponding foundation, tlie niarriagcs, the Inii'i- als, baptisms, and those already existing in each. 121. And finding nothing else in the above docu- Dockftdo. i|-iejit^ jjy ^vay of reserved matter, than an Index of Letter X. tAveuty-two consultatious brought to His Majesty on ^ xo 1. p^oi. sgyei.<|i occasions by the Council upon the following particulars, the first of them dated Septendjer G, ^_ Consult a- 1705, about the reports from the Governor of Cn- sep. 11,170.5. mana on the subject of the commerce carried on by the Martinique Island Frenchmen at the Guarapi- che river, and the slavery in whicli tliey ke[)t the Indians, so that His Majesty might ap})ly to His Most Christian Sovereign for strict orders forbidding this commerce for its consequences. His Majesty, in Resolution response to the above consultation, said : "The Am- ot His Ma- ^ jesty. bassador of the King, my Grandfather, lias taken charge of sending a report of these facts and of mak- ing me acquainted with the orders that may be dic- tated by France, upon the subject." Said resolution was puhlisliod by the Council 011 the 2nth of the same month. 122. The second consultation was on the 7th of June, 1723, in which the Council, in compliance with the directions of His Majesty, represented what was thought proper tor the [>i'oi)osed fortification of the Orinoco river, so as to protect the Missions and prevent the commerce and arrival of strangers. X'"> His Majesty issued tlie following resolution: "The Council will find my resolution on the subject con- tained in my accompanying decree herewith." 123. Tlie third consultation was made on the 2Sth ,J^^;^^^^,'i°JJf of February, 1725, about the petition of Don Juan '^^''^■-«' ^"-■^• Alonso Es|)inosa de los Monteros, asking permission to build a fort and establish a city on the coast of the Province of Cumana, and to bring to the same fifty families from the Canary Islands, in a vessel of a 150 tons register. The council was of the opinion that His Majesty might acquiesce to said petition under the condition therein contained. The King's resolution was as follows : " I return to the Council the consultation, with the petition and report of Don Cristobal Felix de Guzman on the same subject, so as to be consulted of what will be done." Said resolution was published in the Council of the 2d of April, 1725, and forwarded to the Solicitor with the antecedents of the case. 124. The fourth consultation was on the 12th of Fourth:con- su 1 1 at ion June, 1725, in which the Council, following the J""e 12,1725. decision of His Majesty on the consultation, sent it back to him on the 26th of February of the same year, and sends the petition of Don Cristobal de Guzman, requesting his permission to settle and pop- ulate different places in the Province of Cumana. His Majesty decided as follow^s: "The resolution contained in the accompanying decree will show the Council my decision in regard to these consul- tations." 125. The fifth consultation was on the 5th of Fifth con- suit ation. April, 172S, in which the Council responded to the April 5, ms..^ Royal Order of His Majesty accompanying a peti- tion from Don Carlos Sucre, requesting the appoint- ment of Governor of Cumana and other measures in connection with the erection of a Castle on the Ori- noco river, with his reasons. The resolution was as follows : " Let the Council issue the necessarv orders 1 :. 1 ill f(»iii|ili;inci', ])r('C'c(liiig his rcjiDrt to mv of the co.st and kind of su|)p(»rt that the ('nuricil exjiucts, antl whet ill-ran engineer ^. ill wiliell tlie <'olineil, ill virtiiG >..v.io. 172S. ,,|ji,,, |j,,y;,l Order of Ilis iShijesty sending a letter from hoii .liiaii (h- la Toriiera Soto, Governor of tlie Trovince of Ciuayana, a:^ked to hv. kept in the pos- session of the franchise to found a city in that Pro- vince, as ai)})lied for before, stating his reasons, His Majesty's resolution was: "Compare the same." of^^His'^'C ^^ ^^■''•'* pii^lished in Council on the llth of Sej)tem- J''^«^- ' " ber, 1733. 127. The seventh consultation was on the 31st of con.suita- ^Farch, 1729, ill which the Council, in eonij)liance t i o 11 ii n <1 ■ 1 T r • ■» r • • r> ri'soiutioii, with His Maiestv s Koval order, lorwaivhnga memo- March .ii, ■ . . '"-'•'• rial (petition) from Don Cristobal Felix de Guzman, repeating his former proposition for building and founding a .settlement in the neighborhood of Cumana, and erecting a fortress on the Orinoco river, the Government granting him the Command of the Province, stating his reasons. The King re- solved : 1 acce{)t the o{)inion of the Council, and ac- crirding to the consultation (jUote. 128. The eighth consultation was on the lUth of July, 1721», in eoin[>liance with His Majesty's resolu- E 1 Kh th CO II s II I t a - i:l".t.'' ■ ' tion of the consultation (pioted in regard to the h( necessary for the engineer sent to buihl a Castle on the <)riiioco river, and select the otticc for the pay- 155 inent, witli the necessary remarks. His Majesty resolved: "As requested, allowed in regard to the traveling expenses, but not as regards the increase of salarv or dailv allowance above what is allowed to all the other engineers in America." Published in Council on the 29th of August of the said year 1729. 129. The ninth consultation was on the 15th of September, 1729, in regard to His Majesty's decree sending a vessel and revenue cutters to the mouth of the Orinoco river, to be kept there during the time of the construction of the fortress, and to be under Don Carlos Sucre, with the other remarks. Tne resolution was as follows : " I have decided to SQnd the necessary orders addressed to the Com- mander of the windward squadron. It was pub- lished in Council on the 27th of September of the same year of 1729." 130. The tenth consultation was on the 21st of Februar}', 1731, in compliance with the Royal order of His Majesty sending a memorial from Colonel Don Carlos Sucre, asking that the Government of Guayana, fortress be added to that of the one allowed him by His Majesty, and to be erected on the Orinoco river, giving particulars. The resolu- tion was as follows : " Granted ; orders will be given accordingly." Published in Council on the ISth of June of the same year, and the orders were likewise issued. 131. The eleventh consultation was on the 30th of April, 1731, in which the Council, in compliance with the Royal order of His Majesty, sent a letter from Don Carlos Sucre, advising of his not having received the despatches, concerning the construc- tion of a fort that His Majesty had decided to build at the Island of Fajardo in the Orinoco river, and the steps that he suggested for its accomplishment, •with other remarks. His Majesty resolved : " I am Resolution of His Ma- jesty. Xinth con- s u 1 1 a tioii, Septem b e r 15, 172t). Resolu- tion o f t h e Kins- Tenth con- sultation of February 21, 1731. Resolu- tion of His Majesty. Eleve n t h CO n s u 1 1 a - tion, April 30, 1731. T w .'1 11 I <• i> II s 11 1 I a t i 11 II, S I' i> I I' 111 l"i 17:;.'. 156 ti.Mi'oV'iVi's '^'''y iiitoi'iiied, and agree in o])inion with the Coun- •^'"*"-'-'- .-ih"' Published on the iStli of Jinu' ..I' the same year, and the corresponding orders. 132. The tvvelftli consultation was on tlic 17tli of Si'jiteniber, 1732, in con][)liance with tiie Royal order it" sending the representation ami j)ro)ect proi)osed by J )on Cristobal Felix de Gn/.inan t'oi- the change to Angostura, on the ( )iiii()((i rixcr, of the construction accorded Ijy his Majesty, in charge of Don Carlos Sucre, of the fort in the Island of Fajardo with other remarks, being of oi)inion adverse to the petition, his Majest}^ resolved as foUows: "This proposition R.soiution and petition is refused to Don Cristobal Felix de ot his Mil- A jest.v. Guzman, and for the rest I have in consideration the consultation of tlie 2<1 of September, 1737."^ Published in Council on the lOtli of Decemlior, 1738. cons'uua- l'^'^- d"he thirteentli consultation was on the 2()th t.'>n"ih-r*X '^^' September, 1731, in which the Council, in coni- '"^^" pliance with the Royal order by his Majesty, accom- panied by a letter from Don Carlos de Sucre, Gov- ernor of tlie Province of Cumana, and a list of his propositions binding himself to Iniihl at his own ex- pense the fort that was to be under his charge in the Island of Fajardo, with fitting remarks to liis Ke.soiution Majcsty ; the resolution of his Majestv was as fol- of Ilis Ma- , '^^ T 1 • 1 i • I 1 • J. Jest.v. lows: 1 have given my resohition on the suhjcM't, about the cv{ rctjuircd by lli.s MciJL's;.}' on the Orinoco river, ami anotlier pre- sented to the Council desisting- from his pretensions, and i)roinising to I'uniish at any desiiiiiatc'il place the lime and timber needcil joi- the work, on condi- tion tiiat His Majest}' would appoint him (Governor of the Island of Trinidad, making him a Lieutenant Colonel, with the other remarks of the Council, The r(\tal Yanez, of the Order of San Francisco, for 25 soldiers to serve as escort of the Missionaries of his (»rder in the < )riiioco river, besides the 15 already allowed for that service, and in case that His Majesty . 1-1 1 r^ ■^ ■ T April 10, 17.52. of April, l/o2, in winch the Council, in compli- ance with the Royal orders, accompanying a let- ter and a testimony of the proceedings of the Governor of Cumana and other documents men- tioned by Plis Majesty, in regard to a Dutch prize made by the Garrison of Guayana on the Orinoco river, tlie Council was of the opinion that the per- sons apprehended were to be sent to work at the for- tress of La Carraca, and that orders should be issued to that effect. " Granted, and the order has been ot^ms" Ma- issued for the construction of the fort and the ship- -"^^ ^' ment of the artillery." Published in Council on the 15th of July, 1752. 141. The twenty-first consultation was (jii tlie 22d flrst\^onsui- of September, 1752, in which the Council, taking in tember 'PI] consideration the exposition of the Prior General of the Missions of the Capucliin Fathers in Guayana, asking- for a stiitable militarv escort, on account of the revolt of the lour Carib settlements, and for the powers requested by the Prefect of said Missions for the removal of the soldiers, asking an amnesty for insurgents ; the Council was of the opinion that His Majesty acceed to the petition. The resolution was as follows : " I have decided what was published Resolution in Cumcil on the 22d of December of the same jesty.^*' year." 142. The twenty-second consultation, the last of second "on- the index, which was added, bears date of Septem- September ber 11, 1759, in which the Council, in view of what was represented by the Governor of Cumana and the Prior of the Missions of the Capuchin Fathers from Aragon, asking for fourteen mure members of 1 ( ;( ) their order for the ^^issioIls tliov maintained in tliat Province. Tlie original answer of the Attorney General was placed in tlie liandsot' His ^fajesty,and accepting- his opinion, he ac(piiesed and allowed the reque.-t, with iliiections for the payment of their transportation at the Trearniy dliiee of San Sabas- tian, as suggested hy the report of tlie Accomptant accom{)anying this consultation, and His Majesty Kcsoiutinii I'csolved as follows: " Granted ; and in regard to the of His Ma- . c 1 • -.r- • T 1 jesty. su{)pnes and transportation oi tins iMission, 1 have issued the necessary orders." Published in Council on the "iOth of September, 1750. Docket do. ^^"^^ ^^"'^ having placed these proceedings and Proceed- auucxes in the hands of the Attorney General as '"^'"day."'*" directed by the Minister, in his answer of the ()th T, rro del Mtito, and has loundiMl tbe three new Missions of Panapana, Marua- note, and Orocopiche, in the proximity of this capital, at a dis- tance of two or thi'ee leagues, for their commerce and mainte- nance. He has conniienced and is carrying on witb the greatest activity the erection of a magnificent churcii in tbis capital, ot a model and architecture seldom seen in America. He has founded a town called Borbon, inhabited by Spanish families from the Province of Xew Barcelona, without taxing the King with rations for their maintenance on tbe first year, nor any otlicr expenses, as it was the customary case with other new townships in former times. lie has likewise erected a small fort in the interior of tbi.s Province at the I'aragua river, guarded with artillery and soldiers to prevent the Hollanders from taking away tbe Poytos they used to draw from the headwaters of tbe Orinoco i-iver for the service of their Colony on the Atlantic coast of tbis continent. He has improved and increased the city with o\er sixty tile-roofed houses with common walls, l)ringing as many families from the Provinces to inhabit tliem, and enjoy con- veniences which they did not possess in their own country or that they have found at present among the inhabitants of Guayana. And,linally, in (be disjtosition (;f cattle ranches and S])ani>h settlements to be established at the ui)per Orinoco by His Majesty's directions. And in all these new an We certify the truth of the present stateiiK'iit (free from any interested motives) so us to make it known, and for t lie best interest of both Majesties (giving- us due credit). All the fore- going facts are true, and as such we state them, as it is our duty to present them (undeceiving those whom it may con- cern), at the verbal request of said Commander General, and sign herewith on common paj^er, as there is none stamped in this citv of San Thome de la (iuavana, on the "iOth dav of November of 17<)9. Juan Joseph Can ales. Joseph Bosse. Andres de Oleaga. Juan Bonalde. Nicolas Martinez. Antonio Barreto. VivENTE Franco. Diego Ignacio Marino. Juan de Jesus de Arrieros. Cayetano Filgueyra y Barzia. Joaquin Arrieres. Calixto Lezama. It agrees with its (jriginal i»aper made at the re«jUest of Don Manuel Centurion, General Commander of this Province, and we attest to the truth of said order, as acting witnesses, lor the want of a Notary Public, and take this copy faithfully written and corrected, in three folios of common paper, for want of stamps ill this I'l'ovinee, and .signed in the city of (Juayana on the 4th of April, 17<)0. Diego Ignacio Marino — [there is a flourish]. Estevan Mir — [there is a flourish.] We, Don J nan Joseph Canales, Rector of the Parish and city of Guayana, and Vicar of the same ami of the Province, and Ecclesiastical Judge, and Andres de Oleaga, Accomptnnt 167 Officer of the Royal Treasury, certify : that the two signatures authorizing the foregoing testimony, are those of Don Diego Ignacio Marino and Estevan Mir, residents of this city, and the witnesses with whom, for want of Notary Public, extends his official acts, his Honor the Commander General in his tri- bunal, combining the qualities and circumstances prescribed by the laws of this Kingdom, and therefore entitled to full faith and credit, both in judicial or extra-judicial acts. In testimony whereof we give the present in this City of Guayana, on the 4th of April, 1770. Juan Joseph Canales, Andres de Oleaga. (With their flourishes.) This copy agrees with its corresponding original, existing in the General Archives of the Indies, in Stand 131 — Case 7 — Docket 17— Seville, December the 29th, 1890. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Consul General of Venezuela, in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Seiior Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. Madrid, January 14th, 1891. P. FoRTOULT HuRTADO — [here is a flourish]. The undersigned. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Senor Pedro Foutoult Hurtado, Consul General of Vevezuela in Spain at the time of the above date. Caracas, March 6th, 1896. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 168 No. X. [Translation.] Stand 131. — Case 7. — Docket IT. General Archives of the Inpie-s. — (.Seville.^ 1769. Consultation by t lie Council of the Indies to His .^lajesty about the «les|>at*.). It forms part of the proceedings instituted in regard to the claim ])y the Minister of Holland, complaining of the conduct of the Sj)aiiinrds of Orinoco against the (\)lony of Esquivo. Marquis of 8t. Juan de Picdras Albas, Don Estevan Jose de Abarca, Don Philipe de Arco, Marquis of A'aldelirios, Don Manuel Pablo de Salcedo, Don Jose Banti, Don Marcos Ximeno, Don.J)omingo de Trespaacios, Marquis de Aranda, Don Manuel P>ernardo de Quiros, Don Pedro Calderon. Sir: Tn obedience to His Majesty's order, the P)ailiir, I''r. Don Julian de Arriaga, sent with a pa})er dated on the 10th of September last, a despatch that the Minister of Holland had addressed, comj)laining of tbe conduct of the Spaniards established in the Orinoco against the Dutch Colony of Esquivo, as stated in detail, by his accomj)anying report, with a view to have it Iniefly examined ])y tbe Council and consult His Majesty's pleasure, with the necessary and proper remarks. The Council, in consideration of what has l)een submitted by the Attorney General wbose original general answer is 169 placed in the hands of His Majesty, after agreeing with his opinion for the reasons he states, and omitting to repeat the same so as not to overtax the Royal attention of His Majesty, considers necessar}-, hefore extending a report, to have on hand and examine (among other documents, added to the corresponding proceedings on the subject), an extensive me- morial and statement, referred to in another printed document, by Captain Isidro de Andrade, sent with the Royal order of the 3d of Se{)tember, 1740, addressed to this Tribunal and ex- hibited before the same, informing of his having stopped the Caribs in their ravages perj)etrated, while allured by foreign help; also the four letters noticed to have been received in the years 1757 or 1758, written at the settlement of Cabruta, by the chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga, sent on the boundary expedition to the Orinoco; one in wdiich he describes the rivers flowing into it, and explains the con- dition of those Missions and their neighboring settlements, inhabitants, etc. ; another letter in which, according to his private instructions from Don Jose de Garbajal, he refers to tlie question of the subsistence or demolition of the Castle of A ray a. Another letter, in wdiicli he advises his having received in- telligence of the construction of a fort by the Hollanders, on the Maruca (Moroco) river, at a short distance from the mouth of Navios of the Orinoco, and that he had decided to send a launch to examine the state of the construction, its size, artil- lery, etc., expressing m conclusion the most serious inconven- ience that might be originated from permitting them said construction on the site of Maruca ; and other letter in which said Iturriaga, resuming the subject of his previous letter, alludes to the pretensions of the Hollanders from Esquivo to the Orinoco river, making public that their dominions ex- tended to the moutii of Navios or grand mouth of the above- mentioned Orinoco, where they come in for the purpose of fishing. The report made in the year 1702 by Captain Don Jose Solano of the Navy (to whom tliose letters were forwarded) in reference to the third and fourth of tlie Esquivo Hollanders' 170 pretensions, stated that they had no other founchition than the omission and neglect of the Connnanders of (iuayuna in K'ttiiii:: lliciii tish at tlic ni<>uth ol' the Xavios, and the IJarinia and A(|uir(' rivcis — and the answers from the most Christian .King, an. — Approved on the 25th. — Reviewed — [there is a flourish]. 171 The foregoing copy agrees with its original existing at the General Archives of the Indies at Stand 131 — Case 7 — Docket 17. Seville, December 16th, 1890. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Consul General of Venezuela in SjDain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Senor Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. Madrid, December 31st, 1890. P. Fortoult Hurtado. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Senor Pedro Fortoult Hurtado, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March 6th, 1896. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — Minister of Foreign Affairs. 17-J ivo. xr. Translation.] Stand 131.— Case 7. — Docket 17. General Archives of thk Indies. — (Seville.) Document No. 6. 17 70.— I^<'ttor No. 1 ;j Iroin tlu' CoinniaiMler ol" (iuayjiiia, Don 3Ianuel Conturioii, reiKH'tiiif" on tlu' fatts i«mi- plaiiiod of by tlio 3Iiiiistcr of Hollaiul about tbe coiuliut of tlic Spaniards of the Orinoco ajiainst tlie Colony of Kstli, 177<>. This docuincnt fnrms a part of the pi'dfcediiiirs instituted on account of the claim of the Minister of Holhmd. complaining of the coiKhict (if the Spaniai'ds of Orinoco against tlie Cohjnv of Esquivo. 1770— Number 13— Most Excellent Sir— Dear Sir: The two judicial docnnieid.< accompanied will sht.w Your Excellency, duly ])roved, that the Director of the Esrpiivo Colony, EoixMizo llorm van (Jravesand, has intended to alarm the States-General with the im})GStures on which the iiepuMic of Holland has founde(l its com])laints through its Minister in Madi'id. on account of the conduct of the Spaniards of Orii'oco again.'^t that Colony. As it appears in part No. 1 of the proceedings, the Hollanders are not, nor ever iiave been, in jtossession of the rivers nor riv- ulets emptying their waters into the sea from the Escjuivo to the Orinoco, nor have they any other establishment than a Guard and a straw-roofed Barrack on the eastern bank of the Moruca (Maroco) river that has l)een tolerated for tlie last twenty years, so as to eiialde them to prevent the desertion of 173 ilieir slaves; this pretext has degenerated immediately after- wards into the most iniquitous commerce carried on by the barbarous and cruel Caribs, from whom they buy the Indians enslaved, by means of surprising and killing the other tribes living freely and peacefully within the King's our Lord's dominions. At the Cuyuni river, called by the Hollanders Cayoeny, they have no other possessions than a plantation at its mouth in the Esquivo, as they were stopped when they intended an estab- lisliment fifteen or twenty leagues farther up said river in the year 1747, erecting a Barrack and Guard Post to enslave the Indians of our territory by means of the Caribs. As soon as our Missionaries were satisfied of the fact they submitted the case to the Commander of Guayana, and this ofhcer had them dislodged from there on the following year of 1757,, by means of a detachment, who set fire to the Barrack and brought as prisoners the two Hollanders, the negro, and the Caribs that he found there, with the instructions and original report showing the infamous commerce that by orders of the Directors of Esquivo, and for a vile consideration, was carried out by that Guard, such as it is done by all the other advanced Barracks from the Colony, bleeding to the heart the center of the Province of Guayana. Part No. 2 shows the details of this journey, by which it is [)lain that there was no more blood shed than that of two of our soldiers, one of whom was killed and the other wounded. Part No. 1 shows, likewise, that the Hollanders are not in possession of the Maserony nor of the other rivers emptying into the Esquivo on the southwestern bank ; and it is import- ant to remove this error, forming the basis of their unfounded complaint, for as the Esquivo runs in a direction about parallel with the coast of the ocean from the neighborhood of the Corentin until it reaches the seashore forty-five leagues to the east of the Orinoco, all the rivers having their sources in the interior of our Province of Guayana, and following their direction to the coast, between the mouth of the Corentin and Esquivo, meet precisely this last one, which runs across and takes their waters. So that if, as the Hollanders suppose, that 17-1 • territory embraced l>y the rivers eniptying into the Esquivo, sueh as ("uyuiii, Maserony, Mao, Apanony. riitarii, and otiicr minor rivei's with thcii- l)ranches and rivulets, were territory of tlie Repuhhc. the strangers would have a larger portion than the Kino- our Lord in the Province of Guavana, as shown by the accompanying sketch that I have drawn witli every jh^s- sible accuracy, to go with tliis report, pointing out in yellow what part in my judgment may the Hollanders pretend by right of possesion of any kind accjuired until to-day. The Spanish detachment that Gravesand claims having advanced last year from the Orinoco to the Post of Cuyuni and taken many Indians, threatening to return and go to the Maserony river, to arrest a {tarty of Caribs, go down the river and there visit the Barrack of the Company, is undoubtedly a story of the agents in Poytos kept around there by the Hol- landers, deeply regretting to see that some savage Indians, l)0th Caril)s and Guaicas, living in that neighborhood, come and settle in our Missions; as from here no detachment whatever has left for those rivers, and I know that the Catalan Capuchin Fathers have received in their settlements, during the last few vears, several Indians from the mountains between Cuyuni and Maserony, at the solicitation of the same Caribs, of whom we have about five thousand in our settlements, not knowing for the last twenty years of our Missions until now that this nniiierous tribe belonged to the Dutch, as Gravesand says, noi' that those mountains form a part of the territory of the Repub- lic, because they have always been the site for the settlements under the Catalan Capuchin Father Missioners at Guayana. The two houses guarded by man}' troops, Your Excellency Avill see by part No. 1, that consist of two Indian settlements founded by the Catalan Capuchin Fathers by the side of the Yuruari, united to the other Missions and without any other Garrison than one soldier to each one, for the escort of the Mis- .sioner ; being likewi.se false, the supposed proximity to the Bar- rack of the Company, distant over seventy leagues of a bad road. The seizure of the Indians from Moruca by the Spaniards, consists in the fact that two Catalan Capuchins, escorted as customary, entered witli their launch from the Orinoco to the 175 Barima river, its confluent, in quest of Indian deserters from the Mission in their charge, and having found them dispersed through those creeks, between the Guayne and Moruca (a con- tiguous territory to tlie Orinoco never occupied by the Hol- landers) gathering Indians, they reached the Post or Barrack of Moruca, where they found a Dutch Guard who had en- slaved three Indian women with their children, who had been taken away through the mouths of the Orinoco ; that they so represented the case to the Reverend Fathers, who brought them back to the Missions without the least harm to the Hol- landers. On the contrary, thinking that it was a favor to the man on duty at the Guard, who asked for a paper to satisfy the Director of Esquivo of the case, they gave him a certificate, being moved by pity, exceeding, indeed, the terms of my per- mission to enter that port, which was not true, as the passport I gave to the pilot of the launch was not extended any farther than the mouth of the Orinoco, as shown by Part No. 1. The Post claimed by Gravesand to have been seized by the Spaniards near a rivulet to the south of the Guayne river, be- tween the latter and the Povaron river, where he supposes that the company had been for an immemorial time in possession of a place of commerce and Post, depending likewise without an}^ contradiction from the territory of the Republic, I think is the one abandoned by the intruding Dutchmen at the Barima river, in the year 1768, when they ascertained, through their friends, the Caribs, that our corsair launches were inspect- ing that river, as one of the most important flowing into the Orinoco, although in order to diminish its importance they call it a rivulet, and the Director of Esquivo does not dare to name it, so as not to declare himself a usurper ; for that same reason he makes himself so poor in memory that he calls immemorial this establishment only two years old. See the evidence of this f^ict in Part No. 3. The deaths of the Guard on duty at the Barrack Arinda and those of the Caribs, attributed by the Director of Esquivo to the Spaniards, are impostures without any foundation in fact, as that port is out of our reach, and even our notice, as it is shown in part No. 1 and the accompanying drait. 170 The Spaniards never have disputed the Hollanders' right to fish at tho inoutli of thi' Orinoco, because they never have attempted it hcfore. During the past three years, in which I have V)uilt three corsair launches for this river, twenty-three foreign vessels have been seized, but none of them while fish- ing, certainly not to our knowledge. I have not heard that the Hollanders have had possession of sucii a right of fishing, as it is shown in part No. 1. I have found only one instance of a small sciiooncr and two Dutch launches, fishing at the mouth of the (Jrinoco and the Barima rivers, which were seized by the Spaniards in the year 1760, as shown in Part No. 4. I am of the opinion tliat the Hollanders must be refused and prevented from tishing, on account of the abuse liable to fol- low by turning the franchise into an illicit traffic, difficult to stop and most injurious to the Spanish Provinces. Of the fugitive slaves coming from Esquivo to the Orinoco, only the Indians are retained, and the negroes who come with tlie purpose to become Catholics, as it appears in part No. 5, according to the orders of His Majesty. The other negro shives who desert Irum Esquivo, on account of ill treatment or any other reason, are returned to their masters wiien claimed, or theii- value paid to them in cash, when they appear satisfied with the same, as shown in part No. arrack, belonging to this company and situ- uated towards tlie sources of the Esquivo river, as well as all the Caribs in that neighborhood. After that incident the Chief of the Caribs had appeared before the Director General and obtained permission to take revenge for the death of his companions and attack their murderers, as the plenipotentiaries might see in the accompanying letter, marked letter II, a sec- ond copy of the same letter from the above mentioned director, dated on the 1 5th of last March. That although the exponents might have received at the same time the triplicate alluded to by said letter of March the loth, another letter of the same Director General, dated on the 4th of last April, made no men- tion whatever of any subsequent occurrence, on the part of the Spaniards, and only contained a report of all the measures taken in order to oppose their plans, the exponents had thought notwith-standing that they ought not to be silent with respect to this particular feature, but specify the same and sul)init it to the consideration of the plenipotentiaries, entertaining no doubts that said highhanded offences siiouKl be resented and that the most efficient rei)resentations should be made against such a manifest violation of tlic national territory. That the exponents can not refrain from hwing before the j'lenipotentiaries, on this occasion, the fact that the Orinoco parties had not oidy cominenced, some time since, to di,sputeto those of Esquivo the fisheries at the mouth of the Orinoco, but had effectually stopped it, notwithstanding that the Esquivo parties had been for a long time in a (juiet and })eaceful possession of said fisheries, of which they derived great benefit, on account of the aliundancc of fish found flu re : that thev had 185 likewise commenced to sto]i. ]>y force, the fislieries of the Orinoco, within the same territory of the State, a territory that extends fro m {he Marenigue River (?) to the other side of the AVavne, very near the mouth of the Orinoco, as mnv be seen in the geographical charts of these places, and particularly by that of Anville, one of the most esteemed, on account of its accuracy, and that the plenipotentiaries will find the evidence of all these damages in document marked letter Y, articles 1,2, 3, that are copies of the letter of the Director General, dated Se\ tember 15, 1768, February the 21st, and April the 4th, 1 769. That the exponents can not refrain from bringing to the notice of the plenipotentiaries this conduct, not only contrary to all the treaties, but likewise to the law of nations; that the Orinoco parties have retained the fugitive slaves from the Colony, inducing them to escape, and doing great injury to the planters of all the Colony, and that notwithstanding the formal •claim of the owners and the deputations sent, every effoit has proved ineffectual If this desertion continues and is not stopped in time, it will bring about the total ruin of Eequivo, through the agency of the Spaniards and the facilities afforded by the two houses already mentioned, so near the territory of the Republic, hav- ing attacked the Barracks of the Company, killed the Guard- men, as the plenipotentiaries may see in the two accompanying copies, one marked with the. letters Y C, in articles first and second, and the other w^ith the letters P D, being copies of the letters before mentioned by the Director General, under dates of 9th and 21st of February and the 3d of last March. The exponents crave, that en account of all these injuries necessarily following, as the natural results of the above conduct and its |)rogress, the plenipotentiaries kindly address what has been represented on the 31st of July, 1779, a copy of this rep- resentation, and annexes to Mr. Doublet de Groenevelt, Envov Extraordinary of the Plenipotentiaries near His Catholic Maj- esty, directing him to make the necessary representation, lay- ing the facts before the Court of Spain. After paying due consideration to the suljject it was resolved to send a copy of this representation and the accompanying 186 documents to Mr. I)nvny Extraordi- nary from tlie jikuipoU'iiliarics before the ('ourt of S])ain, writing to him at tlie same time and asking him to report the facts and the liigh-handed offences to whomsoever he thinks fit, showing tht' niisconduct and asking for a prompt remedy against the hostilities already pci|>etrated ami the re-establish- ment of the parties concerned to the peaceful possession of said Barracks ami likewise the fisheries in thr places already men- tinned. Mild linally to urge the necessary measures to prevent the repetition of the conduct com | Gained of, and to see that the Court of Spain issue the necessary orders to restore the fugitive slaves from Esquivo, witliout delay, at the first claim, and avoid injury and expenses to the owners, delivering those still kept by the Spaniards or who may desert in future, in which case the plenipotentiaries will send similar orders to the Colony of Esquivo. [A co])y fi-om the original.] The Minister of Holland has addressed a despatch coinphiin- ing of the conduct of the Spaniards established in ()rinoco against the Esquivo Colony, giving a detailed account of the- subject of liis complaint in the accompan^dng papers. I am directed by the King to send you said document, so that in view of his com|>laints, you will make your report, as soon as- possible, stating all the facts referred to, and what has occurred concerning this matter, so that His Majesty he iully posted. Ma}'' the Lord keep your life for many years. San Idefonso, the 23d day of September, 17G9. The Bailiff Fr. Jrrj.ix DE Ai;i;i.\(..v — [here is a fiourisli]. To the Commander of Guayana. In the city of Guayana, on the 24th day of March, of the year of 1770, I, Don Manuel Centurion, Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry, and Cotnniander General of the Orinoco and of the rid\ince of Guayana, etc., in company with the acting wit- nesses, for want of a Notary Public, say that in order to coni})ly 187 with the Royal Order of the 23d of September last, forwarded to me bv His Excellencv the Baliff, Fr. Don Julian de Arringa^ accompanying a copy of another document, taken from the book of Resolutions of the plenipotentiaries of the States-Gen- eral of the United Provinces, presented b}^ the Minister of Hol- land, complaining of the conduct of the Spaniards of Orinoco against the Esquivo Colon}-, with instructions from the King to report, as early as possible, upon the facts complained of, stating what has taken place and everything concerning that subject, for the notice of His Majesty. Therefore I ought to command, and do command, that in- serting the said Royal Order and accompanying document at the head of the proceedings, an investigation be instituted by this Tribunal in a judicial form, to find out the facts and de- tails in connection with the accompanying paper from the States-General, summoning the best informed witnesses (resid- ing in this city and its suburbs) to state under oath and in due form what they know on this subject. It was so ruled and signed with the acting witnesses, who certif}^ as to the fact. Don Manuel Centurion — [here is a flourish.] EsTEBAN Martinez — [here is a flourish.] Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourish] On the same day, month, and year, in order to carry out the investigation to be instituted, in compliance with the above rule the Tribunal had before it the Reverend Father ex-Prefect of the Catalan Capuchin Mission of Guayana, Fr. Benito de la Garriga, to wdiom the Commander General ad- ministered the oath in legal form, tocio pedore in verbo sacerdotis, and promised to tell tlie truth of everything that he knew and were interrogated, and having been examined by the tenor of the above paper, presented by the Minister of Holland and inserted in folios 1 to 6 of this proceeding, which was read to him literally, he said : That the Hollanders are not, nor have ever been in posses- sion of the rivers or rivulets emptying into the sea, from Es- 188 ([iiivo cxclii^ivi' down to the mouth of < )rinoco ; that they had been only tok-rati'il, dii that side, tn liavc a small (Jiiai'd of two Europeans and a lew Indians at a JJarraek called the Post, on the eastern margin of the Moruca river, called by the lliiljaiiders .Mai'oco: that this establisiinient is not of "an almost immemorial time," because none of the Colony is so, for we know that said ('dioiiy eiinimenee(l to exist towanls the year sixteen hnndrcd and lifiy-nine. That it is imt trne that the HoUanders had had. nor have now possession of the C'u- ynni river (called by them Cayoeny), because when they estab- lished a Guai'd and Bai'rack, like that of Maruca. in the year seventeen hundred and forty -seven (1747), to facilitate the in- human traffic and capture of Indians, whom they surrepti- tiously enslaved, witiiin the dominions of the Kinj^ our Lord, for the culture of the plantations and improvement of their •Colony, as soon as it came to our knowledge, in the year sev- enteen hundred and tifty-seven (1757), they were dislodged from there, so that neither in the Cuyuni, Maserony, Apa- nony nor any other rivers emptying into the Esquivo, have the Hollanders any j)OSsession ; nor it could be tolerated that they should have it, because those rivers embrace almost all the territorv of the Province of Gu:ivana in their course from their western termini, where their headwaters originate, down to the eastern limit emptying into the Esquivo river. From that fancied possession it should result that the Hollanders would be the owners of tlu^ extensive Province of Guayana and that we, the Spaniards, had no more part of it than the said margin of Orinoco, which is an absurdity. That they ai'e merely tolerated on the banks of the Es(pnvo river, running from southeast to northwest, almost parallel with the ocean coast, the eastern ternjinus of this Province of Guayana, the interior of which is left free to the Spaniards, their lawful possessors. That he does not know, nor ever heai'd that the Spaniards have built any stronghohl on the ("u\uni river nor in its vicinity, with a few nor many troops, but he suspects that Mr. de Gravesand mav have imaiiined to be so the two Missions or Indian settlenients founded by the Catalan Capuchin 189 Fathers in the years seventeen hundred and fifty-seven and seventeen hundred and sixty, one of them on the northern margin of tiie Yuruari river, a tributary of the Guyuni, seventy leagues distant from the Dutch Barrack, which was destroyed. That the reason he has to think so is because there is no other establishment in that vicinity and in tiiat direction. That although there is no more troops than one soldier in each one of said settlements as an escort to the Missionaries, the Caribs, whom Mr. Gravesand seems to believe, as he states in his report, may have deceived him with this story as well as several others which abound in his nonsensical report. That it is true that in Februar}' of last year the witness, as Prefect and Superior of the Missions, allowed permission to the Reverend Fathers Fr. .Josef Antonio Cervera and Fr. Felix de Tartaga to go down to the mouth of Orinoco and the Barina rivers to gather the fugitive Aruaca and Guarauno Indian deserters from the Missions, under tiieir charge ; that these Reverend Fathers, with the launch and escort which carried them, found their dispersed Indians between Guayne and Moraca, and while gatheringt hem they reached a Post where there was a Hollander who had three Indian women with their children whom he had enslaved and taken from the mouth of Orinoco, as said women reported to the Fathers, wiio delivered them to the Missions, without offering any violence nor harm whatever to the Hollanders. That in regard to the Post and commeix-ial house that Gravesand supposes to have been possessed by the Dutch Com- pany, between Guayne and Povaron, the deponent does not know anything, nor has he heard of such an establishment. That he has not heard of the death of the Corporal of the Arinda barrack towards the source of the Esquivo, nor even of the existence of the same. That he finds it incredible that the Spaniards of Orinoco, or the Indians of our side and acquaintance may have perpetrated this homicide, because the distance is excessive, and the fact has never been known in Orinoco, and this is the first time he hears of the Arinda Barrack ; that being situated as Grave- sand states, towards the source of the Esquivo river, it is inac- 100 cessible to us unci our Iiidi.iii^, the Colotiy of Esquivo being interposevv\\ krpt working on these Missions, the HoUanders united with the Caribs_ have destroyed seven settlements already organi/.i-d, as may be seen by the legal investigation instituted on tlie suljject, without counting those settlements under tlu! Jesuit Missionaries, whicli they bui'iied and destroyed, when they kille(l many Revei'end Fathers. That the above statements are the truth under the oath that he has taken ; and th;d he ratities and aflirnis the same,, and will do it again if necessary, and that he is hl'ty-eig'ht years old. Having read his deposition, he said that it is the same that he had stated, and tliat it is well and faithfully written, and has nothing to ad;cvt'U and suvun liundii*il am) sixty-one, on the nortliern margin of the Yuruari rivi-r, emptying into tlie Esquivo, and distant seventy leagues from the destroyed Dutch barrack ; that the reason he has to think- so is that we have no other establishment in that quarter, and although in these settlements there is no more troop than one soldier in radi one, ibr the escort of the Missionaries, the Caribs, whom Mr. (Iravesand believes, as he explains things in his statement, may have deceived him with this story, as it api)ears he has filled with many others his fanciful report. That it is true that last February permission was given Ijy the Reverend Father Prefect of the Missions, to '' the Reverend Fathers Fr. Joseph Antonio de Zervera and Fr. Felix de Tar- raga to go doAvn to " the mouth of the Orinoco and the Barima rivers in quest of the Aruacas and Guaraunos (Indians), desert- ers from the Missions in our charge, and that these Reverend Fathers with the launch and escort carrying them, found their dispersed Indians, between Guayne and Moruca ; while gather- ing them they reached a Post where a Hollander had three Indian women with their children, whom he had enslaved and taken out, through the mouth of the Orinoco, as said women stated to the Fathers ; that they were. brought back to the Missions, but without any violence or harm done to the Hollanders. That in regard to the Post and commercial house that Gravesand sui)poses to have been held by the Dutch Company, l)etwccn Guayne and Povaron, the deponent does not know, nor has he ever heard anything about said establishment. That he has never before heard of the death of the Corpo- ral of tlie Arinda Barrack, towards the source of the Esquivo, nor even of its existence; that it is incredible to the deponent that the Spaniards of the Orinoco or the Indians of our de- votion and ae(|uaintance may have committed this homicide, because, being so very distant and unknown to us, the vast space of territory between Orinoco and that ])lace, we have never heard of sueli a death, this being the first time that we heal- tlie name of the Arinda Barrack; that, situated as (ii-ave-aiid says it is, towards the heart of the Esquivo river, J9o it ib inaccessible to us and our Indians, having the Colony of Esquivo, between said river's sources, preventing the pass Ironi our settlements. That the deponent has never heard that the Hollanders had fisheries at the mouth of tlie Orinoco, nor that the Spaniards had had to stop them; that he does not understand that the Hollanders ma\' have an}' necessity of such fisheries at the mouth of the Orinoco, because they have means to get all the fish they want nearer the Esquivo ; and that the Reverend Father is persuaded that now, under the pretext of fisheries, what they want is to pass freely with their vessels to the mouth of the Orinoco, to re-establish and facilitate the furtive ship- ments of mules from the Guarapiche and Guarapo rivers, be- sides Barinas tobacco, hides, and other products from the Spanish Provinces, for the improvement of their Colon}' when the Orinoco was not guarded, as it is now, with its creeks. This novelty and the want of commerce is the true cause of Esquivo's decadence, and of the resentment of Mr. de Grave- sand, the first merchant, and always the most interested in the illicit trade of the Colony. That it is equally untrue what is said about the fisheries having been preyented by the Spaniards, in the territories that Gravesand claims to belong to his own State, stating that it extends from the river Mareguine up to this side of theGuayne River, very near the mouth of the Orinoco — this supposition the de}ionent considers an intolerable error. In regard to the slaves escaj)ed from Esquivo, the deponent says that there are two kinds of them ; that they are either negroes purchased in Africa, or Indians taken away unduly and cruelly by the Hollanders or the Caribs, their allies, from our dominions, by way of the Moruca and Guayne rivers emptying into the sea and in communication with the Orinoco, or else through the rivers Cuyuni, Maserony, Apanony, and other rivers bringing their waters from the innermost parts of this Province and emptying into the Esquivo river ; that in regard to the resistance we oppose to the latter, the reason is plain, because as they are vassals of the King, criminally en- slaved by the Hollanders, who maintain this inhuman com- 196 mcrce with tlu'Caribs ugaiiisl every hiw, we can not and ought not to return them to slavery, when they are happy enough to escape from it. taking the protection of tlie Ministers of their hiwful Lord anil sovereign. Tliat in regard to the negroes, the deponent says that it is not true what Mr. Gravesand says, because notwithstand- ing that we are aware tliat the two fugitivi^ negro slaves of this city were sold at the Colony of Esquivo by Gravesand, anil that although their masters, Don Tomas Franquiz and Catalina de Arocha, domiciled in Guayana, churned them, they had no .satisfaction of any kind; several times Gravesand claimed from here some deserters from E.squivo, and their masters agreed with the terms of their sale, effected in Guayana, and took with them the proceeds to Esquivo, except only those slaves that come in quest of the benefit of becoming Catholics, and who have been made free by orders from the King; that neither the Indians nor the fugitive negroes from Esquivo, as far as the deponent knows, had been induced by the Spanianls to run away, nor does it seem to him likel}' that anybody should have dared to undertake such a step. That it is true that the Colony of Esquivo goes visibly to ruin, since the doors have been shut up to the illicit commerce they carried on before, in Orinoco, and since the Poytos or In- • lian .slaves have found open the way to recover their freedom, whenever they can escape from them. And finally the dcjionent says that it is absoluteh' false that the S})aniards had killed anybody of the Dutch Guard or Guards, or had attacked any other Post of theirs, than that of the Cuyuni, in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-eight; that the only man killed on that occasion was a Si)anish soldier ; and lie adds that he has been for the last twenty-three years an Apostolic Missionary in this Province, and with that experience he is enabled to say that the suggestions of the Hollanders from Ii^squivo, and their detestable commerce in Poytos, is the reason why all the Caribs have not been settled in our Mis.sions, as well as many other savage tribes, and that said Hollanders influenced them all continually to undertake the de.'^truction of our settlement in different ways, burning 197 them, as they did in seventeen liundred and fifty, attacking them by open force, or trying to make them revolt by artful and diabolical contrivances ; that during the time that the deponent has been working in this Mission the Hollanders united to the Caribs have destroyed, as may be seen by the respective proceedings, seven settlements already organized, without counting those of the Jesuits, Avhich they destro^^ed by fire, killing many of the Reverend Fathers. That all his statements are true nnder the oath he has taken, and that he will ratif}' and affirm again and again, if necessary ; that he is fifty-three years old. His deposition having been read to him, he said it is the same that he has given, and tiiat it is well and faithfully written, having nothing to add nor to take out from the same, and he signs with the Commander General and the acting- witnesses, certifying to the act. Don Manuel Centurion — [here is a flourish]. Fr. Thomas de San Pedro, Apostolic Missionary — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [liere is a flourish]. Esteban Martinez — [here is a flourish]. 3. On the 26th day of the same month and year, in continu- ation of the proceedings instituted in compliance witli the preceding rule, the Tribunal had in its presence the Reverend Father Fr. .Jose Antonio de Zervera, Capuchin and Missionary of this Province of Guayana, who was duly sworn by the Com- mander General, according to the law and usage, " tacto pectore in verbo sacerdotis,^^ who promised to tell the truth of all that he knew and might be interrogated, as it was, according to the tenor of the paper presented by the Minister of Holland, inserted at folios 1 to 6 of this proceeding. For his better in- telligence it was read to Mm, word by word, and he said : That the Hollanders are not, nor have ever been in posses- sion of the rivers nor rivulets emptying into the sea from tlie Esquivo exclusive, down to the mouth of Orinoco ; that it has been only tolerated on that side, their small Guard of two 198 Europeans and several Indians, at a Barrack wliicli they ealkd Post, on the eastern margin of the Moruca river, called by the Holhuiders, Maroco ; and that this establishment is not of quasi immemorial time, because the whole of the Colony is not, as We know tliat it was commenced towards tlie year six- teen hundred and hfty-nine. 'I'hat it is untrue that the Plollanders have had, or have possessions on the Cuyuni river (called by them Cayoeny), as when they established on it a Guard and Barrack, similar to that of ^loruca, in the year 1747, to facilitate the inhuman commerce and the trade in Indians, whom they enslaved surreptitiously in the dominions of the King our Lord, for the culture and improvement of their Colony, as soon as the case came to the notice of the S})aniards, in the year 1757, they were dislodged from it, so that neither on the Cuyuni, Mase- rony, Apanony, nor the other rivers emptying into the Esquivo, have the Hollanders any possessions, nor should it be tolerated that they should have it, because said rivers embrace all the territorv of the Province of Guayana, running from its western terminus, where they have their sources, down to the eastern limit, cniptying into the Esquivo river — it should come (jut from the supposscd possession that the Hollanders were masters of nearly all the extensive territory of Guayana, and that the Spaniards had nothing else than the said margins of the Orinoco, which is an absurdity. That the only places where the Hollanders are tolerated is (Ui the margins of the Esquivo river, running from the south- east to the northwest, almost parallel to the ocean coast, the eastern terminus of this Province of Guayana, and leaves free all the interior of the same for the Spaniards, their legitimate possessors. That he does not know, nor ever heard, that the Sj^aniards had any stronghold on the Cuyuni, nor in its surroundings,, witli many or few troops, but he is persuaded that Mr. de Gravesand may have imagined to bo such the two settlements or stations that the Catalan Capuchin Fathers founded in the years 1757 and 17G1, at the northern margin of the Yuruari river, emptying into the Cuyuni river, and distant 70 leagues 199 from the site of the destroyed Dutch Barrack, and that the reason he has for this supposition is that we have not any other establishments on that part of the country, and that although there are no more troops in those settlements than one soldier in each for the escort of the Missioners, the Caribs whom Mr. de Gravesand gives credit, according to his explana- tion in his report, may have deceived him with this story, as it appears they have with others, with which his nonsensical report abounds. That it is true that in February of last year, having permit- ted the Reverend Father Prefect of the Missions, the Reverend Father Fr. Felix de Tarraga, and to the deponent to go down to the mouth of the Orinoco and Barima rivers in quest of the Aruacas and Guaraunos (Indians), deserters from the Missions in their charo-e, and that with the launch and escort that car- ried them, finding said dispersed Indians between Guayne and Moruca ; while gathering the same, they reached a Post where there was a Hollander, who had three Indian women, with their children, that he had enslaved and brought there from the mouth of Orinoco, as they stated ; they were brought back to tlie Missions without any violence or harm to any of the Hollanders ; on the contrary, in order to favor the Corporal of the Post, who asked, on his knees, and crying, that the de- ponent, and the Reverend Father in his company, would allow him, for the love of God, a certificate for his exculpation to satisfy the Governor of Esquivo, and that the deponent and his companion, without suspecting any malice on his preten- sions, and moved to pity, gave him a certificate so broad as to ex- ceed its contents, saying that the}'' had a permit from the Com- mander General of Orinoco and Guayana to enter as far as that place, when such was not the case, as the passports held by tlie pilot of the launch carrying them was definitely for the mouth of Orinoco, and as to the rest they had no more permission nor any other orders than those from their Prelate. That in regard to the Post and commercial house suppose! by Gravesand to have been possessed by the Dutch Company between Guayne and Povaron, the deponent does not know, nor has he ever heard of such an establishment. 200 That lit' has not heard of the death of the Coi'i'oriil of the Ariiuhi ]5arraek towards the sources of the Esquivo, nor ot its existence tliere, and that it is incredible to the de])oiR'iit that tlie Spaniards of the Orinoco or the Indians of our acfiuaintancf and (h'lx'ndence may have perpetrated this hoinici(U', hceau-c, besides the long and unknown distance and extensive ter- ritory se]iarating the Orinoco from that phice he lias never li(',n' Indians of our ac'ecause, beside^ the long and uidriiioeo, nor tliiil the 8]>aniards liad had to sto}) them : that oidy last year of seventeen hundred and sixiy IJeutenant l)on Juan de Floras seized a schooner and two launches Ironi I^s(|uivo, on the ( M'jnoeo and Barima rivers, while cruising in ([uest of some Hollanders that were purchasing Poytos around tliose creeks, from the Caribs : tliat said vessels were condemned and confis- cated by the Government of Cumana, from whieli f Jiniyana was dependent at the tim<'. That it is rather suspicious, in the opini(»n of the (le|iouent, the pretension of these fislieries l>y the Hollanders on the mouth of Orinoco, as they can be provided with plenty of fish i'rom places nnich nearer to tlie Ivsrpiivo, and that he is })er- suaded that under the pretext of fisheries the Hollanders desire to establish freely wilh their vessels at the mouth of the Orinoco, in order to resume and facilitate the furtive shipment of mules from the Guarnj>icli(,' and (oiaruapo. and IJai'inas tobacco, hides, and other products from the Spanish j'rovinces with wldcli they used to impi'ove considei'ably their ('oloiiy, when the Orinoco and its creeks were not so well guarded as they are now. That this novelty and want of commerce is tlie true cause of the re-entment of Mr. de (Jravesand, Director of Esqiuvo, and the most interested in the illicit commerce of the Colony. That it is not trui' that said IJshei'ies have been prevented by the Spaniards in the territoi'y which (iravesaud calls terri- tory of the same State extending, as he says, IVom the Mare- guine i-ivei' to tlii'^ side of the < iuayiie, very near the mouth of the Orinoco; said supposition the dcjionent says is a very .serious error. In regard t;) the slaves, ile-erters from Esquivo, the dejionent 211 says that there are two kinds, negroes purchased from Africa and Indians, whom the Hollanders bring unduly and cruelly, or cause the Caribs, their allies, to be brought to them from our dominions, by way of the Moruca and Guayne rivers, emptying into the sea and communicating with the Orinoco, or else by way of the rivers Cuyuni, Maserony, Apanony, and others, bringing their course from the innermost part of this Province and emptying into the Esquivo, and that the latter have never been claimed by the Hollanders, who are conscious of the crime of their acquisition, because in this inhuman com- merce they cause the slaughter of a great many innocent In- dians, so as to enslave others against the law of nations. In regard to the negroes, the deponent says that it is untrue what Mr. de Gravesand states, because nothwithstanding that it is known that two fugitive negro slaves of this city to the Colony of Esquivo were sold there by said Gravesand, and although their owners, Don Thomas Franquiz and Augustina Catalina de Arocha, residents of Guayana, had claimed them, they have had no satisfaction; several times Mr. de Gravesand has claimed from here some negro slaves, deserters from Esquivo, whose masters have been satisfied with their sale effected here in Guayana, and taken back to Esquivo the pro- ceeds in silver, except only those slaves that in order to enjoy the benefit of the Catholic religion escape and are made free by command of the King ; that neither the Indians nor the fugi- tive negroes from Esquivo, as far as the deponent knows, have ever been induced by the Spaniards to run away, nor is it likely that anybod}- should venture to take such a step at the risk of being hung at Esquivo. That it is true that the Colony goes to ruin since the doors have been shut up for the illicit commerce that they carried on before with the Orinoco, and the Poytos or slaves have found open the way to recover their freedom, by escaping. Finally, he says, that it is absolutely false that the Spaniards had killed any Dutch Guard or Guards, nor attacked any other Post than that of Cuyuni, in the year of seventeen hun- deed and fifty-eight, when only one man died, and that was one of the Spanish soldiers. And he adds that he has been established in this Province •21-2 for the last thirty- three years, and witli tliat experience, he must say that the suggestions of tlie Holhmders of Esqnivo, and tlieir detestable commerce in Poytcs. is the cause why all the Caribs have not been settled in i>\\v Missions, ns well as many other savage tribes, worlving continually umler the spur of the Hollanders in destroying our settlements tlirongh various ways — setting them on fire, as done in seventeen hundred ami fifty, attacking them by open force, or revolting tiiem through a diabolical and artful policy; that (»nly durnig the time that he knows of the Missions of the Reverend Catalan Capuchins of this ri'u\-inc<'. the Hollanders uniteil with the Caribs have destroved nine formal settlements, without counting those of the Jesuit Missionaries and Observant Fathers, set on fire and destroved, killino- likewise manv Fathers as well as some sol- diers, and that nearly in all these occasions they found naked Hollanders dyed like the Caribs. That all that he has stated is true under his oath, and that he aflirms and ratifies the same and will repeat it if necessary, and that he is fifty-seven years old. Having read to him Ins deposition, he .said that it is the same that he has made, and that it is widl and faithlully writ- ten, and he has nothing to add nor withdraw from it, and signed, with said Commander General and our.selves, the act- ing witnesses, certilying to the act. Don Manuel Cknturio.n — [here is a flourish], Felix Fekreras — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourisl']. EsTEBAN Martinez — [here is a flourish]. t). Un the twenty-eighth ul'the same nionl ii and year, in oi'der to Continue this investigation in compliance with the above rule, this Tribunal had before it Don Santiago iJonalde, a resi- dent of tliis city, whom the Commander-General had dnly sworn in legal form, and who promised to tell the truth of what he knew ane interrogated, as it was done by the tenor of the pa[)er jn-esented by the Minister of Holland, 21 o inserted in folios one to six of these acts, which was read to him, word for word, for his guidance, and he said : That the Hollanders had not, or ever had, been in pos- session of the rivers or rivulets emptying into the sea from the Esquivo exclusive down to the mouth of the Orinoco; that it has been only tolerated, on tliat [)art, their small Guard of two Europeans and several Indians, in a Barrack which they call the Post, on the eastern margin of the Moruca river, which the Hollanders call Maroco ; that this establishment is not of time quasi-immemorial, because the Colony itself is not, for we know that it was onh'- commenced about the middle of the last century. Tiiat it is not true that the Hollanders have ever had posses- sion of the river Cuyuni (called by them Cayoeny) ; that when they established a Guard and Barrack, like that of Moruca, in the year seventeen hundred and forty-seven, to facilitate the inhuman commerce and trade in Indians, wdromthey enslaved surreptitiously in the dominions of the King our Lord, for tiie cultivation of the plantations and improvement of the Colony, as soon as the fact came to the notice of the Spaniards, in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-seven, they were dislodged from there b3'the dei)onent, who with some troop was detached to perform this duty by the Commander ad interim of the old Guayana, and so it is that neither the Cuyuni, Maserony, Apa- nony, nor the other rivers entering into the Esquivo, have been in possession of the Hollanders, nor is it tolerable that they should have been, because said river embraces nearly the whole territory of the Province of Guayana, running from their west- ern terminus, where they begin, down to the eastern limit, emptying into the Esquivo river, as it should result from the supposed possession that the Hollanders would be the masters of nearly the whole extensive Province of Guayana, and that the Spaniards had no more than the said margins of the Ori- noco, wiiich is an absurdity ; that they are only tolerated and established at the margins of the Esquivo river from its mouth up to that of Cuyuni, wdiere they have a Post which they call Old Castle; that the Esquivo runs from the S. E. to the N.W., nearly parallel with the ocean coast, the eastern terminus of 214 this rruviiieu ul' (.iuayaiia, ami leaves tVee tliu interior of the same to the Spaniards, their hiwl'ul iH»s>essors. Tliat he (hies nut knuw nor has he ever heard that tlie Spaniards had any stronghohl at the Cuyuni nor its sur- roundinu's with many imr a few troops; that on that si(h' there is no more establishment than the two Missions oi' Indian settlements of Guaceypati ami ('avallajn, founded l)y the Cata- lan < 'aiineliin l"'afliers in the vears seventeen hundred and fil'tv- seven and seventeen hundred and sixty-one, on the northern margin of the Yuruari River, emptying into the Cuyuni, and at a distance of seventy leagues from the destroyed Dutch Barrack; that in said Missions there is no more troop than one soldier in each one for the escort of the Missioners. Tiiat about the occurrence in February of last year at the Post of Moruca, he only knows that the Capuchin Fathers that went to that place brought back the fugitive Indian de- serters from their settlements, who had gone to those creeks and prairies between Guayne and Moruca, and that having reached said Barrack, the Post of the Hollanders, and found that the Dutch Corporal kept there as slaves two or three Indian natives of our dominions, he lirought them back to the Missions, without doing any harm or hostilities to the Hol- landers. That in regard to the Post and commercial house that Gravesand supposes to have been kept by the Company be- tween Guayne and Povaron, he does not know nor has (>ver heard anything about such an establishment. That he has not heard of the Corporal of the Arinda Bai'rack, towards the source of the Escjuivo, nor even of (he existence of the same; and that he finds impossible that the Spaniards of the Orinoco), or the Indians of our a('(jnaintanee and depend- ence, have peipetrated this homicide, on account of the long distance, unknown to ns, and the intermediate territory between the Orinoco and that place ; that he never heai-d of such a death, and that this is the lir-t time that he hears the name of the Arinda Barrack. That the deponent has not seen or heard that the Holland- ers have kept fisheries at the mouth of the Orinoco, nor that 215 the Sj.)aninrds had to stop them ; that only on the last year of seventeen hundred and sixty, Lieutenant Don Juan de Flores seized a schooner and two launches from Esquivo, on the Ori- noco and Bnrima rivers, while going on a cruise after some Hollanders purchasing Poytos in those creeks, from the Caribs ; that said vessels were made good prizes and confiscated by the Government of Cuamana, from where Guayana was a depend- ence at that time ; that the deponont suspects that the })reten- sions of these fisheries by the Hollanders, at the mouth of the Orinoco, when they have plenty of fish much nearer to Esquivo, is only a pretext, so as to establish themselves freely with their vessels at the mouth of the Orinoco, and resume and facilitate the furtive shipments of mules from Guarapiche and Guaruapo, and Barinas tobacco, hides, and other products from the Sp;in- ish Provinces, with which they im{)roved their Colony when the Orinoco and the creeks were not as well guarded as they are now. This novelty and the want of commerce is the true cause of the resentment of Mr. de Gravesand, Director of Es- quivo, and most interested in the illicit commerce of the Colony. That it is not true that said fisheries had been stopped by the Spaniards, in the territory called by Gravesand territory of the same State, and that he says that it extends from the river Mareguihe to this side of the Guayne, very near the mouth of the Orinoco, a supposition that the deponent calls a serious error. In regard to the slave deserters from Esquivo, the deponent says that there are two classes of them : the negroes purchased from Africa and the Indians taken unduly and cruelly by the Hollanders or by their allies, the Caribs, under their spur, from our dominions, l;)y way of the rivers Moruca and Guayne, emiitying into the sea and in communication with the Ori- noco, or else l)y way of the rivers Cuyuni, Maserony, Apanony and others, rur.ning from the innermost part of this Province and emptying into the Esquivo; that said Indians had never been claimed by the Hollanders, who are conscious of the crime of their acquisition, on account of the many innocent parties whose lives are sacrificed, for the choice of those whom 21G tliev enslave, in carrviiiir out lliis inhuman coinmerce against the law of nations. That in regard to the negroes, the deponent says that Mr. de Gravt^sand is nut correct, because, notwithstanding that two fugitive negro slaves from this city went to the Es(|uivo Colony and were sold there by said (Jravesand, and their mas- ters, Don Thomas Franquiz and A ugustina Catalina de Arocha, residents of Guayana, had claimed them and had not obtained any satisfaction ; several times Gravesand has claimed some negro slave deserters from Esquivo, and tiie masters having been satisfied with their sale effected in Guayana. have re- ceived the proceeds in silver and taken the same to Esquivo; except only the case of those slaves who, in order to enjoy the benefit of our Catholic religion, run away and secure here their liberty in pursuance of the King's commands. That neither the Indians nor the iugitive negroes from Esquivo, as far as the deponent knows, have ever been induced by the Spaniards to escape, nor is it likely that anybody should have tried to do so at the risk of being hung at Esqu'^vo. That it is true that the Colony runs to ruin, from tlie time when the doors have been shut to the illicit commerce carried on at Orinoco before, and the Poytos or slaves find open the way to their freedom, when they can escape from there. And, finally, it is absolutely false that t'le Spaniards had killed any Dutch Guard or Guards, or attacked any other Post held by them than that of Cuyuni, in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-eight, wlien only one man die(l. and that was a Sj)anish .soldier. He adds that he had been foi- the last twcntv-seven vears established in this Province, and can safelv sav, as he outrht to, that the suggestions of the Esquivo Hollanders and their detestable commerce in Poytos are the cause that has pre- vented the settlement of all the Caribs in our Missions, and many other savage tribes, working continually under the Hol- landers' directions, in destroying our settlements through various ways, such as setting fire to them, as it was done in the vear seventeen hundred and fiftv, or attacking them bv open force, or revolting them, through a diabolical and aitful 217 policy, so that only during the time that the deponent has l)een acquainted with the Missions, under tiie Catalan Capu- chin Fathers of this Province, tlie Hollanders joined with the ■Caribs have destroyed nine form-il settlements, without count- ing those of the Jesuit Missionaries and Observant Fathers of the Orinoco, killing also many Reverend Fathers, besides some :soldiers; and tiiat in almost all these occasions some Hol- landers have been found painted like Caribs. That what he has deposed is the truth under his oath, and that he ratifies and affirms the same and will repeat it again if necessary; that he is fifty-six years old; and having heard iiis deposition read, he says it is the same that he has stated, and that he finds it well and faithfully written, and has noth- ing to add nor to withdraw from it, and, being blind, he •directed his elder son, Santiago, to sign in his name, as it was done, with the Commander General and ourselves, the acting ■witnesses, certifying to the act. Don Manuel Centurion — [here is a flourish]. Francisco Santiago Boxalde — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourish]. Esteban Martinez — [here is a flourish]. Rale. — The acting witnesses will call Cipriano Mayorga to Tender his statement in the part of the depositions in refer- 'ence to him, of the Reverend Capuchin Fathers Fr. Joseph Antonio de Cervera and Fr. Felix de Tarraga, Missionaries of tills Province. It was so ruled at the city of Guayana, on the twenty-ninth ■day of March, seventeen hundred andseventy, by Don Manuel ■Centurion, Commander General of this Province, and signed hefore us, the acting witnes.ses, certifying to the act. Centurion — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourish]. Esteban Martinez — [here is a flourish]. We, the acting witnesses, immediately afterwards called on 'Cipriano Mayorga, the pilot of the launch that carried, in 218 l'\'l)ruiirv of lust year, the Reverend ( ';i|iucli in Missioncrs, Vi\ Joseph Antonio de Oervera and Kr. Felix de Tari'au;a, to liriui;; sonic Indian-; tVoin the niontli ol' the ()i'ino^-o, and not having fonnd him in any part of the cdty, we have been told that he is absent on board the cruisini;- lannch of his command. And we certify to the fact. Diego Ignacio ]\r.\i:ixo — [hero is a flourish]. EsTKiJAX MAirnxK/ — [heiv is a Hourish], Witness sniiiiniiird. — In this city, on the thirtietii day of s lid month and year, in order to verify the reference made in tiie foregoing depositions in regard toDon Tomas Franquiz, he ap- peared before us, the acting witnesses of the Government's Tribunal, and after havinu' been duly sworn, according to the law and usage, he [)roniistMl to tell the truth of what he knew and would be interrou'ated, and havini>- been examined bv the Commander General in regai-il to the escape of a slave of the witnes-, ri'ported to be at the Colony of Esquivo, he (k^})osed : That it is true that about the end of the year seventeen hun- dred and sixty-six, a negro shive of the deponent ran away from this city to the Colony of Esquivo, the name of said negro is Ambrosio, and went along with anotlier negro owned by Augustina de Arocha, whose name is Francisco; that through several deserters, arrived since from Es(|uivo to this city, the deponent has been informed that his negro, as well as that of Augustina Arocha, had been sold in Esquivo to a Lutheran Parson by the Governor of that Colony, aftei' having held them at work in his own plantation, from whei'e they escaped, and that he had to come to recover them iVom the moiuh of the < )i-inoco ; that that is all he knows and can attest on this subjeL.'t. under the oath lu' has taken, and tinit he ratifies and atlirms his deposition, and will repeat it if necessary. Having read to him his statement, he said, that it is the same he has made, and it is well and I'ailhlnlly written ; that he has nothing to aild nor witlnlraw from the same, and signs it with 219 the Commander General and ourselves', the acting witnesses^ certifying to the act. Don Manuel Centurion — [here is a flourish]. Thomas Franquiz — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourish]. EsTEBAN Martinez — [here is a flourish]. Another ivitness. — In the same city, on the second day of April, seventeen hundred and seventy, the Tribunal had be- fore it and the acting witnesses, Augustina de Arocha, a resi- dent of Guayana, quoted in the foregoing deposition ; and the said Commander General had her duly sworn according to law, and she promised to tell the truth of what she knew and might be interrogated, and she was asked what she knew in regard to the slave owned by the deponent and said to have escaped from this city and reached the colony of Esquivo, where it is said that he is, and she deposed : That it is true that about the end of the year seventeen hundred and sixty-six a negro slave belonging to the deponent deserted from this city for the Colony of Esquivo with another negro slave belonging to Don Thomas Franquiz, the first called Francisco and the second Ambrosio ; that through several deserters, arrived since that time from Esquivo to this city, she had been in- formed that both her negro and the one belonging to Franquiz have been sold in Esquivo to a Lutheran Parson by the Gov- ernor of that Colony, after having had them kept working in his own plantation, from where they escaped, and were re- covered at the mouth of the Orinoco. That that is all she knows and may depose on the subject under the oath that she has taken, and that she affirms and ratifies, and will repeat again, if necessary, her deposition; that she is forty-three years old ; and having heard her statement, she says that it is the same made by her, and is well and faithfully written; that she has nothing to add nor to withdraw from the same, and does not sign it, on account of not knowing how to do so, and it was done at her request by Don Francisco de Amantegui,. 220 witli the .'-aid ( 'oiurnffiider Gc'iU'i'al and uui;?c'Ivl's. the' aetiiiu' witnesses, certifying to the act. Don Manuel Centlkkin — [hero is a flourish]. ^ Francisco de Amantegui — [here is a flourish]. EsTEBAN Martines — [here is a flourish]. Rale. — In tlie city of Guaj'ana, on the fourth (hiy of April, seventeen hundred and .seventy, being in his Tribunal, Don Manuel Centurion, Commander General of tliis Province, with ourselves, the acting- witnesses, he said: That after examining the deposition and acts of the present proceeding he approved them all and found them .sufficient for the justification that, by order of the King, had been instituted in regard to the com- jihiints laid l)efore his Maje.^ty by the Minister of Holland in reference to the conduct of the Spaniards of ( )iinoco against the Colony of Esquivo, and in con.sequence I rule that the acting witnesses draw a testimony of this investigation in full, and thai the original bo forwarded to the King our Lord, through his i^xcollency, the Bailiff, Fr. Don Julian de Arriaga; and it was so ruled and signed by said Commander General, with ourselves, the acting witnesses, for want of a Notary Public, and on common ])aper, as no stamped is found in this Province. We certify to the fact. Don Manuel Centurion — [here is a flourish]. Diego Ignacio Marino — [here is a flourish]. EsTEBAN Martinez — [here is a flourish]. The foregoing coi)y agrees with the original document exist- ing at the General Archives of the Indies in Stand 131 — Case 7— Docket 17. Seville, Decem])er the 0th. ISOO. The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned, Consul General of the United States in Spain, Venezuela certifies to the authenticity of the signature 221 of Don Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives^ of the Indies. Madrid, December 24th, 1890. P. FORTOULT HURTADO. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Serior Pedro Fortoult Hurtado, Consul General of Ven- ezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March the 6th, 1896. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 222 No. xm. Stand 131.— Case 2. — Docket 18. Genekal Archives of tiik Iniuks. — (Seville.) 1771. Letter No. 21) IVoiii the Coininaiuler of Ouayaiia, Don Manuel Centurion, to the Bailitt", Fr. D lulian h»re 1-^1 Dorado anr> 224 ing from it in tho directiou of the l)utili. Frciicli, ami roriii- iruese Colonies on the ocean coa-^t and the Amazon river. It i.s true that this journey (until the country Ix-conic-; well known and possessed of a goo[i witliin their ijounds tiie Esquivo Hollanders, those of Bervis and Surinam, the Frenchmen from Cayena, antl the Portuguese from the Amazon, keeping a con- stant lookout to emharrass the usurpation which they are always contriving to extend on our doiiiiuioiis, until now dilhcult to avoid : and assuring the King in the possession of this precious ami extensive country, we will give, within a short time a val- uahle Province with many vassals to the Crown and faitliful to our Catholic religion. AVe are well disposed, most Excellent Sir, as may be seen by the accompanying copies of letters from the Father Superiors of these Missions, and we are only wanting the necessary sup- plies, which I hope your Excellency will deign to accord us, as well as the withdrawal of the useless escorts of the Meta and Casanare rivers, to employ these eighteen detachments on the Parime and its surroundings, as there are so many places in which 1 have distributed unavoidably the rest of the troop under my command. If there are not soldiers enough in each Post T have no means to relieve any of the most overtaxed detachments. Wishing to give your Excellency, as I am in duty bound (o do, an idea of the geography of all that I have been able to find out in connection with this unknown Province, according to what I have seen and heard in the various reports that I have examined with the greatest attention to discover the truth, I have arranged the accompanying map, which, although susceptible of future corrections wln'U the country will be fully open and explored by the Spaniards, I believe that at present it is the chart most accurate that we have of Guayana, and I hope your Excellency will kindly receive it and excuse any defects that may be noticed, as I expect from the great indul- gence of your Excellency. Praying the Lord to keep in liis lioly guard the precious life of your Excellency for many happy years, as it is my desire. Guayana, on the third of Xovem1)er of seventeen seventy — 227 Most Excellent Sir — Kiss the hand of your Excellency — your most obedient, humble servant, Manuel Centurion. Most Excellent Bailiff, Fr. Don Pedro Mesia de la Zerda. Postscript. — I just learn from a few Hollanders who with their launch were seized by our cruisers oh the Orinoco, and brought lately to this capital, that the Portuguese from the Maraiion river have introduced themselves through the Parime river, up to the southeastern shores of the famous lake of that name, and that within four days' journey from the same, and at the same river, they have fortified a place and built houses and stores for the cacao, in which those lands abound, to be transported by small boats to Para. This news has caused me to make inquiries over and over again, and it is confirmed by several persons who report the same thing. I make your Excellency acquainted with said report, so that, as I think the urgency ot the case of our expedition to tlie Parime Lake may be well understood and your Excellency will kindly furnish me with the necessary means. Centurion. Anotlier Letter from the Bailiff. The draft and copies sent by your Honor accompanying the letter of last November third, show very clearly the state of the Province of Guayana and the progress of the Missions, as well as the situation of the Hollanders, French, and Portuguese possessions surrounding the same and the news lately received of their penetration up to the Parime Lake, far in the interior of our dominions; this boldness must be stopped, and your Honor will see as to the means to be employed, without ex- cluding force, under the understanding that I can not dis- pose of any money and am in need of funds, as the principal thing that your Honor will bear in mind in dealing with the subject. Li another letter of this date I haye shown the same thing. 228 Santa Fc. Maivli the seventh, seventocn hnmlrcrl and seventy; one. The l)ailitr Fr. ])()N Pedro JNIksia de la Zekda. Senor Dmi Mannel Centurion. The foregoing are coj)ies from the original letters kei>t at the Archives of the Commander General of Orinoco and (luayana, at the Secretary's Office under my ciiarge, and I certify to the fact. Guayana, December the 20th of 1771. Frantisco de Amantegui, Secretary of War. f nstnictions to be ob.serveou Nicolas Martinez, CoiniiiaiKler of the detaehiueiit sent to ofoupy VA Dorado and the Parinie Lake. 1. This officer will leave this capital, taking under his orders a detachment of troops consisting of one sergeant, one corporal, twelve soldiers, one cosmographer, and two interpreters. He will transport them in the vessels that he may find more suitable and expedient, carrying the necessary ammunition, arms, and provisions f )r the transfer and subsistence through the rivers Orinoco, Caura, Cuato, Parime, Abararuru, Aman, and Amoine, entering into the Parime lake and consecutively, ho will estab- lish himself at El Dorado, that is reported to be a brilliant mountain of gold color, called Acucuamo and by other names Curucuripati, contiguous to said lake, at the mouth of the Guaricuru creek, settled or guarded by the tribes Macussi, Arecuna. and manv others of .savage Indians in the interior of this Province. 2. On this march the Commander mIII carefully keep his whole troo}) on hanortaiK'e to found in the neighborhood nf said tuit a tew faithful Indian settlements, for the better subsistence and dc- fence of the troop guarding that Post. 6. At the same place of El Dorado, or the most advantageous [•laee to be found in the neighborhood, and in order to j)rrV(,'nt the access of the Caribsand corsair Hollanders and Portuguese to the Parime lake, a stronghold will ])e erected, with lodgings for the Commander and all the troop, witii the artillery, arma- ment, and aiunumition. Around the neighborhood \\v will endeavor to establish settlements of faithful Indians, who may liel|i the laborers with the necessary victuals and what may be wanted for the establishment and defence of the Spaniards on that frontier, and on no account whatever will he wage war, or allow any hostilities against the Indians, in order to reduce them, employing the mildest and most attractive means. Only in case of natural defence, shall he ever have to repel them, as far as necessary to refrain others, l)ut always trying our policy of subduing them by love. 7. As soon as he has taken possession of that territory, he will explore it with the greatest care and attention so as to see everything that is useful, especially the famous mountain El Dorado, and other mineral and special pmijucts t\)und in tliat neighborhood. Of all that he should discover he will give prompt, circumstantial, and special reports, in reference to everything, and his diary of the journey, to the Commander General, so as to render an account of the same to His Majesty, as well as the geographical description of the plact^s, with maps that they will make in that territory, containing the rivers, lakes, mountains, original inhabitants, and other notes leading to a perfect knowledge of the situation of that country, so vast and unknown. 8. And if he finds any European strangers established in those surroundings, outside of the Colonies permitted to them — to the Portuguese on the Amazon river, the Frenchmen on the Cayena coast and the Hollanders on the Surinam coast, Bervis and E.squivo on the Atlantic Ocean coast — he will inti- mate to them, in the name of the King our Lord, the order to quit immediately and leave those places of his Royal domain: 231 and if, after the first polite remonstrances, they do not with- draw to their old and tolerated establishments, leaving free from usurpation what they liokl, they will be compelled by force of arms and vigor, as far as circumstances will allow the Commander of this expedition. 9. On the stranding place of the Mairabapure, between Caura and Cuato, an Indian settlement must be established, (even though a small one), to facilitate the pass of the vessels of one to the other river, and even to avoid this work and de- lay, bringing the boats from one to another part, so as to expe- dite the transfer of the boats and stores from one to another side and secure the speediest communication of the new estab- lishment of Parime with those of Caura and Orinoco. With this view he will endeavor to settle the Guanavis or another immediate tribe at the place where the house of the Caumaiva Indian is situated on the banks of the Caura, above the mouth of the Erevato. Another settlement on the stranding place of the Mairabapure. 10. If the adventurers or parties, willing to follow this expe- dition as outsiders, should undertake to make discoveries at their own expense, and explore mines or other useful enter- prises in those surroundings, the Commander will allow them to do so, according to the laws of these Kingdoms, after hav- ing verified the two chief establishments of the Parime river and the lake of that name, under condition of securing from the profits the part belonging to the King, as lawful dues, and entering into a regular register what they bring to this capital under a true permit and the necessary certificates from the Commander. 11. After having ascertained the substance of the promises made to me by the Indian Captain, Paranacari, of the Purucota tribe, native of the Parime river, to lead this expedition faith- fully until the Spaniards are placed in possession of the great Lake of this name, the famous El Dorado and its surroundings, and to reduce and attract to our side the chiefs and numerous tribes of Indians in that neighborhood, the Commander of the expedition will deliver to him the title that I have granted him, as Lieutenant Governor General and Indian Chief of all ■232 tile liuliaii .settlements to be found tliioiigh his assistance on the Parinie river and its sources. With due solemnity he will make him known and recognized as such, so as to make this demonstration of the reward to his mei'it help to stimulate the other Indians in procuring every body to do the same for the benefit and service of the King our Lord. 12. If bv an unforeseen accident the misfortune of the failure of this expedition should happen or suspend its course, the Commander will be careful not to separate from him said Indian, Paranacari, as it is very important not to allow such a practical man oi' his circumstances to get out of our hands. And that until his promises have been redeemed and our estab- lishments on the Parima lake secured, his wives and children will be maintained at Saint Louis of the Erevato, where they are kept to-day with the rest of this tribe, recommended to the Commander of that Post. 13. And, finally, in everything not foreseen in this instruc- tion the Commander \\\\\ act, according to its spirit, with the prudence, amiability, and good conduct in keeping with his honor, love, and zeal for the Royal service, in order to see the important possessions of the Parime and El Dorado duly se- cured anil the speediest reduction of all those Indians. To that end I grant him and delegate my jDowers, so that at that great distance and slow recourse to our capital he may act and deliberate in every circumstance of this expedition, according to the Po3'al law of this Kingdom, and precise subordination and dependence from this General Command. To that end I grant him the present powers at Guayana on the2(lth of Septeml)er, 1771. Don Manuel Centurion [here is a flourish]. I received a copy of this instruction to be carried out as directed. Dated as above. Nicolas Martinez [here is a flourish]. 200 oo The foregoing is a copy of the original text existing in the General Archives of the Indies in Stand 131 — Case 2 — Docket 1 8. Seville, March the 27th, 1S91 . The Chief of Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer. [seal,] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned. Consul General of Venezuela in Spain, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Don Carlos- Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies. Madrid, April 11th, 1891. P. FOETOULT HURTADO. The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United States of Venezuela, certifies to the authenticity of the signa- ture of Seiior Pedro Fortoult Hurtado, Consul General of Venezuela in Spain at the preceding date. Caracas, March 6th, 189(3. P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. [seal.] — jNIinistry of Foreign Affairs. No. XIV. Stand 131.— Case 2.— Dvicket 18. Geneual .Abciiivks of the Ini)ie.s — (Seville.) 1f^ >^ •> Letter No. 4(» from tlH> ('oiuinaiuler of Ciuayaiia, Don flannel Centurion, to the Bailitf Fr. Don Julian f the ii-tth of July, of 177'1, accompany- inj;' various doeuinents. GuAYANA, Nuvfiiiber lltli, 1773. 1773._Xo. 4G— Most Excellent Sir— Mv Dear Sir: By the Royal cedule of the 24th of July, 1772, just arriviMl. I niii directed that "without delay, and ex- tensively, clearly, and distinctly, ns the importance of the sul)ject demands, to make a detailed report of all the ])articu- lars that the Council has missed on the map and exi)lanation of the state and progress of the population of this Province, sent by me, iindei- date of the 31st of December, 1770, through Don Jose]»h Solano, former (Governor of Caracas, and to state the names of t he Uevereinl f'athers to whom the settlements nuil«T the .Jesuits were delivered, and in \vh;il form; the dis- tribntier, 237 1770, through Don Josef Solano, Governor of Caracas, and to be particularly careful to inform the Viceroy of Santa Fe of whatever I may consider worthy of his notice and attention, asking from him the assistance in money and people, and everj'thing else conducive to the advancement and prosperity of this new Province, without allowing this communication and subordination to the Viceroy to impede nor retard the report that I must send directly, as Commander, by way of reserve to the Council. And in compliance with the orders of His Highness I say that this Province of Guayana is the most eastern part of the dominions of the King in meridianal America, on the northern coast, and that the boundaries are, on the north, the lower Orinoco river, the meridianal boundary of the Provinces of Cumana and Caracas ; on the east, the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south, the great Amazon river ; and on the west the Rio Negro and the Casiquiari creek and upper Orinoco ; the boundary of the eastern and unknown part of the Kingdom of Santa Fe. In the circumference and precinct of the vast continent of this Province, the Frenchmen and Hollanders occup}' all the seacoast with their colonies ; the former in Cayena, near the mouth of the Amazon river, and the latter in Surinam, Bervis, and Esquivo, fifty-five or seventy leagues from the large mouth of Orinoco. On the margin of the Amazon river and on those of Rio Negro up to San Joseph of the Marivitanas (thirty-six leagues below the mouth of Casiquiari and thirty-two from our settlements and strongholds of San Carlos and San Felipe), the Portuguese are established, and our effective possessions are reduced to one part of Rio Negro, all the Casiquiari, the upper and lower Orinoco, and the new establishments that we are found- ing in the interior of the country b}^ the rivers Caroni, Para- gua, Aroy, Caura, Erevato, Padamo, Ventuari, and others, going from the unknown centers of Guayana to Orinoco. This river is divided in branches, forty-one leagues before reaching the sea, and receives its water through numljerless mouths, in th pace of seventy leagues of clusters of mangroves, all flooded fr( a the point of Barima to Guarapiche, 338 The cliief and most eastern of all is the one called large- mouth or mouth of Navios. This one is eighteen miles broad and has a chamiel of two leagues, in the middle of the Barrack, with four fathoms of water down to the sea at high water; the bottom is muddy, the coast low, and the cluster of mangroves are all lloode(l ; the sea is very quiet, esi)ecially in the months of Feln'uary up to October ; the tides are lively, of about one fathom deep of salt water, that stop and salt the waters of the Orinoco as far above as seventeen leagues from the mouth. The otlier mouths only permit the entrance of launches and piraguas, forming a labyrinth of inundated islands and creeks, emptying into the Triste Gulf, opposite the island of Trinidad ; and among them, those better known and practicable are the j\Ianamo, Macaredo, and Pedernales. Through the large mouth, or the mouth of Navios, vessels can enter and navigate with fair weather in the Orinoco river and upwards, without any hinderance, and at all times frigates of forty-four guns can go up to the mouth of Caroni or the Fajardo Island in the months from May to October, when the river is full ; and they can go farther up, but slowly, on account of the strong current and light winds of the season, to Angostura, where the capital city of the Province is situated at present, eighty-three leagues distance from the sea. From Caroni to the mouth of the Orinoco there is a distance of fifty-eight leagues without any population on either side of the river (indeed it is a pity to have it abandoned as it is the best soil in the world for agriculture and commerce; though there is now and then n sickly place, being amongst them the old city of GuaN'ana, nine leagues below the mouth of the Caroni, and eight above the place where the Orinoco is divided into several branches, as it has been stated.) On that sickly place, on the northerly part of this Province, and on the south side of this river, there is a rock upon which the Castle of San Francisco de Asis and a battery in trapezoid shape without fosse or i)alisade are built. It is forty yards in length, twenty in breadth, witli ten iron guns and their cor- responding ammunition. In the middle, on the western side, the mountain Padra.stro rises in a commanding position at a •239 gunshot from said Castle of San Francisco, having on its to[> a small fort with a palisade in the shape of a star, without fosse; it is thirty-seven yards in length, twenty-six in breadth, with nine iron guns, mounted and supplied with ammunition. For both Posts there is a garrison of one captain commander, one subaltern officer, and twenty -five men of infantry, with a corporal and six artillervmen ; one armed launch at the foot of the Castle, with one cannon and twelve small pieces served by sixteen pioneers. As the general breadth of the Orinoco, at this part of tlie river, is about eighteen hundred yards, beyond the reach of a cannon, point blank from these two batteries, the old Spaniards fonnd necessary the erection of batteries on the op- posite side, so as to prevent the passage of vessels by means of cross fires. For that purpose they built, near the mouth of the Limones creek, an oval tower of twenty-three yards in diameter, with good materials ; but unfortunately it fell before it was finished, on account of the weight and the weakness of the soil in which it was built, without the precaution of strengthening the foundations so as to consolidate the muddv and sandy soil. This work has been entirel}^ abandoned for the above reason, and therefore the pass is open on that side to the vessels of the smugglers and enemies of the Crown, that can navigate with ten fathoms of water and fair winds, witli- otit any risk from the artillery of the batteries of San Fran- cisco and the Padrastro on the opposite side, out of their reach, save a casual shot by elevation. In order to avoid these difficulties and the sickly condition of the place, and to have all the forts united in an advanta- geous place, a true key to close the Orinoco, the well-known navigation of which easil}' discovers to an enemy the Provinces of Cttmana, Caracas and Barinas, and opens the doors to the kingdom of Santa Fe, His Majest}^ desires, as shown by the Royal order of the 3d of December, 1770, to establish the same (fortress) formally on the hill of the Island of Fajardo, being eight leagues above Padrastro, and half a league below the mouth of the Caroni river, dividing the Orinoco into two channels almost eqital, the broadest seven hundred yards in. 240 flood times. Its summit is tit to hold a Inrt (.'qual to the (.)ne projected for the Pcadrastro mountain, and the situation more adequate for cK:)sing the river and covering the Province, be- eause from that controlling position muskets will reach, where cannons will not in the other place, and having no popula- tion whatever below the f'anmi near the Orinoco, everything is kept under the protection of this fortification, for although tliere are a i'ew settlements towards the east inland, they are far from the river and protected by the ridge of mountains be- tween them and the Orinoco ; said obstacle, favored Ijy the desert above-mentioned, opposes an}' evil intent from the enemy against them, and gives sufficient time to prevent it in everv case. The Fajardo fortification may be supplied with more facility than that of Padrastro ; and the people convoked at Angos- tura by the Commander General for that purpose, find the full l)rotection of the Caroni river against an enemy, trying from land to prevent a junction. It is likewise of the greatest con- venience to this city. As this country, from tlio last century, has been receiving population and requires the reduction of the Indians, the thi'ee Missions, one under the Catalan Capucliin Fathers from the Island of Trinidad, another under the Franciscan Fathers fnim Piritu, and the third under the Jesuits of Santa Fe, with the exception of the first were inactive, until the year 1732, when the distribution amongst them of this vast territor}', even before it was known or explored, except the banks of the lower Orinoco, was made in the following form : The Catalan Capuchins, situateil until then around the citv of Guavana, took charge of tlie eightv-three leaa'ues of territory between the mouth of the Orinoco and Angostura, and thence drawing a line up to the Marailon or Amazon rivers. The Franciscan Observant Fathers took the one hun- dred leagues frum the Angostura to the mouth of the Cu- chivero river, with their corresi)onding land between them and the Amazon river ; and the rest, to the sources of the Orinoco (then uidvuown), was taken in charge by the Jesuits, but as it was discovered afterwards that the upper Orinoco, Rio Negro, 241 and Cnsiquiari are in reciprocal coraniunication, that territory was found to l)e too extensive for only one Mission, and leav- ing to the Jesuits the one hundred leagues which they had assigned as far as the rapids of the Ature and Maipure, and dividing this river into upper and lower Orinoco, His Majesty sent the Andalusian Capucliins to attend to the reduction and conversion of the Indians of the upper Orinoco and Rio Negro, and afterwards they took, likewise, provisional charge of cat- echising the settlements left by the Jesuits of Orinoco, and everything was afterwards abandoned, as I stated to your Highness on tlie 17th of September, 1771, by means of your Secretar}^ Don Pedro Garcia Mayoral. Out of that community only two Reverend Fathers are left, Fr. Josef Antonio Xeres and Fr. Miguel de Nerja, who, after the general stamj)ede of their brothers in Christ and the death of the Prefect, Fr. Andres de Cadiz, were taken ill and left for this city, where they are serving as pastors of the Ma- ruanta and Borbon Parishes. For that reason I keep a Rev- erend Father of the Franciscan Mission constantly navigating on the Orinoco, Casiquiari, and Rio Negro attending, as far as possible, to the spiritual wants of the settlements abandoned by the Andalusian Capuchins in both territories, while j^our Highness fills, as I have requested, the Mission for the upper Orinoco and Rio Negro. The principal board of applications for the houses, colleges, and missions of the Company established at Caracas sent the Franciscan Conventual Fathers from that Province asked bv me on the 27th of August, 1771. Those are the best Mission- ers that we have had in the settlements of the Jesuits after the latter's expulsion, and who may replace the Fathers who die or who are taken sick in that unhealthy territory. I have requested several times the Diocesan Prelate in charge of that church, after the deliverv which I made of it to him, in compliance with the orders and instructions of his Excellency the Count of Aranda, to make the appointments of pastors, and he has constantly replied that he has not anybody. Abandoned, as I have said that this Province was, from tlie last century, to the discretion of the Father Missioners, sick- VoL. II, Ve.v.— 16 242 iioss, want of commerce ami (jf govt'iiiniciil ui-ro dcsiruyiug the city of Santo Thome de hi Guayaiia, the only Snanish set- tlement found in all this vast continent, and the ()rin()co jihnost deserted, <»r more [n-operiy controlled hy the harharous Caribs, when in the year 1755 the Royal expeiiition of Ixiuml- aries ariived, comniaiided by the Chief of Squadrons, Don Josef *\i' Iturringa. who subjeclereaching only, and that it was neces- sary force or gifts to bring them out from the forests and keep them in civil and Christian society, and observing that the more diligent Missioners avail themselves for that purpose of the escort of soldiers granted to them bv the Governor, I came 246 to thfi conclusion, after mature reflection, that it sliould be better, for the reduction and pacification of the same, to do so directly through the soldiers under their own otKcers and Commanders, rather than phice them under the Missioners,. from whom they do not expect any inducement of reward or ]ninishment. At tlie same time this city has no public reve- nues, ami, as 1 have said, its inhabitants just transferred ai'o very poor, and in want of all the necessaries of human life, surrounded everywhere by a horrible desert, making im- possible for them their subsistence, if no Indian settlement were founded in tlic neighborhood for the necessary products, and hands for the establishment and comfort of the Spaniards ; but 1 am in want of the necessarNnneans to meet these require- ments, as there was no money in the Treasury, but only lia- bilities, and from Santa Fe there w^as very faint iiope of support, on account of similiar indigence. This miserable condition of this Province, in spite of my de- sire to correspond to the Royal confidence reposed in me, trying to secure the welfare of .the country as far as it was in my power, influenced my determination to reduce several Indians from the forest and bring at my expense several Span- ish families from the neighboring Provinces and oi-ganize tliere a settlement. In order to accomplish this important project I ajjpointed an Administrator to collect all the taxes and fees due me as Governor and Chief Justice, from the excises, jnlot- ages and anchorage dues, fines, etc., the receipts of which at the time amounted to seven thousand five hundred and twenty-one dollars; that as shown by the certificate of the collector, Don Diego Marino (whose testimony is the voucher No. 3), has been used in bringing two hundred Spanish fami- lies from the neighboring Provinces of Caracas, Cumana, Barinas, and Marguerita, and eighteen settlements, as follows:. Marisanti and Pana-pana, at two and a quarter leagues from this city, within the territory of the Catalan Capuchin Mission, tiMiii wh(MV other emigrants have been taken, from the settle- ments of Monte Calvario and Santa Anna, a reduction of Indians from the settlement of Puedpa, and almost all the ex- penses for the foundation of Barceloneta in the Parana, as^ 247 shown likewise by the certificate of the Reverend Father Pre- fect, Fr. Bruno de Barcelona (whose certified copy is the voucher No. 4). In the territory of the Franciscan Mission I have founded and improved (as shown by the certificate No. 5 from the Reverend Fathers) the settlements of Buena A'^ista and another called Co))iche, at one and two leagues, respectively, from this city : and, penetrating farther into the interior of the country, I have founded the settlements of Guaypa, those of Saint Louis and San Vicente del Crevato, that of San Francisco del Yniquiari, those of Conception and San Carlos of Caura. I have rendered help to those of Tapaquire and Mono Mountain (Cerro del Mono), all Indian settlements, and likewise the Spanish villages Borbon and Carolina. I have increased the population of Real Corona and sustained that of Ciudad Real, to prevent their ruin on account of the constant sickness of the last few years. In the territory to be occupied by the Mission of the Jesuits I have founded in a healthy and advantageous place the village of Caicara, with Indians and Spaniards dispersed from the settlement of Cabruta of the Province of Caracas; and I have likewise sustained the other settlements left by the Jesuits on this side of Orinoco, notwithstanding the horrible mortality and sickness prevailing in certain seasons of the year in all of them. And at the upper Orinoco and Rio Negro, as shown by certificate No. 6 of the ex-Prefect and Justice of the Andalusian Cajiuchin Mission, Fr. Josef Antonio de Xeres and Fr. Miguel de Nerja, I have established six formal settle- ments, Soma, Santa Barbara, Tuamini, San Gabriel, San Fran- cisco Solano, and Santa Gertrudis, all at the expense of my fees and out of alms. I have founded in the same territory, at the expense of the Royal Ti'easury (in virtue of the Royal order of the 5th of October of 1768, No. 7), the village of La Esmeralda, a cattle farm for the subsistence of those inhabitants; and I have heffun the foundation of twentv other Indian settlements on the straight road which I have opened happily, at the moderate cost of eleven thousand four hundred and eighty -three dollars, 248 as shown by certificate No. 8 of the Koyal Treasury Ofticer Don Andres de Oleaga, lor the speediest and easiest comnunii- cation of all these new establishments with this capital, as well as on account of the knowledge and formal possession of this tei'ritory and the reduction of the natives. And linally, in ordi'r to occu})y the important frontier of Parinie, in th(^ remotest part of tliis Pi'ovinee, I have sent a detachment of sixty men. under the command of Lieutenant l)on A'icente Diez de la Luente, who is already witliin the sources of the Parana (river), at three hundred leagues irom this cai)ital, founding the city of Ouirior with Spanish families that I have sent from here, and other Indian settlements founded on the same route to answer as scales (or stations) for our establishments and safety of the King's dominion in that region. The Borbon and Carolina villages have been founded at my re(|uest, the former by Don Francisco Josef de Espinosa, and the latlei' liy Don Francisco Villasana, residents of this Province, and each one has accomplished his work with due formalities, according to the prescribed rules ami laws, without stipulating nor asking for any assistance, waiting for the approval of Yonr Highness, according to Royal cedule of November 14, 1779; but as the jurisdiction and the lands granted by law are of little or no value at present, and they have worked and ex))ended a consideralde portion of their own money, especially Villasana. wIk^ went farther into the interior to found his settlement, I consider him worthy of tiie Royal favor, and of a yearly ]>ension of tw(j hundred dollars, and besides one hundred dollars yearly to Espinosa, during both of their lifetime, as a reward well deserved and so as to stimulate others to the same work of population. The di.stribution made of farming lands, building lots, and sites for breeding cattle is made by the laws of this kingdom, and T was instructed by I )on Jose de Iturriaga of the conditions of ills appointment and the requirements of the Royal order that he quotes of the 21st of September, 1762, tliat no title should be granted nor the j>roi)erty awarded before the im- provement and cultivation of the same. To the Indian sett e- 249 inents I allow, as commons, one league of farming land around •evtry settlement and another league of reseived lands, con- terminous with the other settlements, so that they do not re- ceive any injure from the others, nor the Spaniards and their cattle. To every Spanish settlement two leagues are given in full all around, one square league for cattle being common pas- ture ground and watering places. The building lots are sub- ject to the ability of the neighbors to cover as much space as they can actually occupy. To those of the Esmeralda village, in consideration of the long distance of that difhcult desert and exhausted place, every family is allowed three tiiousand wild cocoa trees in those forests, in a land susceptible of multi- plying them and bearing other products, a site for breeding- cattle, and a building lot, all in perpetuity; on the first year they are allowed two laborers and rations of casave and jerked beef and, for once only, tvro hoes, two axes, two machetes, two caporanos (?), one sow, and one cow to each family ; and for the commonwealth, commons are granted as well as pasture grounds for cows, all on account of the Royal Treasur}^ as there is no other recourse for the subsistence of those inhabitants and those of Rio Negro. The administration is in charge of the com- mander of all of them, Don Antonio Barreto, Captain of In- fant rv. To the other Spanish and Indian settlements, as they have been made without any expense to the Roj^al Treasury, in less •convenient places, they have been variously considered in regard to their wants and what has been found possible to allow them. I have been and am very particular in reporting and giving an account of everything to my Superior, and I have the satis- faction to deserve their approval of my zeal and conduct (as shown by the accompanying letters No. 9, from the Governor of Caracas, Don Josef Solano, and the ]\Iost Excellent Sirs the Alceroys Don Pedro de la Zerda and Don Manuel de Guerior), and I expect likewise to deserve tiie superior approval of your Highness, and that the King be satisfied of my services, as well -as the services of those who have helped me in particular to 250 place tliis Province in the present condition of welfare in which it is, an iiiotcct the lutrtliern front flank of the fi-i'tiess and the eattem judisade, endjarrass- ing from there willi minor artillery the advance of an enemy hy the way oi' Baraiilhx Yonr Honor will raise the parapet of the western curtain and place in position thei'e three six- ponnders, so as to cover that front with a second palisade. The tower of the small foit must he taken down and all the interior scpiare must he covered with tiles and jiillars of heavy and haid wood, lixed on the terre-plein in contact with the interior face of the parapets of the curtains, where they do not embarrass the defence. The small fort of Limones must be girded hy a counter foun- daiion nine feet apait, deepening four feet more than the foun- dation, and the terre-])lein it has mulaced at the place called San Felipe and on the eastern [)oint of a hill in the rear. Your Honor will see that a stronghold be built to an- 253 swer for headquarters and defend the rear of the population and the battery, p:iying from thero due attention to the garri- son of the fort and to prevent the pass of strangers and pro- tect the Capuchin Missions of Guayana and of San Fernando de Atabapus, those of the Observant Franciscan Fatiiers on the eastern 2)art of Orinoco, those of the Jesuits and of the Meta (river), as well as those of the dominions of Barinas, giving them the necessary escort. Considering that the occupation and expenses for the trans- fer of tlie Guayana parties will deprive them for a long time of a church, His Majesty has granted four thousand dollars lor such a building, and to that end the corresponding order has been issued to the Viceroy of Santa Fe. To the actual troop of the assignment of the forts of Guay- ana, consisting of one hundred men, the seventy-three of tiie, escort of the Jesuit Missions of the Orinoco and dominions of Barinas must be added the twenty-five men of the fort of Li- mones and fifty-two that must be furnished as directed by the Governor of Camana, who has to send them immediately in company with those irom the garrison of Araya (dis- mounted), the same Governor lias orders to increase said num- ber with any excess left, after meeting other wants. Your Honor will organize this troop into two companies with their corresponding officers. Tlie Governor of Cumana is directed likewise to send to Guayana all tlie artillery from Araya, to the extent that he may find necessary, helping your Honor, and facilitating in all your wants what you may urgt-ntly rec[uire within his power. By order of the King I make you acquainted with the for^!- going directions, so thai you will at once depart for your des- tination and carry out the tenor of the present instructions. His Majesty has no doubt of your well known zeal and con- duct, and hopes that you will do your best to meet his expec- tations, considering the importance of the present subject. May the Lord keep your life for many years. Aranjuez, June the oLli, 1762. The Bailiff, Fr. Don Julian de Arriaga. Seiior Don Joaquin Moreno y Mendoza. 254 The above is a couv ot llu- oi'iuiiuil iioval oi'(k'r ol' iiistnic- tions kej^t in tlie Archives ol' the Conimauder General of Orinoco and CJuayana, to which J vvi\:v. I'itv of Guavana. Novenilu'r 11th, 1773. Fkancisco de Ama.ntkgui, Secretary — [here is a flourish]. Kuiiiber 2. Don Josepl) de Itnrriaga, Chevalier of the Order of Santiago, Chief of the Royal squadron, Commander General of the settlements and all the Oiinoco. AVhereas, bv Roval Order of the 24(11 of October. 1700, His Majesty has kindly granted me i)ermissi(Hi to remain in tlie Province of Venezuela, Cumana, and any other place that I may think tit for the accomplishment of my views in regard to the foundation of" Cuidad Real " and that of " Real Corona," the tenor of which is as follows : " Notwithstanding that by a separate order of the tiiii'd in- .stant, inclosed herewith, your Honor is directed to return to these Kingdoms, witli all the persons who left them to partici- pate in the commission for the treaty of boundaries, His Majesty considers that if your Honor finds that your personal pre.sence in the T*rovince of X'enezuela. ( 'umana, or any other place that your Honor thinks to be calculated to accomplish jsnccess- fuUy the important views that your Honoi- has had in under- taking the foundation of settlements and cities, one at the site of Yape, on the soutliern margin of the Orinoco, and the other called ' Real Corona,' near tlu' Aroy liver, according to the advice of your Honor by letter of the 10th of March of this year, your Honor will instruct the other commissioners to return to Spain, as soon as they find the o])])ortunity to do so, and your Honor may remain for the time necessary for the accomi)lishment of the settlement of the cities in course of erection, and the subsistence of places more adec^uate for the protection of tlie territories of His Majesty. " May the Lord keep your life for many 3'ears. "Madrid. 24tli of October, 1700. '"The Bailill'. I'^i;. Don Jiltax de Arriaga. " To Senor Don.Josejtli de Itnrriaga." 255 And likewise by another Royal order of the twenty-second of September of seventeen hundred and sixty two, His Majesty agrees with my remaining in the commission for the improve- ment of settlements, and to be recoonized as Commander GeneS'al of the same and of all the river Orinoco ; l)y another Royal order of the twenty-first of said month and year, trying by the most acceptable means to prevent the entrance of the Portuguese or their permanence in any places where they ma}' prove injurious to our natives; and by another (Royal cedule) of April of seventeen hundred and sixty-five, I am directed, in regard to the reductic^n and preservation of the natives of the upper and lower Orinoco and Rio Negro, to concur for for that }tuipose with Don Joseph Solano, without any jealousy of his interfering with my jurisdiction, as Commander General of these establishments, and His Majesty wanting our mutual concurrence in everything appertaining to the Royal service. For that reason and the unanimous advice of two Surgeons of ray attendance, in my present complaint of incijdent [)araly- sis, advising my change of climate, leaving this Castle for a tem[)erate and milder one, I have decided, in virtue of the first Royal order, ah'eady quote i, to go to the neighborhood of the city of Caracas, leaving the command of this province of Guayana in charge of Don Manuel Centurion, Captain of Artillery of tlie fort of Guavana. Don Gis{)ar de Salaverria has written to him in my name, on the second of January, last, notwithstanding that said officer by the order of the King of October the eighth, of seventeen hundred and sixty-two, is under my orders to render his help in the foundation and subsistence of this city, that of the Real Corona, and others to be established on the upper Orinoco, Rio Xegro, for the protection of the lands of his Majesty, and the other affairs under my charge, and for every- thing connected with the Roval service. Therefore, considering all the circumstances and the quali- ties and merits, love, zeal, honor, and nobility concurring and shown by the Royal trust, in the person of said Don Manuel Centurion, and in virtue of the Royal powers vested in me, as Commander General, 1 aopjint, na;ne, and constitute said 25G Ctiiuinamk'r of the Province of Guayana, Captain Don Manuel Centurion, to till my placi,' as Lieutenant Coniniaiidcr (General ot'tlie .settlement and of all the Orinoco river, and i>rant him all my powers without limitation, to (hi, pcudiiiL!,- my absence, the same as I would .and ouirht to do in hoth of said new cities and the settlement of Cucliivero, whose Indians and those of the Cafre tribe and their aggregation are incor[)orated by royal order of the twentieth of Sejttemljer, of seventeen linndred and sixty-two, to the neighborhood of this Royal city. Likewise at the upper Orinoco and Rio Negro he wdll act as the require- ments of the occasion may demand, re])oi-ting every case to me and to the Governor and Captain General of the Province of Vene7Aiela, the Naval Captain, Don Joseph Solano, whose as- sent is required in his affairs. .Vnd 1 order and command the Captains of the new settle- ment-- anunal of tliis Commander General is acting, as- they are faithful and loyal, trustworth}', and possessing all the other circumstances required by the law of these Kingdoms,, and therefore to all the acts signed by them due credit and full faith is given judicially and extra-judicially. In testimony whereof we sign the present act in Guayana, on tile eleventh day of November, of .seventeen hundred and sev- enty-three. Jose Ventura — [here is a flourish]. Andres Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. 259 Copy of Royal Cedule of Boimdaries. The King, my Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the new Kingdom of Granada and President of my Royal Audi- ence of the city of Santa Fe. Don Josef de Iturriaga, Chief of Squadron of my Royal Navy, directed that the General Com- mand of the new settlements of the lower and higher Orinoco and Rio Negro, that he controlled, should remain as it is on account of his demise, in charge of the Governor and Com- mander of Guayana. I have agreed to accept this resolution, and finding convenient to my Royal service the invariable sub- sistence, subject to my further resolution, of the above expressed aggregation to the same Governor and Commander of Guayana as the nearest to the above places, and therefore until now in charge of the escort of the Missions of the same Province, to have it under the same Command, always subordinated to that Captain Generalship, the whole of said Province, the limits of which are : on the north, the lower Orinoco, the southern boundary of the Provinces of Cumana and Venezuela ; on the west, the upper Orinoco, the Casiquiari and Rio Negro ; on the south, the Amazon river, and on the east, the Atlantic Ocean. 1 have decided to make this declaration and to send you the present Royal Cedule, in virtue of which I command you to communicate the corresponding orders for its compliance to all the Tribunals, Governors, and Officers to whom it may concern, for its observance and notice, that such is mv will and that this, my Royal Cedule, will be transferred to my Council of the Indies for the ends that may be found adequate, in a copy sent by the undersigned Secretary of State and of the Department of the Indies. Given at Aranjuez on the fifth of May, seventeen hundred and sixty-eight. I, the King — Don Julian de Arriaga. It is a legal copy of the original one, existing in this Secre- taryship of the Chamber of the Most Excellent Viceroy of this new Kingdom of Granada, to which I refer. Santa Fe, January 10th, 1769, Francisco Silvestre. 260 Tliis is a copy of the Royal Cedule, addressed l)y the Secre- tary of tlie Most Excellent Viceroy of this district, to the Com- mander General of the Orinoco and Guayana. I certify to the fjict. City of Guayana, November lltli, 1773. FKA^x•ISCO DE Anaxtegui, Secretar}' — [here is a llouriyli]. Certificate by the Collector oV K<'veiiues. Number 3. Don Diego Marino, Collector of the Revenues and dues given over to the City of Santo Thome of the Guayana, Ijy Don Manuel Centurion, Governor and Commander General of this Province. I certify and swear in due form, according to law, tliat as this city was without any revenues for its subsistence or means to carry out the public works, and being in want of a Churcli, Royal Offices, and Court houses, and other public buildings necessary and convenient for the public service in ever}^ city, and still more necessary in the capital of a Province as this is, said Governor, Don Manuel Centurion, decided, as soon as lie took possession of liis command, that all dues and charges belonging to him as Chief Justice, the excises, fees lor visits, countersigning weights and measures, and acts of justice, and what belongs to tlie Governor out of clearances and visits of vessels, and everything tliat in other Provinces is considered as due or fee of the Governor, except the salary allowed by His Majesty, and paid to me as Collector of Reve- nues, and city taxes, as, indeed, it has been done since the year seventeen hundred and sixty-eight to the present time, during wliich I liave received in my administration on account of said branches the sum of seven (the word thousand is missing) five liundred and twenty-one dollars from the monopoly of Guarapo (fermented niohisses), cock-[)it licenses, that by direction of the same Coimnander were applied for the benefit of the building 261 of the Church and other Royal public houses and general hospital, in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-one. I have received likewise the amount of four thousand five hundred and thirty-six dollars, with an addition of four thou- sand two hundred and eighty -five dollars from private alms for other purposes, in all the umount of sixteen thousand three hun- dred and thirty-nine dollars, which have been applied to the re- duction of the Indian tribes Guainavis, Maquiritares, Mariusas, Aleviriannos, Viras, Puraonnes, Pandacotos, Quiriquiripas, and other various gentile tribes who inhabited barbarously the forests of this Province, and from where they have been re- moved by direction of the Governor, Don Manuel Centurion, to live a Christian and civilized life under the rule of the King our Lord, in the settlements of the Maruanta, Pana-pana, Oroco- piche, and Buena Vista, founded by said Governor in the neighborhood of this capital, as well as those of San Carlos of Caura, La Conception, and San Francisco del Iruquiari, those of Santa Rafael de Guipa, that of San Louis, and that of San Vicente de Crevato, that of Santa Barbara, in the high Orinoco, and likewise that of San Antonio de Fuiamini, those of Santa Clara de Sama, and Santa Gertrudes, besides the following at Rio Negro — the three settlements, Pimichimi, Cunuripi, and San Francisco Solano. Part of these funds have been likewise used in the foundation of the village of Barceloneta and the reduction of its neighbor- ing Indians in Paruara ; in the expedition sent to occupy the Parime lake, and to explore the mountain El Dorado and some unknown southern lands in the interior of this Province at a distance of over four hundred leagues from this capital, for the discovery of which he is working and founding, in the same direction, several wild Indian settlements and the city of Guirior with Spaniards, to secure those important conquests and facilitate our establishment in the Parime. And, finally, out of the same funds in my charge and other means obtained through the probity and zeal of said Gover- nor, Don Manuel Centurion, the banks of the rivers, where this city is founded, have been filled up and the rocks encum- bering the same have been removed, making besides good 2iV2 streets ami Imildini;- lotseasy to l)e improved ; the Church has been improved seven yards liigher above its foundation, as far as was possible, out of the six thousand doHars aUowcd by the King for the same, and a great deal of brick and lime has been accumulated for arches and vaults. A decent Royal (3ftice has been built of good materials, where the (rovernor is stojiping at present, and finally six more houses of good materials have been built for public uses, at an expense of three thousand dollars, returning a rent of three hundred dollars a year, as it is shown in detail by the books and accounts in my charge, to which I refer. And in order to show the same facts, whenever convenient, I sign tlio present at the request of the said Governor, Don Manuel Centurion, in this City of Gua3''ana, on the eleventh da}' of November, seventeen hundred and seventy-three. Diego Igxacio IMarixo. This copy agrees with the original document, from where it w'as taken by the undersigned, acting witnesses, for want of a Notary Public, in virtue of the verbal order of his Honor, the Commander General of this Province of (iuayana, being well and faithfully written and corrected in tliree folios, with the lirsl 1 tearing a stamj) of the fourth class. In testimony whereof we sign the j)resent in Guayana, on the eleventh day of November, seventeen hundred and seventy- Ihi'ee. Miguel Mexia — [here is a flourish]. Miguel de Oleaga — [here is a Hourish]. We, Don Joseph Ventura, Pastor of the Parish Church of this city of (Juayana, and Don Andres de Oleaga, Accomptant of the Royal Treasury of His Majesty, certify : That the two signatures, authorizing the above document, are the same as are used by Don Miguel Mexia and Don Miguel de Oleaga, actinc: witnesses, for want of a Notarv Public, in the Tribunal of the Commander General, and that l)oth are faithful and trustworthy, possessing all the qualifications required by the 2G3 laws of these kingxloms. And therefore to all the instruments which they attest fnll faith and credit are given, both judicially and extra-judicialh'. In testimony whereof I sign the present in Guayana, on the eleventh of November, of seventeen hundred and seventy- three. Andres de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. Joseph Ventura — [here is a flourish]. State of the Settlements of the Catalan Capuchin Mission of Guayana. Number If.. State of the Missions of the Reverend Catalan Capuchin Fathers of the Province of Guayana, founded since the year seventeen hundred and twenty-four, with others of new founda- tion by the Commander General of this Province, Don Manuel Centurion, shown by the actual Reverend Father Prefect Fr. Bruno de Barcelona, in compliance with the Cedule from the Buen Retiro in the year of seventeen hundred and one. To this end a visit was made in the present year of seventeen hundred and seventy. This state agrees with the matricula sent by the Most Reverend Fathers of the Mission of the Im- maculate Conception from Caroni to their President, Father Manuel de Preixana and the Most Reverend Father Prefect. 1. The Indians of this Mission are Guayanos ; they were transferred from the Mission of Suay (by order of the King), in which they had been founded in the year seventeen hun- dred and twenty-four. Baptized, 1,151 ; married by the Church, 301 ; deaths, 777 ; existing, 388. 2. Mission of our Father San Francisco de Alta-gracia ; President, the Reverend Father Felix de Villanueva. The Indians of this Mission are Guayanos, and all baptized. They were founded in the year seventeen hundred and thirty- four. Baptized, 1,552 ; married by the Church, 306 ; deaths, 620 ; existing, 540. •2G4 3. Mission of" Saint Jose})li of Cupapuy : its President, the Reverend Futher Joachin Maria de Martortorel. The Indians of this Mission are all baptized, and from the Guayanos tribes. It was founded in the year seventeen hun- dred and thirty -three. Baptized, 1,470 ; married by the Ciiurch, 366 ; deaths, 664 ; existing, 403. 4. Mis.sion of Santa Maria de los Angeles de Yucuai'i ; its President, Father Raymundo de Clot; his companion, Fr. Carlos de Barcelona, who attends to the sick. The Indians of this Mission are nearly all baptized ; a few are Guayanos, others Caribs, and others Panacayos. These I iidians were transferred from the Missions of Amaruca, founded in the vear seventeen hundred and thirtv, on account of the l)ad climate. Baptized, 790; married by the Church, 363; deaths, 690; existing, 269. 5. Mission of the Divine Shepherdess of Yuruari ; its Presi- dent, Father Antonio de Martorell. The Indians of tliis Mission are all })aptized, and of the Guay- anos tribe. It was transferred from the siteof the Yucuari, on ac- count of better convenience for the cattle, in the year seventeen hundred and seventy. Baptized, 374 ; married by the Church, 92; deaths, 234; existing, 290. 6. Mission of Saint Joseph de Leonisa de Ayma ; its Presi- dent, Reverend Bernardino de Berdu. The Indians of this Mission are from the Guaicas tribe and from tlie Maragotos; most of them are baptized. It was founded in seventeen hundred and fifty-three, but in tlie year of seventeen Imndi-ed and sixtv-seven tliev all took to the woods on account of the earthquakes, but afterwards most of them came out, and, with other arrivals, there are already three hundred and eighty-eight. Baptized, 599; married by the Church, 44; deaths, 198; existing, 388. 7. Mission of our Lady of the Rosary of Guazipati ; its Pres- ident, the Reverend Father Benito de la Garriga. The Indians of this Mis.sion are of the Card) tribe. It was founded in *he 3'ear seventeen hundred and fifty-seven ; nearly all are baptized. Baptized, .316; married by the Church, 16 ; deaths, 104 ; existing, 370. 265 8. Mission of Sau Miguel del Carapo ; its President, Father Thomas de Mataro. The Indians of this Mission are from the Carib tribe ; most of them are baptized. It was founded in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-two. Baptized, 606 ; married by the Church, 30; deaths, 204; existing, 410. 9. Mission of Our Lady of La Soledad del Cavallaju ; its President, Father Geronimo de Vallfogona. The Indians of this INIission are from the Guaico tribe. It was founded in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-one. At tlie beginning of the year seventeen hundred and sixt3'-nine they took to the woods, on account of the measles ; about fifty- nine have been recovered since. Baptized, 208 ; married by the Church, 11 ; deaths, 70 ; existing, 120. 10. Mission of Our Lady of Monserrate del Miamo ; its President, Father Buenaventura de Santa Coloma. The Indians of this Mission are from the Carib tribe. Most of them are baptized. It was founded in the year seventeen hundred and forty-eight. Baptized, 733; married by the Church, 60 ; deaths, 312 ; existing, 501. 11. Mission of Saint Michael of Palmar; its President, Father Fraiicisco de San .lulian. The Indians of this Mission are Guayanos and Caribs. It was founded in the year seventeen hundred and forty-six. Baptized, 520; married by the Church, 108 ; deaths, 264; existing, 380. 12. Mission of San Antonio; its President, the Reverend Father Mariano de Savadell, accompanied by Father Domingo de Arbucies. The Indians of this Mission are from the Guayanos tiibe, all baptized ; they were founded in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-five. Baptized, 287; married by the Church, 64 ; deaths, 47 ; existing, 248. 13. Mission of Saint Raymond de Carauaci ; its President, Father Pedro de Fugarola. The Indians of this Mission are Caribs and Cachigarotos. Founded in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-three. Baptized, 83 ; married by the Church 1 ; deaths, 20 ; exist- ing', 130. 2()U 14. Mission of Santa Enlalia de Muiucuri : its President, Fatlur Thomas de San Pedro. Tile Indians of tliis Mission are from the Carib tribe, and most of them are baptized. It was founded in the year seven- teen hundred and sixty-four. Baptized, 403; married ])y the Churcli, 40; deaths, 220; existing, 368. 15. Mission of tlie Calvary ; its President, Father Joseph Antonio dc Cervera. The Indians of this Mission are from thu tribes of Guaraunus and Salivas, most of them are baptized ; they were founded in tlic year seventeen hundred and sixty-one. At present they have already two Missions, and the latter, by order of the Kin^-, is placed in the Cardonal. The Commander, General Don ]\hniuel Ceiitui'ion, in order to facilitate their translation, and in consideration of their poverty, supplied them, at his own expense, witli many iron utensils and other alms for the pur{)ose of planting new grounds, in seventeen hundred and sixty-eight. Baptized, 387; married l)y the Church, 15; deaths, 125; existing, 206. 16. Mission of Santa Ana ; its President, Fatlier Felix de Tarraga. The Indians of this Mission are from the Aruaca and Gua- rauno tribes, most of them are baptized and united from two Missions of San .Joaquin and San Felix. They commenced their transfer by order of the King our Lord at the beginning of tlie present year, seventeen hundred and seventy. The Com- mander General, Don Manuel Centurion, in order to facilitate their transportation, made a present to l)oth tribes of a large amount of ii'on utensils, axes, machetes, and other articles. Baptized, 631» ; married by the Chui'ch, 18; deaths, 250; ex- isting, 446. 17. Mission of Onr Fady of Los Dolores de Puedpa ; its Presi- dent, Father Mariano de Zervera. The Indians of this Mission are from the Aruacas and Chi- mas tribes; they were founded in the year seventeen hundred and forty-nine, most of them ran away the latter part of Feb- ruary of the present year of seventeen hundred and seventy, -some have been recovered, and in a short time will be entered. 267 Before they ran away they iiunil)ered in all one liuiidred and seventy, brought from Monica, where two Reverend Fathers went aiter them, well escorted and provided with vessels and the necessary stores, supplied by the Commander General, Don Manuel C-enturion. Baptized, 56 ; married by the Church, ; deaths, 3 ; existing, 52. 18. Mission of Santa Rosa de Maruanta ; its President, Father James de Puigcerda. The Indians of this Mission are from the Guaraunos tribe. It was founded by the above-mentioned Commander General, Don INIanuel Centurion, wdth Guaraunos Indians, whom he personally went after, and brought along with him to the lower Orinoco, as may be seen in his letter asking tlie Rev- erend Father Prefect to send one of the Fathers to attend to the spiritual wants of said Indians, a fact well-known to all the inhabitants of this city ; a few of said Indians are baptized. It was founded in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-nine, and is in our charge. Baptized, 30; married by the Church, ■0; deaths, 9; existing, 2S6. 19. Mission of the Immaculate Conception of Pana-pana ; its President, the above-named Father Fr. James de Puigcerda. The Indians of this Mission are from the Carib tribe, and it was founded likewise by tlte same Commander General, Don Manuel Centurion, in the year seventeen hundred and sixty- nine, as it appears by the letter add.ressed by his Honor to the Most Reverend Father Prefect, asking for a Missioner to attend the said Indians, and it is improving with new arrivals of Caribs with embarkations, troops, arms, and stores, and every other necessary thing at the expense of the Commander Gen- eral and in company of the Reverend President. Baptized, 8 ; married by the Church, ; deaths, ; existing, 97. 20. Mission of Saint Felix de Topoc[uen, under Father Manuel de Preixana. The Indians of this Mission are from the Caril) tribe, a few are baptized, it commenced under Father Manuel de Preisana in the year seventeen sixty-seven. Baptized, 56 ; married by the Church, ; deaths, 5 ; existing, 110. 2(")S -]. Mission nftlie C'uinana. uinkr Father TUiena A'entura de .Santa Coloniu. Tlic Indians of this Mission are from the Carib tribe, a few are baptized ; it was founded in the year seventeen seventy- seven. Bai)tized, 47; married by the C'liurch, ; deaths, 5; existing, lOG. •22. \'ilhige of Upata and San Antonio — all Spaniards; its President, Father Pedro Martin de Hibas. This village was commenced to be founded at the expense of the Reverend Community, in the year seventeen hundred and sixty-two, with ten Spanish families. Baptized, btJ ; mar- ried by the Church, 23; deaths, 20; existing, 152. Note. — About the latter j)art of last year the fortress of Hii)oqui was commenced with six officers and an officer Cadet of the troop, by allowance of the Commander General, Don Manuel Centurion, with six swivel-guns, balls, powder, and military armaments, said community paying for the provis- ions of beef and casave for the vessel. Two Reverend Fathers were .sent to })roinote the success of said expedition, they planted the cross and began the Mission, at the mouth of La Parana. Said Castle of Hipiqui remains as a constituted Spanish village by the pleasure of His Majesty, and the ap- proval of the Commander General, with some expenses to the Reverend community. Said village is called Barceloneta. Now it consists of twelve Spanish families (with a few Indians) freely supplied with transportation and other expenses by the .same Commander, showing his earnest desire to give ample ))oi)ulation to these lands, and conquer souls for tiie Lord and vassals for our King. At the same time three other Missions have been commenced, under the names of Guri, Aripuana, on the banks of the Caroni river, anati, on the bank of the Parana river. The Reverend Missioners are no more nor less than twenty, besides the two above-mentioned in these places. We are daily awaiting the arival from our l*rovince of the eleven Fathers and a nur.se that we have requested for the 2(i9 past few years, with the approval of the Commander General of this Province. Total — Baptized, 10,360; married, 1,754; deaths, 4,842; existing, 6,24G. The Indians from the tribes, whose reduction we are still wanting, and that we discover every day, are as follows : Macerouis Caribs, Guaicas, Guapisanas, Paravaxauas, Arivas, Machuacanes, Taramas, Gumaripas, Paramyanas, Tuyanas, Hipuragotos, Aturayas, Cumixis, Papavenas, Camaragotos, Quiriquiripas, Hiiiaus, Cucuipcotos, Arianas. In testimony whereof I give the present letters signed by me and sealed with the grand seal of our office, countersigned by our Secretary, in this Mission of the Immaculate Concep- tion of Caroni, on the twelfth day of September, in the year of seventeen hundred and seventy. Fr. Bruno de Barcelona, Prefect. By order of the Most Reverend Father Prefect. Fr. Manuel de Preisana. Secretary to the Missions. It agrees with the original from which we, the undersigned, acting witnesses, in the absence of a Notary Public, and by order of the Commander General of this Province, have taken the present copy, well and faithfully written and corrected, and consisting of six folios, the first on a stamped paper of the fourth class. In testimony whereof we sign tlire present in Guayana, on the eleventh day of November, seventeen hundred and seventy- three. ; Miguel Mexia — [here is a flourish]. Miguel de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. We, Don .Joseph Ventura, Pastor of the Parish Church of this city of Guayana, and Don Andres de Oleaga, Accomptant of the Royal Treasury of the same l)y His Majesty, certify that the two signatures authorizing the preceding document are the same used by Don Miguel Mexia and Don Miguel de Oleaga^ acting witnesses for the Tribunal of the Commander (Jeneral, in the absence of a Notary Public ; that they are faithful,, trustworthy, and possess the conditions required by the laws of this Kingdom, and to the instruments signed by them full and entire credit is given, judicially and extra-judicially. In testimony whereof we sign the present in Guayana, on the elevenih of November, seventeen hundred and seventy-three. Josef Venturas — [here is a flourish]. Andres de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. Number 5. Fr. Cristobal Lendines, the Apostolic Missioner, Attorney General and Paymaster of the holy doctrines and of the Mis- sions of the Immaculate Conception of Piritu, and new con- versions of the Incarnation of Orinoco, Erevato, etc., and dis- crete Fathers of the same, certify for those to whom it may (;oncern that in time, and by direction and request of Don Manuel Centurion, Lieutenant Colonel of the Royal Army of His Majesty, Commander General of tlic up})er and lower < )rinoco and Superintendent of the branch of crusades in the Province of New Guayana, that the following settlements, have been made and improved in the district of this territory lately described by the agreement entered into in the city of Santo Thome of the old Guayana, as follows : Bueaa Vista. — This settlement by said Don Manuel Centu- rion with two hundred souls, more or less, from the Guarauna tribe that he ordered to be brought from the Anegadizos^ (flooded places) and mouths of Orinoco. Santa leresa de OrocopicJte. — This settlement was composed of fifty Indians, Cumanagotes and Palenques, from the neigh- borhood of Angostura of Orinoco, and has formally increased to over two hundred souls, Alaverianos and Guaraunos, that under directions and proper steps of said Centurion left the woods and were placed in this settlement where they are es- tablished. 271 San Carlos and Sa)i Pedro de Alcantara of Caura. — This set- tlement was founded b}^ said Commander General with one hundred and forty souls from the Vivas and Pandacotos tribes,. under the direction and solicitude of the same ; they were brought from the forests of the high Caura (river) to live a Christian and social life at the mouth of said Caura river and the Orinoco. Nuestro Padre San Francisco del Tniquiri. — This settlement was founded by said Don Manuel Centurion, with over two hundred souls of the Pandacotos tribe, who, under his direc- tion and solicitude, were induced to inhabit that place, as a necessary scale (station) to the navigation of the Caura river.. San Luis del Crevato. — This settlement was founded by the same gentleman, with over two hundred souls of the Pandacota tribe, brought from the mountains to inhabit at the mouth of the Erevato, where a small fort was established with artillery and troops, for the protection of the Missioners and new re- ductions of Indians. San Vicente del Erevato. — This settlement was founded like- wise by the same Centurion, with over two hundred souls from the Inaos and Guayucomos tribes, who, at his solicitude and direction, left the woods and came to live on the banks of the Erevato, where there is a scale necessary for the navigation of said river, and for the land communication with the high Orinoco. The Immaculate Conception of Caura. — This settlement was founded by said Commander General with over two hundred souls of the Paraventis tribe, that he induced to quit the woods and reside at the margin of Caura, opposite the mouths of the Erevato river, and is a necessary scale for tl^e communication of all these settlements with the capital of Guayana. San Rafael de Guaipa. — This settlement was likewise founded by the said Centurion, with one hundred and nine souls from the Quiric|uiripas tribe, who, at his solicitation, left the forest to inhabit at the said place, a point of scale for the land trav- ellers of the capital of Erevato, where a road has been opened and continues under the orders of the same Centurion until it reaches the Esmeralda on the high Orinoco. •27-2 We likewise' certify tliat besides the above settlements in the district and territory mentioned, under the support, direction, and solicitude of said Don Manuel Centurion, the village of Borbon by Don Josef Francisco de Espinosa, with thirty Creole Spanish families and a few Indians, have been improved and hel|)ed,that of the city of the Real Corona with Spaniards, the settlement of Tapaquiri and >h)no mountain with Indians vol- untarily established within the jurisdiction and government of said Centurion ; that he has besides rendered assistance to the Prelate with vessels and men whenever he has requested them for the ordinary visits, and to meet the wants of many Missionaries whose health and expenses were not possible on the part of the lioly community, on account of the notorious pov- erty of the lieverend Fathers, who have accompanied the ex- pedition, and the visits made and intended to the Erevato river and the Parime lake or El Dorado, soliciting at the same time the means of rendering the spiritual comforts to the vas- sals of His Majesty residing at the high Orinoco and Rio Negro, destitute and abandoned by the ministers of the Gospel. For this purpose and the comfort of the troop guarding the fort of our Father San Francisco in the old CJuyana, he applied and prayed this holy community to assign, as indeed it was done, the necessary Missionaries to take care of their consciences and do their duty, in regard to the annual precepts of our Holy Mother Church, with everything conducive to their spiritual comfort. In testimony whereof we give the i)resent certificate, signed and sealed with the grand seal of this holy community, in the city of Real Corona, on the twentieth day of August, in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-three. Fr. Cristobal Lexdines, Apostolic Commissioner. Fr. Francisco Sanz, Discrete. Fr. Miguel Gutierez, Discrete. Fr. Gregorio Marze, Discrete. Fr. Josef Araujo and Feijoo, Discrete — [here is a seal]. 273 It agrees with its original, from which the undersigned acting witnesses, for want of a Notary Public, in virtue of a verbal order of his Honor, the Commander General of this Province, have draw^n this copy, well and faithfully written and corrected, in three folios, the first of them on stamped paper of the fourth class ; and we sign the present certificate in Guayana, on the eleventh of November, seventeen hundred and seventy-three. Miguel AIexia — [here is a flourish], Miguel de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. We, Don .Josef Ventura, Pastor of the Parish Church of this city of Guayana, and Don Andres de Oleaga, Accomptant of the Royal Treasury of the same lor His Majesty, certify that the two foregoing signatures, authenticating the preceding document, are the same used by Don Miguel Mexia and Don ]\Iiguel de Oleaga, acting witnesses, lor want of a Notary Public in the Tribunal of the Commander General; they are faithful, trustworthy, and qualified according to the laws of these King- doms, and that all the instruments executed before them are given full faith and credit, judicially and extra-judicially. In testimony whereof we sign the present in Guayana, on the eleventh of November, seventeen hundred and seventy- three. Josef Ventura — [here is a flourish]. Andres de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. Number 6. Certificate which, at the request of the Lieutenant Colonel Don Manuel Centurion Guerrero y Torres, Governor of the Province of Guayana, and Commander General of Orinoco, Rio Negro, and annexes, is given by the Reverend Capuchin Father Missioners, Fr. Josef Antonio de Xerez de los Caba- leros and Fr. Miguel de Nerja, the former Prefect of the new Missions of the high Orinoco and Rio Negro, and the latter accompanying Justice of the said Missions, both sons of the Capuchin Province of Andalusia. Vol. IL Ven.— 18 274 Sik: In your })revious (favor) your Excellency directs us to give the present certificate of youi- acts in tlie>c Provinces in your charge, (h;iin^ youi- ( iovcrnmcnt time, commencing <lies and help to said natives nnd to tlie inliabit- ants b}' means of the new road opened to the extent of over three hnndred leagues from the Esmeralda to the capital of Guayana, counting already over seven hundred Indians in some of the above-mentioned twenty settlements, conhrming the truth of what I heard some time before from the Chief of squadron Don Joseph de Iturriaga (whom as Avell as the other Chiefs of the Royal expedition of boundaries I have the honor to accompany and serve, during their permanence in Orinoco, where I have served for sixteen years, and in the Province of A^enezuela and in Caracas for ten, making in all twenty-six years that I have served in the ministration of the Holy Gospel as Missionary in these Provinces). Senor Iturriaga said that only the Esmeralda and Guayana were to have land communication, as your Honor has made it true, and that he could not do, considering the immense woi'k necessary. Plere is the end of what we can demonstrate, as we have seen Avhat your Honor has accomplished and Avhat your gov- ernment has improved and reformed, but we can never suffi- ciently praise your Honor and applaud your zeal, efficiency, and good conduct — quia magnorum non est, laiis sed adniiratio dixo doda, as the prince of philosophers said. In testimony whereof, and for whom it may concern, we sign the present at Maruanta on the fifteenth of December, seventeen hundred and seventy-two. May your Honor prosper for many years and the Lord pro- tect your valuable life are the vows of your obedient and loving servants and Chaplains. Fr. Josef Antonio de Xerez. Fr. Miguel de Nerja. It agrees with the original, from where the undersigned, act- ing witnesses, for want of a Notary Public, and in virtue of a verbal order of His Honor, the Commander General of this Province of Guavana, lias been taken well and faithfullv, 279 t written and corrected, in six folios, the first of wliicli is on stamped paper of the fourth cLass. In testimony whereof we sign the present in Guayana, on the eleventii of November, seventeen hundred and seventy-thi-ee. Miguel Mexia — [here is a flourish]. Miguel Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. We, Don Josef Ventura, Pastor of the Parish Church of this Citv of Guayana, and Don Andres de Oleaga, Accoraptant of the Royal Treasury of His Majesty, certify that the two signatures authorizing the preceding document are the same used by Don Miguel Mexia and Don Miguel de Oleaga, witnesses with whom, for want of a Notary Public, the Tri- bunal of the Commander General is acting ; that they are faithful, trustworthy, and qualified, according to the laws of these Kingdoms, and therefore to all the instruments signed by them full faith and credit is given judicially and extra- judicially. In testimony whereof we sign the present certificate in Guay- ana, on the eleventh of November of seventeen hundred and seventy-three. Josef Ventura — [here is a flourish]. Andres de Oleaga — [here is a flourish]. Number 7 — \_Copii]. Bv direction of the Governor and Captain General of Ven- ezuela, Don Josef Solano, I have received the representation addressed by your Honor, on the thirtieth of last January, reporting the first results of the expedition sent, in the year of seventeen hundred and seventy-two, in charge of Don Apolinar Diez de la Fuente, and the supplies and the other measures taken by your Honor to facilitate the accomplishment of this project, I have brought the subject to the notice of His Ma- jesty, informing him of the progress of the same officer, who 280 does not seem to lall short of liis promises, and that it is de- sirable to encourage the accum{)lishment of his commission Ijy all j>ossible means. The King has decided to instruct Don Josef Solano to do on his part, in accordance with your Honor, what may be found proper to carry out the settlement of La E-meralda and the breeding of cattle that your Honor proposes as necessary ibr the subsistence of those inhal)itants. His Majesty finds praiseworthy the zeal and measures of your Honor on this subject, and expects tliat \<>u will continue with the same activitv and will encourage the above-men- tioned Don Apolinar and the Lieutenant Don Francisco Fer- nandez Bobadilla and the Prelect of the Missions to proceed, in accord and in good spirits, to the realization of that impor- tant measure. Tn order to render hi? assistance, especially to the founda- tion and establishment of the cattle farm, His Majesty has decided to furnish from the Treasury' of Cumana six thousand dollars for once, in consideration of what your Honor {)roi)Oses as necessary. On this same date the corresponding order has been addressed to the Governor and Royal officers of that city, placing said sum to the order of Don Josef Solano, so that he may collect it and send it to that Province. His Majesty will be informed of tiie result of the cocoa samples already received, as an experiment. antegui, Secretary — [here is a flourish]. 281 Certificate of the Royal Acconiptant of the Treasury. Number 8. Don Andres de Oleaga, Accomptant of tlie Royal Treasury of this City and Province of Guayana for His Majesty, certify ill due form that Don Manuel Centurion Guerrero de Torres, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Royal Army of His ]\Iajesty, Gov- ernor and Commander General of this Province, has paid for the foundation of the vilhige and cattle estate of Esmeralda, on the upper Orinoco, and has besides commenced twenty In- dian settlements on the straight road from said vilhige to this capital, to avoid the long turn of the river, and secure the possession of the land and the reduction of the wild Indians Sj>read throughout that territory, at a cost of six thousand dollars, furnished by His Majesty's orders on the Cumana Tre.isury, for that purpose, and besides five thousand four hundred and eighty-three dollars, five reals and two and three- quiirter maravedis, paid by the Treasury of my charge, out of the forty thousand dollars (rather more than less), that has been received by the Royal Treasury, since the time of my man- agement to the present date. From that amount the cost of the expedition undertaken to reach the Parime has been paid. And besides what has been mentioned in this certificate I have to add that said Governor and Commander General has founded, without any cost to the Royal Treasury in his time, eighteen settlements, of which six are called Sama, Santa Barbara, Tuamini, San Gabriel, San Francisco Solano, and Santa Gertrudes, and in the territory of the high Orinoco and Rio Xegro ; those named Barceloneta, Maruanta, and Pana- Dana, within the Mission of the Catalan Capuchin Fathers ; Buena Vista, Orocopiche, Guaipa, La Conception, San Luis, San Vicente, San Francisco and San Carlos, under the Fran- ■ciscan Observant Father ^Missionaries of Orinoco, and the village of Caicara, which w'as before under the Jesuits. These important establishments he has secured, out of the taxes and revenues belonging to his Honor as Governor, through his constant diligence and labor to secure the greatest improvement of this extensive Province. 282 At the verbal request of saiopulation of that Province, with the expression of the increase ol' tiie same since the year seventeen liundred and sixty-four, in which the old Guayana was transferred to the present site of la Angostura, up to the seventy; because I fully discover vour indefatiiiable zeal and oood conduct, worthv of the recog- nition of the. King, and of his Royal trust for otlier important charges of the Royal service. May the Lord keep your Honor's life for many years. Caracas, the (iiirty-fii'st of January, of seventeen hundred ■•iiid seventy-one. Don Jusef Solano. Sefioi- Don Miinuel ('enturion. It is a coj-y of the original in the Archives of the Secretary of the Commander General of Orinoco and Guayana, of which I certify. City of Guayana, on the Uth of November, of 1773. Francisco de Amantegui, Secretary — [here is a flourish]. 285 [Copij.] In Caracas, on the fir^^t of Fel)ruarv of seventeen hundreff and seventy-one — My Esteemed Friend and Sir: I have received your Honor's two favors of the twenty-seventh of November, and of the thirty-first of December and thirteenth of January, with tlie official despatches, accompanying the same, the statement of the po[)uh\tion of that Province, and that of the review of the troops, fortifications and stores, but I can not reply to any more than what comes at once. I will support not only that new Province, but likewise its active and zealous founder, and everywhere I will be an efficient agent of your Honor, as pos- sessing the best and fundamental principles of humanity and Christian policy. I liave supported your Honor with the ex- perience I have, and to-day we have the satisfaction to see the progress eff"ected in the population and reduction of the Indians to my great pleasure, although regretting to observe how much more would have been accomplished it this great and useful work had not met with so many obstacles and the conten- tion of so many powerful rivals, besides the scarcity of means. I am glad oi the good effect of my ideas, and still more so of tiie useful application you have given them for the benefit of tlie state and welfare of those vassals. I repeat to your Honor my true and sincere friendship, with my desire to see you soon rewarded and well attended, and that you bear in mind that I am and will be fully yours. Solano. Seiior Don Manuel Centurion. It is a copy from its original existing in the hands of the- Commander General and Governor of this Province, to which I refer. City of Guayana, on the eleventh day of November, seven- teen hundred and seventy-three. Francisco de Amantegui, Secretary — [here is a fiourish]. 2SG [Cojnj.] I have examined tlie statement of the pojuilation oftliat Province, enclosed in vour letter of the thirtv-tirst of Decem- ber of 1769, and I see and understand the improvements of that country u}) to that date, which I have no doubt your Honor will endeavor to continue in future, as liecomes your zeal for the service of the King. May the Lord keep your Honor's life for many years. Santa Fe, February tlie 2od, 1771. The BaiHtf, Fr. Don Pedro Mesia de la Cerda. Senor Don Manuel Centurion. It is a copy from the original in the Archives of the Secre- tary of the Commander General of Orinoco and Guayana, to which I refer. City of Guayana, November 11th. 1773. Francisco de Amantegui, Secretarv. [Copy.] By the plan and copies that your Honor encloses in the let- ter of the third of November last, I have understood more clearly the state of that Province ot Guayana and the progress of its Missions, t!ie situation of the Hollanders. French, and Portuguese surrounding it, and the news that had lately been acquired of the entr;ince of these parties into the Parime hike, far in the interior of our dominions. This boldness it is indispensable to stop, and your Honoi' will kvo\) on the look- out for this pur})OS(', in)})roving all the necessary means, with- out excluding force, that you will tind available, under the understanding that 1 can not at javsent concur with any money, which will Ije the chief thing that your Honor may want to take his .steps. In another letter of this date I have exjjressed the same thing to your Honor, whom may tlie Ford keeji under his guard for many years. Santa Fe, March tlie seventh, .seventeen hundred and sev- enty-one. The Bailiff, Fr. Dox Pedro Mesia de la Cerda. Senor Don Manuel Centurion. 287 It is a copy from the ori<;inal, written by the Most Excellent Viceroy of this Kingdom to the Commander General of Ori- noco and Guayana, to which I refer. City of Guayana, November 11th, 1773. Francisco de Amantegui, Secretary — [here is a flourish]. [Copy.'] The Most Excellent Viceroy has been informed by the letter of your Honor of the thirtieth of last November and the co]>3' of instructions accompanying the s:ime, lor the direction of the expedition under the command of the Lieutenant of Artillery, Don Nicolas Martinez, of the departure of the same with the jiurpose of taking possession of the El Dorado moun- tain, and that your Honor did everything possible, notwith- standing the want of sup{)lies for this and other enterprises requiring them, so as not to miss the opp)ortunity presented by tiie concurrence of the Indian Captain of the Parime lake to accompany and. lead said expedition placing His Majesty in })ofsession of said mountain. Your measures have met with the superior approbation of His Excellency, and he commands me to inform your Honor of the circumstance, adding at the same time that while acknowledging the importance of similar acquisitions it is very painful to him to find himself unable to contribute, on his part, as he would willingly do, with his share for the success of such vast ideas for the love of the King, relying on your noto- rious zeal. This Kingdom has no funds, and it is in poor con- dition so as to be unable tn meet the ordinaiy exigencies of the service, and may be weakened in taking up the Royal orders ibr extraordinary expenses, bringing about the actual pressure in which the Treasury is ibund at present to the ex- tent of not meeting the payment of the salary of his Excel- lency, who has not received one single real since July of last year. Governors and Ministers Iiave been instructed to reduce tlieir salaries, besides other economical measures dictated as a remedy for so seri(jus an evil. 288 UiKler these circumstances, and well aware of those sur- mnnding 3'onr Tlonor, his Excelleiicv expects y<»u not to feel discouraged and contrive tiie be.-t means to continue those conquests, until his Excellency may lacilitate tlie means that he contemplates to raise funds for the same purpose. Yonr Honor aims at tlie same object with an ar(h'nt zeal ti'uly worthy, in justice, of the acknowleilgniunt and kindness of the King. Ilis Excellency will contribute to the same, fully satis- fied of the wisdom of the operations of your Honor, whose life may the Lord preserve for many years. Santa Fe, June 11th, 1773. Pedko Ureta. Senor Don Manuel Centurion. It is a copy from the original in the Archives of the Secre- tary of the Commander (leneral of Orinoco and (niaj^ana, of which I certify, in Guayana, on the 11th of Xovember, 1773. Feaxcisco I)K Amaxtegui, Secretary, [here is a flourish.] The above copies agree with the original documents exist- in the General Archives of the Indies in Stand 131 — Case "2 — Docket 18. Seville, February 20th, 1891. The Chief of Arcliives. Carlos Jimexez Placek — [liere is a flourish]. [seal.] — General Archives of the Indies. The undersigned. Consul General of Venezuela in Spain,, certifies to the authenticity of the signature of Don Carlos Jimenez Placer, Chief of the General Archives of the Indies- Madrid, March 5th, 1891. 1'. FORTOULT HURTADO. 289 The undersigned, Ministur of Foreign xVllairs ol' the United States of Venezuela, certities to the authentieity of tlie signa- ture of Seiior Pedro Fortoult Ilurtado, Consul General of Vene- zuela in Spain at the 2)reeeding date. Caracas, March Otli, 1896. P. EzEQUiEL R6jas. [sKAL.] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Vol. ir, Yen. — 19 200 No, XV. Stand l.n. — Case V. — Dockci 17. Oknekal Ahciiivks ok TiiK Indiks. — (Sevim.k.) 1774—1785. Answers ofthe Attorney for the Conncil on Hk' proceed iiij-s in rejjard t() tin' el aim ol" the l\Iinisl<'r ot Holland, al>ont th<^ <'ony tlie Minister of Holland, leading- to the belief that, after having been better informed, tlie Republic realizes the want of justice for the claim made and has already desisted. It is true that the united papers with the above-mentioned memorial, and particularly the representation of the Governor of Guayana, Don Manuel Centurion, not only show the want of foundation for the complaint of the vassals of Holland, but likewise that it should be very desirable to increase, on our part, the precautions that he contemplated in those countries, as very important to the State ; but as there is already such a long time past, circumstances must have changed, and we can not enter in the examination of the same, without more reason and new reports of the present situation of things in those countries. 3fessieurs Casafonda — Areche — Huerta. Taking all things into consideration, it seems that what we must do now is, to await the suggestive development of cir- cumstances, showing the course to be adopted ; in that case the Attorney should be consulted to report what he may find proper. The Council may agree and adopt this report. Madrid, May the 27th, 1785 — [here is a flourish]. Council of June the 4th, 1785 — Chamber 1st. — As reported by the Attorney — [here is a flourish]. This copy agrees Avith the original document, existing in the General Archives of the Indies, in the Stand 131 — Case 7 — Docket 17— Seville, the 9tli of December, 1890. The Chief of the Archives. Carlos Jimenez Placer — [here is a flourish]. [seat,.] — General Archives of the Indies. 294 TIk' iiiKlorsigiied, Consul Genouil of Venezuela in Spain, certities to the authenticity of the sionatnre of Don Curios .Jimenez Placer, Chief of tlw (ieneral Archives of the Indies. Ma(lri