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1 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ITS CONJUGATION AND IDIOMATIC USE, 
 
 rs 
 
 BY 
 
 C. F. MARTIN 
 
 FIRST LIEUTENANT FIFTH UNITED STATES CAVALRY 
 
 INSTRUCTOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, UNITED 
 
 STATES MILITARY ACADEMY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 s£dLlFORN)^ 
 
 NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
AT. ,^#^ 
 
 A^' 
 
 Copyright, 1910, by 
 C. F. MARTIN. 
 
 Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB. 
 
OF THE \ 
 
 UNIVERSITY )) 
 
 OF J 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The object of this work is to show the complete conjugations of all French 
 verbs and to illustrate their idiomatic use. 
 
 The idea of the author is that when a student learns to conjugate a verb, he 
 should also learn how to use it. It is as necessary to know what preposition, 
 if any, follows a verb before an infinitive as it is to know the gender of a noun. 
 It is also necessary to know how to form a sentence with the verb. 
 
 The arrangement of the book is based on the system used at the United States 
 Military Academy, where the object is to impart a thorough working knowledge 
 of the French language in the most practical way and in the shortest time possible. 
 
 The verb is to a language what the steel frame is to a building. Hence at 
 the Military Academy the Verb Book is a companion to the Grammar and the 
 Reader. 
 
 As soon as the cadet acquires a knowledge of the rules of pronunciation and 
 has begun the study of the grammar, he is set to learning each day to conjugate 
 in full at least one verb. He is taken step by step through the auxiliary verbs, 
 the regular verbs (models), the verbs having orthographical peculiarities, the 
 reflexive, the impersonal, the irregular verbs, and the defective verbs. When he 
 has gone through the Verb Book, he starts over again at the beginning. So 
 throughout the course of nine months he has to be prepared each day to write 
 a verb in full on the blackboard. The results attained have proved the wisdom 
 of the plan. The secret of successful instruction lies in the arrangement and the 
 method of presentation of the subject. In this book the arrangement is one 
 for practical results, and the following distinguishing points may be noted : 
 
 1. Conjugation at the beginning of the constantly used verbs avoir, etre, faire, 
 
 and aller. 
 
 2. Information with each verb conjugated in the text as to the use of preposi- 
 
 tions (if any) before infinitives. 
 
 3. Examples illustrating the use of each verb conjugated, and others like it. 
 
 4. Arrangement of verbs in the order of their importance, and not alphabeti- 
 
 cally. Thus, in the irregular verbs, the third conjugation is placed first ; 
 and vouloir and pouvoir precede asseoir and mouvoir. 
 
 5 . Verb lists, showing verbs requiring a before an infinitive, those requiring de, 
 
 those requiring no preposition, and those requiring sometimes i and 
 sometimes de. 
 
 193936 
 
4 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Questions in English to be translated by the student. The answers to the 
 questions are so arranged as to cause the student to make use of the verb 
 faire and the pronouns employed to abbreviate responses. 
 
 These verbs are intended to be given out to the student two or three at a 
 time (particularly on the review), as a daily drill on the use of verbs with 
 following infinitives. The exercises on these verbs are to be used in 
 addition to the daily verb, which is to be conjugated throughout. 
 
 6. A list (No. 5) of verbs used reflexively in French and not in English. 
 
 The questions and answers connected with these verbs are combined with the 
 use of the past tenses — another difficulty for beginners. 
 
 The list is meant to be used similarly to lists i to 5. 
 
 Constant practice in using the verbs in idiomatic sentence construction is 
 indispensable to the acquirement of ease in speaking and writing the 
 language. 
 
 7. A Verb Dictionary, to be used for reference, showing the idiomatic use of 
 
 all verbs offering peculiarities or difficulties to students. 
 This list shows the conjugation to which the verb belongs, its auxiliary, the 
 
 prepositions used with it, the proverbs or axioms formed with it — in short, 
 
 its use in full, illustrated by examples in French and English where deemed 
 
 necessary. 
 It is believed that this dictionary will meet a practical need. 
 
 8. Throughout the book are given hints and suggestions which have been found 
 
 in daily class-room work to be most helpful to beginners. 
 
 To Professor E. E. Wood, Department of Modern Languages, U. S. M. A., 
 I desire to offer my acknowledgments and sincere thanks, as a critic to whom 
 the merit of the book is most largely due. To him are due the suggestions as 
 to the formation of the verb and the use of the tenses, and the ehmination of 
 everything that would tend to confuse a beginner. 
 
 That my work has throughout profited by his advice and criticism is to me 
 a source of deep gratitude. 
 
 I wish also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Monsieur A. Marin Lamesl^e, 
 Civilian Instructor, U. S. M. A., for valuable criticism and assistance in connection 
 with the Verb Dictionary. 
 
 My acknowledgments and thanks are due to Captain Arthur Thayer, 3d U. S. 
 Cavalry, and to M. Georges Castegnier, U. S. M. A., West Point, N. Y. 
 
 CHARLES F. MARTIN. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I. FRENCH VERBS 
 
 French verbs, like English verbs, are classified as transitive and intransitive, 
 passive, reflexive or pronominal, and impersonal verbs. 
 
 Transitive verbs in French are called active verbs {verbes actifs) . 
 
 Intransitive verbs are called neuter verbs {verbes neutres). 
 
 Passive verbs in French do not differ from passive verbs in English, except 
 that they are not so much used. 
 
 A reflexive verb (often called pronominal verb) is one in which one of the 
 objects of the verb (either direct or indirect) is the same person or thing as the 
 subject of the verb. A reflexive verb in English is the same, and there is no 
 difference between the two languages, except that the reflexive is used more in 
 French, and that its auxiliary is etre (to be) instead of avoir {to have). 
 
 The impersonal verb in French is practically the same as the impersonal verb 
 in English. 
 
 In English we have several auxiliary verbs, such as to have, to be, may, can, 
 must, ought, etc. In French there are practically only two, avoir, to have, and 
 Itre, to be, which are used as the corresponding two verbs are in English to form 
 compound tenses and to form the passive. The manner of expressing in French 
 the meaning of the English auxiliaries other than to have and to be will be 
 explained later. 
 
 2. MOOD 
 
 The following remarks on the use and formation of the moods and tenses will 
 be found to be of assistance. They should be carefully read over in connection 
 with the conjugation of avoir and other verbs. 
 
 3. THE FRENCH INFINITIVE 
 
 In French, as in English, the infinitive {V infinitif) is the verb used as a noun. 
 
 In French, however, the infinitive is a single word, whereas in English the 
 infinitive is usually preceded by the word to as its sign. In French the sign or 
 mark of the infinitive is written at the end of the infinitive and making with it 
 one word. This is also done in English in the case of what is known as the 
 infinitive in ing. 
 
 5 
 
6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In French there is but one form of the infinitive ; in English there are two : 
 To march is difficult. Marching is difficult. 
 
 To march in French is marcher ; er is the ending and sign of the infinitive 
 marcher, of which march is the stem. 
 
 If we may imagine the to in the infinitive to march to be converted into ing 
 and added after march, we get the second form of the English infinitive, march- 
 ing. The ing is therefore the sign of the English " infinitive in /«^," as it is called. 
 
 The infinitive in ing corresponds in construction more nearly than the infinitive 
 with to to the French infinitive. 
 
 Marcher (French) 1 _ ^. i^ Marcher est difficile. 
 
 1- 
 
 March/;/^ (English) J March/;?^ is difficult. 
 
 If we keep in mind the English infinitive in ing, it will aid materially in under- 
 standing infinitive constructions in French. 
 
 The student should rid himself entirely of the idea that the French infinitive 
 includes or implies to, and should know that it is a single word — nothing else. 
 This will help us to see that the French preposition for to or at (which is a) when 
 used before the infinitive is not a sign of the infinitive, but a true preposition. 
 
 Aidez-moi a faire cela. Help me in doing that = help me to do that. 
 
 4. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 
 
 The present participle (/<? participe present) corresponds to the EngUsh present 
 participle. It always ends in ant. 
 
 5. THE PAST PARTICIPLE 
 
 The past participle (Je participe passe) corresponds to the English past parti- 
 ciple and is used to form compound tenses. It sometimes changes for gender 
 and number. 
 
 6. THE INDICATIVE MOOD 
 
 1. The indicative mood {P indicatif) corresponds to the English indicative. 
 
 2. The present tense (Je present) in French has but one form, and translates 
 the English three forms, — the absolute, the emphatic, and the progressive : . 
 / speak, I do speak, I am speaking. In French there is only the single form, 
 je parle, to translate the above three forms. 
 
 3. The imperfect tense {I'imparfait) is equivalent to the English progressive 
 imperfect, and also indicates repeated or customary action : je parlais means 
 / was speaking or / used to speak. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 4. The past definite or preterit {le passe defini) answers the question what 
 happened or what took place at a certain past time. 
 
 5. The future tense (/<? futur) is formed in French without an auxiHary, and 
 corresponds in use to the English future. 
 
 7. THE CONDITIONAL MOOD 
 
 The conditional mood {le conditionnel) corresponds to the English expression 
 I should speaky he would speak, if somethmg occurred. I should speak, he would 
 speak, would be in the conditional mood in French. / should speak, etc., as 
 given above, is by some called the conditional mood in English. In French it is 
 formed without an auxiliary. 
 
 8. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 The subjunctive mood {le subjonclif) is used much more frequently in French 
 than in English, although the general principles governing its use are very nearly 
 the same in both languages. As in EngUsh, it is never used except in a depend- 
 ent clause, though the principal clause may sometimes be understood and not 
 expressed. Being always in a dependent clause, it is always preceded by some 
 conjunction or relative pronoun. As the conjunction most frequently used for 
 this purpose is que, that, the subjunctive forms in the table giving the conjugation 
 of a verb are always preceded by que. 
 
 The use of the tenses of the subjunctive will be explained later. 
 
 9. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 The French imperative proper {Vimperatif) is used to express a command 
 or entreaty ; this command or entreaty can be made either to the person spoken 
 to or to the person speaking himself. As the French still use thee and thou as well 
 as you, there are two forms for the second person ; e.g. parle, speak {thou), and 
 parlez, speak {you) . In the first person the plural form is used ; e.g. parlons, which 
 may mean either let us speak or let me speak. In English the third persons of 
 the imperative are expressed by the use of the verb let in combination with the 
 verb expressing the action to be performed ; e.g. let him speak, let them speak, 
 etc. In French for this purpose the third persons of the present subjunctive are 
 used ; e.g. qu'il parle, qu'ils patient ; literally, that he may speak, that they may 
 speak. A principal clause meaning I wish or / command is here understoocl, so 
 that the entire meaning would be / wish or command that he or they speak. This 
 is equivalent in meaning to the English let him or them speak. 
 
8 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In the conjugation of the verb the imperative proper is written first and the 
 third persons next : 
 
 parle, speak (thou) . 
 parlons, let us or me speak. . 
 parlez, speak (you) . 
 
 qu'il parle, let him speak. 
 qu'ils parlent, let them speak. 
 
 10. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF VERBS 
 
 1. The infinitive always ends in er, ir, oir, or re ; e.g. parler, finir, avoir, etre. 
 As these endings are the sign of the infinitive, French verbs are classified in 
 conjugation according to these endings. Consequently there are four conjuga- 
 tions, called respectively ist, 2d, 3d, and 4th. A verb of the ist conjugation has 
 its infinitive ending in er ; the 2d in ir ; the 3d in oir ; the 4th in re. 
 
 2. As already stated, the present participle always ends in ant, whereas the 
 English present participle has the invariable ending ing. 
 
 3. The past participle ends in 6, i, u, u, with the exception of a few irregular 
 participles. 
 
 II. ENDINGS OF THE INDICATIVE 
 
 Present Tense. — The 2d person singular {thou) ends in s, and this 
 is also the ending of the 2d person singular in all moods and tenses except 
 the 2d person singular of the imperative. The 2d person plural {you) always 
 ends in ez, the ist person plural {we) in ons, and the 3d person plural in nt. 
 These endings for these persons are also used in all moods and tenses, except in 
 the past definite, where mes and tes are used in place of ons and ez. Also in 
 three verbs (etre, faire, dire) in the present indicative tes is used for the 2d 
 person in place of ez. 
 
 Imperfect Tense. — The endings ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient are the endings 
 of the imperfect tense for all verbs without exception. 
 
 Past Definite. — The ending of the three persons plural are mes, tes, rent. 
 This is true for all verbs. 
 
 Future Tense. — The endings are rai, ras, ra, rons, rez, ront. This is true 
 of all verbs. An explanation of the formation of the future will be given later. 
 
 12. ENDINGS OF THE CONDITIONAL 
 
 Notice that the endings are rais, rais, rait, rions, riez, raient. This is true 
 of all verbs. It may aid the student if he notices that these terminations are the 
 same as those of the imperfect indicative preceded by the letter r. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 9 
 
 13. ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE 
 
 With very few exceptions, the 2d person plural {you) and the ist person 
 plural or singular are obtained by dropping the pronouns vous and nous in the 
 corresponding persons of the present indicative. 
 
 14. ENDINGS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 The formation of the present subjunctive will be explained later. 
 The imperfect subjunctive can be obtained from the past definite by changing 
 the ending s or i of the ist person singular into sse, sses, t, ssions, ssiez, ssent. 
 
 15. COMPOUND TENSES 
 
 The compound tenses are formed in French as in English by placing the 
 past participle after the auxiliary avoir or etre. 
 
 16. PAST INDEFINITE 
 
 The past indefinite {passe indefini) is used in French not only to express 
 what is usually expressed by the perfect in English, but also to express a simple 
 past. In English this tense, as / have seen, is used with expressions such as 
 to-day, this week, etc., where the time includes the present moment, but not with 
 expressions of time entirely past, such as yesterday, last week, etc. But with 
 events that occurred in time comparatively recent, such as are generally referred 
 to in conversation, the French make no such distinction as in English. So the 
 compound tense j'ai marche may be translated either by / have marcJied or by 
 / marched. 
 
 In speaking of events that occurred in time comparatively recent, this tense 
 is almost exclusively used in place of the past definite, and hence is sometimes 
 called the conversational tense. The past definite is generally used in narration, 
 and hence is sometimes called the historical tense. 
 
 For the above reasons the past indefinite is translated by both the simple and 
 the compound past tenses; as j'ai march! = I marched, I have marched. 
 
 As this tense is used so much in French, the student should form the habit 
 from the beginning of using it in place of the past definite for all events that 
 ^occurred in time comparatively recent, where the imperfect indicative could not 
 be used, reserving the past definite for narration, etc. 
 
 17. PAST or COMPOUND CONDITIONAL I 
 
 The past conditional has two forms : one the ordinary or natural form, the 
 other formed by taking the form of the pluperfect subjunctive and using it as a 
 
lO THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 compound conditional. For all practical purposes these two forms mean the 
 same thing, and can be used one for the other. 
 
 The fact that there are two forms to express the same thing need not be con- 
 fusing, since we have in English similar cases, as in If I had ox If 1 should have. 
 
 i8. VERBS REQUIRING DE OR A BEFORE AN INFINITIVE DEPENDING 
 
 UPON THEM 
 
 Whenever an infinitive follows a verb in French and depends upon it, the 
 verb preceding the infinitive frequently requires either de or a before this infini- 
 tive. As the EngHsh construction generally does not suggest what should be 
 used in French, every verb conjugated in the text is given with the de or a 
 required before the infinitive, or the information is given when the verb does not 
 take either de or a. 
 
 It is well to remember that whenever in English in order to is either expressed 
 Yt or understood before an infinitive, the preposition pour {in order to) must always 
 be used in French. 
 
 19. Note, in the conjugation of avoir and the first few verbs following, that 
 the compound tenses are arranged symmetrically opposite the corresponding 
 simple tenses, each compound tense being made up of the past participle of the 
 verb and of the corresponding simple tense of the auxiliary. This arrangement 
 applies to all French verbs, and the names of the compound tenses correspond- 
 ing to the simple tenses are the same in all verbs. 
 
 The French names of the tenses are : 
 Indicative mood — 
 
 Le present (present) ; Vimparfait (imperfect) ; le passe defini (past definite, 
 which corresponds to the English imperfect) ; le futur (future) ; le passe indefini 
 (past indefinite, which corresponds to the EngHsh perfect) ; le plus-que-parfait 
 (pluperfect) ; le passe anterieur (past anterior) ; le futur anterieur (future anterior, 
 which corresponds to the future perfect). 
 
 Conditional — 
 
 Le present (present) ; le passe (past). 
 
 Imperative — 
 
 Le present ou le futur (present or future). 
 
 Subjunctive — 
 
 Le present {^xt.?>^Yi\) ; I' imparf ait (impeifect) ; le passe (imperfect) ; le plus-que- 
 parfait (pluperfect). 
 
 Only the French names of the tenses are given in the paradigms. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 II 
 
 Learn the names of all the tenses, and fix in the mind the compound tenses 
 corresponding to all the simple tenses. 
 
 The past participles of most French verbs vary for gender and number to 
 (jorrespond to the gender and number of a word with which the participle agrees. 
 The two rules governing this agreement will be found on page 109. 
 
 In the conjugations following, the abbreviation m.s. stands for masculine 
 singular; f.s. stands for feminine singular ; m.pl., for masculine plural; and 
 f.pl., for feminine plural. 
 
 Note that the pronoun je, equivalent to / in English, loses the e, which is 
 replaced by an apostrophe, before a vowel or a silent h. J'ai is pronounced as 
 if spelled jai. 
 
 20. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR = TO HAVE 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 Avoir to have 
 
 Participe Present 
 2_^ A^yant having 
 
 Infin itif Passi 
 Avoir eu to have had 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant eu having had 
 
 3 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Eu (w.j.),eue (/.^.)» eus {m.pl.), eues {f.pl.), had 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 TEMPS 
 
 COMPOSES 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 S.T^ 
 
 I have 
 
 S, J'ai eu 
 
 I have had 
 
 "Tuas 
 
 thou hast 
 
 Tu as eu 
 
 thou hast had 
 
 11 a 
 
 he has 
 
 11 aeu 
 
 he has had 
 
 Ellea 
 
 she has 
 
 Elle a eu 
 
 she has had 
 
 On a 
 
 one has, people have 
 
 On aeu 
 
 one has had, people have 
 had 
 
 PI. Nous avons 
 
 we have 
 
 PI, Nous avons eu 
 
 we have had 
 
 Vous avez 
 
 you have 
 
 Vous avez eu 
 
 you have had 
 
 lis ont 
 
 they have 
 
 lis ont eu 
 
 they have had 
 
 Biles ont 
 
 they have 
 
 t- 
 Imparfait 
 
 EUes ont eu 
 
 they have had 
 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 J'ava/s 
 
 I had or I used to have 
 
 J'avais eu 
 
 T had had 
 
 Tu ava/s 
 
 thou hadst or usedst to 
 have 
 
 Tu avals eu 
 
 thou hadst had 
 
 11 ava/f 
 
 he had or used to have 
 
 n avait eu 
 
 he had had 
 
 On ava/Y 
 
 one (people) had or used 
 to have 
 
 On avait eu 
 
 one had had 
 
 Nous ayt'ons 
 
 we had or used to have 
 
 Nous avions eu 
 
 we had had 
 
 Vous av/ez 
 
 you had or used to have 
 
 Vous aviez eu 
 
 you had had 
 
 lis ayaient 
 
 they had or used to have 
 
 lis avaient eu 
 
 they had had 
 
12 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 reus _ 
 Tu eus 
 Ileut 
 On eut 
 Nous efirties 
 Vous elites 
 lis eurent 
 
 J' aura/ 
 Tu auras 
 II aura 
 On aura 
 Nous aurows 
 Vous aurez 
 lis awont 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 I had 
 thou hadst 
 he had 
 one had 
 
 we had 
 you had 
 they had 
 
 FuHtr 
 
 I shall 07' M ill have 
 thou shalt or wilt have 
 he shall or will have 
 one shall or will have 
 we shall or will have 
 you shall or will have 
 they shall or will have 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 J'eus eu 
 Tu eus eu 
 II eut eu 
 On eut eu 
 Nous eumes eu 
 Vous eutes eu 
 lis eurent eu 
 
 I had had 
 thou hadst had 
 he had had 
 one had had 
 we had had 
 you had had 
 they had had 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 J'aurai eu 
 Tu aura eu 
 II aura eu 
 On aura eu 
 Nous aurons eu 
 Vous aurez eu 
 lis auront eu 
 
 I shall or will have had 
 thou shalt or wilt have had 
 he shall or will have had 
 one shall ^r will have had 
 we shall or will have had 
 you shall or will have had 
 they shall or will have had 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 J'aura/s 
 Tu amrais 
 11 aura/'t 
 On aarait 
 Nous aurions 
 Vous auriez 
 lis auraient 
 
 Present 
 
 I should or would have 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst 
 
 have 
 he should or would have 
 
 one should or would have 
 
 we should or would have 
 
 you should or would have 
 
 they should or would have 
 
 Passe 
 
 1st I crin 
 
 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais eu J'eusse eu 
 
 I should or would have had 
 Tu aurais eu Tu eusses eu 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have had 
 II aurait eu 11 efit eu 
 
 he should or would have had 
 On aurait eu On efit eu 
 
 one should or would have had 
 Nous aurions eu Nous eussions eu 
 
 we should or would have had 
 Vous auriez eu Vous eussiez eu 
 
 you should or would have had 
 lis auraient eu lis eussent eu 
 
 they should or would have had 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 Present 
 
 Ale 
 
 Ayez 
 
 Ayons 
 
 have (thou) 
 
 have (you) 
 
 let us or me have 
 
 Qu'il ait 
 Qu'on ait 
 Qu'ils aient 
 
 let him have 
 
 let one or people have 
 
 let them have 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 13 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Que j'aie 
 Que tu aies 
 Qu'il ait 
 Qu'on ait 
 Que nous ayons 
 Que vous ayez 
 Quails aient 
 
 Que j'eusse 
 Que tu eusses 
 
 that I may have 
 that thou mayest have 
 that he may have 
 that one may have 
 that we may have 
 that you may have 
 that they may have 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 
 that I might have 
 
 that thou mightest have 
 
 Que j'aie eu 
 Que tu aies eu 
 Qu'il ait eu 
 Qu'on ait eu 
 Que nous ayons eu 
 Que vous ayez eu 
 Qu'ils aient eu 
 
 Passe 
 
 that I may have had 
 that thou mayest have had 
 that he may have had 
 that one may have had 
 that we may have had 
 that you may have had 
 that they may have had 
 
 Qu'il efif that he might have 
 
 Qu'on efif that one might have 
 
 Que nous euss/ons that we might have 
 
 Que vous euss/ez that you might have 
 
 Qu'ils eussent that they might have 
 
 P/us- que -pa rfa it 
 
 Que j'eusse eu that I might have had 
 
 Que tu eusses eu that thou mightest have 
 
 had 
 Qu'il eflt eu that he might have had 
 
 Qu'on efit eu that one might have had 
 
 Que nous eussions eu that we might have had 
 Que vous eussiez eu that you might have had 
 Qu'ils eussent eu that they might have had 
 
 Nous avons une maison ^ la campagne. We have a house in the country. 
 J'ai deux fr^res et trois soeurs. I have two bi'others and three sisters. 
 Cette poule a douze poussins. That hen has twelve chicks. 
 Ce cheval a une belle ecurie. That horse has a fine stable. 
 Ma soeur a une jolie bague. My sister has a pretty ring. 
 Avez-vous mon crayon? Have you my pencil? 
 
 Avoir requires a before an infinitive depending upon it : J'ai a ^tudier, I have 
 to study. 
 
 21. THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 
 
 In French, verbs are conjugated interrogatively only in the indicative and in 
 the conditional moods. 
 
 With the pronouns the verb is conjugated as in English by placing the pro- 
 noun after the verb in the simple tenses : Avez-vous un livre ? Have you a 
 book ? In compound tenses the pronoun occurs, of course, after the auxihary : 
 Ai-je eu un fr^re ? Have I had a brother ? 
 
 In the French interrogation a hyphen connects the verb and the pronoun. 
 
 The t between the verb and the pronoun in a-t-il and a-t-elle, in the inter- 
 rogative conjugation, is merely euphonic. It is thus used in the interrogative 
 form whenever the third person of a verb ends with a voiueL This euphonic t is 
 pronounced with the following pronoun : a-t-elle, pronounced a-telle. 
 
H 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 22. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR = TO HAVE 
 Interrogatively 
 
 S, 
 
 PI. 
 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 TEMPS 
 
 SIMPLES 
 
 
 TEMPS 
 
 COMPOSES 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Passe 
 
 • Indejini 
 
 Ad-je? 
 
 have I ? 
 
 S. 
 
 Ai-jeeu? 
 
 have I had ? 
 
 As-tu? 
 
 hast thou ? 
 
 
 As-tu eu ? 
 
 hast thou had ? 
 
 A-t-il? 
 
 has he ? 
 
 
 A-t-il eu? 
 
 has he had ? 
 
 A-t-elle? 
 
 has she ? 
 
 
 A-t-elle eu ? 
 
 has she had ? 
 
 A-t-on? 
 
 has one, have 
 
 people ? 
 
 A-t-on eu ? 
 
 has one had, have people had ? 
 
 Avons-nous ? have we ? 
 Avez-vous ? have you ? 
 Ont-ils ? have they ? 
 
 Ont-elles ? have they ? 
 
 PI. Avons-nous eu? have we had ? 
 Avez-vous eu ? have you had ? 
 Ont-ils eu ? have they had ? 
 
 Ont-elles eu ? have they had ? 
 
 Ava/s-je ? 
 Ava/s-tu ? 
 Ava/f-il ? 
 Ava/Y-on ? 
 Av/o/7s-nous ? 
 Av/ez-vous ? 
 Ava/e/jf-ils ? 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 had I ? 
 hadst thou ? 
 had he ? 
 had one ? 
 had we ? 
 had you ? 
 had they ? 
 
 Avals- je e\i ? 
 Avais-tu eu ? 
 Avait-il eu ? 
 Avait-on eu ? 
 Avions-nous eu ? 
 Aviez-vous eu ? 
 Avaient-ils eu ? 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 had I had ? 
 hadst thou had ? 
 had he had ? 
 had one had ? 
 had we had ? 
 had you had ? 
 had they had ? 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Eus-je? 
 Eus-tu? 
 Eut-il ? 
 Eut-on ? 
 Eflmes-nous ? 
 Eutes-vous? 
 Eurent-ils ? 
 
 had I? 
 hadst thou ? 
 hacfh©? 
 had one ? 
 had we ? 
 had you ? 
 had they ? 
 
 Eus-je eu ? 
 Eus-tu eu ? 
 , Eut-il eu?^, 
 Eut-on eu ?^ 
 Eumes-nous eu ? 
 Eutes-vous eu ? 
 Eurent-ils eu ? 
 
 had I had ? 
 hadst thou had ? 
 jiad he had ? 
 had one had ? 
 had we had ? 
 had you had ? 
 had they had ? 
 
 Futur 
 
 Futur Anth'ieur 
 
 AuA*a/-je ? 
 Aums-tu ? 
 Aura-t-il ? 
 Aura-t-on ? 
 Auro/7s-nous ? 
 Aurez-vous ? 
 Auro/7f-ils ? 
 
 shall I have ? 
 wilt thou have ? 
 will he have ? 
 will one have ? 
 shall we have ? 
 will you have ? 
 will they have ? 
 
 Aurai-je eu ? 
 Auras-tu eu ? 
 Aura-t-il eu ? 
 Aura-t-on eu ? 
 Aurons-nous eu ? 
 Aurez-vous eu ? 
 Auront-ils eu ? 
 
 shall I have had ? 
 wilt thou have had ? 
 will he have had ? 
 will one have had ? 
 shall we have had ? 
 will you have had ? 
 will they have had ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 15 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 J St Form 
 
 Awa/s-je ? should I have ? 
 
 Aura/s-tu ? wouldst thou have ? 
 
 Aura/Y-il ? would he have ? 
 
 Au/*a/f-on ? would one have ? 
 
 Aur/ows-nous ? should we have ? 
 
 Aur/ez-vous ? would you have ? 
 
 Aura/e/7f-ils ? would they have ? 
 
 2d Form 
 
 Aurais-je eu ? Euss6-je eu ? 
 
 should I have had ? 
 Aurais-tu eu ? Eusses-tu eu ? 
 
 wouldst thou have had ? 
 Aurait-il eu ? Eflt-il eu ? 
 
 would he have had ? 
 Aurait-on eu ? Eut-on eu ? 
 
 would one have had ? 
 Aurions-nous eu ? Eussions-nous eu ? 
 
 should we have had ? 
 Auriez-vous eu ? Eussiez-vous eu ? 
 
 would you have had ? 
 Auraient-ils eu ? Eussent-ils eu ? 
 
 would they have had ? 
 
 23. When a noun is the subject of a verb in an interrogative sentence, the 
 noun is placed first and the proper pronoun, corresponding in gender and number 
 to the noun, is placed after the verb and connected with the latter by a hyphen 
 in the manner explained before : Has the girl a ring ? La fille a-t-elle une bague ? 
 
 It should be remembered that in French there are but two genders, and that 
 the masculine pronoun il {^plur. ils) and the feminine pronoun elle {piur. elles) 
 are used to represent things as well as to represent persons and animals : Les 
 oiseaux ont-ils un nid? Have the birds a nest? Les plumes sont-elles sur la 
 table ? Are the pens on the table ? 
 
 When representing things, il or elle is translated into English by it. 
 
 Note. — Another form of interrogation is sometimes used. It consists in 
 prefixing to a statement the expression est-ce que, is it that : Est-ce que vous 
 avez mon crayon? Is it that you have my pencil? — which is equivalent to 
 saying. Have you my pencil? 
 
 The est-ce construction is used in French very much as we use the prefatory 
 interrogative expression Is it a fact that, etc., to express doubt or surprise. It is 
 also used to avoid ambiguity or a harsh sound such as sometimes occurs in the 
 first person singular of verbs : Est-ce que je mange ? Do I eat? instead of mang6- 
 je ? Or est-ce que je cours ? for cours-je ? Am I running ? Est-ce que je mens ? 
 Am I lying? instead of mens- je? which might be confused with mang6-je? 
 
 Except in the cases outlined above the direct form of the interrogative is 
 preferable : Ai-je le droit de parler ? Have I the right to speak ? Fais-je ce que 
 vous d^sirez ? Am I doing what {that which) you wish ? 
 
 24. Je chante is the only form in French to express I sing, I am singing, I do 
 sing. Similarly, chante-t-il ? expresses sings he? is he singing? does he sing? 
 
1 6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 The English interrogative forms does he speak ? did he speak ? with the aux 
 iliary have no equivalent in French. There is only one form for each tense 
 whether affirmative or negative. 
 
 25. THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION 
 
 To make a French verb negative, ne is placed before it and the won 
 pas after it: je n'ai pas una plume, / haven't a {one) pen; je ne chant 
 pas, / do not sing. (Ne loses the e before a word beginning with a vowel or ; 
 silent h.) 
 
 The use of two words to form the negative of a verb is sometimes found ii 
 EngHsh, as an analysis of the above method will show. 
 
 The ne is the true negative corresponding to the English not or no. Pas i 
 really a noun, and means step or pace. When we say I havefi't a hit of bread, wi 
 are using an expression exactly similar to the French je n'ai pas de pain. Th( 
 French originally added the word pas for emphasis, just as we do when we sa' 
 / ivon't go a step ; but the prolonged use of the word caused it to be adopte( 
 by the genius of the language, so that now it is necessary to complete the nega 
 tion, except in certain cases, the discussion of which is outside the scope of thi 
 work. 
 
 Point {point in English) is sometimes used for pas {step). As a point i 
 smaller than a step, the negation with point is necessarily stronger than thi 
 negation with pas : il n'a point d'argent, he hasn't any money at all. Point i 
 not used as much as pas. 
 
 26. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR 
 Negatively 
 
 (See footnote on page 17.) 
 
 Infinitif Present Infimtif Passe 
 
 Ne pas avoir not to have N'avoir pas eu not to have had 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 N'ayant pas not having N'ayant pas eu not having had 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Nc.paseu not... had 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 i; 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 5-. 
 
 PL 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 Je n'ai pas 
 Tu n'as pas 
 II n'a pas 
 Elle n'a pas 
 On n'a pas 
 
 I have not 
 thou hast not 
 he has not 
 she has not 
 one has not 
 
 Nous n'avons pas we have not 
 Vous n'avez pas you have not 
 lis n'ont pas they have not 
 
 EUes n'ont pas they have not 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Je n'avais pas 
 Tu n'avais pas 
 II n'avait pas 
 On n'avait pas 
 Nous n'avions pas 
 Vous n'aviez pas 
 lis n'avaient pas 
 
 I had not 
 thou hadst not 
 he had not 
 one had not 
 we had not 
 you had not 
 they had not 
 
 S. 
 
 PI, 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 Je n'ai pas eu 
 Tu n'as pas eu 
 II n'a pas eu 
 Elle n'a pas eu 
 On n'a pas eu 
 
 I have not had 
 thou hast not had 
 he has not had 
 she has not had 
 one has not had 
 
 Nous n'avons pas eu we have not had 
 Vous n'avez pas eu you have not had 
 lis n'ont pas eu they have not had 
 EUes n'ont pas eu they have not had 
 
 Plus- que-par fait 
 
 Je n'avais pas eu 
 Tu n'avais pas eu 
 II n'avait pas eu 
 On n'avait pas eu 
 Nous n'avions pas eu 
 Vous n'aviez pas eu 
 lis n'avaient pas eu 
 
 I had not had 
 thou hadst not had 
 he had not had 
 one had not had 
 we had not had 
 you had not had 
 they had not had 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Je n'eus pas I had not 
 
 Tu n'eus pas thou hadst not 
 
 II n'eut pas he had not 
 
 On n'eut pas one had not 
 
 Nous n'eiimes pas we had not 
 
 Vous n'eutes pas you had not 
 
 lis n'eurent pas they had not 
 
 Futur 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Je n'eus pas eu 
 Tu n'eus pas eu 
 11 n'eut pas eu 
 On n'eut pas eu 
 Nous n'eflmes pas eu 
 Vous n'eutes pas eu 
 lis n'eurent pas eu 
 
 I had not had 
 thou hadst not had 
 he had not had 
 one had not had 
 we had not had 
 you had not had 
 they had not had 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je n'aurai pas eu 
 Tu n'auras pas eu 
 II n'aura pas eu 
 On n'aura pas eu 
 Nous n'aurons pas eu 
 Vous n'aurais pas eu 
 lis n'auront pas eu 
 
 I shall not have had 
 thou wilt not have had 
 he will not have had 
 one will not have had 
 we shall not have had 
 you will not have had 
 they will not have had 
 
 Je n'aurai pas I shall not have 
 
 Tu n'auras pas thou wilt not have 
 
 II n'aura pas he will not have 
 
 On n'aura pas one will not have 
 
 Nous n'aurons pas we shall not have 
 
 Vous n'aurez pas you will not have 
 
 lis n'auront pas they will not have 
 
 Note. — In the compound tenses ne comes before the auxiliary and pas after the auxiliary 
 but before the participle : il n'a pas eu, etc. 
 
 In the infinitive present, ne and pas generally come together before the infinitive : Itre 
 ou ne pas §tre, to be or not to be. It is not, however, incorrect to write n'§tre pas. 
 
 The same rule applies to the past infinitive; but in this case it seems to be preferable to 
 put the auxiliary between the ne and the pas : n'avoir pas eu ; or, less frequently, ne pas 
 avoir eu. 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 2 
 
i8 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 have 
 he would not have 
 
 one would not have 
 
 ist Form 2d Form 
 
 I should not have je n'aurais pas eu Je n'eusse pas eu 
 
 I should not have had 
 thou wouldst not Xu n'aurais pas eu Tu n'eusses pas eu 
 
 thou wouldst not have had 
 II n'aurait pas eu II n'eut pas eu 
 
 he would not have had 
 On n'aurait pas eu On n'eflt pas eu 
 
 one would not have had 
 
 Nous n'aurions pas eu Nous n'eussions pas 
 
 eu 
 
 we should not have had 
 
 Vous n'auriez pas eu Vous n'eussiez pas eu 
 
 you would not have had 
 
 lis n'auraient pas they would not have lis n'auraient pas eu lis n'eussent pas eu 
 
 they would not have had 
 
 Je n'aurais pas 
 Tu n'aurais pas 
 II n'aurait pas 
 On n'aurait pas 
 
 Nous n'aurions pas we should not have 
 Vous n'auriez pas you would not have 
 
 N'aie pas 
 N'ayez pas 
 N'ayons pas 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 have not (thou) 
 have not (you) 
 let us not have 
 
 Qu'il n'ait pas 
 Qu'on n'ait pas 
 Qu'ils n'aient pas 
 
 let him not have 
 
 let one (people) not have 
 
 let them not have 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 Que je n'aie pas that I may not have Que je n'aie pas eu that I may not have 
 
 had 
 Que tu n'aies pas that thou mayest not Que tu n'aies pas eu that thou mayest not 
 
 have have had 
 
 Qu'il n'ait pas that he may not have Qu'il n'ait pas eu that he may not have 
 
 had 
 Qu'on n'ait pas that one may not have Qu'on n'ait pas eu that one may not have 
 
 had 
 Que nous n'ayons pas that we may not have Que nous n'ayons pas eu that we may not have 
 
 had 
 Que vous n'ayez pas that you may not have Que vous n'ayez pas eu that you may not have 
 
 had 
 Qu'ils n'aient pas that they may not Qu'ils n'aient pas eu that they may not have 
 have had 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 19 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have Que je n'eusse pas eu that I might not have 
 
 had 
 
 Que tu n'eusses pas that thou mightest not Que tu n'eusses pas eu that thou mightest not 
 
 have have had 
 
 Qu'il n'eflt pas that he might not have Qu'il n'eiit pas eu that he might not 
 
 have had 
 
 Qu'on' n'eiit pas that one might not Qu' on n'eiit pas eu that one might not 
 
 have have had 
 
 Que nous n'eussions that we might not Que nous n'eussions pas that we might not 
 
 pas have eu have had 
 
 Que vous n'eussiez that you might not Que vous n'eussiez pas that you might not 
 
 pas have eu have had 
 
 Qu'ils n'eussent pas that they might not Qu'ils n'eussent pas eu that they might not 
 
 have have had 
 
 II n'avait pas I'argent nicessaire. He {had not) did not have the necessary money. 
 
 THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 
 
 27. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR 
 
 Negatively and Interrogatively 
 
 Note. — To form the negative-interrogative conjugation of a verb, first put 
 the verb in the interrogative form, and then make this interrogative form nega- 
 tive, putting the pas or point after the inverted pronoun subject. 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 S. 
 
 N'ai-je pas? 
 N'as-tu pas ? 
 N'a-t-il pas? 
 N'a-t-elle pas? 
 N'a-t-on pas? 
 
 have I not ? 
 hast thou not ? 
 has he not ? 
 has she not ? 
 has one not ? 
 
 PL N'avons-nous pas ? have we not ? 
 
 N'avez-vous pas ? have you not ? 
 N'ont-ils pas ? have they not ? 
 
 N'ont-elles pas ? have they not ? 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 N'avais-je pas ? 
 N'avais-tu pas ? 
 N'avait-il pas? 
 N'avait-on pas? 
 N' ay ions-nous pas ? 
 N'aviez-vous pas ? 
 N'avaient-ils pas ? 
 
 had I not ? 
 hadst thou not ? 
 had he not ? 
 had one not ? 
 had we not ? 
 had you not ? 
 had they not ? 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 S. 
 
 N'ai-je pas eu? 
 N'as-tu pas eu? 
 N'a-t-il pas eu? 
 N'a-t-elle pas eu? 
 N'a-t-on pas eu? 
 PI. N'avons-nous pas 
 eu? 
 
 have I not had ? 
 hast thou not had ? 
 has he not had ? 
 has she not had ? 
 has one not had ? 
 
 have we not had ? 
 
 N'avez-vous pas eu? have you not had ? 
 N'ont-ils pas eu? have they not had ? 
 N'ont-elles pas eu? have they not had ? 
 
 Pius-que-parfaii 
 
 N'avais-je pas eu ? 
 N'avais-tu pas eu? 
 N'avait-il pas eu ? 
 N'avait-on pas eu? 
 N'avions-nous pas eu ? 
 N'aviez-vous pas eu? 
 N'avaient-ils pas eu ? 
 
 had I not had ? 
 hadst thou not had ? 
 had he not had ? 
 had one not had ? 
 had we not had ? 
 had you not had ? 
 had they not had ? 
 
20 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 N'eus-je pas? 
 N'eus-tu pas? 
 N'eut-ilpas? 
 N'eut-on pas? 
 N'eiimes-nous pas? 
 N'eutes-vous pas? 
 N'eurent-ils pas ? 
 
 had I not ? 
 hadst thou not ? 
 had he not ? 
 had one not ? 
 had we not ? 
 had you not ? 
 had they not ? 
 
 N'eus-je pas eu? 
 N'eus-tu pas eu? 
 N'eut-il pas eu? 
 N'eut-on pas eu? 
 N'efimes-nous pas eu? 
 N'efltes-vous pas eu? 
 
 had I not had ? 
 hadst thou not had ? 
 had he not had ? 
 had one not had ? 
 had we not had ? 
 had you not had ? 
 
 N'eurent-ils pas eu? had they not had ? 
 
 N'aurai-je pas? 
 N'auras-tu pas ? 
 
 Futur 
 
 shall I not have ? 
 wilt thou not have ? 
 
 N'aura-t-il pas? 
 N'aura-t-on pas ? 
 N'aurons-nous pas ? 
 N'aurez-vous pas? 
 N'auront-ils pas? 
 
 will he not have ? 
 will one not have ? 
 shall we not have ? 
 will you not have ? 
 will they not have ? 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 N'aurai-je pas eu? shall I not have had? 
 
 N'auras-tu pas eu? 
 
 N'aura-t-il pas eu? 
 N'aura-t-on pas eu? 
 N'aurons-nous pas eu? 
 N'aurez-vous pas eu? 
 N'auront-ils pas eu? 
 
 wilt thou not have 
 
 had? 
 will he not have had? 
 will one not have had ? 
 shall we not have had? 
 will you not have had ? 
 will they not have had ? 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 jst Form 
 
 N'aurais-je pas? 
 N'aurais-tu pas ? 
 N'aurait-il pas ? 
 N'aurait-on pas? 
 
 2d Form 
 should I not have ? N'aurais-je pas eu? N'euss6-je pas eu? 
 
 should I not have had? 
 wouldst thou not N'aurais-tu pas eu? N'eusses-tu pas eu? 
 
 have ? • wouldst thou not have had? 
 
 would he not have ? N'aurait-il pas eu? N'eflt-il pas eu? 
 
 would he not have had ? 
 would one not have ? N'aurait-on pas eu? N'eflt-on pas eu? 
 would one not have had ? 
 N'aurions-nous pas? should we not have ? N'aurions-nous pas eu ? N'eussions-nous pas 
 
 eu? 
 should we hot have had ? 
 N'aurlez-vous pas? would you not have ? N'auriez-vous pas eu? N'eussiez-vous pas 
 
 eu? 
 would you not have had ? 
 N'auraient-ils pas ? would they not have ? N'auraient-ils pas eu ? N'eussent-ils pas eu? 
 
 would they not have had ? 
 
 N'a-t-elle pas une maison a la campagne? Hasn't she a house in the 
 country? 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of avoir. 
 
 When a noun is the subject of a negative-interrogative sentence, make the 
 sentence interrogative first (according to rule under interrogative conjugation); 
 then make the interrogative sentence negative according to the rule on p. 19. 
 
 The quickest and best way to learn the French verb is to write out the entire 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 21 
 
 verb, and then read aloud what has been written. The student should apply this 
 method to all the different conjugations. By no other means can he so readily 
 acquire the proficiency in the use of the verb necessary for conversation in 
 French. 
 
 28. CONJUGATION OF ETRE = TO BE 
 
 Note that the imperfect indicative of this verb can be obtained by taking the 
 present participle, etant, and changing its termination ant into the terminations 
 of the imperfect indicative — ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. This is true, with but 
 very few exceptions, of all French verbs. 
 
 Note that when the student has learned the form of the future indicative, the 
 present co7iditional can always be obtained by changing the terminations of the 
 future to rais, rais, rait, rions, riez, raient. This is true of all French verbs. 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 Etre to be 
 
 Participe Present 
 Etant being 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 Avoir 6t6 to have been 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant 6t6 having been 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Et6 (Jnvariable) been 
 
 
 . 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Passe Jndefini 
 
 S. Jesuis 
 
 I am 
 
 
 S. J'ai6t6 
 
 I have been 
 
 Tues 
 
 thou art 
 
 
 Tu as 6t6 
 
 thou hast been 
 
 11 est 
 
 he is 
 
 
 11 a 6t6 
 
 he has been 
 
 EUe est 
 
 she is 
 
 
 Elle a 6t6 . 
 
 she has been 
 
 On est 
 
 one is, people are 
 
 On a 6te 
 
 one has been, peop 
 
 
 
 
 
 been 
 
 PI. Nous sommes we are 
 
 
 PI. Nous avons h\.i 
 
 \ we have been 
 
 Vous etes 
 
 you are 
 
 
 Vous avez kXk 
 
 you have been 
 
 lis sent 
 
 they are 
 
 
 lis ont 6t6 
 
 they have been 
 
 EUes sont 
 
 they are 
 
 
 Elles ont 6t6 
 
 they have been 
 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 
 Pitts- 
 
 que-parfait 
 
 J'^tais 
 
 I was, or 
 
 used to be 
 
 J'avais 6t6 
 
 I had been 
 
 Tu§tais 
 
 thou wast 
 
 :, or used to be 
 
 Tu avals kXk 
 
 thou hailst been 
 
 11 6tait 
 
 he was, or used to be 
 
 11 avait 6t6 
 
 he had been 
 
 On 6tait 
 
 one was, 
 
 used to be 
 
 On avait 6t6 
 
 one had been 
 
 
 people 
 
 were, used to be 
 
 
 people had been 
 
 Nous 6tions 
 
 we were, 
 
 or used to be 
 
 Nous avions k\k 
 
 we had been 
 
 Vous etiez 
 
 you were, 
 
 or used to be 
 
 Vous aviez 6t6 
 
 you had been 
 
 lis 6taient 
 
 they were 
 
 :, or used to be 
 
 lis avaient 6t6 
 
 they had been 
 
22 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Jefus 
 
 I was 
 
 Tu f us 
 
 thou wast 
 
 Ilfut 
 
 he was 
 
 Onfut 
 
 one was 
 
 Nous fflmes 
 
 we were 
 
 Vous futes 
 
 you were 
 
 lis furent 
 
 they were 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 J'eus §t6 
 
 Tu eus 6t6 
 II eut 6t6 
 On eut §t6 
 Nous eumes 6t6 
 Vous elites 6t6 
 lis eurent §t§ 
 
 I had been 
 thou hadst been 
 he had been 
 one had been 
 we had been 
 you had been 
 they had been 
 
 Je serai 
 Tu seras 
 II sera 
 On sera 
 Nous serons 
 Vous serez 
 lis seront 
 
 Futur 
 
 I shall or will be 
 thou shalt or wilt be 
 he shall or will be 
 one shall or will be 
 we shall or will be 
 you shall or will be 
 they shall or will be 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 J'aurai 6t6 
 Tu auras 6t6 
 II aura 6t6 
 On aura kik 
 Nous aurons 6t§ 
 Vous aurez 6t6 
 lis auront 6t6 
 
 I shall or will have been 
 thou shalt £»r wilt have been 
 he shall or will have been 
 one shall or will have been 
 we shall or will have been 
 you shall or will have been 
 they shall or will have been 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Je serais I should or would be 
 
 Tu serais thou shouldst or wouldst be 
 
 II serait he should or would be 
 
 On serait one should or would be 
 
 Nous serious we should or would be 
 
 Vous seriez you should or would be 
 
 lis seraient they should or would be 
 
 Passe 
 
 I St Form 
 
 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais 6t§ J'eusse 6t6 
 
 I should or would have been 
 Tu aurais §16 Tu eusses 4t6 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have been 
 II aurait §t§ II eiit 6t6 
 
 he should or would have been 
 On aurait §t6 On eut 6t6 
 
 one should or would have been 
 Nous aurions 6t§ Nous eussions 6t§ 
 
 we should or would have been 
 Vous auriez 6t6 Vous eussiez 6t§ 
 
 you should or would have been 
 lis aurient 6t6 lis eussent 6t6 
 
 they should or would have been 
 
 L'IMP 
 
 Sois 
 
 Soyez 
 
 Soyons 
 
 ERATIF 
 
 be (thou) 
 
 be (you) 
 
 let us or me be 
 
 Qu'il soit 
 Qu'on soit 
 Qu'ils soient 
 
 let him be 
 
 let one (people) be 
 
 let them be 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 23 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 Que je sois 
 Que tu sois 
 Qu'il soit 
 Qu'on soit 
 Que nous soyons 
 Que vous soyez 
 Qu'ils soient 
 
 that I may be 
 that thou may est be 
 that he may be 
 that one may be 
 that we may be 
 that you may be 
 that they may be 
 
 Que j'aie 6t6 
 Que tu aies §t§ 
 Qu'il ait §t§ 
 Qu'on ait 6te 
 Que nous ayons 6t6 
 Que vous ayez 6t6 
 Qu'ils aient 6t6 
 
 that I may have been 
 that thou mayest have been 
 that he may have been 
 that one may have heen 
 that we may have been 
 that you may have been 
 that they may have been 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Que je fusse that I might be 
 
 Que tu fusses that thou mightest be 
 
 Qu'il fut that he might be 
 
 Qu'on flit that one might be 
 
 Que nous fussions that we might be 
 
 Que vous fussiez that you might be 
 
 Qu'ils fussent that they might be 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que j'eusse kXk that I might have been 
 
 Que tu eusses 6t6 that thou mightest have been 
 
 Qu'il eiit k\.k that he might have been 
 
 Qu'on efit 6t6 that one might have been 
 
 Que nous eussions 6t§ that we might have been 
 
 Que vous eussiez k\.k that you might have been 
 
 Qu'ils eussent 6t6 that they might have been 
 
 Etre takes ^ before the infinitive connected with it : 
 
 Je suis a 4crire. I am engaged in writing (literally : I am at writing). 
 
 Notice the English expressions " I am a-writing, I am a-hunting," etc., in 
 which the meaning and the construction are similar. 
 
 Cela est a vendre. That is to be sold (literally : that is for selling). 
 
 29. CONJUGATION OF ETRE 
 Negatively 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 N'§tre pas not to be 
 
 Infin itif Passe 
 N'avoir pas kXJk not to have been 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 N'6tant pas not being N'ayant pas 6t6 not having been 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Ne...pas6t6 not... been 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 Je n'ai pas 6t6, etc. I have not been, etc. 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 Je ne suis pas, etc. I am not, etc. 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je n'Stais pas, etc. I was not, etc. Je n'eus pas 6t6, etc. I had not been, etc 
 
24 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Passe Defini -■ Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Je ne fus pas, etc. I was not, etc. Je n'avais pas 6t6, etc. I had not been, etc. 
 
 Futur Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je ne serai pas, etc. I shall not be, etc. Je n'aurai pas dt6, I shall not have been, 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 ist Form 2d Form 
 
 Je ne serais pas, etc. I should not be, etc. Je n'aurais pas 6t§, Je n'eusse pas 6t§, 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 I should not have been, etc. 
 
 l'impe'ratif 
 
 Ne sois pas be (thou) not 
 
 Ne soyez pas be (you) not 
 
 Ne soyons pas let us not be 
 
 Qu'il ne soit pas let him not be 
 
 Qu'on ne soit pas let one (people) not be 
 
 Qu'ils ne soient pas let them not be 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 Que je ne sois pas, that I may not be. Que je n'aie pas 6t6, that I may not have 
 
 etc. etc. etc. been, etc. 
 
 Iviparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je ne fusse pas, that I might not be, Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have 
 
 etc. etc. §t6, etc. been, etc. 
 
 Interrogatively 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Suis-je? etc. ami? etc. Ai-je6t6? etc. have I been? etc. 
 
 Imparfait Passe Anterieur 
 
 ijtais-je? etc. was I? etc Eus-je 6t6 ? etc. had I been ? etc. 
 
 Passe Defini Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Fus-je? etc. was I ? etc. Avais-je §t§ ? etc. had I been ? etc. 
 
 Futur Futur Anterieur 
 
 Serai-je? etc. shall I be ? etc. Aurai-je 6t6? etc. shall I have been? etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 25 
 
 LE CONDiriONNEL 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 I St Form 2d Form 
 
 Serais-je? etc. should I be ? etc. Aurais-je 6t6? etc. Euss6-je et6? etc. 
 
 should I have been? etc. 
 
 30. CONJUGATION OF ETRE 
 
 Negatively and Interrogatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Ne suis-je pas ? etc. am I not ? etc. N'ai-je pas §t§ ? etc. have I not been ? etc. 
 
 Imparfait Passe Anterieur 
 
 N'6tais-je pas? etc. was I not ? etc. N'eus-je pas 6t§? etc. had I not been ? etc. 
 
 Passe Defini Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Ne f us-je pas ? etc. was I not ? etc. N'avais-je pas k\.k ? had I not been ? 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 Futur Futur Anterieur 
 
 Ne serai-je pas ? etc. shall I not be ? etc. N'aurai-je pas 6t6 ? shall I not have been ? 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 ist Form 2d Form 
 
 Ne serais-je pas? etc. should I not be ? etc. N*aurais-je pas 6t6? N'6uss6-je pas 6t6? 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 should I not have been? etc. 
 
 Ou est-elle ? Where is she ? 
 
 EUe est dans le jardin. She is in the garden. 
 
 Ne sera-t-il pas ici demain ? Will he not be here to-morrow ? 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of etre. 
 
 31. THE VERB FAIRE 
 
 Faire is one of the most important French verbs. . In general terms, it corre- 
 sponds to two English verbs, to inake and to do. 
 
26 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 CONJUGATION OF FAIRE = TO DO, TO MAKE 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 
 *?i .-.{^ Faire . to do 
 
 f Vi^ % >#•% Panicipe Present 
 
 ^ Faisani doing 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 Avoir fait to have done 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant fait | having done 
 
 
 
 P(/f%t^pe Passe 
 
 
 3, 
 
 Fait {m.s.), faite (f.s.), faits {m.pL), faites if.pl.), done 
 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 Y_JefaJa^ 
 
 I do 
 
 J'ai fait 
 
 I have done 
 
 Tufais 
 
 thou doest 
 
 Tu as fait 
 
 thou hast done 
 
 11 fait 
 
 he does 
 
 11 a fait 
 
 he has done 
 
 On fait 
 
 one does 
 
 On a fait 
 
 one has done 
 
 Nous faisons 
 
 we do 
 
 Nous avons fait 
 
 we have done 
 
 Vous faites 
 
 you do 
 
 Vous avez fait 
 
 you have done 
 
 lis font 
 
 they do 
 
 lis ont fait 
 
 they have done 
 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Je faisais 
 
 I was doing 
 
 J' avals fait 
 
 I had done 
 
 Tu faisais 
 
 thou wast doing 
 
 Tu avals fait 
 
 thou hadst done 
 
 11 fa/sa/f 
 
 he was doing 
 
 0^1 avait fait 
 
 he had done 
 
 On /cf/sa/Y 
 
 one was doing 
 
 On avait fait 
 
 one had done 
 
 Nous faisions 
 
 we were doing 
 
 Nous avions fait 
 
 we had done 
 
 Vous faisiez 
 
 you were doing 
 
 Vous aviez fait 
 
 you had done 
 
 lis faisaient 
 
 they were doing 
 
 lis avaient fait 
 
 they had done 
 
 r 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 S Je/7s 
 
 I did 
 
 J'eus fait 
 
 I had done 
 
 -Tul^ 
 
 thou didst 
 
 Tu eus fait 
 
 thou hadst done 
 
 11 /7f 
 
 he did 
 
 11 cut fait 
 
 he had done 
 
 On /7f 
 
 one did 
 
 On eut fait 
 
 one had done 
 
 Nous ///wes 
 
 we did 
 
 Nous eumes fait 
 
 we had done 
 
 Vous //fes 
 
 you did 
 
 Vous eutes fait 
 
 you had done 
 
 lis firent 
 
 they did 
 
 lis eurent fait 
 
 they had done 
 
 
 Futur 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je /era/ 
 
 I shall do 
 
 J'aurai fait 
 
 I shall or will have done 
 
 Tu /eras 
 
 thou wilt do 
 
 Tu auras fait 
 
 thou shalt or wilt have done 
 
 11 fera 
 
 he will do 
 
 11 aura fait 
 
 he shall or will have done 
 
 Oa /era 
 
 one will do 
 
 On aura fait 
 
 one shall or will have done 
 
 Nous ferons 
 
 we shall do 
 
 Nous aurons fait 
 
 we shall or will have done 
 
 Vous /erez 
 
 you will do 
 
 Vous aurez fait 
 
 you shall or will have done 
 
 lis /ero//f 
 
 they will do 
 
 lis auront fait 
 
 they shall or will have done 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 27 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Je ferais 
 Tu ferais 
 II ferait 
 On ferait 
 Nous ferions 
 Vous fer/ez 
 lis feraient 
 
 Fais 
 
 Faites 
 
 Faisons 
 
 Present 
 
 I should do 
 thou wouldst do 
 he would do 
 one would do 
 we should do 
 you would do 
 they would do 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 do (thou) 
 
 do (you) 
 
 let us (me) do 
 
 Qu'il fasse 
 Qu'on fasse 
 Qu'ils fas sent 
 
 let him do 
 
 let one (<?r people) do 
 
 let them do 
 
 Passe 
 
 ist Form 
 
 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais fait J'eusse fait 
 
 I should or would have done 
 Tu aurais fait Tu eusses fait 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have done 
 II aurait fait II eiit fait 
 
 he should or would have done 
 On aurait fait On eflt fait 
 
 one should or would have done 
 Nous aurions fait Nous eussions fait 
 
 we should or would have done 
 Vous auriez fait Vous eussiez fait 
 
 you should or would have done 
 lis auraient fait lis eussent fait 
 
 they should or would have done 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Que je fasse 
 Que tu fasses 
 
 Qu'il fasse 
 Qu'on fasse 
 Que nous fassions 
 Que vous fassiez 
 Qu'ils fasse nt 
 
 Que je fisse 
 Que tu fissses 
 
 Qu'il frt 
 Qu'on fit 
 
 Que nous fissions 
 
 Que vous fissiez 
 
 Qu'ils fissent 
 
 Present 
 
 that 
 that 
 
 that 
 that 
 that 
 that 
 that 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 
 that 
 that 
 
 that 
 that 
 
 that 
 
 that 
 
 that 
 
 I may do 
 thou mayest do 
 
 he may do 
 one may do 
 we may do 
 you may do 
 they may do 
 
 I might do 
 thou mightest do 
 
 he might do 
 one might do 
 
 we might do 
 
 you might do 
 
 they might do 
 
 Que j'aie fait 
 Que tu aies fait 
 
 Qu'il ait fait 
 Qu'on ait fait 
 
 Passe 
 
 that I may have done 
 that thou mayest have 
 
 done 
 that he may have done 
 that one may have done 
 Que nous ayons fait that we may have done 
 Que vous ayez fait that you may have done 
 Qu'ils aient fait that they may have done 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que j'eusse fait that I might have done 
 
 Que tu eusses fait that thou mightest have 
 
 done 
 
 that he might have done 
 
 that one might have 
 
 done 
 
 Que nous eussions that we might have done 
 
 fait 
 Que vous eussiez that you might have 
 
 fait done 
 
 Qu'il eussent fait . that they might have 
 "■■* done 
 
 Qu'il eat fait 
 Qu'on eut fait 
 
 32. F AIRE =10 DO 
 
 In the sense of to do, the verb faire is used alone. 
 
 Que f aisiez-vous ? What were you doing ? 
 
28 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In this sense it is also much used in replies to questions made with other verbs. 
 
 Avez-vous parl6 a cet homme ? Je I'ai fait. 
 
 Have you spoken to that man ? I have done it = / did. 
 
 AUez-vous a I'eglise tous les dimanches ? 
 
 Do you go to church {^all the Sundays) every Sunday ? 
 
 Je le fais. I do — literally, /// do. 
 
 While in English we can say / do, I did, or / have done it, etc., instead of 
 repeating a clause or sentence, the French can use faire. 
 
 33. TO CAUSE TO BE DONE = TO HAVE DONE 
 
 The verb faire is much used before infinitives in the sense of to cause a thing 
 to be done. This is sometimes called the causative mood of the verb following 
 faire. In it faire is a true auxiliary. Faire in such sentences is generally trans- 
 lated in English by to have or to get {done). 
 
 „ . , . , , , . f / have made to repair the chair. 
 
 J'ai fait reparer la chaise. \ ^ ^ , , ^ 7 • • , 
 
 \I have had the chair repaired. 
 
 , , . , , , 1^ He has made to cut down the lar^e trees. 
 
 II a fait abattre les grands arbres. \ ^r- ■, 1 1 .1 1 . . j 
 
 \ He has had the large trees cut down. 
 
 . . [I make to make my gloves here. 
 Je fais faire mes gants ici. \ r i / ,x 7 77 
 
 [ / have (or get) my gloves made here. 
 
 Note that no preposition is used after faire before the infinitive. 
 
 Conjugate the verb faire negatively, according to the method shown in the 
 negative conjugation of avoir and etre. 
 
 34. CASES WHERE TO MAKE IN ENGLISH CANNOT BE RENDERED 
 
 IN FRENCH BY FAIRE 
 
 Where we use to ?nake before an adjective, as / will make you happy, the 
 French do not use faire; they use the verb rendre, because the meaning is really 
 not to make, but to render you happy. 
 
 Je vous rendrai heureux. I will render {make) you happy. 
 
 II a rendu cet enfant irritable. He has made that child irritable. 
 
 Cela m'a rendu malade. That has made me sick. 
 
 Conjugate faire interrogatively, then negatively and interrogatively, following 
 the corresponding conjugations of avoir and etre. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 29 
 
 35. FAIRE IMPERSONAL 
 
 In cases where we use the impersonal construction with // in describing the 
 condition of the weather and the temperature, the French use the verb faire 
 impersonally with il as subject. 
 
 // is fine weather. It is dad weather. 
 
 II fait beau temps. II fait mauvais temps. 
 
 // is cold weather. It is warm {weather). 
 
 II fait froid. II fait chaud. 
 
 But when the construction has a personal subject, the verb etre must be used 
 in French, as in English. 
 
 The weather is fine. The water is cold, ivarm. 
 
 Le temps est beau. L'eau est froide, chaude. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for additional uses of faire. 
 
 36. ALLER 
 
 The verb aller corresponds to the English verb to ^<?, but has the difference 
 that it is conjugated with etre, to be, instead of avoir, to have. 
 
 This may be explained by the fact that aller is one of a group called verbs 
 of motion {going, coming, etc.), which are generally conjugated with etre because 
 of the fact that they indicate a change of state. In English we say he has gone, 
 but we may also say he is gone ; he had gone, or he was gone. 
 
 In French §tre alone is used as auxiliary. 
 
 T\\^ past participle of all French verbs conjugated with etre (except reflexive 
 verbs, which are discussed later) agrees in gender and number with the subject 
 of the verb. The agreement is shown by adding e to the past participle to indi- 
 cate the feminine gender, and by adding s to the masculine or feminine singular 
 in order to indicate the plural. Hence, she has gone is elle est all^e. We had 
 gone is nous ^tions alles (;«.), allees (/.). 
 
 Vous etes alle (alles), (allee), (allies), jj/^// have gone, varies with the sense; 
 i.e. the participle is pluralized if the statement appHes to more persons than one, 
 otherwise it is singular. 
 
 37. CONJUGATION OF ALLER = TO GO 
 
 Infinitif Present • lufinilif Passe 
 
 I Aller to go Etre all6 to have gone 
 
28 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In this sense it is also much used in repHes to questions made with other verbs. 
 
 Avez-vous parl^ a cet homme ? Je I'ai fait. 
 
 Have you spoken to that man ? I have done it = / did. 
 
 Allez-vous a I'eglise tous les dimanches ? 
 
 Do you go to church (^all the Sundays) every Sunday? 
 Je le fais. /^<? = Hterally, ///^<5>. 
 
 While in EngHsh we can say / do, I did, or / have done it, etc., instead of 
 repeating a clause or sentence, the French can use faire. 
 
 33. TO CAUSE TO BE DONE = TO HAVE DONE 
 
 The verb faire is much used before infinitives in the sense of to cause a thing 
 to be done. This is sometimes called the causative mood of the verb following 
 faire. In it faire is a true auxiliary. Faire in such sentences is generally trans- 
 lated in English by to have or to get {done). 
 
 „ . ^ . , , , . f / have made to repair the chair. 
 
 J'ai fait reparer la chaise. \ ^ ^ 77., , ■ -, 
 
 \I have had the chair repaired. 
 
 , , . , , , (^ He has made to cut down the lar^e trees. 
 
 II a fait abattre les grands arbres. ■{ ^^ , 7 7 .7 7 . . j 
 
 \ He has had the large trees cut down. 
 
 . . [I make to make my gloves here. 
 Je fais faire mes gants ici. \ r i , .x 7 77 
 
 \^I have (or get) my gloves made here. 
 
 Note that no preposition is used after faire before the infinitive. 
 
 Conjugate the verb faire negatively, according to the method shown in the 
 negative conjugation of avoir and etre. 
 
 34. CASES WHERE TO MAKE IN ENGLISH CANNOT BE RENDERED 
 
 IN FRENCH BY FAIRE 
 
 Where we use to make before an adjective, as / will make you happy, the 
 French do not use faire; they use the verb rendre, because the meaning is really 
 not to make, but to render you happy. 
 
 Je vous rendrai heureux. I will render {make) you happy. 
 
 II a rendu cet enfant irritable. He has made that child irritable. 
 
 Cela m'a rendu malade. That has made me sick. 
 
 Conjugate faire interrogatively, then negatively and interrogatively, following 
 the corresponding conjugations of avoir and etre. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 29 
 
 35. FAIRE IMPERSONAL 
 
 In cases where we use the impersonal construction with // in describing the 
 condition of the weather and the temperature, the French use the verb faire 
 impersonally with il as subject. 
 
 // is fine weather. It is bad weather. 
 
 II fait beau temps. II fait mauvais temps. 
 
 // is cold weather. It is warm {weather) . 
 
 II fait froid. II fait chaud. 
 
 But when the construction has a personal subject, the verb etre must be used 
 in French, as in English. 
 
 The weather is fine. The water is cold, warm. 
 
 Le temps est beau. L'eau est froide, chaude. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for additional uses of faire. 
 
 36. ALLER 
 
 The verb aller corresponds to the English verb to go,\>M\. has the difference 
 that it is conjugated with etre, to be, instead of avoir, to have. 
 
 This may be explained by the fact that aller is one of a group called verbs 
 of motion {going, coming, etc.), which are generally conjugated with etre because 
 of the fact that they indicate a change of state. In English we say he has gone, 
 but we may also say he is gone ; he had gone, or he was gone. 
 
 In French etre alone is used as auxiliary. 
 
 T\\^ past participle of all French verbs conjugated with etre (except reflexive 
 verbs, which are discussed later) agrees in gender and number with the subject 
 of the verb. The agreement is shown by adding e to the past participle to indi- 
 cate the feminine gender, and by adding s to the masculine or feminine singular 
 in order to indicate tlie plural. Hence, she has gone is elle est all^e. We had 
 gone is nous etions alles (w.), allies (/.). 
 
 Vous etes alle (alles), (allle), (allies), you have gone, varies with the sense ; 
 i.e. the participle is pluralized if the statement appHes to more persons than one, 
 otherwise it is singular. 
 
 37. CONJUGATION OF ALLER = TO GO 
 
 Infiniiif Present • Infinilif Passe 
 
 I Aller to go Etre a.116 to have gone 
 
30 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Etant all6 having gone 
 
 Participe Present 
 o - AJJ^ t going 
 
 ' Participe Passe 
 
 -^ A116 (m.s.), all^s {mpl.), all^e {f.s.), allies (///), gone 
 
 C 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 TEMPS 
 
 COMPOSES 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Passt 
 
 ' Indefini 
 
 .J3ym^ 
 
 \go or\ am going 
 
 Je suisall^ 
 
 I have gone 
 
 ^Mvas 
 
 thou goest or thou art going 
 
 Tu es all6 
 
 thou hast gone 
 
 11 va 
 
 he goes or he is going 
 
 11 est all6 
 
 he has gone 
 
 On va 
 
 one goes or one is going 
 
 On est a'll^ 
 
 one has gone 
 
 Nous aliens 
 
 we go or we are going 
 
 Nous sommes all6s 
 
 we have gone 
 
 Vous allez 
 
 you go or you are going 
 
 Vous etes all§s 
 
 you have gone 
 
 lis vont 
 
 they go or they are going 
 
 lis sont all^s 
 
 they have gone 
 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 J'allais 
 
 I was going 
 
 J'^tais all6 
 
 I had gone 
 
 Tu allais 
 
 thou wast going 
 
 Tu etais alle 
 
 thou hadst gone 
 
 11 allait 
 
 he was going 
 
 11 6tait ^11^ 
 
 he had gone 
 
 Onallait. 
 
 one was going 
 
 On est all6 
 
 one had gone 
 
 Nous allions 
 
 we were going 
 
 Nous 6tions all6s 
 
 we had gone 
 
 Vous alliez 
 
 you were going 
 
 Vous 6tiez all6s 
 
 you had gone 
 
 lis allaient 
 
 they were going 
 
 lis 6taient all6s 
 
 they had gone 
 
 /• 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 'T'u alias 
 
 I went 
 
 Je f us all6 
 
 I had gone 
 
 thou wentest 
 
 TU fus all6 
 
 thou hadst gone 
 
 11 alia 
 
 he went 
 
 n f ut all6 
 
 he had gone 
 
 On alia 
 
 one went 
 
 On f ut all6 
 
 one had gone 
 
 Nous allUmes 
 
 we went 
 
 Nous fiimes all6s 
 
 we had gone 
 
 Vous aliates. 
 
 you went 
 
 Vous ffites all6s 
 
 you had gone 
 
 lis alldrent 
 
 they went 
 
 lis furent all6s 
 
 they had gone 
 
 
 Futur 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 yirai 
 
 I shall go 
 
 Je serai all6 
 
 I shall have gone 
 
 Tu iras 
 
 thou wilt go 
 
 Tu seras all6 
 
 thou wilt have gone 
 
 11 ira 
 
 he will go 
 
 11 sera all§ 
 
 he will have gone 
 
 On ira 
 
 one will go 
 
 On sera all^ 
 
 one will have gone 
 
 Nous irons 
 
 we shall go 
 
 Nous serons all6s 
 
 we shall have gone 
 
 Vous irez 
 
 you will go 
 
 Vous serez all6s» 
 
 you will have gon*i 
 
 lis /ro/;f 
 
 they will go 
 
 lis seront allds 
 
 they will have gone 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 31 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 yirais 
 
 I should go 
 
 I St Form 
 
 2d Form 
 
 Tu irais 
 
 thou wouldst go 
 
 
 
 11 irait 
 
 he would go 
 
 Je serais all6 
 
 Je f usse all6 
 
 On irait 
 
 one would go 
 
 I should have gone 
 
 Nous irions 
 
 we should go 
 
 Tu serais all§ 
 
 Tu fusses all6 
 
 Vous iriei 
 
 you would go 
 
 thou wouldst have gone 
 
 lis iraient 
 
 they would go 
 
 11 serait all6 
 
 11 fat all6 
 
 
 
 he would have gone 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 On serait all6 
 
 On fat all6 
 
 Va 
 
 go (thou) 
 
 one would have gone 
 
 Allez 
 
 go (you) • 
 
 Nous serious all6s 
 
 Nous fussions all6s 
 
 AUons 
 
 let us (me) go 
 
 we should have gone 
 Vous seriez all§s Vous fussiez all6s 
 
 you would have gone 
 
 Qu'il aille 
 
 let him go 
 
 Qu'on aille 
 
 let one (people) go 
 
 lis seraient all6s 
 
 lis fussent all6s 
 
 Qu'ils aillent 
 
 let them go 
 
 they would have gone 
 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Passe 
 
 Que Y aille 
 
 that I may go 
 
 Que je sois all§ 
 
 that I may have gone 
 
 Que tu allies 
 
 that thou mayest go 
 
 Que tu sois all§ 
 
 that thou mayest have 
 gone 
 
 Qu'il aille 
 
 that he may go 
 
 Qu'il soit all6 
 
 that he may have gone 
 
 Qu'on aille 
 
 that one may go 
 
 Qu'on soit all6 
 
 that one may have gone 
 
 Que nous alliens 
 
 that we may go 
 
 Que nous soyons 
 all6s 
 
 that we may have gone 
 
 Que vous alliez 
 
 that you may go 
 
 Que vous soyez 
 all6s 
 
 that you may have gone 
 
 Qu'ils aillent 
 
 that they may go 
 
 Qu'ils soient all^s 
 
 that they may have gone 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que j'allasse 
 
 that I might go 
 
 Que iif fusse all6 
 
 that I might have gone 
 
 Que tu allasses 
 
 that thou mightest go 
 
 Que tu fusses all6 
 
 that thou mightest have 
 gone 
 
 Qu'il aliat 
 
 that he might go 
 
 Qu'il fat all6 
 
 that he might have gone 
 
 Qu'on aliat 
 
 that one might go 
 
 Qu'on fat all6 
 
 that one might have 
 gone 
 
 Que nous allassions 
 
 that we might go 
 
 Que nous fussions 
 
 that we might have 
 
 
 
 all^s 
 
 gone 
 
 Que vous allassiez 
 
 that you might go 
 
 Que vous fussiez 
 
 that you might have 
 
 
 
 all^s 
 
 gone 
 
 Qu'ils allassent 
 
 that they might go 
 
 Qu'ils fussent all^s 
 
 that they might have 
 
 gone 
 
 AUer requires neither H nor de before an infinitive depending upon it. 
 
 Je vais parler. / am going to speak. 
 J'allais ^tudier. / was going to study. 
 
32 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Note in the two preceding examples the use of aller as auxiliary, just as we 
 use to go in English. 
 
 Conjugate the verb aller in the negative, interrogative, and the negative- 
 interrogative forms, following the corresponding conjugations of avoir and 
 etre. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of aller. 
 
 38. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRENCH VERBS 
 
 As to Conjugations 
 
 French verbs are arranged with respect to the endings or signs of their 
 present infinitives into four classes or conjugations. Those ending in -er form 
 the ist conjugation; those in -ir form the 2d conjugation ; those in -oir form the 
 3d conjugation ; and those in -re the 4th conjugation. 
 
 The conjugation of each class is illustrated by a verb called the model verb 
 of that conjugation. In this work parler, to speak, has been chosen as the model 
 verb of the ist conjugation, finir as that of the 2d, recevoir as that of the 3d, and 
 rendre as that of the 4th. French verbs are further classified according to their 
 form into regular, irregular, and defective verbs. 
 
 A regular verb is one which always follows, throughout, the conjugation of the 
 model verb of the same ending. 
 
 An irregular verb is one which, having the same ending as the verbs of one 
 of the four conjugations, deviates to a greater or lesser degree from the conjuga- 
 tion of the model verb with the same ending. 
 
 A defective verb is one which is lacking in some of the tenses or persons. 
 
 39. COMPOSITION OF THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 The French verb is composed of a stem, or root, which remains unchanged 
 throughout the conjugation of the regular verb, and of a termination or end- 
 ing which is changed to correspond to the tense, person, and number of the 
 conjugation. 
 
 To find the stem of a verb, remove the ending of the present infinitive; the' 
 unchanging root will remain. In parler, to speak, the stem is pari-, and this 
 remains unchanged throughout ; -er is the ending of the present infinitive. 
 
 The endings for all the moods and tenses of the four conjugations are arranged 
 in the following table. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 35 
 
 Je parla/s 
 Tu parla/s 
 
 II parla/Y 
 On parla/Y 
 Nous parl/o/7s 
 Vous parl/ez 
 
 lis parla/e/7f 
 
 Je parla/ 
 Tu parlas 
 II parla 
 On parla 
 Nous parla/77es 
 Vous parlafes 
 lis parle/'e/7f 
 
 Je parlera/ 
 Tu parleras 
 
 II parlera 
 On parlera 
 
 Imparfait 
 I was speaking, used to speak 
 thou wast speaking, usedst to 
 
 speak 
 he was speaking, used to speak 
 one was speaking, used to speak 
 we were speaking, used to speak 
 you were speaking, used to 
 
 speak 
 they were speaking, used to 
 
 speak 
 
 Passe Defini 
 I spoke 
 thou spokest 
 he spoke 
 one spoke 
 we spoke 
 you spoke 
 they spoke 
 
 Futur 
 I shall or will speak 
 thou shall or wilt speak 
 
 he shall or will speak 
 one shall or will speak 
 
 Nous pa,rlero/;s we shall or will speak 
 Vous parlerez you shall or will speak 
 lis parlero/7f they shall or will speak 
 
 Plus-que-parfa it 
 J'avais parle I had spoken 
 
 Tu avals parle thou hadst spoken 
 
 II avait parle he had spoken 
 
 On avait parle one had spoken 
 Nous avions parle we had spoken 
 Vous aviez parle you had spoken 
 
 lis avaient parle they had spoken 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 J'eus parle 
 Tu eus parle 
 II eut parle 
 On eut parle 
 Nous eumes parle 
 Vous eutes parle 
 lis eurent parle 
 
 I had spoken 
 thou hadst spoken 
 he had spoken 
 one had spoken 
 we had spoken 
 you had spoken 
 they had spoken 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 J'aurai parle 
 Tu auras parle 
 
 II aura parle 
 On aura parle 
 
 I shall or will have spoken 
 thou shalt or wilt have 
 
 spoken 
 he shall (?rwill have spoken 
 
 one shall or will have 
 
 spoken 
 Nous aurons parle we shall or 
 
 spoken 
 Vous aurez parle you shall or 
 
 spoken 
 lis auront parl^ they shall or 
 
 spoken 
 
 will have 
 
 will have 
 
 will have 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Je parlera/s 
 Tu parlera/s 
 II -pailerait 
 On T^anlerait 
 Nous ■parler/ons 
 Vous parler/ez 
 lis T^SLXleraient 
 
 Present 
 I should or would speak 
 thou shouldst or wouldst speak 
 he should or would speak 
 one should or would speak 
 we should or would speak 
 you should or would speak 
 they should or would speak 
 
 Passe 
 I St Form 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais parle J'eusse parl6 
 
 I should or would have spoken 
 Tu aurais parle Tu eusses parl6 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have spoken 
 II aurait parle II eiit parl^ 
 
 he should or would have spoken 
 On aurait parle On eflt parl6 
 
 one should or would have spoken 
 Nous aurions parle Nous eussions parl6 
 
 we should or would have spoker 
 Vous auriez parle Vous eussiez parl6 
 
 you should or would have spoken 
 lis auraient parle lis eussent parU 
 they should or would have spoken 
 
36 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Parle 
 
 Parlez 
 
 Parlons 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 speak (thou) Qu'il parle 
 
 speak (you) Qu'on parle 
 
 let us or me speak Qu'ils parlent 
 
 let him speak 
 
 let one or people speak 
 
 let them speak 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Que je parle that I may speak Que j'aie parle 
 
 Que tu paries that thou mayest speak Que tu aies parle 
 
 Qu'il parle that he may speak 
 
 Qu'on parle that one may speak 
 
 Que nous parl/ows that we may speak 
 
 Que vous parl/ez that you may speak 
 
 Qu'ils parlewf that they may speak 
 
 Qu'il ait parle 
 Qu'on ait parle 
 Que nous ayons 
 
 parle 
 Que vous ayez 
 
 parle 
 Qu'ils aient parle 
 
 Passe 
 
 that I may have spoken 
 that thou mayest have 
 
 spoken 
 that he may have spoken 
 that one may have spoken 
 that we may have spoken 
 
 that you may have spoken 
 
 that they may have spoken 
 
 Jmparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je parlasse that I might speak Que j'eusse parle that I might have spoken 
 
 Que tu parlasses that thou mightest speak Que tu eusses that thou mightest have 
 
 parle spoken 
 
 Qu'il parlaf that he might speak Qu'il eiit parle that he might have spoken 
 
 Qu'on parlaf that one might speak Qu'on eiit parle that one might have 
 
 spoken 
 Que nous parlas- that we might speak Que nous eussions that we might have spoken 
 
 s'lons parle 
 
 Que vous parlas- that you might speak Que vous eussiez that you might have 
 
 siez parle spoken 
 
 Qu'ils parlassenf that they might speak Qu'ils eussent parle that they might have 
 
 spoken 
 
 The verb parler used intransitively means to speak, to talk. 
 
 Je parlais a men f rlre. / was speaking to my brother. 
 Nous parlions de men p^re. We were talking of my father. 
 
 Before an infinitive, parler requires de. 
 
 lis parlent de quitter le pays. They are talking of leaving the country. 
 
 Note. — If the meaning is in order to, or for the purpose of, pour is used 
 before the infinitive. 
 
 II parle beaucoup pour gagner du temps. He is talking a great deal to {in 
 order to) gain time. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 37 
 
 Parler is used transitively, as in English, before names of languages. 
 
 EUe parle fran9ais. She speaks French. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary for further information. 
 
 Like parler conjugate the following verbs: 
 Admirer, to admire. Used as in English. 
 
 Ferrner, to dose. As in English. Fermer quelque chose a clef, to lock anything up. 
 Marcher, to walk; to march. (Intransitive.) 
 Chanter, to sing. Used as in English. 
 Dejeuner, to breakfast. (Intransitive.) The French do not say / have eaten breakfast, but 
 
 J'ai d^jeun^, etc., I have breakfasted, etc. 
 Dessiner, to draw. As in English ; but to drazu in the sense of to pull is tirer. 
 TiiQX, to draw, to pull. Used as in English. 
 
 For special or idiomatic use of verbs, see the Verb Dictionary in back of book. 
 
 43. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK 
 Negatively 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 N'avoir pas parld not to have spoken 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 N'ayant pas parl6 not having spoken 
 
 Participe Passe 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 Ne pas parler not to speak 
 
 Participe Present 
 Ne parlant pas not speaking 
 
 Ne . . . pas parl6 
 
 not spoken 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 Je ne parle pas I do not speak, am 
 
 not speaking 
 Tu ne paries pas thou dost not speak, 
 
 art not speaking 
 II ne parle pas he does not speak, is 
 
 not speaking 
 On ne parle pas one does not speak, 
 
 is not speaking 
 Nous ne parlons pas we do not speak, are 
 
 not speaking 
 Vous ne parlez pas you do not speak, 
 
 are not speaking 
 71s ne parlent pas they do not speak, 
 
 are not speaking 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Indefini 
 Je n'ai pas parl^ I have not spoken 
 
 Tu n'as pas parl6 thou hast not spoken 
 
 II n'a pas parl6 he has not spoken 
 
 On n'a pas parl4 one has not spoken 
 
 Nous n'avons pas we have not spoken 
 
 parl^ 
 Vous n'avez pas parld you have not spoken 
 
 lis n'ont pas parld they have not spoken 
 
38 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Iinparfait 
 Je ne parlais pas I was not speaking 
 
 Tu ne parlais pas 
 II ne parlait pas 
 On ne parlait pas 
 Nous ne parlious 
 , pas 
 Vous ne parliez 
 
 pas 
 lis ne parlaient 
 
 pas 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 thou wast not speaking 
 he was not speaking 
 one was not speaking 
 we were not speaking 
 
 you were not speaking 
 they were not speaking 
 
 Je ne parlai pas 
 Tu ne parlas pas 
 II ne parla pas 
 On ne parla pas 
 Nous ne pariames 
 
 pas 
 Vous ne parlites pas you did not speak 
 
 I did not speak 
 thou didst not speak 
 he did not speak 
 one did not speak 
 we did not speak 
 
 Plus-qtte-paj'fait 
 
 Je n'avais pas parl6 I had not spoken 
 
 Tu n' avals pas parl6 thou hadst not spoken 
 
 II n'avait pas parl6 he had not spoken 
 
 On n'avait pas parl^, one had not spoken 
 
 Nous n'avions pas we had not spoken 
 
 parl6 
 
 Vous n'aviez pas you had not spoken 
 
 parl6 
 
 lis n'avaient pas they had not spoken 
 
 parl€ 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Je n'eus pas parld I had not spoken 
 
 Tu n'eus pas parld thou hadst not spoken 
 
 lis ne parl§rent pas they did not speak 
 
 Futur 
 Je ne parlerai pas I shall not speak 
 Tu ne parleras pas thou wilt not speak 
 II ne parlera pas he will not speak 
 On ne parlera pas one will not speak 
 Nous ne parlerons we shall not speak 
 
 pas 
 Vous ne parlerez pas you will not speak 
 
 lis ne parleront pas they will not speak 
 
 II n'eut pas parl6 
 On n'eut pas parl6 
 Nous n'eumes pas 
 
 parl6 
 Vous n' elites pas 
 
 parl6 
 Ilsn'eurentpasparl6 they had not spoken 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 Je n'aurai pas parl6 I shall not have spoken 
 
 he had not spoken 
 one had not spoken 
 we had not spoken 
 
 you had not spoken 
 
 Tu n' auras pas parl6 
 II n'aura pas parld 
 On n'aura pas parl6 
 Nous n'aurons pas 
 
 parl^ 
 Vous n'aurez pas 
 
 parl6 
 lis n'auront pas parl6 they will not have spoken 
 
 thou wilt not have spoken 
 he will not have spoken 
 one will not have spoken 
 we shall not have spoken 
 
 you will not have spoken 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 jst Form 2d Form 
 
 I should not speak Je n'aurais pas parl6 Je n'eusse pas parl6 
 
 1 should not have spoken 
 thou wouldst not Tu n'aurais pas parl6 Tu n'eusses pas parle 
 
 speak thou wouldst not have spoken 
 
 he would not speak II n'aurait pas parl§ II n'eut pas parl6 
 
 he would not have spoken 
 one would not speak On n'aurait pas parl6 On n'eiit pas parl6 
 
 one would not have spoken 
 Nous ne parlerions pas we should not speak Nous n'aurions pas Nous n'eussions pas 
 
 parl6 parl6 
 
 we should not have spoken 
 Vous ne parleriez pas you would not speak Vous n'auriez pas Vous n'eussiez pas 
 
 parl6 pari! 
 
 you would not have spoken [parl6 
 lis ne parleraient pas they would not speak lis n'auraient pas parl6 lis n'eussent pas 
 
 they would not have spoken 
 
 Je ne parlerais pas 
 Tu ne parlerais pas 
 II ne parlerait pas 
 On ne parlerait pas 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 39 
 
 Ne parle pas do not speak (thou) Qu'il ne parle pas let him not speak 
 
 Ne parlez pas do not speak (you) Qu'on ne parle pas let one (people) 
 
 Ne parlons pas let us or me not not speak 
 
 speak Qu'ils ne parlent pas let them not speak 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 Que je ne parle pas that I may not speak Que je n'aie pas parl6 that I may not have 
 
 spoken 
 
 Que tu ne paries pas that thou mayest not Que tu n'aies pas that thou mayest not have 
 
 speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Qu'il ne parle pas that he may not Qu'il n'ait pas parl6 that he may not have 
 
 speak spoken 
 
 Qu'on ne parle pas that one may not Qu'on n'ait pas parl6 that one may not have 
 
 speak ■ spoken 
 
 Que nous ne parlions that we may not Que nous n'ayons pas that we may not have 
 
 pas speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Que vous ne parliez that you may not Que vous n'ayez pas that you may not have 
 
 pas speak parl§ spoken 
 
 Qu'ils ne parlent that they may not Qu'ils n'aient pas that they may not have 
 
 pas speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je ne parlasse that I might not Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have 
 
 pas speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Que tu ne parlasses that thou mightest Que tu n'eusses pas that thou mightest not 
 
 pas not speak parle have spoken 
 
 Qu'il ne pariat pas that he might not Qu'il n'eut pas parl6 that he might not have 
 
 speak spoken 
 
 Qu'on nepariat pas that one might not Qu'on n'eut pas parl6 that one might not have 
 
 speak spoken 
 
 Que nous ne parlas- that we might not Que nous n'eussions that we might not have 
 
 sions pas speak pas parl§ spoken 
 
 Que vous ne parlas- that you might not Que vous n'eussiez pas that you might not have 
 
 siez pas speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Qu'ils neparlassent that they might not Qu'ils n'eussent pas that they might not have 
 
 pas speak parl6 spoken 
 
 Conjugate negatively (like parler) the following verbs : 
 
 Accuser, to accuse. Requires de before infinitive and also where of is required in the similar 
 English construction. 
 
 On a accus§ le g6n6ral d'avoir abandonni I'armfie. 
 
 Aider, to aid. Requires a before infinitive. 
 
 n m'a aid6 4 vendre ma maison. 
 
40 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Briiler, to burn. 
 Cacher, to hide. 
 Danser, to dance. 
 Conter, to relate. 
 
 Used as in English. 
 Used as in English. 
 
 Used as in English. 
 
 Used as in English. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary in back of book for special or idiomatic uses of verbs. 
 
 44. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK 
 Interrogatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 Parl^-je ? 
 Parles-tu ? 
 Parle-t-il? 
 Parle-t-on ? 
 Parlons-nous ? 
 Parle z-vous ? 
 Parlent-ils ? 
 
 Parlais-je? 
 Parlais-tu ? 
 Parlait-il? 
 Parlait-on? 
 Parlions-nous ? 
 Parliez-vous ? 
 Parlaient-ils ? 
 
 Present 
 
 do I speak ? 
 dost thou speak ? 
 does he speak ? 
 does one speak ? 
 do we speak ? 
 do you speak ? 
 do they speak ? 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 was I speaking ? 
 wast thou speaking ? 
 was he speaking ? 
 was one speaking ? 
 were we speaking ? 
 were you speaking ? 
 were they speaking ? 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Parlai-je ? 
 Parlas-tu ? 
 Parla-t-il? 
 Parla-t-on? 
 Parl^mes-nous ? 
 Parlates-vous? 
 Parlerent-ils ? 
 
 Parlerai-je? 
 Parleras-tu ? 
 Parlera-t-il ? 
 Parlera-t-on ? 
 Parlerons-nous ? 
 Parlerez-vous ? 
 Parleront-ils ? 
 
 did I speak ? 
 didst thou speak ? 
 did he speak ? 
 did one speak ?, 
 did we speak ? 
 did you speak ? 
 did they speak ? 
 
 Ftitiir 
 
 shall I speak ? 
 wilt thou speak ? 
 will he speak ? 
 will one speak ? 
 shall we speak ? 
 will you speak ? 
 will they speak ? 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indtjini 
 
 Ai-je parl^ ? 
 As-tu parl6 ? 
 A-t-ilparl6? 
 A-t-on parl6 ? 
 Avons-nous parl6 ? 
 Avez-vous parl^? 
 Ont-ilsparl6? 
 
 have I spoken ? 
 hast thou spoken ? 
 has he spoken ? 
 has one spoken ? 
 have we spoken ? 
 have you spoken ? 
 have they spoken ? 
 
 Plus- que-pai- fait 
 
 Avais-je parl6? had I spoken ? 
 
 Avais-tu parl^ ? hadst thou spoken ? 
 
 Avait-il parl^ ? had he spoken ? 
 
 Avait-on parle ? had one spoken ? 
 
 Avions-nous parl^ ? had we spoken ? 
 
 Aviez-vous parl6 ? had you spoken ? 
 
 Avaient-ils parl^ ? had they spoken ? 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 had I spoken ? 
 hadst thou spoken ? 
 had he spoken ? 
 had one spoken ? 
 had we spoken ? 
 had you spoken ? 
 had they spoken ? 
 
 Eus-je parl^ ? 
 Eus-tu parl6 ? 
 Eut-il parl^ ? 
 Eut-on parl^ ? 
 Eumes-nous parl6 ? 
 Eiites-vous parl^ ? 
 Eurent-ils parl6 ? 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Aurai-je parl^? shall I have spoken ? 
 
 Auras-tu parl6? wilt thou have spoken ? 
 
 Aura-t-il parl^? will he have spoken ? 
 
 Aura-t-on parld? will one have spoken ? 
 
 Aurons-nous parld? shall we have spoken ? 
 
 Aurez-vous parl6? will you have spoken ? 
 
 Auront-ils parl^ ? will they have spoken ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 41 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Parlerais-je? 
 Parlerais-tu ? 
 Parlerait-il ? 
 Parlerait-on ? 
 Parlerions-nous ? 
 Parleriez-vous ? 
 Parleraient-ils ? 
 
 Present 
 
 should I speak ? 
 wouldst thou speak ? 
 would he speak ? 
 would one speak ? 
 should we speak ? 
 would you speak ? 
 would they speak ? 
 
 Aurais-je parl6? 
 Aurais-tu parl6 ? 
 Aurait-il parl6 ? 
 Aurait-on parl6 ? 
 Aurions-nous parl€ ? 
 Auriez-vous parl6? 
 Auraient-ils parl6 ? 
 
 Passe 
 
 should I have spoken ? 
 wouldst thou have spoken ? 
 would he have spoken ? 
 would one have spoken ? 
 should we have spoken ? 
 would you have spoken ? 
 would they have spoken ? 
 
 45. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK 
 Interrogatively and Negatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 Ne parl^-je pas ? 
 Ne parles-tu pas ? 
 Ne parle-t-il pas ? 
 Ne parle-t-on pas ? 
 Ne parlons-nous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlez-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlent-ils pas ? do they not speak ? 
 
 Imparfait 
 Ne parlais-je pas? was I not speaking ? 
 
 do I not speak ? 
 dost thou not speak ? 
 does he not speak ? 
 does one not speak ? 
 do we not speak ? 
 
 do you not speak ? 
 
 wast thou not speaking ? 
 was he not speaking ? 
 was one not speaking ? 
 were we not speaking ? 
 
 Ne parlais-tu pas? 
 Ne parlait-il pas ? 
 Ne parlait-on pas ? 
 Ne parlions-nous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parliez-vous were you not speaking ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlaient-ils were they not speaking ? 
 
 pas? 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Ne parlai-je pas? 
 Ne parlas-tu pas ? 
 Ne parla-t-il pas ? 
 Ne parla-t-on pas ? 
 Ne parlUmes-nous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne pariates-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parldrent-ils 
 
 pas? 
 
 did I not speak ? 
 didst thou not speak ? 
 did he not speak ? 
 did one not speak ? 
 did we not speak ? 
 
 did you not speak ? 
 
 did they not speak ? 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indejini 
 
 N'ai-je pas parl6 ? 
 N'as-tu pas parl^ ? 
 N'a-t-il pas parl6 ? 
 N'a-t-on pas parl6 ? 
 N'avons-nous pas 
 
 parl^? 
 N'avez-vous pas 
 
 parl6? 
 N'ont-ils pas parl6 ? 
 
 have I not spoken ? 
 hast thou not spoken ? 
 has he not spoken ? 
 has one not spoken ? 
 have we not spoken ? 
 
 have you not spoken ? 
 
 have they not spoken ? 
 
 Plus- que- par fait 
 N'avais-je pas parl^? had I not spoken ? 
 N'avais-tu pas parl6? hadst thou not spoken? 
 N'avait-il pas parle? had he not spoken ? 
 N'avait-on pas parl^? had one not spoken ? 
 N'avions-nous pas had we not spoken ? 
 
 parl6? 
 N'aviez-vous pas had you not spoken ? 
 
 parl6? 
 N'avaient-ils pas had they not spoken ? 
 
 parl6 ? 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 had I not spoken ? 
 hadst, thou not spoken ?. 
 had he not spoken ? 
 had one not spoken? 
 had we not spoken ? 
 
 N'eus-je pas parld? 
 N'eus-tu pas parl6? 
 N'eut-il pas parl6? 
 N'eut-onpas parl^? 
 N'eflmes-nous pas 
 
 parl6 ? 
 N'efltes-vous pas 
 
 parl6? 
 N'eurent-ils pas 
 
 parl6? 
 
 had you not spoken ? 
 had they not spoken ? 
 
42 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Futur 
 
 Ne parlerai-je pas ? shall I not speak ? 
 Ne parleras-tu wilt thou not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlera-t-il pas ? will he not speak ? 
 Ne parlera-t-on will one not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerons-nous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerez-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parleront-ils 
 
 pas? 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 shall we not speak ? 
 will you not speak ? 
 will they not speak ? 
 
 N'aurai-je pas parl^ ? 
 N'auras-tu pas 
 
 parl6 ? 
 N'aura-t-il pasparl6? 
 N'aura-t-on pas 
 
 parl6 ? 
 N^aurons-nous pas 
 
 parl6 ? 
 N'aurez-vous pas 
 
 parl6 ? 
 N'auront-ils pas 
 
 parl6? 
 
 shall I not have spoken? 
 
 wilt thou not have 
 
 spoken ? 
 will he not have spoken ? 
 will one not have 
 
 spojcen? 
 shall we not have 
 
 spoken ? 
 will you not have 
 
 spoken ? 
 will they not have 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Ne parlerais-je should I not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerais-tu wouldst thou not speak ? N'aurais-tu 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerait-il would he not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerait-on would one not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parlerions-nous should we not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parleriez-vous would you not speak ? 
 
 pas? 
 Ne parleraient-ils would they not speak? 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 Pass'e 
 
 
 
 N'aurais-je 
 
 pas 
 
 should I 
 
 not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'aurais-tu 
 
 pas 
 
 wouldst thou not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'aurait-il 
 
 pas 
 
 would he 
 
 not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'aurait-on 
 
 pas 
 
 would one 
 
 not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'aurions-nous 
 
 pas 
 
 should we 
 
 not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'auriez-vous 
 
 pas 
 
 would you 
 
 not 
 
 have 
 
 parl6? 
 
 
 spoken ? 
 
 
 
 N'auraient-ils pas would they not have 
 parl^? spoken? 
 
 Note. — The 2d form of the conditional will be written by the student. 
 
 46. THE SECOND CONJUGATION 
 
 Finir is the model verb of the 2d conjugation. All regular verbs ending in 
 -ir are conjugated like finir. 
 
 Note that in the regular verbs of this conjugation the present participle, like 
 finissant (in the model verb), has -iss inserted before the ending -ant. 
 
 Note that this -iss is retained in regular verbs in -ir in the cases where we 
 change the ending -ant of the present participle into the proper terminations to 
 secure other forms of the verb ; as in the imperfect indicative (fin-issais, issais, 
 issait, issions, issiez, issent) and the present subjunctive (fin-isse, isses, isse^ 
 issions, issiez, issent). 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 43 
 
 REGULAR VERBS {Continued) 
 47. SECOND CONJUGATION ENDING IN -IR 
 
 MODEL VERB FINIR = TO FINISH 
 
 In/in itif Present 
 Fiw'r to finish 
 
 Participe Present 
 Finissanf finishing 
 
 /«/?« itif Passe 
 Avoir fin/ to have finished 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant fin/ having finished 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Fini (»?.j.), finie (/j.)» finis {m.pL), finies (///.), finished 
 
 S. 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 /'fljj^' Indefini 
 
 Je fin/s 
 
 I finish ^r I am finishing 
 
 r J'ai fin/ 
 
 I have finished 
 
 Tu fin/s 
 
 thou finishest or thou art 
 finishing 
 
 Tu as fin/ 
 
 thou hast finished 
 
 U fin/f 
 
 he finishes or he is finishing 
 
 U a fin/ 
 
 he has finished 
 
 Elle fin/f 
 
 she finishes or she is finishing 
 
 Elle a fin/ 
 
 she has finished 
 
 On fin/f 
 
 one finishes or one is finish- 
 
 On a fin/ 
 
 one has finished 
 
 PL I 
 
 mg 
 
 Nous 6.w'ssons we finish or we are finishing 
 
 Vous fin/ssez you finish or you are finish- 
 ing 
 
 lis fin/sse/7f they finish or they are fin- 
 ishing 
 
 EUes fin/sse/7f they finish or they are fin. 
 ishing 
 
 Nous avons fin/ vi^e have finished 
 Vous avez fin/ you have finished 
 
 lis ont fin/ they have finished 
 
 .EUes ont fin/ they have finished 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 
 Je 13.nissa/s I veas finishing <?;' I used J'avais fin/ 
 
 to finish 
 Tu fin/ssa/s thou vi^ast finishing or thou 
 
 usedst to finish 
 II fin/ssa/f he was finishing or he used 
 
 to finish 
 On fin/ssa/f one was finishing or one 
 
 used to finish 
 Nous fin/ss/o/7S we were finishing or we 
 
 used to finish 
 Vous fin/ss/ez you were finishing or you 
 
 used to finish 
 lis fin/ssa/e/7f they were finishing or they 
 
 used to finish 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Tu avals fin/ 
 U avait fin/ 
 On avait fin/ 
 
 I had finished 
 thou hadst finished 
 he had finished 
 one had finished 
 
 Nous avions fin/ we had finished 
 Vous aviez fin/ you had finished 
 lis avaient fin/ they had finished 
 
44 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Je fin/s 
 Tu fin/s 
 II fin/Y 
 On fin/f 
 Nous fin/mes 
 Vous fin/^es 
 lis ^nirent 
 
 Je l^niraf 
 Tu fin/ras 
 II fin/>a 
 On fin/>a 
 Nous fin/rons 
 Vous fin/>ez 
 lis tniront 
 
 Je fin/>a/s 
 Tu fin/>a/s 
 II ^m'rait 
 On ^n/'rait 
 Nous fiViirions 
 Vous tniriez 
 lis ^niraient 
 
 Finis 
 
 Finissez 
 
 Finissons 
 
 Que je fin/sse 
 Que tu fin/sses 
 
 Qu'il fin/sse 
 Qu'on fin/sse 
 
 /(jz^j^ Defini 
 I finished 
 thou finishedst 
 he finished 
 one finished 
 we finiished 
 you finished 
 they finished 
 
 FuHir 
 I shall or will finish 
 thou shalt £>;' wilt finish 
 he shall <?r will finish 
 one. shall or will finish 
 
 • we shall or will finish 
 you shall or will finish 
 they shall or will finish 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 J'eus fin/ 
 Tu eus fin/ 
 II eut fin/ 
 On eut fin/ 
 Nous efimes fin/ 
 Vous efltes fin/ 
 lis eurent fin/ 
 
 I had finished 
 thou hadst finished 
 he had finished 
 one had finished 
 we had finished 
 you had finished 
 they had finished 
 
 J'aurai fin/ 
 Tu auras fin/ 
 II aura fin/ 
 On aura fin/ 
 Nous aurons fin/ 
 Vous aurez fin/ 
 lis auront fin/ 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 I shall or will have finished 
 thou shalt £»r wilt have finished 
 he shall or will have finished 
 one shall or will have finished 
 we shall <7rwill have finished 
 you shall or will have finished 
 they shall or will have finished 
 
 LE CONDITIOXNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 I should or would finish 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst 
 finish 
 
 he should or would fin- 
 ish 
 
 one should or would 
 finish 
 
 we should or would 
 finish 
 
 you should or would fin- 
 ish 
 
 they should or would 
 finish 
 
 Passe 
 1st Form 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais fin/ J'eusse fini 
 
 I should or wQuld have finished 
 Tu aurais fin/ Tu eusses fini 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have finished 
 II aurait fin/ II eut fini 
 
 he should or would have finished 
 On aurait fin/ On eut fini 
 
 one should or would have finished 
 Nous aurions fin/ Nous eussions fini 
 
 we should or would have finished 
 Vous auriez fin/ Vous eussiez fini 
 
 you should or would have finished 
 lis auraient fin/ lis eussent fini 
 
 they should or would have finished 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 finish (thou) Qu'il finisse 
 
 finish (you) Qu'on finisse 
 
 let us finish, let me finish Qu'il finissent 
 
 let him finish 
 
 let one {or people) finish 
 
 let them finish 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 that I may finish Que j'aie fin/ 
 
 that thou mayest finish 
 
 that he may finish 
 that one may finish 
 Que nous fin/ss/o/7S that we may finish 
 Que vous fin/ss/ez that you may finish 
 Qu'ils fin/sse/7f that they may finish 
 
 Passe 
 
 that I may have finished. 
 Que tu aies fin/ that thou mayest have fin- 
 ished 
 Qu'il ait fin/ that he may have finished 
 
 Qu'on ait fin/ that one may have finished 
 
 Que nous ayons fin/ that we may have finished 
 Que vous ayez fin/ that you may have finished 
 Qu'ils aient fin/ that they may have finished 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 45 
 
 Que je fin/sse 
 Que tu fin/sses 
 Qu'il fin/7 
 Qu'on fin/f 
 
 Plus-que-pa rfa it 
 Que j'eusse fin/ that I might have Hn- 
 
 that thou mightest finish Que tu eusses fin/ 
 that he might finish Qu'il eiit fin/ 
 
 that one might finish 
 Que nous fin/ss/o/7S that we might finish 
 Que vous fin/ss/ez that you might finish 
 Qu'ils fin/ssenf that they might finish 
 
 Qu'on eiit fin/ 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 that I might finish 
 
 ished 
 that thou mightest have 
 
 finished 
 that he might have 
 
 finished 
 that one might have 
 finished 
 Que nous eussions fin/ that we might have 
 
 finished 
 Que vous eussiez fin/ that you might have 
 
 finished 
 Qu'ils eussent fin/ that they might have 
 
 finished 
 
 Finir is used, like the verb to fijiish in English, as a transitive verb. 
 
 Le charpentier a fini cette maison. The carpenter has firiished that house. 
 Je finis ma legon. / am finishing my lesson. 
 
 It is also used, like to finish in English, as an intransitive verb. 
 II finira bientot. He will finish soon. 
 Avez-vous fini? Have you finished? {Are you through?) 
 Finir requires de before an infinitive. 
 
 A-t-il finide parler? Has he finished speaking? {nnth speaking?) 
 Conjugate finir negatively, interrogatively and negatively, and interrogatively, 
 following the corresponding conjugations of parler. 
 
 Like finer, conjugate the following verbs : 
 Abolir, to abolish. As in English. lis ont aboli cette coutume. They have abolished that 
 
 custom. 
 Adoucir, to soften. As in English. Cela adoucit la vie. That softens life. 
 Batir, en, to build (of or with). As in English. Les oiseaux bMissent un nid. The birds 
 
 are building a nest. Une maison bUtie en pierre. A house built of stone. 
 Choisir, to choose. As in English. Nous choisissons cette fleur. We choose this flower. 
 Fournir, de (with), to furnish. As in English. lis ont fourni du ble a I'arm^e. They hare 
 furnished {some) hay to the army. II est fourni de tabac par son oncle. He is fur- 
 nished {supplied with) tobacco by his uncle. 
 
 48. THE THIRD CONJUGATION 
 
 The verbs of the 3d conjugation end in oir. The model verb is recevoir. 
 
 Note that from the ist person singular of the past definite the remaining 
 forms of the past definite may be obtained by changing the final letter s into 
 s, t, mes, tes, rent : Je re9U5, tu x^ms, 11 re9uf , nous re9u/7ie5, vous re9ufes, lis 
 re9u/'e/if. 
 
 Note that when the c comes before or u, a cedilla is placed under it ; thus 
 
46 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 9 in order to preserve the soft sound of the c which it has in the present infini- 
 tive. Otherwise the c, according to the rules of pronunciation, would take the 
 hard sound (like k) before the o and u. 
 
 Injin itif Present 
 Rece^oir to receive 
 
 Participe Present 
 tieceyant receiving 
 
 MODEL VERB RECEVOIR = TO RECEIVE 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 Avoir reQW to have received 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant re^w having received 
 
 Particite Passe 
 
 3 Re?'' {m.s.), reque (f.s.), lequs {_m.pL'), Ye(}ues (f.pL), received 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 I receive or I am re- S. J'ai reQw 
 
 ceiving 
 
 thou receivest or thou 
 art receiving 
 
 he receives or he is re- 
 ceiving 
 
 .she receives or she is 
 
 receiving 
 one receives or one is 
 
 receiving 
 PL Nous receKows we receive or we are PL Nous avons re^w 
 
 receiving 
 Vous receyez you receive or you are Vous avez reQw 
 
 receiving 
 lis rego/Vez/f they receive or they are lis ont le^u 
 
 receiving 
 Elles rego/Vewf they receive or they are EUes ont regu 
 
 receiving 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je xtzevais I was receiving, I used 
 
 to receive 
 Tu receKfl/s thouwast receiving, thou Te eus regt/ 
 
 used to receive 
 II xecevait he was receiving, he II eut regw 
 
 used to receive 
 On XQcevait one was receiving, one On eut regw 
 
 used to receive 
 Nous lecey ions we were receiving, we 
 
 used to receive 
 Vous XQCeviez you wer.e receiving, you 
 
 used to receive 
 lis xeceyaient they were receiving, lis eurent regw 
 
 they used to receive 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Lndejini 
 
 I have received 
 
 Tu as regw thou hast received 
 
 II a regw he has received 
 
 Elle a regw she has received 
 
 On a reQW one has received 
 
 we have received 
 
 you have received 
 
 they have received 
 
 they have received 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 J' eus regw I had received 
 
 thou hadst received 
 
 he had received 
 
 one had received 
 
 Nous eiimes regw we had received 
 
 Vous elites reg^/ you had received 
 
 they had received 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 47 
 
 / 
 
 f 
 
 Passe Dcfini 
 
 Plus. 
 
 ■que-parfait 
 
 Te recus 
 
 I received 
 
 J' avals re^w 
 
 I had received 
 
 Tu re^tfs 
 
 thou receivedst 
 
 Tu avals regw 
 
 thou hadst received 
 
 11 re^tff 
 
 he received 
 
 11 avait repw 
 
 he had received 
 
 On regwf 
 
 one received 
 
 On avait re^i/ 
 
 one had received 
 
 Nous reg/?/wes 
 
 we received 
 
 Nous avions repw 
 
 we had received 
 
 Vous ie(iutes 
 
 you received 
 
 Vous aviez re^w 
 
 you had received 
 
 lis lei^urent 
 
 they received 
 
 lis avaient regt/ 
 
 they had received 
 
 
 FtUur 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je lecevrat 
 
 I shall or w^ill receive 
 
 J'aurai reg^/ 
 
 I shall or will have 
 received 
 
 Tu receKras 
 
 thou shalt or wilt re- 
 
 Tu auras regw 
 
 thou shalt or wilt have 
 
 
 ceive 
 
 
 received 
 
 11 recei^ra 
 
 he shall or will receive 
 
 11 aura re^w 
 
 he shall or will have 
 received 
 
 On rece^ra 
 
 one shall or will receive 
 
 On aura re^w 
 
 one shall or will have 
 received 
 
 Nous reccKrows 
 
 we shall or will receive 
 
 Nous aurons regt/ 
 
 we shall or will have 
 received 
 
 Vous leceyrez 
 
 you shall or will receive 
 
 Vous aurez regw 
 
 you shall or will have 
 received 
 
 lis lecevront 
 
 they shall or will receive 
 
 lis auront re^w 
 
 they shall or will have 
 received 
 
 
 LE CONDI JIONNEL 
 
 Pass's 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Je recevrais 
 Tu lecevrais 
 II lecevratt 
 On recevrait 
 Nous xecevr/ons 
 Vous recemez 
 lis receyraient 
 
 .'ould 
 
 I should or 
 ceive 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst 
 receive 
 
 he should or would re- 
 ceive 
 
 one should or would re- 
 ceive 
 
 we should or would re- 
 ceive 
 
 you should or would re- 
 ceive 
 
 they should or would 
 receive 
 
 isf Form 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais re?^/ J'eusse re^t/ 
 
 I should or would have received 
 Tu aurais repw Tu eusses re^t/ 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have received 
 II aurait regw II eut regw 
 
 he should or would have received 
 On aurait reQt/ On eiit regw 
 
 one should or would have received 
 Nous aurions regv Nous eussions re?// 
 
 we should or would have received 
 Vous auriez regy Vous eussiez re^w 
 
 you should or would have received 
 lis auraient regw lis eussent re?// 
 
 they should or would have received 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 He^is receive (thou) 
 
 Receyez receive (yoiQ 
 
 Receyons let us or me receive 
 
 Qu'il Te(;oive 
 Qu'on re^o/Ve 
 Qu'ils leqot'yent 
 
 let him receive 
 
 let one (people) receive 
 
 let them receive 
 
48 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Que je rego/Ve 
 Que tu re9o/Ves 
 Qu'il refo/Ve 
 Qu'on rego/Ve 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 that I may receive Que j'aie re?^/ 
 
 that thou mayest Que tu aies re^f/ 
 
 receive 
 that he may receive Qu'il ait re?!/ 
 
 Passe 
 
 that one may receive 
 
 Que nous leceyions that we may receive 
 Que VOUS reccK/'ez that you may receive 
 Qu'ils lefioii^ent that they may receive 
 
 Imparfait 
 Que je re^t/sse that I might receive 
 
 Qu'on ait re^w 
 Que nous ayons xt^u 
 Que VOUS ayez regw 
 Qu'ils aient reQw 
 
 that I may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 that thou mayest have 
 received 
 
 that he may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 that one may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 that we may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 that you may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 that they may have re- 
 ceived 
 
 Que tu regt/sses 
 Qu'il xt^Qt 
 Qu'on xt^t 
 
 that thou mightest Que tu eusses regw 
 
 receive 
 
 that he might receive Qu'il efit re^t/ 
 
 that one might receive Qu'on eiit regt/ 
 
 Plus-que-pa rfa it 
 
 Que j'eusse regw that I might have re- 
 
 ceived 
 that thou mightest 
 
 have received 
 that he might have re- 
 ceived 
 that one might have 
 received 
 Que nous xe(}ussions that we might receive Que nous eussions xequ that we might have 
 
 received 
 Que VOUS xe^ussiez that ybn might receive Que vous eussiez xe^u that you might have 
 
 received 
 Qu'ils le^ussenf that they might receive Qu'ils eussent lequ that they might have 
 
 received 
 
 There are but seven regular verbs of this conjugation. They are given below. 
 Note with respect to these seven regular verbs that it is the ending evoir which changes ; 
 leceiroir, xecemnt, je rego/s/ devoir, demnt, je do/s. 
 Like recevoir, conjugate : 
 
 Apercevoir, to perceive, to notice. J'aperpois votre ami dans le lointain. I perceive your 
 
 friend in the distance. 
 Concevoir, to conceive. Qui a congu ce projet? Who conceived this plan ? 
 Dicevoir, to deceive. Cette lettre vous a d^gu. That letter deceived you. 
 Recevoir (model verb) . Avez-vous regu les fleurs ? Did you receive the flowers ? Madame JB. 
 
 ne regoit pas ce soir. Mrs. B. is not receiving this evening. 
 Percevoir, to collect {rents, taxes, et:.'). II a pergu les impdts. He has collected the taxes. 
 Perce voir is also used in figurative sense of to receive or to catch; as a sound. II a pergu le 
 
 son des canons. He caught the sound of the cannon. 
 Devoir, to oive. Je dois cent francs h. cet homme. / owe that man one hundred francs. 
 
 In sense of to owe, devoir requires de before the infinitive : 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 49 
 
 On doit I. ses parents d'§tre honorable. One owes it to his parents to be honorable. 
 Rede voir, to owe again. 
 
 Note. — A circumflex accent is used in the masculine singular of the past participle of 
 devoir and redevoir : dfl, redu. In the feminine and in the plural of the past participle no 
 accent is used: due (/), redue (/), dus {m.pl.), redus {m.pL). 
 
 49. I. Devoir is a very important French verb. In its true sense of to owe it 
 is used as in English, as shown above. 
 
 It has also a use, without de, before the infinitive, like an auxiliary. 
 
 In this respect it corresponds to the English use of ought before an infinitive ; 
 or of should used in the sense of ought. 
 
 It must be remembered that ought (which is equivalent to to owe) in English 
 is defective, while in French devoir is complete. 
 
 In this meaning, devoir is used principally in the conditional, present or past : 
 Vous devriez lui dire toute la verite. You ought to tell him the whole truth. 
 Vous auriez dii lui dire toute la v6rite. You ought to have told him the whole 
 
 truth. 
 Vous devriez commencer plus tot. You should {ought to) begin earlier. 
 Nous aurions dii commencer plus tard. We should {ought to) have begun later. 
 
 Notice the circumflex accent over the past participle of devoir to distinguish 
 it from the du, of the^ or some. 
 
 When ought is used in the sense of to be one^s duty, devoir is used in French 
 in other tenses of the indicative : 
 Les enfants doivent respecter leurs parents. Children ought {it is their duty) to 
 
 respect their parents. 
 Je ne savais pas ce que je devais f aire. / did not know what I ought {it was my 
 duty) to do. 
 
 2. Devoir is also used before the infinitive in the sense of to be to : 
 Je dois partir demain. / am to start to-morrow. 
 II devait me rencontrer a six heures. He was to meet me at six o'clock. 
 
 This use is confined to the present d^Xid. imperfect of the indicative. It involves 
 probable futurity with more or less idea of obligation, an^ishades off into the 
 meanings of: 9/^ 
 
 To be obliged to, to have to, to intend to. 
 Je dois aller a la poste. / ha7>e to go to the post-office. 
 Devez-vous y aller maintenant ? Have you to go there now ? 
 Dois-je aller a la banque ce matin ? Am I {do I have) to go to the bank this 
 
 morning? 
 Dois-je vous accompagner ? Shall I go with you ? (Of frequent use.) 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 4 
 
50 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Notice also : Je ne pouvais vous attendre ; j'ai dii aller a la banque. I could 
 not wait for you, I had to {was obliged to) go to the bank. 
 
 3. Devoir is used in the sense of must (but in this use should be carefully 
 distinguished from falloir, Par. 93). 
 
 In the sense of must the impersonal verb falloir expresses necessity ; whereas 
 devoir expresses an inference on the part of the speaker ; i.e. a consequence 
 inferred from what he knows to be true. 
 Aprls un si long voyage vous devez etre fatigul. After so long a trip you jnust 
 
 be tired. 
 Elle a dii etre belle dans sa jeunesse. She must have been beautiful in her youth. 
 II est convert de poussiire, il a dfi tomber. He is covered ivith dust; he must 
 have fallen. 
 
 50. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION 
 
 MODEL VERB RENDRE = TO RENDER, TO GIVE BACK 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 Avoir rendw to have rendered 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Ayant rend(/ having rendered 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Rendw {m.s.), rendwe {f.s.), rendws {iti.pl.), rendwes {fpL), rendered 
 
 
 Infn itif Present 
 
 Rendre 
 
 to render 
 
 
 Participe Present 
 
 Rendawf 
 
 rendering 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 I have rendered 
 
 S. Je rends I render or I am ren- S. J'ai rendw 
 
 dering 
 Tu rends thou renderest or thou Tu as rendw thou hast rendered 
 
 art rendering 
 II rend . he renders or he is ren- II a rendw he has rendered 
 
 dering 
 Elle |end she renders or she is Elle a rendw she has rendered 
 
 rendering 
 On rend one renders or one is On a rendw one has rendered 
 
 rendering 
 PI. Nous rendo/JS we render or we are PI. Nous avons rendw we have rendered 
 
 rendering 
 Vous rendez you render or you are Vous avez rendw you have rendered 
 
 rendering 
 lis rende/7f they render or they are lis ont rendw they have rendered 
 
 rendering 
 EUes rendenf they render or they are Elles ont rendi/ they have rendered 
 
 rendering 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 51 
 
 Je renda/s 
 
 Tu renda/s 
 II renda/Y 
 On renda/Y 
 Nous rend/0/; s 
 Vous rend/ez 
 lis renda/'e/7f 
 
 Je rend/s 
 Tu rend/s 
 II rend/Y 
 On rend/Y 
 Nous rend//wes 
 Vous rend/^es 
 lis lendirent 
 
 Je rendra/ 
 Tu rendras 
 II rendra 
 On rendra 
 Nous rendrons 
 Vous rendrez 
 lis rendront 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 I was rendering or I 
 
 used to render 
 thou wast rendering, etc. 
 he was rendering, etc. 
 one was rendering, etc. 
 we were rendering, etc. 
 you were rendering, etc. 
 they were rendering, etc. 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 I rendered 
 thou renderedst 
 he rendered 
 one rendered 
 we rendered 
 you rendered 
 they rendered 
 
 Futur 
 
 I shall or will render 
 
 thou shalt or wilt render 
 
 he shall or will render 
 
 one shall or will render 
 
 we shall or will render 
 
 you shall or will render 
 
 they shall or will render 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 J'eus rendf/ I had rendered 
 
 Tu eus rendw 
 II cut rendw 
 On eut rendt/ 
 Nous eiimes rendw 
 Vous elites rendw 
 lis eurent rend^ 
 
 thou hadst rendered 
 he had rendered 
 one had rendered 
 we had rendered 
 you had rendered 
 they had rendered 
 
 Plus-que-parfaii 
 
 J'avais rendw 
 Tu avals rendw • 
 II avait rendw 
 On avait rendw 
 Nous avions rendw 
 Vous aviez rendw 
 lis avaient rendw 
 
 I had rendered 
 thou hadst rendered 
 he had rendered 
 one had rendered 
 we had rendered 
 you had rendered 
 they had rendered 
 
 J^aurai rendw 
 Tu auras rendw 
 II aura rendw 
 On aura rendw 
 Nous aurons rendw 
 Vous aurez rendt/ 
 lis auront rend:/ 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 I shall or will have 
 
 rendered 
 thou shalt or wilt have 
 
 rendered 
 he shall or will have 
 
 rendered 
 one shall or will have 
 
 rendered 
 we shall or will have 
 
 rendered 
 you shall or will have 
 
 rendered 
 they shall or will have 
 rendered 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Je rendrais 
 
 I should or would ren- 
 
 
 der 
 
 Tu rendrais 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst 
 
 
 render 
 
 II rendra/f 
 
 he should or would ren- 
 
 
 der 
 
 On rendra/Y 
 
 one should or would 
 
 
 render 
 
 Nous rendr/'ons 
 
 we should or would 
 
 
 render 
 
 Vous rendr/ez 
 
 you should or would 
 
 
 render 
 
 lis rendraient 
 
 they should or would 
 
 
 render 
 
 Passe 
 
 J St Form 2d Form 
 
 J'aurais rendw J'eusse rendw 
 
 I should or would have rendered 
 Tu aurais rend// Tu eusses rendw 
 
 thou shouldst or wouldst have rendered 
 II aurait rendt/ II eut rendt/ 
 
 he should or would have rendered 
 On aurait rendt/ On efit rendt/ 
 
 one should or would have rendered 
 Nous aurions rendt/ Nous eussions rendt/ 
 
 we should or would have rendered 
 Vous auriez rendt/ Vous eussiez rendt/ 
 
 you should or would have rendered 
 lis auraient rendt/ lis eussent rendt/ 
 
 they should or would have rendered 
 
52 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 Rends 
 
 render (thou) 
 
 Rendez 
 
 render (you) 
 
 Rendows 
 
 let us or me render 
 
 Qu'il rende let him render 
 
 Qu'on rende let one (people) render 
 
 Qu'ils rendewf let them render 
 
 Que je rende 
 Que tu rendes 
 Qu'il rende 
 Qu'on rende 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 that I may render ^ Que j'aie rendw 
 
 Passe 
 
 that thou mayest ren- Que tu aies rendtf 
 
 der 
 
 that he may render Qu'il ait rendw 
 
 that one may render Qu'on ait rendw 
 
 that I may have ren- 
 dered 
 that thou mayest have 
 
 rendered 
 that he may have ren- 
 dered 
 that one may have 
 rendered 
 Que nous rend/ows that we may render Que nous ayons rendw that vi^e may have 
 
 rendered 
 Que vous rend/ez that you may render Que vous ayez rendw that you may have 
 
 rendered 
 Qu'ils rendewf that they may render Qu'ils aient rend</ that they may have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je rend/sse that I might render Que j'eusse rendw that I might have ren- 
 
 dered 
 
 Que tu rend/sses that thou mightest ren- Que tu eusses rendw that thou mightest 
 
 der have rendered 
 
 Qu'il rend/f* that he might render Qu'il eut rendw that he might have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Qu'on rend/f that one might render Qu'on eiit rendw that one might have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Que nous rend/ss/o/7S that vv^e might render Que nous eussions rendw that we might have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Que vous rend/ss/ez that you might render Que vous eussiez rendw that you might have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Qu'ils rend/sse/7f that they might render Qu'ils eussent rendw that they might have 
 
 rendered 
 
 Rendre means to render or to give back. Hence it is used where we use the 
 verb to return transitively in the sense of to give back : 
 
 Did you return {give back) the book ? Avez-vous rendu le livre? 
 The verb retourner {to return) in French should not be used in this sense. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 53 
 
 As has been stated before, the verb rendre has a wide appHcation in French 
 to correspond to the Enghsh io make followed by an adjective : 
 Cela les rend malheureux. That makes ihem unhappy. 
 Le commerce rend un pays prosp^re. Commerce makes a country prosperous. 
 
 But it must be noticed that the French have a large number of verbs 
 which express in the one word what we express by to make and an adjective. 
 Examples : 
 
 Facher, to t?iake angry. Noircir, to make black. Enrouer, to make hoarse. 
 Impatienter, to make impatient. Alterer, to make thirsty. 
 
 When the French have such a verb, they do not use rendre and the adjective. 
 For example, to say, Salt fish makes me thirsty, a Frenchman says, Le poisson sail 
 m'altlre. It would be an error to say, Le poisson sale me rend altlrl. 
 So That makes me angry ^ is Cela me fache. 
 
 The student must consult the dictionary and cultivate observation in order to 
 learn the verbs which the French use in this way. 
 
 Like rendre conjugate the following verbs : 
 Vendre, to sell. II a vendu le cheval de men frdre. He has sold my brother's horse. 
 Attendre, to tvait for. J'attends ma mere. Pm waiting for my mother. 
 Entendre, to hear; also to understand. J'entends sa voix. / hear his voice. J'ai entendu 
 
 que cela est vrai. / have understood that that is true. 
 DIfendre, to defend ; to forbid. II a defendu son pays. He defended his country. In sense 
 of to forbid de is used before infinitive : 
 
 Je vous defends de faire cela. I forbid you to do that. 
 
 Descendre, to come down or to go down. Auxiliary etre in this sense : Nous sommes descendus 
 
 au jardin. We went down to the garden. 
 Descendre also used transitively in the sense of to take or bring down. The auxiliary is then 
 
 avoir. II a descendu la malle. He brought down the trunk. 
 
 PRIMITIVE TENSES 
 
 51. The most effective way of learning quickly to conjugate French verbs is by 
 acquiring the habit of forming the tenses from the five principal parts or primi- 
 tive tenses. This method will be found applicable not only to the regular verbs, 
 but also to irregular verbs ; and it is especially with reference to the latter that 
 this method is most useful. 
 
 The five primidve tenses are : the infinitive^ the present participle^ the past 
 participle, \}vi^ present indicative, \\\e first person of the past definite. 
 
 The remaining tenses are formed from the above primitive tenses or principal 
 parts, as follows (the irregular verb partir is used to illustrate) : 
 
 I. From the infinitive are derived : 
 
54 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 a. The future indicative^ by adding to the infinitive the terminations ai, as, 
 a, ons, ez, ont ; partir, je partirai, tu partiras, il partira, nous partirons, vous 
 partirez, ils partiront. 
 
 b. TJie present co7iditlonal, by adding to the infinitive the terminations ais, 
 ais, ait, ions, iez, aient : partir, je partirais, tu partirais, il partirait, nous parti- 
 rions, vous partiriez, ils partiraient. 
 
 Partir, to depart. Auxiliary, etre 
 
 Primitive Derived Tenses je tU il, elle, on nouS VOUS ils, elles 
 
 Tenses 
 
 Partir Future partirai partiras partira partirons partirez partiront 
 
 Conditional partirais partirais partirait partirions partiriez partiraient 
 
 2. From \h^ present participle are derived : 
 
 a. The three persons plural of the present indicative, by changing the termi- 
 nation ant of the present participle to ons, ez, ent : partant, nous partons, vous 
 partez, ils partent. 
 
 b. The imperfect indicative, by changing the termination ant of the present 
 participle to ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient : partant, je partais, tu partais, il partait, 
 nous partions, vous partiez, ils partaient. 
 
 c. The present subjunctive, by changing the termination ant of the p?'esent 
 participle to e, es, e, ions, iez, ent : partant, que je parte, que tu parte, qu'il parte, 
 que nous partions, que vous partiez, qu'ils partent. 
 
 Partawf 3d Pers. PI. Pres. Ind. partons partez partent 
 
 Imperfect Indicative partais partais partait partions partiez partaient 
 Present Subjunctive q. parte partes parte partions partiez partent 
 
 3. From the past participle are derived the compound tenses by prefixing 
 the proper tenses of the auxiliary, which is etre in this case : je suis parti, etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indefini LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Parti Je suis parti, etc. I have set out, etc. Passe 
 
 Je serais parti, etc. I should have set out, etc. 
 Plus- q tie- pa 7' fa 1 1 
 
 J'6tais parti, etc. I had set out, etc. •' 7 
 
 Passe 
 
 Passe Anterietir Que je sois parti, that I may have set out, 
 
 Je fus parti, etc. I had set out, etc. g^c. etc. 
 
 Futur Anterieur Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Je serai parti, etc. I shall have set Que je fusse parti, that I might have set out, 
 
 out, etc. etc. etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 55 
 
 4. From the present indicative are derived : 
 
 a. The 2d person singular of the imperative by dropping the pronoun je of 
 the 1st person singular : je pars, pars. 
 
 b. The 1st and 2d persons plural of the imperative by dropping the pronouns 
 nous and vous in the corresponding forms of the present indicative : nous partons, 
 vous partez, partons, partez. 
 
 The sd persons singular and plural oi the impej'ative are identical with the 
 J d persons singular and plural of the present subjunctive. 
 
 imttive Tenses 
 
 
 je 
 
 tu 
 
 il 
 
 nous 
 
 vous 
 
 Us 
 
 Je pars 
 
 Present Indicative 
 
 pars 
 
 pars 
 
 part 
 
 partons 
 
 partez 
 
 partent 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 pars 
 
 
 partons 
 
 partez 
 
 
 5. From the ist person singular of t\).Q past definite are derived : 
 
 a. The remaining forms of the past definite by changing, in the 2d, 3d, and 
 4th conjugations, the termination s to s, t, mes, tes, rent : je partis, tu partis, 
 il partit, nous partimes, vous partitas, ils partirent : in the ist conjugation, by 
 changing the termination ai to as, a, ames, ames, ates, ^rent. 
 
 b. The imperfect subjunctive by changing the final letter i or s of the ist per- 
 son singular past definite to sse, sses, t, ssions, ssiez, ssent : je partis, que je par- 
 tisse, que tu partisses, qu'il partit, que nous partissions, que vous partissiez, 
 qu'ils partissent. 
 
 In the 3d person singular of the imperfect subjunctive and in the ist and 
 2d persons plural of the past definite a circumflex accent is placed over the 
 vowel preceding the terminations t, mes, tes : qu'il partit, nous partimes, vous 
 partites. 
 
 Je partis Past definite partis partis partit partimes partites partirent 
 
 Impf. subj. q. partisse partisses partit partissions partissiez partissent 
 
 Remarks 
 
 6. It is seen that the terminations of the future are identical with the corre- 
 sponding persons and numbers of the present indicative of the verb avoir, except- 
 ing slight variations in the ist and 2d persons plural^ and the meanings are 
 identical : je parlerai means literally to speak I have, or / have to speak ; this 
 last form has a future meaning in English. 
 
 It is seen, that the terminations of the present conditional are identical with 
 the terminations of the imperfect indicative. 
 
 7. Table showing the conjugation of a verb from the primitive tenses. 
 Unless otherwise directed in special cases, the verb will always be written on 
 
 the blackboard according to the following model ; 
 
56 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Primitive 
 Tenses 
 
 Partir 
 
 Partir, to depart Auxiliary, 6tre 
 
 je 
 
 ils, eUes 
 
 ttt il, elle, on nous vous 
 
 partiras partira partirons partirez partiront 
 partirais partirait partirions partirions partiraient 
 
 partait 
 parte 
 
 part 
 
 partons 
 partions 
 partions 
 
 partons 
 partons 
 partimes 
 
 partez 
 partiez 
 partiez 
 
 partez 
 partez 
 partites 
 
 partent 
 
 partaient 
 
 partent 
 
 partent 
 partirent 
 
 partissions partissiez partissent 
 
 Derived 
 Tenses 
 
 Future partirai 
 
 Conditional partirais 
 Partanf 3d pars. pi. 
 pres. ind. 
 Impf. ind. partais partais 
 
 Pres. subj. q. parte partes 
 
 Parti. Compound tenses, suis parti, etc. 
 Je pars Pres. ind. pars pars 
 
 Imp. pars 
 
 Je partis Past definite partis partis partit 
 
 Impf. subj. q. partisses partisses partit 
 
 It will be seen that the three persons plural of the present indicative are 
 written twice ; once as a derivative tense, and second, as a primitive tense for 
 the imperative. 
 
 TABLE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES 
 
 52. In French there are a number of verbs which in certain tenses require a 
 change of spelling either to maintain the same sound throughout for the stem 
 vowel (which is the vowel in the last syllable of the stem), or to avoid a non- 
 euphonious combination or the possibility of an incorrect pronunciation. 
 
 Such verbs are not irregular, but are classified as verbs having orthographical 
 peculiarities. 
 
 The following table indicates these changes, which are explained and illus- 
 trated in the pages immediately following. 
 Verbs in which changes are made 
 
 1. Verbs in -cer require cedilla under the 
 
 C, before a or 0. 
 
 2. Verbs in -ger require e inserted after g, 
 
 before a or 0. 
 
 3. Verbs in -oyer change y to i before e ] 
 
 mute. 
 
 4. Verbs in -uyer change y to i before e 
 
 mute. 
 
 5. Verbs with e mute as stem vowel like 
 
 mener, lever, etc. (except verbs in 
 -eler and -eter) take the grave accent j 
 over the stem vowel before e mute. 
 
 6. Most verbs in -eler double the 1 before e 
 
 mute. 
 
 7. Most verbs in -eter double the t before e 
 
 mute. 
 
 Tenses in which changes occur 
 
 Pres. part. 
 
 1st pers. pi., pres. ind. 
 
 All pers. sing., 3d pi., impf. ind. 
 
 Past definite throughout. 
 
 1st pers. pi., imper. 
 
 Impf. subj. throughout. 
 
 All pers. sing,, 3d pers. pi., pres. indie. 
 
 Fut. throughout. 
 
 Pres. cond. throughout. 
 
 2d and 3d pers. sing., 3d pers. pi. of imper. 
 
 All pers. sing., 3d pi. pres. subj. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 57 
 
 8. Verbs with stem vowel e acute followed' 
 
 by consonant, like r6v6rer, change 
 acute accent to grave before e, es, ent, 
 except in ihe fut. and the cond. I 
 
 9. Verbs in -ayer preferably retain the y 
 
 throughout ; but may change y into i 
 
 in 
 
 (Poets change the ye to i in fut. and 
 pres. cond.). 
 10. Verbs in -eyer are like those in -ayer 
 (except grasseyer, always unchanged).. 
 
 II. The verb arguer takes two dots over e or 
 i whenever one of them follows the u 
 in conjugation. * . 
 
 12. The verbs jouer and tuer are written by 
 some grammarians with a diaeresis over 
 the i in the terminations of ... . 
 
 All pers. sing., 3d pi., pres. ind. 
 2d and 3d sing., 3d pi., imper. 
 All sing., 3d pi., pres. subj. 
 
 (^Optional change^ 
 3d sing, and 3d pi., pres. 
 Fut. throughout. 
 Pres. cond. throughout. 
 
 ind. 
 
 All sing., 3d pi., pres. ind. 
 
 1st and 2d pi., impf. ind. 
 
 Fut. throughout. 
 
 Pres. cond. throughout. 
 
 2d and 3d sing., 3d pi., imperative. 
 
 Pres. subj. throughout. 
 
 1st and 2d pi., impf. ind. 
 1st and 2d pi., imper. 
 1st and 2d pi., pres. subj. 
 
 VERBS HAVING ORTHOGRAPHICAL PECULIARITIES 
 
 53. CONJUGATION OF VERBS ENDING IN -CER 
 
 In the French language the consonant c, when it precedes e or i, is pro- 
 nounced soft Hke the hissed s in Enghsh ; but when the c precedes a, 0, or u, it is 
 pronounced hard like k. 
 
 In the conjugation of verbs in -cer the c comes before an a or an in certain 
 tenses. In such cases in order to maintain the soft sound of the c a cedilla is 
 placed under it. 
 
 Hereafter, in order to save space, the construction with on in the conjugation will be 
 omitted except in the present indicative and in the imperative. The second form of the condi- 
 tional will also be omitted ; but the instructor should cause the student in all cases to write the 
 verb with these constructions in full. 
 
 The student will have observed that the second form of the conditional is the same as the 
 pluperfect subjunctive with the que omitted. 
 
58 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 ;^ 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 1^2 
 
 
 ."Sh 
 
 I § 
 
 ™ 4J r< O ri 
 
 "sill's 
 
 8 'S T3 
 
 %1 TO r— ! 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <Vi BO 
 
 •;^ a 
 
 t" ,=^ (U J' O J2 
 
 ."2 i_^ i^ ^s 
 
 2 « 2 a a a> 
 
 Ir^ ^ 4) OS «j cj 
 
 8 2 ja f^ ► g 
 
 a J? 9 «* «^ J? 
 
 «J 3 '^ O O 01 
 
 H-iH a s > a 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 N a 
 
 0) (U O 
 o o t> 
 
 a a a 
 ^ ► > 
 
 \ 
 
 
 o 
 
 > S -d 
 
 s § 
 
 6 S 
 
 C/2 *j ^ 4-. 
 
 <U OJ OJ y 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 a 
 
 a> u o 
 
 w a a 
 
 a etf «j 
 > ctf eS 
 
 ** a M 
 
 ^ o ^ 
 
 a a a 
 cyccx 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ -^. ^ 
 
 a N 
 
 o a> 
 
 g ^ P, nj cj ^ 
 
 eS 2 «tf w M > 
 
 > «i > 3 a J5 
 
 «« 3 «tf O O „ 
 
 XI XI ■:^ '::i ^ x^ 
 CXO'O'O'OO' 
 
 "S 
 
 0) fl (U 
 
 o c« <u ., 1) o 
 - 1) o a> o ^ 
 
 S 5i S g S rt 
 > rt cs 5 CIS i; 
 
 T3 
 
 i 
 
 ■1- 
 
 OJ ra =; :3 
 
 g-^ S ^ S - 
 
 t-i "i! ^ 
 
 fl <u S <" 
 
 a w c'.S 
 
 bx) c c -S y a 
 
 .S ^ "o C rt ^ 
 
 o ^ G c^ > -rt 
 
 cS «^ > ^ c3 ™ 
 
 ** S s S3 ^ S 
 
 TO g 
 
 h-( -5 ^ :f >. 
 
 S S g g a S 
 
 " > S S H? > 
 
 a -o g ^ > t3 
 
 r$ :3 rt cJ ^ >, 
 
 ^ o 0) oj §^ 
 
 HH :S -a ^ ^^-S 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o a> 
 
 4> c a 
 
 ^ « a § ^ 
 
 a o a Vfc >. 
 
 S 2 J5 ^ «» 
 
 ^ I ^ » « 
 
 ,H S O S > 
 
 9 N 
 
 O (U 
 
 .52 ^ -G -S 
 
 CO a -1:: a a 
 
 S O, O ctf etf 
 
 1 § ^' ^ ^ 
 
 2 « I § § 
 
 cs a " o o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO ^2/2, § 
 
 5 g- g, g i s 
 
 ? a 
 
 a 3 
 
 a 3 * o o •« 
 
 '^Haa>a 
 
 a 
 
 2. 
 a 
 
 % 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 59 
 
 I 1 i I 
 
 00^ 1- ^ W 
 
 «o t •§ iJ « ^-^ d 5^ 
 
 o 
 
 I . . s § ■s ■s a . s s ^ 2 -s 
 
 iiMii 111 i^ £ I i pi 
 
 •o 
 
 So, §, « 'g^- " S<U ^ Art 
 
 
 I ^ i 2 2 I ,. * ^ .2 I •- ^ .^ 8 -I .^. 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 g . -o ^ I S 'sj I .g 
 
 05 D p:; (u +j 
 
 ti^%U ^ ^^ J ^^ ^ t^ ^ .. ^ts 
 
 •h,h a B > a . H, ^ ,-. H, ^ g I .s ^ - ! s . -2 
 
 g 
 
 ■^ 5 
 
 § 
 
 
 S ^: 9 S w: -^ 
 
 < < « 2 s a s 
 
 zi '-' n y 
 & ^ S ffi 
 
6o 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 bo 
 
 bo 
 C <U 
 
 1 "^ 
 0) ^ 
 
 CA5 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 I— I 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 o -S 
 
 c o 
 
 o ^ 
 
 ^ o 
 
 c^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ bo 
 
 O 73 
 
 -lii ss 
 
 
 -t-> 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 0) 
 
 <U 
 
 b£ 
 
 c« 
 
 (U 
 
 
 c 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 •'-' 
 
 
 u 
 
 •12 
 
 >-. 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 :3 
 
 s 
 
 <u 
 
 ,i3 
 
 S 
 
 B 
 
 H 
 
 a> 
 
 3 
 
 •^ s 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 bdO 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 bJD 
 O 
 
 ^ bO 
 
 ,^ '^ 12 'TS 
 
 3 
 
 
 1^ ^ 
 
 gi 
 
 
 ■V* +j Vi (U 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ."S^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 ^ O O ^ 
 hH S ^ Ph 
 
 a5 
 
 W) M bJO 
 
 a « d 
 
 ctf ctf ctf 
 
 ?» 
 
 bfl 
 
 S) 
 
 bO 
 
 cj 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 bJ 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 s s 
 
 fl 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 • rH 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 O'O'O' 
 
 *. "S ?« 
 
 5 '^ 
 
 be c3 n 
 
 ^ 5 =^ 
 
 
 
 S y .^ 
 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 geons 
 
 gez 
 
 nt 
 
 
 lis 
 
 ais 
 
 it 
 
 gions 
 
 giez 
 
 aient 
 
 
 
 «1 ?« 
 
 
 <u c: « <o 
 
 s 
 
 a (to Q B B (to 
 
 ;j 
 
 
 ^t 
 
 l=! 
 
 g S fi « 
 
 
 ?i. CJ5 S «J « Sj 
 
 
 
 § fi 
 
 
 6 S § 6 
 
 
 |s|«sl 
 
 
 
 „^ a 
 
 
 a o o 00 
 
 
 ., 3 ^ O O M 
 
 
 
 ►S^H 
 
 t— t 
 
 0S5>I3 
 
 
 ►£,Hh:;S>S 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 bO 
 
 d 
 
 5 
 
 ctf 
 
 ctf 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 6i 
 
 V 
 
 s ^ a 
 
 "S u c H *" 
 
 *. tJ rt ?^ J^ 2; vU 
 
 
 <«• .tJ 
 
 S So 2 2 t: 
 
 So I ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 S bjO 
 
 6 »^ 5 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^?gSa^ .5|oS-5a£r s-^-^-^.^^l^f^ «>r J^.^X 
 
 >— ^ ^-UJ*J4_,j_,j_,j_, 
 
 CO rt c3 rt c3 rt rt 
 
 |^l|g|||^|j"l|8|||f^|a .^ . 
 
 3 
 
 -S-S :^_g S.^ g p ^ 
 
 a "^ .^-o 
 
 
 3 :? 
 
 — 5 
 
 I S § g g I I i I § g i f 6 .s i t- S I 2 
 
 333333 333333 «$« 3 3^^<D -T? 
 
 O'CXO'O'O'O' O'O'O'O'O'O Pnt-> Cx . O ^ « £ ^ 
 
 6 S 
 
 tJ ^ S 63 
 
 ^ 6 6 ^ ^ '-^ "^ a 
 
 ^ «J s ^^ ^ « ^ 
 
 -S 9 ^ -^ ^ -9 
 
 Co ^ «: _« 
 
 S 
 
 ctf 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 > CO 
 
62 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 .s 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 vO 
 
 !72 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 
 s4) 
 
 O 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4> 
 
 O 
 
 B 
 
 *4) 
 
 O 
 
 I " 
 
 •■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S <o 
 
 I* 
 
 p< 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 o 
 
 & 
 
 
 'E. 
 
 (U 
 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 0) 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 > 
 
 
 v^^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 1i> 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 > 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 d 
 
 iA 
 
 «^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 P4 
 
 8 
 
 mploye: 
 
 changes 
 toi 
 
 •"S 
 
 W >» 
 
 g^t^ s g S ^ 
 
 -S o ^ ^ g^ 
 
 ^ -B M > >^■t: 
 
 CO 
 
 - ^ 5 
 
 a. 
 ^ S 
 
 o 3 
 
 ^-/^_/ a 
 >^ >>"^ 
 
 O O 73 
 
 'a, 'a, ^^ 
 S S tJ 
 
 
 QJ a? 9- 
 
 § 3 *" O g M 
 
 H-,H S a > a 
 
 /1-, <•» o 
 
 o o o 
 
 Pi P< Pi 
 
 B G B 
 
 So; c 
 
 d) 
 
 •S5 5 
 
 g a 6 
 
 fi «u <u 
 
 ^ <=i ^ 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 bJO 
 
 
 HH ■£ ^ O 
 
 ^•5 
 
 bJ3 o 
 
 .S a 
 
 >^ P 
 
 o s 
 a +j 
 
 "^ Si ^ s 
 ^ ^ ^ >^ 
 
 m 
 
 S N 
 
 o <u 
 
 . o o c 
 
 s » i « I s * 
 
 H-,H S O S > S 
 
 I 
 
 .(J) o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 B 
 
 Itlftl 
 
 S ^ g S § S 
 
 S 3 <" O § to 
 
 Pi 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 63 
 
 I 
 
 t^ =" ^ ^ "S, &• 
 
 -S -s! a. a, 5 S 
 
 U S S S S « 
 
 s ^ ^ JS g S S 
 
 '^ *J +J *J -M ^-. -W 
 
 C$ d C^ CCS C^ C^ 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 a N 
 o « 
 
 ego 
 
 
 rX5 * § ^ - 
 oj <u •/-• a> a) IT* 
 3 :3 3 3 3 3 
 CO'O'O'O'O' 
 
 >, <" o o ^ 
 
 <" bi) « -^ Jc 
 •g' :^ S 6 S 
 
 iSliii 
 
 ^ a a> o o 
 S 3 si 3 3 3 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'CX 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii ^ 
 
 
 "S 
 
 
 'O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 o.U 
 
 
 E 
 
 (U 
 
 1 
 
 s s 
 
 'S^ 
 
 <u 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 rt 
 
 
 1 > 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 <i^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 ."a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 d . 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 (5 
 
 
 *J 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 l-t 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 P4 
 
 ! 
 
 
 S 
 « 
 
 
 '3 m 
 
 
 '3 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 >» (» 
 
 
 •t— » 
 
 
 •»— » 
 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 Cj 4) 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 i-»H-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t-H "tJ rG :? 
 
 S S g »^ 
 «, " aj 
 
 p^ £ e^ s a s 
 
 g _^ B <u <u ^ 
 
 ;^ *l a 1 ? "§ 
 
 I I 
 
 e t 
 
 > ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4> B 2 « g 
 
 »< oj S 53 
 
 ;r P Z. 2. i5 
 
 •->H a fe > a 
 
 s 
 
 0) 
 
 i-|||3i 
 
 a> 3 '*' o o CO 
 
 H->H a & > a 
 
 g<^ o 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 % 
 
 J 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 t 
 
 
 I 
 
64 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 < 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 < 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 ^ S o 
 *" o 2 
 
 Ph 1^ >-. 
 
 O 1> 
 
 «4-I > 
 
 o o ^ 
 
 '5^ ^ af 
 
 •^ u a 
 
 rt cj « 
 
 H-l rt I— I 
 
 
 g 
 
 a; 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 "o 
 
 etf 
 
 
 > 
 
 >. 
 
 CQ 
 
 < 
 
 <J 
 
 a 
 
 §1 
 
 t« o 
 
 !=; a 
 
 ii « s 
 
 '^ O cJ 
 
 O (U Cli 
 
 ^ .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s s 
 
 .■^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,ii _ T3 T3 
 
 
 CJ U CU — I 
 
 X3 !? >^ti 
 
 S'2 
 
 a 
 
 « 0) Q 
 
 C c: «~ 
 
 5 S,§ 
 
 W M C 
 
 S 5 ^ 
 
 ^ O o <n 
 
 1=1 S > S 
 
 N a 
 
 4) 4> O 
 
 a a a 
 
 cj 4J OJ 
 
 qj CI- — ' 
 
 S ji s 
 
 Id 
 S ^ S3 s 
 
 -U T-( ^ CS (U 
 
 
 ^ "is >^ "^ 2 G 
 
 C/] rt rt cS rt rt 52 
 
 XI ^ J3 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 <4-l 
 
 a 
 « a a 
 
 ne 
 
 )nes 
 
 e 
 
 menio 
 
 menie: 
 
 nent 
 
 a /<i) /(u 
 
 '« ~ C m ,„ 'Q> 
 
 
 S £ -g 1 § S 
 
 :;h o " 
 
 4> 4> r* <D <U '. 
 
 "a "a "a 
 
 ^ :3 ':i :^ :3 ^ 
 
 O'OO' 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 ^ .S 'S Tl '2 ^ 
 
 ^^ C3 !> C3 OJ ^ 
 
 «u -- ^ ^ 
 
 o 7^ « o S ^ 
 
 -a 2 "^ > o pC 
 
 u rt "^ o I- (u 
 
 ^^ > t/3 V-> (U > 
 
 rf -I ^ ^ '' >^ 
 
 HI ■£ ^ ^ s-.'S 
 
 t/3 
 
 t-H -S ^ ^ ;>^'5 
 
 1^ 
 
 a c 
 
 0) Q> 
 « .Q, 
 
 g S 
 
 „ O 03 
 
 ;^H a o a > a 
 
 S c: Qj c: 
 
 ^ZM 
 
 • 5 Rj 
 
 a <u 
 
 a j3 
 
 *^ o 
 
 
 a> 
 
 etf 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 01 
 
 > 
 
 1— 1 
 
 § 6 
 
 
 ►2i,HS fe>a 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 65 
 
 % 
 
 -M T3 TJ rt g 
 
 OJ -J3 '^ "7^ *i X! 
 
 sT -M -M ■" *j •" ■" 
 
 L> rt rt ^ t^ '^ "S 
 
 ^ J ^ -a .G ^ ;a 
 
 S *^ 
 o <a 
 
 o, *w "w -H 
 w « OHM 
 
 5J S 3 3 3 3 
 
 CO'O'O'O'O' 
 
 rt 'c! -d '^ 
 
 =3 "i ::3 13 ^ ■> 
 2 3 ^ -S ^ t^ 
 
 *~ e ^ c C 
 C QJ c c c 
 
 S *= R 
 
 - C - 3 ^ 
 
 <o P 1 2. o " 
 t2i,H S S > a 
 
 
 3 '3 
 
 o o 
 
 (« c/J 
 
 -5^ f^ se 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 *j V) ^ "^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 S 'At 
 
 
 
 V. *•* V 
 
 If I 
 ^1 ■" 
 
 g § 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 5 
 
 2 
 
 =» -5 
 
 
 
 
 B S 
 
 r-> tn 
 
 <1^ ?\ 
 
 
 CO /ctf 
 
 <i> qa 
 
 ^ C ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 52 
 
 (1> 
 
 S 
 
 
 (U 
 
 tu 
 
 1 
 
 ^3 
 c5 
 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 !5 
 
 
 
 <:i 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 
 
 "is 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 t/3 
 
 X! 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 .<^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 JO 
 
 e5 
 
 o 
 
 b:; ^ 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 wi 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 ^2 "§ "^ 
 
 •- -- 12 
 
 ^ -^ J 
 
 ^ t, d 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 CO <u 
 
 a> > 
 
 - «> 2 
 
 d « !i 
 
 § '^ ^ 
 
 § rt « 
 
 «J «J « 
 
 HH HH O 
 
 V) O 
 
 ^ IS 
 
 a 
 
 .2J 
 
 ■*-' d 
 
 <u a 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 ■^ 
 
 (1) 
 
 
 d 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 
66 
 
 2 S 
 
 r//if FRENCH VERB 
 
 3-5 ^ S 
 
 o o 
 
 < 
 
 ^2 ^ 
 
 .S o 
 
 1 I g I § < M 5 pi III 
 
 Lij f-H ^:7 sj >■ >^ r?5 ^-^ P^ « p o o oa 
 
 s 
 
 ■^ III ." :f| 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 S-" Ij 3: ^ **. H O ^« WJ 03 
 
 2 <j <j »^H a O & > S 
 
 «* ^ 2^ fl 
 
 ^ o 2^ 0, ^ « 
 
 S ^ g bx) . ■ I I ft 
 
 I 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 67 
 
 O 3 
 
 -^ 9 
 
 O S> di 
 
 P4 P4 P4 
 P^ P4 P4 
 
 -^ ^ 
 
 
 1: 
 
 c3 ciJ rt rt cj rt 
 
 ,C ^ ^ rC ^ -^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 O M ^ -u; 
 
 " ■" ^ 
 
 to 
 
 \~ 
 
 ^^.-Si.^p 
 
 >W 
 
 ^ 
 
 t he mig 
 t we mig 
 t you mi 
 t they m 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 2lh 
 
 g< Ph P< 
 
 as., 
 P4 P4 ' 
 
 3 3 
 O O 
 
 3 3 
 00 
 
 rn CO CO 
 
 CO 2 <D <U 
 
 S ^ ti P^ ei4 
 
 g< ^ ft to 03 
 
 ft oj p, 3 P) 
 ^ctf jj c^J O O 
 
 •r-, +J ^ fl >• 
 
 <u a> '^"^ oj 4> 
 3 3 3 3 S 
 O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 H <0 
 
 ft 
 ft 
 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 ft 
 ft 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 "^ fl :^ --J cs 
 
 " a; SJ 
 
 iJ 1- 1) 
 
 I- <u S 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 s g :^ 
 s S g 
 
 S N ^ 
 
 .2 -^ -^ S 
 «i <" ^ ft ftlS 
 
 I2 « IS « 
 
 05 3 O o 00 
 
 ^H rt fe > rt 
 
 i/i 
 
 -^ ^ ii :S ^ ^ 
 
 =3 g S S ^ ?, 
 
 
 
 
 u ^^3 
 
 «J 3 "* O O M 
 
 H-,H h3 a > rt 
 
 ;s t. e 5: 5; t: 
 
 « QJ C 4) Q) 0) 
 
 §•3 ^ o o <n 
 
 
 ft 
 ft 
 
 d 
 
 Pi 
 
 I 
 
 
68 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 s ^ 
 
 <u ^ 
 
 
 
 'a fin 
 
 
 ^. <!S 
 
 
 ^^~ 
 
 g 9. 
 
 O S3 
 
 S S 
 S o 
 
 5-s 
 
 Is 
 r ® 
 
 bfl •"» :t3 
 
 
 2 P. 
 .2 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •S Jj O 
 
 2 ^ I 
 p.tJ.2 
 
 5^ 5:2 w 
 
 O J^ <u 
 
 ^ "^s 
 
 =^ s -s 
 
 o a 
 a ns 
 
 -2 '2 
 
 
 la 
 
 
 »— I 
 
 t 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o rt 
 
 a 
 
 ^ (U 
 ^ M 
 
 ^ a, 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 c3 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 <U 
 
 
 t? 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 vT 
 
 if 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 9i 
 
 CO r- ( 
 
 
 •55 o 
 
 o % 
 
 <i> 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 ri 
 
 o 
 
 
 (L> 
 
 <+-. 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 i2 
 
 T? 
 
 '3 
 
 c3 
 
 P4 
 
 (U 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 a> 
 
 £« 
 
 •I— » 
 
 ^C 
 
 U-i 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 T3 
 
 ■(-> 
 
 c3 
 
 <u 
 
 (U 
 
 4J (1) 
 
 P4 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 69 
 
 J3 
 
 
 .5 
 
 (U 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 UQ 
 
 
 ra 
 
 G 
 
 
 'bb 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 <L) 
 
 ■'"' 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O- 
 
 3 
 
 
 *5j 
 •5 
 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 '5 
 
 <u 
 
 >< 
 
 1 
 
 
 (4-1 
 
 
 'S> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iC 
 
 ••> 
 
 ^G 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 _c 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 ,0 
 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 bO 
 
 v> 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 _G 
 
 G 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 oJ 
 
 
 2 
 
 "B- 
 
 (U 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 (U 
 
 a, 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 • i-« 
 
 
 c 
 
 OJ 
 
 <u 
 
 ^ 
 
 .4^ 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 bo 
 
 _o 
 
 a 
 
 T3 
 
 <u 
 
 
 •S 
 
 "c^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 T3 
 
 § 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 
 c3 
 
 G 
 
 0) 
 
 Cu 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 y 
 
 *G 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 
 
 >-■ 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 
 ,cn 
 
 G 
 
 C 
 
 c3 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 x: 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 'a 
 
 CI. 
 
 
 t/3 
 
 G 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >> 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 P 
 
 '53 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 ■t-> 
 > 
 
 G 
 -G 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 C/3 
 
 t3 
 
 ■*-• 
 
 '^ 
 
 <u 
 
 <v 
 
 "'"' 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 -M 
 
 
 .s 
 
 -§ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 G 
 dj 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,^-^ 
 
 u 
 
 
 ■p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 'U 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 va> 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 "5 
 
 ^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 /O) 
 
 <v 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 c 
 
 ■4-J 
 
 ■4-' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t/3 
 
 
 >% 
 
 be 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 ■!-> 
 
 )-l 
 
 C 
 
 ^— V 
 
 ^H 
 
 (U 
 
 c 
 
 C^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (U 
 
 ^ 
 
 <u 
 
 f3 
 
 '> 
 
 ^ 
 
 x: 
 
 t/3 
 
 .2 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 W3 
 
 
 rC 
 
 
 f> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 en 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 (U 
 
 <u 
 
 !5 
 
 Si 
 
 V4-I 
 
 C 
 
 JS 
 
 r^ 
 
 c5 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 J2 
 
 G 
 
 2^ 
 
 en 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 NO 
 
 
 G 
 
 OS 
 
 .2 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 G 
 
 x: 
 
 
 S* 
 
 
 .2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 *42 
 
 ^ 
 
 •«-> 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 Si 
 
 g 
 e 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 1-4 
 
 ?3 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 
 bJO 
 
 t> 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 •i 
 
 .s 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Vj 
 
 cJ 
 
 
 
 ■■5 
 ■5 
 
 ,13 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 is^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 <o 
 
 
 .» 
 
 
 •■« 
 
 
 :i 
 
 
 is 
 
 =2 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 )H 
 
 
 %ai 
 
 
 V« 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 >• 
 
 
 •«> 
 
 
 set 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 «, 0) <" 
 « !r V4 
 
 V ii *- 
 
 Zi ^ V 
 
 oj <u > 
 
 1> > > 4) 
 
 > 4J <U lS 
 
 2 5 -^ 
 2 3 ^ ^ 
 
 -^22-3 
 
 ^•2 
 
 .2 « o 
 
 «> >- S >■ > M 
 iM SO S v<U ^ s<o 
 
 S 2i « 
 
 > 3 
 
 
 2 N 
 
 2 « H- 
 
 <a s- 
 
 ., J_c >• >. 
 
 ? /<0 yu so 
 
 ^5 >> - • 
 
 S- '< 
 
 s:; a 
 I I 
 
 •I ^ 
 
70 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 O (U 
 
 >^ > 
 
 o > 
 
 >• 
 
 « <u 
 
 >% i- 
 
 > 
 
 (L) 
 
 s 
 
 a; 
 
 <L> 
 
 <L> 
 
 >. S rt ra g B 
 
 CJ rj - • tJ ^ 
 
 B o ^ <u 
 
 HH -5 ^ ^ 
 
 O 
 
 2 <" 
 
 P -a 
 
 .^ ^ rC ^ rJ:3 ^ 
 
 rt rt rt rt rt rf 
 
 A SI A X> A A 
 
 
 >H /OJ /<u 
 
 m 
 
 
 <U 0) o 
 
 >H M 1-1 
 
 ?§a 
 
 .« .^ .^ 
 
 vflj \4) voi 
 
 S :3 ";3 
 
 PiPiPi 
 
 CycxO' 
 
 
 § s 
 
 m 
 
 
 a N 
 .2.2 
 
 s^i 111 
 
 »-*>-'->- 
 
 00 ^ >-. M CO 
 
 CO «4> ^4> p. 
 
 II sill 
 
 2 nj ^ v<U CO 
 
 g 2 -y > !> «s 
 vg ^« <2 ^2J ^2 ^ 
 
 .2.5:: § ?» 
 
 .s.2::s?^ 
 
 a> «j '/^ 0) a> V^ 
 
 O (O U*^ <U 0) •.'^ 
 
 3-3 3 3 ;3 :3 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 OO'O'O'O'O' 
 
 OO'O'O'O'O' 
 
 O 5: 
 
 ^ 
 
 :: ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <u 
 
 «v 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1) 
 
 •^ 
 
 > 
 
 ?4 
 
 'x: 
 
 <;>( 
 
 
 
 ra 
 
 s 
 
 bfi 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 'a 
 
 :> 
 
 •"' 
 
 "vj 
 
 rt 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 , 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 Co 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 vu 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 ♦«> 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 bit) hfl W) 
 
 ■n tuD f=! •? ■>- 
 
 u ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ V ^ 
 
 f^ V z ^ 
 
 ^ ^ "1^ ^ 
 
 cS ^ > ^ 
 
 ^ zi ^ ^ % >. 
 
 hH -i ,C ^ >-,'t3 
 
 
 
 > r^ lU 
 
 e o ^ 
 
 
 "I «. I 2 
 
 S >-< ctf >• >■ 
 
 ^i ^ ^2 3 3 
 
 
 =« .- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 u 
 
 <v 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 V 
 
 
 > 
 
 iJ 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 ii 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 7"! 
 
 ;z3 
 
 7^ 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 43 
 
 
 c5 
 
 O 
 
 Xi 
 
 CO 
 
 5 ^ '^ 
 
 m 
 
 W O CQ 
 
 & > a 
 
 M )H ^ 
 
 vu v<u ,33 
 
 i- - etJ > > S 
 
 "2i > ^ »- S j> 
 
 2 fe 2 vS vS S 
 
 « »H O t> > M 
 
 ^SJ >> VD >H »S >. 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 <u 
 
 H^ 
 
 Q 
 
 "^ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 *-< 
 
 H 
 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 « 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 71 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 «<3 
 
 2 " 
 
 > <a 
 
 
 :^5 
 
 ^ < 
 
 
 
 
 
 C "^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 .S o 
 
 OS ^ 
 
 ii 
 
 bX) ^ 
 (U > 
 
 o <u 
 
 -as. 
 
 >^ o 
 
 5- as 
 
 O P< 
 
 "-' en 
 
 a cu 
 
 ^ OS 
 
 ? - 'S 
 
 ^ -^ '5 
 
 h ^ f=i 
 
 C! 
 
 .0 
 
 C! 
 O 
 O 
 
 <u 
 
 yj 
 
 (U 
 
 d) ^ 
 
 •£ a; 
 
 <U "^ 
 
 "U OS 
 
 p. '^ 
 
 ^ "^ 
 ^ ^ 
 
 5J ^ 
 
 
 CIS 
 
 ■'"' en 
 
 c/3 C <U 
 
 ^ .^ P^ 
 
 CO . o 
 
 <u B 
 
 -^ i5 
 
 
 »^ <u 
 
 5 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 -a a. 
 
 .« 2, 
 
 g -d 
 
 
 
 P4 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 P^ 
 
 s t>. w 
 
 3 ^ .s 
 
 «* ^ 5^ 
 
 ■^ £ a, 
 
 "^ "^ 
 
 '2 
 
 ^ 
 
 *« 
 
 >. 
 
 +J •> c« 
 
 O 
 
 3 ^? 
 
 u 
 
 H-1 
 
 ^- 3 -^ 2 -g d 
 'O o -^ 3 ^ o 
 
 HH •£ 43 ^ t^-S 
 
 2 ^•- 
 ■2 "^ ^ o <^ •^-•^ 
 
 •5 -I I J^^-^ 
 « ^ S § « a 
 
 **. ^ CJ. o <u .« 
 
 a> <u »H 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 »4 
 
 flj S "^ o o in 
 
 »:! 5 
 
 
 
 
 I* 
 
 I" 
 
 »H a o 
 
 g^ftg^ft 
 
 p< ft 
 
 m 00 
 o o 
 
 •I 5 
 
 d 
 
72 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 H 
 <; 
 
 
 O; <u O 
 >> >» >^ 
 
 (1| 111 fU 
 
 rt O. Oh 
 
 a j^ S 
 :a 5:5 
 
 4> 4> 
 
 r^ o .';h 
 O'O'O' 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 O 5 hH 
 
 
 ci^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,^ ^ 
 
 ^ rQ J= J3 ^ J= 
 
 
 a N 
 
 
 o a> 
 
 09 
 
 •Il •i-i 
 
 O S 
 
 sse 
 sses 
 
 yass 
 yass 
 isent 
 
 e« nj ^ «J c« ^ 
 
 ^ >.^ «=^ p^ s, 
 
 >, >> « p^ p^ >, 
 
 <0 :3 P< O p 7 
 
 <u 3 ft o p l; 
 
 .S=»+5 ^ fl >- M 
 
 •2^ -P ^ fl t> M 
 
 <u <o */^ a> (u '/^ 
 
 3 3 !3 3 3 3 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 OO'CXO'CXO' 
 
 OO'O'O'O'CX 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Co ^ 
 ft 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 ^ c 5 
 S J I ^ ^ "^ 
 
 o _ „, 5 a> 
 
 <u Ji o ^ 
 
 .'2 ^-73:2 
 5 -^ :2 -s 5 
 
 HH -S r£j ^ >^•£ 
 
 
 O- >^ ^ 
 
 ^ 'A Oh 
 
 !? Oh _ 
 
 5'S 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 t 
 ■^ 
 
 
 •<; 
 
 3 N -»-> 
 
 <3 
 
 
 
 5 payais 
 u payais 
 payait 
 ous payio 
 ous payie 
 s payaien 
 
 =^ 
 
 |k 
 
 
 
 a-& 
 
 
 f^H a s > s 
 
 
 ^^ S 
 
 5. §5 5 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .^ 
 ^ H ^ o ^ 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 c5 
 
 "S 
 
 % 
 
 ■qj 
 
 Oh 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 tJ 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 Oh 
 
 1 
 
 '3 
 
 Oh 
 
 J3 
 
 > 
 
 T) 
 
 — . 
 
 'rt 
 
 rt 
 
 «5 
 
 ri 
 
 A 
 
 ft ft 
 2 «> 
 
 S > 
 
 C3 
 
 ^ - 2 2 S +j 
 2 g^ 2 ^1 ^N g-^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^5: a^ >';2 a 
 
 
 5-2 ^ 'rt 
 
 
 .? ^ 3 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 I" 
 
 04 
 
 I 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 73 
 
 Payer is used as an active verb, and then generally governs the thing paid 
 for (as we say in English) directly and the person or cause to which money is 
 paid indirectly. 
 
 J'ai paye les fleurs au fleuriste. I paid the florist for the flowers. 
 II a paye les consommations. He has paid for the drinks. 
 
 Also payer is used with the person paid as direct object ; as, 
 II a pay^ ses crianciers en argent comptant. He paid his creditors in cash. 
 II les a payls comptant. He paid them cash. 
 II a paye son crime de sa vie. He has paid for {expiated) his crime with his life. 
 
 Like payer, conjugate : 
 Effrayer, to frighten (as in English). 
 
 Essayer, to try. Requires de before infin, II a essay6 cela. II a essay^ de faire cela. 
 
 65. JOUEB AND TUER 
 
 The verbs jouer, to play, and tuer, to kill, may be written like the model verb 
 parler ; but some grammarians place a diaeresis over the i of the terminations in 
 which it might otherwise be conceived to form a diphthong with the preceding 
 u. These tenses are : the imperfect indicative, the imperative, and the present 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Jouer 
 
 Imp ar fait Indicatif 
 
 I was playing Nous jouions 
 
 thou wast playing Vous jouiez 
 
 he was playing lis jouaient 
 
 U Imperatif 
 
 play (thou) Qu'il joue 
 
 play (you) Qu'on joue 
 
 let us (me) play Qu'ils jouent 
 
 Present Subjonctif 
 
 that I may play Que nous jouions that we may play 
 
 that thou mayest play Que vous jouiez that you may play 
 
 that he may play Qu'ils jouent that they may play 
 
 Jouer is used both as a transitive and as a neuter verb. The following 
 examples will show the principal distinctions between its use and that of the 
 verb to play in English. 
 
 Marie is playing with the boys. Marie joue avec les petits gar^ons. 
 We sofnetimes play cards in the evening. Nous jouons aux cartes quelquefois le 
 soir. 
 
 Jouant Je jouais 
 Tu jouais 
 II jouait 
 
 Joue 
 
 Jouez 
 
 Jouons 
 
 Jouant Que je joue 
 Que tu joues 
 Qu'il joue 
 
 we were playing 
 you were playing 
 they were playing 
 
 let him play 
 
 let one (people) play 
 
 let them play 
 
74 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 She plays the piano very well. EUe joue (touche) tris Men du piano. 
 He trifles with life. II joue avec la vie. 
 
 He played, led (at cards, chess, etc.) out of his turn. II a jou6 hors de son tour. 
 II a jou^ le role de Hamlet. He played the role of Hamlet. 
 II a jou^ le savant. He played {feigned to be) the scholar. 
 II a joue le roi. He played {led at cards) the king. 
 
 II joue du violon, de la guitare, d'un instrument. He plays the violin^ etc. In 
 English we sometimes hear he plays well on the piano ^ etc. 
 Tuer, to killf is conjugated like jouer. 
 
 66. ARGUER 
 
 To preserve the separate pronunciation of the u in arguer, a diaeresis is placed 
 over the letters e or i whenever in the conjugation one of them follows the u. 
 
 This occurs in the present, the imperfect, and the future of the indicative ; 
 in the present conditional ; the imperative ; and in the present subjunctive : 
 j'argue, / argue ; j'arguerai, / shall argue , etc. 
 
 67. In passing from the -class of verbs with orthographical peculiarities, it 
 may be noted that in verbs like prier, to pray ; §tudier, to study, the conjugation 
 sometimes brings two i's together ; as : Nous priions, We were praying; Nous 
 6tudiions, We were studying. Both i's must be pronounced. 
 
 In the verb cr^er, to create, we find three e's coming together in the past par- 
 ticiple feminine ; as : Cette terre a et6 cre^e marquisat par le roi, That estate has 
 been made a marquisate by the king. 
 
 Conjugate : 
 
 Certifier, to certify. Lier, to tie. Oublier, to forget. 
 
 Crier, to cry. Manier, to handle, Plier, to bend. 
 
 Etudier, to study. Nier, to de?iy. Remercier, to thank. 
 
 Prier governs its object directly. 
 Je prie Dieu chaque nuit de vous prot^er. I pray God each night to protect you. 
 
 *■ Notice the de before the infinitive following prier. 
 Prier is much used in a social way in the sense of beg, request. 
 II m'a pri6 de I'accompagner. He begged (or requested) me to go with him. 
 
 Note the much used idiomatic expression Je vous en prie, used after a state- 
 ment by the speaker or by another to mean pray, pray do, I pray you, I beg you, 
 etc. 
 
 Prier is followed by de ordinarily before an infinitive, but in formal invitations 
 to social affairs a is used. To invite a friend casually to dine with you if h^ 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 75 
 
 happens to be with you at the dinner hour, you would use the form Je vous prie 
 de diner, etc. But to invite hi in for an affair involving preparation you would 
 use prier a diner. 
 
 68. The following verbs have sHght peculiarities which should be learned. 
 
 I. Fleurir, to dioom, to blossom; to flourish, prosper (if said of persons). 
 
 Fleurir has two present participles : fleurissant (if used in a hteral sense), to 
 bloom or blosso7n ; florissant (if said of persons in a figurative sense), to prosper, 
 flourish. 
 
 In its literal sense with fleurissant it is conjugated exactly like finir. In the 
 
 figurative sense with florissant the only variation in the tenses occurs in the 
 
 imperfect indicative. 
 
 Florissant Je florissais I was prosperous Nous florissions we were prosperous 
 
 Tu florissais thou wast prosperous Vous florissiez you were prosperous 
 II florissait he was prosperous lis florissaient they were prosperous 
 
 Refleurir, to bloom again, is subject to the same rules as fleurir. 
 2. Benir, to bless, to consecrate 
 
 B6nir is regular and conjugated like finir; but the past participle has two 
 forms, bini and benit. The second form, benit, is used only in the passive voice, 
 and when the thing is consecrated by a religious ceremony and is supposed 
 thereby to have been changed in character. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Des armes qui ont 6te b^nites par I'Iglise, ne sent pas toujours b^nies du ciel 
 sur le champ de bataille. 
 
 Arms (weapons) which have been consecrated by the church are not always 
 blessed by heaven on the field of battle. 
 
 De Teau b^nite, holy {consecrated) water. 
 
 Benir (passive) is followed by par when it expresses a definite action, i.e. refers 
 to an event ; otherwise by de. See first example above for use of both. Actively, 
 b^nir uses no preposition : Le pretre a b6ni I'assistance. 
 
 -x. Hair, to hate 
 To indicate its separate pronunciation a diaeresis is placed over the i of the 
 verb hair except in those persons in italics of the tenses following. 
 Indicatif Present Impcratif 
 
 Je ha'is Nous haissons Hais 
 
 Tu hats Vous haissez Haissons 
 
 IXhait Ilshaissent Haissez 
 
 Qu'il (on) haisse 
 Qu'ils haissent 
 
J6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In the first and second persons plural of the past definite (nous haimes and 
 vous haites), and in the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive (qu'il 
 halt) hair has the diaeresis instead of the circumflex accent. 
 
 No preposition is used after hair except in the passive : II est hai de tout le 
 monde. 
 
 4. Battre, to beat 
 
 Verbs ending in -attre lose one of the t's of the radical in the three persons 
 singular of the present indicative and the second person singular of the impera- 
 tive. In all other tenses and persons, conjugate them like rendre, Par. 50. 
 
 Indicatif 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperatif 
 
 Je baU 
 
 I beat 
 
 Bats beat (thou) 
 
 Tu bats 
 
 thou beat est 
 
 Battons let us beat 
 
 11 bat 
 
 he beats 
 
 Battez beat (you) 
 
 On bat 
 
 one beats 
 
 Qu'il batte let him beat 
 
 Nous battons 
 
 we beat 
 
 Qu'on batte let one beat 
 
 Vous battez 
 
 you beat 
 
 Qu'ils battent let them beat 
 
 lis battent 
 
 they beat 
 
 
 In the same manner conjugate : 
 
 Abattre, to pull down Rabattre, to abate 
 
 Combattre, to combat, to fight Rebattre, to beat again 
 
 Debattre, to debate, to discuss. 
 
 5. Rompre, to break 
 
 Verbs ending in -ompre take t after the p in the third person singular of the 
 present iiidicative. 
 
 Indicatif Present 
 
 Je romps Nous rompons 
 
 Tu romps Vous rompez 
 
 // rompt lis rompent 
 
 The other tenses and persons are conjugated like rendre, Par. 50. Note rule 
 for present indicative, Pars. 113-114. 
 Conjugate like rompre : 
 
 Corrompre, to corrupt, to vitiate. Interrompre, to interrupt. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary under Casser. 
 
 69. AUXILIARIES 
 
 For classification as to auxiliaries, all French verbs may be divided into 
 Reflexive Verbs, Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs (including Impersonal 
 Verbs). 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 77 
 
 1. All Reflexive Verbs are conjugated with etre : 
 
 Je me suis flatte. / have flattered myself. 
 Elles se sont ecrit. 7^hey wrote to each other. 
 
 2. All transitive verbs (except reflexive transitive verbs) are conjugated with 
 avoir : 
 
 J'ai vendu le cheval. / have sold the horse. 
 Je I'ai vendu. / have sold it. 
 Note. — A transitive verb in French, as in English, may be used passively ; 
 in which case §tre becomes the auxiliary, as to be in English : 
 Le cheval est vendu. The horse is sold. 
 II avait ete vendu. He had been sold. 
 
 3. Most intransitive verbs are conjugated with avoir. The list of exceptions 
 is a small one. 
 
 70. EXCEPTIONS 
 
 a. Intransitive verbs expressing motion ; such as going and coming, going in, 
 coming out, etc. They are : 
 
 List i 
 Arriver, to arrive. Sortir, to go out, to come out. 
 
 AUer, to go. Tomber, to fall. 
 
 Entrer, to come {go) in. Retomber, to fall again. 
 
 Partir, to set out, start, to leave, Retourner, to go back. 
 
 Rentrer, to come in again, etc. Venir, to come. 
 
 Repartir, to start again, etc. Revenir, to come back. 
 
 Note. — Some of these verbs are also used transitively, and when so used 
 require, of course, the auxiliary avoir. 
 
 Examples : 
 Jean a sorti le cheval. fohn has taken out the horse. 
 
 Qui a sorti ce livre de la bibliothlque ? Who took this book out of the bookcase ? 
 Entrez ces chaises. Take in those chairs. 
 On a tombe cet auteur. That author has been roasted. (Fam.) 
 
 b. Intransitive verbs expressing in their compound tenses result of an action 
 or a state (unchanged). 
 
 List 2 
 
 D6c§der, to die, to expire. Naitre, to be born. 
 
 Devenir, to become. Parvenir, to attain. 
 
 Disconvenir, to deny. Provenir, to come from. 
 
 Echoir, to becojne due (as a note). Redevenir, to become again. 
 
 Eclore, to blow ; to be hatched. Survenir, to happen. 
 Mourir, to die. 
 
78 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Besides the above limited lists, there are a few intransitive verbs which require 
 etre if they express a state or a result of an action, but which require avoir if they 
 express an action. Here is a list of them : 
 
 List 3 
 
 Descendre, to go, come down. Grandir, to grow ; to groiv up. 
 
 Aborder, to land; to approach {accost^. Passer, to pass. 
 
 Accourir, to run up ; to run to. ' Raster, to 7-emain ; to stay. 
 
 Apparaitre, to appear. Convenir, to agree ; to be of accord. 
 
 Croitre, to grow, Comparaitre, to appear, as before a 
 Deborder, to overflow. . court (legal). 
 
 Dechoir, to decay. Decroitre, to decrease, to grow less. 
 
 Demeurer, to stay, remain ; to dwell, reside. Perir, to perish. 
 
 Disparaitre, to disappear. Cesser, to cease. 
 
 Echapper, to escape. Monter, to go up, come up. 
 
 Fleurir, to blossom. Remonter, to go up, come up, again. 
 
 71. A knowledge of the above three rules, and a study of the three lists of 
 exceptions under Rule 3, should eliminate for the student any difficulty in decid- 
 ing what auxiliary to use for a verb not conjugated in full. 
 
 He will see that in the large majority of cases avoir is the auxiliary. That 
 etre is invariably used for reflexive verbs; for the verbs in list i, expressing 
 motion and not transitive ; always for the verbs in list 2 ; and for the verbs in 
 list 3 when the verb expresses a state. In all other cases avoir is the auxiliary. 
 
 72. To assist in determining when action and when state is expressed by the 
 verbs of list 3, the following remarks may be useful : 
 
 I. The attending circumstances generally indicate whether action or state is 
 to be expressed. 
 Examples : 
 
 The storm ceased yesterday. L'orag^ a cess^ hier. 
 Avoir is used because the action of ceasing is the prominent idea. 
 
 The storm has ceased; is over. L'orage est cess6. 
 Etre is used because the idea of the storm's being over is prominent. 
 
 La riviire a monte rapidement. The river rose rapidly. 
 II est monte a sa chambre. He has gone up to his room. 
 La procession a passe par ici. The procession has passed here. 
 La procession est passee. The procession has (is) passed. 
 It will be noted that wherever avoir is used in the foregoing examples, the 
 action is emphasized, and generally the verb is modified by an adverb. 
 
Y 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB yg 
 
 2. in most cases when state is to be expressed the verb to be can be 
 substituted in English; and cannot be when action is expressed. Compare 
 examples under remark i. Further examples follow. 
 Nous sommes convenus du prix. We have {are) agreed as to the price. 
 Cette maison vous aurait fort bien convenu. That house would have suited you 
 very well. 
 
 Note that the verb convenir has a different meaning when used transitively. 
 It means, then, to suit. When used intransitively it means to agree ^ to be of 
 accord, and requires de before a following noun or infinitive. 
 Nous sommes descendus lui dire adieu. We came dow?i to bid hi?n good-by. 
 Le baromltre a descendu rapidement de quatre degres. The barometer went down 
 
 ( dropped ) rapidly four degrees . 
 Guillaume a descendu vos malles. William has brought your trunk down. 
 Le cerf a 6chapp6 aux chiens. The stag escaped the dogs. 
 
 Cette chose m'est echappee de la m^moire. That matter has slipped from 
 {escaped) my memory. 
 
 See Part II for a discussion of other English auxiharies. 
 
 73. THE REFLEXIVE VERB 
 
 A reflexive verb in French, like a reflexive verb in English, is a verb one of 
 whose objects (direct or indirect) is the same person or thing as the subject 
 of the verb. 
 
 Consequently a reflexive verb is always accompanied by an objective pronoun 
 of the same person as the subject of the verb. 
 
 These objective pronouns are the same in form as the ordinary objective pro- 
 nouns, except in the third person, where a separate reflexive form is necessary to 
 avoid ambiguity. That is, the reflexive pronouns me, te, nous, and vous are the 
 same as the ordinary objective pronouns used with all verbs ; but the objective 
 pronoun for the third person is se ; whereas in verbs not reflexive the objective 
 pronouns (third person) are le, la, les (direct), and lui, leur (indirect). 
 
 Therefore in conjugating a reflexive verb, write it always as in the case of 
 any ordinary verb ; and then put in the proper objective pronouns, remembering 
 that the position of these (objective) pronouns, as in the case of all objective 
 pronouns with a verb, is before the verb except in the imperative affirmative, 
 where it is after the verb. 
 
 A peculiarity of the reflexive verb in French is that it is always conjugated 
 with the auxiliary etre, to be; whereas in English we use to have. 
 
8o 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Therefore in translating from English into French, we must, in the reflexive 
 verb, turn the English auxiliary to have into the corresponding tense of etre, to be. 
 And conversely, when translating a French reflexive into English we must trans- 
 late the auxiliary etre by the corresponding tense of to have. 
 
 74. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLEXIVE VERB SE LAYER = 
 TO WASH ONE'S SEI^F (MODEL VERB) 
 
 Reflexive verbs are conjugated with two pronouns of the same person ; the 
 pronouns are : 
 
 Je me, ist Pers. Sing. 
 Tu te, 2d Pers. Sing. 
 Use 
 EUe se 
 
 I 3d Pers. Sing. 
 
 Nous nous, 1st Pers. PI. 
 Vous vous, 2d Pers. PI. 
 lis se 
 
 Elles se 
 
 3d Pers. PI. 
 
 SE LAYER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF 
 
 Se layer 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 
 to wash one's self 
 
 S'etre lay4 
 
 Infinitif Passe 
 
 to have washed one's self 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 S'^tant lav6 having washed one's self 
 
 Participe Present 
 Se lavant washing one's self 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Lay§ {ni.s.), lav§e (/j.), layds {fn.pL), laydes {fipl.), washed 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 Present 
 
 Je me lave 
 Tu te laves 
 
 II se lave 
 On se lave 
 
 Nous nous lavons 
 Yous vous lavez 
 
 lis se lavent 
 
 I wash myself 
 
 thou washest thyself 
 
 he washes himself 
 one (people) washes 
 himself (themselves) 
 we wash ourselves 
 you wash yourselves 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 Je me suis lay6 
 Tu t'es lav6 
 
 II s'est lay§ 
 
 Nous nous sommes 
 
 laves 
 Vous vous etes lav^s 
 
 they wash themselves lis se sont lav6s 
 
 I have washed myself 
 
 thou hast washed 
 thyself 
 
 he has washed him- 
 self 
 
 we have washed our- 
 selves 
 
 you have washed 
 yourselves 
 
 they have washed 
 themselves 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 8l 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Je me lavais I was washing myself Je m'6tais lav6 I had washed myself 
 
 Tu te lavais 
 II se lavait 
 
 Tu t'§tais lav6 thou hadst washed 
 
 thyself 
 
 II s'ltait lav6 he had washed him- 
 
 self 
 
 Nous nous 6tions lavls we had washed our- 
 selves 
 
 Vous vous §tiez lav6s you had washed your- 
 selves 
 
 lis s'^taient lav6s they had washed 
 
 themselves 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 Je me fus lav6 I had washed myself 
 
 Tu te fus lav6 thou hadst washed 
 
 thyself 
 II se fut lav6 he had washed him- 
 
 self 
 Nous nous fdmes lav6s we had washed our- 
 selves 
 Vous vous lavates you washed your- Vous vous futes lav6s you had washed your- 
 
 thou wast washing 
 
 thyself 
 he was washing him- 
 self 
 Nous nous lavions we were washing our- 
 selves 
 Vous vous laviez you were washing 
 
 yourselves 
 lis se lavaient they were washing 
 
 . themselves 
 
 P Passe Dejini 
 
 Je me lavai I washed myself 
 
 Tu te lavas thou washedst thyself 
 
 II se lava he washed himself 
 
 Nous nous lavUmes we washed ourselves 
 
 lis se laverent 
 
 Je me laverai 
 Tu te laveras 
 II se lavera 
 
 selves 
 they washed them- 
 selves 
 
 Futur 
 I shall wash myself 
 
 thou wilt wash thyself 
 
 he will wash himself 
 
 Nous nous laverons we shall wash our- 
 selves 
 
 Vous vous laverez you will wash your- 
 selves 
 
 lis se laveront they will wash them- 
 
 selves 
 
 selves 
 lis se furent lav6s they had washed 
 
 themselves 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 Je me serai lav6 I shall have washed 
 
 myself 
 Tu te seras lav6 thou wilt have washed 
 
 thyself 
 II se sera lav6 he will have washed 
 
 himself 
 Nous nous serons lav6s we shall have washed 
 
 ourselves 
 Vous vous serez lav^s you will have washed 
 
 yourselves 
 lis se seront lav^s they will have washed 
 
 themselves 
 
 Je me laverais 
 Tu te laverais 
 11 se laverait 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present Passe 
 
 ist Form 2d Form 
 
 I should wash myself Je me serais lav6 Je me fusse lav6 
 
 I should have washed myself 
 Tu te serais lav§ Tu te fusses lav6 
 
 thou woulcist have washed thyself 
 II se serait lav6 II se fut lav§ 
 
 he would have washed himself 
 
 On se fut lav6 
 one (people) would have washed one's 
 self (themselves) 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 6 
 
 thou wouldst wash 
 thyself 
 
 he would wash him- 
 self 
 
82 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 Nous nous laverions 
 
 Vous vous laveriez 
 
 lis se laveraient 
 
 we should wash our- 
 selves 
 
 you would wash your- 
 selves 
 
 ist Form 
 Nous nous serious lav6s 
 
 they would 
 themselves 
 
 wash 
 
 2d Form 
 Nous nous fussions 
 lav6s 
 we should have washed ourselves 
 Vous vous seriez laves Vous vous fussiez 
 lav§s 
 you would have washed yourselves 
 lis se seraient lav^s lis se fussent laves 
 
 they would have washed themselves 
 
 Lave-toi 
 
 Lavons-nous 
 
 Lavez-vous 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 wash thyself 
 
 let us wash ourselves 
 
 wash (y.ourself ) yourselves 
 
 Qu'il se lave 
 Qu'on se lave 
 Qu'ils se lavent 
 
 let him wash himself 
 
 let one (people) wash one's self (themselves) 
 
 let them wash themselves 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Que je me lave that I may wash my- 
 
 self 
 
 Que tu te laves that thou mayest wash 
 
 thyself 
 
 Qu'il se lave that he may wash 
 
 himself 
 
 Que nous nous lavions that we may wash our- 
 selves 
 
 Que vous vous laviez that you may wash 
 yourselves 
 
 Qu'ils se lavent that they may wash 
 
 themselves 
 
 Passe 
 
 Que je me sois lav6 
 Que tu te sois lav6 
 Qu'il se soit lav6 
 
 Que nous nous soyons 
 
 lav^s 
 Que vous vous soyez 
 
 lav§s 
 Qu'ils se soient lav6s 
 
 Plus-que- 
 Que je me fusse lav§ 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Que je me lavasse that I might wash 
 
 myself 
 Que tu te lavasses that thou mightest Que tu te fusses lav6 
 
 wash thyself 
 
 Qu'il se lavit 
 
 Que nous nous lavas- 
 
 sions 
 Que vous vous lavas- 
 
 siez 
 Qu'ils se lavassent 
 
 that he might wash 
 
 himself 
 that we might wash 
 
 ourselves 
 that you might wash 
 
 yourselves 
 that they might wash 
 
 themselves 
 
 Qu'il se fiit lav6 
 
 Que nous nous fussions 
 
 lav^s 
 Que vous vous fussiez 
 
 lav6s 
 Qu'ils se fussent lav6s 
 
 that I may have 
 
 washed myself 
 that thou mayest have 
 
 washed thyself 
 that he may have 
 
 washed himself 
 that we may have 
 
 washed ourselves 
 that you may have 
 
 washed yourselves 
 that they may have 
 
 washed themselves 
 
 parfait 
 
 that I might have 
 washed myself 
 
 that thou mightest 
 have washed thy- 
 self 
 
 that he might have 
 washed himself 
 
 that we might have 
 washed ourselves 
 
 that you might have 
 washed yourselves 
 
 that they, might have 
 washed themselves 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 83 
 
 Like se layer, conjugate: 
 Se lever, to get up. 
 
 Note that the French say / raise myself at six d* clock, Je me 16ve k six heures; whereas 
 we say / rise (or I get up) at six. 
 S'amuser, to enjoy one^s self {to amuse one's self). 
 
 This is the usual verb to correspond to our expression to have a good time {to enjoy one's 
 self) : Vous etes-vous bien amuse hier soir au theatre (ou chez Mme. B.) ? Did you have 
 a good time {enjoy yourself) last night at the theater (or at Mrs. B.^s) F 
 
 S'amuser requires a before the infinitive : Pendant deux heures il s'est amus6 k retoucher 
 les peintures. During two hours he amused himself touching up the paintings. 
 Se parler, to speak to each other {to one another, to one's self).^ 
 S'aimer, to love each other {one another, one's self). 
 
 Note that Nous nous aimons. We love ourselves, may mean We love each other or one another. 
 
 When the meaning We love each other, or one another, is not clearly shown by the context, 
 the pronouns I'un I'autre or les uns les autres are used : Nous nous aimons I'un I'autre. 
 We love each other. lis s'aiment les uns les autres. They love one another. 
 
 When the objective pronoun is indirect, as in Elles se sont 4crit (des lettres), there is 
 used after the verb (if necessary to make the meaning clear) the forms Tun (I'une) k I'autre 
 or les uns (les unes) aux autres. 
 
 75. Note in the negative conjugation of the reflexive verb that nothing 
 separates the objective pronoun from the verb except another pronoun ; there- 
 fore the ne comes before the objective pronoun. 
 
 Note that in the negative the objective pronoun remains before the verb 
 throughout instead of coming after it in the imperative as it does in the impera- 
 tive affirmative. 
 
 76. SE LAVER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF 
 Negatively 
 
 Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 Ne pas se layer not to wash one's self Nes'§trepaslav6 not to have washed 
 
 one's self 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 Ne se lavant pas not washing one's self Ne s'6tant pas lay§ not having washed 
 
 one's self 
 
 Participe Passe 
 lav6 {m.s.), Iay6e {fs.), Iay6s {m.pL), lavles (///.), washed 
 
84 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Je ne me lave pas I do not wash myself Je ne me suis pas I have not washed my- 
 
 Tu ne te laves pas thou dost not wash lav6 self 
 
 thyself 
 
 II ne se lave pas he does not wash him- Tu ne t'es pas lave thou hast not washed 
 
 self thyself 
 
 On ne se lave pas one does not wash II ne s'est pas lav6 he has not washed him- 
 
 himself self 
 
 Nous ne nous la- we do not wash our- Nous ne nous sommes we have not washed 
 
 vons pas selves pas lav6s ourselves 
 
 Vous ne vous lavez you do not wash your- Vous ne vous etes pas you have not washed 
 
 pas selves laves yourselves 
 
 lis ne se lavent pas they do not wash them- lis ne se sont pas they have not washed 
 
 selves lav6s themselves 
 
 Imparfait Plus- que-par fait 
 
 Je ne me lavais pas I was not washing my- Je ne m'^tais pas lave I had not washed my- 
 self self 
 Tu ne te lavais pas thou wast not washing Tune t'6tais pas lav6 thou hadst not washed 
 
 thyself thyself 
 
 II ne se lavait pas he was not washing II ne s'^tait pas lave he had not washed 
 
 himself himself 
 
 Nous ne nous la- we were not washing Nous ne nous Itions we had not washed 
 
 vions pas ourselves pas lav§s ourselves 
 
 Vous ne vous laviez you were not washing Vous ne vous 6tiez you had not washed 
 
 pas yourselves pas lav6s yourselves 
 
 lis ne se lavaient they were not washing lis ne s'6taient pas they had not washed 
 
 pas themselves lav6s themselves 
 
 Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur 
 
 Je ne me lavai pas I did not wash myself Je ne me f us pas lav6 I had not washed my- 
 self 
 
 Tu ne te lavas pas thou didst not wash Tu ne te fus pas lav6 thou hadst not washed 
 
 thyself thyself 
 II ne se lava pas he did not wash him- H ne se fut pas lav6 he had not washed him- 
 self self 
 Nous ne nous la- we did not wash our- Nous ne nous fflmes we had not washed 
 
 v4mes pas selves pas laves ourselves 
 
 Vous ne vous la- you did not wash your- Vous ne vous ffltes you had not washed 
 
 vMes pas selves pas lav6s yourselves 
 
 lis ne se lavdrent they did not wash lis ne se furent pas they had not washed 
 
 pas themselves laves themselves 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 85 
 
 Je ne 
 
 pas 
 Tu ne 
 
 pas 
 II ne se lavera pas 
 
 te laveras 
 
 Futur 
 me laverai I shall not wash my- 
 self lav6 
 
 thou wilt not wash thy- Tu ne te seras pas 
 
 self lav§ 
 
 he will not wash him- II ne se sera pas lav6 
 self 
 
 we shall not wash our- Nous ne nous serons 
 
 selves pas lav§s 
 
 you will not wash your- Vous ne vous serez 
 
 selves pas laves 
 
 they will not wash lis ne se seront pas 
 
 themselves lav§s 
 
 Nous ne nous la- 
 
 verons pas 
 Vous ne vous la- 
 
 verez pas 
 lis ne se laveront 
 
 pas 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 Je ne me serai pas I shall not have washed 
 
 myself 
 thou wilt not have 
 
 washed thyself 
 he will not have washed 
 
 himself 
 we shall not have 
 
 washed ourselves 
 you will not have 
 
 wasl'.ed yourselves 
 they will not have 
 
 washed themselves 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 Je ne me laverais 
 
 pas 
 Tu ne te laverais 
 
 pas 
 II ne se laverait pas 
 
 Nous ne nous la- 
 
 verions pas 
 Vous ne vous la- 
 
 veriez pas 
 lis ne se laveraient 
 
 pas 
 
 I should not wash my- 
 self 
 
 thou wouldst not wash 
 thyself 
 
 he would not wash 
 himself 
 
 we should not wash 
 ourselves 
 
 you would not wash 
 yourselves 
 
 they would not wash 
 themselves 
 
 Je ne me serais pas 
 
 lav6 
 Tu ne te serais pas 
 
 lav4 
 II ne se serait pas 
 
 lave 
 Nous ne nous serious 
 
 pas lav6s 
 Vous ne vous seriez 
 
 pas lav6s 
 lis ne se seraient pas 
 
 lavls 
 
 I should not have 
 
 washed myself 
 thou wouldst not have 
 
 washed thyself 
 he would not have 
 
 washed himself 
 we should not have 
 
 washed ourselves 
 you would not have 
 
 washed yourselves 
 they would not have 
 
 washed themselves 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 Ne te lave pas 
 
 Ne nous lavons pas 
 
 Ne vous lavez pas 
 
 do not wash thyself 
 
 let us not -wash ourselves 
 
 do not wash (yourself) yourselves 
 
 Qu'il ne se lave pas 
 Qu'on ne se lave pas 
 Qu'ils ne se lavent pas 
 
 let him not wash himself 
 let one not wash one's self 
 let them not wash themselves 
 
 I.E SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Passe 
 
 Que je ne me lave that I may not wash Que je ne me sois pas that 
 
 pas 
 Que tu ne te laves 
 
 pas 
 Qu'il ne se lave pas 
 
 Que nous ne nous 
 
 lavions pas 
 Que vous ne vous 
 
 laviez pas 
 Qu'ils ne se lavent 
 
 pas 
 
 myself 
 that thou mayest not 
 
 wash thyself 
 that he may not wash 
 
 himself 
 that we may not wash 
 
 ourselves 
 that you may not wash 
 
 yourselves 
 that they may not wash 
 
 themselves 
 
 lav6 
 Que tu ne te sois pas 
 
 lav6 
 Qu'il ne se soit pas 
 
 lav6 
 Que nous ne nous soy- 
 
 ons pas lav6s 
 Que vous ne vous 
 
 soyez pas lav6s 
 Qu'ils ne se soient pas 
 
 lav6s 
 
 I may not have 
 
 washed myself 
 that thou mayest not 
 
 have washed thyself 
 that he may not have 
 
 washed himself 
 that we may not have 
 
 washed ourselves 
 that you may not have 
 
 washed yourselves 
 that they may not have 
 
 washed themselves 
 
86 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je ne me la- 
 vasse pas 
 
 Que tu ne te la- 
 vasses pas 
 
 Qu'il ne se lavtt 
 pas 
 
 Que nous ne nous 
 lavassions pas 
 
 Que vous ne vous 
 lavassiez pas 
 
 Qu'ils ne se lavas- 
 sent pas 
 
 that I might not wash 
 
 myself 
 that thou mightest not 
 
 wash thyself 
 that he might not wash 
 
 himself 
 that we might not wash 
 
 ourselves 
 that you might not 
 
 wash yourselves 
 that they might not 
 
 wash themselves 
 
 Que je ne me fusse 
 
 pas lav6 
 Que tu ne te fusses 
 
 pas lav§ 
 Qu'il ne se ffit pas 
 
 lav6 
 Que nous ne nous fus- 
 
 sions pas laves 
 Que vous ne vous fus- 
 
 siez pas laves 
 Qu'ils ne se fussent 
 
 pas lav6s 
 
 that I might not have 
 
 washed myself 
 that thou mightest not 
 
 have washed thyself 
 that he might not have 
 
 washed himself 
 that we might not have 
 
 washed ourselves 
 that you might not have 
 
 washed yourselves 
 that they might not have 
 
 washed themselves 
 
 Conjugate in the same manner : 
 
 Se douter (de), to suspect. 
 
 Note that douter (de) means, to doubt, or to have doubt of or about; whereas se douter 
 (de) means, to suspect {to have a suspicion of). Je doute de sa parole. / doubt {have doubts 
 about) his word. Je me doutais de cela. / suspected {had suspicion of) that. Je m'en dou- 
 tais. / was suspecting it. 
 
 Se flatter, to flatter one^s self. 
 Se figurer, to fancy^ to imagine, 
 suffering. 
 
 Figurez-vous ce que je soufErais. Imagine what I was 
 
 77. SE LAYER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF 
 
 Me lav§-je ? 
 Te laves-tu ? 
 
 Se lave-t-il? 
 
 Se lave-t-on ? 
 
 Nous lavons-nous ? 
 
 Vous lavez-vous ? 
 
 Se lavent-ils ? 
 
 Interrogatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Me suis-je lav6 ? have I washed myself? 
 
 hast thou washed thyself? 
 has he washed himself? 
 
 do I wash myself? 
 
 dost thou wash thy- T'es-tu lav§ ? 
 
 self? 
 does he wash him- S'est-il lav§ ? 
 
 self? 
 does one wash one's- 
 
 self? 
 do we wash our- Nous sommes-nous have we washed our 
 
 selves? Iav6s? selves? 
 
 do you wash your- Vous etes-vous la- have you washed your 
 
 selves? V§S? selves? 
 
 do they wash them- Se sont-ils lav6s? have they washed them 
 
 selves? selves? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ^7 
 
 Imparfait Plus- que-par fait 
 
 Melavais-je? was I washing myself? M'6tais-je lav6? had I washed myself? 
 
 Telavais-tu? wast thou washing thy- T'6tais-tu lav6? hadst thou washed thy- 
 self? self? 
 
 Se lavait-il? was he washing himself? S'6tait-il lav6? had he washed himself? 
 
 Nouslavions-nous? were we washing our- Nous §tions-nous had we washed ourselves? 
 selves? Iav6s? 
 
 Vous laviez-vous ? were you washing your- Vous 6tiez-vous la- had you washed your- 
 
 selves? 
 
 Se lavaient-ils ? were they washing them- 
 selves ? 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 Me lavai-je? did I wash myself? 
 
 Telavas-tu? 
 
 v6s? selves? 
 
 S'6taient-ils la- had they washed them- 
 v6s? selves? 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 Me fus-je lav6 ? had I washed myself? 
 didst thou wash thyself? Te fus-tu lav6s ? hadst thou washed thy- 
 self? 
 Se lava-t-il? did he wash himself? Se fut-il lave ? had he washed himself? 
 
 Nous lavimes- did we wash ourselves? Nous fumes-nous had we washed ourselves? 
 
 nous ? Iav6s ? 
 
 VouslavHtes-vous? did you wash yourselves? Vous ffltes-vous la- had you washed your- 
 
 V^S ? selves ? 
 
 Se lav§rent-ils ? did they wash them- Se furent-ils la- had they washed them- 
 selves? v6s? selves? 
 
 Futur Futur Anterieur 
 
 Me laverai-je ? shall I wash myself? Me serai-je lav6 ? shall I have washed my- 
 
 self? 
 Te laveras-tu? wilt thou wash thyself? Te seras-tu lav6 ? wilt thou have washed 
 
 thyself? 
 Se lavera-t-il? will he wash himself? Se sera-t-il lav6 ? will he have washed him- 
 
 self? 
 Nous laverons- shall we wash ourselves ? Nous serons-nous shall we have washed 
 
 nous? Iav6s? ourselves? 
 
 Vous laverez-vous ? will you wash your- Vous serez-vous la- will you have washed 
 
 selves? V^S? yourselves? 
 
 Se laveront-ils? will they wash them- Se seront-ils la- will they have washed 
 selves? v6s? themselves? 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Me laverais-je ? should I wash myself? 
 
 Passe 
 
 Me serais-je lav§? should I have washed 
 myself? 
 Te laverais-tu ? wouldst thou wash thy- Te serais-tu lav6 ? wouldst thou have washed 
 
 self? thyself? 
 
 Se laverait-il ? would he wash himself? Se serait-il lav6 ? would he have washed 
 
 himself? 
 Nous laverions- should we wash our- Nous serions-nous should we have washed 
 
 nous? selves? Iav6s? ourselves? 
 
 Vous laveriez- would you wash your- Vous seriez-vous would you have washed 
 
 vous? selves? Iav6s? yourselves? 
 
 Se laveraient-ils? would they wash them- Se seraient-ils la- would they have washed 
 selves? ' v6s? themselves? 
 
88 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Conjugate in the same manner : 
 S'appeler (see Par. 59), to be one^s name ; to call one's self; to be called. Comment s'appelle- 
 
 t-il? What is his tiame? Elle s'appelait Marie. Her name was Mary. 
 Se rappeler, to recall, to recollect, to remember. Vous rappelez-VOUS son nom ? Do you 
 recollect (^remember') his name? Je me le rappelle maintenant. I recall {recollect) it 
 now. 
 
 78. SE LAVER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF 
 Interrogatively and Negatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOS:feS 
 
 Present Passe Indejini 
 
 Ne me lav6-je pas ? do I not wash myself ? Ne me suis-je pas have I not washed my- 
 
 lav6? 
 
 dost thou not wash thy- Ne t'es-tu pas lav6 ? 
 
 self? 
 
 does he not wash him- Ne s'est-il pas lav6 ? 
 
 self? 
 
 do we not wash our- Ne nous sommes-nous 
 
 selves ? pas lavls ? 
 
 Ne vous lavez-vous do you not wash your- Ne vous etes-vous pas have you not washed 
 
 pas? selves? laves? yourselves? 
 
 Ne se lavent-ils pas ? do they not wash them- Ne se sont-ils pas have they not washed 
 
 selves? lavis? 
 
 Ne te laves-tu pas? 
 
 Ne se lave-t-il pas ? 
 
 Ne nous lavons-nous 
 pas? 
 
 self? 
 
 hast thou not washed 
 thyself ? 
 
 has he not washed him- 
 self? 
 
 have we not washed 
 ourselves ? 
 
 themselves ? 
 
 Imparfait 
 Ne me lavais-je pas ? was I not washing my- 
 self? 
 Ne te lavais-tu pas? wast thou not washing 
 thyself^ 
 
 Plus- que-parf ait 
 Ne m'6tais-je pas had I not washed my- 
 
 lav6? self? 
 
 Ne t'6tais-tu pas hadst thou not washed 
 
 lav§? thyself? 
 
 Ne se lavait-il pas ? was he not washing Ne s'6tait-ilpaslav6? had he not washed him- 
 
 himself ? 
 were we not washing 
 
 ourselves ? 
 were you not washing 
 
 yourselves ? 
 lavaient-ils were they not washing 
 
 themselves ? 
 
 Ne nous lavions-nous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne vous laviez-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Ne se 
 
 pas? 
 
 Passe Defini 
 Ne me lavai-je pas ? did I not wash myself ? 
 
 Ne te lavas-tu pas ? 
 Ne se lava-t-il pas ? 
 
 didst thou not wash 
 thyself ? 
 
 did he not wash him- 
 self? 
 
 did we not wash our- 
 selves ? 
 
 Ne nous lavimes- 
 
 nous pas ? 
 
 Ne vous lavMes-vous did you not wash your- 
 
 pas ? selves ? 
 
 Ne se lav6rent-ils did they not wash 
 
 pas? themselves? 
 
 self? 
 Ne nous §tions-nous had we not washed our- 
 
 pas lavls? selves ? 
 
 Ne vous 6tiez-vous had you not washed 
 
 pas lav6s? yourselves ? 
 
 Ne s'§taient-ils pas had they not washed 
 
 lav6s ? themselves ? 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 Ne me f us-je pas lav6 ? had I not washed my- 
 self? 
 Ne te fus-tu pas lav6 ? hadst thou not washed 
 
 thyself ? 
 Ne se f ut-il pas lav6 ? had he not washed him- 
 self? 
 Ne nous fflmes-nous had we not washed our- 
 
 paslavls? selves? 
 
 Ne vous futes-vous had you not washed 
 
 pas lav^s ? yourselves ? 
 
 Ne se furent-ils pas had they not washed 
 lav6s ? themselves ? 
 
THE FRENCH VEJiB 
 
 89 
 
 
 Futur 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Ne me 
 
 laverai-je 
 
 shall I not wash my- 
 
 Ne me serai-je pas 
 
 shall I not have washed 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 self? 
 
 lav6? 
 
 myself ? 
 
 Ne te 
 
 laveras-tu 
 
 wilt thou not wash 
 
 Ne te seras-tu pas 
 
 wilt thou not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 thyself? 
 
 lav6? 
 
 washed thyself? 
 
 Ne se lavera-t-il pas? 
 
 will he not wash him- 
 
 Ne se sera-t-il pas 
 
 will he not have washed 
 
 
 
 self? 
 
 lav6? 
 
 himself? 
 
 Ne nous laverons- 
 
 shall we not wash our- 
 
 Ne nous serons-nous 
 
 shall we not have 
 
 nous pas ? 
 
 selves ? 
 
 pas lav6s?_ 
 
 washed ourselves ? 
 
 Ne vous 
 
 laverez-vous 
 
 will you not wash your- 
 
 Ne vous serez-vous 
 
 will you not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 selves ? 
 
 pas laves? 
 
 washed yourselves ? 
 
 Ne se 
 
 laveront-ils 
 
 will they not wash 
 
 Ne se seront-ils pas 
 
 will they not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 themselves ? 
 
 lav6s? 
 
 washed themselves ? 
 
 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Passe 
 
 Ne me 
 
 laverais-je 
 
 should I not wash my- 
 
 Ne me serais-je pas 
 
 should I not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 self? 
 
 lav6? 
 
 washed myself? 
 
 Ne te 
 
 laverais-tu 
 
 wouldst thou not wash 
 
 Ne te serais-tu pas 
 
 wouldst thou not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 thyself? 
 
 lav6? 
 
 washed thyself ? 
 
 Ne se 
 
 laverait-il 
 
 would he not wash 
 
 Ne serait-il pas lav6 ? 
 
 would he not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 himself ? 
 
 
 washed himself? 
 
 Ne nous 
 
 laverions- 
 
 should we not wash 
 
 Ne nous serions-nous 
 
 should we not have 
 
 nous pas? 
 
 ourselves ? 
 
 pas lav^s? 
 
 washed ourselves ? 
 
 Ne vous laveriez- 
 
 would you not wash 
 
 Ne vous seriez-vous 
 
 would you not have 
 
 vous pas ? 
 
 yourselves ? 
 
 pas lav6s ? 
 
 washed yourselves ? 
 
 Ne se laveraient-ils 
 
 would they not wash 
 
 Ne se seraient-ils pas 
 
 would they not have 
 
 pas? 
 
 
 themselves ? 
 
 lav§s? 
 
 washed themselves ? 
 
 The student will write also the second form of the compound conditional by 
 substituting for the present conditional of the auxiliary etre the imperfect sub- 
 junctive of etre. 
 
 79. Hereafter students should write the reflexive verbs on the blackboard as 
 indicated in the following model : 
 
 Se servir, to use. Auxiliary, etre 
 
 I'rimitive 
 Tenses 
 
 Servir 
 Servant 
 
 jeme 
 
 tute 
 
 U. eUe ' 
 
 on ^ 
 servirai serviras servira servirons 
 servirais servirais servirait servirions 
 
 Derived 
 Tenses 
 Future 
 Conditional 
 3d Pers. PI. 
 Pres. Ind. 
 Impf. Ind. servais servais 
 Pres. Subj. serve serves 
 Servi Compound tenses, suis servi, etc. 
 Je sers Pr^s. Ind. sers sers 
 
 Imperative sers-toi 
 
 Je servis Past Definite servis servis 
 
 Impf. subj. servisse servisses servit 
 
 se nous nous 
 
 vous vous 
 
 lis. \ 
 
 se 
 
 servait 
 
 servions 
 
 serve 
 
 servions 
 
 sert 
 
 servons 
 
 
 servons-nous 
 
 servit 
 
 servimes 
 
 servit 
 
 servissions 
 
 eUes« 
 
 servirez serviront 
 serviriez serviraient 
 
 servez servent 
 
 serviez servaient 
 
 serviez servent 
 
 servez servent 
 
 servez-vous 
 servites servirent 
 servissiez servissent 
 
go THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Conjugate interrogatively and negatively the following : 
 
 Se glisser (dans), to creep {into). L'enfant s'est gliss6 dans le sac. The child crept into 
 
 the bag. 
 Se moquer de, to laugh aty to make fun of. Elle se moquait de lui. She was making sport 
 
 of him. 
 
 80. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLEXIVE VERB S'EN ALLER 
 
 The reflexive verb s'en aller has the peculiarity of having two pronouns before 
 it. The pronoun en means of it, of them, or from it, from them. Hence before 
 the verb aller, to go, it gives the meaning to go away. 
 
 When en occurs, vi^ith other pronouns before a verb it always comes after all 
 the others. 
 
 In the imperative affirmative it still remains after the other pronouns ; so we 
 have allez-vous-en, go away. 
 
 81. S'EN ALLER = TO GO AWAY 
 
 Infnitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 S'en aller to go away S'en etre all6 to have gone away 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 S'en allant going away S'en 6tant all6 having gone away 
 
 Participe Passe 
 En all§ {in.s), en all6e (/^.), en all§s {m.pl.), en all6es {fpL), gone away 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Je m'en ko/s I go away or I am go- Je m'en suis all6 I have gone away 
 
 ing away 
 Tu t'en vas thou goest away or Tu t'en es all6 thou hast gone away 
 
 thou art going away 
 II s'en va he goes away or he is II s'en est all6 he has gone away 
 
 going away 
 On s'en va one goes away or one 
 
 is going away 
 Nous nous en allons we go away or we are Nous nous en sommes we have gone away 
 
 going away all6s 
 
 Vous vous en allez you go away or you Vous vous en etes all6s you have gone away 
 
 are going away 
 lis s'en vont they go away or they lis s'en sont allls they have gone away 
 
 are going away 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 91 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Je m'en allais I was going away Je m'en 6tais all6 1 had gone away 
 
 Tu t'en allais thou wast going away Tu t'en §tais all6 thou hadst gone away 
 
 lis s'en allait he was going away II s'en etait all6 he had gone away 
 
 Nous nous en allions we were going away Nous nous en 6tions we had gone away 
 
 alles 
 Vous vous en alliez you were going away Vous vous en §tiez you had gone away 
 
 all§s 
 lis s'en allaient they were going away lis s'en 6taient all§s they had gone away 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Je m'en allai I went away 
 
 Tu t'en alias thou wentest away 
 
 II s'en alia he went away 
 
 Nous nous en all^mes we went away 
 
 Vous vous en allHtes you went away 
 
 lis s'en allSrent they went away 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Je m'en fus all6 I had gone away 
 
 Tu t'en fus all§ thou hadst gone away 
 
 II s'en fut all§ he had gone away 
 
 Nous nous en fflmes we had gone away 
 
 all4s 
 
 Vous vous en fiites you had gone away 
 
 all6s 
 
 lis s'en furent all6s they had gone away 
 
 Futur 
 
 Je m'en irai 
 Tu t'en iras 
 
 I shall go away 
 thou wilt go away 
 
 II s'en ira he will go away 
 
 Nous nous en irons we shall go away 
 
 Vous vous en Irez 
 lis s'en hont 
 
 you will go away 
 they will go away 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je m'en serai all6 I shall have gone away 
 
 Tu t'en seras all6 thou wilt have gone 
 
 away 
 II s'en sera all§ he will have gone away 
 
 Nous nous en serous we shall have gone 
 
 all6s away 
 
 Vous vous en serez you will have gone 
 
 alles away 
 
 lis s'en seront all6s they will have gone 
 away 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 
 I should go away 
 
 Passe 
 
 Je m'en irais I should go away Je m'en serais all6 I should have gone 
 
 away 
 Tu t'en irais thou wouldst go away Tu t'en serais all6 thou wouldst have gone 
 
 away 
 II s'en irait he would go away II s'en serait all6 he would have gone 
 
 away 
 Nous nous en irions we should go away Nous nous en serious we should have gone 
 
 allis away 
 
 Vous vous en iriez you would go away Vous vous en seriez you would have gone 
 
 all6s away 
 
 lis s'en iraient they would go away lis s'en seraient all6s they would have gone 
 
 away 
 
 The student will write out the second form of the compound conditional. 
 
92 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 L'TMPERATIF 
 
 Va-t'en go away (thou) 
 
 Allez-vous-en go away (you) 
 
 AUons-nous-en let us go away 
 
 Qu'il s'en aille let him go away 
 
 Qu'on s'en aille let one (people) go away 
 
 Qu'ils s'en aillent let them go away 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Passe 
 
 Que je m'en a'lUe that I may go away Que je m'en sois all6 that I may have gone 
 
 away 
 Que tu t'en a/7/es that thou mayest go Que tu t'en sois all§ that thou mayest have 
 
 away gone away 
 
 Qu'il s'en aille that he may go away Qu'il s'en soit all§ that he may have gone 
 
 away 
 Que nous nous en that we may go away Que nous nous en soy- that we may have gone 
 
 allions ons all6s away 
 
 Que vous vous en that you may go away Que vous vous en soyez that you may have 
 
 alliez all6s gone away 
 
 Qu'ils s'en a/V/ewf that they may go away Qu'ils s'en soient alles that they may have 
 
 gone away 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Que je m'en allasse that I might go away Que je m'en fusse all§ that I might have gt)ne 
 
 away 
 
 Que tu t'en allasses that thou mightest go Que tu t'en fusses all6 that thou mightest have 
 
 away gone away 
 
 Qu'il s'en allit that he might go away Qu'il s'en fut all6 that he might have 
 
 gone away 
 
 Que nous nous en that we might go away Que nous nous en fus- that we might have 
 
 allassions sions all§s gone away 
 
 Que vous vous en that you might go Que vous vous en fus- that you might have 
 
 allassiez away siez allls gone away 
 
 Qu'ils s'en allassent that they might go Qu'ils s'en fussent that they might have 
 
 away all^S gone away 
 
 Note. — That with aller a destination is always expressed; whereas with 
 s'en aller it may or may not be. 
 
 Je vais a Paris. / am going to Paris. 
 
 J'y vais aussi. I a7n going {there) too. 
 
 Je m'en vais maintenant. I am going away now. 
 
 Je m'en vais a Paris. / am going away to Paris. 
 
 82. S'EN ALLER = TO GO AWAY 
 Negatively 
 
 Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 Ne pas s'en aller not to go away Ne s'en etre pas all6 not to have gone away 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 93 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 Ne s'en allant pas not going away Nes'en6tantpasall6 not having gone away 
 
 Participe Passe 
 En all6, gone 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 Je ne m'en vais pas I do not go away Je ne m'en suis pas I have not gone away 
 
 Tu ne t'en vas pas thou dost not go alle 
 
 away Tu ne t'en es pas thou hast not gone 
 
 II ne s'en va pas he does not go away alle away 
 
 On ne s'en va pas one does not go line s'en est pas all§ he has not gone away 
 
 away Nous ne nous en we have not gone away 
 
 Nous ne nous en al- we do not go away sommes pas all6s 
 
 Ions pas Vous ne vous en etes you have not gone away 
 
 Vous ne vous en allez you do not go away pas alles 
 
 pas lis ne s'en sont pas they have not gone away 
 
 lis ne s'en vont pas they do not go away all6s 
 
 Imparfait Plus-queparfait 
 
 Je ne m'en allais pas, I was not going Je ne m'en 6tais pas I had not gone away, 
 
 etc. away, etc. all§, etc. etc. 
 
 Passe Defini Passe Anterieur 
 
 Je ne m'en allai pas, I did not go away, Je ne m'en fus pas I had not gone away, 
 
 etc. etc. all6, etc. etc. 
 
 Futur Futur Anterieur 
 
 Je ne m'en irai pas, I shall not go away, Je ne m'en serai pas I shall not have gone 
 
 etc. etc. all6, etc. away, etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIOrjNEL 
 Present Passe 
 
 Je ne m'en irais pas, I should not go away, Je ne m'en serais I should not have gone 
 etc. etc. pas all6, etc. away, etc. 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 Ne t'en va pas ^ do not go away 
 
 Ne vous en allez pas do not gij away 
 
 Ne nous en allons pas let us not go away 
 
 Qu'il ne s'en aille pas let him not go away 
 
 Qu'on ne s'en aille pas let one not go away 
 
 Qu'ils ne s'en aillent pas let them not go away 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Passe 
 
 Que je ne m'en aille that I may not go Que je ne m'en sois that I may not have 
 pas, etc. away, etc. pas all6, etc. gone away, etc. 
 
 Imparfait Plus- que-par fait 
 
 Que je ne m'en allasse that I might not go Que je ne m'en fusse that I might not have 
 pas, etc. away, etc. pas all6, etc. gone away, etc. 
 
94 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 83. Interrogatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 Present 
 
 84. Negatively and Interrogatively 
 
 M'en vais-je? 
 T'en vas-tu? 
 Sen va-t-il? 
 S'en va-t-on? 
 Nous en allons-nous ? 
 
 Vous en allez-vous ? 
 
 S'en vont-ils? 
 
 M'en allais-je? etc. 
 
 M'en allai-je ? etc. 
 
 M'en irai-je? etc. 
 
 do I go away? 
 dost thou go away? 
 does he go away? 
 does one go away? 
 do we go away? 
 
 do you go away ? 
 
 do they go away ? 
 
 Ne m'en vais-je pas ? 
 
 Ne t'en vas-tu pas ? 
 
 Ne s'en va-t-il pas ? 
 
 Ne s'en va-t-on pas ? 
 
 Ne nous en allons- 
 nous pas ? 
 
 Ne vous en allez- 
 vous pas ? 
 
 Ne s'en vont-ils pas ? 
 
 Im par fait 
 
 was I going away? Ne m'en allais-je 
 etc. pas? etc. 
 
 Passe Defini 
 did I go away? etc. Ne m'en allai-je 
 pas? etc. 
 
 Futur 
 
 shall I go away? etc. Ne m'en irai-je pas ? 
 etc. 
 
 do I not go away? 
 dost thou not go away? 
 does he not go away? 
 does one not go away? 
 do we not go away? 
 
 do you not go away? 
 
 do they not go away? 
 
 was I not going away? 
 etc. 
 
 did I not go away? etc. 
 
 shall I not go away? etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 M'en irais-je ? etc. should I go away? Ne m'en irais-je pas? should I not go away? 
 
 etc. etc. etc. 
 
 M'en suis-je all6 ? 
 T'en es-tu all6 ? 
 S'en est-il all6 ? 
 
 Nous en sommes-nous 
 
 all§s? 
 Vous en etes-vous 
 
 all6s? 
 S'en sont-ils all§s ? 
 
 M'en 6tais-je all6 ? 
 etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Indf'fini 
 
 have I gone away? Ne m'en suis-je pas have I not gone away? 
 
 alle? 
 
 hast thou gone. Ne t'en es-tu pas hast thou not gone 
 
 away ? alle ? away ? 
 
 has he gone away? Ne s'en est-il pas has he not gone away? 
 
 alle ? 
 
 have we gone away? Ne nous en sommes- have we not gone away? 
 
 nous pas all6s ? 
 
 have you gone away ? Ne vous en etes-vOUS have you not gone 
 
 pasall6s? away? 
 
 have they gone Ne s'en sont-ils pas have they not gone 
 
 away? all6s? away? 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 had I gone away? Ne m'en 6tais-je pas had I not gone away? 
 etc. all6? etc. etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 95 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 M'en fus-je all€ ? etc. had I gone away? Ne m'en fus-je pas had I not gone away? 
 etc. all6? etc. etc. 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 M'en serai-je all6 ? shall I have gone Ne m'en serai-je pas shall I not have gone 
 etc. away? etc. all6? etc. away? etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 M'en serais-je all6 ? should I have gone Ne m'en serais-je should I not have gone 
 etc. away? etc. pasall6?etc. away? etc. 
 
 The verb se flatter means to flatter one's self. For practice insert en before flatter and 
 conjugate like s'en aller. 
 
 S'en flatter, to flatter one''s self on account of it. 
 
 EUe s'en flatte. She flatters herself on it {on account of it). 
 
 85. In English we say Be slopped the carriage. The carriage stopped. We 
 call the verb in the last sentence intransitive. 
 
 The French turn a transitive into a reflexive verb in such cases, with the idea 
 that the transitive verb should remain transitive. The carriage stopped \% there- 
 fore in French La voiture s'est arretle {the carriage stopped itself) . 
 
 86. Conjugate the following reflexive verbs : 
 
 S'arreter, to stop, to stay Se lever, to get up, rise 
 
 Se baisser (a w. inf.), to stoop Se rejouir (de w. inf.), to rejoice 
 
 S'enhardir (a w. inf.), to grow bold 
 Se baisser requires a before the infinitive or noun following. 
 
 EUe s'est baissee a vous prier de ne pas y aller. She stooped to beg you not to 
 go the7'e. 
 
 More frequently the French would say EUe s'est baissee jusqu'au point de vous prier, 
 etc. 
 
 S'enhardir. Je me suis enhardi a vous demander la permission de sortir. / 
 
 have made bold to ask you for permission to go out. 
 
 Se rejouir. Je me suis rejoui d'apprendre que votre frSre se ritablissait de 
 sa maladie. I rejoiced to lea^-n that your brother was recovering from his illness. 
 
 87. THE IMPERSONAL VERB 
 
 In French a great many verbs can be used impersonally by placing before 
 the third person singular of the proper tense the pronoun il, just as we use in 
 English the introductory subject // and sometimes there. II semble — . // 
 seems — . 
 
96 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 As in English, there are also verbs in French used always impersonally, with 
 reference to the phenomena of nature, etc. ; as II neige. It snows {is snowing). 
 
 Besides these there are in French a few verbs which are essentially imper- 
 sonal, and which cannot have a personal subject ; such as falloir, y avoir, s'agir, 
 s'en falloir. 
 
 Tht past participle of an impersonal verb is invariable. 
 
 Y avoir means literally, there to have^ but its English equivalent is there 
 to be. 
 
 As we have noticed, etre is often translated into English by to have ; as is 
 the case in reflexive verbs and "verbs of motion." In the case of y avoir, avoir 
 is translated by to be ; so, II y a un livre sur la table (lit., // there has a book on 
 the table) is translated by our idiom There is a book on the table. 
 
 As y avoir is a true impersonal verb it is used only in the third person 
 singular. Therefore : 
 
 II y a also means there are. II y a trois livres sur la table. There are three 
 books on the table. 
 
 Y avoir 
 
 Y ayant 
 
 CONJUGATION OF Y AVOIR = THERE TO BE 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 there to be 
 
 Participe Present 
 there being 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Eu (invariable) been 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Y ayant eu there having been 
 
 II y a 
 
 88. Affirmatively 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 89. Negatively 
 
 there is or there are II n'y a pas 
 
 there is not or there are 
 not 
 Imparfait 
 II y avait there was or there were II n'y avait pas there was not or there 
 
 were nut 
 Passe Defini 
 
 II y eut there was or there were II n'y eut pas there was not or there 
 
 were not 
 Futur 
 
 II y aura there will be II n'y aura pas there will not be 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 II y a eu there has been c"/- there have II n'y a pas eu there has not been or 
 
 been there have not been 
 
 Plus- que-par fait 
 II y avait eu there had been II n'y avait pas eu there had not been 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 97 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 II y eut eu there had been II n'y eut pas eu there had not been 
 
 Futur Atitcrieur 
 II y aura eu there will have been II n'y aura pas eu there will not have been 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 II y aurait there would be II n'y aurait pas there would not be 
 
 Passe 
 
 II y aurait eu there would have been II n'y aurait pas eu there would not have 
 
 been 
 
 No hnperatif 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 Qu'il y ait that there may be Qu'il n'y ait pas that there may not be 
 
 Imparfait. 
 Qu'il y eiit that there might be Qu'il n'y eut pas that there might not be 
 
 Passe 
 
 Qu'il y ait eu that there may have been Qu'il n'y ait pas eu that there may not have 
 
 been 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Qu'il y eut eu that there might have been Qu'il n'y efit pas eu that there might not have 
 
 been 
 Example of use of y avoir 
 
 II y a quelqu'un a la porte. There is some one at the door. 
 II y aura un jeu de balle cette apres-midi. There will be a game of ball this 
 aftertioon. 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 90. Interrogatively 91. Negatively and Interrogatively 
 
 Present 
 
 Ya-t-il? is there? are there? N'y a-t-il pas ? is there not? are there 
 
 not? 
 Imparfait 
 
 Y avait-il ? was there ? were there ? N'y avait-il pas ? was there not ? were there 
 
 not? 
 Passe Defini 
 
 Y eut-il ? was there ? were there ? N'y eut-il pas ? was there not ? were there 
 
 not? 
 Futur 
 Yaura-t-il? will there be? N'y aura- t-il pas ? will there not be? 
 
 MARTIN'S FRENCH VERB — 7 
 
98 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Passe Indejini 
 
 Y a-t-il eu? has there been? have there N'y a-t-il pas eu? has there not been? have 
 
 been? there not been? 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Y avait-il eu ? had there been? N'y eut-il pas eu? had there not been? 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Y eut-il eu ? had there been? N'y avait-il pas eu ? had there not been? 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 Y aura-t-il eu ? will there have been? N'y aura-t-il pas eu ? will there not have been ? 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 
 Y aurait-il ? would there be? N'y aurait-il pas? would there not be ? 
 
 Passe 
 
 Y aurait-il eu ? would there have been? N'y aurait-il pas eu ? would there not have 
 
 been? 
 
 Y avait-il des pommes dans le plat ? Were there any apples in the dish ? 
 
 Y en avait-il ? Were there any {of them) ? 
 
 II y en avait trois. There were three {of them'). 
 
 Y aura-t-il un jeu de balle aujourd'hui ? Will there be a ball game to-day ? 
 II y en aura. There will {be). II n'y en aura pas. There will not. 
 
 Note also the use of y avoir with expressions of time in the sense of time ago. 
 Ma soeur est arriv6e, il y a trois minutes (heures). My sister arrived three minutes 
 
 {hours) ago. 
 Cette semaine il y a eu deux jours de mauvais temps. This week there have been two days 
 
 of bad weather. 
 II faisait mauvais temps il y a une semaine. // {there) was bad weather a week ago. 
 
 92. THE IMPERSONAL VERB FALLOtR 
 
 Falloir means literally to be necessary. It is often best translated by must^ 
 should^ or ought to, or to need. 
 
 It is used with the person or thing upon which the necessity rests, as indirect 
 object (generally a dative pronoun) followed by an infinitive : 
 II me faut Icrire une lettre. // to me is necessary to write a letter; I must write 
 
 a letter. 
 II vous faut 6tudier. II lui faut travailler. 
 
 If there is no doubt as to whom the necessity applies, the indirect object 
 pronoun is generally omitted : 
 II fallait m'^crire (si vous n'aviez plus d'argent). You should {ought to) have 
 
 written to 7ne {if yoit had no more money). 
 II fallait venir plus tot. You should have come sooner. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 99 
 
 FALLOIR = MUST, TO BE NECESSARY 
 93. Affirmatively 94. Negatively 
 
 Falloir 
 Fallu 
 
 II f aut 
 II fallait 
 II fallut 
 II faudra 
 II a fallu 
 
 Infimtif Present 
 to be necessary Ne pas falloir 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 been necessary 
 
 No Participe Present 
 
 not to be necessary 
 
 it is necessary 
 it was necessary 
 it was necessary 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 
 II ne faut pas it is not necessary 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 II ne fallait pas it was not necessary 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 II ne fallut pas it was not necessary 
 
 Futur 
 
 it will be necessary II ne faudra pas it will not be necessary 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 it has been necessary II n'a pas fallu it has not been necessary 
 
 Phis-q ue-pa rfa it 
 
 II avait fallu it had been necessary II n'avait pas fallu it had not been necessary 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 II eut fallu it had been necessary II n'eut pas fallu it had not been necessary 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 
 II aura fallu it will have been necessary II n'aura pas fallu it will not have been nec- 
 essary 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 II f audrait it would be necessary II ne faudrait pas it would not be necessary 
 
 Passe 
 
 II aurait fallu it would have been necessary II n'aurait pas fallu it would not have been 
 
 necessary 
 
 No hnperatif 
 
 LE SUBJONCriF 
 
 Present 
 
 Qu'il faille that it may be necessary Quil ne faille pas that it may not be neces- 
 
 sary 
 
ICX) THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Passe 
 
 Qu'il ait fallu thatit may have been neces- Qu'il n'ait pas fallu that it may not have been 
 sary necessary 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Qu'il fallfit that it might be necessary Qu'il ne fallflt pas that it might not be nec- 
 
 essary 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Qu'il eflt fallu that it might have been nee- Qu'il n'eflt pas that it might not have 
 
 essary fallu been necessary 
 
 Falloir is followed by an infinitive without the indirect object when expressing 
 general obligation : 
 
 II faut faire cela. That 7nust be done. 
 
 Que faut-il faire pour reussir? What must one do to succeed? (Literally, What 
 is it necessary to do in order to succeed?) 
 
 Falloir is very often followed by que and a subjunctive clause and must be so 
 used when to use a pronoun with an infinitive would cause ambiguity. 
 II faut qu'il parte ; 11 faut qu'elle teste. He must leave ; she must remain. 
 
 Note that no preposition is used after falloir before an infinidve, or before a 
 noun used as direct object. 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 95. Interrogatively 96. Negatively and Interrogatively 
 
 Present 
 Faut-il? is it necessary ? Ne faut-il pas? is it not necessary? 
 
 Imparfait 
 Fallait-il? was it necessary ? Ne fallait-il pas? was it not necessary? 
 
 Passe Defini 
 Fallut-il? was it necessary ? Ne fallut-il pas? was it not necessary? 
 
 Futur 
 Faudra-t-il ? will it be necessary ? Ne f audra-t-il pas ? will it not be necessary ? 
 
 Passe Indejini 
 A-t-il fallu? has it been necessary ? N'a-t-il pas fallu? has it not been necessary? 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Avait-il fallu ? had it been necessary ? N'avait-il pas fallu? had it not been neces- 
 
 sary? 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 Eut-il fallu? had it been necessary ? N'eut-il pas fallu? had it not been neces- 
 
 sary? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB Id 
 
 Futur Antcrieur 
 Aura-t-il fallu? will it have been necessary? N'aura-t-il pas will it not have been nec- 
 
 fallu? essary? 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 Faudrait-il ? would it be necessary ? Ne f audrait-il pas ? would it not be necessary ? 
 
 Passe 
 
 Aurait-il fallu ? would it have been neces- N'aurait-il pas would it not have been 
 
 sary? fallu? necessary? 
 
 Followed by a noun, falloir expresses need, and the person who needs is the 
 indirect object : 
 
 II me faut de I'argent. There to me is necessary some money. I need some money. 
 II leur f allait des livres. They needed some books. II faut aux enfants des sou- 
 liers. The children need shoes. 
 
 If a general need is expressed, the indirect object is omitted : 
 II faut de I'argent (pour faire cela). Money is needed, is necessary {to do that). 
 
 See the Verb Dictionary for further idiomatic uses of falloir. 
 
 97. IMPERSONAL VERB S'EN FALLOIR = TO BE WANTING; TO BE 
 LACKING; TO BE FAR FROM 
 
 S'en falloir means literally To itself of it (some) is necessary. 
 Hence, II s'en faut que leur nombre soit complet means // to itself some is 
 tacking (necessary) that their number be complete ; or, freely. Their number is 
 far f?vm being complete. 
 
 S'en falloir requires that the verb in the subordinate clause be in the subjunc- 
 tive, and that it be preceded by ne when there is doubt, interrogation, or negation. 
 Generally de peu or de beaucoup is used with s'en falloir. S'en falloir may 
 be best translated by To be nearly, to be far from ; or by lacks but little, lacks a 
 great deal of being. The student will notice that (as illustrated in the following 
 examples) in order to get a free translation we use a personal subject in the Eng- 
 lish translation, but he must remember that s'en falloir is a true impersonal verb. 
 
 Examples of use of s'en falloir : 
 II s'en faut de peu que cette bouteille ne soit pleine. Or Peu s'en faut que cette 
 bouteille ne soit pleine. That bottle is nearly full. Or That bottle lacks 
 but little of being full. 
 II s'en faut de beaucoup qu'ils aient I'argent n6cessaire. They are far from 
 having the necessary money. Beaucoup s'en faut qu'ils aient I'argent 
 n^cessaire. They lack a great deal of having the necessary money. 
 
I02 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 98. CONJUGATION OF S'EN FALLOIR = TO BE WANTING ; TO BE 
 LACKING; TO BE FAR FROM 
 
 Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 S'en falloir to be far from, etc. S'en etre fallu to have been far from, etc. 
 
 Participe Passe Compose Participe Passe 
 
 S'en 6tant fallu having been far from, etc. Fallu been far from, etc. 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present Passe Indefini 
 
 II s'en faut it is far from, etc. II s'en est fallu it has been far from, etc. 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfaii 
 
 II s'en fallait it was far from, etc. II s'en Itait fallu it had been far from, etc. 
 
 Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur 
 
 II s'en fallut it was far from, etc. II s'en fut fallu it had been far from, etc. 
 
 Futur Fiitur Anterieur 
 
 II s'en faudra it will be far from, etc. II s'en sera fallu it will have been far from, 
 
 etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present Passe 
 
 II s'en faudrait it would be far from, II s'en serait fallu it would have been far 
 
 etc. from, etc 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Passe 
 
 Qu'il s'en faille that it maybe far from, Qu'il s'en soit fallu that it may have been far 
 
 etc. from, etc. 
 
 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait 
 
 Qu'il s'en falllit that it might be far Qu'il s'en fiit fallu that it might have been 
 
 from, etc. far from, etc. 
 
 The student should note carefully the construction with s'en falloir. 
 
 Note that the verb is incomplete in itself, and must have another clause, 
 expressed or understood, to complete the meaning. 
 II s'en faut de beaucoup qu'ils puissent faire cela. They are far from being able 
 
 to do thai. 
 Oui, il s'en faut de beaucoup. Yes, far from it. 
 
 Conjugate s'en falloir negatively, interrogatively, and negatively and inter- 
 rogatively. 
 
 99. THE IMPERSONAL VERB ^'AGIR 
 S'agir is another verb expressing incomplete action. Its meaning is gen- 
 erally completed by de followed by a noun or an infinitive. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 103 
 
 Agir means to act, to operate; hence, II s'agit de faire cela means literally 
 // actSy operates, to itself of doing that. We can best translate it by // is a ques- 
 tion, or a matter, of doing that. 
 II s'agit de sa vie. It is a question of his life. 
 
 II s'agissait d'agir immldiatement. It was a question of acting immediately. 
 The question {point) was to act immediately. 
 
 100. S'AGIR=TO BE THE MATTER, TO BE THE QUESTION 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 S'agir to be the matter 
 
 LTNDICATIF LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES Present 
 
 Present jl g'agirait the matter would be 
 
 Passe 
 
 II s'agit the matter is 
 
 ^ { II se serait agi the matter would have 
 
 II s'agissait the matter was ^^^^^ 
 
 Passe Defini 
 II s'agit the matter was LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Futur 
 
 Present 
 
 II s'agira the matter will be ^^, .^ ^,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSI^S Imparfait 
 
 Passe Indcfini p^^,.j g,^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^jgl^^ 
 
 II s'est agi the matter has been j^g 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 II s'6tait agi the matter had been 
 
 Passe Anterieur Qu'il se soit agi that the matter may 
 
 ,, , , . , , , , have been 
 II se fut agi the matter had been 
 
 Futur Anterieur Plus-que-parfait 
 
 II se sera agi the matter will have Qu'il se flit agi that the matter might 
 
 been ^>ave been 
 
 loi. ADVENIR OR AVENIR = TO HAPPEN, TO OCCUR, ETC. 
 
 Infinitif Present Participe Present 
 
 Advenir to happen Advenant happening 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 
 Advenu happened 
 
 L'INDICATIF LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present . ' Present 
 
 II advient it happens II adviendrait it would happen 
 
I04 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 II advenait it was happening 
 
 Passe Dt'Jini 
 II advint it happened 
 
 Futur 
 II adviendra it will happen 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 II est advenu it has happened 
 
 Plus- que-parf ait 
 II Itait advenu it had happened 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 II fut advenu it liad happened 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 II sera advenu it will have happened 
 
 II serait advenu 
 
 Passe 
 
 it would have hap- 
 pened 
 
 No Imperatif 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 Qu'il advienne that it may happen 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 Qu'il advint that it might happen 
 
 Passe 
 Qu'il soit advenu that it may have hap- 
 
 pened 
 
 Plus-que-parfait ' 
 Qu'il fflt advenu that it might have hap- 
 
 pened 
 
 Note the auxiliary etre. Conjugate negatively and interrogatively. 
 Advenir is used more than avenir. 
 II est advenu que la guerre a elate le meme jour. // happened that the war broke 
 out the same day. 
 
 The student should compare advenir with the use of arriver as an impersonal 
 verb. Advenir is used of happenings which are perhaps of greater importance 
 than those with reference to which arriver is used. 
 
 II est arrive a mon frere d'etre absent ce jour-la. My brother happened to be 
 absent that day. 
 
 Advenir is of frequent use in the idioms quoiqu'il advienne, whatever may 
 happen ; advienne que pourra, happen what will, may. 
 
 Convenir, to suit ; to be expedient (used impersonally) is conjugated Hke adve- 
 nir, but has the auxiliary avoir. Requires de before infinitive. 
 
 II vous convient d'etre poli. // is expedient for you to be polite. 
 Vous convient-il d'y aller aujourd'hui ? Does it suit you to go to-day ? 
 Convenir is also used as a personal verb. It is discussed under the verb 
 venir, and in the Verb Dictionary. 
 
 102. IMPERSONAL VERBS USED IN DESCRIBING PHENOMENA OF 
 
 NATURE 
 
 The following is a list of verbs used always impersonally with reference to the 
 phenomena of nature : 
 
THE FRENCH VERB I05 
 
 Geler, to freeze. Pleuvoir, to rain. Bruiner, to drizzle. 
 
 Greler, to hail. Regeler, to freeze again. Degeler, to thaw. 
 
 Neiger, to snow. Tonner, to thunder. Faire des eclairs, to lighten. 
 
 Faire des Eclairs, to make some {^flashes of) lightnings corresponds to our verb 
 lighten. The verb faire has already been conjugated. It is used frequently by 
 the French as an impersonal verb. Other examples of its use can be found in 
 the Verb Dictionary. 
 
 103. CONJUGATION OF GELER = TO FREEZE 
 
 Infinitif Present . Parti cipe Present 
 
 Geler to freeze Gelant freezing 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 Gel6 frozen 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 LE 
 
 ; CONDITIONNEL 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Present 
 
 11 gdle 
 
 it freezes 
 
 11 gglerait 
 
 it would freeze 
 
 11 gelait 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 it was freezing 
 
 11 aurait gel6 
 
 Passe 
 
 it would have frozen 
 
 11 gela 
 
 Passe Defini 
 it froze 
 
 
 No Imperatif 
 
 11 gSlera 
 
 Futur 
 
 it will freeze 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 11 a gel6 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 it has frozen 
 
 Qu'il gdle 
 
 that it may freeze 
 Imparfait 
 
 11 avait gel6 
 11 eut gel6 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 it had frozen 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 it had frozen 
 
 Qu'il geUt 
 Qu'il eat gel6 
 
 that it might freeze 
 Plus-que-pa rfa it 
 
 that it might have 
 frozen 
 
 Futur Anterieur Passe 
 
 II aura gel6 it will have frozen Qu'il ait gel6 that it may have frozt- n 
 
 See Par. 60. Like geler, conjugate d6geler to thaw, and regeler, to freeze 
 again. 
 
 104. CONJUGATION OF PLEUVOIR = TO RAIN 
 
 Infinitif Present Participe Present 
 
 Pleuvoir to rain Pleuvant raining 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Plu {inv.) rained ' 
 
io6 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 II pleuvrait it would rain 
 
 Passe 
 II aurait plu it would have rained 
 
 No Imperatif 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 II pleut it rains 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 II pleuvait it was raining 
 
 Passe Dcfini 
 II plut it rained 
 
 Futur 
 II pleuvra it will rain 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 II a plu it has rained 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 II avait plu it had rained 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 II eut plu it had rained 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 II aura plu it will have rained 
 
 Conjugate geler and pleuvoir negatively ; also negatively and interrogatively. 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 Qu'il pleuve that it may rain 
 
 Imparfait 
 Qu'il plfit that it might rain 
 
 Passe 
 Qu'il ait plu that it may have rained 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 Qu'il eflt plu that it might have rained 
 
 Neiger 
 
 II neige 
 II neigeait 
 II neigea 
 II neigera • 
 II a neig§ 
 II avait neig6 
 
 105. CONJUGATION OF NEIGER = TO SNOW 
 
 Infinitif Present Participe Present 
 
 to snow Neigeant snowing 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Neig6 snowed 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 II neigerait it would snow 
 
 Passe 
 II aurait neig6 it would have snowed 
 
 No Imperatif 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 it snows 
 Imparfait 
 
 it was snowing 
 Passe Defini 
 
 it snowed 
 Futur 
 
 it will snow 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 it has snowed 
 
 Plus- que- pa rfa it 
 
 it had snowed 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 II eut neigl it had snowed 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 II aura neig6 it will have snowed 
 
 See verbs ending in ger, Par. 55. 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 Qu'il neige that it may snow 
 
 Imparfait 
 Qu'il neigeit that it might snow 
 
 Passe 
 Qu'il ait neig§ that it may have snowed 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 Qu'il eflt neig6 that it might have 
 
 snowed 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 107 
 
 
 106. CONJUGATI 
 
 ON C 
 
 )F GRELER = 
 
 = T0 HAIL 
 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 
 
 Participe Present 
 
 Gr^ler 
 
 to hail 
 
 
 Grglant 
 
 hailing 
 
 
 
 Participe Passe 
 
 
 
 
 6rel6 
 
 hailed 
 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 LE 
 
 CONDITIONNEL 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 11 grele 
 
 it hails 
 Imparfait 
 
 
 11 grelerait 
 
 it would hail 
 Passe 
 
 11 grelait 
 11 grela 
 
 it was hailing 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 it hailed 
 
 
 11 aurait grel6 
 
 it would have hailed 
 No Imperatif 
 
 11 grelera 
 11 a grel§ 
 11 avait grel^ 
 
 Putur 
 
 it will hail 
 Passe Indefini 
 
 it has hailed 
 Plus- que -pa rfa it 
 \ it had hailed 
 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 Qu'il grele that it may hail 
 
 Iniparfait 
 Qu'il greiat that it might hail 
 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 
 
 
 Passe 
 
 11 eut grel6 
 
 it had hailed 
 Futur Anterieur \ 
 
 
 Qu'il ait grel6 
 
 that it may have hailed 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 
 11 aura grel6 
 
 it will have hailed 
 
 Qu'il eat grel6 
 
 that it might have hailed 
 
 Conjugate the following impersonal verbs : 
 Bruiner, to drizzle. Conster, to appear (law term). 
 Importer, to be of importance. Tonner, to thunder. 
 
 Uses of importer : 
 II n'importe pas. // matters not ; it is of no impprtance. 
 II n'importe guire (peu) . It is of little importance ; it matters little. 
 
 Importer is much used in the following idiomatic forms : 
 Que m'importe, que vous importe ? What does it signify to 7ne, to you ? What 
 
 is it to me, to you ? What does it matter to me, to you ? 
 N'importe qui. Whoever you like, any one ; no matter who {tvhom). 
 N'importe quoi. No matter what. 
 N'importe. It doesn' t matter ; nevermind. 
 N'importe quand. At any time, etc. 
 
 Importer requires de before an infinitive. II importe de faire cela tout de suite. 
 
 The verb conster is little used, and only in legal procedure. The ordinary 
 verb for to appear is paraitre. Conster requires Itre in its compound tenses. 
 
I08 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Cela is frequently used as the subject of impersonal verbs. 
 Cela advient souvent. That happens often. 
 Cela me convient. That suits me. 
 Cela ne m'importe. That doesrCt matter to me. 
 
 Importer is also used with personal subject: Ces personnes ne m'importent; 
 ses actions ne m'importent. 
 
 107. THE PASSIVE VERB 
 
 1. The English use of the passive verb is very careless. Properly speaking, 
 a passive verb should always be convertible into a transitive verb having as direct 
 object the subject of the passive form. John was struck by James is a true passive 
 form, and may be expressed hy James struck John. 
 
 But we see in English such sentences as He was given the money. Putting 
 this into the active voice we must write Some one gave {to) him the money ; the 
 subject of the passive form used becoming the indirect object. 
 
 We even find intransitive verbs used passively in English. 
 
 In French (with only two exceptions) a passive verb is always from a transi- 
 tive verb, and the student must bear this in mind when translating English into 
 French. 
 
 The two exceptions mentioned are obeir {to give obedience to, to obey) and 
 desobeir {to disobey), which are intransitive verbs and require a in the active 
 voice before an object; as II a obei a sa mire. He obeyed {gave obedience to) his 
 mother. 
 
 We can say in French Elle a Itl obeie (a passive from an intransitive French 
 verb). 
 
 2. The French do not use the passive so much as the English. They use it 
 only when the construction is truly a passive one, as shown above. 
 
 For the many so-called passive constructions in English the French have two 
 constructions which enable them to avoid the passive. 
 
 y One of these constructions is the active form of the verb with on. The other 
 is the reflexive verb. 
 
 In English, we say It is said that it will snow to-morrow ; the French say On 
 dit qu'il neigera demain. In English we say Apples are sold cheaper this year 
 than last; the French say Les pommes se vendent a meilleur marchi cette annee 
 que I'ann^e passes. 
 
 So, Where is that silk soldi is, in French, Ou cette sole se vend-elle? or Oii 
 vend-on cette sole ? 
 
 The student should familiarize himself with the use of these French 
 constructions. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 [09 
 
 3. Note that the use of tenses in the passive verb corresponds to their use 
 in the active voice. 
 
 Cesar prit la ville de Pompeii (pass6 d^f.). Caesar captured the city of Pompeii. 
 La ville de Pompeii fut prise par C^sar (pass^ d^f.). The city of Pompeii was 
 
 captured by Caesar. 
 L'ennemi a pris cette ville hier (pass^ ind^f.). The enemy captured that city 
 
 yesterday. 
 Cette ville a ete prise hier (pass6 ind^f.). That city was captured yesterday * 
 
 {i.e. the action of capture was performed yesterday). 
 La ville etait prise hier (imparfait du passif). The city was captured {i.e. in a^ 
 state of capture) yesterday. 
 Note the difference in the last two sentences, and guard against using the -* 
 imparfait of the passive when the passe indef. should be used. 
 
 The passive form of a verb in French, as in English, is always conjugated with 
 etre, to be. 
 
 108. AGREEMENT OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE 
 
 1. The past participle of all verbs conjugated with etre, except reflexive 
 verbs, agrees in gender and number with the subject. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Elles sont venues. They have come. 
 
 Ces lettres ont ete renvoyees. Those letters have been sent back. 
 
 2. The past participle of all other verbs, including reflexive verbs, agrees in 
 gender and number with the direct object of the verb when the direct object 
 precedes the past participle. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Avez-vous pris la lettre? Did you take the letter? 
 Mon frere I'a prise. My brother took it. 
 Elles se sont flatt6es. They (fem.) flattered themselves. 
 But .... Elles se sont ^crit (des lettres). They wrote {to) each other, 
 
 3. The past participle of an impersonal verb is invariable. 
 
 FORMATION OF TENSES 
 109. REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF TENSES 
 
 Before he begins to study the conjugation of the irregular verbs, the student 
 should refresh his mind as to the remarks which have been given from time to 
 time in the preceding part of the text concerning the formation, of different 
 tenses. 
 
I lO THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 He should acquire the habit of constructing the tenses from the principal 
 parts or primitive tenses ^ applying the rules that have been given him. 
 
 Having acquired this habit and having studied the different classifications of 
 irregular verbs, he will find Httle difficulty in their use. 
 
 no. A recapitulation of the rules for forming the different tenses is here 
 given, with tables of the endings of the tenses of the four conjugations. 
 The five primitive tenses are : 
 
 The Infinitive. The Past Participle. 
 
 The Present Participle. The Present Indicative. 
 
 The First Person of the Past Definite. 
 
 The remaining tenses of the verb are derived from the above primitive tenses 
 or principal parts as follows : 
 
 The endings of the present infinitives of the four conjugations are : er, ir, oir, and re. 
 
 1. From the Infinitive derive: 
 
 a. The Future Indicative by adding to the I?ifinitive the endings ai, as, 
 a, ons, ez, ont. 
 
 The future of all verbs therefore ends in : 
 
 Singular 
 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 
 rai ras 
 
 See note i, below. 
 
 b. The Present Conditional by adding to the Infinitive the endings ais, 
 ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. 
 
 The conditional of all verbs ends in : 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. 
 
 rais rais rait ^ rions riez raient 
 
 Note i. — In forming the Future Indicative and the Present Conditional 
 from the Infinitive as directed, the oi of the ending oir is dropped in the third 
 conjugation ; and the e of the ending re of the fourth conjugation. Thus the 
 future of recevoir is je recevrai, tu recevras, il recevra, nous recevrons, vous 
 recevrez, ils recevront. The conditional (pres.) of rendre is je rendrais, tu rendrais, 
 etc. See Par. 51, 6. 
 
 The present participle ends in ant in all verbs. t 
 
 2. From the Present Participle derive : 
 
 a. The Three Persons Plural of the Present Indicative by changing the 
 termination ant of the present participle to ons^ ez, ent. 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 1st Pers. 
 
 2d Pers. 
 
 3d Pers. 
 
 ra 
 
 rons 
 
 rez 
 
 ront 
 
THE FRENCH VERB m 
 
 Note 2. — There are three exceptions to the rule for forming the Plural ol 
 the Present Indicative from the Present Participle. The exceptions are ; 
 AUer Dire Faire 
 
 ]e vais 
 
 je dis 
 
 je fais 
 
 tu vas 
 
 tu dis 
 
 tu fais 
 
 ilva 
 
 ildit 
 
 il fait 
 
 nous allons 
 
 nous disons 
 
 nous faisons 
 
 vous allez 
 
 vous dites 
 
 vous iaites 
 
 lis vont 
 
 ils disent 
 
 ils font 
 
 b. The Imperfect Indicative in all verbs by changing the termination ant 
 of the present participle to 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. ist Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. 
 
 ais ais ait ions iez aient 
 
 c. The Present Subjunctive in all vei'bs by changing the termination ant 
 of the present participle to e, es, e, ions, iez, ent. 
 
 Note. — The past participle ends in e, i, u, t, or s. 
 
 From the Past Participle derive : 
 
 All the Compound Tenses by placing before it the proper auxiliary, which 
 may be avoir or etre, as heretofore explained. 
 
 The Present Indicative. 
 
 I. The First Person Singular of the Present Indicative always ends in e 
 or s. 
 
 When the first person ends in e, the second ends in es, the third in e. 
 If the first person ends in s, the second also ends in s ; the third in t 
 or d ; in d, if d is found in the stem. 
 
 Singular 
 1st Pers. 2d Pers. , 
 
 je tu 
 
 e es 
 
 Note 3. — The following verbs are exceptions 
 
 Convaincre Vaincre Pouvoir Vouloir 
 
 je convaincs je vaincs ju puis je veux 
 
 tu convaincs tu vaincs tu peux tu veux 
 
 il convainc il valnc il pent il veut 
 
 nous convainquons nous vainquons nous pouvons nous voulons nous valons nous allons 
 
 vous convainquez vous vainquez vous pouvez vous voulez vous valez vous allez 
 
 ils convainquent ils vainquent ils peuvent ils veulent ils valent Us vont 
 
 3d Pers. 
 
 
 il elle 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 t^rd 
 
 
 Valoir 
 
 AUer 
 
 f je vaux 
 
 je vais 
 
 X ' tu vaux 
 
 tu vas 
 
 il vaut 
 
 ilKO 
 
112 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 From the Present Indicative derive : 
 
 a. The Second Person Singular of the Imperative by dropping the pro- 
 noun je of the first person singular ; as je pars, pars. 
 
 b. The First and Second Persons Plural of the Imperative by dropping 
 the pronouns nous and vous in the corresponding forms of the present indica- 
 tive ; as nous partons, vous partez, parions, partez. 
 
 The third persons singular and plural of the imperative are identical with 
 the third persons singular and plural of the present subjunctive. 
 5. The Past Definite. 
 From the First Person Singular of the Past Definite are derived : 
 
 a. The remaining forfns of the Past Definite by changing the termination 
 s to s, t, mes, tes, rent ; as je partis, tu partis, il partif, nous parti/wes, vous 
 parti^e^, ils partire/if . 
 
 Endings of the Past Definite 
 
 a ames &tes ^rent ist conjugation 
 
 it imes ites irent 2d conjugation 
 
 ut iimes iites urent 3d conjugation 
 
 it imes ites irent 4th conjugation 
 
 Note. — The first person of the past definite of the first conjugation does 
 
 not end in s, but in i. The above rule for deriving the remaining forms of 
 
 the past definite becomes, for the first conjugation : 
 
 Change the termination i to s for the 2d person, drop it for the 3d person, 
 and change it to mes, tes, and rent for the three persons plural. 
 
 b. The Imperfect Subjunctive by changing the termination i or s of the 
 First Person Singular Past Definite to sse, sses, t, ssions, ssiez, ssent; as 
 je partly, que je parti^^e, que tu parti55e5, qu'il partif, que nous parti55/o/i5, 
 que vous partiss/ez, qu'ils parti55e/?f . 
 
 In the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive, and in the first 
 and second persons plural of the past definite a circumflex accent is placed 
 over the vowel preceding the terminations t, mes, tes ; as qu'il partif, nous 
 parti/we*, vous partife*. 
 
 Endings of the Imperfect Subjunctive 
 
 asse asses fit assions assiez assent 
 
 isse isses it issions issiez issent 
 
 usse usses ' fit ussions ussiez ussent 
 
 isse isses it issions issiez issent 
 
 III. Hereafter, unless otherwise directed, the verb should always be written 
 on the blackboard by the student according to the following model : 
 
 ai 
 
 as 
 
 is 
 
 is 
 
 us 
 
 us 
 
 is 
 
 is 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 113 
 
 Partir, to depart. Auxiliary, etre 
 
 frimitive 
 Tenses 
 
 Derived 
 Tenses 
 
 je 
 
 tu 
 
 U, eUe, on 
 
 nous 
 
 vous 
 
 ils, eUes 
 
 Partir 
 
 Future 
 
 partirai 
 
 partiras 
 
 partira 
 
 partirons 
 
 partirez 
 
 partiront 
 
 
 Conditional 
 
 partirais 
 
 partirais partirait partirions 
 
 partiriez 
 
 partiraient 
 
 Partawf 
 
 3d Pers. PI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pres. Tnd. 
 
 
 
 
 partons 
 
 partez 
 
 partent 
 
 
 Impf. Tnd. 
 
 partais 
 
 partais 
 
 partait 
 
 partions 
 
 partiez 
 
 partaient 
 
 
 Pres. Subj. 
 
 q. parte 
 
 partes 
 
 parte 
 
 partions 
 
 partiez 
 
 partent 
 
 Parti Compound tenses, suis parti, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jepars 
 
 Pres. Ind. 
 
 pars V 
 
 pars 
 
 part 
 
 partons 
 
 partez 
 
 partent 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 pars 
 
 
 partons 
 
 partez 
 
 
 Je partis 
 
 Past Definite 
 
 partis 
 
 partis 
 
 partit 
 
 partimes 
 
 partites 
 
 partirent 
 
 
 Impf. Subj. 
 
 q. partissc 
 
 > partissesLpartit 
 
 partissions 
 
 partissiez 
 
 partissent 
 
 Reflexive verbs will be written as follows : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Se servir, to use. Auxiliary, etre 
 
 
 
 Primitive 
 Tenses 
 
 Derived 
 Tenses 
 
 jeme 
 
 tute 
 
 Use 
 
 nous nous 
 
 vous vous 
 
 ilsse 
 
 Servir 
 
 Future 
 
 servirai 
 
 serviras 
 
 servira 
 
 servirons 
 
 servirez 
 
 serviront 
 
 servirait servirais servirait servirions serviriez serviraient 
 
 Servawf 
 
 servais 
 serve 
 
 servais 
 serves 
 
 servait 
 serve 
 
 sert 
 
 servez 
 serviez 
 serviez 
 
 Conditional 
 
 3d Pers. PI. 
 Pres. Ind. 
 
 Impf. Ind. 
 
 Pres. Subj. 
 Servi Compound tenses, suis servi, etc. 
 Je sers Pres. Ind. sers v sers 
 
 Imperative \ sers-toi 
 
 ^ servis Past Definite servis servis servit 
 
 Impf. Subj. servisse servisses servit 
 
 The three persons plural of the present indicative are written twice ; once as 
 a derivative tense ; and, second, as a primitive tense for the imperative. 
 
 servons 
 servions 
 servions 
 
 servons 
 
 servent 
 
 servaient 
 
 servent 
 
 servent 
 
 servez 
 
 servons-nous servez- vous 
 servimes servites servirent 
 servissions servissiez servissent 
 
 THE IRREGULAR VERBS 
 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS 
 112. THE FIRST CONJUGATION 
 Besides aller (and s'en aller), already conjugated, the only irregular verbs of 
 the first conjugation are envoyer and renvoyer. 
 
 Envoyer and renvoyer change y into i before an e mute ; see table of verbs 
 having orthographical peculiarities, Par. 51. They are irregular in the future 
 indicative and the present conditional. 
 
 Note the variations from the rules for deriving tenses from the Primitive 
 Tenses. 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 8 
 
114 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 
 5; 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 
 ■<, 
 
 
 Vi '^ 
 
 T3 c 
 3 ^ 
 
 s I ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ b 
 
 0?-^ 
 ^.^1 
 
 P ^ 
 
 -■ ^ ^ > u ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 i< 'C -tJ 3 
 J <U 1) d) 
 
 .«2 a 
 
 S ^ g 
 
 5? c: 
 
 s: 5 ^ 
 
 5 !: g 3 s ^ 
 
 «) S * O O 00 
 
 H->H a & > s 
 
 N d 
 
 .2 ^^ 
 
 o o o 
 
 >- > >- 
 
 a a a 
 
 M Pii) P^ 
 
 C G <u 
 
 i 
 
 1^ Tl 
 
 -^ ^ g s ^ 
 
 ^ HH 
 
 2 a; 
 
 o ^ t> 
 >; fl fl 
 
 C d) 4> 
 
 3 S 3 
 
 O'O'O' 
 
 ^ ^ ^ pG 43 ^ 
 
 .2o 2 
 
 o > o 
 
 >. a > 
 
 o <u d 
 
 0) ^ a; 
 
 3 S S 3 3 ;3 
 O'O'O'CVO'O' 
 
 g 
 
 N 
 
 
 o 
 
 a> 
 
 
 •J-l 
 
 • rH 
 
 
 >. 
 
 >> 
 
 4-> 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 >. 
 
 (U 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 "o 
 
 > 
 
 <u 
 
 d) 
 
 GO 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 tUC 
 
 bfl 
 
 be 
 
 bX) c .S -5 ^ G 
 
 « <U W 
 
 2 -» 
 
 ^ tf) C OJ « 
 
 ^1^ § ^ 
 
 
 G en 
 
 lU 
 
 !" j-^ 
 
 <u i::. 
 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 ^ ^-5 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 .^ 
 
 »^ 0^ 9 
 
 >* >^ 
 
 o o 
 
 ! 
 
 g SI 
 
 2 o .2 o 3 3 o 
 
 o ^ 2 ^ * S > 
 
 <D 3 _^ 3 O O M 
 
 
 9 N -M 
 
 S ^ 5^ ► > >» 
 
 g 3 " O S « 
 
 f-,H a s > a 
 
 
 
 <U M 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 >> >> 2 
 
 
 J? _ O o /<u 
 g ^ « a. S 
 
 3 "" O g <» 
 
 ,H a a > a 
 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 115 
 
 I 
 
 'd « c 5i « S^ 
 
 1 
 
 •■^ c 
 
 lU 1) 
 
 .•!S '"'§0 
 
 
 -iSo,, njSS' I'd :s 
 
 ^g KH -5 rC ^ >^'S 
 
 rG ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 <y M ? ? S 
 
 «3 CO J, o o zj 
 
 ^ >>^ ^ > ^ 
 
 £: S > "» <n a 
 
 fl « a 5 5 § 
 
 <U 3 O) o o ,^ 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'OO'OO'O' 
 
 C _^ TJ nd ^ 
 
 'S "'S s g s 
 
 S ^ ID W5 -'< "" 
 
 ^ 
 
 c? 
 
 f 
 
 > 
 
 ■^ 
 
 rf 
 
 <V1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ig 
 
 
 <:j>i 
 
 pS 
 
 i 
 
 CUD 
 
 0. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 rt 
 
 I 
 
 ■K ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 «: :^ 
 
 ^6 
 
 3 'i 'S 
 
 ° (U <u 
 
 ^ i ^ 
 
 ^5 
 
 CO «- C b 
 
 « t: c: s; * 
 
 ^ Q> oj S 5: 
 
 <3 >» § p 
 
 
 Q) C 
 
 «a - S 3 § « 
 
 >—,^ s & > a 
 
 >■ 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 s -2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .. 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 (U 
 
 J3 
 
 \ 
 
 ■^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 j=: 
 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 >- 
 
 p 
 
 )h 
 
 3 
 
 ■S 
 
 3 
 
 
 0) 
 
 .2 
 
 iS 
 
 <u 
 
 % 
 
 &^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 2 
 
 ►-> 
 
 
 H-j 
 
 2 
 
 
 o a 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 (U 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 v»_ 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 G 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 '.n 
 
 
 oi 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,> 
 
 ^— 
 
 'i-i 
 
 §= 
 
 T3 
 
 <U 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 1 
 
 
 <U 
 
 
 J3 
 
 T3 
 00 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 1—1 
 3 
 
 (I 
 
 i-5 
 
 a 
 
ii6 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ^ 
 
 '% 
 
 1, 
 
 % 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 Oh 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 § 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 Sq 
 
 Vj 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 ■^ 
 
 o 
 
 04 
 
 k 
 
 ^ 
 
 >■ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 "S 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 12; 
 
 
 5-5 ^ n-, TS ^ 
 
 <= E ^ 
 
 Si ^ o ,a 
 
 « "^ s- ^ ^ '2: 
 
 *- ^ t. o o ^ 
 
 ^ :a ^ ^ :k a 
 
 i£|§gS 
 
 
 N O 
 
 K 3 p 
 
 ;3 p >■ 
 
 '^ N «= 
 
 r^ ^ ."*" 
 
 .5 "$ IS .2 
 
 O ^ 
 « I 
 
 -M J3 -^ t/l ••-I 
 
 rt =1 g s - >^ 
 
 I— I -^-' -G IS >-, -M 
 
 ^ -c ^ ^ ^ ^. 
 
 3 ii •> '^ 
 
 s s 
 
 ,13 ^ ^ ^ ,« ^ 
 
 (^ .2 .2 H- 
 
 usse 
 
 lusses 
 
 t 
 
 oulussions 
 
 oulussiez 
 
 ussent 
 
 ^1 "3 "3 § 
 
 5: s fl> o o s 
 
 ■S 5 .S > > ■; 
 
 
 isissi 
 
 .2.2^ §gs 
 
 .5^Bi§^« 
 
 4> <U '-^ <U <U '/^ 
 
 a> <u iT* o) <u "-"^ 
 
 ;3 ^ :3 p ^ ;j 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 S 
 
 OOCXO'O'O' 
 
 O'OO'O'OO' 
 
 5P^ 
 
 -^ .S -S .J2 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■" ^, ^ « 
 
 S CIS ^ 
 
 hi '3 ^ 
 
 
 -ill 
 
 :3 >• >■ 3 
 
 - s § > 
 
 ., 3 "* fl O O OT 
 
 
 S 5> =5 
 
 > I § 
 
 S '^ O 
 
 
 8 
 
 "" "^ 'S '^ •- 'S 
 
 • ^ S fS ? ^ >. 
 
 
 1 S^l 
 
 -5 ^ 
 
 <u ,^ _] ^ on 
 
 '^ ^ 3J SJ o ^ 
 
 t-i "t! ^ ? >, ■" 
 
 ^^ 
 
 C_S 5 
 
 •1-^ o 
 
 5 -I ? 2 5 4; 
 ■S ^ ^ p ©2 
 
 C_i 1— < ' 
 
 3 o b M 
 
 ,H a fe > i=i 
 
 •I ^ 
 
r\c . < 
 
 OF 
 
 THE 
 
 WN/VERsiry 
 
 OF 
 
 5£dUF0RN\^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 C M 
 
 C3 n .-. 
 
 •3 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 8 -M 
 
 
 ^ -3 ? ^ 
 
 TT/iE' FRENCH VERB 
 
 73 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 i 
 
 '5 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 D 
 
 fl 
 
 <u 
 
 \) 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 
 >2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o; 
 
 t>. 
 
 i2 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oh 
 
 2 fe 
 
 O! O 
 5 > 
 
 o . 
 
 .^2 > 
 
 ^ r^ .^ 
 
 I " g 
 
 ^ s g 
 g g ^ 
 
 o 
 
 <L> 
 
 
 § 
 
 >2 
 
 «5> 
 
 55 
 
 ^ 
 
 ►^ 
 
 <-5 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 5 
 
 m 
 
 >2 
 
 c 
 
 <=i 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 V> 
 
 C3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 <^ 
 
 •iH 
 
 o 
 
 •a -2 
 
 rt O 
 
 fcJO C- 
 
 D <U 
 
 § ^ 
 
 _t/2 O 
 
 1^ ^ 
 
 I 
 
 tr oju l:- lo- 
 
 .a 
 
 u 
 
 P4 
 
 g ^ ^ 
 
 ! - 
 
 S o 
 
 O 1— « 
 
 « 5> 
 
 (U •• 
 
 o .S 
 
 5 i 
 
 -^ a; 
 
 O -5 
 
 c ^ 
 
 3 
 
 •4-> 
 
 a 
 
 ^t 
 
 5J .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ?i, ^ 
 
 ^ S "^ 
 
 /v e 5s 
 
 i 'S Si 
 
 1± ^ . 
 c o ^: 
 
 Is 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 if 
 
 «> *^ « 
 
 I £ ^ 
 
 4} «J o 
 
 O ^ _j 
 
 > S CO 
 
 117 
 
 ^ -5 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^S 
 
 <i « 
 
 I » i3 
 
 S .^ (u 
 
 o 5^ 
 
 — -SO 
 
 a; S ^ 
 
 £ ^ > 
 
 J2 ^ O 
 
 on ;i 
 C ^ ^ 
 
 S ^ 
 
 •5 
 
 2 " ^ 
 
 -«-> "^ p 
 
 ^ tn _ 
 
 ^ .i2 o 
 
 (1) t/3 C 
 
 > (U <u 
 
 ^ o <u 
 
 •ID en ^ 
 
 s I s 
 
 § 2 S 
 
 I a £ 
 
 3 *— ' U 
 
 S «U == 
 
 >• ii t/3 
 
 *~* c ^ 
 
ii8 
 
 THE FRENCH l/ERB 
 
 \n 
 
 '2 > 
 
 ^1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ^^ 
 
 •■^ 
 
 ^ S 
 
 § s 
 
 •S H 
 
 ^^ 
 
 XI <U 
 
 
 
 ^ a; ^ -^3 
 
 
 b 
 
 D OJ -^ ^ ^ rt 
 
 
 
 S-^-g ^ « o; 
 cs +j " D a> o 
 
 •Si 
 
 \j 
 
 ^, t£ QJ ^ ,£5 
 
 
 o 
 
 should 
 lou won 
 i would 
 e shoul 
 )u woul 
 ley wou 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 D 
 
 ^ 
 
 C/3 
 
 lU (U <u 
 
 3 4-> cj rt 
 
 w Oj OL) 1J 
 
 ^^ s = s 
 
 S o 
 
 s 
 
 ,=1 ^ '^ -C 
 
 s s 
 
 ^-5^ ^ ^-^ 
 
 '§ I « I ^ 5 
 
 ^ ^ J3 ^ ^ 
 
 «0 
 
 C: N 
 
 2 S <to =3 =5 M 
 
 =5 5 -2 M M S 
 
 cs. ss. :a 3 ;3 J. 
 
 .22,5 ^§ > « 
 
 oj <u ■'-'^ <u <u •'^ 
 
 3 3 S s 3 n 
 O'O'O'O'O' O' 
 
 ^ TO aj ^ ^ 
 
 3 ti 3 "eS ^ 
 
 S 3 .22 
 
 i-H 'i X! 
 
 
 
 3 ii-^ 2 
 
 rt JJ 3 -5 «^ 
 
 ji *^ 3 cj ^ (u 
 
 -^ S "* OJ Ji S 
 
 S =* ^, ^ f >> 
 
 3 -S «i 
 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 ^ ^ 
 3 ^ 
 
 > ^ o 
 
 ^ s- O o > 
 
 5 ra 0) 
 
 M 
 
 O 0} 
 
 5 2 M p, 
 
 T*" S ^ H o o w 
 
 S ^ ? 2 <=> >• 
 I o 5 ^f^g 
 
 -, 3 "^ o o m 
 
 <b CO 
 
 ^ -^ .- - :3 
 
 ^^ § § 
 
 
 S>a 
 
 •■5J P4 
 
THE FRENCH VERB I IQ 
 
 3 
 
 fl? oT 
 
 
 *5 4> Ji 
 
 
 
 175 > w) g^ 3 C j3 
 y=: 03 c 4> « ^ r 
 
 F^. 2 £ « ^ ^ S 
 
 3 H S H H-» H-» O 
 
 (1| *J 
 
 55 
 
 1|3| ^1 i ^ II ^:i 
 
 8 a £ g " ^ ^ 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ;S o; .S ? 
 
 
 :3 -i p. 
 
 
I20 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 !> 
 
 •I c 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■•CJ CO 
 
 I? 
 
 o 
 
 •<. 
 
 •■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 . L ^ ^ I 
 
 >^ ^ 2 -^ ^ -^ 2 
 
 
 43 ^ 
 
 9 -c 
 
 hJ ^ 
 
 
 o o ^ 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 'g S o e e g 
 ^ a s. CO CO a 
 
 «, 3 O O 00 
 
 a> <u o 
 
 I 
 
 ^ ^ o 
 o o c 
 
 s 1^ § 
 
 j^ "5 o 2 c ^ 
 
 rt g g S 
 S S « ■ 
 
 S c 
 
 3 iu 
 
 P 43 
 
 -Coo 
 ji e o 
 55 CO CO 
 « fl en 
 
 3 3 la 
 CXO'O' 
 
 ■5 ^ ^ >.t3 
 
 ^ ^ J3 ^ ^ -c 
 
 CO "^ "C "s 
 
 § S § S § § 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 hH -£ -CI o ^ >>•£ 
 
 bX) o S > g o 
 
 .S c fe o 2 c 
 
 ^ -^ S c 5 -^ 
 
 5 rt -^ D %- S 
 
 rt rf ^ ^ ^ >. 
 
 ^ ^ S 
 
 .<» 
 
 > > fl 
 - « ~ « ^ - I 
 
 -, 3 fl o o m 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^ 
 I 
 
 O <U 3 
 
 ^ > 5 S S > 
 
 ^ v^ (U Ji c _5 
 
 HI "5 ^ ;s >^■5 
 
 CO 
 
 0) CO 
 
 CO CO 
 
 m CO 
 
 3 =5 
 
 o O 
 
 Hii»H s &>a 
 
 IX 
 
 00 
 
 c: 
 
 s: 
 
 .^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 .•sj 
 
 4> 
 
 Q 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hi> 
 
 K/S 
 
 CO 
 
 .& 
 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 121 
 
 C! 
 
 > ii ^ --^ "1 ' o 
 
 -^ ^ ^ 1 1 I I ^^ i ^ I 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■«\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^—v 
 
 
 -s 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 «-> 
 
 o 
 
 
 u 
 
 « 
 
 s 
 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 «i: 
 
 55 
 
 TJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 w't:j=S>,C SS ,5" S_ 
 
 a 5. J « 
 
 to ty vw TO TO ^NJ C« vv --^.^ \.\j ,_4 
 
 52^^ 5 5 "^ 2 P r^-^ 
 
 ?> .*^ o 
 
 o -V S "^- :-^ ..- ^ -^a « ^ S 
 
 S --^55 §tj|c. i^-.ti^ 
 
 . , \ i i ill! 1^1^? ii:- 
 
 
 ..3J 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hill -I I I f ii .i^^rii^i 
 
 
 <v 
 
 u 
 
 <v 
 
 P o ^ -s ^ ^ - -^ o .S S g 
 
 ^ O * ^ o) 
 
 o 
 
 -p (« H •->•-, i-> * 
 
122 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 •I 
 
 
 « «) 5; 
 
 «; 
 
 
 -d o 
 
 CO 
 
 .0 .0) c: 
 
 .CO .S2 ^ C C .5 
 
 |S|§§g 
 
 CO 
 
 N s: 
 
 CO Q) o 
 
 "0 ^ ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 s e 
 
 (U u 
 
 
 ~ Q 00 
 
 ;3 3 3 
 O'O'O' 
 
 S 2 -I s 3 g 
 
 s ;3 3 3 a ?i 
 O'CXO'O'O'O' 
 
 5 
 
 1s» l« 
 
 r 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,r «^.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (u bJD C •■- u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ s 1 s ^ s 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 SI 
 
 .. (U 
 
 
 ■g 1 s " s 2 
 
 
 % 
 
 he saw 
 we saw 
 you saw 
 they saw 
 
 ^ — ^ 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 we see 
 you see 
 they se 
 
 
 I was Si 
 thou w 
 he was 
 we wer 
 you we 
 they w( 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 =t 
 
 -V 00 
 
 
 
 us voyons 
 us voyez 
 voient 
 
 1 
 
 lis 
 
 ais 
 
 it 
 
 oyions 
 
 oyiez 
 
 aient 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 •4-> 
 '0 
 
 
 
 a ^ ik ^ ^ 
 
 
 ■rl 
 
 •^ § 3 - 
 
 
 
 
 /■•. 3 
 
 
 53 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rti S3 ^ w 
 
 
 «^ ^ 
 
 ^ 00 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ►2i,H 
 
 »-H 
 
 0& >S 
 
 
 ►2i,HS &>a 
 
 
 »2i»H 
 
 s&>s 
 
 
 
 § 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 •? 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ►2» 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 123 
 
 
 g D J^ « W 
 
 ^^ a .w>.^-5 a 
 .^ 3 a s « >. 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 e<J rt 
 
 ik Sfc 5 
 so 03 .S? 
 
 3 3 S 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 
 2 =*" a: 
 
 03=" 
 
 
 d 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 »<b 
 
 c 
 <u 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 5^ 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 to 
 
 :|^ 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 *6 
 
 a 
 
 1— 1 
 
 12 
 
 1— I 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 8 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 ci 
 
 .<a 
 
 rt 
 
 
 A 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ' 
 
 0) 
 
 
 -s 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 _!> 
 
 
 ► 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 •§ 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^-^Sll 
 
 I 
 
 •^55 h ^ ^ 
 
 £ ' i S 3 i 
 
 ^.3 O o 00 
 
 ^^ 
 
 A -^ 
 
 " t 
 
 
 5* t-H 
 
 o S 
 
 
 3 
 
 •+3 ^ 
 
 *s 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 >2 S 
 
 2 c 
 5 S 
 
 ^ : s 
 
 y •§ ^ ^ -^ 
 
 •^ o 
 
 OS >• 
 
 .§ § 
 
 'S - 
 
 P< 3 
 
 « .2 
 
 3 M 
 
 a 5, 
 g 
 
 H 03 
 
 o 5 
 
 4: 3 
 
 O O 
 3 > 
 
 1" 
 
 I- 
 
 
 '-0 > 
 
 Wi p s. 
 4) t!! 
 
 H M fi 
 
124 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ^ > 
 
 o 
 N o 
 
 ^ 
 
 :;>, 
 
 "S. 
 
 fa 
 
 (3 a> 
 
 ^- 
 
 51 
 
 I- 
 
 ii VV" XJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S .t3 
 
 - "^ - aj jD ^ '" 
 
 „^ -^ 3 
 
 =3 ^ O 
 -§ g ^ 
 
 — rT3 T3 ^ 
 
 Oh 
 
 .:;:5^ ^ 
 
 .«> ? 
 
 1?^ 
 
 tl "K -^ 
 
 i i s 
 
 •g "5 .t: -^ -^ -S 
 ^ 2 -5j S S =s 
 
 >< ^ o 
 
 Cj fS ctf 
 
 :2 > > 
 
 E P ^ 
 ^ ^ « 
 
 E JJ S 
 
 ^ !^ 
 
 O :. u 
 
 ra p rp3 
 "b "b "b 
 O'O'O' 
 
 o 
 
 H O *. ^ ^ 
 
 i-: !> (U (u D 
 
 ^ ^ -^ S >^ ^ 
 
 g .^ I g g s 
 
 s & 
 
 ej rt cj c3 c3 rt 
 ^ .^ ^ ^ ,^ ^ 
 
 5 "^ 
 
 eo -S .2? ■*- 
 ■^ -"^ -5 5^ 2 :^ 
 
 s s •■§ § § I 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'O'O' O'O'O' 
 
 j: -S 
 
 
 
 ri o 
 
 ,^ s i 
 
 5 53^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 t/3 5 
 
 -5 ^ 
 
 5 ^H--^ ^ ^ 
 
 .2 5J fl 
 
 43 CO 
 
 1^1 § § > 
 ►£,H C & > a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
S p. 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 12$ 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 <U - _, w 
 
 i -^-^i 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ ^ ? 
 ^-Q'oiCti^.^'bio "^ii s^^ I'*^ ^ S^ "^ 
 
 -^^^1^^ 1§ t- t^ « 2 2^ -g 
 
 2 S S a 
 
 W 2 BJ Rj M 
 
 3 5 -M f> > 3 
 
 -. ri > Q p _ <i3 rt - -_ .^ ^ .- --v . M-. « P ? 
 
 •r^ -4-1 ^^ IH K- ,^ Ui 
 
 S S s 3 3 s 2: 
 O'O'OO'O'Cy s 
 
 o 
 
 
 I 
 
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126 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 119. The verb asseoir has two forms for its conjugation; the first is generally 
 
 used. 
 
 The Future and the Conditional have a third form. 
 
 The forms are shown below, the pronouns being written but once. 
 
 ASSEOIR = TO SEAT 
 
 Injinitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 Asseoir to seat 
 
 Participe Present 
 ist Form 2d Form 
 
 Asseyant Assoyant seating Ayant assis having seated 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Assis {m.s.), assise {f.s.), assis {m.pl.), assises {f-pl.), seated 
 
 Avoir assis to have seated 
 
 Participe Passe Compose 
 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 
 
 
 TEMPS 
 
 SIMPLES 
 
 
 
 Primitive 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Primitive 
 
 Tenses 
 
 ist Form 
 
 2d Form 
 
 
 
 Tenses 
 
 J'assieds 
 
 J'assieds 
 
 assois 
 
 
 I seat 
 
 J'assois 
 
 
 Tu assieds 
 
 assois 
 
 
 thou seatest 
 
 
 
 11 assied 
 
 assoit 
 
 
 he seats 
 
 
 
 On assied 
 
 assoit 
 
 
 one seats 
 
 
 Asseyant 
 
 Nous asseyons 
 
 assoyons 
 
 
 we seat 
 
 Assoyant 
 
 
 Vous asseyez 
 
 assoyez 
 
 
 you seat 
 
 
 
 lis asseyent 
 
 assoient 
 
 
 they seat 
 
 
 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 
 
 Asseyant 
 
 J'asseyais 
 
 assoyais 
 
 
 I was seating 
 
 Assoyant 
 
 
 Tu asseyais 
 
 assoyais 
 
 
 thou wast seating 
 
 
 
 11 asseyait 
 
 assoyait 
 
 
 he was seating 
 
 
 
 Nous asseyions 
 
 assoyions 
 
 
 we were seating 
 
 
 
 Vous asseyiez 
 
 assoy/ez 
 
 
 you were seating 
 
 
 
 lis asseyaient 
 
 assoyaienf 
 
 Passe 
 
 ■ Dejini 
 
 they were seating 
 
 
 J'assis 
 
 Jassis 
 
 assis 
 
 
 I seated 
 
 
 
 Tu assis 
 
 assis 
 
 
 thou seatedst 
 
 
 
 11 assit 
 
 assit 
 
 
 he seated 
 
 
 
 Nous assimes 
 
 assfmes 
 
 
 we seated 
 
 
 
 Vous assites 
 
 assites 
 
 
 you seated 
 
 
 
 lis assirent 
 
 assirent 
 
 
 they seated 
 
 
 
 
 Futur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3d Form 
 
 
 
 Asseoir 
 
 J'assi6rai 
 
 assoirai 
 
 asseyerai 
 
 I shall seat 
 
 
 
 Tu assilras 
 
 assoiras 
 
 asseyeras 
 
 thou wilt seat 
 
 
 
 11 assi^ra 
 
 asso/ra 
 
 asseyera 
 
 he will seat 
 
 
 
 Nous assi6rons 
 
 assoirons 
 
 asseyerons 
 
 we shall seat 
 
 
 
 Vous assi§rez 
 
 assoirez 
 
 asseyerez 
 
 you will seat 
 
 
 
 lis assidront 
 
 assoiront 
 
 asseyeront 
 
 they will seat 
 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 27 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Asseoif J'assi^rais assoirais asseyerais I should seat 
 
 Tu assi^rais assoirais asseyerais thou wouldst seat 
 
 II assierait assoirait asseyerait he would seat 
 
 Nous assi^rions assoirions asseyerions we should seat 
 
 Vous assi^riez assoiriez asseyeriez you would seat 
 
 lis assi6raient assoiraient asseyeraient they would seat 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 J'asseids, etc. Assieds assois seat (thou) 
 
 Asseyez assoyez seat (you) 
 
 Asseyons assoyons let us seat 
 
 J assois, etc. 
 
 Qu'il asseye qu'il assoie let him seat 
 
 Qu'on asseye qu'on assoie let one seat 
 
 Qu'ils asseyent qu'ils assoient let them seat 
 
 Asseyant 
 
 J'assis 
 
 Assis 
 
 ist Form 
 Que j' asseye 
 Que tu asseyes 
 Qu'il asseye 
 Que nous asseyions 
 Que vous asseyiez 
 Qu'ils asseyent 
 
 Que j'assisse 
 Que tu assisses 
 Qu'il assit 
 Que nous assissions 
 Que vous assissiez 
 Qu'ils assissent 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 2d Form 
 que p assoie 
 que tu assoies 
 qu''il assoie 
 que nous assoyions 
 que vous assoyiez 
 quits assoient 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 que j"'assisse 
 que tu assisses 
 qui'/ assit 
 que nous assissions 
 que vous assissiez 
 qui' Is assissent 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 that I may seat 
 that thou mayest spat 
 that he may seat 
 that we may seat 
 that you may seat 
 that they may seat 
 
 that I might seat 
 that thou mightest seat 
 that he might seat 
 that we might seat 
 that you might seat 
 that they might seat 
 
 Assoyant 
 
 Passe Indcfini 
 J'ai assis, etc. I have seated, etc. 
 
 Plus-que-parfait 
 J' avals assis, etc. I had seated, etc. 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 J'eus assis, etc. I had seated, etc. 
 
 Futur Anterieur 
 J'aurai assis, etc. I shall have seated, etc. 
 
128 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Conditionnel Passe 
 Jaurais assis, etc. I should have seated, etc. 
 
 Siihjonctif Passe 
 Que j'aie assis, etc. that I may have seated, etc. 
 
 Subjonctif Plus- que-par fait 
 Que j'eusse assis, etc. that I might have seated, etc. 
 
 Asseyez ces dames pres de la scene. Seat these ladies near the stage. 
 
 Conjugate like asseoir: 
 Rasseoir, to reseat^ to replace again ; to calm, to settle. 
 
 Note that the past participle of rasseoir is much used as an adjective. 
 Du pain rassis, old bread, stale bread {jtot fresJily cooked~). 
 Ce monsieur est d'un caractere rassis. This gentleman has a calm {sedate) disposition. 
 
 120. The method of conjugating a verb reflexively has been given;. but 
 s'asseoir is conjugated because it is of such frequent use. 
 
 S'ASSE0IR = TO SIT DOWN, TO SEAT ONE'S SELF 
 
 Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe 
 
 S'asseoir to sit down S'etre assis to have sat down 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose 
 
 ist Form 2d Fori7i S'^tant assis having sat down 
 
 S'asseyant S''assoyant sitting down 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Assis (w.5.), assise (/^.), assis {m.pl.), assises {f.pl.), sat down 
 
 * 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 TEMPS SIMPLES 
 
 J3 m'assieds 
 
 S'asseyant 
 
 ist Form 
 
 Je m'assieds 
 
 Tu t'assieds 
 
 II s'assied 
 
 On s'assied 
 
 Nous nous asseyons 
 
 Vous vous asseyez 
 
 lis s'asseyent 
 
 Present 
 
 2d Form 
 
 je m^assois 
 tu fasso/s 
 if s'assoit 
 on s''assoit 
 
 I sit down 
 thou sittest down 
 he sits down 
 one sits down 
 
 nous nous assoyons we sit down 
 yous vous assoyez you sit down 
 /7s s^assoient they sit down 
 
 Je m^assois 
 
 Tnparfait 
 
 Je m'asseyais je m^assoyais I was sitting down 
 
 Tu t'asseyais tu fassoya/s thou wast sitting down 
 
 II s'asseyait // s^assoya/'t he was sitting down 
 
 Nous nous asseyions nous nous assoy/ons we were sitting down 
 
 Vous vous asseyiez vous vous assoyiez you were sitting down 
 
 lis s'asseyaient /7s s''assoyaient they were sitting down 
 
 S'asseyant 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 129 
 
 Je m'assis 
 
 S'asseoir 
 
 Je m'assis 
 
 Tu t'assis 
 
 II s'assit 
 
 Nous nous assimes 
 
 Vous vous assites 
 
 lis s'assirent 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 je m''assis 
 
 tu fassis 
 
 il s"* ass it 
 
 nous nous assimes 
 
 vous vous assites 
 
 its s''assirent 
 
 I sat down 
 thou sattest down 
 he sat down 
 we sat down 
 you sat down 
 they sat down 
 
 Futur 
 
 Je m'assilrai je m''assoirai 
 
 Tu t'assilras tu fassoiras 
 
 II s'assi§ra // s^assoira 
 
 Nous nous assierons nous nous assoirons 
 Vous vous assi^rez vous vous assoirez 
 
 Us s'assi6ront 
 
 i/s s''assoiront 
 
 I shall sit down 
 thou M'ilt sit down 
 he will sit down 
 we shall sit down 
 you will sit down 
 they will sit down 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 S'asseoir Je m'assi6rais je m^assoirais 
 
 Tu t'assi6rais tu fassoirais 
 
 II s'assi6rait // s^assoirait 
 
 Nous nous assil- nous nous assoi- 
 
 rions rions 
 
 Vous vous assi6riez vous vous assoiriez you would sit down 
 
 lis s'assi^raient /7s s^assoiraient they would sit down 
 
 I should sit down 
 thou wouldst sit down 
 he would sit down 
 we should sit down 
 
 Je m'asseids, 
 etc. 
 
 Assieds-toi 
 
 Asseyez-vous 
 
 Asseyons-nous 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 Present 
 
 assois-toi sit down (thou) 
 
 assoyez-vous sit down (you) 
 
 assoyons-nous 
 
 let us sit down 
 
 Je m'assois, 
 etc. 
 
 Qu'il s'asseye 
 Qu'on s'asseye 
 Qu'ils s'asseyent 
 
 qu''il s''assoie 
 qu^on s'assoie 
 qu'ils s'assoient 
 
 let him sit down 
 let one sit down 
 let them sit down 
 
 S'asseyant 
 
 Que je m'asseye 
 Que tu t'asseyes 
 
 Qu'il s'asseye 
 Que nous nous as- 
 
 seyions 
 Que vous vous as- 
 
 seyiez 
 Qu'ils s'asseyent 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB- 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 Que je m''assoie 
 que tu fassoies 
 
 qu''il s''assoie 
 que nous nous as- 
 
 soyons 
 que vous vous as- 
 
 soyez 
 qu''ils s''assoient 
 
 that I may sit down 
 that thou mayest sit 
 
 down 
 that he may sit down 
 that we may sit down 
 
 that you may sit down 
 
 that they may sit down 
 
 S'assoyant 
 
130 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 that I might sit down 
 that thou mightest sit down 
 that he might sit down 
 that we might sit down 
 
 that you might sit down 
 
 that they might sit down 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Je m'assis Que je m'assisse Que Je m''assisse 
 
 Que tu t'assisses que tu Vassisses 
 
 Qu'il s'assit qu'i/ s^assit 
 
 Que nous nous as- que nous nous as- 
 
 sissions sissions 
 
 Que vous vous as- que vous vous as- 
 
 sissiez s/'ssiez 
 
 Qu'il s'assissent qu^i/s s'ass/'ssent 
 
 TEMPS COMPOS]£S 
 
 Passe Indejini 
 
 Assis Je me suis assis, etc. I have sat down, etc. Assis 
 
 Plus- que -par fait 
 Je m'ltais assis, etc. I had sat down, etc. 
 
 Passe Anterieur 
 Je me fus assis, etc. I had sat down, etc. 
 
 Futur 
 Je me serai assis, etc. I shall have sat down, etc. 
 
 Conditionnd Passe 
 Je me serais assis, etc. I should have sat down, etc. 
 
 Subjonctif Present 
 Que je me sois assis, etc. that I may have sat down, etc. 
 
 Subjonctif Plus- que-par fait 
 Que je me fusse assis, etc. that I might have sat down, etc. 
 
 The Future and Conditional have a third form : 
 
 Future : Je m'asseyerai, tu t'asseyeras, il s'asseyera, neus nous asseyerons, 
 vous vous asseyerez, ils s'asseyeront, / shall sit down, etc. ■ 
 
 Conditional \ Je m'asseyerais, tu t'asseyerais, il s'asseyerait, nous nous as- 
 seyerions, vous vous asseyeriez, ils s'asseyeraient, / should sit down, etc. 
 
 Note that while asseoir means to seat (a transitive verb), the French say 
 faire asseoir quelqu'un, to cause some one to sit down, instead of faire s'asseoir 
 quelqu'un. 
 
 Have the ladies sit down. Faites asseoir les dames. 
 Have them sit down, Faites les asseoir. 
 
 Note the difference in use of s'asseoir and asseoir passive : 
 EUe s'est assise. She sat down. 
 
 Elle 6tait assise. She was sitting doivn {was seated). 
 Elle est assise a la table. She is sitting (is seated) at the table. 
 Elle s'assied a la table. She is sitting down (i.e. taking a seat) at the table. 
 
 Conjugate in the same manner : 
 Se rasseoir, to sit down again, to calm one's self, to compose one''s self 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 131 
 
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132 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
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THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 133 
 
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134 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
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THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 135 
 
 
 
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136 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 11 
 
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THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 137 
 
 
 1 
 
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 CO 
 
 § 
 
 > 
 
 tn 
 
 3 j3 3 ;3 3 3 
 
 c4 
 
 b >- rt* 
 
 ^^Tt >^ 
 
 rt Cj r2 
 
 I--S 
 
 
 -S ii -« 
 
 
 
 
 ^'N 
 
 c3 •::H > 
 
 til 
 
 we s 
 
 you 
 
 they 
 
 K 
 
 00 
 
 ^ 
 
 S ^' 
 
 >* 
 
 4) -M 
 
 [T* on 
 
 >-• M d 
 
 2.^ ctf 
 
 S 2.§ 
 
 Je surseoi 
 Tu surseo 
 11 surseoii 
 
 surs 
 surs 
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 § S " 
 
 M 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 54 
 
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 ^ .2 
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 ^ « .t3 ;^ 
 
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 138 
 
 TNE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
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 ^1 
 
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 ■II 
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 if 
 
 
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 0) 
 
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 <u c 
 is >>■ 
 
 ^ Ji U 
 
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 S 6: c: 
 
 C Q) Q) 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 O'O'O' 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ,r! jg 
 
 S g Q> S S S 
 
 *= 5; c: ^ Jk, c 
 
 •s^^:: § ^ « 
 
 O'O'O' O'O'O' 
 
 0) 
 
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 C3 i^ P O 
 
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 HH t! ^ O ^ 
 
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 QJ ^ QJ =^ 
 
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 5? i 
 
 5 o .g cj> Q, e 
 
 ^ ^:2 
 
 0) CO 
 
 5? 2 
 
 ^ 3 ^ a o o w 
 t2i,H S O S > PI 
 
 ,S« 
 
 * ik c: 
 
 O O CO 
 
 & > s 
 
 •§> 
 
 ►2i,H 
 
 ^ 
 
 .C CO 00 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 139 
 
 X, " 
 
 
 Ji e S 
 
 § s s 
 
 
 ^•H =^ S S S 
 
 r3 1> ?^ 
 
 
 V^ C\j vu ^^^ vw vxj 
 
 •£ -^ •£ "5 -5 "5 
 
 CO 
 
 c: N 
 
 O .0) 
 
 «o ^ b. :». CO 
 
 •S "I "^ 03 g .5 
 
 3 S !3 3 3 3 
 
 
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 nT 
 
 -<s> 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
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 OJ 
 
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 4) 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 d 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
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 4> 
 
 
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 '^i k «-) 's 
 
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 ^43^43j3^>.43 ►►►►is 
 
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 3 2 
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 5 i 5 a 
 
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 si 
 
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 £ £ o £ *o o g g 
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 ft. 
 
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 ©^►aj??>-'Si!>.--'S-M 
 
 
 ^ 
 
140 THE FREACH VERB 
 
 Venir, being a " verb of motion," is conjugated with etre. 
 
 In the sense of to come, it is used before an infinitive without preposition. 
 Je viendrai vous voir demain. I shall come to see you to-morrow. 
 II est venu me dire cela. He came and told me that. 
 
 Note. — II est venu pour me dire cela means He came to {in order to) tell 
 w^ that. (He may not have told me.) 
 
 Learn the twe following idiomatic constructions with venir : 
 
 1. Venir a faire quelque chose. To happen to do a thing. 
 
 Si vous venez a le voir, dites-le-lui. If you happen to see him, tell him so. 
 
 2. Venir de faire quelque chose. To have just done sofnething. 
 
 Je viens de le voir. I have just.seen him. (Lit. I come from seeing him.) 
 II venait de le faire. He had just done it. 
 
 Tenir, to hold, to keep, is conjugated with avoir, and used both transitively and 
 intransitively. 
 
 Tenir, transitive, is used like to hold in English. 
 £lle tient un enfant dans ses bras. 
 
 II tient un livre a la main (dans la main would mean within, covered by, the hand). 
 II tient une boutique. He keeps a shop. 
 
 Idiom. — Tenir quelque chose a honneur, a injure, etc., to hold, consider a 
 thing as an honor, an insult. Je tiens vos actions a injure. 
 
 Tenir, intransitive, is used as to hold out, to holdjirm, etc. 
 C'est un principe qui tient dans tous les cas. // is a principle that holds, stands 
 good, i?t every case. 
 
 Tenir a, to hold to, stick to ; to be fond of, attached to, etc. 
 II tient a son opinion. He holds to his opinion. 
 
 Tenir de, to resemble ; to proceed, arise, from. 
 II tient de son p^re. He resemble <; his father. 
 
 Tenir de also is equivalent to to partake of, to participate in, the nature of: 
 Le mulet tient de I'ane et du cheval. 
 
 Tenir is used impersonally. It then requires a before persons and de before 
 an infinitive following. 
 II tient a vous de faire cela. // rests with you, depends upon you, to do that. 
 
 Note the much-used exclamation : 
 Tiens I (tenez!) Here ;^^ it; take that ! 
 
 Also corresponds sometimes to Americanism, Hello ! 
 Tiens, tiens. Bless me; bless my soul! Well, I declare I 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 141 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 s> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •1 
 
 
 s, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (C 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (3 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •S 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■4J 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 
 M 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 flH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rS 
 
 
 •» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 s: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 .fS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 u 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -M 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 in: 
 
 •s 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 "5 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 g 
 
 T3 
 $:3 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 r5 
 
 
 
 
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 *3 
 
 a 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 o5 
 
 tuo 
 
 CU 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 '^ 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 <u 
 > 
 
 0) 
 
 
 •rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 g. 
 
 £ 
 
 HH 
 
 ►^'^ 
 
 
 
 nS 
 
 8 
 
 <-S5 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
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 V. 
 
 9 
 
 x: 
 
 
 l:^^ 
 
 
 
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 <u 
 
 0) 
 
 t3 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 S3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 'cn 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 u 
 
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 1 
 
 
 p^ 
 
 a 
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 f 
 
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 9 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 s 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
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 H 
 
 I 
 
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 :s a< 
 
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 P4 
 
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 o *. tj "3 
 
 g ■" o ^ ^ -5 
 
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 "S f* -^ -+2 *i «tf 
 
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 •1-1 -»-» .2 *« ns .i_i 
 
 HI 3 "^ O O 00 
 
 H 
 
 
 .M 
 
 Qi 
 
 
 W 
 
 ^j 
 
 ^ 
 
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 § 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
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42 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I 
 
 o o 
 
 t. S- K- 
 
 a. Q. «!. 
 
 CO 
 
 P4 
 
 O o 
 J= o 
 
 S It; ° - ^ 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 ^ HH 
 
 
 rt rt p « 
 
 1) 
 
 
 «5 CJ O 
 
 a s la 
 O'O'O' 
 
 -C J3 J= -a -f, rS 
 
 09 
 
 S N 
 
 CS Q 0) 
 
 OQ CO o 
 
 3 S S 
 
 5 0^ 
 
 Sot 
 
 <U 3 «5. 
 
 KH -5 ^ ^ >>'i2 
 
 o a> 
 
 «s III 
 
 g. Q. 5 2 2 «3 
 3 ^2 ^ « 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 .Si,+j ^ 3 
 « 4> '^"^ <U (D -'- 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 O' O' O" O' O'O' 
 
 o ^ g § o 
 
 
 :3 4-. 
 
 
 -5 ^ ? 
 
 5 ^ 
 5 ^ 
 
 
 <1> 3 ^O o 03 
 
 t->H a & > a 
 
 8 
 
 t3 S "^ '" 
 t« 2 qj <u 
 
 O <u o ^ 
 
 j_, "2 ij HJ OJ 
 <n j_, <U <" "2 
 
 
 l§ 
 
 « m 
 
 !lll°l 
 
 «M .2 
 
 as 
 
 .;5 -^ v5 
 
 *^ u a 
 '^ '^ .§ 
 
 ^.^a^ 3 
 
 ^ « a 
 
 H-iH s a > a 
 
 •■is 
 
 .^ 
 
 in 
 
 )^ 
 
 P4 
 
 
 
 P4 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 g 
 
 5? 
 
 a> 
 
 3 
 
 Cx 
 
 I, 
 
 
 P4 
 
 3 
 
 •1^ 
 
 s ■ 
 
 •73 
 
 •"is r^ 
 
 Is 
 
 
 t5 1: 
 
 1 g'-B 
 
 .2 <a 
 
 •4-> S-l 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 143 
 
 Repartir, to set out again, is conjugated like partir. Repartir, to reply, is 
 conjugated like partir, but its auxiliary is avoir. 
 
 Ripartir, to divide, to distribute, is regular, like finir. Par. 46. 
 
 Departir, to dispense, to distribute, and se d^partir, to desist, to deviate, are 
 conjugated like the verb partir. 
 
 Conjugate in the same manner as partir the following verbs, but use the auxiliary ayoil 
 unless etre is indicated : 
 
 
 Auxiliary 
 
 
 A uxiliary 
 
 Sentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to feel 
 
 Pressentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to foresee, to foreknmu 
 
 Consentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to consent 
 
 Ressentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to resent 
 
 D^mentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to contradict 
 
 Se repentir 
 
 etra 
 
 to repent (de, of) 
 
 Mentir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to lie 
 
 Redormir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to sleep again 
 
 Dormir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to sleep 
 
 Rendormir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to lull to sleep again ^ to 
 
 Endormir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to lull to sleep 
 
 
 
 lay asleep again 
 
 S'endormir 
 
 etre 
 
 to fall asleep 
 
 Se rendormir 
 
 etre 
 
 to fall asleep again 
 
 Servir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to serve ; to make use of 
 
 Desservir 
 
 avoir 
 
 to clear the table 
 
 Note. — Asservir, to enslave, to subject, is regular ; conjugated like finir, 
 Par. 46. 
 
 Sortir, to go out ; to take out. 
 
 Ressortir, to go out again, Sortir and ressortir are conjugated with avoir 
 and etre; with avoir to express action, with etre to express the result of the 
 action. 
 
 Sortir and ressortir, when transitive, take avoir. 
 
 Ressortir, to be under the jurisdiction of, is regular, like finir. Par. 46. 
 
 Examples : 
 Ou est votre fr^re? II est parti. Where is your brother? He has gone, left, 
 
 started, 
 A quelle heure partez-vous ? At what time {hour) do you start, set out? Nous 
 partirons demain pour Paris. We start for Paris to-morrow. 
 
 Partir (verb of motion) is conjugated with §tre. In old French it was also 
 used transitively (with avoir) ; but such use of it is now practically obsolete. 
 Sentir, to feel (by the perception) ; to smell 
 
 J'ai beaucoup senti le froid ce matin. / have felt the cold very much this 
 
 morning. 
 II sent son ignorance. He is sensible of {feels) his ignorance. 
 II sent I'insulte. He feels the insult. 
 EUe sentit la rose. She smelt the rose. 
 Ces fleurs sentent bon. These flowers smell good. 
 
144 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 lit, 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 I 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 S 
 
 to o 
 
 « •=■ 
 
 
 ►3^ 
 
 <u > ** 
 
 a a s 
 
 as ^ 
 
 «J M W 
 
 +j o o 
 
 " S 2 
 
 «> C Jh 
 
 _. O) O) 
 
 hH CO CO 
 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 (D '^ 
 
 S § 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 145 
 
 Oh 
 O 
 
 1) 
 
 o 
 
 so 
 
 c 
 
 -y -^s -^ 
 
 (U 
 
 c 
 
 a, 
 o 
 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 CO •■-I 
 
 >• M O 
 
 C -r! <i> 
 
 ^ ^ i::! 
 
 >- g 2 «) w 5 
 3 *=• 5 3 3 o 
 o 3 ° o o M 
 
 KH s fe > a 
 
 CO 
 
 N s: 
 
 III 
 
 5j a :3 
 Q o o 
 
 1) s 
 
 I I 
 
 a. 
 o 
 
 (fl (U 1) 
 
 >% o o 
 
 ^ g S 
 1^^ 
 
 O J= 
 
 I k k 
 
 ^ :3 ^ 
 
 :3 o o 
 
 ® fl « 
 O'O'O' 
 
 •£ 5 •£ -S •£ 
 
 C N 
 o « 
 
 ^ ^^ 
 
 a a 5 
 g» o o c 
 
 i § 2? =» 
 d 9 9 o 
 ^ 3 o o o 
 
 «> «> '/^ 4> 4) ^-"^ 
 3 3 3 3 3 S 
 
 - 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 g w C - C g 
 
 o c <u '^ OJ 2^ 
 
 CH -5 ^ o ^ >%■£ 
 
 O HI 1-1 — O 
 
 r^ ^ ^ til 
 
 •= o qj cu o 
 
 I" ^ '-' « fci 
 
 W k- (y 
 
 a1 <^ 
 
 c > <5 ^: <u > 
 
 ^ m v- (U 
 ? C3 (U > 
 
 S 3 js ^ ^ ^ 
 
 (A 
 
 •-• (II fli 2 "^ 
 
 -^ S ^ « 
 ^ s ° ° 2 ^ 
 
 ® 5 « 0) g^ 
 
 l^g 
 
 "I 
 S 
 
 •I 
 
 CO 
 
 o s *=* fl o 
 
 f-.Haos 
 
 O CO 
 
 > G 
 
 I 
 
 CO a .^ :^ 5k o 
 
 I i g § § i 
 
 O 3 '^ O O 00 
 
 H-,H S a > rt 
 
 .2 
 
 4> CO 
 
 >r «, -> 3 
 
 o 3 
 
 g ; 5 § g ;; 
 
 H->H S a > S 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — lO 
 
146 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 % 
 
 'D 
 
 §■ , „ n g % g * I 
 
 ^t^oo"^ 5^0 .„<U 'S^ ^ 
 
 ^•^^■sS^S. "^-^ ^^ ^'S ^? ^ S 
 
 ^soqjgoj. is --^s i^a ^^i.-^. 
 
 S 1ri ^- 3 H .H ►!« •> Si 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■i-s^ « "^ t sill «l 
 
 o ■.»,£«; 
 
 t^t^ 
 
 "^ CUU.K S C c " S 
 
 ^^i 
 
 >S>"nw3 ® <D « ^^ 
 
 5®33Soc/3 00 -S :s ^^.^ ^ 
 
 .V, ^ _, ci > M •« 2 r^ r„ ^ ^ Q 
 
 O'OOO'O'O' s p_, O* O* ^ "^ ^ 
 
 o ^ ^, S 
 
 ii^ w rt 
 
 ^ . . a> 
 
 W • -rt ,• eo bo 
 
 Sflcg -S nd -6 ^ :^ ^"^ 
 o 
 
 :^1&%1% ■ t " i 2 ii : § -s ? 
 
 
 I.5I1I III 11 i .. .^ f^^l = 
 
 H-»H a s > a H-» H^ p. 
 
 o JH 3 O 
 
 I 
 
 I I 
 
 >; (J Q del S^ 
 
 
 5*3 
 
 o 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 147 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■w c 
 
 c 2 
 3 ? 
 
 
 TS "C ^ 
 
 2 o -^ "3 "3 g 
 
 •75 > 3 o o S 
 
 a :3 ^ w >^ 
 
 ^ 2 oj « c ?i 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 cr CO 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 "<, 
 
 N 
 
 •I 2 ^ "S 1 
 2 t «i ? 3 
 
 8^85 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 I— »H i_i S > 1^ 
 
 is' 
 
 
 3 § •- 0, 
 
 HH "S ^ O 
 
 ■- ^ >> 
 
 sy 
 
 < » 
 
 5 2J^ 
 
 R 8 g 8 S § 8 
 
 a o o CO 
 
 O & > S 
 
 « /r ^ 
 
 45 
 
148 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 S ^ 
 
 to 
 
 N «= 
 
 0,0,0 
 
 :» :a :3 
 o o o 
 Co CS 5J 
 
 2 P fl 
 
 :5 § s 
 
 OJ OJ D 
 
 5; =5 3 
 
 S o o 
 goo 
 
 .';h o t:X 
 s 3 3 
 O'O'O' 
 
 = §ii 
 
 « rt g g « 
 
 O rH 
 
 «■§ § § S 2 
 
 biO 
 
 ^1^ ? II 
 "^ "^ "^ "" 15 "rt 
 
 i? j= J= 
 
 -c g tjo.W)-g g 
 
 HH "i! ^ S P^ti 
 
 -C ,£3 -C -C ^ 
 
 ^ N 
 
 gi ill 
 s s I s § i 
 
 0) a? iT" 4) <D '^ 
 
 3 3 S !3 3 3 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 0) <u 
 
 CO 
 
 CO ? 
 
 s 2 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 :3 ^ a a «2 
 
 c ^3 o O fJ 
 
 >j t. o o s. 
 
 - ?s o w w o 
 
 "^ !^ ° S S S 
 
 .2i»2 « § ^ « 
 
 <0 4) '^"^ <U <D '^ 
 
 :a 3 3 3 3 3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 »^f 
 
 
 c = ■= 5 c 
 
 
 2 1 1 2 2 
 
 ■g 
 
 thou wast 
 he was ru 
 we were r 
 you were 
 they were 
 
 g 
 
 2 c 
 
 I ran 
 
 thou 
 he ra 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 -So,, 
 
 ^•5 
 
 ^ 
 i 
 
 5 N 
 
 oj S -5 
 
 ? S; a p o 
 
 5; :» t. o o 
 
 
 5 
 :3 m 
 
 
 9 N 
 
 IS 
 
 o o 
 
 Li •-> M "^ 
 
 & >a 
 
 " ^ o g 3 
 
 i 
 
 
s 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ^ 
 
 149 
 
 *«* 
 
 ■^ '^ ill I 
 
 S^ I ^ "S*^ ^ =^ 
 
 ■^ J2 '^ 
 
 «" -n §i 
 
 i^ ii ;s 
 
 
 
 <i 
 
 I «^ 8 8 -S ^ 2 ^ ^ a ^ .'^ -^ ^ -^ 
 
 ■^ .««> - § I ^^ . || III 
 
 
 ^ ^ k 
 
 8 >^ 
 
 I « i ! a s i I i . 8 - -s I « 
 
 i -i ^-. ^ 1^ H °^ I! i-s 
 
 I 1 : 1 i a II ^ ' i i 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ n- 
 
 ^ I .i I .s ^ s ^ « I I « ■§ 5 s i :! s i 
 
 o^" ^Msgj- bo-S.ath ^o^o-h 5?, i_r ^cSa 
 
 •B. o .« b a H T3 ^ i .v^ " S :2 ^ o 
 
 
 3 
 
 5J^ 
 
ISO 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •^ -I 
 
 Si 
 
 P 
 
 u 
 <: 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 II 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .a 
 
 
 
 ;3 
 
 is, cr 
 
 
 8 2 
 
 s y 
 
 -^-y 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 S^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 < 
 
 ■<o 
 
 Vj 
 
 
 i 
 
 'U 
 
 
 "•s 
 
 § 
 
 
 «a> 
 
 ^4> 
 
 
 ;3 
 
 •3 
 
 
 1 
 
 •« 
 
 
 0) a; ti 
 
 ^ ^ Ji .is -S '3 
 
 ,^ ^ -^ cr- y cj cs 
 
 .^ J^ 3 -^ 2 2 -3 
 
 ^ '5 ^ o 2 i ^ 
 
 t. s> 
 
 in 
 
 •- s- ^ 
 CO Q -^ *- 
 
 ? |: 5 S 5 
 
 5? :3 QJ o o 
 O O 
 
 S § ;3 « § § 
 
 g H-»H a fe > 
 
 •5 ^'3 g^ 
 
 HH "5 ^ O 
 
 2-^ ^-5 If 
 
 Ph JJ d rt a; g 
 
 g -3 2 3 -3 :S 
 
 tr^ cr' _ _ cT ^ 
 
 hj y « « y ^ 
 
 a CO &. 
 
 ^ o o a> CJ 
 o 3 o o S 
 
 be ^. ba 
 
 •^ tjo 6 •§ .is 
 
 t>J0"3 H *>- -s =" 
 
 i: 5 ^ c^ 1^ « !^ 
 
 cr o rt '^ « £- 5 
 
 '^ in '^ ^ •$■ ^ 
 
 >^ cs S ? P ^ t^ 
 
 cr -,, u 
 
 cr 
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 .CO CO CO 
 
 III 
 
 0) 
 
 0} 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ 
 
 .«« 
 
 0} 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 
 s: 
 
 c: 
 
 
 ri 
 
 CO 
 
 I— < 
 
 y 
 
 1— • 
 
 • i-H 
 
 ^ 
 
 • r-t 
 
 
 
 
 :3 
 
 "a 
 
 3 
 
 oocx 
 
 -Q S D «:> ^ -^ 
 
 5 >. ^ 5S c S ^ 
 
 v^ JS =s S S ^ >^ 
 
 ^ P O aj 3 qj 
 
 '^ (-H V! J3 > >^ -W 
 
 ^ ,C ,£ ^ J= ^ 
 
 ^ CO 0} •«>' 
 
 S S « e « « 
 •2 -2 CO C: c: CO 
 
 •S.S = i?» 
 
 S 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 2i 
 
 S ? 
 
 C « O ^ 
 
 CO CO c: 
 
 -^ ^ S S 
 
 
 
 cS 3 ? 
 
 HH +J ^ ? >S -t-- 
 
 = ■§£§ 
 
 £ ^ o XJ 
 
 - J3 ^ ^ 
 O .. o 
 
 •2 ^ 2 o; 
 
 5 2 
 
 1) 
 
 2 -c 
 
 r- .^^ •♦- O O CO 
 
 »2iH S O S > S 
 
 CO CJ 
 
 CO CO 
 
 S .J2 
 
 c; «3 
 
 2f "* 
 
 ^^ a&>a 
 
 :3 
 
 ^ 2 I S 
 
 3 ^ O 
 
 
 
 -I 
 
 §g 
 
 > a 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 189 
 
 1-1 C ^j 
 
 ^ <U g J- o X 
 
 <u :^ -Q -^ 4-. jrt 
 
 , S: rt rt rt cj W rt 
 
 ^ •£ '^ -^ :£ "S "5 
 
 
 
 
 c: 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 ,Q> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (0 
 
 
 (O 
 
 5 
 
 t- 
 
 % 
 
 .CO 
 
 
 •2 
 
 5 
 
 CO 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 o- 
 
 5> 
 
 •2 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 c: 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 
 s: 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 <o^ 
 
 3 
 
 s: 
 
 § 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 13 3 S 3 S ;3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Cj 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 J2 
 
 X3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 13 
 
 -5 
 
 
 
 *-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l? 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 a 
 2 2 «, <-g <-S 2 
 
 -J3 <tj S S c 5 
 
 a etf 
 
 055 
 
 «> i* -i^ 2 ® "» 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 8 u_ 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 -5 -^ 
 
 8 
 ^ ci 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 ^0 
 
 c >§ 
 
 *c 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 bo 
 
 C 
 
 'S 
 
 e 
 
 I 
 ^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 ■^ 
 
 (U 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 Si 
 
 3 "^ 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 1^ 
 
 a « 
 
 en 
 
 a 
 
 80 
 
 a 
 
 ID 
 O 
 
 P4 
 
190 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 5; 
 
 •If 
 
 rG 
 
 ^« > 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 
 P ^ 
 
 
 
 
 -' rj >4/ ^ 
 (-1 13 ^ ^ 
 
 S 5 
 
 ^ 
 y 
 
 Ill 
 
 rt <u 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 UJ 
 
 biO 
 
 O) 
 
 t3 
 
 fl 
 
 '2^ 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 «J 
 
 5 iS 
 
 J 
 
 > 
 
 >> 
 
 
 (1h 
 
 < 
 
 <J 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tl 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 
 •e V 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 ^ -S 
 
 H 
 
 'S ''J "^ 'l-i 'C ctf 
 
 .a c >3 S2 « "C 
 
 « !3 j^ o o m 
 
 i£»H a fe > a 
 
 « OJ « 
 
 
 3 rt 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 it I may laugh 
 it thou mayest 1: 
 it he may laugh 
 it we may laugh 
 it you may laugl 
 it they may laug 
 
 a 
 
 )5 
 
 c3 "^ 
 
 CO 
 
 W 
 h-1 
 
 
 A A X A A A 
 
 
 a N 
 
 
 (U 
 
 •»J 
 
 - :S :S ^ 
 
 .s -S 1 
 
 rie 
 ries 
 ie 
 
 us r 
 us r 
 rien 
 
 - » 
 
 .^■2:: § ^ « 
 
 ,_i .^ 
 
 a> « iT* iT* 
 
 "b 3 "ia 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 O'O'O' 
 
 1 1 ^^ -s. 
 ft; 2 ^ js 
 
 8 
 
 9^ 
 
 3 s JS ^ -3 '^ ^ 
 
 OB 
 
 05 .4J " *^ a> 
 
 s 
 
 bJO.S ^ 
 
 
 
 |'dT3'S| 
 
 u wast 
 was lai 
 were 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 ;3 ^ 45 -^ >, 
 
 1^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 tl&lll 
 
 .3 -S -H -C 
 
 •^HC 
 
 <u .=• ± 5 ^ ^ 
 
 »2i>H a a > a 
 
 •c 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 •s 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO C C 
 
 " >=< .^ — . ^ :=! 
 - 2 « « I H 
 
 ^S 
 
 ^ 
 
 -5 ^ f „ -So ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ -y :^ -" o I- f^ 
 
 
 ;s . • £• «' ^ .^ ^ 
 
 c bo ■■« "^ .y 
 
 191 
 
 
 £ .eo .CO ? « ^ *- PC ^ -. !-• 
 
 bO 
 
 .« 5 *- § ^ <a •« S ri r^ -C ^ ^ ^ 1? J 
 
 S .S ^ -^ >* -^ eg 
 
 H . C p^ s:t r^ >_ 
 
 d 
 
 
 Apt I 1 I 1 §; 1 1 ^. r^ 
 
 »i ■ ^ -•— , ^.^ cc "— bx) 
 
 „ is^ i^-^" 1^ |-^" ^-^ 1^ i S -S 8 
 
 <U ^ •• 'C .S v» ^ «: 00 S 
 
192 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 'a 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 S ^ 
 
 a 
 
 Vj 'T^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •|2 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 ■^i M tn 
 
 i1 
 
 =^ o 
 9 -^ 
 
 O S rt 
 
 •5 t^"*^ 
 
 K V- V. ^ 
 
 00 
 
 «, O 4) d 
 
 2 v^ nj a a 2 
 
 "S a '^ ? «s a 
 
 S .^ rt Vh >-i .3 
 
 •i S .2 «-> o 3 
 2S2ggS 
 
 N «2 
 
 0) O 
 
 CO C: :: 
 
 § CJ Q 
 
 H 
 U 
 
 SI 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 <ij (ii <u y 
 
 2 c *= 
 
 all 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 333 
 
 O'CXCX 
 
 bio c .: 
 
 ^ ^ ^ J3 -f= ^, 
 
 CO «= c: "t; 
 
 c S. «> Q a c 
 
 fe - g 3 3b 
 
 •^5J: § ^ « 
 
 oj 0) '.^ a> a> "^ 
 
 d S d 3 3 3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 .S 12 rt 
 
 ^ c: 
 
 
 
 CO M- -S^.^l 
 
 •g o -S S ^ o 
 
 a s. a t. .. - 
 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 '^ s^ ?^ Si J3 «« 
 
 J- '*-' «^ ?t .IJ **- 
 
 rt 3 .ii >^ ^ >. 
 
 •5N 
 
 o t, o 
 
 Hi>H s o & > a 
 
 CO 
 
 c: N •*- 
 .0 .0} c; 
 
 2 s; O •S^-S' c 
 
 •^ a -S* ^ o 5 
 
 l^||§b 
 
 ., 3 " O O ") 
 
 »22»H S & > i=J 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 .P_^-^ 
 
 ? «- o 
 
 - I b 
 
 S>S 
 
 t 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 93 
 
 ^ JJ *J *J +J ^ ■!-• 
 
 rt cS rt rt rt rt 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,13 
 
 G ^ 
 
 ^ 
 •^ 
 
 8 
 .■a 
 
 I 
 
 -^ "^ -^ ^ 
 
 ^2 2^ ^"^_ 
 
 £ fl 
 
 •3 a 'S fl 
 
 .g •<-» P4 CO 43 .3 
 
 43 Ctf 4) 4> 4> 4> 
 
 P4 Oi « « 04 H 
 
 "2 "S 
 
 J .2 So S) S 
 
 &.&?■§ 2 a 
 
 g § -3 « § 2 
 
 (j, ^ o o o 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 CXOO'O'O'O' 
 
 ^ 1 1 1 ? I 
 
 t-i -i ^ ^ >^tJ 
 
 3 .S 'S 
 
 §1 
 
 G - tJ 3 3 " 
 a, 3 " O o CO 
 
 
 'c3 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^'S 
 
 "1 ^ 
 
 
 D <0 
 
 3 S p4 43 4:3 <u <u 
 
 8 -2 V 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB- 
 
 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 <5 
 
 
 "§ 
 
 <h 
 
 
 
 
 
 >* 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 
 "«i 
 
 
 § 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 a; 
 
 _>> 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 •i* 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 Mi 
 
 .2 
 
 5 
 
 bJO 
 
 c 
 
 j; 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 
 i. 
 
 it 
 
 Is 
 
 a> 
 
 OJ 
 
 ^ — ' 
 
 -S 
 
 ^ 
 
 So 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 < ^ 
 
 CUD 
 
 .2, 
 'c* 
 
 
 u 
 
 .2 
 
 § 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 •3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 -3 <J <J « Q W 
 
 
 »2» 
 
 < U 
 
 13 
 
194 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 The verbs ending in aindre, eindre, or oindre preserve the d only in the future 
 and conditional present. 
 
 Contraindre requires a : 
 On a contraint le gar9on a tout avouer. 
 Plaindre. Je vous plains. I pity you. 
 Se plaindre (de) means to complain {of). 
 II se plaint de ses malheurs. II se plaint de trop travailler. 
 
 With another mood than the infinitive de ce que is used after se plaindre : 
 Elle se plaint de ce que vous Tavez grond^e. ' 
 
 If, in the above sentence, the de ce were omitted, the meaning would be 
 changed. The idea would then be that she complained wrongfully — without 
 grounds : 
 Elle a tort de se plaindre que vous Taviez grond6e. 
 
 Joindre means to put together. 
 
 One cannot say Je joindrai mes amis au concert, but Je rejoindrai mes amis 
 au concert. 
 
 In this sense aller trouver, retrouver, and rencontrer are also used. 
 
 Examples of use of joindre : 
 II a joint les deux tuyaux. Joignez les bouts de ce fil. 
 
 Craindre requires de before a following infinitive : . 
 Je craignais cet homme ; je craignais de le voir. 
 
 When followed by que introducing a subordinate clause, craindre requires ne 
 before the following verb when the feeling of fear or apprehension exists ; as is 
 the case when the sentence is affirmative, interrogative, or negative-interrogative. 
 Je crains qu'il ne vienne. I fear he will come. 
 Craignez-vous qu'il ne vienne ? Do you fear he will come ? 
 Je crains qu'il ne vienne pas. I fear he will not come. 
 Je ne crains pas qu'il vienne. I do not fear that he will come. 
 Ne craignez-vous pas qu'il ne vienne ? Do you not fear he will come ? 
 Ne craignez-vous pas qu'il ne vienne pas ? Are you not afraid that he won't cotne ? 
 
 Astreindre if used before an infinitive requires a : 
 Le maitre a astreint les Aleves ^ 6crire deux pages de latin. 
 
 See assujetter, obliger, forcer, exiger, etc., more common. 
 
 Feindre requires de before a following infinitive : 
 Elle feint d'etre indisposle. 
 
 Enjoindre requires de : 
 Le ginlral I'a enjoint d'agir prudemment. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 195 
 
 1^ o 
 
 i 
 
 f.'TJ 
 
 s 
 
 <U 
 
 1 
 
 ^3 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 "■^ 
 
 
 «o 
 
 
 <3 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 bJO 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 3 ■? 
 
 ^ 
 
 . I 
 
 
 
 
 S ^ ^ S " ^ 
 
 '^ O 'T3 :3 3 O 
 
 3 ^ § 2 § ^ 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 O d 
 
 OJ OJ o 
 
 8 8^ 
 
 _g 3 etf 
 
 ?^ 75 Tl 
 
 2 S CJ " 
 
 g o w cj a 
 
 o — 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 CO a> o 
 "o "o 73 
 
 a a a 
 000 
 u o o 
 
 '2 -c 
 
 o Iz; 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 73 ^ 
 
 ^ j_. 73 " G S 
 
 <J . "J c f- o R 
 
 C'S:> o o o " 
 
 o >^ o <J K^ >, 
 
 g >, != ca g g c 
 
 ^ s g s e ^ >, 
 
 ^ ^ >.t: 
 
 III 
 |§§ 
 
 o o o 
 
 3 3 3 
 O'CXO' 
 
 CQ ctf C^ CQ ra 
 
 J= J= ^ ^ J= 
 
 £ ^ «o a o 3 
 
 73 «-> 3 p o "Ti 
 
 a o -3 " " g 
 
 O O a w eo O 
 
 a, 3 o o o 
 
 a> <u r^ a) (D '-"^ 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 W) 
 
 73 tU3 
 biO 3 C 
 
 O) f* ,, D 
 
 -^ fl ^ 73 ^ -3 g 
 
 => S 73 c " fi § 
 
 o S o 3 
 
 .5 o -t: ^ 
 
 bO 
 
 w c'.S 
 
 '13 
 
 « 2 s 
 
 ••s. 
 
 o o C 
 
 § § 8 
 
 ^ ° « 
 
 d ■£ -c 
 
 
 5 fe g.-^ 
 
 
 ;-! 5 
 
 5 -ti s 
 
 
 3^3^ a a ^ 
 o ,15 73 o o o 
 
 a o c3 u cj a 
 
 i^lll 
 
 9 « 
 
 o 5 
 
 -'3 3 
 
 o S > 
 
 fl 5 "o -' V H 
 
 
 lull 
 
 mi 
 
 I >i 3 OJ 
 
 Si *= 
 
 s: o 
 
 «J CO 
 
 ^ § §^ 
 
 t> o o c 
 
 1358 
 
 5 . 
 
 
196 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 a 
 
 S ». » « « ^ ,, ?i 
 
 75- ««Ji'T3 'C Ti r3 ^ «^ 
 
 ■§8ig§s 1 §•&:; I § 
 
 c i^ o o o ^ '5; o ^ > S. 
 
 8^"^:S^ 8" ^^> i^ ^ -^ 
 
 ^"w^s^-Ew c?«j 5^ 'iT'^ -o ^ 
 
 ^tJoS'sp-" ^^ C>- ^ti) 
 
 
 u >$^ 
 
 
 ^: ^ i3. i: 4=. ^ i - ^ -1' ^ ~ ■■§ .S ^ -3 
 
 >$^ 6 CO 
 
 8 +e "^ 
 
 -S 
 « 
 
 :3 
 
 _ o ^ 
 
 oo^oo-?. c 5 -« •» ^ 
 
 ^g-s^^^ 8 g « ^ 
 
 .«5j:j § ^ S •« •§ 2. .i •^' -^ ^ 
 
 ::i 'zi ^ b "^ "^ 2-<-» 55 
 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' S f-» O* O* S ^ . t«v, 
 
 CO o <u Oh ^ ri 
 
 S ^ ^ <u td 2 
 
 W . TS w -a S 
 
 O4-.OO0 g C fl 5 >< V>+jO 
 
 t^ V •? 4^ .S « 8 -^ ^ 2 g § I 
 
 u ^ 2 . 
 
 a 
 
 03 .a 
 
 Pi 
 
 111""! i"-S^-^S SdCTI.SS'Sp 
 
 ^§.^&^a & i^ 2. £. ^ , §^| §1 •§ 5 
 
 .S -^ .c. S - s « ^ % 
 -M 5 B. \ B ^ ^ ^ ^ *-* 
 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 197 
 
 » > 
 
 O 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 to 
 
 'I 
 
 «; 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 in 
 
 'G O 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 > ^ ^ 5 
 
 5 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 O 4> fl 
 
 nil 
 
 "- OJ OJ (U 
 
 •3 «1 
 
 3 -H 1^ ij 
 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 « O 
 
 ^ 3 T3 
 
 O 8 g 2 M 
 
 0, 3 " O O CO 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^ CO CO 
 
 a :s =s 
 
 o o o 
 
 CJ o o 
 
 ^ ^ « 
 
 OJ !» "5 
 
 t« ai 2 
 
 mi 
 
 W 
 -1 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 »• HI 
 
 s ^ 
 
 J3 rC j= ^ ^ 
 
 CO < :3 
 
 :3 o o 
 
 o tj o 
 
 r^H o .73 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 iigssi 
 
 0) <u yr* (o a> r* 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 CO'O'O'O'O' 
 
 g ^ i > ^ E 
 
 ^ " E Si o s^ - 
 
 bJO 
 
 
 r ^ 
 
 ^ <u t« 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^5 
 
 ^ u J* 
 
 <u %. > 
 
 '^ > ni 
 
 S( w ■« 
 
 
 ^•5 
 
 1^ 
 
 ."Sh 
 
 eo 
 
 c: 
 o 
 
 18183 
 
 CO c 
 
 S S 
 
 0» 
 
 CO -5 ^ 5 -5 $ 
 
 I §§8 8 § 
 
 " 3 ^ O o w 
 
 « «0 
 
 en 0> CO » 
 
 "S; CO -^ o p «9 
 
 5 a CO o o :3 
 
 >§ 
 
 I 
 
 .2 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 5 
 
198 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 .S3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ B i 
 
 
 ^ <u 2; 
 
 ■y S' 
 
 
 
 C/l 4-> 
 
 .>» 
 
 :l^ 
 
 *j "S J3 
 
 i 
 
 
 •r§i 
 
 Q 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 3 <" 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 ^:S 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ J3 rC 
 
 .S .5 s s s 
 
 s s i § s I 
 
 3 S 3 S 3 3 
 O'O'CO'O'O' 
 
 8 i-i 
 
 >& 
 
 Q 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 <u > > ^ 55 
 
 W ? (U (U w 
 
 _^ a> t« tfl 
 
 ?=: ^ 
 
 § ^ 
 
 n 
 
 ^ ;j ^ m >^ 
 
 
 
 
 is S 
 
 a N 
 
 fd '2 o 
 l: ^ « s 3 M 
 
 •Si i3 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 8 \ 
 '^ ^ 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 OQ 
 
 3 
 
 ""^ a> 
 
 O 
 
 c .ti 
 
 Id /oi 
 
 C! O 
 
 CS 
 
 .SG M 
 
 i s 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 »-■ 
 
 
 4; 
 
 
 rC 
 
 
 4-< 
 
 i 
 
 § 
 
 v> 
 
 •f 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 « 
 
 ?i 
 
 •s 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 ">) 
 
 • rl 
 
 
 Crt 
 
 '•-5 
 
 
 5 
 
 (U 
 
 § 
 
 ^ 
 
 03 
 
 4> "^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ?3 ?3 
 P4 pq 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 b 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '% 
 
 'o 
 
 ^ 
 
 nd 
 
 "^ 
 
 5i 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 y=! 
 
 
 v: 
 
 <L) 
 
 ^0 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 'So 
 
 J3 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <U 
 
 i2 
 
 <5> 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 <-5 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vk 
 
 1 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 v> 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 > "S 
 
 1 
 
 xn 
 
 
 s 
 
 N 
 
 ^j 'CS 
 
 a 
 
 Oh 
 
 3 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 x: 
 
 C/2 
 
 a ^ 
 
 
 
 
 S "« 
 
 G 
 
 
 ^ a 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 ID 
 
 _^ 
 
 9* «* 
 
 
 
 g a 
 
 1 
 
 2^ 
 
 .3 E3 
 
 5 S 
 o 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 199 
 
 § 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 S 
 
 o 
 So 
 
 ^ .5 
 
 f % 
 
 ^ 
 
 lis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ So > ^ ^ o 
 
 S !* -t-" O ii »-' bfl 
 
 ^ :s ^ « ^ >. 
 
 o oj p 
 
 55 2 2 2 1 
 o 2 «"S " " s 
 
 i^2|s^ 
 
 HH 
 
 Si 
 
 be 
 
 o 2 
 
 o ^ 
 Soii 
 
 CO 
 
 N c: 
 
 Q) O 
 
 CO CO 
 
 ^CO .CO .CO 
 
 c^ I I 
 
 Co O Cj 
 
 ^ ^ 2 
 ?. 2 So 
 
 s « s 
 
 CO CO 
 CO .CO 
 
 s s rJ 
 
 O'O'O' 
 
 ^^ ^ ^ I 
 
 -g 2 ^S)S,^^ 
 
 I r ' S i ^ ^ 
 
 rf rt rt cj rt rt 
 -C ^ ^_ JC J3 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 .0 ,* 
 CO ^ 5 "t- 
 
 b t5 o § § I 
 
 S ;3 ;3 s 3 
 O'O'O'O'O'O' 
 
 . \A > O 
 
 ^ '^^ 2 h/ 
 
 t-H "S ^ o 
 
 I 2 
 
 bJO ^ 
 
 > W) c .5 > 
 
 M I .5 -^ ^ o 
 
 C J- > ^ O 1- 
 
 •$ ^ 5 2 So w) 
 
 2 S S)?f a; *i 
 
 ^ !> cJ «J > ^ 
 
 i => ^ ^ J X 
 
 t-i -5 ^ ^ >>■£ 
 
 > ^ ^ 
 ^ <" ^ 
 
 biO 
 
 ►^HSO 
 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 CO bj 
 .CO CO 
 
 I"? 
 CO CO 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 MS, 
 
 00 
 CO 
 
 ^ So B ij 
 
 t ^ bi) W r* >- 
 t-i 13 J3 ? p^w 
 
 Q> CO 
 
 1 
 
200 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 <3 C3 ?2 
 
 
 'on ^ 
 
 
 ^^. ^ ?" o; 
 
 en 
 
 .?S2»i«'§_a-~2-S,EC-s M .S2CC " 
 
 a o o o 
 
 
 •^^^«>^^2 ^- r;-. §^ ^S 
 
 c5 
 
 
 ■S <1J SS S S ^^ ^ 
 
 o 'O $J ^"^ > 
 
 I . ^ ^ I « "-^ "•> & « ^ ^ s I s ^ -a I 
 
 
 <u 
 
 tv^ <iJ c3 u «» •xu s>! 
 
 :3 
 
 q oj -S 
 
 "3P^c3»ipa)J^2:*^^2J'^(i> 
 
 
 II sill " :- 5; s <? ^- ^ 1 . i .s f |--i_^ 2 :- ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 en 
 
 ±1 «* _i£ .S> Vt» \>i vs O ^ ^ j3 
 
 9 9 H^gH^^^^^H^-S^ H^ 
 
 2 
 
 vS -^ 
 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 20 1 
 
 c u- 
 
 bjo 
 
 w f? ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 S 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 el 
 o 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 'C ^ -ri -O ^ 
 
 -d ^'g .S .S -n 
 ■^ .S ^ -^^ &) So ^ 
 
 ;^ ^ § 2 -3 1 g 
 
 -T) \M 
 
 U 
 
 OJ 
 
 H 
 
 ^W J o .£ 
 CL. •t; >, c 
 
 So So^ 
 
 o s a 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 § 
 
 
 •■^ 
 
 00 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 S 
 
 Cls 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 O M 
 
 « ^^ S 
 
 3 =: 5 
 
 iS ^ ^ 
 
 S ^ ^ 
 
 'S '« .5 
 
 ^ o -5 
 "S tJ "S 
 
 I 5 5 
 
 _ d w 
 
 3 3 3 
 O'O'O' 
 
 C 
 
 I? 
 
 H. t: ^ 
 
 M 
 
 4G 13 
 
 
 c I' 
 
 o ^ 
 
 .5 *w -c c .5 Z 
 . g :. ^ 
 
 tUO 
 
 ^ o ^ 
 
 S 2 B 2 «n S 
 S " o O o in 
 H S O K > fl 
 
 
 •2 S 
 
 1 = 
 II 
 
 I 5 
 
 O CO 
 
 5 3 
 
 ;y .<o cZ ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 .S ? 
 
 > S 
 
 E^E^ 
 
 « 00 
 
 si 
 
 ^ 
 
202 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 ^Ti -« ^ .S 
 ^ B -S -c So 
 
 '2 ^ -S -c 'fe^. w 
 
 fl <u i^ w- tuD 
 
 Ti -^-' G ^ •:- f i-i "i^ f- vT^N '-*' 
 
 
 3 ^ s J ;; 0. S g^ f. "S 2 ^ ^ 
 
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 m 
 
 m 
 
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 V2 
 
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 ^ g S H ^ 
 
THE FRENch VERB 
 
 203 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 til 
 u 
 
 :g 
 
 W 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 •■^ Si 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ (U 
 
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 w 
 
 2 "^ -^ :: s 
 fa 
 
 Q 
 
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 s: 
 
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 fli Q > > 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 q> CO 
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204 THE I^RENCH VERB 
 
 OQ (4-1 
 
 
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 I I ^ -^-^ ^« « :^ s ^ -2 ^ 
 
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THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 205 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 w 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 t-H 
 
 W 
 W 
 \A 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 NO 
 10 
 
 bJO 
 
 
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 IS 
 
 j^ o a; u o c r1 
 
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206 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ~ -3 
 
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 fl ^ --J "rt 
 
 O rt cJ (u 
 
 tj «5 C C O 
 
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 I Shi 
 
 thou 
 he \^ 
 we s 
 you 
 they 
 
 •»4 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
 s 
 
 Sn 
 
 \ 
 
 S -H 
 
 I 
 
 rai 
 
 iras 
 
 :a 
 
 tair 
 
 tain 
 
 iron 
 
 Jetai 
 
 Tuta 
 
 11 tai] 
 
 Nous 
 
 Vous 
 
 Ilsta 
 
 
 
 •3 
 
 ^ 
 
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 1 1" 
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 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 El 
 
 
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THE FREI^CH VERB 
 
 207 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■g. 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
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 *2i 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
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208 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 rG S: JZ M .C rG 
 
 2 J 5^ 1^1 
 
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THE FRENCH VERB 209 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS 
 Arranged Alphabetically 
 
 158. ACCROIRE = TO MAKE ONE BELIEVE (What is not true) 
 
 Used in the infinitive present with faire as an auxiliary, 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 
 Faire accroire 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Faisant accroire Fait accroire 
 
 L'INDTCATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Je fais accroire Nous faisons accroire 
 
 Tu fais accroire Vous faites accroire 
 
 II fait accroire lis font accroire 
 
 Like accroire : 
 En faire accroire, to impose upon. S'en faire accroire, to be self-conceited. 
 Ne le faites pas accroire cela ; vous savez bien que vous le trompez. Don't make 
 
 him believe that; you know very well that you are deceiving him. 
 Ne m'en faites pas accroire. Don't impose upon 7ne. II m'en a fait accroire. 
 Ne vous en faites pas tant accroire ; vous n'etes pas un personnage si important. 
 Don't be so self-conceited ; you are not such an important personage. 
 
 AOUTER = TO RIPEN (Pronounce A-OU-TER) 
 
 Hardly used except in i)\Q past participle : Aout^ (m.s.), aoiitee (/.s.). 
 
 Aoiiter is derived from aofit, the word for August; hence, un melon aoiiti 
 means a melon ripened by the August sun ; sun-ripened. Miir is the usual word 
 for ripe. 
 
 APPAROIR = TO APPEAR, TO BE APPARENT (Legal Term) 
 
 Used only in the infinitive present and in the third person singular of the 
 present indicative. 
 II appert. // appears. 
 
 L'avocat a fait apparoir les bons droits de son client. The lawyer made e^ndent 
 {showed') the claims, rights ^ of his client. 
 
 ATTRAIRE - TO ATTRACT, TO ALLURE 
 
 Used only in the infinitive present. 
 Le sel est bon pour attraire les pigeons. Salt is good for attracting pigeons. 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — I4 
 
210 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 159. BASTER = TO SUFFICE (Obsolete) 
 Used only in some familiar phrases. 
 
 Baste or Baste pour cela. Well ! let it be so. Enough. 
 
 BRAIRE = TO BRAY 
 The Academy gives the following tenses and persons only : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Futur 
 
 11 brait 
 
 
 11 braira 
 
 lis braient 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 lis brairont 
 
 11 brairait 
 
 
 lis brairaiei 
 
 According to Littr^'s Dictionary, the following tenses may be used 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 Je brais Nous brayons 
 Tu brais Vous brayez 
 II brait lis braient 
 
 Impai'fait 
 
 II brayait 
 
 Futur 
 Je brairai Nous brairons 
 
 Tu brairas Vous brairez 
 II braira lis brairont 
 
 Je brairais 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Tu brairais 
 
 II brairait, etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Dejini Plus-que-parfait 
 
 II a brait II avait brait, etc. 
 
 Braire is used with reference to the donkey, or ass ; and, figuratively, with 
 respect to persons. 
 
 BR0UIR = TO BLIGHT, TO BLAST, TO DRY UP 
 Used only in the third persons of each tense. 
 
 Participe Present 
 Brouissant 
 
 Present 
 II brouit 
 lis brouissent 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Broui {m.s.), brouie (/j.) 
 
 Imparfait 
 II brouissait 
 lis brouissaient 
 
 Brouir is said of things withered by the sun ; as flowers, grass, etc. 
 Le soleil a broui toutes les jeunes pousses. The sun has blighted all the young 
 shoots. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 211 
 
 BRUIRE = TO RUSTLE, TO RATTLE 
 The Academy gives the following tenses : 
 
 Present 
 11 bruit 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 11 bruissait 
 lis bruissaient 
 
 Littr^'s Dictionary gives : 
 
 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 Bruire 
 
 Participe Present 
 Bruyant 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Bruit 
 
 Present 
 
 Je bruis 
 
 Tu bruis 
 
 11 bruit No plural 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Je bruyais 
 
 Tu bruyais, etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Futur 
 
 Je bruirai 
 Tu bruiras 
 11 bruira, etc. 
 
 Je bruirais 
 
 Tu bruirais 
 
 11 bruirait, etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Indefini 
 II a bruit, etc. 
 
 The following forms have been used by good writers for the imperfect of the 
 indicative : 
 
 Je bruissais 
 Tu bruissais 
 II bruissait 
 
 Nous bruissions 
 Vous bruissiez 
 lis bruissaient 
 
 Que nous bruissions 
 Que vous bruissiez 
 Qu'ils bruissent 
 
 Les torrents bruissaient. Pas 
 
 For the subjunctive present : 
 
 Que je bruisse 
 Que tu bruisses 
 Qu'il bruisse 
 
 The present participle bruissant is also used 
 un insecte qui bruisse. 
 
 Les feuilles bruissent. The leaves are rustling. 
 Fr^mir is also said of leaves, etc. : 
 
 Sa robe de sole fait frou-frou. Her silk dress rustles. 
 See faire resonner. 
 
212 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 1 60. CHAL0IR = TO MATTER, TO BE IMPORTANT 
 Used impersonally, and only in the phrases : II ne m'en chaut. No matter. 
 II me chaut. Peu me chaut. 
 
 CHANCIR = TO GET MOLDY 
 
 Conjugated like finir, but used only in the third persons. Is growing obsolete 
 
 Injiti itif Present 
 
 Chancir 
 
 Participe Present 
 Chancissant 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 II chancit 
 lis chancissent 
 
 See moisir and se moisir for senses of chancir. 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Chanci {m.s.), chancie {f.s.) 
 
 Imparfait 
 II chancissait 
 lis chancissaient 
 
 CHAUVIR = TO PRICK UP (the Ears) 
 
 The Academy says that chauvir is used only in the phrase Chauvir des oreilles, 
 in speaking of horses and mules, Ce cheval chauvit des oreilles. 
 Littr^'s Dictionary gives chauvir conjugated as follows : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Je chauvis Nous chauvons 
 Tu chauvis Vous chauvez 
 II chauvit lis chauvent 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je chauvais 
 Tu chauvais, etc. 
 
 Je chauvirais 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Tu chauvirais 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Je chauvis 
 
 Tu chauvis, etc. 
 
 Futur 
 Je chauvirai 
 Tu chauviras 
 II chauvira, etc. 
 
 II chauvirait, etc. 
 
 For senses of chauvir applied to persons, see dresser I'oreille. This last is 
 also applied to horses and dogs. 
 
 CHOIR = TO FALL, TO TUMBLE (of Kings, Nations, etc.) 
 
 Used only in the present infinitive and in the past participle : Chu (m.s.), 
 chue {f.s.). Its auxiliary is etre. 
 
 Choir is now but little used except in the provinces of France ; the verb 
 d^hoir is employed instead. See d^choir. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 213 
 
 CL0RE = TO CLOSE, TO SHUT 
 
 Used in the following tenses : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present Futur 
 
 Je clos je clorai 
 
 Tu clos • Tu cloras, etc. 
 
 II Cl6t No plural 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Je clorais Tu clorais II clorait, etc. 
 
 The compound tenses are formed mith avoir. 
 
 Passe Indefini Subjonctif Present 
 
 J'ai clos Que je close, etc. 
 
 Tu as clos, etc. 
 
 On a clos le pare au public. The park has been closed to the public. 
 
 Clore, when used, has principally the idea of closing something (as a public 
 garden or house) against the public or people. See farmer. Le juge a clos la 
 session de la cour a trois heures. 
 
 COMPAROIR = TO APPEAR (Law Term) 
 Used only in ih^ present infinitive. 
 
 Etre assign^ a comparoir. To be summoned to appear. 
 It is obsolete. Comparaitre is now used. 
 
 SE CONDOULOIR = TO CONDOLE 
 
 Formerly used in the present infinitive. 
 
 Se condouloir avec quelqu'un. To sympathize with some one. 
 No longer used. 
 For senses of to condole with, see Partager la douleur de, Vouloir consoler. 
 
 COURRE (Old Form of COURIR) = TO RUN, TO PURSUE 
 
 Courre le cerf, le li^vre. 
 
 Courre is still used sometimes in expressions on hunting. Je vais courre le 
 cerf aux montagnes. 
 
 161. DECH0IR = TO FALL OFF, TO DECLINE 
 Conjugated with avoir and Stre ; with avoir to express action, with Itre to 
 express the result of action. '■ 
 
214 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Depuis ce moment il a dichu de jour en jour. Ff-om that moment he degenerated 
 
 from day to day. 
 II y a longtemps qu'ils sont dechus de ces privileges. They have long since lost 
 
 (^fallen away from) those privileges. 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 D6choir 
 
 No Participe Present 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 
 Je d^chois 
 Tu d6chois 
 II d^choit 
 
 Passe Defini 
 Je dechus Nous d6chflnies 
 Tu d6chus Vous d6chfltes 
 II d^chut lis d^churent 
 
 No Imparfait 
 
 Participe Passe 
 D6chu {m.s.), d6chue(/j.) 
 
 Nous dichoyons 
 Vous d^choyez 
 lis d^choient 
 
 Futur 
 Je d^cherrai Nous dicherrons 
 
 Tu d^cherras 
 II d^cherra 
 
 Vous d^cherrez 
 lis d^cherront 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 Je d6cherrais 
 
 Tu d6cherrais, etc. 
 
 No Jmperatif 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Imparfait 
 
 Que je d^choie Que nous d^choyions Que je d^chusse Que nous d6chussions 
 
 Que tu d^choies Que vous dichoyiez Que tu dechusses Que vous d§chussiez 
 
 Qu'il d^choie Qu'ils d^choient Qu'il d^chut Qu'ils d6chussent 
 
 Dichoir must not be confused with tomber. Do not say La pomme a d6chu 
 de I'arbre. One can say La nation est dichu. The nation has degene?'ated {has 
 declined) . Le general est d6chu de son ancien courage. The general has (^fallen 
 off in, away fro7n) lost his former courage. 
 
 In other words, dichoir means to fall off in sense of to decline^ to degenerate. 
 
 DECL0RE = TO UNCLOSE, TO OPEN (Rarely used) 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 D^clore 
 
 No Participe Present 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Participe Passe 
 D^clos {m.s.), d§close (/j.) 
 
 Je d6clos Tu d6clos 
 
 Present 
 11 d6cl6t 
 
 No Plural 
 
 Je d§clorai 
 
 Futur 
 
 Tu d6cloras, etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 215 
 
 Je dSclorais 
 
 Que je d6close 
 Que tu d6closes 
 Qu'il d^close 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 Tu d^clorais, etc. 
 
 Que nous d^closions 
 Que vous d^closiez 
 Qu'ils d^closent 
 
 D^clore is the antonym of clore, and is used in the same Hmited way. On a 
 d^clos le pare, les jardins publics. The park, the public gardens, have been 
 unclosed. Ouvrir is the word in use. 
 
 DECR0IRE = TO DISBELIEVE 
 
 Used only in the phrase : Je ne crois, ni ne d^crois. / neither believe nor dis- 
 believe. (Academy.) 
 
 DEFAILLIR = TO FAINT, TO FAIL, TO GROW WEAK 
 
 No Singular 
 
 Je difaillais 
 
 Je difaillis 
 Tu d6faillis 
 II d^faillit 
 
 Injin itif Present 
 D^faillir 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 Nous difaillons Vous d^faillez 
 
 Imp ar fait 
 
 Passe Dejini 
 
 Passe Indefini 
 Je d^failli, etc. 
 
 No Participe Present 
 
 The following have also been used sometimes : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 Je d6faus 
 Tu d6faus 
 II d^faut 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Je d^faudrais 
 
 lis d^faillent 
 Tu d6faillais, etc. 
 
 Nous d^faillimes 
 Vous d§faillites 
 lis d6faillirent 
 
 Participe Passe 
 D6failli (^m.s.), d6faillie (/j.) 
 
 Futur 
 Je d^faudrai 
 Tu d^faudras, etc. 
 
 Tu d6faudrais, etc. 
 
2l6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Imparfaii 
 
 Que je d6faille Que je ddfaillisse 
 
 Que tu d^failles, etc. Que tu d^faillisses, etc. 
 
 The present participle^ difaillant, is often used adjectively. 
 
 Defaillir, when used, has the idea ol failing in; as D^faillir a son devoir, or 
 to falter in moral courage, to grow weak. 
 Errez, difaillez, pichez ; mais soyez des justes. (Victor Hugo.) 
 
 See faillir and manquer. 
 
 DEMOUVOIR = TO MAKE ONE DESIST (Law Term) ; DE = FROM 
 Used only in the present infinitive : Rien ne I'a pu demouvoir. 
 
 DEPOURVOIR = TO UNPROVIDE, TO DEPRIVE 
 
 Used in the present infinitive, Depourvoir, and in the past definite: je 
 d^pourvus, tu dipourvus, il depourvut ; nous d^pourviimes, vous depourviites, 
 lis depourvurent ; and in the compound tenses. 
 
 On a depourvu cette forteresse de munitions. That fortress has been divested of 
 supplies. 
 
 SE D0UL0IR = TO COMPLAIN, TO GRIEVE (Obsolete) 
 Used only in the present infinitive. On I'entendit se douloir. See se plaindre, 
 
 162. ECLORE (Auxiliary ETRE) = TO BE HATCHED, TO BLOW, 
 TO OPEN ; (Fig.) TO MANIFEST ITSELF 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 Eclore 
 
 No Participe Present 
 
 Participe Passe 
 6clos {m.s.), ^close (p.) 
 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 J^clos 
 Tu Iclos 
 11 6cl6t 
 
 
 
 Nous 6closons 
 Vous ^closez 
 lis ^closent 
 
 Tin par fait 
 closais Tu 6closais, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Futur 
 
 No Passe Defini 
 
 J'^clorai 
 Tu dcloras 
 11 ^cl6ra 
 
 
 
 Nous 6cl6rons 
 Vous 6cl6rez 
 lis 6cl6ront 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 2iy 
 
 J'6cl6rais 
 Tu dclorais 
 II 6cl6rait 
 
 Que j'^close 
 Que tu ^closes 
 Qu'il 6close 
 
 LE CONDiriONNEL 
 Present 
 
 No Imperatif 
 
 LE 
 
 Nous 6cl6rions 
 Vous 6cl6riez 
 lis ^cldraient 
 
 SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 Que nous 6closions 
 Que vous 6closiez 
 Qu'ils ^closent 
 
 Ces roses Icloront demain. Les oeufs Icloront la semaine prochaine. 
 Ces poussins viennent d'eclore. Those chicks have just been hatched. 
 Son projet est pr^s d'eclore. 
 
 EB0UILLIR = TO BOIL AWAY 
 
 Conjugated like bouillir, but seldom used except in the infinitive and in the 
 past participle : ebouilli {m.s.), ebouillie {f^s.). Etre is the auxiliary. 
 
 ECH0IR = TO FALL, TO EXPIRE, TO BE DUE, TO ARRIVE BY 
 
 CHANCE 
 
 Participe Present 
 Ech^ant 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Echu (w.j.), ^chue (/j.) 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 Present 
 11 6choit or il echet lis §choient 
 
 No Imparfait 
 
 Passe Defini 
 J'^chus Nous 6chumes 
 Tu 6chus Vous ^chutes 
 11 echut lis 6churent 
 
 Futur 
 J'6cherrai 
 Tu 6cherras, etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 J'6cherrais Tu 6cherrais, etc. 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 No Present 
 
 Imparfait 
 
 Que j'6chusse Que nous 6chussions 
 
 Que tu 6chusses Que vous 6cliussiez 
 
 Qu'il 6chflt Qu'ils 6chussent 
 
 Compound tenses with etre. (Academy.) 
 
2l8 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 In Littr^'s Dictionary Ichoir is conjugated in third persons only. The 
 present subjunctive is qu'il ^choie, qu'ils Ichoient. 
 
 Note. — Avoir 6chu is said of the day on which a payment falls due. 
 
 Men billet a ^chu le trente du mois dernier ; il y a un mois qu'il est ^chu. 
 Examples : 
 
 Le terme ^herra a la noel. The term will expire on Christmas Day. 
 
 Le cas^ch^ant, si le cas y ^choit (toet), s'il y echet. The case occurring. 
 
 II lui est 6chu un tiers des biens de son p^re. 
 
 S'EMB0IRE = TO GET DULL (Paint) 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 S'embuvant Embu {ni.s.), embue {f.s.) 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present 
 
 II s'emboit lis s'emboivent, etc. 
 
 S*einboire is conjugated like boire, but used only in the third persons : 
 II faut renouveler ces couleurs ; elles s'emboivent. 
 
 Emboire, to coat (with oil or wax), is conjugated like boire : 
 Emboire un moule (de). To coat a mold {with). 
 
 ENCL0RE = TO INCLOSE, TO CLOSE IN, TO FENCE 
 
 Conjugated like clore. Littr^'s Dictionary gives : 
 
 Participe Present 
 Enclosant 
 
 Infinitif Present 
 Enclore 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Enclos (w.j.), enclose {f.s.) 
 
 J'enclos 
 Tu enclos 
 11 encl6t 
 
 Present 
 
 Nous enclosons 
 Vous enclosez 
 lis enclosent 
 
 Imparfait 
 J'enclosais 
 Tu enclosais, etc. 
 
 No PassLDcJini 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Futur 
 J'enclorai 
 Tu encloras, etc. 
 
 J'enclorais 
 
 Present 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 Tu enclorais, etc. 
 
 Enclos 
 
 Enclosons 
 
 Enclosez 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 219 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present No Imparfait 
 
 Que j' enclose Que tu encloses, etc. 
 
 M. B. a enclos son champ. Mr. B. has inclosed {^fe7iced in) his field. 
 Mettre une cloture (une enceinte) a is also used for to fence, to put a fence 
 around. 
 
 The verb cloturer is also used in sense oi to fence. 
 
 163. FAILLIR = TO FAIL, TO ERR, TO COME SHORT, ETC. 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Faillant Failli {m.s.), faillie (/j.) 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present Imparfait 
 
 Je faux Nous faillons Je faillais 
 
 Tu faux Vous faillez Tu fallals, etc. 
 
 Ilfaut Ilsfaillent 
 
 Passe Defini Futur 
 
 Je faillis Nous faillimes Je faudrai 
 
 Tu faillis Vous faillites Tu faudras, etc. 
 II faillit lis faillirent 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 Je faudrais Tu faudrais, etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 J'ai failli, etc. J'avais failli, etc. 
 
 J'ai failli oublier cela. / had nearly forgotten that ; I caine very near forgetting 
 that. 
 When his carriage arrived exactly at the minute for which he had ordered it, 
 Louis XIV said : J'ai failli attendre. I fust ?nissed waiting or / came jiery near 
 having to wait. 
 
 Manquer is used (with de) in about the same meaning as faillir. ^ 
 
 J'ai manqui de tomber. I fust missed falling. 
 II s'en faut beaucoup que cela soit vrai. That is far from being true. 
 
 Compare with falloir (il s'en faut de beaucoup que cela soit vrai). Faillir is 
 really another form of falloir, but is used in sense of to fail, etc. 
 
 FERIR = TO STRIKE 
 
 Used only in the present infinitive in the phrase : Sans coup f^rir, without 
 striking a blow. • 
 
220 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 The past participle, firu {m.s.), firue {f.s.)j wounded, struck, is used adjec- 
 tively by veterinarians : Ce cheval a le tendon f^ru. 
 
 FORCLORE = TO FORECLOSE, TO BAR (Law Term) 
 Used only in the present infinitive, forclore, and the past participle, forclos 
 {ni.s.), forclose {f.s.). 
 
 II s'est laisse forclore. He allowed himself to be barred. 
 II a k\.k forclos. He has been barred (from being produced in court). 
 Also used in the compound tenses. 
 
 To foreclose a mortgage : Faire commandement tendant a saisie-immobili^re. 
 (On real estate) exercer, operer, une saisie, etc. 
 
 Opirer une saisie-execution. To foreclose (perform the seizure and sale of) a 
 mortgage, 
 
 F0RFAIRE=TO FORFEIT, TO FAIL, TO TRANSGRESS 
 
 Used only in the infinitive and the compound tenses ; auxiliary, avoir. Past 
 participle, forfait. 
 
 Forfaire is intransitive in the sense of to forfeit honor : 
 
 II a forfeit a I'honneur. He has forfeited, transgressed, honor. 
 It is transitive as an old feudal term, in the sense of to forfeit a fief 
 For the ordinary translation of to forfeit, see Subir la peine, payer la peine, etc 
 
 FRIRE = TO FRY 
 
 Participe Present 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Frit {ni,s:), frite (/^.) 
 
 Jefris 
 
 Tufris 
 
 II frit {No Plural^ 
 
 No Imparfait 
 
 Futur 
 
 No Passe Defini 
 
 Je frirai 
 
 
 Nous frirons 
 
 Tu f riras 
 
 
 Vous frirez 
 
 11 frira 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 
 lis friront 
 
 Je frirais 
 
 l'impe'ratif 
 
 Fris 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Tu frirais etc. 
 
 J'ai frit 
 
 J'avais frit 
 
 J'eus frit, etc. 
 
 Note. — Faire is used with frire (intrans.), as has been explained under bouillir. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB « 221 
 
 ' EUe faisait frire la viande. She was frying the meat 
 
 164. GESIR = TO LIE (III, Dead, Overthrown) 
 
 Used in 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present Imparfait 
 
 II git Vous gisez Je gisais 
 
 Nous gisons lis gisent Tu gisais, etc. 
 
 Participe Present 
 Gisant (sometimes written gissant) 
 
 Ci-git = here lies. The usual beginning of epitaphs. 
 
 Sur le champ de bataille les cadavres gisaient partout. 
 
 165. HONNIR = TO DISHONOR, TO DISGRACE 
 Conjugated like finir. Hardly used except in the adage : 
 
 Honni soit qui mal y pense. Evil be to him that evil thinks. 
 
 166. IMBOIRE = TO IMBUE (Obsolete) 
 
 Only \h.Q past participle is used : Imbu (m.s.), imbue (f-s.), imbued, impressed. 
 See imbiber (de), teindre (de), p^netrer (de), inspirer (a), Verb Dictionary. 
 
 ISSIR = TO DESCEND, TO SPRING FROM (Obsolete) 
 
 Used only in the past participle : Issu (m.s.), issue {f.s.). Used adjectively. 
 See sortir, venir. 
 
 Les Valois Itaient issus d'un fils de Saint Louis. 
 
 167. JAILLIR = TO SPOUT OUT 
 Used only in the third persons of each tense. Conjugated like finir. 
 L'eau jaillissait du tuyau. 
 
 168. LUIRE = TO SHINE 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Luisant Lui (invariable). 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present Imparfait 
 
 Je luis Nous luisons Je luisais Nous luisions 
 
 Tu luis Vous luisez Tu luisais Vous luisiez 
 
 II luit lis luisent II luisait II luisaient 
 
 No Passe Defini 
 
222 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Futur 
 
 Je luirai 
 Tu luiras 
 11 luira 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Nous luirons . 
 Vous luirez 
 lis luiront 
 
 Je luirais 
 
 Present 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 Tu luirais, etc. 
 
 Luis 
 
 Luisons 
 
 Luisez 
 
 Que je luise 
 Que tu luises 
 Qu'il luise 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 No Imparfait 
 
 Que nous luisions 
 Que vous luisiez 
 Qu'ils luisent 
 
 One can use luire with reference to things which give hght. 
 
 Reluire is appHc.able to things which shine by reflected light ; it is said of all 
 polished surfaces. 
 
 Briller has the idea of to shine in the sense of to be brilliant, to glitter. 
 Le soleil luit. The sun shines, gives light. 
 Les toits des maisons luisaient au soleil. The roofs of the houses were shining in 
 
 the sun. (Fig.) 
 Le soleil brille au ciel. The sun shines in the sky. 
 Les ^toiles, les yeux, les diamants brillent. 
 Tout ce qui reluit n'est pas or. 
 
 Ses souliers reluisaient de cirage. Son front reluisait. 
 Un nouveau jour va luire. Luck is going to change. 
 
 169. MECROIRE = TO DISBELIEVE 
 Used only in the proverb : II est dangereux de croire et de m^croire. 
 
 MEFAIRE = TO DO EVIL, HARM 
 
 Conjugated like faire, and employed only in the infinitive mefaire and the 
 past participle m^fait. Auxiliary, avoir. Familiar. Hardly used. Malfaire is 
 generally used instead. 
 
 MALFAIRE = TO DO EVIL 
 
 Used in the present infinitive only : Etre inclin a malfaire. II ne se plait qu'a 
 malfaire. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 223 
 
 MESSE0IR = TO BE UNBECOMING, NOT TO BECOME 
 
 According to the Academy, messeoir is conjugated as follows : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present Imparfait Futur 
 
 II messied II messeyait II messi^ra 
 
 lis messi^ent lis messeyaient lis messi^ront 
 
 Participe Present 
 Messeyant, mess^ant 
 
 It is not used in the infinitive present nor in the persons and tenses not given. 
 Examples : 
 
 Cet ajustement messied sL votre age. That attire does not suit your age. 
 
 Qui messied (a) — unbefitting^ unbecoming^ unseemly. 
 
 The verb seoir used negatively and the verb aller (impers.) negatively are 
 more often used. 
 
 Note use of the adjective messeante : D'une maniere mess&inte. Indeco- 
 rously, unbecomingly. 
 
 SE M0URIR = TO BE DYING, EXPIRING 
 Se mourir is hardly used except in 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 Present 
 Je me meurs Tu te meurs II se meurt, etc. 
 
 and in the 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je me mourais Tu te mourais, etc. 
 
 II meurt means he is dying, but is not necessarily at present at the point 
 
 of death. II se meurt means he is at the point of death — in the act of expiring. 
 
 170. OCCIRE = TO KILL (Obsolete) 
 
 ouiR = TO hf:ar 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Oyant Oui {m.s.), ouie {f.s.). 
 
 L'INDICATIF ^ 
 
 Present Ltiparfait 
 
 J'ois Nous oyons J'oyais 
 
 Tu oit Vous oyez Tu oyais, etc. 
 
 II oit lis oyent 
 
224 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Passe Defini 
 J'ou'is Nous ouimes 
 Tu ouis Vous ouites 
 II ouit lis ouirent 
 
 J'oirais 
 Oyons 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 
 Futur 
 J'oirai 
 Tu oiras, etc. 
 
 Tu oirais, etc. 
 
 Present 
 Que j'oie or que j'oye, etc. 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Oyez 
 
 Imparfait 
 Que j'ouisse 
 Que tu ouisses, etc. 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 
 Passe Defini 
 
 J'ai oui Tu as oui, etc. 
 
 Used (most often) in the compound tenses and the infinitive present. 
 
 Ouir is used when the idea of comprehending or understanding (expressed by 
 entendre) does not enter. 
 
 J'ai oui parler ces hommes, mais je n'ai pu entendre (comprendre) ce qu'ils 
 disaient. 
 
 171. PAITRE = TO GRAZE 
 
 Participe Present 
 Paissant 
 
 Present 
 Je pais Nous paissons 
 
 Tu pais Vous paissez 
 II pait Us paissent 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Je paitrai 
 Tu paitras 
 II paitra 
 
 Je paitrais 
 Tu paitrais 
 II paitrait 
 
 Pais 
 
 No Passe Defini 
 Futur 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Pu (no feminine) 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je paissais 
 Tu paissais, etc. 
 
 Nous paitrons 
 Vous paitrez 
 Us paitront 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 L'IMPERATIF 
 Paissons 
 
 Nous paitrions 
 Vous paitriez 
 lis paitraient 
 
 Paissez 
 
and 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 225 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present 
 
 Que je paisse Que nous paissions 
 
 Que tu paisses Que vous paissiez v 
 
 Qu'il paisse Quils paissent 
 
 No Imparfait 
 The past participle pu is only a term of falconry. 
 
 Faites 1 
 
 Envoyez [paitre les vaches. 
 
 Menez J 
 
 Les chevaux paissaipnt sur les pr^s sal^s. 
 
 Repaitre is conjugated like paitre, and has besides the 
 
 Passe Dejim 
 
 Je repus Nous repflmes 
 
 Tu repus Vous reputes 
 
 II reput lis repurent 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Imparfait 
 Que je repusse Que tu repusses, etc. 
 
 Repaitre (de), to feed (on). Also se repaitre (de). 
 Note the use of repu in sense of satiated, gorged. 
 
 PARFAIRE = TO COMPLETE, TO FINISH 
 Parfaire is conjugated like faire, but rarely used. 
 
 PARTIR = TO PART, TO DIVIDE 
 
 Seldom used except in the proverb : 
 
 Avoir maille a parti r avec quelqu'un. To have a crow to pluck with any one. 
 
 The past participle Parti {m.s.), partie (/-s.), is employed in heraldry 
 expressions. Do not confuse with partir, to leave, to start. 
 
 P0INDRE = TO STING, TO DAWN, TO BREAK, TO PEEP 
 
 Poindre, to sting, is rarely used except in a few familiar phrases, such as : 
 Quel taon vous point ? 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 1 5 
 
226 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Poindre, to dawn^ etc., is employed in the 
 
 and the 
 
 Infin itif Present 
 Poindre 
 
 Futur 
 
 Je poindrai 
 Tu poindras 
 II poindra 
 
 Nous poindrons 
 Vous poindrez 
 lis poindront 
 
 Piquer is now used in this connection of to sting even in the familiar locution : 
 Quelle mouche vous pique ? In sense of to dawn : 
 
 J'ai vu poindre le jour. / saw the day break. 
 J'ai vu poindre la premiere ^tincelle de lumi^re. 
 
 See faire jour. II se fait jour a six heures. 
 
 PROMOUVOIR = TO PROMOTE (Raise to Dignity) 
 
 Promouvoir is used only in the present infinitive and in the compound tenses ; 
 past participle : Promu (m.s.), promue {f.s.). Avoir is the auxiliary. Also used 
 in X\it passive. 
 
 On a promu le capitaine. Le capitaine a ete promu. 
 
 See avancer for ordinary meanings of to promote, to advance. 
 L'^leve a ete avance. The scholar {pupil) has been promoted. 
 On a donn6 de I'avancement a cet officier. That officer has been promoted. 
 Also 
 
 On a avanci cet officier. 
 
 Elever quelqu'un a de grands honneurs. To promote any one to great honors. 
 Favoriser les sciences, la religion. To promote science, religion, etc. 
 
 PUER = TO STINK (Intr.) ; TO SMELL OF (Tr.) 
 
 Puer is regular ; used in the following tenses : 
 
 Infinitif 
 Puer 
 
 Present 
 Je pue Nous puons 
 
 Tu pues Vous puez 
 
 II pue lis puent 
 
 Je puerais 
 
 Participe Present 
 Puant 
 
 No 
 
 Participe Passe 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je puais 
 Tu puais 
 11 puait, etc. 
 
 
 Futur 
 Je puerai 
 Tu pueras, etc. 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 Tu 
 
 puerais, 
 
 etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 227 
 
 The past definite^ the imperfect subjunctive^ and the compound tenses have 
 been used. 
 
 Cela pue le muse, that smells of musk. 
 
 172. QUERIR = TO FETCH 
 
 Used only in the infinitive with the verbs : Aller, venir, envoyer. AUez 
 qu^rir. Go and fetch. Almost obsolete. 
 
 AUez chercher, envoyons chercher, etc., are now used instead of AUez 
 qulrir, etc. 
 
 173. RAIRE OR REER = TO BELLOW (Like a Stag) 
 
 Participe Present 
 Rayant 
 
 Participe Passe 
 Rait 
 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imparfa 
 
 nt Futur 
 
 Je rais Nous rayons 
 Tu rais Vous rayez 
 U rait Us raient 
 
 Je rayais 
 Tu rayais, 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present 
 
 Je rairai 
 , etc. Tu rairas, etc. 
 
 Que je raie 
 Que tu raies 
 Qu'il raie 
 
 RfeER 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Que nous rayions 
 Que vous rayiez 
 Qu'ils raient 
 
 Present 
 Jer6e 
 Tu r6es, etc. 
 
 Imparfait 
 Je r6ais 
 Tu r6ais, etc. 
 
 Futur 
 Je r6rai 
 Tu r^ras, etc. 
 
 Present 
 Que je r4e 
 Que tu r6es, etc. 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Imparfait 
 Que je r6asse 
 Que tu rdasses, etc. 
 
 Participe Present 
 R^ant 
 
 
 Participe Passe 
 R^6 
 
 RAV0IR = TO GET AGAIN 
 Used only in the infinitive present, ravoir. 
 
 RECHOIR^TO FALL AGAIN, TO RECEIVE (Obsolete) 
 Used only in the infinitive, rechoir, and the past participle : Rechu {m.s.\ 
 
 rechue (fs.). 
 See retomber. 
 
 Subir une rechute. 
 
228 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 RECLURE = TO SHUT UP 
 
 Used only in the infinitive, reclure, the past participle : Reclus {m.s,)y recluse 
 (/.J.), and the compound tenses : J'ai reclus, J'avais reclus, etc. 
 Used about as the verb to sequester in English. 
 
 RELUIRE = TO SHINE, TO GLITTER 
 Reluire is conjugated like luire. See i68. 
 
 REPAITRE = TO FEED 
 See paltre. 
 
 174. SAILLIR = TO GUSH, TO GUSH OUT, TO BREAK FORTH 
 
 Conjugated like finir ; used in the infinitive and the third persons of some 
 tenses. Jaillir or sortir more used now. 
 
 Le vin saillissait de la barrique. 
 
 SAILLIR = TO PROJECT, TO STAND OUT 
 
 Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Saillant Sailli {tn.s.), Saillie (p.) 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present Imparfait Passe Defini Futur 
 
 II saille II saillait II saillit II saillera 
 
 lis saillent lis saillaient lis saillirent lis sailleront 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 
 Present 
 
 II saillerait lis sailleraient 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 
 Present Imparfait 
 
 Qu'il saille Qu'ils saillent Qu'il saillit Qu'ils saillissent 
 
 TEMPS COMPOSES 
 Passe Defini 
 II a sailli lis ont sailli, etc. 
 
 Les toits des maisons saillissent sur les rues. 
 
 SEMONDRE = TO INVITE (to a Ceremony) 
 Used only in the infinitive present, semondre. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 229 
 
 SEOIR = TO SIT, TO BE SEATED. See S'ASSEOIR 
 
 Only the present participle, scant, and the past participle, Sis (w.^.), sise 
 (/j".), are used. 
 
 S^ant and sis are law terms and mean sitting and situated. 
 
 SEOIR = TO FIT, TO BECOME, TO SUIT 
 The following are used : 
 
 L'INDTCATIF 
 Present . Impar/ait Futur 
 
 U s/eflf lis s/ee/7f lis ^eyalt lis seyaienf II siera lis sieront 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present 
 II si^rait lis si^raient 
 
 LE SUBJONCTIF 
 Present Participe Present Participe Passe 
 
 Qu'il si^e Qu'ils silent Seyant or S^ant Sis 
 
 Cela vous sied bien. Ce chapeau vous sied bien. Cette mani^re ne vous sied 
 pas. See also the verb aller. Verb Dictionary. 
 
 S0UDRE = TO SOLVE (Obsolete) 
 Used only in the infinitive. Risoudre is now used instead. 
 Resoudre (soudre) un probllme. 
 
 S0URDRE = TO SPRING OUT, TO GUSH FORTH (of Water coming 
 
 FROM THE Earth) 
 
 Used figuratively in sense of to result 
 
 The present infinitive and the third persons of the present indicative are used : 
 II sourd, ils sourdent. 
 
 Les eaux de cette riviere sourdent dans les hautes montagnes. 
 See sortir. 
 
 De cette affaire on verra sourdre de grands malheurs. 
 
 S0UL0IR = TO BE WONT, ACCUSTOMED (Obsolete) 
 
 The imperfect, je soulais, tu soulais, etc., are the only forms used, and these 
 infrequently. 
 
230 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 SURGIR = TO LAND, TO REACH (a Haven) 
 Only the infinitive is used. 
 
 Croyez-vous que nous puissions surgir au port ? 
 
 SURGIR = TO ARISE, TO SPRING UP, TO START UP, TO SHOW 
 ONE'S SELF BY RISING 
 
 Conjugated like finir and used in the third persons of most of the tenses. 
 Examples : 
 
 L'INDICATIF 
 
 Present Imparfait Passe Defini Futur 
 
 II surgit II surgissait II surgit II surgira 
 
 lis surgissent lis surgissaient lis surgirent lis surgiront 
 
 LE CONDITIONNEL 
 Present Participe Present 
 
 II surgirait lis surgiraient Surgissant 
 
 Une voile surgit k 1' horizon. 
 
 lis ont surgi des quatre coins de la terra. 
 
 De nouvelles difficult^s surgissent sans cesse. 
 
 175. TISTRE = TO WEAVE 
 
 Used only in the compound tenses with its past participle Tissu (m.s.), tissue 
 {f.s.). Avoir is the auxiliary. 
 
 J'ai tissu Nous avons tissu 
 
 Tu as tissu Vous avez tissu 
 
 11 a tissu lis ont tissu 
 
PART II 
 
 The second part of this work is devoted to lists of verbs for practice in the 
 use of prepositions, the use of the reflexive verb, and for reference. 
 
 It is thought that Usts i, 2, 3, 4, 5 may be used to advantage by requiring 
 the student to study three or four verbs daily ; the English examples opposite the 
 verbs assigned to be translated into French at the board as part of the recitation. 
 This practice is intended to familiarize the student with the use of the verbs 
 requiring prepositions before a following infinitive. 
 
 The lists will be found most valuable during the review, although they may 
 be used on the advance after the student has grasped the significance of the use 
 of prepositions. Constant practice in constructing idiomatic French sentences is 
 the only means by which ease in speaking or writing the language can be 
 acquired. 
 
 176. PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN IDIOMATIC FRENCH 
 
 The student who has reached this point must have noted the necessity, in 
 French, of supplying words in answers to questions in order to avoid repeating 
 the whole of an interrogative sentence in the form of an affirmation or a negation. 
 
 Examples 
 
 Have you my book 7 
 
 Avez-vous mon livre ? 
 
 Are you Robert's sister. 
 
 fetes-vous la soeur de Robert ? 
 
 Are you happy ? 
 
 Etes-vous heureux ? 
 
 Have you some more apples ? 
 
 Avez-vous encore des pommes ? 
 
 Have you some peaches ? 
 
 Avez-vous des peches ? 
 
 Is your brother in the garden ? 
 
 Votre fr^re est-il dans le jardin ? 
 
 Have you opened the door ? 
 
 Avez-vous ouvert la porte ? 
 
 / have. 
 Je I'ai. 
 I am. 
 Je la suis. 
 
 I am not. 
 
 Je ne le suis pas. 
 / have some more, 
 J' en ai encore. 
 / have. 
 J'en ai. 
 He is. 
 
 II y est. 
 / have. 
 
 Je I'al fait. 
 
 231 
 
232 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Does she sing every morning? 
 Chante-t-elle tous les matins ? 
 
 Would you not have shut the 7vindow ? 
 N'auriez-vous pas ferm6 la fenetre ? 
 
 Are there any pencils in the drawer? 
 Y a-t-il des crayons dans le tiroir ? 
 
 She does. 
 Elle le fait. 
 
 / would. 
 
 Je I'aurais fait. 
 
 There are (some). 
 II y en a. 
 
 It is seen that le, la, les are substituted for nouns ; le for preceding adjectives, 
 adverbs, and sentences ; that the verb faire can frequently be used in replies 
 corresponding to our use of to have. 
 
 In the lists of verbs to follow, the questions in English are to be translated 
 into French, employing the proper preposition before the following infinitive 
 when one is required. The answers are to be translated into as brief a form as 
 possible after the manner illustrated in the foregoing examples. 
 
 LIST I 
 
 177. EXERCISES ON VERBS REQUIRING THE PREPOSITION DE 
 BEFORE AN INFINITIVE 
 
 S'abstenir de, to abstain from, to re- 
 frain from. 
 
 Accuser, to accuse of. 
 
 Achever, to finish. >"' 
 
 Affecter, to affect to, to pretend to. 
 
 Like its English equivalent, affec^ 
 ter is not much used before an 
 infinitive. See Faire semblant 
 de. 
 
 S'affliger, to grieve at. 
 
 S'agir, to be the question^ to be the 
 
 matter. (Impersonal.) 
 Ambitionner, to be ambitious to, ' to 
 
 aspire to. 
 Appartenir, to behoove to. 
 
 Was it the custom of this general to ab- 
 stain from levying contributions in the 
 enemy's country? Ans. It was not. 
 
 Has he not been accused of mistreating 
 his children? Ans. He has. 
 
 At what hour does he finish writing? 
 Ans. At six. 
 
 Does he affect singing as another of his 
 talents? Ans. He does. 
 
 She grieves at being the only one that 
 
 must remain. 
 Is it not a matter of trying to please 
 
 every one? 
 Is he ambitious of succeeding his father 
 
 in that office? 
 Does it not behoove you to consider the 
 
 matter very carefully ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 233 
 
 S'applaudir, to applaud one's self^ to Why does he always applaud himself on 
 
 congratulate one's self. having done only his duty? 
 
 Apprehender, to fear to. Does he fear becoming ill? Ans. He 
 
 does. 
 
 Note that the last verb is used in English before the infinitive in -ing without 
 preposition. When the Enghsh verb is so used, the abbreviations pr. p. are 
 placed after the English translation. 
 
 Avertir, to warn to. Did you warn him not to go ? Ans. I 
 
 did. 
 
 S'aviser, to take it into one's head, Did she take it into her head to start 
 to bethink one's self. alone? Ans. She did. 
 
 Blamer, to blame for. Do you blame him for having acted thus? 
 
 Ans. I do. 
 
 Brtiler, to long to, to burn with the de- How I long to see him again ! 
 sire to. 
 
 Cesser, to cease ; pr. p. Please cease talking to me about it. 
 
 Ans. I will. 
 
 Charger, to charge, to commissio7i to. Has he commissioned you to act in his 
 
 place? Ans. He has. 
 
 Se charger, to take charge of. Shall I not take charge of warning the 
 
 inhabitants of the village ? 
 
 Choiser, to choose to. Have you not chosen to remain here? 
 
 Commander, to command. Did you command him to remain at his 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) post all day ? Ans. I did. 
 
 Conjurer, to conjure, to entreat to. Have you not entreated them to visit 
 
 you? Ans, I have, but they will 
 not. 
 
 Conseiller, to advise to. Do you advise me to send for a physi- 
 
 cian? Ans. I do. 
 
 Consoler, to console for. Has he succeeded in consoling her for 
 
 having lost her pearl necklace ? Ans. 
 He has not. 
 
 Se contenter, to be content, to content Will he be contented to live always in 
 one's self that manner? Ans. I think so. 
 
 Continuer de or £i, to continue to, to Has she continued to study German? 
 keep up ; pr. p. See List IV. Ans. She has not. (See Verb Diction- 
 
 ary.) 
 
 Convenir, to agree to. Have they agreed to come at five? 
 
 Ans. They have. 
 
234 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Craindre, to fear to ; or pr. p. 
 
 Decider, to decide to. (Intransitive.) 
 Decider (transitive) and se decider 
 require a. 
 D^ourager, to discourage. 
 
 D^daigner, to disdain to. 
 Difendre, to forbid to ; pr. p. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Se dipecher, to make haste to. 
 
 D6saccoutumer, to disaccustom^ to break 
 (^another) of the habit of 
 
 D6sesp6rer, to despair of; pr. p. 
 
 D6sirer, to be desirous of, to desire. 
 The preposition is used with d^- 
 sirer only when the wish is for 
 something uncertain or doubt- 
 ful. 
 
 Se d^soler, to grieve. 
 
 Determiner, to determine to. 
 
 Se determiner and etre determine 
 require k. 
 D6toumer, to divert from. 
 
 Se devoir, to owe it to one's self to. 
 
 Difflrer, to defer ^ to delay ; pr. p. See 
 
 Remettre a. 
 Dire, to tell to. 
 
 (d quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Discontinuer, to discontinue to. 
 Disconvenir, to disown, to deny. 
 
 Pisculper, to exculpate of. 
 
 Does she fear to travel alone? Ans. 
 She does. 
 
 Has she decided to begin the work to- 
 morrow? Ans. I believe not. 
 
 Will you discourage him from playing 
 
 marbles on Sunday? Ans. I will. 
 She disdains to quarrel with him. 
 Did you forbid him to swim in the river ? 
 
 Ans. I did. 
 Please make haste to speak to him about 
 
 it. Ans. I shall. 
 Has his wife broken him of the habit 
 
 of smoking his pipe in the evening ? 
 
 Ans. She has. 
 Do you despair of reaching home before 
 
 she leaves? Ans. I do. 
 Do you desire to see Mr. Williams? 
 
 Does he desire to succeed? Ans, 
 
 He does. 
 
 Is she not grieved 1 
 
 T^ , ^ . h to see him so cruel? 
 
 Does she not grieve j 
 
 Has he determined to go himself? 
 
 Ans. He has. 
 
 Do not divert them from doing what they 
 
 deem necessary. Ans. I shall not. 
 Does one not owe it to one's self to be 
 
 just and honorable ? 
 Shall you defer commencing that until 
 
 to-morrow? Ans. I shall. 
 Shall you tell him to leave at once? 
 
 Ans. I shall. 
 Has he discontinued writing to you? 
 Do you disown having spoken to him 
 
 about it ? Ans. I do not. 
 Has the judge exculpated him of having 
 
 robbed the old woman? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 235 
 
 Dispenser, to dispense with. 
 
 Dissuader, to dissuade from ; pr. p. 
 
 Ecrire, to write to. 
 
 S'efforcer, to endeavor to. 
 
 Enjoindre, to enjoin to. 
 
 Enrager, to be enraged from^ to. 
 
 Empecher, to prevent from. 
 
 S'empresser (de), to hasten to. 
 
 (a) to be eager to. 
 Entreprendre, to undertake to. 
 
 Essay er, to try to, to endeavor to. 
 
 A is also used in sense of to essay, 
 to endeavor. 
 Eviter, to avoid ; pr. p. 
 
 Excuser, to excuse from. 
 
 Exempter, to exempt from, to dispense 
 with. 
 
 Feindre, to feign to ; pr. p. 
 
 Se f6liciter, to felicitate, to congratu- 
 late one's self. 
 
 Finir, to finish ; pr. p. 
 
 Se flatter, to flatter one^s self on. 
 
 Fr^mir, to shudder to. 
 
 Se garder, to beware; pr. p., to take 
 care not to, to refrain from. 
 
 Can you not dispense with writing to 
 
 him? Ans. I cannot. 
 Have you dissuaded him from under- 
 taking that? Ans. I have. 
 Has he written you to come ? Ans. He 
 
 has. 
 Has he endeavored to prevent the sale 
 
 of that house ? Ans. He has. 
 Did you enjoin him to make haste? 
 
 Ans. I did. 
 He is enraged to be taken for (at having 
 
 been taken for) a workingman. 
 Did she prevent you from speaking of 
 
 the matter? Ans. She did. 
 Did you hasten to render her the service 
 
 demanded? Ans. I did. 
 Shall you undertake to sell your stock at 
 
 the present prices? 
 Did the general try to cut their hnes of 
 
 communication? Ans. He did. 
 
 Should I try to avoid saying anything 
 that could wound him? Ans. You 
 should. 
 
 Have you excused them from reciting 
 this morning? Ans. I have. 
 
 Can you dispense with his writing those 
 prescriptions this morning? 
 
 Why do you feign being happy ? 
 
 You should congratulate yourself on hav- 
 ing succeeded. 
 
 When shall you finish planting your vege- 
 tables ? 
 
 Does she flatter herself on speaking 
 French well? (that she speaks French 
 well). 
 
 Did she not shudder to hear that? Ans. 
 She did. 
 
 Did you take care not to promise too 
 much? Ans. I did. 
 
236 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Gimir, to lament, to bewail; pr. p. 
 
 Gronder, to scold for. 
 
 Se hater, to hasten to. 
 
 S'indigner, to be indignant to. 
 
 Inspirer, to inspire with, to. 
 Jurer, to swear to. 
 Mander, to send word to. 
 
 Manquer, to fail to (or pr. p.), to omit. 
 
 See List IV. 
 Miditer, to meditate ; pr. p. 
 
 Menacer, to threaten to. 
 
 Miriter, to deserve to. 
 N^gliger, to neglect to. 
 Nier, to deny ; pr. p. 
 Offrir, to offer to. 
 
 Omettre, to omit to. 
 
 Ordonner, to order to. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Oublier, to forget to. 
 Pardonner, to forgive for. 
 
 Parler, to speak of; pr. p. 
 
 Persuader, to persuade to. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Permettre, to permit. 
 
 {k quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Se piquer, to pretend to ; to pride one's 
 
 self upon ; to plume 07ie's self on. 
 Se plaindre, to complain of. 
 
 Does he not bewail having made such an 
 error ? 
 
 Did your father scold you for having 
 borrowed the money? 
 
 Have you hastened to pay your visits to 
 them? Ans. I have not. 
 
 Are you not indignant to see him dis- 
 regard your advice ? 
 
 Did she inspire you to write this book? 
 
 Has he not sworn to be revenged? 
 
 Did he send you word to come at once? 
 Ans. He did. 
 
 Has he failed to keep his promise? 
 Ans. He has. 
 
 Does your father not meditate going 
 to Europe in the spring? Ans. He 
 does. 
 
 Has your father threatened to cut off 
 your allowances? 
 
 Did he deserve to be recompensed ? 
 
 Did you neglect to pay last month's bills? 
 
 Does he deny having been there ? 
 
 Has he offered to cash the check for 
 you? Ans. He has not. 
 
 Will you omit reading this line? Ans, 
 I will not. 
 
 Did the doctor order you to give her 
 this medicine every two hours? 
 
 Had he forgotten to report his arrival? 
 
 Will you forgive her for not having in- 
 vited you ? Ans. I will not. 
 
 Did they not speak of starting to-morrow 
 for England? 
 
 Can you persuade her to sing this even- 
 ing? Ans. I think not. 
 
 Do you permit your son to ride that 
 horse? 
 
 Does he pride himself on having passed 
 that examination? 
 
 Does she complain of feeling badly ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 237 
 
 Plaindre, to pity. 
 
 Prescrire, to prescribe, to direct, to give 
 
 directions to. 
 Presser, to press, to urge to. 
 Se presser, to hasten to. 
 
 Frier, to request to. 
 
 Promettre, to promise to. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Proposer, to propose to, to proffer. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Se proposer, to purpose to ; to intend to. 
 Recommander, to recommend to. 
 
 (k quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Refuser, to refuse to. 
 
 Regretter, to regret to ; pr. p. 
 
 (Avoir, regret.^ 
 Se r^jouir, to rejoice to. 
 
 Remercier, to thank for ; pr. p. 
 
 Se repentir, to repent of; pr. p. 
 
 Se rappeler, to recall, to recollect; 
 
 pr. p. 
 Reprocher, to reproach for, with (and 
 
 pr. p.). 
 R^soudre, to resolve on, to determine to. 
 
 Se risoudre requires a. 
 Rire, to laugh to, at; pr. p. 
 Risquer, to risk; pr. p. 
 Rougir, to blush to. 
 Seoir, to be becoming to. 
 
 (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) 
 Solliciter, to solicit to. 
 
 This verb is more generally used 
 before a noun. 
 
 Do you pity him for having yielded to 
 
 the temptation ? 
 Has the doctor directed you to take 
 
 daily walks? Ans. He has. 
 Did he urge you to accompany him? 
 Shall you hasten to return her call? 
 
 Ans. I shall. 
 Has she not requested you to keep her 
 
 informed of your progress? 
 Did you not promise your mother to 
 
 write to her regularly? 
 Have you proposed to discuss the matter 
 
 with him? 
 I purpose going to Europe in the spring. 
 Will you not recommend to the general 
 
 to send out advance guard ? 
 Had he refused to grant you the desired 
 
 permission? Ans. He had. 
 Do you not regret leaving this beautiful 
 
 country? Ans. I do. 
 Did he not rejoice to hear of the death 
 
 of his rival? Ans. He did. 
 May I not thank him for having sent the 
 
 flowers? A71S. You may. 
 Does he repent having loaned you the 
 
 money? Ans. He does. 
 Can you recall having said that ? Ans. I 
 
 cannot. 
 Why should you reproach me for being 
 
 lazy? 
 Have they resolved on giving battle ? 
 
 Did you not laugh to see him so excited? 
 Has he not risked being killed? 
 You should blush even to speak of it. 
 Do you think it is very becoming to you 
 
 to act in that way ? 
 Did you sohcit him to promote you? 
 Did he solicit you to commit this crime ? 
 
2^,8 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Sommer, to summon to. 
 
 Se soucier, to care to, about, to concern 
 
 one's self about ; pr. p. 
 Souffrir, to suffer to. 
 Souhaiter, to wish to. 
 
 The preposition may be omitted. 
 Soup9onner, to suspect of. 
 
 Se souvenir, to remember to. 
 
 Se ressouvenir also used with de. 
 Suflire, to be sufficient to. 
 
 (As an impersonal verb.) 
 Sugg^rer, to suggest to. 
 Supplier, to entreat, to beseech to. 
 
 Tacher, to try to, to endeavor to. 
 
 Tarder, to long to. 
 
 (As an impersonal verb.) 
 Tenter, to attefnpt, to try ; to tempt. 
 
 Se vanter, to boast ; pr. p. 
 
 Have you summoned him to pay? 
 
 He concerns himself very little about 
 
 keeping his promise, does he not? 
 Did you not suffer him to leave ? 
 I wish to see him to-morrow. 
 
 Do you suspect him of having revealed 
 
 your secret ? Ans. I do. 
 Did you remember to tell her that I 
 
 should call on her next week ? 
 Is it not sufficient to report the fact by 
 
 letter? 
 Ought I to suggest writing to him? 
 Have I not many times besought you to 
 
 tell me where he is? 
 Have you endeavored to bring that 
 
 about? 
 Do you not long to finish this work? 
 
 Does not this fine weather tempt you to 
 go out ? Have you attempted to cul- 
 tivate this piece of ground ? 
 
 Does he not boast being sure to win first 
 place ? 
 
 LIST II 
 
 178. VERBS REQUIRING A BEFORE THE INFINITIVE 
 
 Verbs that require a before the 
 progressive action, or a tendency to 
 
 S'abaisser, to stoop to. 
 
 S'accorder, to agree, to coincide in, 
 
 Accoutumer (transitive) , to accustom to. 
 S'accoutumer (like accoutumer). 
 S'acharner, to be infuriated, to apply 
 one's self fiercely, ardently, to. 
 
 infinitive generally express continued or 
 attain something. 
 
 Did they stoop to accepting aid from 
 
 that person? Ans. They did. 
 Have they not agreed in recommending 
 this man? Ans. They have. 
 I Has he not accustomed us to expect 
 J nothing from him? Ans. He has. 
 Why does he apply himself so fiercely to 
 winning approbation from me ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 239 
 
 S'amuser, to amuse o?7e's self. 
 Animer, to anwiate to. 
 
 Aide*-, to help to. Will you help me hang these curtains? 
 
 Ans. I will gladly. 
 Aimer, to love to. Don't they like to pass their evenings 
 
 reading? Ans. They do not care 
 for it. 
 Amuser, to amuse with, in (and pr. p.). | Can you not amuse yourself with walk. 
 
 J ing up and down the river bank? 
 What unfortunate sentiment can animate 
 him to act thus? Ans. I cannot 
 say. 
 Does she not apply herself diligently to 
 
 causing trouble wherever she is? 
 Have you learned to sew buttons on 
 
 your clothing? Ans. I have. 
 Shall we get ready to go out? Ans. Yes; 
 let us do so. 
 
 S'appliquer, to apply one's self to. 
 
 Apprendre, to learn to, to teach to. 
 
 See Verb Dictionary. 
 Appreter, trans. ) to get ready to. 
 S'appreter, j to prepare to. 
 
 Aspirer, to aspire to. 
 
 Hardly used before the infinitive, 
 but, like the English equivalent, 
 is used chiefly before nouns. 
 Assigner, to summon, to subpoena, to 
 
 assign. 
 Assujettir, to subject, to compel, to 
 
 constrain to. 
 S'attacher, to strive to, to apply one's 
 self to, to adhere, etc. 
 
 Generally used before nouns. See 
 S'appliquer. 
 S'attendre, to expect to. 
 
 Have you been summoned to appear 
 before Judge B. ? Ans. I have not. 
 
 Did not that monarch compel the captives 
 to work like slaves ? 
 
 Do you expect to see him to-morrow? 
 Ans. I do not. 
 
 Will you authorize me to lead the at- 
 tack? 
 Avoir (expressing obligation), to have Do you not have to write to your mother 
 
 Autoriser, to authorize to. 
 
 to. 
 Balancer, to hesitate, to be undecided, 
 
 irresolute to. 
 Se borner, to limit one's self to. 
 
 Chercher, to seek to, to try to. 
 
 to-night? 
 Do you hesitate to act? 
 
 Did he not limit (confine) himself to 
 reading the most striking paragraphs? 
 
 Have they not sought to hamper my 
 progress in every possible way? 
 
240 
 
 THE FRENCH l/ERB 
 
 Commencer, to begin, to commence. 
 Grammarians sometimes put com- 
 mencer in list with verbs requir- 
 ing k and de, but a only is used 
 in practice. 
 Concourir, to contribute to, to cooper- 
 ate in. 
 Condamner, to condemn to. 
 
 Condescendre, to condescend to. 
 Consentir, to consent to. 
 
 Consistir, to consist in. 
 
 Consumer, to consume, to wear out. 
 Contraindre, to compel to. 
 Convier, to i?ivite to. 
 
 Cofiter, to cost, to cost an effort to. 
 
 Coiiter, as an impersonal verb, re- 
 quires de. 
 D&ider, to induce to. 
 
 Se decider, like decider (transitive), 
 requires a; decider (intransi- 
 tive) requires de. 
 Demander, to ask {some one) to. See 
 
 List IV. 
 Destiner, to destine to. 
 
 (Only when used passively.) 
 Etre determine, to be determined to. 
 Determiner (transitive), to persuade to, 
 
 to influence to, induce to. 
 Se determiner, to determine to. 
 Disposer, to prevail upon, to induce to, 
 to dispose to. 
 
 Do you begin to understand me ? 
 
 Have not all the sciences contributed to 
 
 civilize the world? Ans. They have. 
 Did he not condemn this poor man to 
 
 pass the remainder of his days in 
 
 prison? Ans. He did. 
 Did she condescend to listen to you? 
 Has your father consented to accompany 
 
 us? Ans. Yes, he has. 
 Does not our safety consist in acting 
 
 promptly in such cases? Ans. It 
 
 does. 
 Has he not worn out all his energy in 
 
 serving his master? 
 Was that officer not compelled to resign? 
 
 Ans. He was. 
 Have they not invited you to take your 
 
 meals at their house? Ans. They 
 
 have. 
 Is it not a sacrifice which it costs an 
 
 effort to make? Ans. It is. 
 
 Have you induced him to start to-day ? 
 
 Did your mother not ask you to bring 
 
 in those chairs? 
 Is he not destined to become famous? 
 
 Ans. I believe he is. 
 Is he determined to ruin his life ? 
 
 Have you prevailed upon him to grant 
 my request? Ans. I have. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 24 c 
 
 Se disposer, to prepare to. See Dic- 
 tionary. 
 Donner, to give to. 
 
 Employer, to employ at. 
 S'employer, to busy one's self in, to 
 
 spend one^s time at, in. 
 Encourager, to encourage to. 
 
 Enhardir, to embolden to. 
 
 Enseigner, to teach to. 
 
 Etre, to be (at) ; pr. p. 
 
 S'ltudier, to study to, to make it one's 
 
 study to. 
 S'evertuer, to exert one's self to. 
 
 Exceller, to excel in ; pr. p. 
 
 Exciter, to excite to, 
 
 S'exercer, to exercise in, to practise ; 
 
 pr. p. 
 Exhorter, to exhort to. 
 
 Se fatiguer, to get tired ; pr. p. 
 
 Forcer, to force to. 
 
 Used passively, forcer requires de. 
 Gagner, to gain by, to improve upon. 
 Gagner a etre connu, to improve upon 
 
 acquaintance. 
 S'habituer, to accustom one^s self to, to 
 
 get accustomed to. 
 Se hasarder, to venture, 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 16 
 
 Have I given you too much to do? 
 Has he given you to understand that you 
 
 are to go? Ans. He has. 
 Is he not busying himself at present with 
 
 repairing the garden fence? 
 
 Does your father encourage you to read 
 
 fiction? Ans. He does not. 
 Is it that fact which has emboldened you 
 
 to speak to me on the subject? 
 Who is the gentleman who is teaching 
 
 your children to read Greek? 
 Was she not doing what I told her to do ? 
 
 A71S. She was not. 
 Does he not make it his study to please 
 
 her in every way ? Ans. He does. 
 She does not exert herself to understand 
 
 what I say. I know it-. 
 He excels in touching up old paintings, 
 
 does he not? Ans. He does. 
 Who excited him to commit such an 
 
 imprudence? Ans. I cannot say. 
 Does he not exercise himself in firing 
 
 the revolver every morning? 
 Do not their priests exhort them to die 
 
 fighting? Ans. They do. 
 Do you not get tired reading to the 
 
 children? Ans. I do sometimes. 
 Did they force you to sign that paper? 
 
 Ans. They did. 
 
 I have accustomed myself to rise at six. 
 
 Has she ventured to go out in the boat 
 with you? Ans. Only in very fine 
 weather. 
 
242 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 H^siter, io hesitate. 
 
 Inciter, to incite to. 
 
 Instruire, to instruct to. 
 
 Int^resser, to interest to. 
 
 Inviter, to invite to. 
 
 Se mettre, to set about, to begin ; pr. p. 
 
 Montrer, to show how to. See Ap- 
 
 prendre. 
 Obliger, to oblige to. 
 
 Obliger, used passively, requires de. 
 
 S'obstiner, to be obstinate in. 
 
 S'offrir, to offer to, to offer one's self. 
 S'opiniatrer, to be obstinate in. 
 
 (Like S'obstiner.) 
 Parvenir, to succeed in. 
 
 (With etre.) 
 Passer, to pass, to spend in. 
 
 Penser, to think, to have thoughts of, 
 
 Pers^v^rer, to presevere in, 
 
 Persister, to persist in. 
 
 Se plaire, to delight in. 
 
 Porter, to incline, to induce to, to 
 
 prompt to. 
 Se preparer, to prepare to. 
 
 Recommencer, to begin again to. 
 R^duire, to reduce to, to compel to. 
 
 Do not hesitate to write to me when in 
 
 need of money. Ans. I shall not. 
 Is he inciting these Indians to join the 
 
 rioters? Ans. He is. 
 Did he instruct you to sign papers during 
 
 his absence? Ans. Pie did. 
 Have you interested the children to try 
 
 this new game ? 
 Have you invited him to spend a month 
 
 at your country home? Ans. I have. 
 At what hour do you begin writing your 
 
 exercises? Ans. At eight. 
 Show him how to copy these drawings. 
 
 Can you not oblige him to return the 
 borrowed articles? Ans. I do not 
 know. 
 
 Is he not obstinate in wishing to go with 
 us? Ans. He is. 
 
 Has he not offered to go ? 
 
 Have they succeeded in obtaining that 
 position ? 
 
 Does he still pass his afternoons rowing 
 on the lake? 
 
 Were you thinking of going to see him 
 to-night? Ans. I was. 
 
 Does he persevere in sending you 
 flowers ? 
 
 Does she persist in denying having said 
 that? Ans. She does. 
 
 Why do you delight in. teasing her? 
 
 Have you induced him to think about 
 the matter? 
 
 Have you prepared to address the mem- 
 bers of the club to-night? 
 
 Has he begun to smoke again ? 
 
 Have you reduced your pride to accept- 
 ing that situation ? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 243 
 
 Renoncer, to renounce ; pr. p. Will she not renounce seeing this person? 
 
 Ans. She will. 
 
 R^pugner, to feel reluctant, loth to. Does he feel reluctant to speak to the 
 
 Impersonally, repugner requires man about it? 
 de. II me r^pugne de f aire cela, 
 etc. 
 
 Se r^signer, to resign one's self to. Has the criminal resigned himself to 
 
 Se risoudre, to resolve to, etc. See dying to-morrow? 
 Risoudre, under verbs with de. 
 
 Raster, to re7nain to. Does it not remain to you to thank them 
 
 for their courtesy? 
 He remained there watching the river. 
 Engager, to induce, engage to, to hire to, Have you induced those men to perform, 
 
 to set {around) about. this work ? 
 
 R^ussir, to succeed in (and pir. p.). Have you succeeded in hiring a servant? 
 
 Ans. I have not. 
 Servir, to serve to. This small fence serves to separate the 
 
 two herds. 
 Songer, to dream, think of. Do you not sometimes think of return- 
 
 ing to your old home? Ans. But 
 rarely. 
 Suffire, to suffice, to be sufficient, ade- Will this maid be capable of serving so 
 quale to. many persons? 
 
 Pour is frequently used in above 
 
 sense. 
 Suffire, impersonally, requires de. 
 Tarder, to delay, to be long in. See list Why does he delay coming ? 
 
 with de. 
 Tendre, to tend to (intransitive). Will not this misunderstanding tend to 
 
 engender bitter feelings? 
 Tenir, to be anxious to. Is he not very anxious to return home 
 
 , for the holidays? 
 
 Travailler, to work, to labor, to try to. Is he not trying to make his fortune ? 
 
 Ans. He is. > 
 
 Venir, to happen to, to chance to. If you happen to see him, will you tell 
 
 him to write to me? 
 
 _ ,^ ^ . . ' ^^ . f at winning your esteem. 
 
 Viser (ng.), to aim at, to aspire to. He aims \ 
 
 ^ ° ^ [to wm your esteem. 
 
 Ans. I agree with you. 
 
244 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 LIST III 
 179. VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION BEFORE THE INFINITIVE 
 
 Aimer mieux, to like better, to prefer. 
 Followed by verbs in infinitive, 
 aimer mieux is generally used 
 with de before the second infini- 
 tive. See Verb Dictionary. 
 
 Aller, to go. 
 
 Apercevoir, to perceive. 
 
 Assurer, to assert. 
 
 Croire, to believe. 
 
 Compter, to pufpose, to intend, to ex- 
 pect. 
 
 Courir, to run. 
 
 Daigner, to deign to. 
 
 Declarer, to declare. 
 
 Devoir, to be to (lit. to owe to). 
 
 The French express the verb to 
 be as here rendered by devoir, 
 because it is not used in its 
 true sense, but to express duty, 
 obligation, previous arrange- 
 ment, etc. 
 
 Would they not prefer returning? Ans. 
 They would rather return than stay 
 here. 
 
 When will you go and take a walk ? Ans. 
 
 We will go and take a sail if you will 
 
 come with us. 
 I perceive them walking. Do you|^| 
 
 Ans. I do not perceive them walk- 
 ing, but I hear them talking. 
 
 Does he not assert having written to you ? 
 Atis. He asserts having called upon 
 your brother-in-law. 
 
 They thought (believed) that they had de- 
 ceived you, did they not? Ans. They* 
 thought they had, but I am not so 
 easily deceived. 
 
 You purpose buying the goods in the 
 spring, do you not? Aits. We pur- 
 pose buying them during the summer. 
 
 He ran for the doctor, did he not? 
 Ans. He ran and spoke to him. 
 
 Did he deign to tell you when he would 
 return ? Ans. He did not deign even 
 to look at me. 
 
 The witness declared having seen them 
 enter the house, did he not ? Ans. He 
 declared having seen them leave it. 
 
 Where are you to go this morning? 
 Ans. I am to go to the store. 
 
 Were you not to return with me? 
 Ans. I was not to return with you. 
 
 Is your brother to come here soon? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 245 
 
 Ecouter, to listen to. 
 Entendre, to hear. 
 
 4 
 
 Envoyer, to send. (Envoyer chercher, 
 envoy er dire.) 
 
 Esperer, to expect. 
 
 Faire, to get, to have, to order. 
 I^Valloir, to be necessary, to need. 
 
 S'imaginer, to fancy, to tjnagine. 
 
 Laisser, to let, to allow. 
 Oser, to dare. 
 
 Paraltre, to appear, to seem. 
 
 Penser, to have like ; to come very near 
 (lit. to think). 
 
 Mener, to lead, to take. 
 
 Pr6f6rer, to prefer. 
 
 Also is used with de before the 
 infinitive. 
 Pr^tendre, to pretend, to intend to. 
 
 Listen to this lady sing. Ans. I do not 
 
 desire to hsten to her sing. 
 Did you ever hear them speak? Ans. I 
 
 never did. 
 Were they not to send for the boats? 
 
 Ans. No, sir, they were to send for 
 
 the sails. 
 What do you expect to do next winter? 
 
 Ans. I expect to study French, Italian, 
 
 and Spanish. 
 Are you going to have your horse 
 
 sold? 
 What must be done to assist him? 
 
 Ans. He must first ask for our assist- 
 ance. He needs five hundred dol- 
 lars. 
 He imagines he can do that, does he not? 
 
 Ans. He does, but we all know that 
 
 he cannot. 
 Should I let them leave? Ans, Let 
 
 them speak. 
 Will they dare confess having written 
 
 without your consent? Ans. They 
 
 will deny having written. 
 Does he appear to know his duty? 
 
 Ans. He appears to think so at least. 
 Does she seem to understand what is 
 
 said to her? Ans. She seems to 
 
 understand, but she will not answer. 
 He was near falling a moment ago, was 
 
 he not? Ans. He was; he would 
 
 have fallen had I not been near him. 
 Did the boy take the cows to graze on 
 
 the salt meadows? 
 He prefers to become a monk, does he 
 
 not? Ans. He prefers to remain as 
 
 he is. 
 Do you pretend to know the news? 
 
 Ans. I do not pretend to know the 
 
 news you allude to. 
 
246 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Pouvoir, to be able. 
 
 Reconnaitre, to acknowledge. 
 
 Regarder, to look at. 
 
 Retourner, to return. 
 
 Savoir, to know, to be able. 
 
 Sembler, to seem. 
 
 Souhaiter, to wish. 
 
 Also used with de. 
 Soutenir, to maintain. 
 
 Valoir mieux, to be better. 
 
 Remark under aimer mieux 
 
 applies here also. 
 Venir, to come. 
 
 Voir, to see. 
 
 Vouloir, to ivisJi, to be willing. 
 (Laisser.) 
 
 Compter, to intend, 
 AUer, to go. 
 Pr^f^rer. 
 Aimer mieux. 
 
 What did he tell you? Ans. He told 
 
 me that he could not pay you the 
 
 money he owes you. 
 Does he acknowledge having said it? % 
 
 Ans. He acknowledges having spoken 
 
 of the matter several times. 
 When you called me, what were you look- 
 ing at? Ans. I was looking at the 
 
 soldiers pass. 
 When will you return to see us? 
 
 Ans. We shall return to see you the 
 
 eleventh of next month. 
 Can he (does he know how to) dance ?^ 
 
 Do you know how to look for a word 
 
 in the dictionary? 
 You seem to be afraid of coming in. . 
 
 Come in ; why do you not? Ans. I do 
 
 not wish to come in ; if I did, I would. 
 Do you wish to be happy ? Ans. I wish 
 
 to see my friends. 
 He maintains he has read the letter ; do 
 
 you beheve him? I do not. I main- 
 tain he has not. 
 Is it not better to start now than remain 
 
 until it is quite dark? Aiis. I think 
 
 it is better to start now. 
 Will you come to see me late or early? 
 
 Ans. I shall not be able to come to 
 
 see you before noon. 
 Do you see anybody coming? Ans. \ 
 
 see nobody coming. 
 Do you not see my sister coming? 
 Will you not let him read? Ans. I will 
 
 let him read if he will let me write. - 
 
 If you would listen, I would tell you why '" 
 
 I prefer to remain. 
 Who intends to go and take a walk after 
 
 breakfast? Ans. Nobody does; we 
 
 all intend to go to your cousin's after 
 
 dinner, unless you prefer going after tea. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 247 
 
 Aimer mieux, to prefer to. 
 Pref^rer, to like better. 
 Valoir mieux, to be better. 
 
 You would rather go than stay, would 
 you not ? Ans. Yes, I would rather go 
 than stay. It is better to go than to 
 stay here alone. 
 
 LIST IV 
 
 180. VERBS THAT TAKE SOMETIMES A AND SOMETIMES DE BEFORE 
 
 THE INFINITIVE 
 
 Some verbs take sometimes a and sometimes de before a following infinitive, 
 according to the meaning which they are intended to convey. 
 
 Commencer a, to begin a progressive' 
 action. 
 
 Commencer de, to denote commence- 
 ment of an action. 
 
 Continuer a, to continue uninterruptedly. 
 
 Continuer de, to continue with inter- 
 ruption. 
 Demander a, to ask to (i.e. to be allowed 
 
 to). 
 Demander de, to ask somebody to do 
 something. 
 
 The above distinction is not al- 
 ways made, a being generally 
 used in all cases. 
 S'eiforcer a, to strive physically. 
 S'eiforcer a or de, to strive intellectually. 
 S'empresser a, to be eager, emulous to. 
 
 S'empresser de, to hasten to. 
 
 Essayer a, is used for to try, to make 
 
 continued efforts to attain an end. 
 Essayer de, is used for to try, to make 
 
 a trial of (as would be the case in 
 
 a single or desultory attempt) . 
 Etre a, to be to (to denote the regular 
 
 turn of successive actions) . 
 
 In practice, only ^ is used. 
 
 Did he continue reading while you were 
 
 in the room? 
 Does he continue to call upon her? 
 
 Does he ask to go out? 
 
 I ask you to listen to me ; will you do so ? 
 
 Is he trying to lift that box? 
 
 Is he trying to learn our language? 
 
 Is he not eager to please those in the 
 
 high places ? 
 Why did you not hasten to tie her shoe ? 
 He is trying to obtain that appointment. 
 
 He tried to sing, but failed utterly. 
 
 It is your turn to speak, 
 to deal (cards). 
 
 It is your turn 
 
248 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Etre de, to be to (denotes the right or 
 
 duty of some one to act). 
 Forcer, to compel 1 require a when the 
 Obligor, to oblige J verb is active. 
 Forcer 1 reqbire de when used 
 Obliger j passively. 
 Obliger requires de in sense of to 
 render a service. 
 Laisser a, to leave to (something to be 
 
 suppHed, completed, finished). 
 Ne laisser pas de, not to leave off. 
 Manquer a, to fail to (in sense of to 
 
 fall short of doing one's duty). 
 Manquer de, to fail to (in sense of to 
 miss)f to be near to, to omit to. 
 
 S'occuper a, to be busy at, to apply one^s 
 self to doing something. 
 
 S'occuper de, to be busy with, to con- 
 cern one's self with, to think about 
 doing something. 
 
 Accoutumer a, to accustom to (when 
 used actively or pronominally). 
 
 Accoutumer de, to be wont to. 
 Venir, to cotne. 
 
 Used without preposition before 
 infinitive in sense of (to come 
 and do something). 
 Venir pour. Used when meaning is 
 to come for the purpose of, to come 
 to do something (which may not nec- 
 essarily be done). 
 Venir de, to come from doing some- 
 thing ; expresses to have just. 
 Venir a, is used in the sense of to 
 happen to. 
 
 It is for the master to command. It is 
 for you to act in this matter. 
 
 He compelled you to do it, did he not ? 
 Did you oblige him to pay you? 
 
 I was forced to do it. 
 
 You will oblige me by doing it. 
 
 I leave you to think (lit. to thinking). 
 
 He does not leave off complaining. 
 He failed to fulfill his duties. 
 
 One cannot fail to observe that (miss 
 observing that). He came near fall- 
 ing. He has failed (omitted) to re- 
 turn the books he borrowed. 
 
 He is busy (occupied at) studying his 
 lessons for to-morrow. 
 
 He is concerned with getting evidence 
 to prosecute his neighbor. 
 
 I have accustomed them to work eight 
 hours a day. He accustomed himself 
 to smoke only in the evenings. 
 
 He was wont to go there. (With etre.) 
 
 Will you come and see me ? 
 
 I came here to tell you about it, but you 
 were not in. 
 
 I have just seen him. He has just 
 
 started. 
 If you happen to see him, tell him 
 
 about it. 
 If he should happen to die, I would be 
 
 grief-stricken. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 i8i. THE INFINITIVE AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB 
 
 249 
 
 The infinitive with its preposition completing the sense of another verb is in 
 some cases the direct, and in some cases the indirect, object of the verb. 
 
 Study the following examples in which the direct object is shown in italics. 
 
 Enseigner 1 a quelqu'un a faire que/que chose, to teach or show somebody to do 
 Montrer J something. 
 
 Prier quelqu^un de faire quelque chose, to ask somebody to do something. 
 Remercier quelqu^un d'avoir fait quelque chose, to thank somebody for having done 
 
 something. 
 Demander d faire quelque chose, to ask {to be allowed^ to do so7ne thing, 
 Demander a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to ask somebody to do sorne thing. 
 Conseiller a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to advise somebody to do something. 
 Dire a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to tell so?nebody to do something. 
 Se rappeler d^ avoir faii quelque chose, to recollect having done something. 
 
 LIST V 
 
 182. VERBS REFLECTED IN FRENCH AND NOT IN ENGLISH, AND 
 USE OF THE PAST TENSE 
 
 Many verbs are used in the reflected form in French, while the EngHsh verb 
 does not admit of this form. 
 
 A list of these verbs, with the preposition required by them, is given, com- 
 bined with the use of the past tense. 
 
 After the student has had explained to him the use of the past tenses, — which 
 correspond generally to that in English, — he should receive a daily drill on the 
 following exercises. 
 
 As two or more reflected verbs are combined in some of the following examples, 
 they are not arranged entirely in alphabetical order. 
 
 S'abstenir de. During Napoleon's reign, were the marshals of the empire 
 
 ^ I ^°^*^®- ^" ^^^ habit of abstaining from levying contributions in an 
 [ avec. enemy's country? Ans. No; but Napoleon was always 
 
 offended with them when they did not abstain from it. 
 S'abonner a. When you lived in Paris, were you not in the habit of sub- 
 
 scribing to every paper published, good, bad, or indifferent? 
 Ans. Not at all ; I subscribed only to those which upheld 
 the government. 
 
250 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 S'abonner k. 
 
 S'apercevoir. 
 S'obstiner a. 
 
 S'adoucir. 
 
 S'asseoir. 
 Se sauver. 
 S'esquiver. 
 
 S'agenouiller. 
 Se moquer de. 
 S'empecher de. 
 Se bonifier. 
 
 Se brouiller. 
 Se facher de. 
 
 Se coucher. 
 
 Se dipecher de. 
 Se determiner a. 
 
 What paper did you subscribe to last summer? Ans. I did 
 not subscribe to any paper. When I wanted to read the 
 papers, I used to borrow them from my friends. 
 
 He generally stopped reading when he perceived that I was 
 listening to him, did he not? Ans. He not only stopped, 
 but he persisted in not continuing. He was a queer fellow. 
 
 When you came here ten years ago, were not the winters 
 already growing milder? Ans. They were very severe when 
 I came here ; they have grown very mild within three or 
 four years. 
 
 Just as you were sitting down, two or three men looked in 
 at the door and then ran away. You did not see them, 
 did you ? Ans. Yes, I did ; one was small, the other was 
 tall ; both had red flannel shirts on. I ran to the door 
 immediately and saw them steal away down an alley. 
 
 Whenever I knelt down, you laughed at me ; why did you 
 do that? Ans. I could not help laughing, you looked 
 so funny. 
 
 That wine was very indifferent for two years ; five years ago 
 it grew suddenly much better. Is it not better than the 
 wine you bought this year? Ans. The wine I bought this 
 morning will improve with time. Yours grew suddenly 
 better, why should not mine? 
 
 Did not the general get angry at you this morning? Ans. 
 He got angry with everybody; we fell out about an hour 
 ago. 
 
 At what time did you usually go to bed when you were board- 
 ing in the country? Ans. In summer we went to bed at 
 half-past eight; in winter we usually went to bed at ten. 
 We never sat up very late. 
 
 When you saw William yesterday morning, why did you not 
 make haste to speak to him? Ans, He was walking so 
 fast that I could not overtake him. 
 
 I have been told they resolved to pay them this morning. 
 Were you not told the same thing? Ans. I was told the 
 same thing. To tell you the truth, I know they hastened 
 to pay them all this morning. 
 
 At what hour did you determine to set out? Ans. I deter- 
 mined to set out about an hour and a half ago. How late 
 is it no\y? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 251 
 
 S'emporter contre. 
 Se lever. 
 
 S'empresser de. 
 
 S'endormir. 
 S'evanouir. 
 
 S'enivrer. 
 S'envoler. 
 
 S'enrichir. 
 
 Se fondre. 
 
 Se glisser. 
 Se hater de. 
 
 Se marier. 
 
 Se m^fier de. 
 Se composer de. 
 Consister en. 
 Se mutiner. 
 
 Why did you fly into a passion with your sister when you 
 
 got up this morning? Ans. I did not fly into a passion 
 
 with my sister. I flew into a passion with my servant, 
 
 who got intoxicated last night, and who was still so when 
 
 I got up this morning. 
 Whenever he went out, were you not eager to give him 
 
 his cloak, gloves, and cane ? Ans. We were always eager 
 
 to do so. 
 You say that young man fell asleep after fainting ; you also 
 
 say he fainted to-day, do you not? Ans. I say he fainted 
 
 to-day, but I do not say he fell asleep immediately after 
 
 fainting. He fell asleep an hour ago. When she lived 
 
 in the country did she faint as often as she does now? 
 
 Ans. She fainted regularly twice a day. 
 Did not your servant get intoxicated very often last winter? 
 
 Ans. He did ; he used to get intoxicated every morning, 
 
 and whenever he opened the cages to feed the birds, one 
 
 or two generally flew away. 
 How did that merchant grow so rich this year? How many 
 
 ships did he own last year? Ans. Really, I don't know. 
 
 Last year his property consisted of two ships, I beheve. 
 
 He now has more than eighty. 
 Formerly the snows on these mountains usually melted 
 
 before the end of May; did they not? Ans. They 
 
 usually melted about the end of June. Last year they 
 
 melted in the month of April. 
 How did that child creep into that barrel? Ans. I don't 
 
 know how he crept into it ; I did not see him get into it. 
 La^t month those men hastened to pay their debts; did 
 
 they not? Ans. They did; they paid them as soon as 
 
 the bank was open, on the thirtieth. 
 Where did your father marry ; here or in France ? Ans. 
 
 He married neither here nor in France ; he married in 
 
 England. He has been married fifteen years. 
 He says the sugar he lost consisted of twenty barrels ; but, 
 
 tell me, do you not mistrust what he says? , Ans. I did 
 
 at first ; I do not now. 
 Did not the crew of that vessel mutiny six months ago? 
 
 Ans. Somebody told me they did. I have been told they 
 
 mutinied again to-day. 
 
252 
 
 Se plaire k. 
 
 Se plaindre de. 
 
 Se promener en bateau. 
 Se promener a cheval. 
 Se promener en voiture. 
 Se promener en traineau. 
 
 Se rappeler de. 
 
 (Before infinitive.) 
 
 Se r^fugier aupr^s de. 
 Se retirer de. 
 
 Se souvenir de. 
 
 Se vanter. 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 When you were in Paris, did you not often go to the 
 Tuileries? Ans. We used to take great dehght in 
 going there. 
 
 Why did you go out so early? Ans. I went out early 
 to complain of what my servant did last night. 
 
 How did you spend your time when you were in St. 
 Petersburg? Ans. In summer we generally took a 
 sail in the morning; in the afternoon we went out 
 in a carriage or on horseback ; and at night we 
 used to go out in a two-horse sleigh. 
 
 When you saw your brother-in-lWtv this morning, did 
 you remember to tell him what I told you last night? 
 Ans. I saw him, but I did not recollect what you 
 told me. What did you tell me? Tell me again. 
 
 Were you not absent when those patriots took refuge 
 with us? Ans. I was; I had withdrawn from busi- 
 ness. I was living in the country. 
 
 Do you remember the days we spent together as 
 children? Ans. If I remember rightly, we did not 
 spend many days together. 
 
 You always used to boast you would never catch cold 
 in this climate. How is it that you catch cold so 
 frequently now? Ans. I caught cold this morning 
 because I went out too early with only a thin coat on. 
 
 183. REMARKS ON ENGLISH AUXILIARIES AND FRENCH 
 EQUIVALENTS 
 
 In some English grammars the words can, could, could have, may, might, might 
 have, should, should have, are given as " signs " of a " potential mood "; and in 
 most French grammars for English-speaking students, the impression is given 
 that these "signs" should be translated by the conditional or subjunctive of 
 French verbs. 
 
 This theory is an error, for these auxiliaries are real, defective verbs, and 
 each contains a distinct idea of its own of power, leave, or obligation, and must, 
 when the idea is to be conveyed, be translated by the proper tenses of pouvoir or 
 devoir. 
 
 Further, will, shall, would, would have, in addition to their use as signs of 
 the future or conditional, have their own meanings of wish; volition, or in- 
 clination. 
 
 This happens especially after if, or when the will of the speaker or other 
 
Peut-il reussir ? 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 253 
 
 person is consulted ; and then will must be rendered by the present of vouloir, 
 and would by the conditional of vouloir. 
 
 Therefore, the student must in every case ascertain the exact meaning of 
 these auxiliaries, and then translate into the proper French construction. 
 
 A study of the following examples will serve to show the distinctions that may 
 have to be made. 
 
 1. If I can (am 'able to) do it, I will carry it for you. 
 Si je puis le faire, je le porterai pour vous. 
 
 May I go out? Puis-je sortir ? 
 
 Can he succeed? 
 
 Is he able to succeed? 
 
 If I could {were able'), I should carry it for you. 
 
 Si je le pouvais, je l^t^ porterais pour vous. 
 
 I should {ought to) carry it for you. 
 Je devrais le porter pour vous. 
 
 2. If you go to Rome, shall you {are you to) go to Naples also ? 
 Si vous allez a Rome irez-vous aussi a Naples? 
 
 If you will {are willing to) accompany ?ne, I have a mind to go to Naples, 
 Si vous voulez m'accompagner j'ai envie d'aller a Naples. 
 Irez-vous a New York aujourd'hui ou demain ? 
 Shall you {are you to) go to New York to-day or to-morrow ? 
 Voulez -vous aller a New York demain? 
 Will you {are you willing, do you want to) go to New York to-morrow ? 
 
 3. You would liste?i to me if you were more sensible. 
 Vous m'ecouter/ez si vous ^tiez plus sens^. 
 
 If you would {ivere willing to) listen to me, matters would be different. 
 Si vous vouliez m'ecouter les choses seraient differentes. 
 
 4. I could {might be able to) be happier, 
 Je pourrais etre plus heureux. 
 / could {was able to) do it when I was young, 
 Je pouvais le faire quand j'^tais jeune. 
 
 5. II aurait pu etre ^crase par la voiture. 
 He could have {might have) been run over by the carriage. 
 J'ai pu le tuer. / could have killed him. 
 
 6. He wouldnU go if he had not sufficient money. 
 
 II n'irait pas s'il n'avait pas assez d'argent. 
 He wouldn't (did not ivish to) go. II n'a pas voulu aller. 
 
254 '^^E FRENCH VERB 
 
 He would {used to) go often to see the old lady. 
 II allait souvent voir la vieille dame, 
 
 7. May used beseechingly to implore a favor or to avert an evil is rendered 
 by the present subjunctive with'out que. 
 
 Puiss6-je voir ces jours heureux I May I see those happy days / 
 Puissent-ils arriver h. temps I May they arrive in time I 
 
 8. Can meaning to have the requisite knowledge, experience, or skill to do 
 something is rendered by savoir before an infinitive. 
 
 Savez-vous nager ? Can you {do you know how to) swim ? 
 
 Je sais nager, mais je ne puis nager aujourd'hui parce que J'ai mal au pied. 
 
 9. Shall, if it expresses a determination in the speaker to enforce an act, 
 must be rendered by forcer or obliger. 
 
 Whether you like it or not, you shall work. 
 
 Que vous le vouliez ou non, je vous forcerai de travailler. 
 
 10. Must expressing necessity is rendered by falloir. 
 II faut que je connaisse un homme pour le bien juger. 
 
 / must know a man in order to judge him well. 
 
 11. Must expressing inference or consequence from what precedes or follows 
 is devoir. 
 
 He is covered with dust ; he must have fallen. 
 II est couvert de poussi^re, il a dii tomber. 
 
 See examples under devoir. 
 
 184. TABLE SHOWING TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH VERB AUXILIA- 
 RIES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT MEANINGS 
 
 1. He can (or he may) do that. (Power ) 
 
 ., .,. N r II peut faire cela. 
 
 or possibility.) ) 
 
 He can {knows how to) do that. 
 
 (Knowledge, skill.) 
 
 2. He could {was able to) do that. 
 
 (Power.) 
 
 He could {would be able to) do that. 
 ^ He might (possibility) do that. 
 
 He should, ought to do that. (Duty, 
 
 )■■ 
 
 sait faire cela. 
 
 II pouvait faire cela. 
 II a pu faire cela. 
 II put faire cela. 
 
 I" 
 
 pourrait faire cela. 
 
 obligation.) } II devralt faire cela. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 255 
 
 I II f au 
 J II lui 
 
 , He must, he has to, do that. (Neces- ) II faut qu'il fasse cela. 
 
 sity.) J II lui faut faire cela 
 
 he must, he is to, do that. . (Futurity, ]»,,.,. 
 
 . , ' . . ^. ^ ^ M- II doit faire cela. 
 
 with obligation or expectation.) j 
 
 He will do that. (Simple futurity.) II fera cela. 
 
 ' He will {wants to) do that. 1 , 
 
 TT ■ ■ : . J' •. /TT V • N > n veut faire cela. 
 \He insists upon doing it. (Volition.) J 
 
 *He shall do that (/ shall force him ) Je lui forcerai de faire cela. 
 
 to). I Je I'obligerai a faire cela. 
 
 He would {insisted upon doing) do ' 
 
 that. 
 He was willing to {wished to) do 
 
 that. (Volition.) 
 
 II voulait faire cela. 
 II a voulu faire cela. 
 
 He would (if he could) do that. ) ^, , . , , ,., 
 
 (Conditional.) 1 " *^'"'"* •=«'" ^^ '> '« P""'"")- 
 
 He would I , , , „ , 
 
 , . \do that every day. II faisait cela tous les jours. 
 
 ^ rr 1 ^ ^ .7 ^ i II se peut qu'il ait a faire cela. 
 
 6. He may have to do that. < „ 
 
 ( II se peut qu il lui faille faire cela. 
 
 He might have to do that (Possible ) II se pourrait qu'il efit a faire cela. 
 necessity.) ) II se pourrait qu'il lui fallfit faire cela 
 
 7. He could have done that. II aurait pu faire cela. 
 
 He fnight have done that. (Power, ) ,, ,. 
 
 .l-r X [11 efit pu faire cela. 
 
 possibility.) ) 
 
 8. He should have done that. 1 
 
 He ought to have done that. (Duty, \ II aurait dii faire cela. 
 obligation.) J 
 
 He must have {probably has) done 
 that. (Inference.) 
 
 )" 
 
 a d^ faire cela. 
 
256 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 VERB DICTIONARY 
 
 In the use of this verb dictionary, it must be remembered that an attempt has 
 not been made to supplant the regular dictionaries with respect to verbs, but to 
 supplement them ; to explain and illustrate peculiar uses and meanings of the 
 verbs, and so to enable the student properly to use them from the beginning. 
 
 The English-French dictionaries, as a rule, give the various meanings a verb 
 may have, but do not sufficiently illustrate, and (since few beginners have com- 
 plete French dictionaries or cyclopedias, or having them do not know how to use 
 them) the student remains uncertain as to just how or when to use most verbs 
 and not infrequently conceives erroneous ideas as to their significations. 
 
 This difficulty occurs especially with verbs that require prepositions after 
 them, but it applies as well to many others. 
 
 This dictionary, in connection with the preceding text, is intended to explairi 
 only the difficulties or peculiarities of French verbs. Therefore, not all the 
 meanings of the verbs are given. It is meant, primarily, to tell the student what 
 he cannot find or understand about verbs in his grammar or dictionary. 
 
 POINTS TO REMEMBER 
 
 The prefix re indicates : 
 
 1. Action in a contrary sense. Ex.: Pousser, to push; repousser, to push in 
 
 a contrary sense (hence to repulse, to repel, to reject, etc.). 
 
 2. Reiteration, repetition. Ex. : Faire, to do; refaire, to do again, to do over. 
 
 3. Intensity (augmentation or diminution). Examples of the application- are 
 
 seen in retrecir, to narrow, to make narrow; relacher, to relax, to 
 slacken, etc. 
 
 The student should familiarize himself with the application of the last-given 
 use of the prefix. He must remember that in French the simple form of the 
 verb and that with the prefix re are often synonyms, and that in the figurative 
 sense particularly the compounds with re are more used than the simple forms. 
 Enfermer des chevaux dans una ^curie. Enfermer des papiers. 
 
 But Renfermer un vagabond. Renfermer ses chagrins. 
 
 Emplir ses poches de fruits, une cruche d'eau. 
 Remplir I'air de ses cris. Remplir bien son temps. 
 The passive form of a transitive French verb can always be used with par, 
 which is translated as by. 
 
 Ma m^re a planti ces rosiers. Ces rosiers ont ^t6 plante par ma m^re. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB ^57 
 
 De is frequently used after the passive, in the sense of with, from, of, and 
 sometimes in the sense of by. It is not used in the sense of by when a definite 
 action is referred to. 
 
 The use of both par and de in the sense of by is illustrated in Art. 68, 2. 
 
 Par presents no difficulty. When de should or may be used an example is 
 given. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 ant. = antonym. intr. — intransitive, 
 b. i. = before infinitive. p. = passive. 
 
 b. n. = before noun. r. = reflexive. 
 
 fam. = familiar. tr. = transitive. 
 
 A 
 
 y Abaisser (tr.). To put lower for purpose of covering something. A-t-elle abaiss6 les stores ? 
 
 Did she lower the shades ? See baisser. 
 Abaisser (p.) devant, par. A-t-elle 6t6 abaiss6e devant la reine par son ennemi? Was 
 
 she abased before the queen by her enemy ? 
 S'abaisser (r.) a (b. i.); devant, vers (b. n.). Sa voix s'abaissa. His voice fell. S'est-il 
 
 abaisse a demander Faumone? Has he lowered himself to asking charity ? Est-ce 
 
 que le terrain s'abaisse vers la mer? Does the land slope down toward the sea? 
 Abandonner (tr.). To abandon, to forsake. See delaisser. 
 
 Abandonner (p.) de (b. n.). Sont-ils abandonn^s de tons? Are they abandoned by all? 
 S'abandonner (r.) a, to (b. n.) (b. i.). S'est-il abandonn^ aud^sespoir? Has he given up 
 
 {abandoned himself) to despair? EUe s'abandonna a pleurer (rare). She abandoned 
 
 herself to weeping. 
 Abasourdir (tr.). To stun, to daze. Cela (Faction de mon frdre) m'a abasourdi. That 
 
 {the action of my brother) stunned me. 
 Abasourdir (p.) de (b. n.). Elle a 6t6 abasourdie de la perte de sa fortune. She has 
 
 been dazed by {over) the loss ofherfortutie. 
 ^/ Abattre (tr.). To knock or throw down. Petite pluie abat grand vent. A little rain lays 
 
 much dust. A soft word turjteth away ivrath. 
 Abattre de Touvrage. To get through a great deal of work. II a abattu de I'ouvrage 
 
 aujourd'hui. He did up a lot of work to-day. 
 Abhorrer (tr.). To abhor. Jabhorre les chiens. I abhor dogs. 
 Abhorrer (p.) de (b. n.). Un lache est abliorr6 de tout le monde, A coward is abhorred by 
 
 everybody. 
 Abimer (tr.). To ruin, etc. La grele a abim§ mes roses. The hail {storm) has ruined my 
 
 roses. La pluie a abim6 mon chapeau, mes vetements. The rain has ruined my hat, 
 
 my clothing. 
 Abimer (p.) de (b. n.). Cette table est abim6e de taches. This table is ruined with stains ^ 
 S'abimer. II s'est abim6 dans ses idees. He has lost himself in his ideas. Vous vous 
 
 abimez les yeux (fam.). You are ruining {spoiling) your eyes. 
 ' Idiom :^ On I'a abim€ d'insultes. He has been buried under insults. 
 Abonder (intr.). To abound, to teem; en, dans (b. n.). Cette rividre abonde-t-elle en 
 
 poissons. Does this river teem with fish? Ce pays abonde-t-il en richesses ? Ces 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB 1 7 
 
258 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 fruits abondent-ils en ce pays ? Idiom : II abonde dans mon sens. He concurs tvith 
 
 me in my opinions. He is entirely of the sa/ne opinion as I am. He has come round to 
 
 my opinion. 
 Abonner (tr.). To subscribe; a (b. n.). J'ai abonn6 mon frere a la "Revue de Deux 
 
 Mondes." / have subscribed to the " Revue de Deux Mondes " for my brother (notice 
 
 the person is direct object). 
 S'abonner (r.). S'abonne-t-on ici ? Are subscriptions taken here ? Does one subscribe here ? 
 
 S'est-il abonn^ au " Temps " ? Has he subscribed for the " Times " ? 
 Abonner (p.) (b. n.) par. J'ai 6te abound a cette nouvelle revue par Louis. I have been 
 
 subscribed to that new magazine by Louis. I have been given a subscription to that new 
 
 magazine by Louis. 
 Aboutir (intr.). To come out; a (b. n.). Toutes les rues aboutissent-elles a la place de 
 
 cette ville ? Do all the streets lead to the square of that city '? Idioms : Les pour- 
 parlers n'ont pas abouti. '1 he preliminary negotiations led to nothing. Cela n'a 
 
 pas abouti. That didn't pan out. 
 Aboyer (intr.). To bark; a, apres (b. n.). Ce chien aboie sans cesse. That dog barks 
 
 incessantly. Ce chien aboie-t-il a lune? Does that dog bay the moon? Le chien 
 
 aboie-t-il apres (a) ceux qui essayent d'entrer? Does the dog bark at those who 
 
 try to come in ? Aboie-t-il apres les passants ? Does he bark after {at) the passers-by ? 
 
 Get homme ne fait rien que d'aboyer contre (a) ses d6biteurs. Contre (b. n. 
 
 in fig.). Thai man does nothing but dun his debtors. 
 Abreuver (tr.). To water. Jean a-t-il abreuv6 les chevaux (Jean a-t-il fait boire les che- 
 
 vaux) ? Has John watered the horses? De (b. n.). Le peintre a abreuve la toile 
 
 d'huile. 1 he painter steeped the canvas in oil. II a abreuve la terre du sang de ses 
 
 ennemis. He soaked the earth with the blood of his enemies. See arroser. 
 S'abreuver, de (b. n.). Le rivage s'abreuvait de leur sang malheureux (old F.). The beach 
 
 {bank) drank up their unfortunate blood. II s'abreuve de biere. He drinks barrels 
 
 of beer. 
 Abreuver (p.). Comment les fleurs des bois sont-elles abreuv^es? How are wild floiuers 
 
 watered? Elles sont abreuvdes de rosee et de pluie. They are zvatered with dew and 
 
 rain. See arroser. 
 Abriter (tr.). To shelter ; contre (b. n.) in sense oi from. Le paysan a-t-il abrit6 ses ani- 
 
 maux contre la pluie ? Has the farmer sheltered his animals from the rain? 
 S'abriter. Nous nous sommes abrit^s de la pluie sous un hangar. We took shelter from the 
 
 rain under a shed. (Se mettre a Tabri de more common if refuge is not specified.) 
 S'absenter. To absent otte's self; de (b. n.). Le sergent s'est-il absente du poste sans 
 
 autoritd ? Did the sergeant absent himself from the guard without authority ? 
 Absorber (tr.). To absorb. La terre seche a absorbe la pluie. The dry earth absorbed the 
 
 rain. 
 S'absorber dans (b. n.). Elle s'absorbe dans I'ltude de la musique. She buries herself in 
 
 the study of music. 
 Absoudre (tr.). To absolve. M'avez-vOUS absous de ma faute? LLave you absolved me of 
 
 my fault? See p. 204. 
 S'abstenir. To abstain from; de (b. n.) (b. i.). Je m'abstiens de bonbons. Pm abstain- 
 ing from candy. S'abstient-il de boire et de manger ? Does he abstain from drinking 
 
 and eating? See 177. 
 Abstraire (tr.). To abstract. II faut abstraire les qualit^s d'un sujet avant de les con- 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 259 
 
 sid^rer s6par6ment. One must abstract the qualities of a subject before considering 
 
 them separately. 
 S'abstraire (very rare). Les savants s'abstraient dans leurs travaux. Scientists become 
 
 abstracted in their works. 
 Abuser (tr.). To deceive. Avez-VOUS abus6 votre ami? Have you deceived your friend? 
 
 See tromper. 
 Abuser (intr.) de. To take advantage of, to abuse. Avez-vous abus6 de vos privileges ? 
 
 Have you taken advantage of {abused') your privileges ? To abuse, in the sense of to 
 
 insult, is injurier, accabler d' injures, dire des injures. 
 S'abuser a, before point. S'est-il abus§ au point de croire cela ? Has he deceived himself 
 
 {to the point of) into believing that ? 
 Accabler (tr.). To overwhelm. II m'a accabl6 de demandes. He overwhelmed me with 
 
 requests. 
 S'accabler, de. S'est-il accabl6 de travail ? Has he overloaded himself with work? 
 Accabler (p.). Le president est accable de reclamations. The president is overwhelmed 
 
 with demands. 
 Acclimater (tr.). To acclimate; a (before climat or pays, etc.). Avez-vous acclimate 
 
 cette plante a ce climat stranger ? Have you acclimated that plant to this foreign 
 
 clifnate ? 
 S'acclimater a, to. As above. 
 S'accointer avec. To become intimate with. S'est-il accointe avec un fripon ? Has he 
 
 become intimate with a rascal? 
 Accoler (tr.). To put together ; to tie up vines ; a (before name of support). Le jardinier 
 
 a-t-il accol6 les vignes au treillage ? Has the gardener tied up the vines to the trellis 
 
 {lattice) ? 
 S'accoler. To interlace {of vines). Les gargons s'accolent dans toutes leurs affaires. 
 
 These boys are mixed up together in all their affairs. II s'accole a cette personne. He 
 
 frequents that person (bad sense). 
 Accommoder (tr.). To suit, to adapt. Je I'ai accommode comme il faut. I gave him a 
 
 good hiding. J fixed him properly (slang). II s'accommode de tout. He is satisfied 
 
 with everything. He is easy to please. 
 Accorder (tr.). To grant; to time. Lui a-t-il accord^ sa protection? Has he granted her 
 
 his protection ? L'accordeur a-t-il accord^ notre piano ? Did the tuner put our^piano 
 
 in tune? 
 S'accorder, avec (b. n.); ^, in (b. i.). To agree, etc. (See consentir and convenir de.) 
 
 L'adjectif s'accorde avec le nom. The adjective agrees zvith the noun. S'accorde-t-il 
 
 avec moi? Does he agree zuith me? Se sont-ils accord^s a louer le s^nateur ? Did 
 
 they coincide in praising the senator? lis ne peuvent s'accorder sur (en) cela (or ce 
 
 point). They cannot agree as to that (or on that point). 
 
 Idioms: Accordez mieux vos flutes si vous voulez r^ussir. You must agree better 
 
 among yourselves if you wish to succeed. lis s'accordent comme chien et chat. 1 hey 
 
 lead a cat and dog life. They fight like cats and dogs. Pour me jouer il faut mieux 
 
 accorder vos flfites (pop.). To fool me you' II have to get up earlier. 
 Accoucher (intr.). To give birth ; die, to (b.n.). Elle accoucha d'une fille k six heures. She 
 
 gave birth to a daughter at six o'clock. (See mettre au monde.) 11 s'est acccuch^ 
 
 lentement de ce po6me(fig.). He slotuly brought forth (gave birth to) this poem. 
 S'accouder. To rest one's elbows; sur, on (b. n.). II s'accoudait sur la table la t6te 
 
26o THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 appuy^e entre les deux mains. He was resting his elboivs on the table, his head sup- 
 ported betiveen both his hands. 
 Accoupler (tr.). To couple; to unite; a, to. II a accouple le boeuf a I'ane. He yoked up 
 
 the ox and the ass together. 
 S'accoupler a. Le vice s'accouple a la demence. Vice unites {joins) itself with madness. 
 Accourir (intr.). To run up. Deux messieurs ont accouri. Tzvo gentlemen ran up. 
 Accourir a. II a accouru a moi. He rati up to me. 
 Accoutrer (tr.). To dress out or tip. Elle accoutre drolement ses enfants. She rigs out 
 
 her children in a queer way. 
 S'accoutrer de. Elle s'accoutre toujours d'une fa^on ridicule (not said of costumes). She 
 
 always rigs herself out in a ridiculous toilet (^outfit). 
 Accoutrer (p.) de. As above. 
 Accoutumer (tr.) k (b. ind. obj.). A-t-il accoutum6 sa femme a la fum6e de tabac ? Has 
 
 he accustomed his wife to tobacco smoke ? 
 Accoutumer (intr.). To be accustomed, used; de, to (b. i.). J'avais accoutum§ d'aller, de 
 
 faire, etc. I was accustomed to go, to do, etc. 
 S'accoutumer a (b. n.) (b. i.). S'est-il accoutum^ a parler i voix basse? Has he trained 
 
 himself to speak in a low voice? S'accoutume-t-elle a ses manidres rudes? Is she 
 
 getting used to his rough manners ? 
 
 Idiom : Chose accoutum§e n'est pas fort pris^e. Faitiiliarity breeds contempt. 
 Accrocher (tr.). To hook on, to hang up, etc. Idiom: II a accroch^ sa montre (fam.). He 
 I has pawned his watch. 
 
 S'accrocher a. Un homme qui se noie s'accroche a tout. A drowning man catches at a 
 
 straw. 
 Accroire. See p. 209, and see II s'en fait accroire under Faire. 
 Accuser (tr.). To accuse, to imply, etc. Je vous accuse reception de (a) votre lettre. 
 
 / acknowledge receipt of your letter. Les apparences accusent une intention. The 
 
 appearances argue {imply) an intention. Idiom: On I'a accus6 a tort. He has been 
 
 wrongfully accused. 
 Accuser, de (b. n.) (b. i.). De precedes thing of which one is accused. II m'a accuse d'avoir 
 
 fait cela. He has accused me of having done that. II m'a accus6 de ce crime. He 
 
 has accused me of that critne. 
 Accuser (p.) de (b. n.) (b. i.). As above. 
 S'accuser de. To confess. Faut-il s'accuser de ses p^cli6s? Must one confess his sins? Je 
 
 m'accuse d'avoir fait tort a cet enfant. I confess having done harm to {wrong toward) 
 
 that child. 
 Ac6rer (tr.). To steel. Note figurative use. II salt ac6rer une 6pigramme. He knows 
 
 how to sharpen {give sting to) an epigram. 
 Acharner (p.) a. II est acharn^ a 1 dtude. He is intensely devoted to study. 
 Acharner contre. A-t-il acharn^ les chiens contre le voleur ? (rarely active) . Did he set 
 
 the dogs on the thief? 
 S'acharner. To be excited, etc.; a (b. i.) (b. n.). II s'acharne jl I'^tude (au jeu). He 
 
 applies himself tooth and nail {ardently, intensely) to study {to gambling). II s'acharne 
 
 a tout faire i la fois. He applies himself fiercely to do everything at once. 
 Acheminer (tr.). To forward, to send on; vers, to, toward. II a achemind le foin vers le 
 
 march^. He started the hay to market. Votre cheval est-il bien achemin^ ? Is 
 
 your horse bridle-wise {well trained to the bridle) ? L'^cuyer a bien achemin§ mon 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 26 1 
 
 cheval noir. The trainer has trained well my black horse to the bridle {rendered bri- 
 dle-wise'). (Rarely active in this last sense. See dresser.) 
 
 S'acheminer vers. Le Japon s'achemine vers la civilisation Europ^enne. Japan is pro- 
 gressing to a state of European civilization. II s'est achemin6 vers Paris. He set out 
 on the road toward Paris. 
 
 Acheter (tr.) . To buy (a =/or) (chez =«•/) (b. n.). A-t-il acliet6 un jouet a son enfant ? Has 
 he bought a toy for his child? L'a-t-il achet6 chez M. B.? Did he buy it at M. B.^s ? II 
 a achet^ une maison H condition qu'il ne la payera que dans six mois. He bought a 
 house on condition of not paying for it for six months. Idioms : Acheter chat en poche. 
 To buy a pig in a poke. To buy zvithout prior examination. Qui bon I'ach^te bon le boit. 
 Who buys well, drinks well. Acheter a vil prix. To buy for a song, dirt cheap. Acheter 
 par francs et vendre par 6cus. To buy cheap and sell high (idea of excessive profit). 
 
 Achever (tr.). To finish; de (b. i.). A-t-il enfin achev§ de dresser le cheval? Has he at 
 last finished training the horse ? Idiom : C'est un voleur achev§. He is an arrant 
 thief. 
 
 Acoquiner (tr.). To captivate. Cela a des charmes qui Tacoquine. That has charms 
 which captivate {fascinate) him. Old; not much used. 
 
 S'acoquiner. To become attached ; a (b. n.) (often in bad sense). II s'est acoquin6 a de 
 bien mauvaise compagnie. He has become irresistibly attached to very bad company. 
 
 Acqu^rir (tr.). To acquire, etc. II est tout acquis a Mile. B. He is entirely captivated by 
 Miss B. Idiom: Le bien mal acquis ne profite jamais. Ill got, ill spent. Ill-gotten 
 gains benefit no one. Cheats never prosper. A-t-il acquis une bonne reputation ? 
 (Cannot be said in bad sense.) Has he acquired a good reputation ? But II a gagn6 une 
 mauvaise reputation. He has acquired {earned) a bad reputation. 
 
 Acquiescer (intr.). To acquiesce ; "k (h.x)..). J' acquiesce a votre volont^. I accede to your 
 will. (Is not used for to comply with. See remplir, se conformer, etc.) 
 
 Acquitter (tr.). To acquit, etc. ; de (before obligation, accusation, debt). Le tribunal a 
 acquitte M. B. de I'accusation (de la charge). The court acquitted Mr. B. of the 
 accusation {of the charge) . Note special use : II a acquitte la lettre de change. He 
 took {paid) up the bill of exchange. Pour acquit, dont quittance regu = '■^Received 
 {payment) " on bills. 
 
 S'acquitter de. Je me suis acquitt§ de mon devoir (de mes promesses). Pve fulfilled my 
 duty {promises) . 
 
 Actionner (tr.). To operate. Comment le rouage d'une montre est-il actionnd? How are 
 the works of a watch operated {put in operation) ? (See marcher.) Par un ressort. 
 By a spring. But Le rouage de la machine fonctionne bien. The works of the 
 machine operate well. 
 
 Adapter (tr.). To adjust, etc. ; k. Le plombier a-t-il adapts un robinet k ce tuyau a eau? 
 II I'a fait. Did the plumber adjust a faucet {cock) to that water pipe ? He did. Cet 
 auteur bien adapts I'histoire a sesromans. This author has well adapted history to 
 his novels. 
 
 S'adapter It (b. n.). Cet 61dve s'adapte-t-il bien ^ ses nouvelles heures d' etude? Does 
 that pupil adapt himself well to his new study hours? 
 
 Additionner (tr.) (rare). Est-ce qu'il additionne la vanite a I'ignorance? Does he add 
 vanity to ignorance? See ajouter. 
 
 Additionner (rare) de, with. C'est du vin additionne d'eau. It's wine with water added. 
 See couper. 
 
262 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Adjuger (tr.). To award, etc.; a. Le maire a-t-il adjug6 les contrats aux entrepreneurs? 
 
 Did the mayor award the contract to the contractors? Le commissaire priseur vous 
 
 a-t-il adjug6 ce vase H cinq francs? Did the auctioneer knock down {award) that vase 
 
 to you for Jive francs? 
 Adjurer (tr.). To adjure ; de (b. i.). Vous a-t-il adjur6 de renoncer a vos d^sirs? Did 
 
 he adjure you to renounce your desires? 
 Admettre (tr.). To admit. Vous a-t-il admis a sa table ? Has he admitted you to his table ? 
 
 Vous a-t-il admis aux privileges du club? Has he admitted you to the privileges 
 
 of the club? Vous a-t-il admis dans sa famille? Has he admitted you into his 
 
 family? Cela admet deux sens. That admits of two constructions. 
 Administrer (tr.).- To administer. A-t-on administr^ Fextreme onction au malade ? Have 
 
 the last sacraments been ad)ninistered to the sick man ? A-t-on administre la justice aux 
 
 coupables? Has justice been administered to the guilty ones? A-t-on administr6 le 
 
 bapteme a 1' enfant? Has the child beett baptized? 
 Admirer (tr.). To admire. J'admire son caractdre. I admire his character, (de, /<?, b. i.; 
 
 slang.) J'admire de le voir agir de la sorte (rare). I am astonished to see him act 
 
 that way. Corresponds to English slang, " I like that," etc. 
 Admirer (p.) de. Elle est admirle de tout le monde. She is admired by everybody. 
 Admonester (tr.). To admonish; de (b. i.). Vous a-t-il admonest§ de ne pas le faire? 
 
 Has he admonished you not to do it? 
 Admon6ter (tr.). To reprimand. (Not used in the sense of admonish. See preceding verb.) 
 
 Le judge a admon§t6 le vagabond. The judge reprimanded the vagabond. 
 Adonn6, etre, a. To be addicted to, etc. Est-il adonn6 a la boisson? au jeu? Is he addicted 
 
 to drink? to gambling? Elle est adonnee a la musiqus. She is bound up in music. 
 S'adonner a. S'adonne-t-elle a I'^tude de la musique? Is she giving herself up to the study 
 
 of music? 
 Adosser (tr.). To lean; contre. Le capitaine adossa ses troupes contre la coUine. The 
 
 captain supported (or leaned) his troops against the hill. 
 Adosser (p.) contre, or ^. La cabane est adoss^e a la coUine. The cabin is propped 
 
 against the hill. 
 S'adosser contre, i (b. n.). Le bless6 s'est adoss6 contre un arbre. The wounded man 
 
 propped himself t4p against a tree. 
 Adresser (tr.). To address. A-t-il adress^ les lettres aux personnes H qui elles sont des- 
 tinies ? Did he address the letters to the persons they are intended for ? 
 S'adresser h.. To apply to. Vous etes-vous adressi au ministre de la guerre? Have 
 
 you applied to the secretary of war ? See s'appliquer a. 
 ,^ Idioms : Adresser la parole a. Vous a-t-il adressi la parole ? Did he speak to you 
 
 {directly) ? S'adresser bien (mal) a. Vous vous adressez mal (bien). You've 
 
 come to the wrong person. To address a person by word of mouth is adresser la 
 
 parole a ; by letter, Icrire \. 
 Advenir (impers.). To happen. Qu'est-ce qu'il est advenu de cette affaire? (rare use)/' 
 
 What has become of that affair ? Idiom: Advienne que pourra. Happen what may 
 
 (will). See loi. 
 Affamer (tr.). To starve. lis ont affami la villa pour la prendre. They starved out the 
 
 city in order to capture it. 
 Affamer (p.) de, par. II est affam6 de gloire. He is eager {thirsts) for glory. Idiom : 
 Ventre affam6 n'a point d'oreille. A hungry man will not listen to reason. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 263 
 
 Affecter (tr.). To affect. II affecte beaucoup les manidres Anglaises. He affects English 
 manners a great deal. A or pour to indicate purpose : Le Congres a afEect§ une somme 
 a (pour) ces d^penses. Congress has assigned {made available) a sum for these expenses. 
 
 Affecter (p.) de. A-t-il €t6 bien affectd de la mort de son ami? Was he much affected 
 by the death of his friend? 
 
 S'affecter de. L'§goiiste voudrait ne s'affecter de rien, et tout I'affecte. The egoist would 
 like to be affected by nothing, and everything affects him. 
 
 Affectionner (tr.). To be fond of Affectionne-t-elle la musique ? Is she fond of music? 
 
 Affectionner (p.) a. Est-il tres affectionne a sa patrie? Is he deeply attached to his country? 
 
 S'affectionner a; sometimes pour. Elle s'affectionne tous ses domestiques. She makes all 
 her servants fond of her. Rare; see Gagner I'affection de. Elle s'est affection- 
 n^e i cette femme. She has become attached to that woman. Rare ; see Se prendre 
 d'affection pour. 
 
 Affermir (tr.). To strengthen; dans. Vous a-t-il affermi dans cette croyance? Has he 
 strengthened you in that belief? Affermir quelque chose. To strengthen {to give firm- 
 ness to) anything. 
 
 S'affermir dans, sur. lis se sont affermis sur leurs ^triers. They fixed themselves firmly 
 in their stirrups. 
 
 Afficher (tr.). To post up, to publish (sometimes "k or contre, if place is specified). A-t-on afBcli6 
 le discours du president? Has the president' s speech.been posted up? Qui a affich6 
 cette annonce ^ la porte de ma maison? Who posted that advertisement on my door? 
 Defense d'af&cher! Post no bills. 
 
 Af&cher de, in figurative sense. II affiche de ne croire a rien (d'etre trds riche). He sets 
 himself up {advertises himself) as believing in nothing {as being very rich). 
 
 S'afficher. Cet homme s'affiche. That man tries to get hitnself talked about {seeks notoriety). 
 
 Etre affiche. II est affich6 a deux clubs. He is posted at two clubs. 
 
 Affilier (tr.). To affiliate; k. On a affili^ toutes ces soci6t6s a la soci6t§ centrale. They 
 have connected all these societies with the central society. 
 
 S'affilier a, avec. S'est-il affilie a cette societ6 ? Has he affiliated himself with that 
 society? S'est-il affili§ avec ces gens? Has he associated himself with those people? 
 
 S'affiner. To be refined (of metals). L'esprit s'affine par la conversation. The mind 
 {wit) is refined by conversation. 
 
 Affliger (tr.). To affect, to distress. Est-ce que cela vous a beaucoup afflig6? Did that 
 distress you very much? 
 
 Affliger (p.) de. Est-elle afflig6e de votre depart ? Is she distressed at {on account of) 
 your leaving? 
 
 S'affliger de. Vous vous afflijgez trop des malheurs d'autrui. You are too much dis- 
 tressed {affected) by the misfortunes of others. 
 
 Affoler (tr.). To make one dote on. C16opatre affola Antoine. Cleopatra made Antony 
 mad with love. 
 
 Affoler (p.) de. Est-il affol6 d'elle? Is he madly in love with her? (Raffoler is generally 
 used actively and affoler passively.) 
 
 S'affoler de. S'affole-t-il (raffole-t-il) de cette dame? de sa vie de campagne? Is he pas- 
 sionately in love ivitk that lady ? with his life in the country? (Se raffoler more used.) 
 
 Affouiller (tr.). To undermine, to wash azvay. Le courant a affouill6 la ferme (la maison) 
 de notre voisin. The current has washed away our neighbor'' s farm {house). 
 
 Affranchir (tr.). To prepay, to dear {a suit at (ards). Avez-vQus affranchi la lettre? Bid 
 
264 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 you prepay the letter? II a affranchi la couleur (le dix de cette couleur). He cleared 
 
 the suit {the ten of that suit) (at cards). He made the ten of that suit good. 
 Affranchir (p.) de. Si je vais a I'hotel je serai affranchi des embarras de domestiques. 
 
 If I go to the hotel, I shall be freed fro?n difficulty zuith servants. 
 S'affranchir de. S'est-elle affranchie de toute crainte, de tout prdjuge ? Has she shaken 
 
 off all fear ^ broken loose from all prejudices ? 
 Affriander (tr.). To render dainty. On a affriand6 cet enfant en lui donnant trop de 
 
 SUCreries. That child has been made dainty by too many sweet things. 
 Affubler (tr.). To dress up, to wrap up, etc.; de, in (b. n.). On a affubl4 I'enfant d'un 
 
 costume ridicule. They have dressed up the child in a ridiculous costume. 
 Affubler (p.) de. EUe est affublde d'un trop grand chapeau. She is covered up in a hat 
 
 too big for her. 
 S'affubler de. Elle s'affuble d'un masque de douleur. She puts on an air of sadness. 
 Afifiter (tr.). To sharpen, whet tools. The following are slang expressions: Que fait ce mon- 
 sieur? II affflte ses meules. He's eating. II affute ses pincettes. He's getting 
 
 ready to go, to run. II s'affute le cornet. He's drinking. 
 Agacer (tr.). To irritate, etc. (a only when parts of the body are mentioned with person). 
 
 Ces fruits m'agacent toujours les dents. This fruit always puis my teeth on edge. 
 
 Cela lui agace les nerfs. That irritates his nerves. 
 Agencer (tr.). To arrange, to drape, etc. A-t-il bien agenc^ les draperies? Bid he arrange 
 
 the draperies well? (Rarely used; arranger, disposer more common.) 
 S'agenouiller. To kneel (devant). Said of animals and of persons to indicate great rever- 
 ence; otherwise, mettre a genou is used. S'est-elle agenouill6e devant I'autel? 
 
 Did she kneel before the altar ? 
 Agir (intr.). I'o act (de when in sense oiivith). II a agi de tOUte sa force. He acted with 
 
 all his strength. 
 S'agir, de (b. n ) (b. i.). S'agit-il de sa vie? Is his life at stake? Is it a question of his 
 
 life? S'agissait-il d'y arriver avant midi? Was it a matter {question) of getting 
 
 there before noon ? Idioms : II ne s'agit pas de cela. That is not the point. II s'agit 
 
 bien de cela (ironic). That is quite a secondary consideration. 
 Agiter (tr.). To agitate, etc. Agitez bien la bouteille avant de vous en servir. Shake well 
 
 before taking. 
 Agiter (p.) de. Elle est agit^e de mille craintes. She is agitated by a thousand fears. 
 S'agiter (de in sense of over). Elle s'agite d'un rien. She gets agitated over a trifle. 
 
 Idiom: Qui s'agite s'enrichit. If you want to get rich, you jnust ivork. No pains, no 
 
 gains. 
 Agonir (tr.). To overwhelm; de, with. II I'agonit d'injures. He overwhelmed him with 
 
 insults. 
 S'agonir de. lis se sont agonis d'insultes. They heaped insults on each other. This verb 
 
 is used only in expressions like above with insultes and injures. 
 Agoniser (intr.). To be expiring. Le vieux monde (regime) agonise en Europe (fig.).' 
 
 The old world {regime) is on the point of passing away. 
 Agrafer (tr.). To hook. Agrafez ma robe. Hook my dress. Agrafez-moi. Hook me {\.&. 
 
 dress). (See also accrocher, to hook ; to hang on a hook.) 
 S'agrafer. Cette robe s'agrafe dans le dos (dans le devant). That dress hooks in the back 
 
 {in the front). II s'agrafe a M. B. (Very fam. See cramponner and accrocher.) 
 
 He sticks close to Mr. B. {Never ivants to leave htm.) 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 265 
 
 Agr6er(tr.). To accept, to permit, etc. Agr6ez, monsieur, que je vous f61icite. Permit mey 
 sir, to cotigratulate you. Agrlez mes respects. Accept my respects. J'agr^e votre 
 proposition. I accept your proposition. • 
 
 Agr6er (intr.). To please ; a. Cela ne lui agrle pas. That doesn't please him. 
 
 Agrder (imp.) de. II m'agr^e de vous dire cela. It pleases jue {suits me') to tell you that. 
 
 Agr^ger (tr.). To admit {into a public body) ; a. A-t-on agr^ge M. B. a cette university? 
 — Larousse. Have they given Mr. B. {received Mr. B. into) a fellowship at that 
 university ? 
 
 S'agr^ger a. Se sont-ils agrlg^s a cette confrerie? — Larousse. Have they become fel- 
 lows in {joined) that brotherhood? Usual form is, M. B. est-il agr6g§ de cette uni- 
 versity, etc. ? Is Mr. B. a Jellow of that university, etc.? 
 
 S'agriffer. To cling by its claws; a. Le chat s'agriffe a la nappe, l^he cat is clingitig to 
 the- tablecloth {with its claivs). 
 
 Aguerrir (tr.). To inure {to war), to harden (a, COntre, in fig. sense and when thing is speci- 
 fied). Mme. Roland avait aguerri son ame contre la persecution. — Lamartine. 
 Madame Roland had disciplined {hardened) her soul to persecution. 
 
 S'aguerrir a. lis se sont aguerris a des privations bien dures. They seasoned {inured) 
 themselves to severe privations. Le capitaine a bien aguerri ses hommes. The cap- 
 tain has seasoned well his men {soldiers). 
 
 S'aheurter a. To stick obstinately to an opinion, etc. No longer used; see tenir a, 
 s'enteter a. 
 
 Aider (tr.). To aid, etc. (a used in senses indicated by examples). Cet homme aide-t-il ses 
 amis? Does that man aid {help) his friends? (b. i.) : A-t-il aide les enfants a 
 apprendre leurs legons ? Did he help the children to learn their lessons ? II I'a aidie 
 a descendre, a avancer, a monter, a traverser le chemin. He helped her to get down, 
 to go on, to go up, to cross the street. Aider de, to help xvith. 
 
 Aider (intr.) a. To help physically ; also to contribute to, to give aid to. J'ai aid6 a la 
 bonne a desservir la table. I helped the maid to clear off the table. A-t-il aid6 a cette 
 entreprise ? Did he contribute to that enterprise ; aid in the success of that affair ? 
 
 S'aider (de, before noun in sense of to make use- of). On devrait s'aider de la main 
 gauche comme de la main droite. One should make use of one'' s left hand as of one's 
 right, (a b. i.). lis se sont aid^s a apprendre le frangais. They helped each 
 other to learn French. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera. God helps those who help themselves. 
 Bon droit a besoin d'aide. Even a good cause has need of help {of siipport) . Dieu 
 aide a trois sortes de personnes : aux fous, aux enfants, et aux ivrognes. God 
 helps {looks out for) three sorts of people : madmen, children, and drunkards. 
 
 Aiguiller (tr.) (a, sur; b. ind. obj.). Literally, to needle; as, aiguiUer la soie. II 
 (I'aiguilleur) a aiguille le train sur (a) I'autre voie. He {the switchman) s^vitched 
 the train {on) to the other track. 
 
 S'aiguiller sur, a. Ces nouvelles voies s'aiguillent sur les anciennes. These new tracks 
 switch {on) to the old ones. 
 
 Aiguillonner (tr.). To goad. Jusqu'a (gen. before point). L'officier a-t-il aiguillonn6 ses 
 hommes harasses (assomm^s) jusqu'au point d'un dernier effort? Has the officer 
 goaded his worn-out men to a final effort? 
 
 Aiguiser (tr.). To sharpen. Said of razors, knives, cutting tools; and figuratively, of words, 
 appetite, etc. 
 
266 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Aimer (tr.). To love {to like), etc.; i (b. i.), sometimes omitted in conversation before vowel 
 sounds. Aime-t-elle a lire ? Does she like to read? J'aime entendre le chant du 
 rossignol. • / like to hear the nightingale's song. 
 
 Aimer mieux (without prep.; except an optional de before second of two following infinitives). 
 La plupart des lecteurs aiment mieux s'amuser que (de) s'instruire. Most readers 
 prefer amusing themselves to instructing themselves. 
 
 Idioms : Qui aime bien chMie bien. Spare the rod, spoil the child. Aimer quelqu'un 
 comme la prunelle de ses yeux. To love some one like the apple of one's eye. Quand 
 on n'a pas ce que Ton aime, il faut aimer ce que Ton a. Jf you cannot get crumb, 
 you had best eat crust. If you can't get what you ifant, be satisfied zvith zvhat you have. 
 Qui aime Bertrand aime son chien. Love me, love my dog. Qui aime bien, tard 
 oublie. True love dies hard. Qui m'aime me suive. Peril proves who dearly loves. 
 
 Ajointer (tr.). To join tivo pipes or planks, etc., end to end. 
 
 Ajourner (tr.). To postpone. Le juge (la femme) a ajourn§ sa decision. The judge {the 
 woman) has postponed his {her) decision (a used before date if given). Note also: On 
 , a ajournd les t^moins. The witnesses have been summoned. 
 
 S'ajourner (a before date). Le Congrds s'est ajourne ind^finiment (au dix mai). Con- 
 gress has adjourned sine die {till the loth of May). 
 
 Ajouter (tr.). To add. II a ajout6 deux lignes a la lettre. He added two lines to the 
 letter. J'ajoute foi a cet homme (a cette affaire). / b»lieve in that man {I believe 
 that thing is true) . 
 
 S'ajouter a (b. ind. obj., as above). 
 
 Ajuster (tr.). To adjust. Ajuster un ressort, une clef, a une serrure, a une machine, etc. 
 To adjust, fit, a spring, a key, to a lock, to a machine, etc. A-t-elle ajust6 une 
 piece a ce parapluie ? Did she fit a patch on that umbrella ? II a ajust§ les dif- 
 ferends entre ces personnes. He has reconciled those persons {adjusted their difficul- 
 ties). See r^gler in last signification. 
 
 S'ajuster (a). II sait s'ajuster aux circonstances. He knows hoiv to adapt hi7nself to cir- 
 cumstances. La clef s'ajuste-t-elle a la serrure ? Does the key fit the lock ? 
 
 Alanguir (tr. and intr.). To i7iake to languish ; to languish. Sec languir. La vie tropicale (des 
 tropiques) alanguit I'energie. Tropical life exhausts {makes to languish) the energy. 
 
 Alarmer (tr.). Cela a alarml le camp. Ihat alarmed the camp. 
 
 Alarmer (p.) de. Je suis alarm^ de votre maladie. /';;/ alarmed at your sickness. 
 
 S'alarmer de. Elle s'est alarm6e d'un rien. She became alarmed about {at) a trifie. 
 
 S'alarmer a. In the sense of to take alarm {fright) at. Le lievre s'alarme au moindre 
 bruit. The hare takes alarm at the slightest noise. 
 
 Aligner (tr.). To alienate. La parcimonie de cet homme lui a ali^ne tous ses amis. 
 That man's parsimony has alienated {from him) all his friends. 
 
 S'ali^ner (de, in sense of to separate one's self from). S'est-il ali^ne de toute sa famille ? 
 Has he alienated hijnself from all his family ? 
 
 Aligner (tr.). To line up, to mark out. Mil. to dress, to furnish rations. Le capitaine a 
 alignl la compagnie. The captain dressed {aligned) his company. A (mil.). On a 
 alignd aux soldats deux jours de rations. The soldiers have been furnished with two 
 days' rations. On a align^ des rations pour trois jours. Rations have been issued jor 
 three days, 
 
 AUIger (tr.). To ease, to lighten. A-t-il all^g^ le cheval (le navire) ? Has he eased the 
 horse {the vessel), i.e. shifted or lightened the burden? 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 26/ 
 
 S'alllger de. A116gez-V0US de VOS chagrins. Unburden yourself of your sorrows. 
 
 AUeger (p.) de. Le ballon est all6g6 de plusieurs sacs de lest. The balloon is lightened 
 by {of^ several sacks of ballast. 
 
 All^gir (tr.). To reduce timbers ; as rafters, etc., on all sides. Cette poutre a 6te all^gie de 
 trois centimetres. That beam has been reduced {by^ three centimeters (carries the idea 
 of reducing on all sides). 
 
 Aller (intr.). To go (a before nouns expressing destination). Est-elle allee a Paris (H 
 I'eglise) ? Has she gone to Paris {to church^ ? En before ville : II est all6 en ville. 
 He went out {doivn town). II est alle en bas (en haut) de la ville. He has gone dozvn 
 {up') town. Chez before name of person or an establishment : Je vais chez moi. / 
 am going home. II est alle chez M. B., chez le tailleur, chez Robert. He has gone to 
 Mr. B.'s., to the tailor's, to Robert's. Vers {tojvard) : Elle est all^e vers I'eglise. 
 She went toward the church. De {from) : Je vais de Londres a Paris. / go from 
 London to Paris. Se^^^6. Idioms with aller: II est alle aux renseignements, 
 aux informations. He has gone to get information. Va pour mille francs ! Done 1 
 Pll take (or give) a thousand francs. Va pour ce que vous d^sirez. What you 
 want, goes. Tant va la cruche a I'eau qu'a la fin elle se casse. The pitcher that 
 goes often to the well gets broken at last. Doucement va bien loin. Sloiu and sure wins 
 the race. Ce jeune homme ira loin. That young man will make his way in the zvorld. 
 Au pis aller. Should the worst come to the worst. Un pis aller. A makeshift. Aller son 
 petit bonhomme de chemin. To jog along quietly. Cela va sans dire. That is a 
 matter of course ; it stands to reason. II y allait du bonheur de ma famille. The 
 happiness of my family was at stake. Allons ! Come I Co?ne now ! AUons done ! 
 You are joking I You don't mean it! Aller cahin-caha (lit.). To limp along. Aller 
 clopin-clopant (fig.). To go hobbling along. To go along quietly, neither very well nor 
 very ill. II n'ira pas a cinquante ans. He will not reach his fiftieth year. II est alle 
 en justice. He went into court about it. II va bon pas. He is walking at a good pace. 
 Cette machine ne va pas. That machine {engine) is out of order. Le bateau va a 
 la derive. The boat is drifting. II va grand train. He goes very rapidly. Le 
 cheval va bon train. The horse goes at a good pace. II est all6 en course. He went 
 on an errand. II est alle aux courses. He went to the races. Cela va de soi. Of 
 course. It is understood. Ces couleurs vont bien ensemble. Those colors are well 
 matched. Cela me va. That suits me. lis vont de pair. They are equal in rank. 
 ^ Les grues vont en troupe. Birds of a feather flock together. II va a reculons. He 
 walks backward. II (le cocher) est alle a la course. He drove by the distance. Com- 
 ment ga va ? How do you do ? Allons-y. I am ready. Let us proceed. Cette pro- 
 pri6te va jusqu'a la mer. This estate extends to the sea. Cet habit vous va bien. 
 This coat is becoming to you {suits you well). Ce chapeau ira jusqu'a I'hiver. This 
 hat will last till winter. II se laisse aller a la colore. Lie gives way to his anger. 
 II n'y va pas par quatre chemins. He goes straight to the point. On y va. Here 
 I am. II y va de vingt francs. He makes a bet of tiventy francs. Qui va a la 
 chasse perd sa place. Leave your turn, some one takes it. Allez vous faire pendre 
 ailleurs. Don't bother me {us). Le commerce ne va pas. Business is dull. Comme 
 vous y allez ! How inconsiderate you are ! Elle va en soiree. She is going to 
 a party. Allons ! Allons ! Hurry up ! II va s'en payer. He is going to have a 
 good time. 
 
 S'en aller. To go away. See 80. Destination should always be expressed with aller, but is 
 
268 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 generally not with s'en aller. One can say, S'en aller a, Chez, vers, etc., to go away 
 to, toward, etc., if destination is expressed. 
 
 Allier (tr.) avec, in sense of to ally with or to blend with. Le roi a allie la noblesse et la 
 bourgeoisie. The king united the nobility and the bourgeoisie. On allie les gros vins 
 avec les legers. Heavy wines are blended with light. A. Ce mariage a alli6 cette 
 famille a la mienne. 
 
 S'allier. Like allier. 
 
 Allonger (tr.). 7^o lengthen, to go along. Allongez les manches de trois pouces. Lengthen 
 the sleeves by three inches. A, iii fam. sense of to deal to. Je lui ai allonge un coup 
 de poing. / dealt him a blow with my fist. Idiom : II allongeait le pas. He was 
 walking faster than usual. 
 
 Allouer (tr.). To allow, to grant. La direction alloue une indemnite aux vieux em- 
 ployes. The management alloivs a pension to old employees. 
 
 AUumer (tr.). To light, to kindle. Idiom: II n'est bois si vert qui ne s'allume. There is 
 '^' nothing so difficult that cannot be done with time. 
 
 Alourdir (tr.). To make heavy. Les ^preuves de la vie alourdissent la marche des ann^es. 
 l^he trials of life make heavy the march of the years. 
 
 S'alourdir. En sejournant dans I'eau une corde s'alourdit. A rope gets heavy from remain- 
 ing in tvater. 
 
 Aloyer (tr.). To alloy. On a aloy6 I'orde cuivre. The gold zvas alloyed with copper. 
 
 Alt§rer (tr.). To injure, hurt, alter, distort, etc. (From Lat. alto-are.) Les Amotions vio- 
 lentes altdrent la sante. Violent emotions injure the health. Ce monsieur a alt6r6 
 les faits. That gentleman has distorted the facts. Used reflexively also. 
 
 Alt^rer (tr.). To make thirsty. (From Lat. alitare.) Ce poisson sal6 m'a alt6re. That 
 salt fish made me thirsty (p.). Est-il alt§re de gloire ? Does he thirst after {for) 
 glory ? 
 
 Alterner (intr.) (aux. avoir). II alterne avec son frdre. He alternates with his brother, 
 Faire alterner (for trans, use). A-t-il fait alterne les dames et les messieurs ^ la 
 table ? Did he alternate the ladies and gentlemen at the table ? 
 
 Amaigrir (tr.). To make thin. Le chagrin nous amaigrit. Sorrow makes us lose flesh. 
 See maigrir. Amaigrir denotes a slow process of getting thin; while maigrir denotes 
 a rapid change. II maigrit a vue d'oeil. He gets thinner before your eyes. Amaigrir 
 une pierre, un morceau de bois, de fer, etc. To reduce a stone, piece of wood, iron, etc. 
 {to make it fit). 
 
 S'amaigrir. To make one's self thin; to reduce one's flesh. Comment s'est-elle fait maigrir? 
 How did she reduce her flesh ? Se faire maigrir is more used. 
 
 Amalgamer (tr.). To amalgamate ; a, avec, in the sense oiwith. 
 
 S'amalgamer avec. L'or s'amalgame bien avec le mercure. Gold amalgamates well with 
 mercury. 
 
 Amariner. To inure to sea travel. Les matelots ont et^ bien amarin§s par le voyage. 
 The sailors were w^-ll inured to sea service by the trip. 
 
 Amasser (tr.). To collect, atnass. Do not confuse with ramasser. Amasser des faits ; des 
 preuves, etc. Collect, heap up, facts, proofs, etc. To collect things of same kind. See 
 cueillir. Ramasser (recueillir) des gants, des crayons, des affaires. To pick up 
 {to collect) gloves, pencils, things. Idiom : Pierre qui roule n'amasse pas mousse. A 
 rolling stone gathers no moss. 
 
 S'amasser. Les eaux pluviales s'amassent dans les citernes. Rain water accumulates in 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 269 
 
 the cisterns. Impers. : II s'amasse du sable a 1' entree du port. Sandis collecting at 
 
 the harbor entrance. 
 Amatiner (tr.). To make to get up early {from bed) (fam.). Pourquoi m'avez-vous ama- 
 
 tine ? Why did you make me get up so early ? Etre matinal. To be up early (at an 
 
 unusual hour). Etre matineux. To be an early riser (habitually so). 
 Ambitionner (tr.). To be ambitious of. Ce que j'ambitionne le plus c'est de pouvoir vous 
 
 rendre quelque service. What I aspire to most {that of which I am most ambitious) is 
 
 to be able to render you some service. 
 Am61iorer (tr.). To improve. A-t-il amelior^ sa condition? Did he improve his health? 
 
 Ameliorer un terrain par le drainage, etc. To improve land by drainage. See per- 
 
 fectionner, avancer, etc., to improve. 
 S'am61iorer. Sa sant6 s'est am^lior§e. 
 Am^nager (tr.). Am6nager une foret. To regulate the felling of trees in a forest, etc. Get 
 
 etablissement est bien am6nag6. That establishment is tvell equipped. 
 Amender (tr.). To amend. On a amende ce projet. That bill was a?nended. A-t-il amende 
 
 ses moeurs? Has he improved his morals? 
 Amender (intr.). Les criminels n'amendent pas par la prison. Criminals do not improve 
 
 through imprison??ient. 
 S'amender. Mai vit qui ne s'amende. Proverb: He makes poor use of life who does not 
 
 improve himself. See am^liorer. 
 Amener (tr.). To bring. See mener, Art. 58. Do not confuse with apporter. Vous a-t-elle 
 
 amen6 a cette opinion ? Has she brought you to that opinion ? A (b. i.). A-t-il amen6 
 
 les enfants a faire ce qu'il desire? Has he induced the children to do ivhat he wishes? 
 
 Amener un sujet de conversation. To introduce a subject of conversation. Amener 
 
 la conversation sur un sujet. To lead the conversation to a subject. Idiom : Cette 
 
 preuve est amen6 de bien loin. That proof is very far fetched. See tirailler; tirailler 
 
 par les cheveux. 
 Amenuiser (tr.). Applied in carpentry. To make slender ; to reduce pieces of zvood., etc. 
 
 (generally on one side). See aiguiser and alllgir. 
 Ameublir (tr.). To convert realty into movable property ; to juellow land. 
 Ameuter (tr.) contra. II a ameutd tout le monde contre moi. He has stirred up everybody 
 
 against me. Ameuter les passions; a quelqu'un. To stir up {any one's passions). 
 Amincir (tr.). To make slender, thin. Les corsets amincissent la taille. Corsets make the 
 
 waist slender. 
 S'amincir. To grow thinner. Elle s'amincit. She is getting slender. 
 Amoindrir (tr.). To lessen, to diminish. L'eloignement amoindrit les objets. Distance 
 
 makes objects seem smaller. Toute fortune s'amoindrit par le gaspillage. Any for- 
 tune is lessened by waste. Diminuer, more used in sense of to diminish. 
 Amonceler (tr.) . To heap up. On amoncele tout ce qu'on jette pele-mele. One heaps up 
 
 (uses amonceler for) everything that one throws together pell-mell. 
 Amortir (tr.). To deaden. Le mur est 6pais pour amortir les bruits de la rue. The zvall is 
 
 thick to deaden the sounds of the street. Le temps amortit les affections. Ti?ne weakens 
 
 the affections. 
 Etre amourache (p.). To be enamored (generally uncomplimentary). Est-il amourache 
 
 d'elle? Is he enamored of {smitten on) her? Etre amouroux de is preferable. 
 S'amouracher de. 
 Amputer (tr.). To amputate. Le chirurgien a amput6 un bras au bless6 (le bless6 d'un 
 
270 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 bras). The surgeon amputated the wounded mails arm. On I'a amput6. They made- 
 
 him submit to an amputation. 
 Amuser (tr.). To amuse. II m'a amus6 de ses contes. He aitiiised me with his stories. 
 
 Amuser le tapis. 7^o talk a great deal without coming to the point. To talk or spin 
 
 time away. 
 S'amuser de. II s^amuse de cet homme. He is making sport of that man. S'amuser 
 
 k (b. n.), only in sense of trijling, wasting time. II s'amuse a des riens, a des 
 
 bagatelles. He trifles his time away. S'amuser a (b. i.). II s'amuse a retoucher 
 
 les peintures. He is amusing himself (with) touching up the paintings. Idioms and 
 
 sayings : II s'amuse a la moutarde. He trifles his time away. S'amuser en route. 
 
 To lose time ; to loiter on the way. 
 Ancrer (intr.). To anchor. Etre ancr^ dans ses opinions. To be flxed in opinions ; one's 
 
 mind, etc. Etre ancr6 a, in sense oi anchored to anything. 
 S'ancrer. La vanity s'ancre dans sa tete. Vanity is gelling a footing in his head. 
 An6antir (tr.). To annihilate (de in p.). EUe est aneantie de cette nouvelle. She is 
 
 dujnfounded at that news. 
 Anesth^sier (tr.). To anaesthetize. 
 Angliciser (tr.). To anglicize. 
 
 Animer (tr.). To animate, etc.; a. Cela anime la conversation. That stifmdates conversa- 
 tion. II anime le peuple i la r§volte par ses arguments s6ditieux. He incites the 
 
 nation to revolt by his seditious arguments. Contre. C'est I'int^ret qui I'anime 
 
 COntre son frdre. // is interest which juakes him irritable toxvard his brother. 
 S'animer a. Le cheval de bataille s'anime au bruit des trompettes. The war horse gets 
 
 excited at the sound of the trumpets. Contre, towards (persons) . 
 Anoblir (tr.). To confer title of nobility upon. (Do not confuse with ennoblir, to ennoble.') 
 Anticiper (tr.). To anticipate. 
 Anticiper (intr.) sur. II anticipe toujours sur ses revenus. He always draws his income 
 
 ahead of time. He's ahvays ahead of his income. II anticipe sur le champ de son 
 
 voisin. He encroaches upon his tieighbor'' s fleld. See empidter. 
 Antidater (tr.). To antedate. Le contrat a ^\.h antidat^ de trois jours par 1' entrepreneur. 
 
 7he contract was antedated {by) three days by the contractor. 
 Apercevoir (tr.). To perceive. See p. 48. L'avez-vous aper^u ? Did you perceive {notice) 
 
 him ? De (p.). II a 6t§ aper9U de son ami. He has been observed {discerned) by his 
 
 friend. 
 S'apercevoir de (b. n.). See p. 48. To perceive ; to become aware of. S'est-il aper9U de 
 
 son erreur? Did he perceive his error ? II s'est apergu de cela. He noticed that. 
 
 S'apercevoir used when meaning is to find out ; percevoir in senses of to perceive, 
 
 to see. 
 Apitoyer (tr.). To move to pity. 
 S'apitoyer. To be moved to pity. Sur (b. n.), in sense oi over. II s'est apitoy6 sur vos 
 
 malheurs. He has been moved to pity over your misfortunes. He pities your mis- 
 fortunes. See Plaindre. 
 Aplatir (tr.). To flatten. II a aplati ses adversaires (fig. use). He crtished his adversaries. 
 S'aplatir. II s'aplatit devant ses supirieurs. He cringes {grovels in the dust) before his 
 
 superiors. 
 Apparaitre (intr.). To appear {to) tinexpecledly. A (b. ind. obj.). Un spectre lui apparut. 
 
 (Also used impersonally; as, II lui apparut un spectre.) 
 
THE FREN'CH VERB 271 
 
 Apparenter (tr.). To ally, to marry {dispose of in marriage); i (b. ind. obj.). II a appa- 
 rent^ sa fiUe a la noblesse. He married his daughter into the nobility. 
 
 S' apparenter a. To ally . . . with; to marry . . . into. 
 
 Etre apparent^. EUe est bien (mal) apparent^e. She belongs {does not belong) to a high 
 family. She is well {not well) connected. 
 
 Appartenir a. To belong; ^, to. Ce cheval appartient It mon pere. That horse is my 
 father'' s {belo7igs to my father) . 
 
 Appartenir (impers). A (b. n.), de (b. i.). II vous appartient de faire cela. It behooves you 
 to do that. Idiom : A tous ceux qu'il appartiendra ... To all ivhom it fnay concern . . 
 
 Appeler (intr.). To appeal; Ae, from ; a, to. (In legal sense only.) II appelle de cette 
 decision (au cours de cassation). He is appealing from that decision {to the supreme 
 court). J' en appelle a C§sar. I appeal to Caesar. J'en appelle a votre honneur, a 
 VOtre probity, etc. I appeal to your honor, to your integrity, etc. 
 
 Appeler (tr.). To call. Idioms: Appeler les choses par leur noms. Appeler un chat un 
 chat. To call a spade a spade. Voila ce que j'appelle pleuvoir, etc. That's what I 
 call raining {etc.) zvith a vengeance. 
 
 Applsantir (tr.). To make heavy, zveigh doiun, etc. 
 
 S'app6santir. Sur in fig. sense for on, upon. Cela s'app^santit sur sa conscience. That 
 rests heavily on his conscience. II s'app^santit trop sur les details. He expatiates 
 {puts too much stress on) details. 
 
 Applaudir (tr.). To applaud, to commend. Like the Eng. Passive with de and par. II 
 a et§ applaudi de tout le monde. He was applauded by everybody. 
 
 Applaudir (intr.) a. J'applaudis "k ce jeune homme, a ses actions, etc. / commend 
 {applaud) that young man, his actions, etc. 
 
 S'applaudir. Ne s'est elle pas applaudie de son choix? Did she not congratulate herself 
 upon her choice? 
 
 Appliquer (tr.). To apply. Like Eng. Sur in sense of on, upon. II a appliqui de jolies 
 couleurs sur cette toile. He has put pretty colors on that canvas. Appliquer des fonds 
 a. To appropriate funds to. 
 
 S'appliquer a. To be applicable to ; to apply one's self to. To apply to any one — s'adresser 
 a quelqu'un ; pour, /or. 
 
 Appointer de (mil.). To detail on. On I'a appoints de C0rv6e, de garde. He has been de- 
 tailed, put on, police duty, extra guard duty {for punishment) (rarely used). See com- 
 mander, etre commande de, etc. 
 
 Apporter. To bring by carrying. Distinguish from amener. 
 
 Apposer a. To affi,x to. Apposer un cachet a un document. To affix a seal to a document. 
 
 Appr6cier. To appraise, to appreciate. Like Eng. Passive with de or par. Ce vin est 
 appr6cie des connoisseurs. This wine is appreciated by connoisseurs. 
 
 Appr^hender. To apprehend; to be apprehensive of; de (b. i.). II apprlhende de vous 
 d^plaire. He is apprehensive of displeasing you. Je crains du danger a cause de cela. 
 / apprehend danger from that. Nous arret^mes le voleur. IVe apprehended the 
 thief 
 
 Apprendre. To learn; to teach, etc. Je vais apprendre I'heure (qu'il est). / am going 
 to find out what time it is. A (b. 1.). L'enfant apprend a lire. In the sense oi to 
 teach. II apprend k chanter a ma soeur. He teaches my sister singing. Je lui ai 
 appris cela. / informed him of that. Idioms : Les malheurs s'apprennent vite. 
 Bad news flies fast. • Vous apprendrez avec plaisir que. You will learnt {hear) with. 
 
2/2 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 etc. Ce n'est pas i un vieux singe qu'on apprend ^ faire des grimace. You canU 
 teach him anything in that line. {One doesn't teach one's grandmother- to suck eggs.) 
 
 Appreter (tr.) k (b. i.). To prepare, to get ready, etc. Elle a apprete le diner. She has 
 got dinner ready. Elle a apprete les enfants a aller a I'^cole. She has got the children 
 ready to go to school. 
 
 S'appreter a (b. i.). EUes s'appretent a sortir. They are preparing to go out. See pre- 
 parer. 
 
 S'apprivoiser avec. To accustom one''s self to ; to familiarize one's self with. Se f amiliar- 
 iser avec (less familiar). 
 
 Approcher (tr.). To approach, to tnake advances to a person (with whom one is familiar). II 
 est facile a approcher. He is easy to approach. Approchaz la table. Bring the table 
 near. Approchez la chaise du feu. Draw the chair up to the fire. J'approchai ma 
 soeur de moi. / drew my sister near me. 
 
 S'approcher de (b. n.). To approach, to draw 7tear {to). Approchez-vous de la table. 
 
 Come (or draxv) near the table. II s'est approch^ du feu. He drew {came) near the 
 
 fire. Je m'approchai de ma soeur. I went {dre^v) near my sister i Vous en etes-vous 
 
 approch^? Did you go near it? Elle s'est approchee de lui. To bring {draw) near 
 
 is approcher. To go ttear, to come near, is s'approcher de. 
 
 Approcher is also used intransiiively. Nous approchons de I'dquateur. We are approaching 
 {draiving near to) the equator. The intransitive form is used much less than the others. 
 
 Approfondir. Syn. of creuser, to dig; but approfondir means to extend^ enlarge {digging 
 already done) . Creuser un trou ; approfondir une excavation. To dig a hole ; en- 
 large an excavation. In fig. sense it means to go into deeply; as, a study, a research. 
 
 Approprier a (b, n.). To appropriate, to adapt. Dans ce pays les lois sont appropriees 
 (or on approprie les lois) aux infarcts du peuple. In this country the laws are 
 adapted to the people's interests. 
 
 S'approprier. lis se sont appropri^ la plupart des eaux de ce ruisseau. They have appro- 
 priated most of the water in the streat?i. 
 
 Approuver de or par (b. n. in p.). To approve, to approve of, to pass upon {to consider) favor- 
 ably. Used similarly to approve in Eng. See also trouver bon. 
 
 Approvisionner (tr.) . To supply. Etre approvisionn^ de. To be supplied with. 
 
 S'approvisionner. Nous nous sommes approvisionnes de tout ce qu'il faut pour I'hiver. 
 We have supplied ourselves with all that we need for the winter. 
 
 Appuyer (tr.). To support; to prop. Contie, against, on, or upon. Etre appuyl par (de). 
 To be stipported, countenanced by. 
 
 Appuyer (intr.) sur. 7^o lean tipon, etc. (sometimes used). 
 
 S'appuyer sur. Idiom: Vous vous appuyez sur un roseau. You are leaning on a broken 
 reed. 
 
 Araser (tr.). To level; to put different parts on a level (hardly used) . Niveler is the ordinary 
 word for to level. Raser means to level to the ground; to raze. Mettre de niveau is 
 syn. for niveler. 
 
 Arguer (intr.) de (b. n.) To -deduce an opinion {from); to infer, argue {from). De 
 cela il argue que vous ne I'aimez pas. From that he argues that you do not love 
 hijn. See p. 74. To argue with = raisonner avec. Ne raisonnez pas (avec moi). 
 Do not reason {argue) zvith me. See raisonner. 
 
 Argumenter (intr.). To argue, to discuss. More formal than discuter. 
 
 Armer (tr.). To arm, to fortify; de, with. As in Eng. Armer un fusil. To cock a gun. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 273 
 
 Etre arm6 ; s'armer. De, with. II s'est arm^ d'un fusil. He armed himself with a 
 gun. 
 
 Arpenter (tr.). To survey, to measure (^land). As in Eng. 
 
 Arracher (tr.). 7b snatch; to extract; to zvring, etc. De before things in sense of out of, 
 from. A before persons. II a arrach6 toute esp^rance de mon coeur. Be has torn 
 every hope from my heart. II a arrach6 le secret a ma soeur. He has wrung the secret 
 from my sister. Arracher une promesse a quelqu'un. To extort a promise from 
 some one. 
 
 S'arracher. A in sense of to tear one^s self, to withdraw, away from. Elle s'est arrach^e 
 aux plaisirs du monde. She has detached herself (with an effort^ from the pleasures of 
 society. De used b. n. in sense of out of, out from. Etre arrach6. De (b. n.) in sense 
 oifrom. Elle a §t6 arrach^e de dessous le tramway. She was snatched from under 
 the street car. Idioms : On se I'arrache (of persons). He is very popular ; he is all the 
 rage. Above is used also of things in popular speech. One even hears, On se VOUS 
 arrache. On se m'arrache. 
 
 Arranger (tr.). To arrange. 
 
 S 'arranger. To arrange; to settle Okie's self ; to make arrangements ; dans, in; avec, with. 
 As in Eng. Pour (b. i.). Nous nous sommes arranges pour partir lundi ensemble. 
 We have arranged to leave together Monday. S' arranger de quelque chose, de quel- 
 qu'un. To put up (to make a shift) with something, etc. 
 
 Idioms: Comme vous voila arrange ! What a sight you look! Je I'ai arrange de 
 la bonne maniere. I gave him what he richly deserved. Arrangez-vous. 'Jhat is 
 your business ; settle it among yourselves ; manage as you can ; do your best, worst, etc. 
 '^Arreter (tr.). To stop ; to hold ; to arrest, etc. 
 
 ^, S'arreter. Used as the neuter verb to stop in Eng. La voiture s'est ^rretde. The carriage 
 stopped. A (b. n.) in sense of to stop, hesitate at ; to have regard for. II s'arrete aux 
 apparences. He has regard for appearances. 
 
 Arrierer (tr.). To delay, defer (payments). As in Eng. De, by ; in sense of by so much 
 time. 
 
 Arriver (intr.). To arrive, etc. As in Eng. Aux. etre. A (b. n.) in sense of to arrive at, to 
 attain ; to happen to ; to reach. Arriver ^ Paris. To reach Paris. Arriver aux hon- 
 neurs. To attain honors. Impers., sense of to happen. II lui est arrive d'y etre. He 
 chanced to be there. Idioms : C'est un homme qui arrivera. He will succeed in the 
 world. II arrivera. He will arrive (succeed). Un malheur n'arrive jamais seul. 
 Misfortunes never come singly. Cela arrive comme mar§e au careme. That comes 
 just in the nick of time (as sea-fish in Lent). 
 
 Arroser (tr.). To zuater (plants, etc.), to irrigate, to bathe (fig.). See also abreuver. To 
 sprinkle is asperger. La plus grande victoire est arros^e de larmes. jyie greatest 
 victory is bathed in tears. 
 
 S'articuler a (in anatomy). To articulate (to). 
 
 Asperger (tr.). To sprinkle (as linen before ironing). Asperger de I'eau b^nite (sur I'autel, 
 etc.). To sprinkle holy water (on the altar, etc.). Elle a asperg6 la chambre de par- 
 fum. She has sprinkled the room with perfume. It is sprinkling (raining lightly)., II 
 tombe de la petite pluie. 
 
 Aspirer (tr. and intr.). To inhale ; to draw into the lungs ; to aspire (to). J'ai aspir6 du 
 gaz. Pve inhaled some gas. II aspire avec difficult^. He inhales (breathes) with diffi- 
 culty. A (b. n.) (b. i.) in sense of to aspire to. J' aspire m€me ^ cela. I aspire 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 1 8 
 
274 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 even to that. A-t-elle aspir^ a vous faire croire cela ? Has she aspired to make you 
 believe that ? 
 
 Assaillir. See 130. See also faire assaut de . . . under Faire. 
 
 Assaisonner. To season. Avec, with (in lit. sense). II assaisonne la viande avec des 
 Apices. He seasons the meat ivith spices. De, with (in fig. sense). II assaisonne 
 la conversation de plaisanteries. He seasons conversation with pleasantry. Etre 
 assaisonn6 de quelque chose par quelqu'un. To be seasoned zvith something by some 
 one. 
 
 Assembler (tr.). To assemble, to collect. Assembler applies to things never before col- 
 lected; rassembler, to things temporarily separated. See cueillir and recueillir, 129. 
 Idiom : Qui se ressemble, s'assemble. Birds of a feather Jlock together. 
 
 Assentir a. To assent {to), as in Eng., but rarely used except in didactic way. The usual 
 expression is Donner son assentiment a. 
 
 Asseoir (tr.). 7^o seat. See 119. Faites les asseoir. Have them sit down {ox seat them). 
 
 S'asseoir. To sit down {to seat one's self). Sur, on {a chair, etc.); dans, in {an armchair, 
 un fauteuil). Used as in English, but note that we say He is sitting {down) for He is 
 seated, which in French is II est assis. He is sitting down {taking a seat or seating 
 himself) is II s'assied. II est assis prds de la fenetre. He is sitting by the window. 
 See p. 130. 
 
 Asservir (tr.). To enslave, etc Les Ro mains les ont asservis. The Romans enslaved them. 
 
 S'asservir a. II s'est asservi aux caprices de sa femme. He has become a slave to the 
 whims of his wife. 
 
 Etre asservi a. lis sont asservis aux Turcs. They are enslaved to the Turks. 
 
 Assi^ger (tr.). To besiege; to lay siege to; to beset with. On I'a assi^gS de demandes. He 
 has been beset with requests. 
 
 Etre assi6g6 par, by ; de, with. 
 
 Assigner (tr. ) a (b. ind. obj.). On ne peut assigner de limites a Tart. Limits cannot be as- 
 signed to art. 
 
 Assimiler (tr.). To assi?nilate; to liken ; k, to. Ces penchants assimilent Thomme a la brute. 
 
 S'assimiler k. Nous nous assimilons volontiers aux hommes superieurs a nous. We 
 willingly liken ourselves to men superior to us. 
 
 Assister (tr.). To assist. As in Eng. II est assists de tous ses amis. He is assisted by all 
 his friends. See aider. 
 
 Assister (intr.). To be present; a, at. Avez-vous assists a I'ouverture de cet 6tablisse- 
 ment? Were you present {among those present) at the opening day of that establish- 
 ment? But, Etiez-vous la au commencement du spectacle? Were you there at 
 the beginning of the play ? Dans I'assistance. Among those present. 
 
 Associer, avec, with (in sense of associating one idea or thing with another). Je I'avais 
 associ§ avec vous dans mon 6sprit. / had associated him with you in my mind. 
 A in sense shown in following sentences : Vous a-t-il associ6 au benefice de cette 
 affaire? Did he admit you to a participation in the profits of that affair (or deal) ? 
 N'associez pas le nom de mon frere k cette affaire. Do not connect my brother's 
 name with that matter. N'associez pas mon frere k vos intrigues. Don't make my 
 brother a party to your intrigues. 
 
 S'associerll, avec. As above. Je me suis associfi avec lui. I have entered into a partnership 
 with him {associated myself with) . 
 
 Etre associ6 k, avec. As above. Note : This verb is not used as is the verb to associate 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 2/5 
 
 with in English, in the sense of frequenting^ keeping company. See frequenter for 
 those meanings. 
 
 Assomer (tr.). To knock down; to wear out, etc. Etre assom6 de travail. To be worn out 
 with work. 
 
 Assouvir (tr). To glut; to satisfy ; de, with. II a assouvi son ambition; sa cole re; son 
 appetit, etc. He has glutted his ambition^ his anger, his appetite, etc. See rassasier. 
 To glut the eyes, repaitre les yeux. 
 
 Etre assouvi, de. 
 
 S'assouvir. To glut one's self; de, with, of {blood, carnage, etc."). 
 
 Assujettir (tr.). 7^o enthrall ; to bind, etc.; a (b. n. or b. i.). Le roi les a assujettis a tra- 
 vail p6nit)le. The king has subjected them to hard labor. 
 
 Etre assujetti a, to ; par, by. As above. 
 
 S'assujettir a, to. As above. II s'est assujetti a finir ce travail. He has forced himself to 
 finish that work. ^ 
 
 Assurer (tr.). To guarantee, to insure; to assure. J'ai assur§ ma maison (contre I'in- 
 cendie). 
 
 S'assurer de, of (b. n. or b. i.)'. To assure one^s self, to take precaution to insure that. Je 
 me suis assure d'y arriver avant la nuit. / have taken precautions to insure arriving 
 before night. Je m'assurerai de I'execution de mes ordres. I shall assure myself of 
 the execution of my orders. 
 
 Astreindre (tr.). To oblige, to compel. Not so strong as assujettir. See also forcer, obliger. 
 A (b. i.). II a astreint les eldves a 6crire cet exercice latin. He compelled the pupils 
 to write this Latin exercise. 
 
 S'astreindre. As above. 
 
 Attacher (tr.). Most common word to express to fasten, attach to. Avec, with (a nail, cord, pin, 
 etc.); al, to ; to fasteii, attach, to. C'est un livre qui attache. It is an interesting book. 
 
 Etre attache a. As above. II est fortement attache a mon frere (fig.)- He is warmly 
 attached to my brother. 
 
 S 'attacher a. As above. To become luedded to anything. Idiom : Qui attachera le grelot ? 
 Who tuill take the initiative ? (Lit., Who will attach the bell to the cat?) 
 
 Attaquer (tr.) . To attack. Attaquons nos le90ns. Let''s set about (^attack) our lessons. Idiom : 
 Attaquer le taureau par les comes. To take the bull by the horns. 
 
 S'attaquer a. To hound. II s'attaque a mon frdre. He hounds (^persistently attacks, 
 harasses, or annoys') my brother. 
 
 S'attarder. To be belated; a (b. i.). 
 
 Etre attard6. To be belated; a (b. i.). II a htk attard6 k faire son tour. He was belated in 
 making his round. 
 
 Atteindre (tr.). To reach a place ; to attain honors ; to affect, to get at a person, etc. Cette 
 loi atteint bien des personnes. That law affects many people. 
 
 Atteindre (intr.) h. (b. n.). II a atteint au plafond. He reached the ceiling. L'artiste a 
 atteint 4 la perfection dans ce tableau. The artist has attained perfection in that 
 picture. The intr. verb atteindre with a implies an effort in attainment, whereas the 
 tr. verb does not. Pouvez-vous toucher (or atteindre) le fond ? Can you reach to the 
 bottom? Pouvez-vous prendre, toucher ce livre? Can you reach that book? (De- 
 pending on exact meaning.) Voulez-vous me passer ce livre ? Will you reach me 
 that book? Cette ferme s'^tend jusqu'a la riviere. This farm reaches to the river. 
 Le poignard a atteint (a pSn^tre dans) son cceur. . The knife reached his heart. 
 
2/6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Atteler (tr.). To hitch (horses to a carriage, etc.). Idiom : C'est une charrette mal attelee. 
 They are a badly matched pair. 
 
 Attendre (tr.). To wait for, to await. J'attends mon frere, le tramway, etc. Pour before 
 the inf., but notice the following: J'attends de voir le tableau pour former mon 
 opinion. I am waiting to see the picture to form my opinion. 
 
 S'attendre a. To expect, to look forward to. Je m'attends a votre visite. Pm looking 
 forivard to your visit. Je m'attends a ce qu'il arrive demain. I expect him to arrive 
 to-morrow. Je m'attends a le voir demain. 
 
 Idioms : Une question n'attendait pas I'autre. Question quickly followed after ques- 
 tion. Je m'y attendais. That is just zvhat I expected. Attendez-vous-y. You may 
 depend upon it; (also, ironically) Don't you wish you may get it! Tout vient a point 
 i qui sait attendre. Everything comes to the man who waits. On pent s'attendre a 
 tout, surtout a I'inattendu. One may expect anything, especially the unexpected. Le 
 chemin de fer et la marie n'attendent pas. Time and tide vi^it for no man. Atten- 
 dez-moi sous I'orme. (Lit., Wait for me under the elm.^ Yoti can wait till doomsday. 
 Wait till I do I {i.e. wait forever). 
 
 Attenter (intr.) H. To make an attempt upon. II a attenti a ma vie, a mes biens. II a 
 attenti a cela (II a essay! cela). He attempted that. 
 
 Attester (tr.). To attest, to testify, etc. II a attest! ce fait au juge. He attested that fact to 
 the judge. II a atteste le ciel qu'il disait la v!rit6. He called heaven to witness that 
 he was telling the truth, II en a attest! le ciel. He called heaven to witness it. See 
 t6moigner de. 
 
 Attirer (tr.). To attract, to draw ; H, to. 
 
 S'attirer. Qui remplit ses devoirs s'attire I'estime. He who does his duty wins esteem. 
 
 Attraper (tr.). To catch, etc Attraper le train. To catch the train. Attraper un lidvre. 
 To catch a hare. Idiom : Attrape qui pent. Scramble for {catch) it. Attrape ! Catch ! 
 Take that! Tacher de saisir. To catch at. 
 
 Attribuer (tr.). To attach ; to assign ; to attribute ; to ascribe ; k, to. A qui attribuez-VOUS 
 cette histoire ? To whom do you attribute that story ? On a attribu! des emoluments 
 a cet office. Some emoluments have been attached to that position. 
 
 Autoriser (tr.) a (b. i.). II m'a autoris! a faire cela. He authorized me to do that. 
 
 S'autoriser, de, by (b. n.); pour, in, to (b. i.). Je m'autorise de votre negligence pour 
 VOUS renvoyer. / am warranted by your negligence in sending {to send) you away. 
 
 Avaler (tr.). To swallow. Idiom: On lui fait avaler des couleuvres. He believes everything 
 he is told. Faire avaler des couleuvres a quelqu'un also means. To say hujjiiliating 
 things to one obliged to put up with them ; to make to swallozu bitter pills. 
 
 Avancer (tr.). To advance, to promote, etc.; sur, upon, on. L'ennemi avance sur Paris. 
 The enemy is advancing on Paris. Cette maison avance sur la rue. That house pro- 
 jects into the street. See saillir. Idioms : Vous etes (or vous voila) bien avanc! ! 
 You're in a pretty mess! or What have you gained by that? Cela -m'avance bien. 
 What good is that to me ! Je n'en suis pas plus avanc! ! / am none the wiser (or 
 nearer). Votre montre avance de dix minutes. Your watch is ten minutes fast. 
 
 Avantager (tr.). To favor, to give advantage to ; de, with. La nature vous a avantag! de 
 ses dons. Nature has favored you with her gifts. 
 
 Aventurer (tr.). To venture, risk, etc. Shows less thought, more recklessness, than hasarder 
 or risquer. II a aventur! sa fortune dans cette entreprise. He has risked his fortune 
 in that undertaking. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 2^7 
 
 S'aventurer. To venture; ^, to. II s'est aventurfi ^ dire quelques mots. He ventured to 
 say a few words. 
 
 Avertir (tr.). To inform, apprize, of; to warn, etc.; de (b. n.). J'ai averti mon ami de votre 
 arriv6e. I have informed my friend of your arrival. Idiom: un bon averti (un bon 
 pr6"venu) en vaut deux. A man well warned is twice a man. Forewarned, forearmed, 
 
 Aveugler (tr.). To blind, to dazzle, to delude. Etre aveugl^ par ... To be blinded by. 
 
 S'aveugler, sur. To be blind to. S'aveugle-t-il sur vos actions ? Is he blind to your actions ? 
 
 Avilir (tr.). To debase, to degrade, etc. 
 
 S'aviiir a (b. n. or i.). S'avilit-il a vous expliquer cela ? Did he degrade himself {ox stoop 
 to') explaining that to you ? 
 
 Aviser (tr.). To advise, etc. See conseiller. Proverb : Un verre de vin avise bien un 
 homme. A glass of wine puts wit into a man. Un fou avise bien un sage. Good 
 advice often comes whence we least expect it. Nous aviserons. We'll think it over. 
 
 S'aviser de (b. i. or n.). S'est-il avis6 de partir de suite ? Has he taken it into his head to 
 leave immediately? Proverbs and idioms: II ne s'avise jamais de rien. He never 
 thinks of anything. He has no initiative. On ne s'avise jamais de tout. One never 
 thinks of everything. Ne VOUS en avisez pas. You'd better not! Don't think of it! 
 
 Aviser (intr.) a (b. n.) (pron.). To take into consideration. J'aviserai a Cela. / will think 
 it over. On y avisera. We will see to it. 
 
 B 
 
 Bailler (intr.). To gape, to yawn ; de (b. n.^.^ from, with. 
 
 Bailler (tr.), to lease, to give, is used only in a few sayings or proverbs. La bailler belle "k 
 quelqu'un. En bailer belle a quelqu'un. To want to impose upon, to deceive, som-e one. 
 Bailler le lidvre par I'oreille. To make fine but vaitt promises. For to lease, to give 
 in lease, see donner a bail. 
 
 Baiser (tr.). 7^o kiss. Not used unless a part of the body is mentioned; as, the hand, the 
 forehead. See poser un baiser a. II lui baisa la main. He kissed her hand. Some- 
 times sur is used II la baisa sur le front. Embrasser is generally used for to kiss (or 
 poser un baiser a). Idiom: II y a toujours Tun qui baise et I'autre qui tend la 
 joue. Love is never exactly reciprocal. 
 
 Baisser (tr.). To lozver. Baisser is used of things to be put lower; abaisser may be used in 
 sense of to lower curtains, etc., which cover other things, but the latter is now generally 
 used with the idea of humiliating. Rabaisser used preferably in figurative with reference 
 to pride, etc. Baisser les yeux, le voile, la voix, etc. Idioms or sayings: Baisser 
 I'oreille. To look confused, sheepish. Ma vue, ma m^moire, etc., baisse. My sight, f?iy 
 memory, etc., is failing. U a donn§ tete baiss6e dans le piege. He ran headlong into 
 the trap. Je lui ai fait baisser les yeux. / stared him out of countenance. II n'a 
 qu'a se baisser pour en prendre. He has only to stoop and pick it up. He has only to 
 ask for it to get it. 
 
 Se baisser a (b. i.). To stoop {to). Se baisser jusqu'au point de is more frequent. 
 
 Balancer (intr.). To hesitate, to scruple; i (b. i.), to. Je ne balancerais a dire ce que j'en 
 pense. I should not scruple to say xvhat I think of it. II n'y a pas a balancer. We 
 must not hesitate {but act). See also h6siter. 
 
 Bannir (tr.). To banish; ^^, from ; H, to. As in Eng. 
 
 Baptiser (tr.). To baptize. Idiom: Voila un enfant bien dif&cile a baptiser. That is no 
 easy matter. 
 
2/8 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Barbouiller (tr.). To daub, besmear; de, with. 
 
 Barioler (tr.). To cover, to checker (with paint or motley colors) ; de, with. Un habit, un mur, 
 
 bariol6 de rouge et de bleu. A coat, a zvall, checkered with red and blue. See bigarrer. 
 Barrer (tr.). To bar, to bar up (as a door, a road, etc.). Cela rempechait de me porter 
 
 secours. That barred me from his aid. Excepts cela. Barring that. Lesfauxjeux 
 
 sont d^fendus (interdits). Foul plays are barred. 
 Baser (tr.). 7^o base ; s\xx, on, upon. As in Eng. Etre bas6 sur. 
 Se baser sur. 7o be founded upon ; to take as a groundwork. 
 Battre (tr.). To beat, to defeat ; to beat against. Les vagues battaient les rochers. The 
 
 waves beat against the rocks. Battre des mains. To clap the hands. 
 Etre battu par, de, by ; de, with. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : II lui a battu froid. He gave him the cold shoulder. Battre la 
 
 Campagne. To scour the country ; (fig.) To talk nonsense; to beat about the bush; 
 
 to wander in one's mind (of invalids) ; to be delirious. Battre la breloque. To talk 
 
 nonsense. Battre le pav6. To loaf about; to wander about in search of work ; to 
 
 ^ tramp it. Tout battant neuf. All brand neiu. Battre le chien devant le loup. 
 
 Vi* vV^-'*- To pretend to be angry with one person to deceive another. II s'en bat I'oeil. He 
 
 ^ p\*.,o doesn't trouble himself abotit it {he winks at it). Avoir les yeux battus. To look 
 
 tired about the eyes. La fete battait son plein. The entertaimnent was at its height 
 
 {was in full swing). Battre quelqu'un H plates coutures. To beat ^some one all 
 
 hollo7v (\\\.., to flat seams). Les battus payent I'amende. The weakest go to the wall. 
 
 The losers pay. L'un bat les buissons, et I'autre prend les oiseaux. One does the 
 
 work and the other reaps the advantage. Autant vaut bien battu que mal battu. As 
 
 well to be hanged for a sheep as for a lajnb. In for a penny, in for a pound. 
 Bayer (intr.). To gape at. Hardly used except in the expressions: II baye (or baie) aux 
 
 COrneilles (or aux mouches). He's gaping, staring vacantly into the air. Bayer aux 
 
 chimdres (bad sense). To be off in one''s mind. 
 Becher. Tic? «Yf (with a spade, etc.). Becher quelqu'un. To pick some one to pieces. 
 B^n^ficier. To make a profit; sur, on. II a b6ndfici6 sur cette vente. He made a profit on 
 
 that sale. 
 B6n6ficier de. To profit by. II a b^n6fici6 d'une bonne Education. He has profited by a 
 
 good education. 
 B^nir (tr.). To bless ; to consecrate. Has two participles, b^ni, b6nit. Par, de. Used in 
 
 passive for by, of. See p. 75. 
 Bercer (tr.). To rock ; to lull ; to delude (fig.). De, tvith, in, to. II m'a berc6 de vaines 
 
 esp6rances. He has lulled {deluded) me zvith vain hopes. 
 Etre berce de. As above. Get enfant a §t6 berce d'id§es g^n6reuses. That child has 
 
 been reared from infancy to generous ideas. J'ai 6t§ berce de cela. I've heard that 
 
 from my cradle. 
 Se bercer de. To lull, delude one's self, with. 
 Biaiser (intr.). To slope, to slant. Du c6t6 de, vers, toward. To quibble. Get homme 
 
 biaise tou jours. That man is always quibbling. 
 Bigarrer (tr.). To make motley colored; to checker. (See barioler, whtch is used, however, 
 
 only in literal sense of clothing, walls, etc.) Des plaques de nuages violac^s bigar- 
 
 raient le ciel. Patches of purpled clouds checkered the sky. 
 fetre bigarr§ de. Les oeuvres de cet auteur sont bigarr^es de citations. The works of thai 
 
 author are interspersed with quotations. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 279 
 
 Blimer (tr.). Je vous blime. / bla?ne you; de (b. \.),for. II m'a bltm§ d'avoir fait 
 cela. He blamed me for having done that. Note : that the French apply blimer tj 
 conduct, actions, etc., whereas in Eng. we must say to blame for. Avez-vous bla.ne 
 ma COnduite ? Did you blame me for my conduct? 
 
 Etre bltmd de or par, by. II est blimd de ses meilleurs amis. He is blamed by his best friends. 
 
 Blanchir (tr.). To whiten, to bleach, etc.; to wash for. Also used as intr. and as reflex, 
 verb. Cette blanchisseuse blanchit Mme. C. I'hat laundress washes for Mrs. C. 
 
 Blaser (tr.). To pall, to surfeit. Cela blase (le gout). That palls {the taste). 
 
 Etre blas6. Se blaser sur. II est blas§ sur la vie. Life has palled on him. II est bias ^ 
 sur les plaisirs du monde. He is surfeited with the pleasures of society. 
 
 B14mir (intr.). To become wan. 
 
 Blesser (tr.). To wound. Blesser quelqu'un de quelque chose. To wound {hurt) any one 
 with anything. Blesser quelqu'un k la tete, au coeur, etc. To zuound any one in 
 the head, etc. 
 
 Se blesser. To wound, to injure, to hurt one's self; de, to take offense at. De quoi vous 
 blessez-vous ? What are you offended at ? 
 
 Bleuir (tr., intr., and refl.). To blue, to make blue. 
 
 Bleuter (tr.). To blue lightly (as to blue linen in laundering). 
 
 Blondir. To assume a golden hue. Intr. only. Active form is rendre blond. 
 
 Se blottir. To take refuge, to cower ; dans, in. Has idea of squatting, doubling up. Se 
 tapir is to crouch by flattening out. 
 
 Boire (tr. and intr.). To drink. See 142. Boire dans un verre. To drink out of a glass. 
 Boire a une bouteille. To drink out of a bottle. Idioms : Qui a bu n'a point de secrets. 
 When wine sinks, words swim. He who has drunk, tells all he knoivs. Le vin est tir6, 
 il faut le boire. You have gone too far to go back. Plus il boit, plus il a soif. l^he 
 more he drinks, the thirstier he gets. Ce n'est pas la mer ^ boire. That is no very 
 difficult matter. Qui a bu, boira. Habit is second nature. Boire sec. To drink hard; 
 to drink wine or tvhisky straight. Boire le calice jusqu'a la lie. To drink the cup 
 to the dregs. Qui fait la faute la boit. As you have brezued, so you must drink. As 
 you have sown, so must you reap. Croyez cela et buvez de I'eau (fam.). Believe 
 that and wait till it comes true (it never will). Boire un bouillon. To swallow water 
 while swimming. To swallow a bitter pill. To lose a lot of money. Boire comme un 
 trou (comme une dponge). To drink like a fish. II boirait la mer et ses poissons. 
 He zvould drink the sea and all that''s in it. He never gets etiough to drink. Boire a 
 tire-larigot. To drink excessively. 
 
 Bombarder (tr.). To bombard. Idiom: On I'a bombard^ membre de ce club. He has 
 been pitch-forked into that club (over heads of more deserving people). Ses amis I'ont 
 bombard^ g§n§ral (d6put^, etc.). 
 
 Bondir (int.). To spring, to leap, etc, sur, on, upon. Le lion a bondi sur sa proie. Da, 
 with. L'enfant a bondi de joie. The child leaped {skipped) for {with) joy. Son 
 coeur lui bondit de joie. His heart leaped for joy. 
 
 Bonifier (tr.). To improve. Said particularly of wines. 
 
 Se bonifier. Le vin se bonifie. Wine improves (with age). 
 
 Border (tr.). 7"^ /^^/?2 (as a dress). See also ourler (more common). De, with. Le chemin 
 est bord^ de fleurs. The road is bordered with flowers. La foule bordait le chemin. 
 The crowd lined the road. 
 
 Boriier (tr.). To limit, to confine, to restrict; a, to. 
 
28o THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Se borner. To confine one's self, etc. ; a (b. n. or i.) , to. II s'est born6 a lire quelques pages 
 
 Saying : II faut savoir se borner. One nmsi place limits on one's desires. 
 Botteler (tr.). Like appeler. 'Jo tie into bottes {bundles\ as hay. 
 Boucher (tr.). To cork (bottles); to stop up; to block up; avec, with. Bouchez ce trou. 
 
 Idioms or sayings : Ce gar90n est bouch§. That hoy is dense (slang). En bouch6 un 
 
 coin a quelqu'un. To silence any one ; to make any one shut up (slang). 
 Bonder (tr. and intr.). To sulk, to pout. Contre sometimes used in sense of with. Elle 
 
 boude (contre) son meilleur ami. Bonder contre son ventre (fam.). To be at outs 
 
 with one's stomach. 
 Se bonder. Used in plural. To pout with one another ; to be at outs. 
 Bouffer (intr.). 'To puff up, to sivell ; de, with. To eat with voracity (argot). Voyez 
 
 comme ces enfants bouffent. 
 Bouffir (tr.). To swell, to bloat; de, with. L'hydropisie lui a bouffi tout le corps. The 
 
 usual verbs for to swell, etc., are enfler, gonfler, and boursoufler. The last is used in 
 
 fig. style in sense of to be bombastic. 
 Bouillir, to boil. See 133. 
 
 Bouleverser (tr.). To throw down; to upset; (fig.), to distract, disturb, upset. 
 Etre boulevers§ de, par, over, by. Elle est tout bouleversee de cette nouvelle. She is 
 
 quite disturbed over that news. Elle a 6t6 boulevers§e par cette nouvelle. She has 
 
 been upset by that ne7vs. 
 Bourrer (tr.). To stuff ; ^q, ivith. To fill a pipe. II a bourri sa pipe. 
 Se bourrer. To stuff one's self; de, 7vith. L'enfant se bourre de friandises. Le cheval a 
 
 bourr6. The horse started {bolted^. 
 Braire. See p. 210. 
 Branler (intr.). To swing, to shake, to totter. Mil. (of troops), to give way. Saying: Tout 
 
 ce qui branle ne tombe pas. The weakest sometimes show great strength. 
 Branler (tr.). To sxving; as, the arms, the legs, etc. See also balancer, faire vibrer, secouer. 
 Braquer sur (tr.). To point at, to train on, to turn on; as, a telescope, a gun, the looks. 
 Braver (tr.). To brave, to set at naught. Also affronter. 
 Briller (intr.). To shine, to glitter. Le soleil brille an ciel. See luire, 168. Tout ce qui 
 
 brille n'est pas or. 
 Briser (tr.). 'To break. Briser en morceaux. To break to pieces. Briser le coeur, la volont^, 
 
 a quelqu'un. To break any one's heart (will). See also casser, rompre. Brisons cela 
 
 (brisons 9a). Enough of that. Let's drop the subject. 
 Broder (tr.). Broder quelque chose de sole (etc.) avec une aiguille (on autre instrument). 
 
 To embroider something of silk {etc.) with a needle {etc.). II brode bien. He's good 
 
 at romattcing, drawing the long bozv. 
 Broncher (intr.) (of animals). To stumble. See tr6bucher, referring to persons. 
 Brosser, to brush. Brosser les cheveux a quelqu'un. To brtish any one's hair. 
 Se brosser. II se brosse les dents. He is brushing his teeth. 
 Brouiller (tr.). To mingle, to 7?iix tip, to disarrange, etc. Brouiller des choses, brouiller 
 
 des personnes. 
 Se brouiller avec quelqu'un. To fall out ivith any one. Nous nous sommes brouill^s. IV e 
 
 are no longer friends. II s'est brouill6 avec la justice. He has been punished by the 
 
 law, i.e. he has fallen out %vith the courts. 
 Brouir (tr.). To blight (flowers, plants, etc.). Said of the sun. Fl^trir is used with refer- 
 ence to the wind, 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 28 1 
 
 Brouter (intr. and tr.), to browse; to broivse on. Ou la chdvre est attach^e il faut qu'elle 
 broute. IVe must take things as we find them. 
 
 Broyer (tr.). To grind, to crush. Un boulet lui a broy6 la tete. Idiom : II broie du noir. 
 He is discouraged. 
 
 Bruiner (impers.)- To drizzle. It is used in passive form of things ruined by drizzling rain. 
 Le bl6 est bruin6. The tvheat is spoiled {by the drizzle'). 
 
 Bruire. See p. 211. 
 
 Briiler (tr. and intr.). To burn. Je me suis brfil6 le doigt. Pv^ burnt my finger. Cela 
 ne veut pas prendre. That won't burn. Cela a un gout de brul6. That tastes as 
 if burnt. Cela sent le briil§. That smells as ifbiD-nt. Briiler de fidvre, de colere, etc. 
 To burn with fever., with anger, etc. L'herbe est dessech^e. The grass is burnt up. 
 De (b. i.). Je brfile de vous voir. I am eager {anxious) to see yoti. Idioms and say- 
 ings: Bruler le pave. To ** scorch,^^ to travel fast. Ce cheval brule le pav6. That 
 horse is a traveler. Briiler une station (of trains, etc.). To run through without 
 stopping at a station. Nous avons brfile nos vaisseaux. We mean to fight to the last. 
 No going back. Briiler a petit feu. To be on thorns ; on pins and needles. Cherchez 
 bien, vous briilez. Search well, you are getting warm. II s'est briil^ la cervelle. 
 He has blown out his brains. II m'a pose cette question a brule-pourpoint. He 
 asked me that question point-blank. lis ont tir6 sur lui a brule-pourpoint (a bout 
 portant more usual). They fired at him at point-blank range. 
 
 Brunir (tr., intr., and reflex.). To brown, to become brown, etc. 
 
 Buter (tr. and intr.). To prop up, to buttress. Mil. (target practice), to hit the mark. See 
 mettre dans le noir, dans le but (more common). 
 
 Se buter a. To be bent on, determined upon (not used b.i.). Contre. To be opposed to (b. n.). 
 Not very commonly used. 
 
 Butiner (tr. and intr.). To pilfer ; sviX,from. Les abeilles butinent sur les fleurs. 
 
 C 
 
 Cabler (tr.). To cable. II a cable cela a sa mdre. 
 
 Cacher (tr.). 'To hide; k,from. II a cach^ son ambition a sa femme. He concealed his 
 ambition from his wife. II a cache le livre de son fr§re. He hid his brother's book. 
 
 Se cacher. To hide, to conceal one's self; de (or a.), from. II s'est cache de (or, less com- 
 monly, a) sa soeur. 
 
 Cadrer (intr.). To agree, to tally, to square ; avec, ivith. (Not said of persons.) Ce tableau 
 cadre bien avec le papier. That picture matches the paper -well. See also aller bien 
 avec, assortir. To match colors is assortir. To match gloves, horses, shoes (things 
 that go in pairs) is apparier. To match like things — cloths, vases, horses, not in 
 pairs — is appareiller. 
 
 Camper (tr. and intr.) (mil.). To camp; to encamp. Camper la quelqu'un. To leave any 
 one in the lurch. 
 
 Capituler (intr.). To capitulate. Capituler avec sa conscience. To compromise with one's 
 conscience. For general meanings of to comproi7iise, see s' entendre sur and compro- 
 mettre. 
 
 CaptiVer (tr.). To captivate, etc. Vouloir captiver quelqu'un (of women). To set one's cap 
 for sojne 07ie. 
 
 Capturer. To capture. Not used. See prendre and arreter. 
 
 Casser (tr.). To break. Causer le bras, la Jambe, etc., a quelqu'un. To break any one's 
 
282 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 arm, leg, etc. Casser is applied to things unelastic or brittle that break from shock, as 
 glass, porcelain, marble, etc., and to things that snap, as canes, limbs of a person, etc. 
 Briser is applied to things that do not break easily (requiring perhaps several blows or 
 efforts), but which may be broken into fragments, as a stone, a statue, etc. It generally 
 has the idea of breaking completely or into small pieces. Un COBUr bris6. Une 
 volont6 bris§e. 
 
 Rompre is applied to things having elasticity which do not break to fragments, as 
 bread, green branches, etc. Rompre avec quelqu'un. To break with any one. 
 Rompre un engagement. To break an engagement. Rompre une veine. To ruptiire 
 a vein. 
 
 The carriage broke dozvn. La voiture a vers§. To break the thread of a speech or 
 discourse. Perdre le fil d'un discours. To break in (a cask, door, etc.). Enfoncer 
 une barrique, etc. To break in a house. Entrer dans une maison (de force). To 
 break off (a piece or portion). Detacher, rompre, un morceau, etc. To break open. 
 Ouvrir (de force). To break through. Percer. To break up: se s6parer, to separate; 
 se disperser, to disperse. L'assembl^e se dispersa, the meeting broke up. Demolir. 
 To demolish. To break a bank. Faire sauter une banque. To break a journey. Frac- 
 tionner un voyage. To break news. Annoncer une nouvelle (menagement, ^<?«//j'). 
 To break down in a speech. Demeurer court. 
 
 Idioms and sayings with casser : lis ont cass^ du sucre sur votre dos. They have 
 gossiped about you. Payer les pots casses. To stand the racket; to stand the costs. Je 
 ne me casse pas la tete avec (or pour) de telles bagatelles. / donU zvorry my head 
 {rack my brains) over such trifles. J'ai Cass6 une croute. Pve just had a snack. Les 
 fatigues ont cass6 cet homme. Hardships have broken down that man. On ne fait 
 pas d'omelette sans casser des ceufs. Nothing is done without trouble and sacrifice. 
 Ce monsieur casse les vitres. That gentleman is not afraid to say what he thinks. II 
 nous cassait Fencensoir sur le nez. He was smothering us with flatteries. 
 
 Cautionner (tr.). To be, to beco?ne, surety for, to bail (law). Se porter caution pour, usual 
 form. Mon frdre a ete caution pour lui. My brother bailed hifn out (fam.). To be 
 out upon bail. Etre en liberty sous caution. 
 
 C^der (tr.). To yield; a, to. Le c^der a quelqu'un. To be second to some one. Quant 
 h. la musique il ne le c^de a personne. 
 
 Ceindre*(tr.). To surround, to encompass. Like craindre. 
 
 Etre ceint de. To be girded zuith. Not used in sense of entourer de. 
 
 C616brer (tr.). 7^o celebrate, to extol. Note that past part, is not used in sense of the adjec- 
 tive c61dbre, celebrated. 
 
 C61er (tr.). 7o conceal, to hide. Like acheter. A, from. II m'a c616 son opinion. But 
 we cannot say, II m'a c61§ le livre. See cacher. 
 
 Cesser (tr. and intr.). To cease, to stop. Aux. avoir; but etre is used if state is denoted. 
 L'orage est cess6. The storm has stopped (is over). De (b. i.). II n'a (pas) CGSs6 
 de travailler. 
 
 Se chagriner. To grieve, to sorroiv; de, over, at. Provincial expression for se tourmenter 
 de, s'afQiger de. 
 
 Se chamailler. To wrangle, to squabble ; de, about, over. lis se chamaillent toujours de 
 leur argent. 
 
 Chanceler (intr.). I'o stagger, to totter. Like appeler. His question staggered me, Sa ques- 
 tion m'a donn^ a r^fl^chir. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 283 
 
 Chancir (intr.) and se chancir. To get moldy. Used if mold is just beginning; otherwise 
 se moisir — the more usual term — is employed. 
 
 Changer (tr.). To change {to transform, to alter). 
 
 Changer (intr.) de. Changer d'habit. 7^o change clothing. (Changer de vetements.) 
 Changer de conduite. To change one's condtcct. En. To change into. II a chang§ 
 ce livre pour (centre) un autre (like things). II a echange ce livre centre un 
 porte-cigare (unlike things). Changer son cheval borgne contre un aveugle. To 
 lose in an exchange. ( To trade a one-eyed horse for a blind one.') La campagne VOUS 
 Changera. The country air will be a good change for you. 
 
 Chanter (tr.). To sing. Idioms and sayings : Chanter toujours la mems chanson. To be al- 
 ways harping on the same string. Tel chante qui ne rit pas. The heart may be sad 
 though the face be gay. C'est comme si je chantais. If s like talking to the air {blowing 
 against the wind). Je lui ai chante sa gamme. / lectured him severely. Une porte 
 mal graissle chante. One must pay well to keep people quiet. Elle chante a faire 
 pitie. She sings most wretchedly. Chanter juste. To sing in tune. Chanter faux. 
 To sing out of tune. Si 9a VOUS chante (fam.). If you're in the mood for it. 
 
 Charger (tr. ). To load; de, with. To charge with a crime = accuser d'un crime. On m'a 
 chargi de cette commission. I^ve been intrusted with this mission {errand). Je vous 
 charge de I'ordre. I make you responsible for order. II a la langue charg6e. He has 
 a coated tongue. Cela charge mon budget. That increases my expenses. Je vous 
 charge de me remplacer. / choose you as my substitute. II a charge son r^cit. He 
 has exaggerated the facts. To charge (a price for) = demander, prendre, faire payer. 
 Vous demandez trop. Combien prenez-vous par le?on J 
 
 Se charger. De, with. Cet homme ne pent se charger seul. Je m'en charge. Til take 
 it upon myself. {Til be responsible.) 
 
 Charmer (tr.). To charm; de, to (b. i.). Elle sera charmee de I'entendre. She will be 
 charmed to hear it. 
 
 Etre charm§ de. To be charmed with, to ; par, by. To be charmed by. 
 
 Chasser (tr.). To drive out, to expel, etc.; diQ., from. II a chass§ I'ennemi du pays. 
 
 Chasser(intr.). To hunt. Chasser aux perdrix, renards. To hunt partridges, foxes. Idiom: 
 Chassez le nature!, il revient au galop. What is bred in the hone zvill never come out 
 of the flesh. Qui deux choses chasse, ni I'une ni I'autre ne prend. Between two 
 stools one falls to the ground. Doti^t have too many irons in the fire. Also, Ne chassez 
 pas deux lidvres a la fois. Un clou chasse I'autre. One idea drives away atiother. 
 II chasse de race. He's a chip of the old block, v 
 
 Chatouiller (tr.). To tickle. Chatouiller quelqu'un aux c6t6s. To tickle any ohe's ribs. 
 
 Chauffer (tr.). To ivarm, to heat. 
 
 Se chauffer. Je me suis chauff6 les mains. I warmed my hands. Se chauffer (a). To 
 bask {in). 
 
 Chauffer (intr.). Ce bois ne chauffe pas. This wood throivs out no heat. II chauffe un 
 pen. Ifs gettting rather warm. Ca (cela) chauffe. That's getting ready {being 
 prepared). Things are getting warm. There's a hot fight on. C'est un bain qui 
 chauffe. That's a wetting {a shower) coining on. Ce n'est pas pour vous que le four 
 chauffe. All these preparations are not being made for you. Le four chauffe poui VOUS 
 (slang). You're in for it. 
 
 Chausser (tr.). To put shoes and stockings on some one, to fit with shoes or stockings., to make 
 shoes and stockings for some one, to be bootmaker for some one. Qui est-ce qui VOUS 
 
284 '^^^ FRENCH VERB 
 
 chausse? Who is your bootmaker? II est toujours bien chausse ? He is always 
 
 neatly shod. 
 Se chausser. To put on shoes and stockings. 
 Chauvir de (of horses). To prick up the ears (rarely used). See dresser. Au bruit le 
 
 cheval a chauvi des oreilles. 
 Chercher (tr.). Chercher quelque chose. To look for something. Aller chercher quelque 
 
 chose. To go and get something. A (b. i.). Chercher a faire quelque chose. To 
 
 try to do something. Sayings : Chercher une aiguille dans une botte de f oin. I'o look 
 
 for a needle in a haystack. Chercher une querrelle d'allemand. To be looking for 
 
 trouble. (Se chercher. To study one's self. In old French, to isolate one's self) 
 Chiffonner (tr.). 7^o rumple, to crumple, to tumble (linen). Vous avez chiffonn^ la cravate. 
 
 You have rumpled the tie. Qu'est-ce qui VOUS chifonne? (fam.). What is bothering, 
 
 puzzling, you ? 
 Choir (intr., irr., def.). See p. 212. 
 Choisir (tr.). To choose ; pour, as. On I'a choisi pour gouverneur de cet 6tat. He has 
 
 been chosen as governor of that state. De (b. i,). Choisir de partir ou de rester. 
 
 Entre deux maux, il faut choisir le moindre. One must choose the lesser of two evils, 
 Chomer (tr. and intr.). To stand still {for 7vant of work) ; to be not working. Les OUvriers, 
 
 les moulins choment k present. The workmen, the mills, are idle at presejit. De. 
 
 lis ch6ment de besogne, de travail. They are out of work. Chomer une fete, 
 
 un jour de fete, le dimanche. To keep {observe) a holiday {Sunday). Idioms: 
 
 Ch6mer les fetes avant qu'elles ne soient venues. To count chicke?is before they are 
 
 hatched. C'est un saint qu'on ne ch6me point. He is in no great repute {favor). 
 Se choquer de. To take offense at. Hardly used in this sense. See se f^cher de, 
 
 s'offenser de. 
 Chuchoter (tr.). 7^ zuhisper. Chuchotez cela a I'oreille a (de) votre frdre. Whisper that 
 
 in your brother's ear. 
 Circoncire (tr., irr.). To circumcise. See p. 177. 
 Circonscrire (tr.). To circui7iscribe. Like 6crire. 
 Circonvenir (tr.). To circumvent. Like tenir. 
 Circuler (intr.). To circulate. Intransitive form is faire circuler. Cela circule. That is 
 
 being circulated. II fait circuler cette rumeur. He is circulating that rwnor. Circulez 
 
 messieurs ! Move on, please! (policemen's cry). 
 Citer (tr.). To cite, to quote. 
 
 Citer k. To summon to. II a cit6 mon frdre k paraitre devant le tribunal la semaine 
 prochaine. 
 
 Clapir (tr.). To squeak (oi r3.hh\t?,) . 
 
 Claquer (intr.) de. To snap. etc. II claque des dents. Ses dents claquent. His teeth are 
 
 chattering. II claque des doigts. He snaps his fingers. Faire claquer (trans, form). 
 
 Le coche faisait claquer son fouet. 
 Cligner (tr.). Cligner Tceil. To wink. Faire un clin d'ceil i quelqu'un. To give a' 
 
 wink to some one. 
 Clignoter (intr.). Clignoter d'oeil. To wink. Faire signe de Tceil a quelqu'un. To 
 
 give a wink to some one. To wink at {to pass over) Fermer les yeux sur. 
 Clocher (intr.). To limp, to be lame. Idioms •■ Ce n'est pas mal, mais il y a encore quelque 
 
 chose qui cloche. It's not bad, but there's still something wrong. Toute comparaison 
 
 cloche (or pdche). Comparisons are odious. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB. 285 
 
 Clore. See p. 213. 
 
 Cogner (tr.). To hammer on^ as a nail, a wedge, a door, etc. Enf oncer. To drive in, to 
 drive home. Je ne puis enfoncer ce clou. Cognez done plus dur. Marteler, to ham- 
 mer, not used with an object in its literal sense. It is so used in fig. 
 
 Coiffer (tr.). To put on one's head, to cover one's head; de, with. Coiffer quelqu'un. To 
 dress any one's hair. Qui est-ce qui vous coiffe ? Who dresses (or does') your hair ? 
 Je me coiffe moi-meme. I dress my own hair. 
 
 Se coiffer. To luearfor a headdress. De. Se coiffer de quelque chose. 
 
 Idioms : Etre coiffe de quelqu'un. To be smitten on some one. Se coiffer de quel- 
 qu'un. To get {become) smitten with (or on). Etre n6 coiffe. To be born with a 
 silver spoon in one's mouth. Coiffer Sainte Catherine. To remain an old maid. 
 EUe a coiff§ Sainte Catherine. She's an old maid. 
 
 Combattre (tr.). To fight. Like battre, p. 76. 
 
 Combattre (intr.). I'o fight, etc. Combattre de. To vie in (with each other). lis combat- 
 tent de politesse, de g§n6rosite. 
 
 Commander (tr.). To command, to order (the usual word for Eng. to order). Commander 
 quelque chose a quelqu'un. To order something from some one. Commander a quel- 
 qu'un de faire quelque chose. To order sovie one to do something. Commander que 
 quelqu'un fasse quelque chose. Mil. : II est commande a ce service (pour ce service). 
 He is detailed for that duty. II est C0mmand6 de garde. He is detailed for guard. 
 
 Se commander. II se commande bien a lui-meme. He has good control over himself. 
 
 Commencer (tr.). To commence, to begin. Like avancer. 
 
 Commencer (intr.) a (b. i.). II commence a s'impatienter. He is beginning to grow im- 
 patient. Par. II a commencer par me louer. He began by praising me. Idioms : 
 N'a pas fait qui commence. The beginning is not everything. A moiti§ fait qui com- 
 mence bien. Well begun is half done. Qui commence mal finit mal. A bad begin- 
 ning makes a bad ending. A bad day never has a good night. 
 
 Commenter (tr.). To comment upon. Commenter quelque chose. Faire des commentaires 
 sur quelque chose. 
 
 Commettre (tr.). To commit. Like mettre. Commettre quelque chose aux mains de quel- 
 qu'un. 
 
 Commuer (tr.). To commute ; en, for. 
 
 Communiquer (tr.). To communicate ; a, to; avec, with. 
 
 Comparaitre (intr., irr.). To appear {legal). Like paraitre. Comparaitre devant un tri- 
 bunal. To appear before a court. 
 
 Comparer (tr.). To compare. Comparer deux choses, deux personnes; comparer quelque 
 chose (ou quelqu'un) a (ou avec) une autre. 
 
 Comparoir. (Law term.) Used in sense of comparaitre; hardly used except in infin. and 
 in past part, comparu. 
 
 Se compassionner de. To be affected by. Provincial (used by Montaigne in sixteenth century). 
 
 Compatir a. To sympathize with (before names of things only). Cette dame compatit tou- 
 jours aux souffrances de ses amis. That lady always has sympathy for the sufferings 
 of her friends. 
 
 Complaire (intr.). To htimor {to take a delight in . . . with the purpose of pleasing). Com- 
 plaire a quelque chose, a quelqu'un. Je complaire a ses demandes pour lui plaire. 
 
 Complimenter (tr.). To compliment; de (b. i.). Complimenter quelqu'un d'avoir fait 
 quelque chose. To compliment any one for having done anything. 
 
286 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Comprendre (tr., irr.). To comprehend, to understand^ to include (like prendre). Faire 
 
 comprendre quelque chose a quelqu'un. To make any one understand anything. 
 
 Se faire comprendre. 7^o make one's self understood. 
 Compromettre (tr., irr.). Like mettre. To compromise, to implicate. (Not used in sense 
 
 oi to make a compromise of; to compromise a /natter.) 
 Se compromettre, avec. To compromise one's self with. 7'o make a compromise of is 
 
 expressed by s' entendre sur, convenir de, arranger. 
 Compter (tr.\ To count, to count on; to expect, to intend, if before infin. Compter 
 
 quelque chose a quelqu'un. To pay, count out, something to some one. Compter a, 
 
 sur. To rely upon. Je compte sur vous. Do not disappoint me. J'y compte bien. 
 
 I fully rely upon it, expect it. Idioms and sayings : II lui compte les morceaux. He 
 
 grudges him the very food he eats. Qui compte sans son hote compte deux fois. He 
 
 who reckons without his host must reckon again. Don't count your chickens before they 
 
 ar» hatched. See Chomer. Comptez dessus. Depend upon it. Cela ne compte 
 / pas. Ihat is not to be taken into consideration. Que comptez-vous faire ? What do 
 
 you intend to do ? On ne VOUS compte pas. You are not reckoned. You aren^t in 
 
 this. Comptez-vous faire fortune ? Do you expect to make your fortune ? 
 Conclder (tr.). To concede. Conc^der quelque chose a quelqu'un. 
 Concevoir (tr.). To conceive, to conceive of. Like recevoir. Je n'y conpois rien. / 
 
 understand nothing about {in) it. La lettre est COncue en ces termes. The letter is 
 
 courhed in these terms. 
 Conclure (tr., irr.). See 151. To conclude. Conclure un discours, un trait§, une affaire, 
 
 etc. De (b. i.). J'ai conclu de partir. 
 Conclure (intr.). Cela conclut. That is conclusive {proves something). Cela est concluant 
 
 (more usual expression). 
 Concourir (jntr., irr.). Like courir. 
 Concourir a (b. n. or i.). To contribute to, to cooperate in. Les sciences concourent a 
 
 civiliser la terre. 
 Concourir pour (b. n. or i.). To compete for. Les Aleves concourent (pour les prix). 
 
 Concourir does not mean to concur or to concur in, which is expressed by s'accorder 
 
 avec, a. 
 Condescendre (intr.). 7^o condescend; a, to (b. n. and b. i.). 
 Conduire (tr.). To conduct, etc. See 141. Conduire des chevaux, une automobile, etc. 
 
 7<? drive horses, to run an automobile. Idioms: II conduit bien sa barque. He 
 
 plays his hand zv ell. Aucun chemin de fleurs ne conduit a la gloire. No flowery road 
 
 leads to glory. Conduire i grandes guides. To drive four-in-hand. 
 Conf^rer (tr.). To confer ; a, upon, on. To compare (writings). 
 
 Confesser (tr.). To confess; a, to. C'est le diable a confesser. It's terribly hard to do. 
 Confer (tr.). To confide, to intrust, etc. Confier quelque chose a quelqu'un. To intrust 
 
 something to some one. To trust any one with anything. 
 Se confier. Se confier a quelqu'un. To confide in some one. Se confier en quelqu'un.'" 
 
 To trust, to place reliance in any one. 
 Confiner (intr.). To border; \, on. Cette propriety confine a la notre. 
 Confiner (tr.). To confine. Confiner quelqu'un dans. See consigner a, more usual. 
 Confire (tr.). See p. 177. Elle a confit bien des poires cette annle. She has preserved a 
 
 quantity of pears this year. 
 Confisquer (tr.). To confiscate; au profit de, to. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 287 
 
 Confondre (tr.). Like rendre. To confound. 
 
 Confronter (tr. and intr.). To confront; avec, with. Confronter a, to front on. (Not 
 much used. See donner sur and dominer.) 
 
 Conjoindre. To conjoin. Like craindre. 
 
 Connaitre (tr.). To be. acquainted with, to know. Like paraitre. Do not confuse with 
 savoir ; see p. 169. Connaitre quelque chose a quelqu'un. To know any one to 
 have, possess, something ; as a quality, a characteristic. Etre connu de quelqu'un. To 
 be knotvn by any one. Se connaitre a en. To be a connoisseur in ; to understand. 
 Idioms and sayings: II connait le dessous des cartes. He's behind the scenes ; he's 
 on the inside. Je vous reconnais bien la. That is Just like you. II en connait bien 
 d'autres. He knows more than one trick. II ne se connaissait plus. He lost control 
 of himself II est connu comme le loup blanc. He is known to everybody. II gagne 
 H etre connu. He improves upon acquaintance. Je ne le connais ni d'Eve ni 
 d'Adam. / don't ktiow him from Adam. Je ne le connais ni de prds ni de loin. 
 / do not know him at all. En chiffres connus. In plain figures Connu (fam.), 
 Thafs an old story. Je la COnnais celle-la (pop.). 7'hat is nothing new {I am on 
 to that). 
 
 Conqu6rir (tr., irr.). Like acqu6rir. To conquer. Conqu6rir un pays (sur un peuple). 
 To conquer a country {against a nation). 
 
 Conseiller (tr.). To advise, to counsel. Conseiller quelque chose ^ quelqu'un. De (b. i.). 
 Conseiller quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. / will advise with my brother, Je 
 consulterai mon frdre. 
 
 Consentir (intr.). Like partir. To consent; a, to. Donner son consentiment a is more 
 used before a noun or pronoun; but consentir a is more used before an infin. Elle a 
 consenti H partir. Qui ne dit mot consent. Silence gives consent. 
 
 Consigner (tr.). To consign, etc. Consigner des marchandises a quelqu'un. Consigner 
 des soldats dans leurs casernes. To confine soldiers to their barracks. Consigner une 
 reflexion sur un carnet. To record a thought in a note-book. Consigner a une sen- 
 tinelle de faire quelque chose. To give orders to a sentinel to do something (mil.). 
 
 Consister (intr.). To consist; en, dans, <?/(b. n.); a, in (b. i.). Dans, used b. n. modified 
 by article; otherwise, en. La perfection de rhomme consiste dans le bon usage de 
 la raison. Une chose qui consiste en plusieurs parties. Le parfait bonheur con- 
 siste a rendre les hommes heureux. 
 
 Consoler (tr.). To console; de, for. 
 
 Se consoler. De, for. Pour se consoler de tout ce qu'on souffre, il faut songer a ce qu'on 
 ne souffre pas. Elle s'est consol6e d'avoir perdu sa fortune. 
 
 Conspirer (intr.) . To conspire ; contre, against (a person, the state) ; a, to, against (a thing). 
 Tout conspire a vous rendre heureux, k votre bonheur. Everything conspires to make 
 you happy, for your happiness. lis conspirent ensemble pour retablir ordre. They 
 conspire together to restore order. 
 
 Constituer (tr.). To constitute, to appoint, to place, etc. Constituer quelqu'un H une situa- 
 tion. To place any one in a position. (Placer or mettre more used.) Constituer' 
 quelqu'un en un 6tat de suspicion, etc. Constituer une dot, une rente, des fonds, 
 k quelqu'un. To assign a dowry, an income, some funds, etc., to some one. 
 
 Se constituer en perte, en d6pens, en frais. To take upon one's self the loss, expense, etc. 
 
 Construire (tr.). To construct. Like conduire. 
 
 Contenir (tr,). To contain. See 124. 
 
288 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Se contenir. To suppress one's feelings {to contain one's self). II y avait de quoi ss ficlier, 
 mais il s'est contenu. See retenir. 
 
 Contenter (tr.). To content; de, %vith (b. n.); en, by (b. vb.). H I'a contents en lui promet- 
 tant ce qu'il demandait. 
 
 Se contenter (de). EUe sest content6e de prendre quelques fleurs. 
 
 Center (tr.). To relate, to tell (stories). Idiom: II vous en conte de belles. He is deceiv- 
 ing you nicely {telling you fine tales). 
 
 Continuer (tr.). To continue. EUe a continue a chanter. She kept on singing {ivithout 
 stopping). EUe a continue de chanter. She kept up {her) singing. In impersonal 
 form there is no distinction : II continue de (or a) pleuvoir. Je I'ai continu6 dans 
 son emploi. / kept him in his position. 
 
 Contraindre (tr.). Like craindre. To force, to cotnpel ; a, to. On I'a contraint a faire cela. 
 
 Se contraindre, a. To force one's self to (b. i.). 
 
 Contrarier (tr.). To thwart, to oppose ; to cross, vex, annoy. Cela contrarie tous mes projets. 
 That thzvarts, crosses, all my plans. Contrecarrer also used. 
 
 Etre contrari§ (de, at). Je suis tres contrarie de ce qui vous arrive. I am greatly annoyed 
 at what is happening to you. Eileen dtait contrariee (ennuyde). She was annoyed 
 at it. See ennuyer. 
 
 Contraster (tr.). To contrast. Rarely used. See faire contraster and mettre en contraste 
 (avec). 
 
 Contredire (tr.). To contradict, to be in contradiction with. See 136. Intr. form contre- 
 dire a, but rarely used. 
 
 Contrefaire (tr.). To imitate, to counterfeit, to mimic. Like faire. 
 
 Contrevenir (intr.). To act contrary (a) to. Aux. avoir; like venir. Contrevenir aux 
 ordres qu'on a recus. To break {act contrary to) orders received. 
 
 Contribuer (intr.). To contribute; a, to. II a contribud de son argent, de ses soins a cette 
 affaire. He contributed his money, his paints, to that affair. II y a contribue pour 
 cent dollars. He contributed one hundred dollars to it. II a donn§ cent dollars pour 
 sa part. II a contribu^ au succes de cela. Les evenements ont contribue a affaiblir 
 sa puissance (or i Taffaiblissement de sa puissance). Contribuer has been used 
 transitively by good writers, but generally different locutions are used to translate the 
 transitive form. He commanded his ambassador to contribute his utmost endeavors to. II 
 a command^ i son ambassadeur de concourir de tout son pouvoir a. He has con- 
 tributed his testimony to. II est venu ajouter son t^moignage i. 
 
 Convaincre (tr.). To convince ; de, of. ' Like vaincre. 
 
 Convenir (intr., irr.). Like venir. See 72 and loi for discussions. See consentir and 
 s'accorder. With avoir (as aux.) convenir means to suit, to please, requires k before 
 noun (person). Cette maison lui a convenu. With etre, convenir means to agree, to 
 be agreed, to admit, to acknoivledge ; requires de (or sur) before noun and de before 
 an infin. Nous sommes convenus des conditions. We have agreed as to the con- 
 ditions, lis sont convenus de partir. They have agreed to set out. II est convenu de- 
 son erreur. He has confessed {admitted his error). For discussion as impersonal verb, 
 see loi. 
 
 Convertir (tr.). To convert; en, into; a, to. Convertir au christianisme. Vous prechez 
 un converti. You are talking to a man who thinks with you. 
 
 Convier (tr.). To invite. Convier quelqu'un a une fete. Convier quelqu'un de faire 
 quelque chose. See inviter. 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 C/iLIFOB#^ ^^^ FRENCH VERB 289 
 
 Convoler (intr.). To remarry. Convoler en secondes, troisidmes noces. To marry for the 
 second, third, time. Se remarier. 
 
 Coop^rer (intr.). 7^o cooperate; a, to, in. Coop6rer a une entreprise, a la fondation de 
 quelque chose. Concourir, contribuer, a faire quelque chose. 7'o cooperate in doing 
 something. 
 
 Copier (tr.). To copy. Copier un tableau. Copier sur. To copy from. 
 
 Copier (intr.). Copier d'aprds la nature, to copy from life. To copy after, imiter. 
 
 Corner (intr.). To trtanpet, to blow a horn. See also sonner du cor, to blow, to wind a horn. 
 Corner is used of the ears in sense of to tingle. Les oreiUes me cornent. My ears 
 tingle. Les oreilles ont du vous corner (on a beaucoup parle de vous). Your ears 
 must have burned {you were much talked about'). To draw in one'^s horns, battre en 
 retraite; rentrer dans sa coquille. 
 
 Correspondre (intr.). To correspond ; a, to. See also ripondre a and etre conforme a 
 (d'accord avec). Cette chambre correspond au salon. This room communicates with 
 the drawing-room. Ces chambres correspondent entre elles. These rooms all com- 
 municate with one another. Correspondre a Faffection (au sentiment) de quelqu'un. 
 To reciprocate any one's affection. Les actions doivent r^pondent (etre conformes) 
 aux paroles. Correspondre avec, to correspottd -with (avoir un commerce de lettres 
 avec). Je corresponds avec elle. I correspond with her. 
 
 Se correspondre. To be similar, symmetrical ; to correspond to each other. 
 
 Corrompre (tr.). To corrupt. See 68, 5. 
 
 Costumer en (tr.). To dress in the costume of. To dress is vetir. 
 
 Coucher (tr.). To lay down; to put to bed. 
 
 Coucher (intr.). To lie down; to pass the night. 
 
 Se coucher. To go to bed. 
 
 Etre couche. To be in bed, to be stretched out. See etre 6tendu, to be lying.- To lie on the 
 grass, etre ^tendu, couchd, sur Therbe. To lie in bed, etre au lit (rester au lit). 
 '1 lie west of, etre situe a I'ouest de. My taste lies in that direction, mon gout me 
 porte de ce cote. To lie in state, etre expose sur un lit de parade. His estate lies 
 all around us, son domaine etend autour de nous. Lying to (mar.), etre en panne. 
 Idioms: Comme on fait son lit on se couche. As you make your bed, so you must 
 lie on it. On est plus C0UCh6 que debout. Life is short compared with eternity. 
 {One is a long time dead.) Coucher dans son fourreau. To go to sleep without 
 undressing. Se COUCher COmme les poules. To go to bed early (with the chickens). 
 Coucher sur la dure. To He on the ground {on the floor) . Coucher a la belle etoile. 
 To sleep in the open air. J'ai C0uch6 dans cette ville. L passed the night in that 
 city. II a couche dehors (or en ville) cette nuit. He slept out {passed the night out) 
 last night. Coucher used for to sleep in sense of to pass the night; dormir with 
 reference to act of sleeping. Vous dormirez mieux cette nuit. You will sleep better 
 to-night. Je Tai COUCh§ en joue. L aimed at him. 
 
 Coudfe (tr. and intr.). To sezu. Generally carries idea of sewing something to something 
 else. Coudre quelque chose a quelque chose. Coudre une plaie. To sew up a wound. 
 L was sewing my coat, je recousais mon habit. See recoudre. 
 
 Couler (intr.). To flow, to run, to leak (of liquids). To sink (of vessels). Les larmes lui 
 coulent des yeux ; les yeux lui coulent. LLis eyes water. II a la larme a I'ceil. 
 LLe has tears in his eyes. Le nez lui coule. LLis nose runs. Le temps coule (or 
 s'6coule). Time passes. 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB I9 
 
290 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Couler (tr.). To strain (liquids, as soup, etc.). Couler a quelqu'un de Targent dans 
 la main. To slip money into any one's hand. Idioms and sayings : II faut laisser 
 couler I'eau. What can^t be cured must be endured. Ce qu'il dit coule de source. 
 What he says comes from his heart {comes fiiiently from his lips). Cela COUle de source. 
 That follows naturally. Couler a fond. To founder (of ships). To be ruined (of 
 persons). C'est un homme coul6. 
 
 Couper (tr.). To cut, to intersect, etc. Couper le doigt a quelqu'un. To cut some one's finger. 
 Couper en morceaux. 7b cut to pieces. Couper du vin avec de I'eau. To dilute wine 
 with water. To cut up {carve, as a fowl) = decouper. Se couper. II s'est C0up6 le 
 doigt. He has cut his finger. 
 
 Peculiar uses : II s'est coup§ dans ses r6ponses. He contradicted himself in his 
 answers. II lui a coup§ la parole. He interrupted him. Son pere lui a coup§ les 
 vivres. His father stopped his allowances. Ce verre de biere m'a coupe les jambes. 
 That glass of beer has made me feel shaky. Couper un cheveu en quatre. To split hairs. 
 Coupons le cable. Let's take the decisive step. On lui a coupe I'herbe sous les pieds. 
 They have supplanted him, taken the wind out of his sails, cut the grass from under his feet. 
 Ca vous la coupe. You can't answer that. Cela m'a coupe bras et jambe. / 7vas 
 dumfounded. Je n'y coupe pas. / do not believe 7vhat you say. Coupons court a 
 cela. Let' s waive that subject. Let's ctU this short., II a COupe au court. He took the 
 short cut. Slang: Cela lui a coup6 le sifflet. That stopped him short {shut him up). 
 Je vais y couper. / am going to cut that {cut it out). 
 
 Courir (tr. and intr.). To run. II court a moi, a elle, etc. He runs to me, to her, etc. 
 One cannot say, II me (lui) court. Idioms and sayings: Par le temps qui court. 
 Nowadays ; as times go. Nous courons meme fortune. We are in the same boat. 
 Etre fou a courir les champs. To be as mad as a March hare. Le bruit court que. 
 There is a report that. II court sur mes.brisees. He is competing with me, trying to 
 cut me out, to get ahead of me. Also aller, marcher sur, etc. Je vais voir courir. / am 
 going to the races. II court les cafes, les theitres, etc. He frequents the bars, etc. 
 Etre au courant de. To be well informed of {posted). Cette pidce est trds courue. 
 That play is very popular. II court les chemins. He rambles about. To run a race, 
 voir a qui courra le plus vite ; faire assaut de vitesse. Voyons a qui courra le 
 plus vite. lis ont fait assaut de vitesse. (Note that to run, said of machines, car- 
 riages, engines, etc., is expressed by aller, marcher, rouler, etc., according to the sense.) 
 La machine marche (or va) bien. To run a rope through a ring, etc., or a sword 
 through one's body is expressed by passer, etc. To run a risk, a danger, courir un 
 risque, un danger. 
 
 Couronner (tr.). To crown. II a h\.k couronn6 de laurier par les enfants. 
 
 Coiiter (intr.). To cost, to be an effort to, etc. Le diamant COUte fort Cher. A used before 
 infin. : C'est un sacrifice qui coiite a faire. Lt's a sacrifice which it costs an effort to 
 make. De required with impersonal form : II lui en coute de faire cela. // is pain- 
 ful {costs him something) to do that. 
 
 Coiiter (tr.). Coflter la vie. coflter de la peine. Rien ne lui coute. He sticks at nothing 
 {spares no trouble). Coiite qui coflte. Cost what it may. Couter les yeux de la tete. 
 To cost a small fortune {a fearful lot) . 
 
 Couvrir (tr.). To cover ; de, with. See 126. 
 
 Cracher (tr. and intr.). To spit. II ne crache pas dessus. He doesn't despise it. 
 
 Craindre (tr.). To fear. See 150 and 177. Etre craint de quelqu'un. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 291' 
 
 Cramponner se. To ding; ^, to. Se cramponner (s'accrocher) a tout. To cling to 
 everything. S'attacher fortement a also used. 
 
 Creuser (tr.). To dig; dans, out of. See approfondir. 
 
 Crevasser (tr.). To crevice. Crevasser les mains a quelqu'un. To chap any one's hands. 
 
 Crever (tr.). To burst, to stave in (casks); to kill. Crever les yeux a quelqu'un. To put 
 out any one's eyes. Je ne voyais pas mon livre, cependant il me crevait les yeux. 
 / did not see my book, yet it was staring me in the face {ivas right under 77iy nose'). 
 
 Crever (intr.). To die (said of animals); de, with, of. Les animaux crevaient de faim, de 
 soif, etc. Also used very familiarly of persons : II crevait de rire. He was dying 
 {bursti7ig) of laughter. Crever d'orgueil, de d§pit. 
 
 Cribler (tr.). To riddle, to pierce; de, with. Crible de mitraille. Riddled with grapeshot. 
 Etre cribl^ de dettes. To be head over heels in debt. 
 
 Crier (intr.). To cry out, to shout (not to weep). Crier a (centre). To cry out against. Crier 
 pour avoir quelque chose. To cry, call, for something. 
 
 Croire (tr.). To believe. See 135. Croire a une personne, a la magie, i quelque chose. 
 Croire a means to believe in the existence of or possibility of. Croire en Dieu, en 
 quelqu'un, en les sciences, etc. Croire en includes believing in the existence of and 
 also having complete faith and confidence in. Croire quelque chose de quelqu'un. 
 To believe something of some one. Je la croyais a Paris, / believed her to be at Tar is. 
 Je la croyais heureuse. I believed her to be happy. Idioms: II s'en croit beaucoup. 
 He thinks a great deal of himself. C'est a n'y pas croire. It is unbelievable {not to be 
 believed). A Ten croire, etc. If he is to be believed {to hear him tell it), etc. Et 
 chacun croit fort ais^ment ce qu'il craint et ce qu'il desire. The 7vish is father to 
 the thought. Je crois Men! I should think so! Je crois que oui. I think {it is) so. 
 Faire croire and faire accroire (a) both mean to cause to be believed; but the first 
 may mean justly, the second always means unjustly, without foundation. Ne lui faites 
 pas accroire cela. Vous savez bien que ce n'est pas vrai. Don't make him believe 
 that. You know very well it is not true. 
 
 Croiser (tr.). To cross, to fold (the arms), etc. Has also meaning of to meet, pass on same path 
 from opposite directions; to cross the path of. Je I'ai croise aujourd'hui. I passed 
 him to-day. On se croise souvent sans se rencontrer. Teople often pass without 
 meeting. 
 
 Croiser (intr. ). To cruise. Croiser sur les cotes. To cruise {along) the coasts. 
 
 Croitre (intr.). To groiv. See 153. Auxiliary is avoir, to express action; etre, to express 
 state. 
 
 Croquer (tr.). To crunch (with the teeth), to crush, etc. ; to sketch, to paint. Elle est gentille 
 (jolie) a croquer. She is charming {pretty enough to be painted). Croquer le mar- 
 mot. To dance attendance {to cool one^s heels). 
 
 Crotter (tr.). To dirty (with street dirt). La boue a crotte ma jupe. Etre crott6 (de). 
 
 Cueillir (tr.). To gather. See 129. 
 
 Cuire (tr.). To cook. See 141. Les cuisiniers cuisent (or font cuire) de la viande, des 
 legumes, etc. Les boulangers ne cuisent pas les dimanches. Bakers do not bake on 
 Sundays. 
 
 Cuire (intr.). Les choses cuisent sur le feu. Le feu fait cuire les choses. 
 
 Idioms : Vous viendrez cuire a mon four. You zvill some day need my assistance , 
 I shall be revenged on you. II vous en cuira (impersonal). You will smart for it. 
 Avoir son pain CUit. To have one's bread and butter {a competence) . 
 
292 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 D 
 
 Darner (tr.). To puddle^ to ram (building); to crown (at checkers). Damer un pion. To 
 crown a man (at checkers). Damer un pion a quelqu'un. To outwit some one. 
 
 Damner (tr.). To damn. Cet homme est son iime damn^e. That man is his tool, does his 
 dirty 7vork for him. 
 
 Danser (intr.). To dance. Danser avec quelqu'un (faire danser quelqu'un). To dance 
 with any one. II danse avec ma soeur, Faire danser les 6cus de quelqu'un. I'o 
 spend any one's money. Faire danser I'anse du panier. To make a profit from 
 marketing for any one. II ne salt sur quel pied danser. He doesn''t knoiu which way 
 to turn (jiioesnH know just how or where he stands). II eu dansera en I'air. He will 
 swing {be hanged) for it. Danser devant le buffet. To have nothing to eat. Croquer 
 le marmot. To dance attendance to. Faire sauter un enfant sur les genoux. To 
 dance a child on the knee. To lead one (such) a dance (that). Traiter quelqu'un d'une 
 (telle) fagon (que). 
 
 Dater (tr. and intr.). 7o date ; de, from. Cela date de loin. That happened a long time ago. 
 
 Debattre (tr.). To debate, to discuss. See battre. 
 
 Debouter (tr.). To overrule (a plea, etc.). Debouter quelqu'un de ses demandes. Le 
 juge a d6bout6 le demandeur de ses pretentions. The judge overruled the claims of 
 the plaintiff. Rejeter une exception. To override an exception. 
 
 DIbrider (tr. and intr.). To unbridle (a horse), etc. II a 6crit vingt pages sans d^brider. 
 He wrote twenty pages at a stretch. 
 
 D^ceindre (rare) (tr.). See 150. 
 
 D§chausser (tr.). To take the shoes off (oi some one). Se d^chausser. II ne faut pas se 
 dichausser pour manger cela. // is not worth zvhile sitting down to eat that. (The 
 ancients ate barefoot). 
 
 D^cheveler (tr.). ^^0 dishevel. See 58. 
 
 D^choir (intr.). See 161. 
 
 Decider (tr.). To decide, to settle, to determine ; to induce, to persuade, etc. Decider quelque 
 chose. To settle, to determine something. Decider quelqu'un a faire quelque chose. 
 Decider quelque chose pour quelqu'un. 
 
 Decider (intr.). Decider de quelque chose. To decide on something. Le juge decide de la 
 vie et des biens des hommes. Decider de faire quelque chose. 
 
 Se decider pour. To decide in favor of; a, upon. Se decider a faire quelque chose. 
 
 Etre d6cid6 h. quelque chose, i faire quelque chose. See determiner. 
 
 Se declarer. To declare; pour quelqu'un, for any one (in favor of any one). 
 
 D^clore (tr.). See 161. To unclose, to take down the barriers of. On a declos le pare. The 
 park has been unfenced, opened. On a ouvert le pare au public. The park has been 
 throivn open to the public. 
 
 D^COiffer (tr.). To undress hair ;" to remove sealing wax from cork of a bottle. Idiom: 
 DIcoiffer (d^couvrir) St. Pierre pour coiffer St. Paul. To rob Peter to pay Paul. '' 
 
 D^confire (tr.). Like confire. To discomfit. Hardly used. See d^router, ddranger. 
 
 D^conseiller (tr.). To dissuade, etc. Deconseiller quelque chose a quelqu'un. To dissuade 
 any one from anything. D6conseiller quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. 
 
 Ddconstruire (tr.). See 141. To raze, to pull down, to take to pieces, etc. 
 
 D§corer (tr.). To decorate. D6corer quelqu'un de quelque chose. 
 
 D6coudre (tr.). Like coudre. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 293 
 
 D^couvrir (tr.). To uncover, to expose, to discover. See 126. D6couvrir quelque chose ^ 
 quelqu'un. See exposer. 
 
 Se d^couvrir. Se d§couvrir ^ quelqu'un. On a d6couvert le pot aux roses. They have 
 solved the mystery., discovered the secret. 
 
 D^crire. To describe. Like 6crire. 
 
 D^crocher (tr.). To unhook, to take down, etc. D6crocher une robe. D^crocher un tableau 
 Sayings: II a decroch6 la timbale. He got the prize. Un d^crochez-moi 9a (slang). 
 A second-hand (Jiand-Die-down) suit. 
 
 D^croire. To disbelieve. Obsolete except in the one sentence, Je ne crois ni ne d6crois. 
 / neither believe nor disbelieve. 
 
 D6croitre (intr.). To decrease, to diminish. Like croitre. 
 
 D^cuire. Se d^cuire. (Of preserves and sirups.) To get thin, to thin. Like cuire, but rare. 
 
 D^daigner (tr.). To disdain. D^daigner quelque chose, quelqu'un. D^daigner de faire 
 quelque chose. 
 
 Dddier (tr.). To dedicate; a, to. 
 
 Dedire (tr.). Like dire except 2d pers. pi., pres. ind., and imper., which are d6disez. D^dire 
 is rarely used except in reflexive form. Contredire is used in sense of to contradict, to 
 gainsay. Se dedire used in sense of to retract, to unsay, to take back, etc. 
 
 Se didire de. Si vous ne le dites pas vous n'aurez pas a vous en dedire. If you don't say 
 it, you ivon''t have to unsay it. II s'est d^dit de cela. He has retracted that. 
 
 D6doubler (tr.). To take the lining out of; to make one into two, or to ?nake two into one (the 
 context showing meaning). 
 
 Ddduire (tr.). To deduct, to deduce ; de, from. Like conduire. See also inf6rer for sense 
 of to deduce. 
 
 D^faillir. See 161. 
 
 Defaire (tr.). To undo. Like faire. J'ai d^fait ma malle. I have unpacked tny trunk. 
 D6faire un paquet. To undo a package. 
 
 Se defaire. To come undone, etc. ; to rid one's self ; de, of To part with, to dispose of. Ne 
 se defaire de quelque chose a aucun prix. Not to part with anything at any price. 
 • II faut nous s^parer. We must part. Abdiquer, renoncer k des droits. To part 
 with rights. Renoncer a des choses qui sont chdres a quelqu'un. To part with 
 things that are dear. See s6parer. Cette difficult! est lev^e. That difficulty is dis- 
 posed of {done aivay with). D^faites-vous de cette mauvaise habitude. Get rid of 
 that bad habit. Pourquoi ne vous ddfaites-vous pas de ce cheval? Why do you not 
 get rid of that horse ? See also se dessaisir. 
 
 Se d6f ausser (de) . To discard (at cards) . Se d6f ausser du dix de pique. To discard the 
 ten of spades. Ecarter generally used. Ecarter une carte, le dix, etc. 
 
 D^fendre (tr.). To defend; to forbid. Difendre contre. To defend from or against. On lui 
 a d6fendu Tentr^e de la maison. Entrance into the house is forbidden him.. D^fendre 
 H quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. To forbid any one to do something. See 
 interdire. 
 
 Se d^fendre. To defend one's self, to resist. Se d^fendre des tentations. To resist tempta- 
 tions. II n'a pu s'en d^fendre. He could not resist it. See also rdsister. S'en 
 d^fendre d' avoir fait quelque chose. To deny having done something. II s'en defend. 
 He denies it. 
 
 D^ferer (tr.). To bestow, to confer ; h., upon. 
 
 /jD§f6rer (intr.). To pay deference, to defer ; a, to. Do not confuse with difE6rer, to defer {to 
 
294 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 delay). En d6f6rant a, pour d^f^rer a. In co?/tpliance tvith. {fn compliance with 
 also expressed by pour se conformer a, conformement a, pour satisfaire a.) 
 
 D6fier (tr.). To defy, to dare. DIfier quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. To dare {defy) 
 any one to do something. 
 
 Se defier. To challenge each other. Se defier de quelque chose, de quelqu'un. To suspect 
 {to distrust) anything, any one. Se defier is not so strong as se mefier. Je me 
 m^fiais de lui; il m'a trompe, et maintenant je me defierai de lui a jamais. / sus- 
 pected him; he deceived me, and now I shall distrust him forever. See SOupQonner. 
 
 D6gager (tr.). To redee?n (something bound or pawned). Degager quelqu'un d'une pro- 
 messe, etc. To release any one from a promise. Soulager les souffrances de quel- 
 qu'un. To release any one from pain. Tirer de peine. To release from trouble. II 
 lUcha la main a sa soeur. He let go his sister's hand. 
 
 Se degager (de). To get clear from, of 
 
 D6gainer (tr. and intr.). To draw, to unsheathe (one's sword). Etre brave jusqu'au d§- 
 gainer (n.) . To be brave until it comes to blows (Jo the scratch) . 
 
 D^garnir (tr.). To strip, to take off the decorations, etc. 
 
 Se degarnir (de). To lose ; to become empty, etc. Les arbres se degarnissent de (or perdent) 
 leurs feuilles. Les feuilles tombent des arbres. Les bancs (du theatre) se degar- 
 nissent. The seats {of the theater) are getting e/npty. 
 
 D^gauchir (tr.). To straighten (a bent twig, spoke, wire, etc.). Rarely used. See rendre 
 droit and redresser. Redresser un arbre, redresser une statue tombee, redresser des 
 abus. 
 
 Se d^gauchir. To lose one''s ajvkwardness. 
 
 Degourdir (tr.). To restore circulation to (benumbed limbs); to unnumb ; to sharpest the 
 wits of. 
 
 Se digourdir les jambes. To stretch one's legs ; to go out for a run, lis auront a se degourdir 
 OU a deguerpir. They will either have to wake up {to take a brace) or clear out (fam.). 
 
 D^gouter (de) (tr.). To disgust, to surfeit {luith). Degouter quelqu'un de bonnes choses. 
 II aimait cela mais sa femme Ten a degout^. 
 
 Se degouter (de). To take a dislike, distaste {to). 
 
 Deguerpir (intr.). To give up, to quit, to leave. 
 
 Se dejeter. (Of wood.) To warp. Like jeter. 
 
 DIjoindre (tr.). To disjoin. Like craindre. 
 
 D61aisser (tr.). To forsake. Etre delaiss§ de (of persons). See abandonner. 
 
 Se delecter. To take a delight; a, in. Se delecter a faire quelque chose. II se fait un 
 plaisir de me tourmenter. He takes a delight in teasing me. Faire ses delices de 
 . . . also used. To be delighted — etre enchants. 
 
 D616guer (tr.). To delegate. D61dguer quelqu'un pour examiner, pour verifier quelque 
 chose, etc. D616guer ses pouvoirs a quelqu'un. 
 
 D^liberer (intr.). To deliberate. Sur quelque chose. 
 
 D61ier (tr.). To untie; to release, etc.; de, from. See detacher, d^faire, and dinouer. Votre 
 chaussure n'est pas attach§e. Your shoe is untied. 
 
 D6livrer (tr.). To deliver; de, from; a, to. Used in sense of to save from and sometimes in 
 sense of to turn over a person to some one else. 
 
 Etre d^livre des malheurs de la vie. To be saved from the misfortunes of life. Livrer des 
 marchandises, etc. To deliver merchandise, etc. Porter un message, faire une com- 
 mission. 7'o deliver a message. Livrer une personne, une ville a quelqu'un. To 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 295 
 
 deliver a person or a city. Remettre une lettre, etc., entre les mains de quelqu'un. 
 
 To deliver a letter, etc, into the hands of some one. Prononcer un discours. To deliver 
 
 a speech. 
 D61oger (tr.). To remove, to leave one's house, etc.; to decamp. See d^menager. Faire 
 
 d^loger. To put out of a house. D^loger sans tambour ni trompette. To leave with- 
 out beat of drum. 
 Se d^mancher. To lose the handle. La C0gn6e se d^manche. The handle is coming off the 
 
 ax. 
 Demander (tr. and intr.). To ask, to ask for. Demander quelque chose a quelqu'un. To 
 
 ask any one for anything {anything of any one). Demander a quelqu'un a faire 
 
 quelque chose. To ask any one to do something. II s'est inform^ de votre santd. He 
 
 asked after your health. Priez monsieur d'entrer. Ask the gentleman in. Invitez-le 
 
 a diner. Ask him to dinner. 
 Demanger (£l) (intr.). To itch. La tete lui d^mange. His head itches. La langue lui 
 
 d^mange. He longs to speak, is anxious (dying) to put in a word. II brule d'envie 
 
 de faire cela. He is very anxious {burning) to do that {itching to do that, fam.). 
 Demeler (tr.). To unravel, to disentangle, etc.; d'avec,/r^w. D^meler le vrai d'avec le 
 
 faux. 
 D§m6nager (intr.). To move (from one house to another); to move out ; to break tip house- 
 keeping. II d^mlnage may also mean, he is losing his good senses. (Se emm^nager. 
 
 To move in.) D6mdnager a la cloche de bois. To leave without paying one's rent 
 
 (fam.). 
 Dem^riter (intr.). To make one'^s self unworthy ; de, aupres de, of Ddmlriter de son 
 
 pays, de la bienveillance de quelqu'un. Etre indigne de. To be unworthy of 
 D§mettre (tr.). Like mettre. To dislocate. D6mettre le poignet, la jambe a quelqu'un. 
 
 To dislocate any one's wrist, leg, etc. Demettre quelqu'un (quelque fonctionnaire). 
 
 To dismiss some one {some official). See chasser, congedier, renvoyer. Se demettre 
 
 le poignet, etc. To dislocate one's wrist, etc. 
 Demeurer (intr.). To reside {dwell), to remain, etc.; a, at. Requires avoir (as aux.) when 
 
 change of state has taken place : II a demeure une heure a faire cela. (Change of 
 
 state: He has now finished.) Etre is required when no change of slate occurs: Les 
 
 bataillons sont demures (rest§s) inebranlables. See 69-72. 
 DIpartir (tr.). Like partir. To dispense, to distribute ; 2i, to. 
 Se d^partir. To desist, to deviate ; de, from. II ne se depart pas de cette coutume (de son 
 
 impassibility). He does not deviate from, etc. 
 D^pecher (tr.). To dispatch. D^pecher un courrier, un ordre, a quelqu'un. D^pecher du 
 
 travail, etc. To expedite work, etc. 
 Se d^pecher. To hasten ; de, to. Se ddpecher de faire quelque chose. 
 Dipeindre (tr.). Like craindre. To depict, etc. 
 D6pendre (intr.). To depend, to be dependent; de, on. II depend de nous de faire cela. It 
 
 depends upon us to do that. Je depends de mon oncle. I am dependent upon my uncle. 
 
 Notre bonheur en depend. Our happiness depends upon it. Je compte sur vous. / 
 
 depend {rely) upon you. Vous pouvez y compter. You can depend {count) on it. 
 
 Distinguish between the meanings of the foregoing sentences. Peut-on ajouter foi a 
 
 Ce bruit? Can one depend upon that report? 
 D^penser (tr.). To spend, etc. D6penser de I'argent pour quelqu'un. To spend money 
 
 on some one, D^penser au dela de ses reveuus. To live beyond one's income. Pas- 
 
296 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ser du temps, un jour, la vie. To spend time, a day, life. Dissiper, 6puiser une 
 fortune. To spend a fortune. 
 
 D6p6rir (intr.). To grow weak, to approach one's end, to wither, etc. Hardly used except in 
 the simple tenses. Sa sant§ d§perit. Cette fleur ddp^rit. Ce malade d4p6rit a vue 
 d'oBil. 
 
 D§petrer (tr.). To disentangle ; Qi^, from. D^petrez ce cheval. 
 
 Se d^petrer. To extricate one's self; de, from. Not much used except as to animals. See 
 d^barrasser, d§gager, livrer. 
 
 D^plaire a (intr.). See 147. To displease, to be displeasing to, unpleasant to, etc. D^plaire 
 ^ quelqu'un (en quelque chose). To displease some one {in anything). II lui deplait 
 de faire cela. Cela lui d6plait. 
 
 Se d^plaire a. Je me d6plais a la campagne. / do not like it in the country. Elle s'est 
 d6plu a ma conversation. She was displeased rvith my conversation. Ces plantes se 
 d^plaisent dans ce terrain. These plants do not thrive in this soil. Qu'il ne vous en 
 d^plaise. Ne vous en d^plaise (fam.). With your permission. If you will allow 7ne, 
 The last two sometimes ironical: Whether you like it or not. 
 
 D6poser (tr.). To put {set) down, etc. D^posez cette boite. Put down that box. II a ete. 
 ddpos6. He has been deposed. Applies to a king. He has been removed from that posi- 
 tion {divested of his dignity) = II a perdu sa place. 
 
 Dipouiller. To strip, to despoil, etc. ; de, of. 
 
 Se d§pouiller. Les couleuvres se dipouillent (jettent, muent, leurspeaux) chaque ann6e. 
 Snakes shed their skins every year. Se d^pouiller de. To divest {strip) one's self of. 
 
 D^pourvoir (tr.). To unprovide, to strip, to divest, etc. ; de, -with, of On a d^pourvu cette 
 forteresse de munitions. Used most often in the passive. 
 
 D6prendre (tr.). To part, to separate. Like prendre; l)ut little used. 
 
 Se d6prendre. To extricate one's self; ^%^ from (from the mud, mire, etc.). 
 
 D6rober (tr.). To steal; a, frojn. To rob; a, of. Derober quelque chose a quelqu'un. 
 D6rober un secret. To steal a secret. Ddrober un criminel a la justice. To screen 
 a criminal from justice. Derober corresponds more to the English to steal ; and voler, 
 to to rob ; it indicates less daring and more skill. 
 
 Se derober. To steal away ; de,/r^w (a place). To slip out of a room is sortir doucement. 
 See also se sauver. Se derober a Fadmiration, aux recherches de quelqu'un, etc. 
 To avoid {to shrink from) admiration, to slip azvay from some one's seeking. Only rarely 
 used in this way. See fuir, reculer. Fuir la society de quelqu'un. Reculer devant 
 un danger. 
 
 D^saccoutumer (tr.). To disaccustom ; to break any one of a habit. Sa femme I'a dlsaccou- 
 tum^ du tabac, de fumer. Se d^saccoutumer de quelque chose, de faire quelque 
 chose. 
 
 D§sagr§er (a) (intr.). To displease. Cela d^sagrle h. ma soeur. That displeases my sister. 
 This verb is now little used. See d^plaire. To disagree is expressed by various expres- 
 sions according to the context. Ne pas s'accorder. differer, ne pas etre d'accord, etc' 
 Les docteurs different dopinion. Les historiens ne sont pas d'accord. Cela ne con- 
 vient pas a mon estomac. That disagrees with 7ny stomach. Cela me fait mal. That 
 disagrees with me. Refuser d'acc6der a une proposition. 7'^ disagree to a proposal. 
 
 D§sapprendre (tr.). Like prendre. To unlearn. D^sapprendre quelque chose a quelqu'un. 
 
 D6sapprouver (tr.). To disapprove, to disapprove of l^o disapprove any one's doing anything. 
 P6sapprouver qu'on fasse quelque chose. Etre d6sapprouv6 de (par) quelqu'un, 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 297 
 
 Disaveugler (tr.) . To undeceive, to open the eyes of. Etre d6saveugl§ de quelque chose. 
 
 Descendre (tr. and intr.). To descend, to come down. See auxiliaries, 69-72. A (b. i.). 
 Descendre a faire quelque chose. To stoop {to condescend) to do something. II a de- 
 scendu la montagne, la coUine. He came down the mountaitt, the hill. II est descendu 
 en lui-m§ine. He examined his conscience. II est descendu h. ma chambre et m'a 
 appell. II est descendu dans le jardin. II est descendu dans les details. Peculiar 
 uses and idioms : II est descendu chez nous. He stopped {took up his abode) at our house. 
 A quel hStel etes-vous descendu? At what hotel are you staying? II est descendu 
 au tombeau. //<? w ^^a^ (poetical). Sa voix descend bas. He has a deep voice. II 
 descend des crois^s. He is a descendant of the crusaders. Ses cheveux lui descendent 
 a la ceinture. Her hair reaches to her ivaist. II a descendu (abattu) trois perdrix. 
 He killed {knocked doivn) three partridges. II a descendu un peu ce tableau. He 
 hung the picture a little lower, II a descendu le vin a la cave. He took the wine down 
 to the cellar. 
 
 Desenteter (tr.). To cure of obstinacy. Desent§ter quelqu'un de quelque chose. To get 
 anything out of any one^s head. Se desenteter (de). 
 
 D6sesp^rer (intr.). To despair ; de, of. Desesp^rer de quelque chose, de faire quelque 
 chose. 
 
 D6sesp6rer (tr.). To drive to despair, to vex exceedingly. Etre d^sesp^ld de quelque chose. 
 To be in despair {despondent, disconsolate) over something. 
 
 Dishabituer (tr.). Used like ddsaccoutumer. 
 
 Designer (tr.). To designate, to point out. Designer quelqu'un a quelque chose (comme 
 la haine, I'homage). To hold any one up {point any one oui) to something {as hatred^ 
 homage, etc.). 
 
 Ddsintlresser (tr.). To buy out the interest of. Etre d6sint^ress6 ; ne pas §tre intdress^, 
 to be disinterested. 
 
 D^sirer (tr.). To desire. D6sirez-vous le voir? D6sirez-vous de r^ussir? De is used only 
 if the wish is for something uncertain. Etre d§sir§ de (or par) . Idioms and sayings : 
 Plus on desire une chose, plus elle se fait attendre. A watched pot never boils. 
 Laisser a d6sirer. To leave something to be desired {room for improvement). Sa con- 
 duite laisse a d6sirer. 
 
 Se d^sister. To desist ; ^q., from. Se d^sister de quelque chose ; de faire quelque chose. 
 
 D^sob^ir (intr.) a. To disobey. D^soblir aux ordres de quelqu'un (ou a quelqu'un)^ 
 To disobey any one's orders {or any one). A-t-il d6sob6i a vos ordres? Has he diso- 
 beyed your orders? II y a d^sobei. He has {disobeyed them). See 107 (i). 
 
 DIsoler (tr.). To desolate, to lay waste ; to grieve, to distress. La famine a d§sol6 ce pays. 
 
 Se d^soler. To lament, to grieve, to be disconsolate. II se d§sole de la mort de son ami. He 
 is disconsolate at the death of his friend. II se d^sole d'avoir fait cela. He is disconso- 
 late over having done that. Etre d6sol6, de (b. n. or i.), at, over, because of 
 
 Se dessaisir de. To part with, to divest one's self of II ne veut pas se dessaisir de ces 
 livres. He does not desire to part with those books. Se ddfaire de and se dessaisir de 
 (said of things and animals) ; se s6parer, se quitter (used with reference to persons). 
 See se d^faire. 
 
 Desserrer (tr.). To unclose, to open. Idiom : Je n'ai pas desserri les dents. I never opened 
 my lips. 
 
 Desservir (tr.). Like partir. To serve, officiate in (as a minister). Ce vicaire dessert 
 PQtre hame^u. To s^rve as a mfans of communication. X«e chemin de fer dessert d6ja 
 
298 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 les solitudes siberiennes. To hurt {to do an ill turn to) any one. Rarely used in 
 sense of to clear the table. La bonne enleve les assiettes, le couvert. Ihe maid clears 
 away (removes) the plates, the cover. 
 
 Dessiner (tr.). To draw; d'apres, from. Dessiner d'aprds nature. 7^o draw {sketch) from 
 nature. Dessiner d'apres quelqu'un. To draw like some one, to imitate some one. 
 
 Detacher (tr.). To take stains out of Detacher une robe. 
 
 Detacher (tr.). To detach, to loosen, etc.; diQ, fro?n. Detacher quelqu'un de quelque chose. 
 7o wean any one frofu anything. Detacher une agrafe. Detacher des chevaux d'une 
 charrue. Detacher quelqu'un a une compagnie, a un service special, a I'etat-major, 
 etc. (mil.). To detach or to detail any one to a company, on special duty, to the staff, etc. 
 
 D6teindre (tr.). Like craindre. To take out the color of Does not mean to detain. 
 
 Se d^teindre. Ce mouchoir s'est d§teint. This handkerchief has lost its color ; the color has 
 come out of this handkerchief. 
 
 D6tenir (tr.). Like venir. To detain (a thing), to withhold. D^tenir (garder) un secret. II 
 a dt§ detenu dix jours a la prison. Retenir is used with reference to detaining a person. 
 On m'a retenu plus longtemps que je ne pensais. They detaitted f/ie longer than I 
 thought. Ce rhume I'a retenu dix jours dans sa chambre. Detenir is but little used. 
 
 Determiner (tr.). To determine (sense of to decide), to settle, to cause, etc. II a re9U une 
 blessure qui a determine la mort. Son pere I'a determine a devenir avocat. His 
 father persuaded (influenced) him to become a lawyer. 
 
 Se determiner. To deter jnine, to resolve ; a, to, upon. II s'est determine au suicide. Se 
 determiner a faire quelque chose. Etre determine a (b. n. and i.). 
 
 Detourner (tr.)". To turn (any one) aside, out of one's road ; to divert anything. Detourner 
 quelqu'un de quelque chose. Detourner quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. 
 
 Se detourner. To turn aside, to deviate ; Ql^., from. Se detourner du devoir. II se detourna 
 pour m'§viter. 
 
 Detourner (intr.). Rarely used. Quand vous serez arrive a une croix detournez ^ gauche 
 (or tournez a gauche) . The last is more usual. 
 
 Detruire (tr.). To destroy. Like conduire. 
 
 Devancer (tr.). To precede, to go before. Les edaireurs devancent I'armee. Scouts pre- 
 cede (go ahead of) the army. II nous a devances. He got the start on us, he has gone 
 before us. Devancer implies more activity and greater progress ; pr^cdder, a difference 
 in order or position. Un of6.cier precede les soldats de sa compagnie. Prendre les 
 devants sur. To get the start of any one. 
 
 Devenir (intr.). Aux. : etre. To become. Like venir. Qu'est-il devenu ? What has become 
 of him ? 
 
 Devetir (tr.). To undress. Like vetir. 
 
 Se devetir. To undress one's self. Se devetir de. To divest one's 5^^^/ (rights, etc.). 
 
 Devier (intr.). To deviate ; dit., from. 
 
 Devoir. See 48. Idioms and sayings: II doit au tiers et au quart (or a Jean et a Paul). 
 He oxves money to everybody. Qui a terme ne doit rien. No one need pay a debt before 
 it is due. Qui ne doit rien n'a rien a craindre. Out of debt, out of danger. A chacun 
 son dfl. Give the devil his due ; every man is tvorth his hire. Fais ce que dois, 
 advienne que pourra. Do your duty, come what may. Dusse-je en mourir. Were 
 I to die for it. II doit plus d'argent qu'il n'est gros. He owes more money than he can 
 pay. Chose convenue, chose due. A promise must be kept. 
 
 pevouer (tr.). To devote; ll, to, Se devouer. To devote one's self. This verb, like COn- 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 299 
 
 sacrer, used generally before nouns, not before the infinitive. II se COnsacra (se livra) 
 a I'^tude des habitudes de cet animal. He devoted himself to studying the habits of that 
 animal. 
 
 pifferer (tr. and intr.). To defer ^ to procrastinate^ to put off. Differer de jour en jour. Zb 
 procrastinate {to delay) from day to day. Differer de faire quelque chose (a, jusqu'a, 
 un certain temps). To defer doing something {till a certain tifne). Remettre quelque 
 chose. To put off something. La chose a 6te remise a samedi. 
 ^iff^rer (intr.). To differ, to be different; diQ, frojn. Differer d'avis de quelqu'un. To differ 
 in opinion from any one (sur, upon). See remark under desagreer. 
 
 Se diligenter a (b. i.). To hasten, to make haste to. Old, hardly used. 
 
 Diminuer (tr. and intr.). To dijninish. Diminuer de longuer. To diminish in length. 
 Aux. : avoir, for action ; etre, for state. 
 
 Diner (intr.). 7'o dine; de, on. Idiom: Qui ne visnt pas a I'heure, dinera par cceur. 
 lie who doesnH arrive on time will go without his dinner. 
 
 Dire (tr.). See 136. Dire a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. To tell some one to do 
 something. Dire quelque chose a I'oreille de quelqu'un. To whisper something 
 to some one. Dites-le-lui a I'oreille. Whisper it in his ear. Pour tout dire. 
 In a ivord. Pour ainsi dire. So to speak. C'est tout dire. That is saying all; 
 enough. Je ne vous dis que 9a. I cannot tell you any more, but ifs a fact. C'est bien 
 drole, je ne vous dis que 9a. Ifs very funny., I can tell you ! Je m'amuse, je ne vous 
 dis que 9a (slang). I am having a good time, you bet I Se le tenir pour dit. To take 
 it for granted., for settled. Soit dit entre nous. Quite betzveen ourselves. Cela est bon 
 a dire, mais, etc. Thafs all very fine {ifs all right to say that), but, etc. Le qu'en 
 dira-t-on. Public opinion. II est sensible au qu'en dira-t-on. He is sensitive to public 
 opinion. He is bound by conventions. II §tait dit que cela arriverait. The fates had 
 7uilled it that that should happen. Quand je vous le disais or je vous I'avais bien dit. 
 / told you so. Ah ! Vous m'en direz tant ! Well, that alters the case. Ah, now I 
 understand. Why didnU you say so at first ? You don't say so I (This expression has 
 many meanings — some ironical — shown by the context.) A qui le dites-vous ? 
 Don't I knoiv it? Selon son dire. According to his version. Cela ne me dit rien. 
 That has no effect upon me. Je I'irai dire a Rome ! Til eat my hat (if it is so). J"ai 
 dit d'atteler. Pve ordered the carriage. II n'y a pas a dire. There's no doubt about 
 it. Comme dit I'autre. As the saying goes. Dites done ! I say ! Say ! Dites-leur bien 
 des choses aimables de notre part. Give them our kindest regards. C'est bien le cas 
 de le dire. One may indeed say so. Elle dit la bonne aventure. She is a clairvoyant. 
 Cela se dit. That is said. II se dit votre ami. He calls himself your friend. 
 
 Diriger (tr.). Diriger ses pas vers, son attention sur. To direct one's steps to, toward ; one's 
 attention on. Se diriger vers. 
 
 Discontinuer (tr. and intr.). To discontinue. Discontinuer de faire quelque chose. To 
 discontinue doing something 
 
 Disconvenir (intr.). Aux. : etre; conjugated like venir. To disown ; to deny. De. Je ne 
 disconviens pas de cela. / do not deny that. Vous ne sauriez disconvenir d'avoir me 
 dit cela. You could not deny having told me that. Peut-on disconvenir d'une chose 
 si ^vidente? With que, disconvenir may be followed by indicative or subjunctive; 
 ne precedes the subjunctive following it. Niez-vous qu'il y fflt? Do you deny that 
 he was there ? Elle nia avoir eti dans les bois. On nous ref usa le privilege d 'y 
 entrer. We were denied the privilege of going in there. II se refuse tous les plaisirs. 
 
 / 
 
300 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Discourir (intr.). Like courir. To discourse; sur, upon, on. 
 
 Disculper (tr.). To exonerate ; ^t^ from. 
 
 Disjoindre (tr.). To disjoin. Like craindre. 
 
 Disparaitre (intr.). Like paraitre. Aux. : avoir, for action; etre, for state. To disappear, to 
 vanish; ^t^from. 
 
 Dispenser (tr.). To exempt. Dispenser quelqu'un d'un service, d'une regie, etc. To 
 exempt any one from a duty, from a rule, etc. ; dispenser quelqu'un de faire quelque 
 chose. Also means to dispense^ to bestoiv ; a, to, upon. 
 
 Disposer (tr.). 7^o arrange^ to dispose, etc.; a, to; pour, toward. Disposer quelque chose 
 pour quelque chose. To prepare something for something. See preparer. Disposer 
 quelqu'un a faire quelque chose. To itidiue any one to do something. Se d^faire de. 
 To dispose of. Cette difficult^ est lev§e. That difficulty is done away zuith (disposed of). 
 
 Se disposer (a). Je me disposals a partir. / zuas on the point of going. 
 
 Disputer (tr.). 7^o contend, to dispute, etc.; a, with. Disputer un prix a quelqu'un. To 
 contend with any one for a prize. Le disputer a quelqu'un en quelque chose. To vie 
 with any one in anything (contend ivith any one for anything'). Pouvoir le disputer a 
 quelqu'un. To be a i7iatch for any one. II le lui dispute ra. He will dispute that with 
 him. lis se disputaient entre eux a qui ferait cela. They disputed among themselves 
 as to who should do that. 
 
 Dissoudre (tr.). To dissolve. See 155. L'association s'est dissoute. The partnership has 
 dissolved. 
 
 Dissuader (tr.). To dissuade. Dissuader quelqu'un de quelque chose, de faire quelque 
 chose. 
 
 Distinguer (tr.). To distinguish, to discern by the senses ; to establish the difference (distin- 
 guer les temps, les lieux); de, from. Je reconnais cette plante a ces feuilles. 
 I distinguish that plant by its leaves. 
 
 Se distinguer. To distinguish one's self. 
 
 Distraire (tr.). To distract, to divert ; die, from. Like traire. 
 
 Se distraire. To be diverted; de, from. Se divertir, s'amuser. To divert one^s self. 
 
 Etre distrait. 7b be absent-jjiinded. To be distracted at a misfortune, etc., is etre affol4 
 de, etc. See 157. 
 
 Divertir (tr.). To divert (turn aside)', de, from; to amuse, to divert. Cela le divertit. 
 That diverts (amuses) him. 
 
 Se divertir. To divert, amuse, entertain one's self ; de, with. D^tourner une rividre de son 
 cours; d^tourner le cours d'une rividre. To divert a river fro?n its course. See 
 d^tourner. 
 
 Diviser (tr.). To divide ; en, into; diQ^from. 
 
 Divorcer (intr.^. To be divorced. Elle a divorc6 d'avec son mari. She divorced her hus- 
 band. Etre s6par6 de ; divorcer d'avec. To be divorced from. 
 
 Domicilier se (pron. verb). To establish one's domicile. Rarely used now except the past 
 participle in passive form. II est domicilii dans cette commune ; a Paris. One 
 says, 6tablir, Clever, son domicile. 
 
 Donner (tr.). To give. Abandonner. T^^^/e/^ «/ (pretensions, etc.). C6der. To givi in. 
 Idioms and sayings : Qui donne tot donne deux fois. He gives twice who gives soon 
 (in a trice). Je VOUS le donne en cent, en dix. / give you one hundred guesses (ten 
 guesses). Le regiment a donn6. The regiment has engaged. Je lui donnerais quarante 
 ans. / would take him to be forty (would say he is forty) . Cela donne la chair de poule. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 3OI 
 
 // makes one's flesh creep. II me donne gain de cause. He decides in my favor. Cela 
 me donne a penser. That arouses my suspicions. II vous donne tort. He decides 
 against you {he puts you in the wrong). Donner du fil a retordre £l quelqu'un. 
 To give hard nuts to crack to some one (Jo give any one much trouble). II donne du 
 fil a retordre. He is a hard case. Le soleil me donne dans les yeux. The sun 
 shines in my eyes. Cette porte donne dans la rue. That door opens into the street. 
 Cette chambre (fenetre) donne sur le jardin. That room (windoiv) looks out on the 
 garden. Cela me donne des id6es noires. // (that) gives me the blues {makes me 
 homesick). C'est a vous a donner (at cards). It is your turn to deal. II a donn§ 
 dans ce piege. He has fallen into that trap (snare). On m'a donn§ 1' 6 veil. They 
 put me on my guard. Ce n'est pas donn6 a tout le monde. // is not everybody that 
 can do that. II s'est donn6 la mort. He committed suicide. Donnez-moi la main. 
 Take my hand. II se donne des airs. He assumes {puts on) airs. II s'est donn6 de 
 Tair. //<? ran away. II m'a donn6 une poign6e de main. He shook hands with me. 
 S'en donner. To thoroughly enjoy one's self. To have a high old time. On t'en 
 donnera des tabliers propres pour les salir. You ask too much. 
 
 Dormir (intr.). To sleep. See 125. Idioms and sayings: Dormir sur les deux oreilles. 
 To sleep soundly {to have no catise for anxiety). Dormir comme une marmotte (or 
 comme un sabot). To sleep like a top, like a log. (Dormir a poings, les poings, 
 ferm§s.) Dormir (or faire) la grasse matinee. To lie late in bed. Qui dort dine. 
 Sleeping is as good as dining. Qui a renomm^e de se lever matin pent dormir 
 jusqu'a midi. A good reputation covers a multitude of sins. Dormir en gendarme. 
 To sleep with one eye open. 
 
 Doter (tr.). To endow (as a daughter, a public institution, etc.) ; de, with. 
 
 Doubler (tr.). To double, to line (clothing) ; de, with. Doubl§ de soie, lined with silk. 
 
 Doner (tr.). To endow; de, with. Generally used in passive. Elle est bien dou§e. She 
 is quite gifted. II est dou6 de bien belles qualit^s. 
 
 Douter (intr.) de. To doubt. Douter de quelque chose. J'en doute. / doubt it. Douter 
 que quelque chose soit vrai. Ne pas douter que quelque chose ne soit vrai 
 (requires ne with subjunctive when negative). 
 
 Se douter de. To suspect, to surmise. Je ne me doutais de rien. / did not suspect anything. 
 Je m'en doutais. / thought so. Se douter requires subjunctive only when negative or 
 interrogative ; does not require ne in either case. Se douter implies suspicion because 
 of the penetration or shrewdness of the subject ; soup90nner implies merely suspicion, 
 restlessness, uneasiness. Suspecter carries idea of unworthiness on part of the object. 
 We would suspect (soup^onner) a truthful man of not having told the truth on an occa- 
 sion ; we would suspect, and justly (suspecter), that an habitual liar had not told the truth. 
 
 Dresser (tr.). To erect; draw up (a report); to train (animals), etc. Les cheveux me 
 dressdrent sur la tete. My hair stood on end. 
 
 E 
 
 S'^bahir (fam.). To be amazed, astonished; de, at. Ordinary terms: Etre frapp6 de stu- 
 
 peur, etre 6tonn6. 
 S'^battre. Like battre. To frisk, to sport. Les poulains s'^battent dans les prairies 
 
 (fam.) . See gambader, f olttrer. 
 S'ebaudir. Not used. See gambader, foiatrer. 
 Eblouir (tr.). To dazzle. Le soleil I'^blouit. The sun dazzles him. 
 
302 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Etre Ibloui de. II est 6bloui de votre succds. S'eblouir de. To get dazzled at (ox by). 
 Ecarter (tr.). To divert, turn aside; de, from. Ecarter un sujet. To waive a subject. 
 
 Se d^tourner. Ecarter une carte. To discard a card. See d^fausser. 
 S'6carter de. II s'6carte de son sujet. He wanders from his subject. 
 Echanger (tr.) contre. To exchange (for). Echanger une chose contre une autre. Je 
 
 changeai de chevaux avec lui. / exchanged horses with him. See changer. 
 Echapper (intr.). To escape; ^ei^ from (when thing is not an active agent); d,., from (when 
 
 thing is considered an active agent). Echapper d'une prison, du feu, du naufrage. 
 
 To escape, to make one''s escape from a prison, fire^ shipwr'eck. Echapper a la mort, a 
 
 Fennemi, ^ Torage, au carnage. To escape {to be preserved), from death, the enemy, 
 
 the storm, carnage. Avoir is the auxiliary to express action; etre, to express state. 
 
 Ce mot m'est 6chapp6. That word escaped me (i.e. / used it inadvertently, without 
 
 thinking). Ce mot m'a 6chapp6. The word has escaped me (i.e. / have forgotten it). 
 
 The distinction shown by the last two sentences is not always observed in practice. One 
 
 hears Ca m'a 6chapp§ with the intended meaning of / did not mean it. Laisser 
 
 Ichapper quelque chose. To allow something to escape ; to give vent to something. 
 Echapper as a transitive verb is obsolete. Idiom: II I'a 6chapp6 belle. He had a narrow 
 
 escape. II I'a ^chappe belle de sa vie. He narrozuly escaped with his life. 
 S'6chapper. To escape, to take flight. II s'^chappa de leurs mains. He escaped from their 
 
 hands. S'^chapper des mains de ses gardes. To escape j'rom one's guards. S'enfuir 
 
 dans les rangs ennemis. S'enfuir a I'ennemi. To make ones escape to the enemy. 
 S'6chauffer. To overheat one's self; a, in. To become excited, animated. Le dispute 
 
 s'^chauffe. 
 Echoir. See 162. 
 Eclaircir (tr.). To clear up, to clear, etc. lEclaircir quelque chose. To enlighten any one 
 
 on {as to) anything =EclsiireT (not Eclaircir) quelqu'un sur quelque chose. Enlever 
 
 les ordures (les d^combres) . To clear away dirt {rubbish) . 
 S'6claircir. I'o clear up, etc. Le temps s'6claircit. 
 ifeclater (intr.). To fly into fragments, shivers; to shiver (as wood);' to burst. Eclater de 
 
 rire. To burst into laughter. But one cannot say Eclater de chanter, etc. 
 Eclore. See 162. 
 
 Econduire (tr.). To show out (of a house, etc.) politely. Like conduire. 
 Ecorcher (tr.) . To flay, to skin, etc. To fleece {cheat) . Ecorcher le bras a quelqu'un. To 
 
 rub off the skin of any one's arm. Jamais beau parler n'^corche la langue. Fair 
 
 words never did harm {it costs nothing to be polite). II ^corche le fran^ais (une 
 
 langue). He murders French {a language). II ^corche I'anguille par la queue. 
 
 He goes at things the wrong way {begins at the wrong end). 
 Ecorner (tr.). To break the horns of etc. ; also to nick (a plate). II fait un vent H ^corner 
 
 (or d^corner) un bceuf . The wind is enough to blow one's head off. 
 Ecouter (tr.). To listen to. i^couter quelqu'un. II n'dcoute que d'une Oreille. He pays 
 
 very little attention. Comme cet homme s'6coute ! What care that man takes of him'- 
 
 self {hy indulging, nursing, himself) ! 
 Ecraser (tr.). To crush, to overwhelm. " Etre 6cras6 de travail, 
 ^crire (tr., irr.). See 139. Ecrire quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. Ecrire a Londres, 
 
 en Angleterre. 'Jo write to London, to England. (When negative and followed by 
 
 que, Ecrire requires the subjunctive.) Idiom: Ecrire de bonne encre a quelqu'un. 
 
 To write to some one in strong terms. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB ■ 303 
 
 S'effaroucher de. To be scared, startled, etc.^ at. Mon cheval s'effarouche d'un rien. 
 S'efforcer. To strive, to make an effort; de, to. To force one's self to. II s'efforce de vous 
 
 en parler. 
 Effrayer. To frighten ; par, with. Je I'ai effray6 par mes paroles. S'effrayer. To be 
 
 frightetied, dismayed; de, at. Ne VOUS effrayez pas de cela. DonH mind that ; never 
 
 mind that. Je suis effray§ de son retard. / am frightened at {on account of) his 
 
 lateness. 
 Egarer (tr.). To mislead (itom a road); to fnislay. Egarer des gants. 
 S'egarer. To lose one's way, to get lost ; dans, a, in. To wander, to stray ; de, from. 
 Egayer (tr.). To enliven, to cheer up. Egayer un malade. 
 S'6gayer. To brighten up, to become cheerful. S'egayer sur (le compte de) quelqu'un. 
 
 To make merry at any one's expense. 
 S'6gOsiller. To make one's throat sore; a force de crier, by shouting. Also said of birds 
 
 who sing with might and main. 
 S'61ancer. To rush., dash, dart, etc.; sur, upon. 
 S'61ever. To rise ; ^'Q., from. 
 Eloigner (tr.). To remove, to put farther away ; diQ^ from. "kloignQZ la chaise du feu, de 
 
 la fenetre. 
 S'eloigner. Ne vous §loignez pas d'ici. Don't go far away from here. Cela s'61oigne de 
 
 la v6rit6. That is far from the truth. Ce pays est bien ^loigne. That country is 
 
 very distant. 
 lEmailler (tr.). To enamel. Ijmailler un vase. Mille fleurs 6maillent les prairies. 
 
 Emailler de (fig.), to adorn with. Un discours §maille de citations. 
 Emballer (tr.). To bale, to bale up. To pack, to pack up. Emballez ces marchandises. 
 
 Vider un canot (avec une escope). To bale out a boat. 
 Embellir (tr.). To embellish, adorn; de, with. Also intransitive. Vous embellisez de 
 
 jour en jour. You grow more beautiful from day to day. 
 Emboire. See 162. 
 Emboiter. To fit; (surgery) to set (bones). Le chirugien a emboit6 le bras (dlboit^). 
 
 Le manche de cette raquette (ce battoir) emboite bien la main. The handle of this 
 
 racket fits the hand nicely. Battoir also means a base-ball bat. 
 Embrasser (tr.). To embrace; also to kiss. Qui trop embrasse, mal 6treint. Grasp too 
 
 much., lose everything. 
 S'^merveiller. To marvel, to be astonished ; de, at. 
 Emettre. Like mettre. To put forth, etc. 
 
 Emigrer (intr.). To emigrate ; ^Oi., from. Avoir, for action; etre, for state. 
 Emmener. To take away, etc. See 57. 
 ^moudre (tr.). To grind. See 154. Emoulez cette cogn^e, ces ciseaux. Grind that ax, 
 
 those scissors. Le jeune homme est frais §moule de T university. The young man is 
 
 fresh from the university. 
 Emouvoir (tr.). To move (the emotions). Cela 6meut les femmes (de compassion). 
 
 Emouvoir les sens. See mouvoir. II ne s'est pas 6mu pour si pen. He was not 
 
 disturbed by such trifles. 
 S'emparer de. To take possession of, to seize. II s'est empar^ de la ville. 
 Empecher (tr.). Empecher quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. Empecher que quelqu'un 
 
 ne fasse quelque chose. To prevent, to hinder, any one from doing anything. (Ne 
 
 required before the subjunctive when empecher is affirmative; otherwise not.) 
 
304 • THE FREATH VERB 
 
 S'empecher de. Je ne puis m'empecher de faire cela. / cannot help doing that. 
 
 Empi^ter (tr. and intr.). To trespass, to encroach upon. Empi^ter un terrain. Empi^ter 
 sur son voisin. 
 
 Employer (tr.). To employ. Employer quelqu'nn a quelque chose, a faire quelque chose. 
 Idiom : II a employ6 le vert et le sec pour y parvenir. He left no stone unturned 
 to succeed (in it). 
 
 S'employer k quelque chose a faire quelque chose. To occupy one's self at anything, doing 
 soT?iething. II s'est employ^ pour moi. He used his interest in my favor. 
 
 Emporter (tr.). To take away, to carry. See 57. L'emporter sur quelqu'un. To get the 
 better of, to overcome some one ; to outstrip, surpass some one. 
 
 S' emporter contre. To fly i7ito a passion at, etc. 
 
 Etre emport^ par quelque chose. To be carried away by something (as an idea). Sayings 
 and idioms: S'emporter comme une soupe au lait. To be very hasty-tempered ; 
 touchy as gunpowder. Ne faites pas attention a ses menaces, autant en emporte le 
 vent. Pay no attention to his threats, they are as light as air. Emporter ses cliques 
 et ses claques. To be off, to clear out bag and baggage. C'est une r^ponse a I'em- 
 porte-pi§ce. // is a very cutting reply and to the point. A I'emporte-pidce. Cut out 
 by a machine punch. Cela m' emporte la bouche. That burns my mouth, is too highly 
 spiced. 
 
 Empreindre (tr.). Like craindre. To imprint, to impress. Empreindre ses pas sur la 
 neige, son image dans le coeur de quelqu'un. Empreindre is used now most often in 
 the past participle ; imprimer, graver, are more frequently used in the active voice. 
 Etre grav§ dans la m6moire. To be impressed on the memory. Frapper les esprits 
 d'id^es superstitieuses. To impress the minds with superstitious ideas. Inspirer a 
 quelqu'un ramoiu: de la v6rit6. To impress with the love of truth. Etre penetr6 
 d'une haute id^e de son importance. To be impressed with a great idea of one's 
 importance. 
 
 S'empresser. To be ardent, eager, etc. S'empresser de faire quelque chose. To hasten to 
 do something. Etre empress^ i quelque chose, a faire quelque chose. 
 
 Emprunter (tr.). To borrow. Emprunter quelque chose a (or de) quelqu'un. 
 
 Enceindre (tr.). Like craindre. To encompass, to girdle ; de, with. Enceindre une ville 
 de murailles. See entourer (more used in sense of to surround). 
 
 Enchanter (tr.). To enchant, to beivitch, to delight; de, with. Etre enchants de voir 
 quelqu'un. Etre enchants que quelqu'un (or quelque chose) soit . . . 
 
 Ench§rir (intr.). To go up, to rise, in price. Le sucre est encheri. N6ron ench§rit sur la 
 cruaut§ de Tibdre. Nero outdid the cruelty of Tiberius. Ench^rir hardly used in 
 sense of to bid on (at auction); one says, mettre, faire, une enchdre sur quelque 
 chose. 
 
 Enclore. See 162. 
 
 Encombrer (tr.). To encumber ; de, with. Etre encombr^ de. 
 
 Encourager (tr.). To encourage, etc. A, to (b. i. or n.). 
 
 Encourir (tr.). Like courir. To incur, to draw dozun upon one's self. Encourir des peines, 
 des punitions, la colore de quelqu'un. One cannot say encourir des d^penses, une 
 dette, etc. But se faire une d6pense. Se cr§er des dettes ; s'endetter. 
 
 Endever (intr.) (fam.). To be vexed, angry; de, at. Se ficher is the term in general use. 
 Faire endever quelqu'un. To torment any one. II agit ainsi pour vous faire 
 endever. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 305 
 
 Endormir (tr.) • Like dormir. To put to sleep. 
 
 Endosser (tr.). To put on (a special dress, etc.). To indorse (au profit de en faveur de) 
 
 to ; to put on an indorsement (adm.). 
 Enduire (tr.). See 141. To coat, to do over {2L%\3siz.Q,€)\ ^^.^ with. On enduit (I'int^rieur) 
 
 des vases de goudron pour conserver I'eau. Le mur est enduit de plitre. 
 Endurer (tr.). To endure.^ to bear (with que requires subjunctive). See supporter. 
 Enfiler (tr.). To thread, to string. Enfiler une aiguille. To thread a needle. Enfiler 
 
 quelqu'un. To pierce through and through (with a sword). (Mil.) to enfilade. 
 
 Idiom : Je ne suis pas ici pour enfiler des perles. Pm not here to waste my time. 
 Enfreindre (tr.). See 150. To infringe, to violate, to break. 
 S'enfuir. To flee, to take flight {oi\\Q^\&%, to leak). See 132. 
 Engager (tr.). To pledge ; to engage (as an employee); to pawn. Engager quelqu'un dans 
 
 des dif6.cult6s. To involve any one in difliculties. Engager quelqu'un a faire quelque 
 
 chose. To induce some one to do something : also to advise some one to do something. 
 
 Engager son bien, sa parole. To pledge one's wealth, one's word. Mettre au mont- 
 
 de-pi6t6, to pawn (the usual expression). 
 S'engager dans une entreprise. To engage (Jo embark) in an undertaking. S'engager a 
 
 quelque chose. To bind one's self to anything. S'engager pour quelqu'un. To be 
 
 security (Jo pledge one's self) for any one. 
 S'engouer. To half choke one's self. To obstruct one's throat. S'engouer de quelqu'un, de 
 
 quelque chose (d'un nouveaut6, etc.). To be wrapped up in, to have a great fancy 
 
 for sotne one or something. Etre engou6 de. 
 Enhardir (tr.). To embolden ; a, to. Cela I'a enhardi a vous le demander. 
 S'enhardir. Je me suis enhardi a vous demander une faveur. I have 7?tade bold to ask a 
 
 favor of you. 
 Enjoindre (tr.). To enjoin. L'eglise enjoint I'observation des fetes. Before an infinitive 
 
 enjoindre is used impersonally with de. II lui fut enjoint d'etre a I'avenir plus cir- 
 
 conspect dans son discours. He was enjoined to be more circumspect in his speech in 
 
 future. Interdire a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. To enjoin any one from doing 
 
 so jne thing. 
 Enjoliver (tr.). To embellish; to set off ; de, with. Enjoliver une robe, un r^cit, 
 Enlever (tr.). To take azvay, to remove. Comparing enlever vv^ith emporter briefly we might 
 
 say that emporter has primarily the idea of to carry away ; enlever, to lift up, to 
 
 remove. Emportez le livre, vous le lirez a votre loisir. Take the book with you, you 
 
 may read it at your convenience. Enlevez ce livre de dessus la table. Take the book 
 
 off the table. Contrast emmener and emporter. Idiom : Les journaux s'enlevdrent 
 
 COmme du pain. The papers sold like hot cakes (like wildfire), 
 Ennuyer (tr.). To tire, to weary, to annoy, etc.; de, with. 
 S'ennuyer. II s'ennuie d'attendre. He is getting tired of waiting. II s'ennui de 
 
 tout. Vous I'ennuyez. You annoy him. II avait I'air coatrari§. He looked 
 
 annoyed. 
 S'enorgueillir. To become {get) proud ; de, of. To plume one's self on = Tirer vanit6 de ; 
 
 etre orgueilleux. See also etre fier de, 
 S'enqu^rir. To inquire ; ^<b, for, about. See 128. 
 S'enqueter de. To inquire about. The first is more used than the second. Je m'en informai. 
 
 / inquired how it was. See s'informer. 
 Enrager (intr.). To be enraged, furious ; de, at, on account of II enrage d6 ne pouvoir 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB — 20 
 
306 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 parler; de voir son ennemi dans ce poste. Etre enrag^ contre quelqu'un. The 
 following are colloquial or familiar : II enrage de mal de tete, du mal des dents. He 
 is wild {fnad) with (he headache, toothache (Acad.). Manger de la vache enrag§e. 
 To undergo hardships, privations. 
 
 S'enrouer. To get hoarse, to make one's self hoarse ; en, by (before gerund). 
 
 Enseigner (tr.). To teach, to give lessons to, to tutor. Enseigner quelque chose H quelqu'un. 
 
 Ensemencer (tr.). To sow (ground) ; de, with. Etre ensemenc6 de bl6. 
 
 S'ensuivre. To ensue. See 145. Used only in the infinitive, the participles, and the third 
 persons of the tenses; requires subjunctive after que when negative or interrogative. 
 Un grand bien s'ensuivit de tant de maux. A great good erisued from so many evils. 
 S'ensuit-il que vous ayez tort? (impers.) Does it follow that you are wrong? Le 
 silence s'^tablit. Silence ensued. Les annles suivantes. The ensuing years. 
 
 Entacher (tr.). To infect, taint with. Etre entache de. To be stained, infected, tainted, 
 zuith. See infecter. Entacher is used more in the figurative sense : C'est une faute 
 qui entache Fhonneur. 
 
 Entendre (tr.). To hear, to under stajid, to intend, etc. See ouir, 170. Idioms and sayings: 
 A bon entendeur salut. A word to the wise is enough. II n'entend pas de cette 
 oreille. He zuill listen to nothing on that siibject. On ne s'entend pas ici. The noise 
 is too great to hear anything. Qu'ontendez-vous par la ? What do you mean by that? 
 Vous ne vous y entendez pas. You do not knojv how to set about it, hoxv to manage it. 
 II n'y entend pas malice. He does not mean any harm ; he takes it innocently. II 
 s'entendent comme larrons en foire. There is an understanding between them, they 
 are intimate. II n'est pire sourd que celui qui ne veut pas entendre. None so deaf 
 as those who will not hear. J'entends etre obei. I expect obedience. M'entendez-vous ? 
 Do you widerstand me ? J'entends bien. I understand perfectly. II s'entend aux 
 affaires. He is a bom business man. Faire (br donner) H entendre a quelqu'un. 
 To give a hint to any one. Laisser entendre a quelqu'un. To give any one to under- 
 stand. C'est entendu. It is agreed, understood. Bien entendu. Certainly, surely. 
 Entendre dire. To hear, to hear say. J'ai entendu dire que votre frere est malade. 
 Je Tai entendu dire. I have heard it said. Entendre parler de. To hear of, to hear 
 spoken of J'ai entendu parler de cette dame. J'en ai entendu parler. I have heard 
 about it {heard it spoken of). Entendre raillerie. To knozv how to take a joke. N'y 
 a-t-il pas moyen de s'entendre? Is there no ivay to come to an understanding? 
 
 Enterrer (tr.). To inter, to bury. Mieux vaut goujat debout qu'empereur enterr^. A 
 living dog is better than a dead lion. 
 
 S'enteter. To get obstinate, stubborn, etc. S'enteter de quelque chose. To take a strong 
 fancy to something. 
 
 Enthousiasmer (tr.). 'To enrapture, to make enthusiastic ; de, tvith, over. 
 
 S'enthousiasmer. To become enthusiastic; de, over (b. n.). Not used before the infinitive. 
 
 Enticher (tr.). To spoil. To inspire a strong feeling {in some one); de, for. Qui vOUS 
 a entich6 de cette^ person ne? The past participle sometimes used for gate with 
 respect to fruits. Etre entich§ de quelque chose, de quelqu'un. See also etre 
 engou6 de. 
 
 Entourer (tr.). To surround, to encompass; de, with. Entourer quelqu'un de soins. To 
 lavish care on any one. 
 
 S'entourer de. Etre entour^ de. La ville est entour^e de soldats. II est entour6 d'espions 
 par le pr6fet. 
 
THE FREATCH VERB 307 
 
 S'entr' aider. To aid {help) each other {one another) \ i, to (b. i.). 
 
 Entrelacer. To interlace; de, with. 
 
 Entrelarder. To interlard ; de, with. 
 
 Entremeler. To inter jnix, intermingle ; de, with. 
 
 S'entremeler does not mean to intertneddle ; see se meler, s'entremettre. 
 
 S'entremettre. To interfere^ to intermeddle ; dans. Used in an uncomplimentary sense. 
 Si vous ne vous 6tiez pas interpose, or Si vous ne vous en ^tiez pas mele. If you 
 had not interfered. Pourquoi VOUS en etes-VOUS mele ? Why did you interfere ? 
 Blesser des int^rets. To interfere with interests. Leurs interets se contrariaient. 
 7^heir interests interfered. 
 
 Entreprendre (tr.). See 143. To undertake ; de, to (b. i.). 
 
 Entreprendre (intr.) sur, contre. To encroach upon. 
 
 Entrer dans (b. n.). To enter. 11 est entrl. He came in. II est entr6 dans la maison. 
 He entered {went into) the house. Entrer dans une ville, dans une chambre, dans 
 une famille, dans les sentiments de quelqu'un. Entrer au college. Faire entrer. 
 To enter, to cause to enter, or to .come in. Entrer en scene. To appear on the stage. 
 Entrer dans les ordres. To enter holy orders. Entrer en service. To become a 
 servant. Entrer au service. To enter {join) the army. Entrer en religion. To 
 becojne a monk. Entrer en manage. I'o get married, to begirt housekeeping. Entrer 
 en pourparlsrs. To enter into {begin) negotiations. Entrer dans le»complot. To 
 enter {Join iji) the conspiracy. Etre entr6 dans une affaire. To be interested in an 
 affair. Le public n'entre pas ici (or on n'entre pas). Positively no admittance. 
 Entrer en ligne de compte. To be taken into account. 
 
 S'entre-souvenir de. To half re?nember. Conjugate like venir. Used like se souvenir, 177, 
 but infrequently. 
 
 Entretenir (tr.). Like venir. To hold together, to stipport; to converse with, etc. Entretenir 
 un chemin, une maison, etc. To keep a road, a house, etc., in repair. 
 
 S'entretenir (meanings of entretenir) . To subsist, to support one's self II s'entretient avec 
 trois francs par semaine. Les femmes s'entretiennent de bagatelles. Women chat 
 abotit bagatelles. 
 
 Entrevoir (tr.). To catch a glimpse of. Like voir. 
 
 Entr'ouvrir (tr.). To half open ; to set doors ajar. Like ouvrir. 
 
 Envelopper (tr.). To wrap up, to envelop. Enveloppez mes achats. Wrap up my pur- 
 chases. Etre enveloppi de (quelque chose, par quelqu'un). 
 
 S'envelopper de. S'envelopper de mystdre. 
 
 Envier (tr.). To be etivious of any one {ox anything). Envierquelqu'un. Envier quelque 
 chose i quelqu'un. J'envie votre sante. Je vous envie votre sante. II est envi^ 
 de tout le monde. He is envied by everybody. Envier carries the idea of desiring 
 something at the expense of another. Avoir envie de has only the idea of a desire for 
 something or to do something, without wishing to deprive any one else. Les enfants 
 ont envie de tout ce qu'ils voient. J'ai envie de partir tout de suite. 
 
 Environner (tr.). To enconipass, to surround; de, with. De used in sense of with or by in 
 passive and reflexive forms. 
 
 S'envoler. To fly away, to take flight ; ^'^^ from. Les plaisirs s'envolent. Pleasures are 
 fleeting {fleet azuay). 
 
 Envoyer. See 112. 
 
 Epancher (tr.). To pour out gently (a liquid); to open (one's heart), ^pancher du vin, de 
 
3o8 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I'huile. See verser. Epancher son coeur. S'epancher dans le sein de quelqu'un. 
 
 To unbosom one's self to anyone. Corresponding expressions: Ouvrir son CGBur a, se 
 
 confer a quelqu'un, s'ouvrir a quelqu'un, se deboutonner a quelqu'un. (The last 
 
 is quite familiar.) 
 Epargner (tr.). To spare Qo save); to economize; to use sparingly. Epargner de la peine 
 ■ i quelqu'un. To save {spare) any one trouble. Avez-vous besoin de votre livre? 
 
 Pouvez-vous vous passer de votre livre? Can yoic spare your book? J'ai besoin de 
 
 vous; je ne saurais me passer de vous. I need you ; I cannot spare yoti. 
 Epiloguer (intr.). To find fault ; sur, with. II Epilogue sur les ouvrages de cet auteur. 
 
 The transitive form of this verb is rarely used. 
 Epointer (tr.). To break or use up the point (of a tool). Epointer un crayon. 
 S'6pouvanter. To take fright; de, at. 
 S'Iprendre. To become enamored ; de, of with; to be taken {smitten) with. See 143. Used 
 
 only in present participle and the compound tenses. Applies to persons and things. 
 
 See engouer. II s'6prend de toutes les femmes qu'il voit. He falls in love with all 
 
 the -ivomen he sees. ^ 
 
 Equiper (tr.). To equip, etc.; de, with. 
 Equivaloir (intr.). To be of the same value as, to be equivalent to. Rarely used except in 
 
 past participle and third person singular present indicative. See 118. 
 Ergoter (intr.)*. To quibble, cavil ; sur, at. II ergote sur tout. 
 Errer (intr.). To wander ; dans or par, about, over. Le pauvre enfant avait err6 dans 
 
 (or par) toute la campagne avant qu'on I'eut trouve. Voguer used if one wanders 
 
 about with no object; in sense of to rove in search of pleasure, adventure, etc. 
 
 S'eloigner (or s'§carter) du sujet, d'un chemin, to wander from the subject, from 
 
 a road. 
 Escamoter (tr.). To juggle, etc. Escamoter quelque chose a quelqu'un. To pilfer any- 
 thing from any one. To beat any one out of anyfhitig (fam.). Dites donc c'est VOUS 
 
 qui m'avez escamot^ mon livre. 
 Escroquer. To swindle, to cheat. Escroquer quelque chose a quelqu'un. To swindle any 
 
 one out of anything. Escroquer de I'argent a quelqu'un. II m'a escroqu6 200 francs. 
 Esp^rer. To hope, to be hopeful of. See 62. When followed by que, espdrer requires 
 
 the subjunctive, if negative; but if it is affirmative or interrogative, it requires the 
 
 indicative. 
 Essaimer (intr.). To swarm (of bees). Les abeilles assaiment au printemps. But, La 
 
 rue fourmillent de personnes. The street swarms with people, 
 Essayer. See 64. 
 
 Estimer (tr.). To estimate, to appreciate, etc. 
 S'estimer. To esteem one's self II s'estime digne de recevoir ces honneurs. He considers 
 
 himself worthy (or to be worthy) to receive those honors. 
 S'estomaquer de. To take opnse at, to be unable to stomach (fam.). Etre estoniaqu6. Ce 
 
 que j'ai kik estomaqu6 quand j'ai appris cette nouvelle ! What a surprise it was for 
 
 me when I heard that piece of news! (very fam.). 
 ]i)teindre (tr.). To extinguish. See 150. 
 
 Etendre (tr.). To extend, etc. Like rendre. Etendre la vie. To prolong life. 
 S'6tendre. To extend, etc. S'6tendre sur. To expatiate upon. 
 S'^tonner. To be astonished; de, at. (De used b. n. or i.) ■ 
 S'^toudir. To divert one's mind; sur, from. II s'est ^tourdi sur cette perte. Chercher 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 309 
 
 ^ s'6tourdir. To try to forget one's troubles. II s'est adonn6 i la boisson pour 
 s'^tourdir. 
 Etre. See 28. Je fus le voir. I went to see him. J'irai le voir. II est a §tudier. He is 
 {ai) studying. Etre a quelqu'un. To be with one, to attend to any one. Je serai a 
 vous a r instant. Pit be with you in a moment. Le livre est a lui, a mon pdre. 
 The book is his, is my father's. Etre de tout. To take part in everything, to be into 
 everything. Etre de moitie. To go halves. Etre de . . . To be concerned in . . ., to 
 be one of a number. Nous sommes des votres. N'etre pas a soi {not to be one's self) 
 might be ambiguous; it is better to say, ne se contenir plus or etre hors de soi. II est 
 hors de lui. He is beside himself. J'y suis pour un tiers. I have a third ititer est in 
 it. II en est pour son argent, pour ses peines. He is out his money, his pains. 
 C'est a lui, a quelqu'un, de faire cela. // is for hitn,for some one, to do that. Si 
 j'^tais de vous. If I were you. Je n'y suis pour personne. lam not at home to 
 anybody. Je n'y suis pour rien. / have nothing to do with it, no hand in it. Vous 
 n'y etes pas. Yoic do not understand ; "you are out of it." J'y suis, j'y reste. 
 Here I am, here I stop {shall stay). Cette fois, 9a y est. Now it is done, and no mis- 
 take. II n'en a rien ktk. Nothing came of it. II en sera ce qu'il vous plaira. It 
 shall be just as you please. Je ne sais plus ou j'en suis. I. I have lost the place where 
 
 I left off (in reading, etc.). 2. I do not know what I am about. Je Suis tres bien avec 
 lui. I am on very good terms with him. Voila ce que c'est que de se mettre en coldre. 
 That is the consequence of losing one's temper. Je suis a I'^troit. I am cramped for 
 room. On ne peut pas etre et avoir §t6. One cannot have one's cake and eat it too. 
 Etre a m§me de faire quelque chose. To be qualified, in a position, to do something. 
 Je suis en butte a la calomnie. I am exposed to slander. Vous n'en serez pas quitte 
 a si bon compte. You won't get off so easily as that. Vous n'y etes pas encore. You 
 have not hit it yet. Avant qu'il soit peu. Before long. Etre dans la gene. To be in 
 hard circumstances. Pour ce qui est de moi. As to me. Elle est manier^e. She is 
 affected. C'est la mouche du coche. He is a busybody. lis sont a tu et i toi. 
 They are on the most familiar terms. II est comme un coq en pHte. He is in clover. 
 
 II est aux petits soins. He is full of delicate attentions. Une fois n'est pas coutume. 
 It is only for this once. II est sujet k caution. He is not to be trusted. (Caution = 
 bail.) C'est une vraie corvee. // is an imposition. C'est 9a. Quite so. That's it. 
 Etre is also used impersonally for il y a : II est des hommes de ginie. 
 
 lEtreindre (tr.). Like craindre. To bind. Etreignez ce fagot. To press, embrace tightly. 
 
 C'est I'^motion qui T^treint. Prov. : Qui trop embrasse, mal 6treint. He who 
 
 undertakes too many things at once succeeds at nothing. 
 Etudier (tr.). To study. Etudier un morceau de musique. To practice a piece of music. 
 
 J'6tudie le piano. See s'exercer. Je ne travaille pas assez Is piano. / don't 
 
 practice the piano enough. Mettez vous a votre piano. Go and practice. 
 S'^tudier. To make it one's study to. II s'ltudie a plaire. 
 
 S'6vertuer. To exert one's self; a, to. II s'dvertue a comprendre ce que vous dites. 
 S'exasp^rer. To become exasperated ; de, at. 
 
 Exclder (tr.). To exceed, to go beyond (excdder ses ordres) ; to zveary. 
 S'exceder. To wear one's self out ; par or de, by. Cet homme s'excdde par (or de) ses 
 
 debauches. 
 Exceller (intr.). To excel ; a, in (b. i.). Exceller k faire quelque chose. Exceller sur 
 
 quelqu'un. To excel, to surpass, any one. Exceller en quelque chose. 
 
310 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Exciper de. To plead an exception (law). II excipa d'une prescription pour ne pas subir 
 sa condemnation. Exciper d'une quittance. To plead a receipt^ to ailege a receipt as 
 his defense. Exciper de sa bonne foi. 
 
 Exciter (tr.). To excite; a, to, II a ^t^ excite a faire cela. 
 
 S'exciter a quelque chose (a Taction). Not often used reflexively. 
 
 Exclure. To exclude. Like conclure. 
 
 Excuser (tr.). To excuse. Excuser les f antes de la jeunesse. Excuser quelqu'un de faire 
 quelque chose. To excuse any one front, doing anything. Excuser quelqu'un auprds 
 de quelqu'un. To make excuses to some one for some one {to exculpate some one to some 
 one). Voulez-vous m'excuser aupres de votre sceur. Will you make 7ny apologies 
 (or my excuses) to your sister for me? S'excuser. II s'est excusd sur ses nombreux 
 devoirs de n'etre pas venu. He pleaded his numerous duties as an excuse for not hav- 
 ing come. S'excuser sur un autre rarely used; see rejeter la faute (le blime) sur 
 quelqu'un. To throio^ cast^ the blame on another. S'excuser de ne pouvoir accepter 
 une invitation. 7^o decline an invitation. (Refuser une invitation also means to 
 decline, etc., but is a little stronger.) Faire des excuses a quelqu'un. To apologize to 
 any one. Je lui ferai mes excuses de ne 1' avoir pas fait. 
 
 S'excuser. 1 o apologize. Faire I'apologie de. To apologize for anything. 
 
 Exempter (tr.). To exempt. Exempter quelqu'un de quelque chose. Exempter quelqu'un 
 de faire quelque chose. 7b dispense with any one^s doing something. 
 
 S'exempter (de). 
 
 Exercer (tr.). To exercise, to train, to practice. Exercer quelqu'un a quelque chose, a faire 
 quelque chose. To train {or practice) some one in something, in doing something. 
 Exercer des chiens i la chasse. See dresser. Exercer la patience de quelqu'un. 
 To try any one's patience. Exercer la medicine, une profession, un metier. To 
 practice medicine, to exercise a profession. To practice i7uisic (on an instrument), see 
 ^tudier. 
 
 S'exercer. II s'exerce an revolver, a tirer. S ' exercer au piano. To practice the piano. 
 
 Exhausser (tr.). To raise, lift zip (a wall, house, etc.). On a exhaussd le plafond de vingt 
 centimetres. 
 
 Exhorter (tr.). To exhort; i, to (b. n. or i.). 
 
 Exiler (tr.). To exile ; ^q, from. 
 
 S'exiler. S'exiler des plaisirs de ses amis. To withdraw from the pleasures of one's 
 friends. 
 
 Expier (tr.). To expiate, to atone for. Expier quelque chose auprds de quelqu'un. To 
 atone to any one for anything. J'ai expi6 ma faute. La vertu compense (or rachdte) 
 les d^fauts physiques. Virtue atottes {compensates) for physical defects. 
 
 Expirer (intr.). To expire, to die. With avoir to express action; etre, to express state. 
 
 Exposer (tr.). To expose, to exhibit. Ce peintre a expos6 ces tableaux chez Mme. B. A 
 used in sense of to before a noun and may be used before the infinitive. 
 
 S'exposer. II s'expose i recevoir de graves injures. 
 
 S'extasier. To go into ecstasies; sur, over; to be enraptured with. II s'extase sur ce 
 morceau de musique. 
 
 Extorquer. To extort; I., from. Extorquer de I'argent a quelqu'un. On lui a extorqu6 
 son consentiment a ce mariage. 
 
 Extraire (tr.). To extract; de, from. Like traire. Retirer du plaisir d'une bonne action. 
 To extract pleasure from a good action. Arracher une dent. To extract {to pull) a tooth. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 311 
 
 F 
 
 Ficher (tr.). To offend, to vex, to make angry. Etre ftchl. To be angry, vexed, offended 
 at; centre (b. persons), de (b. things). Etre fiche contre quelqu'un. 7'c be angry 
 zvith {at) so7jie one. 
 
 Se ficher. To get, become angry, to take offense ; COntre (b. persons), de (b. things), at, -with. 
 Are you angry at me for having that tree cut down ? (. . . de ce que j'ai fait, abattre 
 cet arbre.) II s'est tkztik de vous voir choisi. 
 
 Facher, used impersonally with cela or il, requires de before a following inlinitive. II lui 
 fache de vous voir heureux. 
 
 Faillir (intr.). To err, to transgress, to fail, etc. La m^moire lui a failli. See 163. Taillir 
 before an infin. means to be oti the point of. 
 
 Faire. To make, to do. Conjugated p. 26. Used in many idiomatic constructions, some of 
 which follow. 
 
 Se faire a. To get used to. Faire is used transitively in sense of to make ; to have or to 
 cause to be ; to get (done'). Faire une machine, du pain, du beurre, etc. ; du bruit (« 
 noise) ; une promesse ; un achat {a purchase) ; le bien, le mal {to do good, to do 
 ■evil); un servjce {do a favor)-, une voyage, une operation {to perform a journey, an 
 operation) ; le malade, I'enfant, etc. {to play, sham, sick, to act the child, etc.) ; faire 
 faire quelque chose a quelqu'un {to cause, to have, to make any one do anything) ; 
 faire relier un livre {to have a book bound). A faire. Undone. Faire trop. To 
 overdo. N'en faites rien. Do nothing of the kind. Ne faire rien de la sorte (like 
 last). Donner fort a faire i quelqu'un. To give a great deal to do, a great deal of 
 trouble to any one. Faire un lit, une chambre, le diner. Make a bed, do a room^ cook 
 {get) dinner. Idioms and sayings : Se faire fete de. 7V? rejoice over, to anticipate with 
 joy. lis se font une fete de vous voir. They are rejoicing over the prospect of seeing 
 you. Se faire gloire de. To glorify in, to take a pride in. II se fait gloire de sa nais- 
 sance. II se fait vieux. He is getting old. II s'est fait soldat, m^decin. He became 
 a soldier, turned doctor. II s'est fait une entorse. He has sprained his ankle. II se 
 fait tard. It is getting late. Comment se f ait-il ? How is it ? II en fait ses delices. 
 He takes a great delight in it. Je ne sais que faire. / don^t know what to do. Je ne 
 sais qu'y faire. I cannot help it. Qu'y faire ? Hotv to help it? Que voulez-vous 
 que j'y fasse? How can I help it? Often expressed by que voulez-vous? On fait 
 de lui ce qu'on veut. He has no will of his own. Faites-en des choux des raves. Do 
 what you like with it (Faites-en ce que vous voulez). Je n'ai que faire de vos con- 
 seils. / have no need of your advice. Une bonne a tout faire. A maid of all work. 
 Un homme a tout faire. An unscrupulous fnan. Vous me faites mal. You are 
 hurting me. Vous me faites du mal. You are doing me an injury. C'en est fait. 
 It is the end of it ; ifs settled. C'en est fait de lui, d'elle. It^s all up with him., with 
 her. Grand bien lui fasse ! Much good may it do him ! II a juge a propos de faire 
 cela. He thought it was the correct thing to do. II fait courir. He keeps a racing stud. 
 II se fait la barbe. He is shaving {himself). On lui fait la barbe. He is being shaved. 
 Je vous (lui) ferai la barbe. / shall beat you {him) hollozu. II a fait maison nette. 
 He made a clean sweep of all his employees. On a fait table rase. They changed all the 
 regulations. II fait le lundi. He loafs every Monday. Faire son chemin. To suc- 
 ceed in life. Faire du chemin. To ivalk far. II fait dix milles a I'heure. He walks 
 at the rate of ten miles an hour. II fait I'admiration de tous. He is the admiration 
 
312 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 of all. II a fait le coup de fusil. He has fought in a real war. Sa maison fait face 
 a r^glise. His house faces the church. II ne peut faire face a ses engagements. He 
 cannot meet all his engagements. II a fait des siennes. He was a mischief-maker. Ce 
 tableau fait pendant a I'autre. This is a companion picture to the other. II a fait 
 honneur au diner. He did justice to the dinner. II fait la planche. lie floats on his 
 back (swimming). II vous fait bonne mine. He is very polite to your face. Faites 
 vos jeux. Put up your money {^diXiMmgi^xm). Voulez-vous faire une partie? Will 
 you take a hand (at a game) ? C'est a VOUS de faire (de donner). Hs your turn to 
 deal (cards) . On fait grand cas de lui. He is thought a great deal of Faire de la medi- 
 cine. To practice medicine. Faire son droit. To study law. II fait loi (autorit^). 
 He is an authority. II fait le mort. He conceals his whereabouts. Allez faire de la mon- 
 naie. Go and get some change. Cela ne me fait ni chaud ni froid. It is all the sa?ne to 
 me. Cela ne me fait rien. That makes no difference to me, is of no consequence to me. 
 Qu'est-ce que 9a fait ? What does that matter ? II n'en fait qu'a sa tete. He will be 
 sure to have his own way. II ne fait qu'arriver. He has just arrived. On ne lui a pas 
 fait dire cela. They did not wait for others to tell him that. They wanted to tell 
 him that themselves. II a du savoir faire. He has tact. Je n'aime pas sa maniere de 
 faire. / don't like his way of doing things {his system). C'est bien fait pour lui. // 
 serves him very well {right). Cela ne fait pas bien. That doesn't look zvell. Rien ne 
 lui fait. Nothitig is of avail (with him). Rien n'y fait. Nothing puts hitn out ; he is 
 incorrigible. Faites voir un pen. Just show me. Ce vin se fera. This wiite will 
 improve. Faire sentinelle. To be on post {as a sentinel). J'ai fait cela tout d'une 
 haleine. / did that without stopping. Les chaleurs qu'il a fait. The hot zueather 
 we've had. lis ont fait assaut d' esprit. They vied with each other in wit. Faire 
 assaut de vitesse. To run a race. Faire des chateaux en Espagne. To build castles 
 in the air. II fait cher vivre a Paris, etc. living is dear in Paris, etc. II fait bon 
 ici. It is very comfortable here. Elle se fait belle. She puts on lots of finery. II a 
 fait grace. He has pardoned. Faites-nous grace de cela. Spare us that. Comment 
 se fait-il que vous voila? Hozv is it that you are here ? Faire des pieds et des mains. 
 To do all in one's power. Je m'y ferai. I shall get used to it. Faire fleche de tout 
 bois. To take advantage of every opportunity. II S3 fait du bon sang. He has a good 
 time. II en fera ses choux gras. He will make use of ivhat you throw away. C'est 
 fait tant bien que mal. It is done in a perfunctory manner. Faites-moi part de vos 
 chagrins. Let me share your troubles. Cela me fait de la peine. That makes me sad. 
 Les dames n'aiment pas a faire tapisserie. ladies do not like to be wall flozvers. 
 Faire la cuisine. To cook. Faire des emplettes, des achats. To go shopping, to shop, 
 to niake purchases. Faites-moi penser a cela. Remind me of that. Faire la moue. 
 To pout. Faire une moue. To make a wry face, etc. Vous avez beau faire. You ad 
 in vain. II veut nous faire la loi. He wants to lord it over us. Ce qui est fait est 
 fait. // is no good crying over spilled milk. What is done cannot be undone. Com- 
 ment est-il fait? What sort of man is he? On ne peut faire qu'en faisant. ' 
 Practice makes perfect. On le fait riche. He is said to be rich. Qui bien fera, 
 bien (se) trouvera. Who -works well will have a good reward. II ne faut pas me 
 la faire (fam.). You must not try that on me. Je fais fi des mauvaises langues. 
 / don't care a rap for slanderers. Cela me fait sortir des gonds. That exasperates me. 
 Ce n'est fait ni a faire. // is done but badly {in a slovenly nianner). C'est fait tant 
 bien que mal. // is done in a perfunctory manner. A chose faite point de r^rndde. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 313 
 
 What is done cannot be undone. Quel temps f ait-il? What is the weather like ? Quel 
 temps il fait ! What weather this is ! Pour se faire la main. 7'o get one^s hand in 
 {to get accustomed to the work) . On se fait a tout avec le temps. We get used to every- 
 thing in time. Je ne me ferai jamais a ce climat. / shall never get tised to this cli- 
 mate. Se faire jour a travers la foule. To force one's way through the crowd. Je 
 me fais fort de le faire. I feel quite confident of doing it. Cela se fait maintenant. 
 That is the fashion now. Cela ne se fait pas. That is not proper {is not the correct 
 thing). Faire des frais. To go to expense {yvX..)', to make efforts to please {^g.). Faire 
 ses frais. To make, to clear^ expenses. Faire les frais de la conversation. To 
 keep a conversation going; to be {one's self) the subject of conversation. Faire une 
 gaffe. To make a stupid blunder ; to put one's foot in it. Ne faire aucun cas de. To 
 take no notice of Faire des armes (de I'escrime). To fence {with foils). Faites- 
 lui mes amities. Give him my love. Avez-vous fait vos malles? Have you 
 packed your trunk ? Faire reparation. To make amends. Faire les reparations. 
 To make the repairs. II fait fausse route. Tie is on the wj'ong track. II me fait 
 horreur. He inspires me with horror. Cela me fera grand plaisir de . . . // will 
 give me great pleasure to . . . Je lui ai lav6 la tete (fig.)- I gave him a good scold- 
 ing. II ne fera pas de vieux os. He will not live long. Faire mousser quelqu'un, 
 quelque chose. To praise, puff up, some one,so7nething. Faire droit a quelque chose. 
 To grant something. Cela fait de I'effet. That looks well. Cela I'a fait sauter au 
 plafond. That ??iade his blood boil. Ne se faire faute de rien. To deny one's self 
 nothing. II n'en fait jamais d'autre. It is just like hitn (also Je le reconnais bien). 
 Elle me fait de la peine. I feel sorry for her. Faire amende honorable. To apolo- 
 gize. II aime a faire plaisir. He is very obliging. Ce chapeau a fait son temps. 
 This hat has served its time. II s'est fait sauter la cervelle. He blew out his {ozvn) 
 brains. II fait I'^cole buissonniere. He plays truant. Faire la sidste (un somme). 
 To take a nap. Faire pas de clerc. To make a false step {a mistake). II fait son 
 paquet. He is discharged from employment. Faire queue. To take one's place in line. 
 On fait queue au theatre. They are ivaiting in line for tickets. II fait du chantage. 
 He is blackmailing. Priere de faire suivre. Please forzvard (on a letter). II fait le 
 pannier a deux anses. He has a woman on each arm. Faire danser I'anse du panier. 
 To make a profit out of the marketing ; to cheat one's master. Vous ne ferez pas vos 
 frais. It will not pay you. Faire des (ses) embarras. To boast. Toute reflexion 
 faite. After due consideration. II fait de I'esprit. He is trying to be funny. II 
 fait les cent pas. He is pacing to and fro. II a fait les cent coups. He has done 
 everything bad and wicked. II fait affront a sa famille. He is the black sheep of 
 his family. Faire un impair. To make a wrong step. Faire ses vingt-huit jours. 
 To serve a short time in the army. Elle est faite a ravir (faite au moule) . She 
 has a beautiful form. II se fait du lard. He stays too long in bed. II a fait du 
 petard {firecracker). He created a great commotion. Faire quelque chose a ses 
 heures perdues. To do something at odd hours. II me fait poser. He keeps me wait- 
 ing. II a fait un trou a la lune. He left without paying his debt. II a fait cela de 
 propos d61iber§. He did that {on purpose) purposely. II s'en fait accroire. He 
 thinks too much of himself. (Note. — The past participle (fait) of faire, followed by 
 an infinitive, is always invariable: La maison que j'ai fait construire.) Faire 
 quelque chose and ne faire rien are used for our expressions, To make a difference, 
 to make no difference {to have {no) objection). Si Cela ne vous fait rien nous parti- 
 
314 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 rons de suite. If you have no objection, 7ve will start at once. Vous ferait-il quelque 
 
 chose si je lui disais la v6rit6? Would it make any difference to you if I should tell 
 
 him the truth ? 
 Falloir (intr., impers., irr.). Must ; to be necessary, etc. Another form of the verb, faillir. 
 
 Discussed in Art. 92. Idioms and sayings : Voila ce qu'il me faut. That^s what I need. 
 
 II faudra voir. IVe shall see that. Combien de temps faut-il ? Hozv long does it take? 
 
 II va falloir recommencer. You have to do it again. Un homme comme il faut. A 
 
 gentlemanly man. Une femme comme il faut. A respectable {ladylike) woman. Ce 
 
 n'est pas comme il faut. // is disrepiitable. Faut-il quelque chose ? Do you want 
 
 (Jo buy) something? Tant s'en faut. Very far from it. II faut plier bagage. It is 
 
 time to go. C'est I'homme qu'il faut. He's the very man (for the place). C'est un 
 
 homme comme il en faut. He is one of the right sort. Sometimes used in bad sense ; 
 
 as, The sort of man we need to do dirty 7vork. C'est un homme comme il en faudrait 
 
 beaucoup. / wish more meii xvere like him. S'il n'est pas un fripon, il ne s'en faut 
 
 guere. If he's not a rascal, he's precious near it. II le faut. // must be so. II fallait 
 
 voir comme il ^tait content. You should have seen how happy he was. 
 Familiariser (tr.). To render familiar ; to accustom to (avec). Familiariser un cheval 
 
 avec les obstacles. To accustom a horse to obstacles. 
 Se familiariser. Avec, with. 
 Farcir (tr.). To stuff (fowls, etc., in cooking) ; de, with. Farce is the chopped meats, spices, 
 
 etc., used for a stuffing. Farcir is used figuratively as synonym for bourrer. Farcir un 
 
 discours de citations. 
 Farder (tr.). To paint (the face) ; to gloss, to varnish. Farder la verity. 
 Se farder. Elle se fard le visage. She paints her face. See also mettre du rouge a (rouge 
 
 v6g§tal, rouge for face). 
 Fatiguer (tr.). To fatigue ; ^^, with. Fatiguer a I'excds. To overfatigue. Etre fatigue 
 
 (i force) de f aire quelque chose. Study use of se lasser, 6puiser. 
 Se fatiguer. To tire, fatigue, wear one's self; a, in (b. i.). Idiom: Fatiguer la salade. To 
 
 turn the salad. 
 Faufiler (tr.). To baste, to tack (with needle). Baguer and batir also used. Faufiler 
 
 quelqu'un. To keep company zvith sotne one (fam.). See frequenter. 
 Se faufiler. To curry favor, etc. Auprds de, wzV/^. See also rechercher la faveur de . . . 
 Fausser (tr.). To bend {make crooked) ; as a sword blade, a gun barrel. Idiom: Fausser 
 
 COmpagnie i quelqu'un. To slip away from any one. 
 Favoriser (tr.). To favor, to treat favorably ; de, with. Aider, favoriser en faisant quelque 
 
 chose. To favor by doing something. Etre favorise de. 
 Feindre (tr. and intr.). To feign, to pretend, etc.; de (b. i.). Like craindre. See p. 192. 
 Feler(tr.). To crack (glass). Idiom: Les pots fel^s sont ceux qui durent le plus. The 
 
 door with the creaking hinge hangs the longest. The cracked pitcher goes oftenest to 
 
 the well. 
 Flliciter (tr). To congratulate ; ^t, on, upon {\i.n.). Ant. : blamer ; critiquer. 
 Se f inciter de, on, upon (b. n. or i.). 
 Fendre (tr.). To split, to burst, etc. Fendre en deux. To split asunder. Fendez ce bois. 
 
 Split that wood. Le vaisseau fendait les ondes. The vessel was cleaving {plonnng) 
 
 the zvaves. 
 Fendre (intr.). To be ready to split (of the head). La tete me fend de ce bruit. My head 
 
 is ready to split with that noise. To break, to burst; de, with (of the heart). 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 315 
 
 F^rir. See p. 219. 
 
 Ferrer (tr.). lo bind with iron ; to shoe a horse, etc. Etre ferr6 sur (of persons). Ce gar- 
 den est ferre sur la geographic. This boy is versed in {conversant with) geography. 
 
 Fe'ter (tr.). To observe; to keep as a festival ; to celebrate. C'est un saint qu'on ne fete 
 pas. He is a person without injluence. See chomer. 
 
 Ficeler (tr.). To tie xvith a string. Ficeler de fil de fer, to wire. Like appeler, 58. 
 
 Ficher (tr.). To drive in (by the point). Ficher un clou dans un mur ; un pieu en terre, 
 dans la terre. Ficher quelqu'un a la porte. To turjt out any one ; to put out, etc. (fam.). 
 
 Se ficher. To get (an idea) in one's head. Se ficher de. To make game of; to make sport of. 
 
 Se fier. To trust; a, to (a thing). To confide ; a, in (a person). To put trust in; to rely 
 upon, on (a). Fiez-vous-y ! fiez-vous a cela ! Don't trust it, to it. Bien fou qui s'y 
 fie ! It is madness to trust it. Ant. : se m§fier ; se defier ; suspecter. 
 
 Filer (tr.). To spin, etc. Idiom: II file un mauvais coton. He looks very ill. II a file a 
 I'anglaise. He took French leave. Du temps que Berthe filait. When Adam 
 delved aftd Eve span. In the good old times. 
 
 Filouter (tr.). To cheat ox swindle. In popular daily use. 
 
 Finir (tr. and intr.). See 47. De (b. i.). Synonyms: cesser, discontinuer ; ant.: com- 
 mencer. 
 
 Flairer (tr.). To smell, to scent. Flairer quelque chose. To smell a rat. Flairer une 
 escroquerie. To scent trickery, etc. See sentir. 
 
 Flancher (intr.). Popular word for to give up, not to persist. 
 
 Fliner (intr.). To stroll, to saunter ; to lounge. See fain^anter, popular expression for to loaf. 
 
 Flatter (tr.). See 177, p. 235. 
 
 Fl6trir (tr.). To wither, to blast. Said of sun, wind, lightning, etc., with respect to plants, 
 flowers, etc. To brand {with a hot iron, avec un fer chaud); to stigmatize; de, 
 with. F16trir quelqu'un du nom de traitre. Idiom : De rose fletrie nul ne se soucie. 
 The fading rose has no suitor. 
 
 Se fl^trir. Ce^eurs se fl^trissent aussitSt qu'elles sont cueillies. 
 
 Fleurir (intr.). See p. 75. 
 
 Fleurir (tr., reg.). To deck, to ornament zvith flowers. 
 
 Flouer (tr.). To cheat, to get the better of Familiar expression, but much used. 
 
 Foncer (tr.). To put a bottom to a cask (tonneau) or to a tub (une cuve). 
 
 Foncer (intr.). To charge on an adversary ; to strike home. 
 
 Fondre (tr.). To melt, to dissolve, etc. 
 
 Fondre (intr.). To melt, to melt down, etc. Fondre sur. To pounce, dart, upon, etc. Les 
 soldats ont fondu sur I'ennemi. 
 
 Forcer (tr.). To force, to compel, etc.; a, to (b. i.). See 178, p. 241. 
 
 Se forcer, etre forc6 ; de (b. i.). Forcer une serrure, une porte, la nature, etc. 
 
 Forfaire. To forfeit, etc. See p. 220. 
 
 Se formaliser de. To take offense at. Se formaliser d'une plaisanterie. Pourquoi vous 
 formalisez-vous de ces riens? Why do you take offense at such trifles? See s'offenser. 
 
 Forpaitre (intr.), forpaiser. Like paraitre. Hunting term. To feed far aruayfrom the covert. 
 
 Fouetter (tr.). To whip; de, avec, with. To beat against (fig. sense). La pluie fouette 
 les vitres. Le vent lui fouettait au visage. The wind beat against his face. Idioms : 
 II n'y a pas de quoi fouetter un chat (fam.). // is a trifing offense, a matter of small 
 importance. Avoir bien d'autres chats (chiens) a fouetter (fam.). To have other 
 fish to fry. Fouette, COCher I Fire away I Go ahead! 
 
3i6 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Fouiner (intr.). To slink away, to play the coivard. Also used popularly in sense oi to meddle 
 in the affairs of others. 
 
 Fourmiller (intr.). To sivartn ; de, with. Ce fromage fourmille de vers. Les rues four- 
 millent de peuple. Les lapins fourmillent en Australie. La main me fourmille 
 My hand tingles. Les abeiUes essaiment. Bees swartn. 
 
 Fournir (tr.). To furnish. Fournir quelqu'un de quelque chose. Fournir quelque chose 
 a quelqu'un. Etre fourni de quelque chose par quelqu'un. To be provided, sup- 
 plied, with something by some one. 
 
 Fournir (intr.). Dans. To supply ; to have the sale of provisions in. C'est M. B. qui fournit 
 dans cette maison. 
 
 Fourrer (tr.). To thrust, to poke; to cram, beat (a, into^', etc. Fourrer des friandises a un 
 enfant. To stuff a child with sweets. Fourrer une robe. To line a dress with fur. 
 Fourrer quelque chose dans la tete a quelqu'un. To beat, knock, anything into any 
 one's head. Fourrer son nez dans ... To jueddle in . . . (fam.). 
 
 Se fourrer. To intr tide ; a, dans, into. Ne savoir ou se fourrer. Not to know where to 
 bury one's head, to hide one's self Fourrer le doigt (le nez) partout. To have a finger 
 in every one's pie. 
 
 Frapper (tr.). To strike. Frapper quelqu'un a or sur la figure, etc. To strike any one in 
 or on the face, back, or other part of body . Frapper quelqu'un de sa main, d'un poi- 
 gnard. See Donner un coup de poing, un coup de b^ton, etc., a quelqu'un (more 
 used) . Etre f rappi de. To be seized with (^struck zvitli) an idea, i??tpression, etc. 
 
 Frapper (intr.). To strike, to knock (at a door). On frappe. Somebody is knocking. 
 Frapper a la porte. La musique a commence a jouer. The music struck up. 
 ifctablir, arreter, le compte. To strike a balance. Frapper quelqu'un de c6cit6, de 
 mutisme. To strike dumb, blind. Frapper de mort. To strike dead. Effacer, 
 rayer de. To strike off, out. Se mettre en greve. To strike {quit work). 
 
 Frayer (tr.). To trace out roads, to mark out. Frayer a quelqu'un le chemin de la gloire. 
 To open for any one the road to glory. 1^ 
 
 Frayer (intr.). To wear away ; to be on good terms. Ces hommes ne frayent point ensem- 
 ble. Those men do not get on well together. 
 
 Fr6mir (intr.). lo shudder, etc.; de, with; de, at; de, to (b. i.). Fr6mir d'entendre 
 quelque chose. 
 
 Friponner (tr.). To cheat, to trick, etc. Friponner quelque chose a quelqu'un. To cheat 
 any one out of anything. 
 
 Frire. To fry. See p. 220. II n'y a rien a frire. There is nothing to eat; there is nothing 
 to be gained. 
 
 Friser (tr.). To curl hair, etc. To approach. Elle frise la quarantaine. She is just upon 
 {about) forty. 
 
 Frissonner (intr.). To shiver, to shudder ; de, with (fear, cold, etc.). 
 
 Froisser (tr.). To bruise; to clash tvith ; to vex, to anger, etc. La chute lui a froiss6 la 
 jambe. The fall bruised his leg. Froisser les opinions, les affections. To clash zuit/i 
 the opinions, to wound the affections (de quelqu'un, of some one). Etre froiss6. To be 
 hurt, offended ; de, at. 
 
 Se froisser. To be hurt, to take offense; de, at. 
 
 Fr61er (tr.). To graze, touch lightly. La pierre lui a fr616 le bras. See also effleurer. 
 
 Frotter (tr. and intr.). To rub. Idioms and sayings: Qui s'y frotte s'y pique. Whoever 
 meddles with it will smart for it. Je ne vous conseille pas de vous y frotter. / advist 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 317 
 
 you not to meddle with it. On I'a frott6 d' importance (or comme il faut). He got 
 
 a good drubbing. 
 Se frotter a. To rub against, to come in contact with. Se frotter aux hommes d'esprit. 
 Fuir (tr. and intr.). To flee. See 132. 
 
 G 
 
 Gager (tr.). To bet, etc Gager sa vie, sa tete a couper. To bet one^s life. Gage que non 
 (fam.). I bet, wager, that it isn^t. Gage que si (fam.). I bet, wager, it is. Gager le 
 double contre le simple (six contre quatre). 7^o bet two to one {six to fotir). See 
 parier (more used). 
 
 Gagner (tr.). To earn, to win, to get, to make, etc. Gagner sur. To win against, over (in 
 contest), 
 
 Gagner (intr.). Gagner sa vie (de I'argent) en faisant quelque chose. To earn one's liv- 
 ing {money) by doing something. Gagner (par le travail). To earn by work. Gagner 
 a faire quelque chose. To gain, to get, by doing something. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : Qui §pargne gagne. A penny saved is a penny earned. Gagner 
 a etre connu. To improve upon acquaintance. II ne gagnera rien a cela. He zuill 
 get no profit from that. Nous ne gagnerons rien avec lui. We can't get anything 
 from him. II a gagn^ le dessus. He had the best of it. II a gagn6 la porte. He 
 reached the door. Le sommeil (la fatigue) me gagne. Sleep {fatigue') overcomes me 
 {seizes me, etc.). I am overcome by sleep {fatigue). II gagne au change. He changes 
 for the better. II a gagn6 ses t^moins. He bribed his witnesses. 
 
 Se gagner. La fievre scarlatine se gagne. Scarlet fever is contagious, is catching. 
 
 Garantir (tr.). To guarantee. Garantirde. To preserve from. La laine garantit du froid. 
 
 Se garantir de. To preserve, shelter, shield one's self from. (In sense oi to shelter. Mettre a 
 I'abri de, se mettre a I'abri de or s'abriter, abriter, are more usual expressions.) 
 
 Garder (tr.). To guard, to keep, etc. 
 
 Se garder. To keep (in good condition). 
 
 Se garder de. To beware of; to take care {heed) not to. (De used b. n. or i.). Gardez-vous 
 de tomber. Take care not to fall. 
 
 Idioms and sayings: Gardez-vous en bien ! Mind you do not do it! II vous en 
 garde une bonne (fam.). He is keeping a rod in pickle for you. 
 
 Gargariser (tr.). To gargle. Gargariser la gorge, sa gorge. To gargle the throat. 
 
 Se gargariser avec. To gargle one's throat with. 
 
 Garnir (tr.). To furnish, to provide, to decorate ; de, with. 
 
 Se garnir de. To provide one's self with. Etre garni de quelque chose par quelqu'un. 
 
 Gaspiller (tr.). To throzv into confusion, disorder ; to squander, to zvaste, Ce gargon gas- 
 pille son temps. That boy fools away his time. 
 
 Se gaudir de. To laugh at, to make sport of. Old, hardly used. See se moquer. 
 
 Se gausser de. To make sport of, to banter. See se moquer de and railler (more used). 
 
 Gaver (tr.). To 5///^ (animals with food for purpose of fattening them). Gaver un enfant. 
 To stuff a child. Gaver un Scolier de connaissances confuses (fig.). To cram a 
 pupil zvith miscellaneous or Jumbled information. 
 
 Se gaver de. Senses of gaver. 
 
 Geindre (intr.). Like craindre. To whine ; to complain while working. Used of persons. 
 Qu'a-t-il a geindre? (fam.). What has he to whine about? (Of animals, the word 
 for to whine is se plaindre.) , 
 
3l8 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 G6mir (tr. and intr.). To groan, to moan; de, zvith ; sur, over. Generally used intransi- 
 tively. Said of persons and of things. G6mir d'une erreur. To lament {bewail) an 
 error. G6mir de la mort de quelqu'un. Le vent g^mit. See 177. 
 
 Gener (tr.). To be in the way, to be too tight, to hurt, to pinch, etc. (of boots, clothes, etc.). 
 Cette table vous gene. Ou votre habit vous gene-t-il ? 
 
 Se gfiner. To constrain one's self, to inconvenience one^s self, etc. De (b. i.). Idioms and 
 sayings: Est-ce que je vous gene? Am I in your way ? Ne vous genez pas. Do 
 not stand upon ceremony (avec nous, with us). Ne vous genez pas. Make yourself 
 at home. II ne se gene gudre ! DoesnH he make himself at home I Isn't he a cool cus- 
 tomer! II est plus genant que gen6. His free and easy manners are unpleasant to 
 others, but he doesn't mind that. Vous n'etes pas gene. You are very selfish. 
 
 G6sir (intr.). To lie. See 164. Idiom: C'est la que git le li§vre. There's the rub. 
 
 Glisser (intr.). To slip. L'Ichelle a glisse. The ladder slipped. J'ai glisse sur le trottoir. 
 I slipped on the sidewalk. J'ai glisse et j'ai tombe. I slipped and fell. Le pied m'a 
 manqu6. My foot slipped. Also : Mon pied glissa, coula, or Le pied me glissa. 
 Entrer doucement, furtivement; se glisser dans. To slip in (a place). Glisser 
 quelque chose a la main de quelqu'un. To slip anything in some one's hand. Sortir 
 doucement, s'6chapper, s'esquiver, etc. To slip aivay, out. Tomber. 7^o slip down. 
 Une faute s'est gliss6. An error has crept in. 
 
 Glorifier (tr.). To glorify ; to give glory to. 
 
 Se glorifier de. To glory in, to boast of See se vanter. 
 
 Gonfler (tr.). To inflate (as a balloon); to distend, to szv ell out, etc, Etre gonfl6 de (col§re, 
 d'orgueil). 
 
 Gorger (tr.). To gorge ; de, with, upon. 
 
 Se gorger de. Etre gorg6 de. 
 
 Gofiter (tr. and intr.). Intr. with de. To taste ; to approve, etc. Etre gOTit6 de (or par). 
 To be approved of by. 
 
 Graisser (tr.). To grease. Graisser la patte a quelqu'un. To corrupt some one with 
 money. Graisser la main (la paume) a quelqu'un. To grease any one's palm (with 
 money). 
 
 Grandir (intr.). To grow up, to grow large, etc. Conjugated with avoir to express action; 
 with etre, to express state. 
 
 Grasseyer. See 63. 
 
 Gratifier (tr.). To confer, to bestow. Gratifier quelqu'un- de quelque chose. To bestow, to 
 confer, anything on or upon some one ; to ascribe, to attribute, somethittg to some one. 
 Vous me gratifiez la d'une quality que je n'eus jamais. Note that gratifier does 
 not mean to gratify. To gratify the appetite, the senses, the desires, the taste, the mind, is 
 satisfaire I'app^tit, etc. To gratify one's enemies is contenter ses ennemis. To be 
 highly gratified \s, etre enchants. 
 
 Gr6er (tr.). To rig (naval term). Gr§er de toutes les voiles. To rig with all the sails. 
 
 Grever (tr.). To burden, to encumber ; de, with. Un heritage grev§ de nombreuses dettesT 
 
 Grincer (tr.). 7^(3 ^W«^ (the teeth) ; to gnash. 
 
 Grincer (intr.) de. To gnash with, to grind with. Grincer des dents. To grind one's teeth ; 
 to grind with one's teeth. 
 
 Gripper (tr.). To seize (slyly), to catch. Gripper un voleur. To arrest, catch, a thief Grip- 
 per de I'argent h. quelqu'un. To steal any one's money. II a 6te gripp§ de son 
 argent. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 319 
 
 Gronder (tr.). To scold; QA^for. See 177. Etre grond6 de sa paresse, etc. 
 
 Gronder (intr.). To mutter^ to grumble ; contre, at (of persons). To rumble (of things, as 
 
 the wind, the sea, the storm). Le vent gronde. 
 Se grouper. To group, to form a group ; autour de, around. 
 Gruger (tr.). To crush, to crack (with the teeth). Vous ne devriez pas gruger les noix. 
 
 II faut les casser. Gruger quelqu'un. To live at the expense of another ; to eat up any 
 
 one's substance (fig.). II a 6te grugl de toute sa fortune. 
 Gu6rir (tr. and intr.). To cure, to get well. Le medecin Fa gueri. II gu6rira. He will get' 
 
 tuell (de cette maladie, of that illness). 
 Se gu6rir. To cure one's self; de, of. 
 
 H 
 
 Habiter (tr. and intr.). To inhabit, to dwell in, to reside in, etc. With the intransitive form 
 
 dans is used. Either form may be used : Habiter une jolie maison or dans une jolie 
 
 maison. Habiter (dans) un pays. 
 Habituer (tr.). 7o habituate, to accustom, to inure ; a, to. 
 S'habituer a. Etre habitue at. See 178. 
 Hacher (tr.). To chop, to hew ; to cut to pieces (bad sense). Je les hacherais menu comme 
 
 chair a pM6. / would make mincemeat of them. 
 Hair (tr.). To hate. See 68 (3). 
 Hanter (tr.). To frequent (a place); to frequent the society of any one ; to haunt. Hanter 
 
 les theatres, les artistes. 
 Hanter (intr.). Hanter chez quelqu'un. To frequent any one's house. Idiom : Dis-moi qui 
 
 tu hantes, je te dirai qui tu es. A man is known by the company he keeps. Birds of a 
 
 feather flock together. 
 Harasser (tr.). To tire, to harass, to jade, etc. Etre harass^ de (fatigue). Harass^ par la 
 
 route. Wayworn, 
 Hasarder (tr.). To venture, to hazard, to risk. Qui ne hasarde rien n'a rien. Nothing 
 
 venture, nothing win. 
 Hater (tr.). To hasten, etc. Ouvrage htte, ouvrage gite. Haste makes waste. 
 Se hUter. To hasten; de, to. See 177. 
 Hausser (tr.). To raise (as a house, a window shade, a wall, etc.). Antonym of baissei. 
 
 Hausser les 6paules. To shrug the shoulders. 
 Hausser (intr.). lo rise. Hausser d'un cran. To rise a peg. 
 Se hausser. To be raised {made higher, etc.). 
 H^risser (tr.). To raise (of animals, the hair, the feathers, etc.); to bristle. Le chat h^risse 
 
 son poil. Le lion h^risse sa criniere. Cette affaire est h^riss6e de difacult^s, 
 
 That affair is bristling with difficulties. La tige d'un rosier est h^riss^e de piquants. 
 
 The stalk of a rosebush is covered with prickles. 
 HIriter (intr.) de. To succeed to the estate of; to be heir to. II a h6rit6 de son p6re. 
 HIriter (tr.). To inherit. II n'a rien h§rit6 de son pdre. 
 H^siter (intr.). To hesitate. See 178. 
 Heurter (tr.). To run against, to shock. II a heurt^ ma soeur. Heurter 1' amour-propre 
 
 de quelqu'un. To wound some one^s self-esteem. 
 Se heurter a. To come into collision (with), to strike against each other, etc. 
 Honnir. See 165. 
 Hypoth6quer (tr.). To mortgage. See 62. Etre hypoth6qu6 de. To be mortgaged for. 
 
320 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 I 
 
 Identifier (tr.). To identify. 
 
 S'identifier avec. To identify one's self with. 
 
 Ignorer (tr.). To be ignoi-ant of {unacquainted with). Requires subj. in subord. clause when 
 
 conjugated affirmatively. Etre ignor§ de. 7^o be unknown to. Cela est ignore de lui. 
 Imaginer (tr.). To imagine, to invent, to create through the imagination. Used with object, 
 
 a noun, expressed. 
 S'imaginer. To imagine, to fancy, etc. See 179. Vous ne pouvez vous faire id^e de leurs 
 
 craintes. You cannot imagine their fears. II existait (il y avait) entre elle et lui 
 
 toute la difference imaginable. She was as different from him as can well be imagined. 
 Imbiber (tr.). To be imbibed (frnbued) ; de, tvith. Hardly used in sense of to be imbued with 
 
 or to imbue. Etre imbu de pr§juges. To be imbued with prejudices. (Imbu is an 
 
 adjective, imboire is obsolete.) Inculquer a quelqu'un, etc., inspirer a quelqu'un, 
 
 etc. To imbue any one tvith principles, ideas, etc. Etre imbu, inspire, penetre. To 
 
 be imbued. 
 Imiter (tr.). To imitate, to pattern after, to juifnic. Etre imiti de. To be patterned after. 
 Immoler (tr.). "To immolate, to sacrifice ; a, to. Immoler quelqu'un a sa haine, etc. 
 S'immoler k. See se sacrifier pour. 
 Impliquer (tr.). To ijuplicate ; dans, in. 
 Importer (intr.). See 106. Venez n'importe quand. Cojne at any time, no matter zvhen, 
 
 whenever you please. 
 Importuner (tr.). I'o importune ; de, with. Ktre importune de quelque chose par quelqu'un. 
 Imposer (tr.). To impose {to give, lay)-, a, on, upon (as a law, a yoke, a contribution, a 
 
 name, silence, etc.) ; to force upon. II m'a trompe. He imposed upon me. (Also 
 
 abuser de quelqu'un and faire croire a.) 
 Impr^gner (tr.). To itnpregnate ; diQ, with. 
 S'impr6gner, To be impregnated ; de, tuith. Etre impr6gn6 de. 
 Improuver (tr.). To disapprove of. Hardly used; see desapprouver. 
 Imputer (tr.). To impute, to attribtUe ; a, to. Imputer quelque chose a quelqu'un. 
 Inciter (tr.). To incite, etc.; ^, to (b. n. and i.). See 178. Etre incite a. 
 Incliner (tr.). To incline, to bend or lower. Incliner la tete. 
 Incliner (intr.). To bend, to incline. Ce mur incline. To incline to m.ercy, peace, etc., can 
 
 be expressed by incliner a la misericorde, i la paix; but preferably by ^tre dispos6, 
 
 port6, enclin a. Etre enclin, port6, dispose a. To be inclined to. La riviere (le 
 
 chemin) fait un d6tOur vers I'ouest. The river {the road) inclines to the west. J'ai 
 
 grande envie de . . . I feel much inclined to . . . 
 Inclure (tr.). To inclose.^ See clore, 160, enclore, 162, and conclure, 151. In dure is used 
 
 in sense of to insert; as a note in a letter. II a inclus ce billet dans la lettre. 
 
 Enceindre une ville. Entourer, envelopper une armee. Renfermer, dans une 
 
 boite, etc. Serrer dans ses bras. Le billet ci-inclus. The note here inclosed: 
 
 Trouvez sous ce pli. Trouvez ci-joint, ci-inclus. Find inclosed. Mettez ma lettre 
 
 sous VOtre enveloppe. Inclose my letter in yours. 
 Incruster (tr.). To inlay ; de, with. Etre incrust§ de. See travailler quelque chose en 
 
 marquetrie. 
 Indemniser (tr.). To indemnify ; de, for. Indemniser (d^dommager) quelqu'un de 
 
 quelque chose. To make anything up to any one. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 32I 
 
 Indignei" (tr.). To make, render, indignant. Etre indign6 de. To be indignant at. 
 
 S'indigner. To be, get, indignant; de, at (a thing); contre, at (a person); de, to, 
 
 before an infinitive. EUe en fut indignee or elle s'en indigna. She was {she felt) 
 
 indignant at it. Je me suis indigne de voir, etc. 
 Indiquer (tr.). To indicate, to be indicative of; to point out or to (persons or things). II me 
 
 I'indiqua. He pointed him out to me. See montrer. 
 Indisposer (tr.). 7^o indispose, to make unwell; to indispose (any one); contre, toward 
 
 (some one) ; to estrange from. La chaleur m'indispose toujours. Elle a indispose 
 
 sa soeur contre moi. She has estranged her sister from me. Eloigner quelqu'un de quel- 
 
 qu'un. To estrange, etc. L'amour du plaisir d^tourne 1' esprit des etudes s6rieuses. 
 
 A Iqve of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study. 
 Induire (tr,). To lead (en) into (an error, a mistake). Induire quelqu'un en tentation. 
 
 Has also meaning of to conclude. De cela j'induis. To produce effects of induction 
 
 (electricity). Hardly used in sense of to induce to, which is expressed by causer, 
 
 decider, amener, porter, determiner a, etc. 
 Infatuer (tr.). To infatuate; de, with. S'infatuer. To be infatuated; de, with. Etre 
 
 infatu^ de. 
 Infecter (tr.). To infect, to taint; de, with. Etre infects de. 
 Inf ester (tr.). To infest; de, with. Etre infeste de or par. Les mouches tourmentent les 
 
 bestiaux. Flies infest cattle. L'envie empoisonne sa vie. Envy infests his life. 
 Influencer (tr.). To influence (in sense of to sway). Applied to persons and only " en mauvaise 
 
 parte.'^ Influencer quelqu'un par des motifs d'int^ret ou de plaisir. To influence 
 
 some one by motives of interest or pleasure. 
 Influer sur (intr.). To influence (in sense of to exercise a controlling action over ; to have an 
 
 influence over). Influer sur la conduite des affaires. To influence the operation of 
 
 affairs. L'hygidne habituelle influe beaucoup sur la sant§. La pression de Tat- 
 
 mosphdre n' influe en rien sur ces experiences. These experiments are not influenced 
 
 by the pressure of the atmosphere. Entrainer quelqu'un a (persuader a quelqu'un 
 
 de) faire quelque chose, etc. To influence some one to do something. Toucher de 
 
 compassion. To influence by pity. 
 Informer (tr.). To itiform, to acquaint; de, of, with. Etre inform^ de. 
 S'informer de. To inquire into, about ; to make inquiries about, etc. Faites-leur part de 
 
 votre retour. Inform them of your return. II nous en informera; or il nous le fera 
 
 savoir. He zvill inform us of it. J'avertirai la police. / shall inform the police. 
 
 See s'enqu^rir. 
 S'ing6nier. To task {tax) one's ingenuity (wits) ; It, to. II s'ing^nie a vous plaire. See 67. 
 S'ing6rer de, dans. To meddle with, to thrust one's self into. See se meler. De. To take 
 
 it upon one's self to. II s'ingdre de vous donner des conseils. See 62. 
 Initier (tr). To initiate ; H, into. See attacher le grelot under attacher. — Idiom. 
 Innocenter (tr.). To declare innocent, to find not guilty. Etre innocent^ de. Usual forms: 
 
 Se declarer innocent. To plead not guilty. Declarer I'accus^ innocent. To find the 
 
 accused not guilty. 
 Inonder (tr.). To inundate, to swamp, to overrun (persons); de, with. 
 Inqui6ter (tr.). To trouble, etc.; Aq, for, with, about. See 62. 
 S'inquieter. To trouble, to concern one's self, to be disquieted, etc.; diQ^ for, about, with. See 
 
 troubler and tourmenter. 
 Inscrire (tr.). To inscribe, to enter, etc. See 139. Inscrire sur. To inscribe on. Graver 
 
 martin's FRENCH VERB 21 
 
32^ THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 son nom sur une pierre. To inscribe one's name on a stone. Graver dans la ml moire. 
 To inscribe on the memory. Idiom : S'inscrire en faux (contre). To deny ejnphatically. 
 Je m'inscris en faux contre cette assertion. 
 
 Insurer (tr.). To insert; dans, in, to put in. Faire inserer quelque chose dans un journal. 
 To insert somethitig in a newspaper. See 62. 
 
 Insister (intr.). To insist; sur, on, upon. L'avocat a insiste sur ce detail, ce point, ce 
 fait, etc. II veut etre pay6 a I'instant. He insists on an immediate payment. 
 J'entends que notre convention soit executee a la lettre. / insist on the terms of our 
 agreement. II aurait voulu rester. He would have insisted on staying. Elle aurait 
 voulu que, etc. She would have insisted that, etc. Qu'on me laisse seul, je le veux. 
 v/ / insist on being left alone. Je vous ordonne, commande, de faire, etc. Je veux que 
 vous fassiez, etc. / insist on your doing, etc. lis soutinrent qu'il ne fallait pas 
 n6gliger cette occasion. They insisted that this opportunity was not to be neglected. 
 
 Inspirer (tr.). To inspire, etc. Inspirer une idee, un sentiment, a quelqu'un. Etre in- 
 spire de. To be inspired with. 
 
 Instiguer (tr.). To instigate. Exciter or pousser (a, to) more used. 
 
 Instiller (tr.). 7^o instill;, dans, into. Used in literal sense. Distiller du poison dans le 
 cceur de quelqu'un. Instill poison into any one's heart. 
 
 Instruire (tr.). To instruct. See 141, 178. Enseigner, apprendre, une science, etc., a 
 quelqu'un. To instruct any one in a science, etc. Ayant regu ces instructions de son 
 pdre. Being thus instructed by his father. II fut enjoint aux hommes (temoins) de 
 parler d'un ton plus dicidl. The m,en (witnesses) were instructed to speak in a louder 
 tone. 
 
 Insulter (tr.). To insult, to ofFend. . ' 
 
 Insulter (intr.) a. To instill, to outrage, to be an outrage, insult to. The intransitive form is 
 stronger. Insulter aux malheureux; a la raison. 
 
 Intenter (tr.). To enter, to institute (legal process, action, etc.); contre, against. II a 
 intents un procds contre vous. 
 
 Interclder (intr.). To intercede ; auprds de, with. Interclder aupres de quelqu'un pour 
 quelqu'un (or en faveur de quelqu'un). To intercede between = Passer entre; inter- 
 venir comme midiateur. See 62. 
 
 Interdire (tr.). To interdict, to forbid, to prohibit, etc. Quelque chose a quelqu'un. A quel- 
 qu'un de faire quelque chose. Used about like our verb to prohibit. See defendre 
 for ordinary uses of to forbid. II leur est interdit d'entrer dans ce lieu. They are 
 forbidden (prohibited) from entering this place. Leur mdre leur a defendu d'y aller. 
 Ma sante ne me le permet pas. My health forbids. See 136. 
 
 Intlresser (tr.). To interest. Dans une affaire. In an affair. Vous etes int§ress§ a ce 
 qu'il SOient heureux. You are interested in their happiness. 
 
 S'intlresser. To be interested, to take an interest; a, dans, in. Je suis curieux de con- 
 naitre, etc. I am interested to know, etc. 
 
 Interroger (tr.). To interrogate ; ^mx, on {d^Vkgdcc^ ^q). See questionner. 
 
 Interrompre (tr.). See 68 (5). To interrupt. 
 
 Intervenir (intr.). To intervene; dans, in. Le temps qui s'6coula entre. The period, 
 (time) which intervened between. II peut survenir des evenements. Events may 
 intervene. See 124. See s'entremettre. 
 
 Interviewer (tr.). To interviezv. Adopted from the Eng.; used mostly in the infinitive and 
 compound tenses. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 323 
 
 Introduire (tr.). To introduce. See 141. Introduire un usage, une mode, un systeme. 
 To introduce a custom, a fashion, a syste?n. Introduire quelqu'un aupres de quel- 
 qu'un. To introduce (formally, as an ambassador to a sovereign) some one to any one. 
 Presenter quelqu'un a une dame, a un monsieur. To introduce {present) some one to 
 a lady, to a gentleman. Amener un sujet de conversation, amener la conversation 
 sur le sujet (entamer une question). To introduce a subject of conversation {a 
 7natter) . 
 
 Investir (tr.). To invest ; de, with. Investir quelqu'un d'une autorit6, d'un droit. 
 Investir une ville, une place (mil). Placer de I'argent (des fonds). To invest 
 money {funds'). 
 
 Inviter (tr.). To invite {to come, a venir ; to dine, a diner). 
 
 Irriter (tr.). To irritate. Etre irrit§, to be irritated {incensed), COntre quelqu'un, with 
 some one. II s'irrite de VOS actions. He is exasperated {irritated) at your actions. 
 
 Issir (intr.). To descend, to spring frorn, etc. (obsolete). See 166. 
 
 Jasper (tr.). To marble (as the edges of books). Jaspe = jasper. 
 
 Jeter (tr.). To throw. Idioms: C'est Jeter de I'huile sur le feu. It is adding fuel to the 
 flames {fire). Jeter son argent par les fenetres. To play ducks and drakes with one's 
 money. 
 
 Joindre (tr.). To join. See 150. Prendre part a la conversation. To join in the conver- 
 sation. Etre du meme avis que, penser comme. To join in the opinion of Je m'en 
 retourne demain ; voulez-vous venir avec moi ? I am goi^tg back to-morrow ; will you 
 join me ? Rejoindre son regiment. To join one's regiment. Les deux maisons se 
 touchent. The two houses join. Faire cause commune avec ; s'unir d'intdret. To 
 join interests {cause) with. 
 
 Jouer (tr. and intr.). To play. See 65. Se jouer de. To play {with), to sport with, etc. 
 Jouer sur les mots. To play upon words. lis se sont fait un jeu de sa sensibilite. 
 They played upon her feelings. Faire de la musique a quelqu'un. To play {music) 
 to any one. Le gagnant joue bien. He plays well that wins (prov.). 
 
 Idioms and sayings : II joua de son reste. He played his last card {was on his last 
 legs). II joue au plus sfir. He plays a safe game. Jouer de malheur. To have a 
 run of bad luck, to be unlucky. II a jou§ des jambes. He took to his heels. Vous 
 vous jouez de moi. You are fooling me. C'est pour jouer. It is for sport. II joue 
 sa vie. He exposes his life to danger. Jouer serre. 7V act cautiously, to leave nothing 
 to chance. 
 
 Jouir (intr.) de. To enjoy, to have the enjoyment of; to possess. Jouir d'une bonne sant§. 
 To enjoy good health. Etre heureux des m§saventures, du malheur de quelqu'un. 
 To enjoy the mishaps, the misfortune, of some one. S'amuser. To enjoy one's self. 
 Vous etes-vous amus§ ? Did you enjoy yourself? Did you have a good time ? 
 Comment vous plaisez-vous ici ? How do you enjoy yourself {like it) here ? 
 
 Juger (tr.). To judge. Idioms : Juger sur I'^tiquette du sac. To judge by appearances, by 
 the exterior. Au juger. At a guess. 
 
 Jurer (tr. and intr.). To swear. Jurer une 6ternelle amiti6. To swear eternal friendship. 
 J'ai jure de garder le secret. Preter serment. To take an oath. Faire preter ser- 
 ment It quelqu'un. To swear any one in court, etc. 
 
y 
 
 324 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Jurer (intr.). To swear; de (b. \,),io. J'en jurerais. / would swear to it. Jurer comme 
 un templier (charretier, paien). To swear like a trooper. Faire (preter) serment. 
 To szuear {to take an oath). Jurer avec (said of colors). To clash with, not to 
 match. Le vert jure avec le jaune. Jurer apres (fam.) ; injurier en paroles. To 
 swear at. 
 
 Justifier (tr.). To justify, to vindicate, to prove innocent. II n'avait pas de motif pour 
 donner sa demission. He was not justified in resigning his office. Vous n'aviez pas 
 le droit de contraindre les inclinations de votre soeur. You were not justified in 
 forcing your sister's inclinations. 
 
 L 
 
 Laisser (tr.). To leave. See 180. Idioms and sayings : Cela laisse i d§sirer. There is room 
 
 for improvement ; it is not quite the thing. Je ne laisse pas d'etre inquiet. In spite 
 
 of all that, I am anxious. II se laissa faire. He offered no resistance. Laisser faire, 
 
 laisser passer. Let us have free trade (motto of economists in eighteenth century). 
 Lamenter -(tr.). To lament. 
 
 Lamenter (intr.). To lament, to mourn, etc.; %mx^ over. See pleurer. 
 Languir (intr.). To languish; de, with, under. Languir du desir de faire quelque chose. 
 
 To languish to do something. EUe ne languit pas d'amour pour vous. She doesn't 
 
 languish for you. Languir pendant le reste de sa vie. To languish away one's 
 
 life. 
 Se lasser. To get tired, weary ; de (b. n. or i.), of. Se lasser d'un endroit. Se lasser de 
 
 voyager, de lire. Se lasser is a synonym of se fatiguer ; the first is a result of 
 
 monotony; the second, of labor. See s'ennuyer. 
 Laver (tr.). To wash; de, with. Etre lav6 par {by'). 
 Se laver. To wash. Se laver les mains, le visage. To wash one's hands, etc. Son crime 
 
 fut effac§. His guilt was zvashed away. Faire descendre (arroser) son souper (avec 
 
 du vin, etc.). To wash down one's supper. 
 LIsiner (intr.). To be stingy, mean, niggardly ; sur, in, over. L6siner sur tout. Etre avare 
 
 is the ordinary term for to be stingy. II est diablement avare. L§siner is a very harsh 
 
 term. 
 Leurrer (tr.). To lure, to delude. Leurre (m.) is decoy bird used to recall falcons; hence 
 
 the verb. Se leurrer de. To delude one's self zuith. See tromper, attirer. 
 Lever (tr.). To raise, to raise up, to lift, etc. See 57. 
 Se lever. To rise, to get up (from bed). Contrast with s'61ever, to rise, to lift one's self. 
 
 Contains idea of attaining height or a higher position. Idioms : J'en leverais la main. 
 
 I would swear to it. Le president leva la stance. The chairman dissolved the fneeting. 
 
 A qui se Idve matin Dieu prete la main. // is the early bird that catches the 
 
 worm, 
 Lier (tr.). To bind, to fasten, to tie ; avec, with; a, to. See attacher. Lier has more the 
 
 idea of to bind; attacher, of to tie. Attachez-moi ma bottine ; attachez (les lacets 
 
 de) ma bottine. Tie my shoe {shoe string). 
 Se liguer. To league, to combine ; pour (b. i.) , to. 
 Lire (tr.). See 140. 
 
 Longer (tr.). Togo along (as a field, a marsh, etc.). Longer la c6te. To hug the shore. 
 Louer (tr.). To praise, etc.; de, pour (b. i.), for, on account of. Idiom: Qui se loue 
 
 s'emboue. Self-praise is no recommendation. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 325 
 
 M 
 
 Micher (tr.). To masticate, to chew. Je ne lui ai pas mach6 la chose. / did not mince 
 matters with him. Je lui ai donn6 sa besogne toute mach^e. / gave him his work 
 already cut out ; I made his work as easy as possible for him. 
 
 Machiner (tr.). To machinate, to plot ; CQxAxq, against. 
 
 Maigrir (intr.). To become, to grotv, thin, lean. See amaigrir. 
 
 Maintenir (tr.). To sustain, to support, to maintain, etc. See 124. Soutenir une conversa- 
 tion, un argument, son droit. To maintain a co?tversation, an argument, one's right. 
 Garder sa position. To maintain one's ground. Maintenir les lois ; maintenir quel- 
 qu'un en place. Cette barre de fer maintient la charpente. Je maintiens que, etc. 
 (Af&rmer also used in last sense.) Conserver la fertility du sol. To maintain the 
 fertility of soil. 
 
 Malfaire (intr.). See 169. 
 
 Maltraiter (tr.). To maltreat, to ill-treat, etc.; de, in. Maltraiter quelqu'un de paroles. 
 Distinguish between maltraiter and traiter mal = to entertain in a niggardly or inhos- 
 pitable manner. 
 
 Mander (tr.). To send (by message or letter) ; a, to; to send for, to summon; de, to. Mander 
 une nouvelle a quelqu'un. Mander H quelqu'un de venir. To send for any one to 
 come. 
 
 Manger (tr., intr. , and r.) . To eat ; dans, out of; sur, off. Manger comme quatre. To eat like 
 an ogre ; to eat very heartily. II a mange son pain blanc le premier. He had the 
 happiest part of his life first. Manger son ble en herbe. To anticipate one's income 
 or revenue. Manger de la vache enrag^e. To endure hardships, stiffer privations. II 
 mange ses mots. He clips his words. Manger sur le pouce. To eat in a great huny 
 (without a plate) ; to eat a snack. II a mang6 la consigne. He did not follow orders, 
 II a mang6 le morceau. He denounced his accomplices. II se laisse manger la laine 
 sur le dos. He allows hijnself to be fleeced. Les loups ne se mangent pas entre eux. 
 There is honor among thieves. II donne a manger. He keeps a restaurant. II est 
 bete a manger du foin. He is as green as grass. 
 
 Manquer (tr.). To miss {not to meet, to allow to escape'). Manquer le train. To jniss the 
 train. J'ai manqu§ un lidvre qui 4tait au bout de mon fusil. I missed a hare which 
 was at the end of my gun. II a manqu6 un bon mariage. J'ai manqu6 mon affaire. 
 La balle a perce votre chapeau, vous I'avez manque belle. The ball pierced your hat, 
 you had a narrow escape. 
 
 Manquer (intr.). To err, to fail, to miss ; to just miss, etc. Ne manquez pas de faire cela. 
 Don't fail to do that. Nous avons manqu6 de verser. We just missed being overturned; 
 we came near being upset. See faiUir, 163. Manquer is used in the sense indicated in the 
 last example, but only with reference to an unfortunate, an unhappy occurrence. Faillir 
 is used in the same sense with reference to happy or unhappy occurrences. J'ai failli avoir 
 le prix. II faillit etre ministre. Manquer should not be used in sentences similar to 
 the last two. Manquer is followed by a, to indicate a failure to do what one should do, 
 what it is one's duty to do. II a manqu6 a remplir ses devoirs. Manquer de indi- 
 cates a failure, a forgetting to do something ; or a failure to do something without imply- 
 ing neglect. See 180. 
 
 Idioms: Ne VOUS manque-t-il rien? Have you everything you Tvant? Cela me 
 manque. / miss that. Mes amis me manquent. / miss my friends. Je manque a 
 
326 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 ma mSre. My mother misses me. Vous nous avez manqu6. We have missed you. 
 Note the difference from the English way of putting it. C'est un avocat manqu6. He 
 is a would-be lawyer ; he is a failure as a laivyer. II a manqu6 d'etre pris. He was 
 - nearly caught. C'est un gar^on manqu§. She is a tomboy. Ce serait manquer d'usage. 
 That xvould be a breach of good manners. II ne manquait plus que cela. 7 hat crowns 
 all; that is the last straw ; the last thing expected. Si vous veniez a me manquer. 
 Should I happen to lose you. . II s'en est manqu§ de peu. It came within an ace. 
 
 Marchander (intr.). To bargain, haggle over. Sans marchander. Without haggling. J'6tais 
 en march^ avec lui pour un cheval. Je traitais avec lui d'un cheval. I was bai'gain- 
 ing with him for a horse. 
 
 Marcher (intr.). To walk, to go, etc. This verb is of very frequent use. Idiom: II ne leur 
 marche pas sur les pieds. He does not run after them. 
 
 Marier (tr.). To marry (as a priest); to marry {off, as a daughter). .Qui a-t-elle 6pous6 ? 
 Whom did she jtiarry ? Qui les a m:iries ? Who 7narried them ? A-t-elle marie 
 toutes ses fiUes ? Has she niai^ried {off) all her daughters ? 
 
 Se marier avec. To marry. II s'est mari§ avec ma soeur. Voulez-vous m'epouser? 
 Will you marry me ? 
 
 Maudire (tr. ). To curse, to call curses upon. See 136. 
 
 M^connaitre (tr.). Like connaitre. H'ot to recognize, to deny, disown, etc. 
 
 Micontenter (tr.). To discontent ; de, with. Etre m§content6 de. 
 
 M6croire. To disbelieve. See 169. 
 
 M§dire (intr.). To speak ill of, to slander. De (used b. n.). See 136. 
 
 M6diter (tr.). To meditate ; to project. M^diter de faire quelque chose. 
 
 M6diter (intr.) sur. To reflect, to fneditate. Mediter sur le pass4. Mediter (tr.) has the 
 idea of projecting. Mediter (intr.) has mure the idea of to meditate over ; to^ reflect 
 upon. 
 
 M§ faire (intr.). To do evil, etc. See 169. 
 
 Se m§fier. To mistrust, to distrust ; to suspect. See se defier. 
 
 Meier (tr.). To mix, to mingle. Meier deux choses. Meier une chose avec une autre 
 (where actual mixing takes place). Meier ses larmes a celles d'un ami. 7"o mingle 
 one's tears with a friend^ s. 
 
 Se meler. To mix, to mingle. L'huile ne se mele pas avec Peau. Se meler dans la foule. 
 To mingle with the croivd. II se mela parmi les autres. He mingled with the others. 
 Se meler de. To meddle xvith. De quoi vous melez-vous? Whit business is it of 
 yours? See m§langer also for sense of to mix, to mingle (things). Frequenter 
 expresses to mix with, or to mingle with, people of a particular class. Ne fr§quentez 
 pas de pareilles gens. Do not mix with such people. 
 
 Menacer (tr.). To threaten; de (b. n.), zuith; de (b. i.), to. II m'en a menac6. lie threat- 
 ened me zvith it. 
 
 Menager (tr.). To husband, to be saving of, etc. Idiom : Qui veut voyager loin minage sa 
 monture . Who wishes to go far spares his horse ; he who zvishes to live long avoids' 
 excess. Vous ne m6nagez pas assez vos expressions. You are not particular etiough 
 about your -words. Manager son temps. To improve one's time. EUe nous a menag§ 
 une surprise pour Noel. She has managed a surprise for us for Christmas. Je vous 
 m^nagerai une entrevue avec lui. I will secure {arrange) an interview with him for 
 you. 
 
 Mener (tr.). To lead, to conduct, to take. See 57. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 327 
 
 Mener (intr.). To drive (horses); to lead (of roads), a, to. Vous menez bien. 
 
 Saying : Mener la vie a grandes guides. To lead a fast life {to drive life four-in- hand) . 
 
 Mentir (intr.). To lie (irr.). See 125. A beau mentir qui vient de loin. A traveler 
 may lie with impunity. Travelers tell fine tales. II faut bonne m§moire aprds 
 qu'on a menti. Liars should have good memories. 
 
 Se m§prendre. To be mistaken ; a, in. 
 
 Se m6prendre sur. To misapprehend. Like prendre. A s'y m^prendre. I'o the point of 
 deceiving one or one's j<?^ (generally preceded by c'est). Quibec, c'est St. Malo a s'y 
 m^prendre. You would take Quebec for St. Malo. 
 
 Mepriser (tr.). To scorn. M^priser une personne, les honneurs, les richesses. DIdaigner 
 de f aire quelque chose. To scorn to do something. Je rougirais de mentir. / would 
 scorn to tell a lie. 
 
 M6riter (tr.). To merit, to deserve (as a recompense). Etre digne de. To deserve, to merit 
 (by reason of one's birth, position, qualifications). 
 
 Meriter (intr.). To deserve, to merit; de (b. i.), to. 
 
 M^soff rir (tr.) . To offer less than the value for merchandise ; to underbid. Rarely used. 
 Offrir moins que, etc., is the usual expression. 
 
 Messoir (intr.). To be unbecouiing ; i, to. See 169. 
 
 Misuser (intr.). To misuse, to abuse. Misuser de quelque chose. To misuse something, 
 i.e. to use it amiss, in the wrong way. Abuser de quelque chose. To misuse, to abuse 
 (a bad head, misuse, viisuses benefits ; a bad heart, abuse, abuses them). 
 
 Mettre (tr.). To put, to place, to lay, to put on. Se mettre i. To set about. Mettez votre 
 chapeau. See remettre. Se mettre a faire quelque chose. Idioms and sayings: 
 Mettez cent francs. Make it $20. II se mettrait en quatre pour ses amis. He 
 would do anything for his friends. II S3 met bien. He dresses well. On veut nous 
 mettre dedans (fam.). They want to entrap us, to take us in. Vous I'avez mis dedans. 
 You gave him wrong information {took him in). Vous I'avez mis dans de beaux 
 draps. You have placed hi)7i in a bad position. Mettez-y du votre. Show your good- 
 will. Vous y mettez le temps. You take your time over it. Je vous mets a con- 
 tribution. I expect you to contribute. Je les ai mis bien ensemble. I have reconciled 
 them. Mettez que j'ai raison. Admit I am right. La gangrdne se mit dans la 
 plaie. Gangrene set in the wound. II se met au lait. He follows a milk diet. II a 
 mis les pouces. He surrendered. Ne VOUS mattez pas martel en tete. Do not rack 
 your brains. II se met bien avec tout le monds. He makes friends ivith everybody. 
 Mettez cela par Icrit. Put that down in black and white. II s'est mis au vert. He 
 stopped short his course of dissipation. Cette maison est mise a Tindex par les grl- 
 vistes. This house is being boycotted by the strikers. II s'est mis dans tous ses Itats. 
 He was in a furious passion. Cela met du baurre dans les Ipinards. // is an unex- 
 pected windfall. On Pa mis a I'ombre. They have put him in jail. On Ta mis au 
 pied du mur. He was compelled to confess. Se mettre en frais pour quelqu'un. To 
 go to expense for some one. 
 
 Meubler (tr.). To furnish {to supply with furniture) ; de, 7vith. Etre meubll de. 
 
 Meurtrir (tr.). To bruise. Prenez garde de meurtrir ces poires. Be careful not to bruise 
 those pears. On Ta tout meurtri de coups. They bruised him {fnade him black and 
 blue) with blows. 
 
 Modeler (tr.). To model; sur, by, after. Modeler sa vie sur, etc. 
 
 Se modeler sur. To take model after, to take as a model. 
 
328 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Moisir (tr.). To mold, to make moldy, etc. L'huinidit6 moisit tout ici. 
 
 Se moisir and moisir (intr.). To mold, to become moldy. Le fromage se moisit. Les con- 
 fitures moisissent. The preserves are getting tnoldy. 
 
 Mooter (intr.). To go up, to ascend, to mount, etc. Conjugated with avoir to express an 
 action; with etre, to express a state. See 69-72. Monter a cheval. To ride horseback. 
 Monter sur un cheval (or H un cheval). To mount (Jo get on') a horse. Monter a 
 r^chelle. To climb the ladder. Monter en croupe. To ride the same horse behind 
 another person. Monter sur le trone. To ascend, to mount the throne. II est monte 
 sur ses grands chevaux. He is very much excited. 
 
 Monter (tr.). To take up, to bring up, to mount, etc. Monter un cheval. To be mounted on 
 a horse. II monte un cheval blanc. On lui a mont§ un bateau. They bluffed him, 
 told him a story. 
 
 Montrer (tr.). To show, to point out. Montrer quelqu'un au doigt. To point at any one 
 (uncomplimentary sense). Partout on le montre au doigt. To point to. Indiquer, 
 designer. II me I'indiqua. He pointed him out to me. Idiom : Montrer le soleil 
 avec un flambeau. To paint the lily. To hold a farthing rushlight to the sun. 
 
 Se moquer de. To deride, to mock {at) ; to make fun {of), etc. Elle se moque de vous. 
 She is making fun {sport) of you. Je m'en moque. I do not care for that. 
 
 Mordre (tr.). To bite. Idioms: Se mordre les doigts. To repent ivhat one has done. Se 
 mordre la langue. To repent what one has said. (The above expressions may be 
 followed by d' avoir and a past participle to express regret for having done or said 
 something.) Etre mordu de or par. To be bitten by. 
 
 Morfondre (tr.). To chill, to give a chill to. La pluie (le vent) I'a morfondu. The 
 rain {tvind) has chilled him {given him a chill). Ne dessellez pas sitot ce 
 cheval, de peur de le morfondre. Do not unsaddle that horse so soon for fear of 
 chilling him. La vieillesse refroidit les passions. Old age chills the passions. Cela 
 glace son courage. That chills his courage. 
 
 Se morfondre. To get a chill, to becotne chilled. Vous vous morfondrez dans le jardin. 
 Also means to lose much time waiting. Je me suis morfondu a vous attendre. 
 
 Mortifier (tr.). To mortify. Battre de la viande pour la mortifier. To make meat tender. 
 Etre mortifil d'une chose. To be mortified at {over) a thing. Etre mortifi§ de 
 dire (de faire). 
 
 Moudre (tr.). To grind. See 154. Moulez le caf6. Grind the coffee. Idiom: II viendra 
 moudre a notre moulin. He will be in want of us some day. 
 
 Mouiller (tr.). To wet, to make wet, to bathe ; de, with. 
 
 Mourir (intr.). To die. See 134. Elle est morte a la fleur de I'ige. She died in the 
 prime of life. II mourra i la peine. He will die in the attempt. Je mourrai 
 sur la br^che. / will die at my post. II mourra dans sa peau. He ivill die as 
 he has lived. Je mourrai de ma belle mort. / shall die naturally. II en meurt 
 d'envie. He is dying to have it. II meurt d'envie de parler. He is dying to say 
 something. Le commerce est mort. Business is at a standstill. II fait le mort. He- 
 does not appear ; pretends to be dead. II s'en ferait mourir. He zuould take too much 
 of it. 
 
 Munir (tr.). To supply, to provide ; de, with. 
 
 Muser (intr.). To loiter, to dawdle. Does not mean /o z^z^^, which is penser, rever. Idiom: 
 Qui beaucoup muse pen file. Great dreamers are little doers; rust wastes ??iore than 
 use. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 329 
 
 N 
 
 Naitre (intr.). To be born. See 148. 
 
 Nantir (tr.). To give security to ; to give a pledge to (as guaranty of the payment of money). 
 Cet homme ne prete point si on ne le nantit auparavant. This man does not lend 
 unless he is secured in advance. II ne veut rien preter s'il n'est nanti. 
 
 Se nantir. To furnish one's self with something (by way of precaution). Je me suis nanti 
 d'un bon manteau contre la pluie. I have provided myself ivith a good cloak against 
 rain. It also has meaning of to feather one's nest with the profits from an enterprise or 
 position. Cet homme s'est bien nanti avant de sortir de sa place. 
 
 Navrer (tr.). To hurt or wound any one grievously (Hg.) ; to break any one's heart. Cela m'a 
 navre. J'en ai le coeur navre. J'en suis navr6. Vous m'avez navr6 de douleur. 
 
 N6gliger (tr.). To neglect; de (b. i.), to. See 177. 
 
 Nommer (tr.). To name, to appoint. Nommer un enfant d'aprds quelqu'un. To name a 
 child after any one. 
 
 Nourrir (tr.). To feed, to nourish ; diQ, with. Se nourrir (de) . To live, feed {upon). Etre 
 nourri de. 
 
 Noyer (tr.). To drown. Se noyer. To drown., to get drowned. Des yeux noy6s de larmes. 
 Eyes full of tears. Un homme noy6 de dettes. A jnan buried in debt. 
 
 Nuire (intr.). To injure, to harm, to do harm to. Accomodez-vous avec cet homme, il pent 
 vous nuire dans vos affaires. II vous nuira. Cette boisson nuire a la sante. Cette 
 affaire a nui i sa reputation. (Impers. with de b. i.) II ne nuit pas d'avoir 6tudi6. 
 Idiom : Ce qui nuit a I'un sert a I'autre. What is one man's meat is another' s poison, 
 
 
 
 Ob6ir (H) (intr.). To obey. Avez-vous ob6i (a I'ordre) aux ordres? J'y ai ob6i. Have 
 you obeyed the order {/)P I have {obeyed it ox them). See 107. 
 
 Obliger (tr.). To oblige. See 177, 178. 
 
 Obscurcir (tr.). To obscure. See offusquer. 
 
 Obs^der (tr.). To beset; de, with; (of evil spirits), to possess, to obsess. 
 
 S'obstiner. To persist, to be obstinate ; a (b. n. and i.), in. 
 
 Obtenir (tr.). To obtain, to get. Sometimes used with de before infinitive in sense of to 
 succeed. J'ai obtenu de le voir (Acad.). See 124. 
 
 S'occuper. To be occupied; de, h., at, in. See 182. S'occuper is used with h. and with de 
 before nouns and before infinitives. S'occuper k quelque chose means to be working 
 at a thing; actively engaged in its execution. S'OCCuper de quelque chose means to have 
 it in mind, under consideration; to be bent upon bringing its execution about. The follow- 
 ing sentences will illustrate the difference : II s'occupe a son jardin. He is working in 
 or on his garden. II s'occupe de SOU jardin. He is busy with his garden, has- his garden 
 on his hands. II s'occupe a d^truire les abus. He is busy destroying or correcting 
 the abuses. II s'occupe de detruire les abus. He is occupied with the destruction of the 
 abuses, seeking the means to bring about the correction of them. Idioms and sayings : 
 Est-ce qu'on s'occupe de vous ? Are you ivaited on ? Je ne m'occupe de 9a. That 
 (or it) is none of my business. Occupez-vous de VOS affaires. Mind your own business. 
 Je m'en occuperai. / will take the matter in hand. 
 
 S'offenser. To take offense ; de, at; to take exception to. See se ficher de ; se piquer de; se 
 formaliser de. II s'est offens6 de vos paroles. Etre offens6 de. 
 
330 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Offrir (tr.). To offer. See 126 and 177. 
 
 S'offrir. To off.^r one's self. Used with a before infinitive in sense of offrir de. II offrit 
 d'accompagner son frere or II s'offrit a accompagner son frere. He offered to accom- 
 pany his brother. 
 
 Offusquer (tr.). To obscure (by the interposition'of a body, which completely shuts off the view). 
 Obscurcir means to obscure, is more general than offusquer, and means to diminish the 
 brilliancy of a body. Le brouillard offusque le paysage. Offusque also means to daz- 
 zle, to shock or to give offense to. Le soleil m'offusque les yeux. Qu'est-ce qui vous 
 offusque en cela ? Otez-vous de devant moi, vous m'offusquez la vue. 
 
 Oindre (tr.). To anoint {rub with oil). Like craindre. 
 
 Omettre (tr.). 7^o omit, to leave out, to pass over ; de (b. i.), to. See 177. 
 
 Opiner (intr.). To give one's opinion (in a council or assemblage), to speak; 3i, for. Dans 
 cette consultation deux m^decins opinerent a la saign^e, et trois a la purgation. 
 Opiner du bonnet. 7"o agree always with others, especially with superiors. II n'opine 
 jamais que du bonnet. 
 
 Opiniatrer (tr.). To make stubborn. Opiniitrer un enfant. Its use in sense oi to jnaintain 
 a point or thing with stubbornness is old. 
 
 S'opinittrer. 7'o be obstinate ; a (b. n. and i.), in. S'opiniatrer a soutenir une erreur. 
 
 Opter (iiitr.). To choose. Opter entre deux ou trois choses. Opter is a synonym of choisir, 
 and may be used when choice does not include comparison or relative merit. Choisir 
 implies a comparison and the selection of the best. 
 
 Ordonner (tr.). To arrange, to put in order, to dispose ; to order. Ordonner quelqu'un de 
 faire quelque chose. See commander. 
 
 Orner (tr.). To adorn, to ornament ; de, with. 
 
 Oser (tr.). To dare, to make bold, etc. Oser (intr.) has similar meaning. Precedes infinitive 
 without preposition. Je n'oserais le dire. I should not like to say. See 179. Je vous 
 defie de le faire. / dare you to do it. Je reponds que, etc. I dare say that, etc. 
 
 Oter (tr.). To remove ; diQ, from ; to get out ; de, of. Otez vos bottes. Take off (remove) 
 your boots. Otez-vous de devant moi. Get from in front of me. Idioms : Ote-toi de 
 la que je m'y mette. You get out and let me get in. II a k\.h ote de sa place. Otez 
 cet enfant d'aupr§s du feu. 
 
 Oublier (tr.). To forget ; de (b. i.), to. Idiom : Oublions le passe. Let bygones be bygones. 
 
 Ouvrir (tr.). To open. See 126. Idioms and sayings: On a ouvert un canal. They dug a 
 canal. Le caviar ouvre Tappetit. Caviar excites the appetite. Ouvrez-moi votre 
 coeur. Tell me your secret (or your troubles). Je me suis ouvert un passage. / 
 i7iade my way out. Ouvrez Toeil, et le bon. Be on your guard. L'avenir s'ouvre 
 brillant devant lui. He has a very promising future. 
 
 P 
 
 Pactiser (intr.). To enter into a compact; avec, with. To covenant with. Also: Faire un 
 
 pacte avec. 
 Paitre(intr.). Tograze. See 171. Idiom : Je I'ai env0y6 paitre. I sent him about his business. 
 Palir (tr.). To make pale, to bleach. 
 Palir (intr.). To turn pale ; de, with. 
 Palpiter (intr.). To palpitate ; de, with. 
 Se pamer. To swoon, to faint ; de, with, 
 Paraitre (intr.). To appear. See 137. Idioms and sayings: Sans qu'il yparaisse. Without 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 33 1 
 
 making any show. Sans qu'il y paraisse, c'est un homme fort instruit. A ce qu'il 
 me parait. As far as I can judge. Ce livre vient de paraitre. That book is just out, 
 just published. II n'y parait plus. There is no trace of it. II n'y parait pas. One 
 would not have thought it. 
 
 Paralyser (tr.). To paralyze; ^q, with. Etre paralys6. To be paralyzed ; ^q., in. Paralyse 
 du c6t§ droit. Paralyzed in the right side. Etre paralyse des mains, des deux mains. 
 
 Parcourir (tr.). To go over; to survey, etc. See 127. 
 
 Pardonner (tr.). To forgive, to pardon. Pardonner une faute. Pardonner quelqu'un. Par- 
 donner quelque chose a quelqu'un. Pardonner quelqu'un d' avoir fait quelque 
 chose. A-t-il obtenu son pardon ? Lui a-t-on pardonn6 ? A-t-il obtenu sa grace ? 
 Is he pardoned? To pardon a criminal is also expressed by faire grice a. Faites-lui 
 grice de sa vie. 
 
 Par f aire (tr.). To complete. See 171. 
 
 Parier (tr.). To wagej-, to bet. Je parie vingt francs. Generally followed by que, but de 
 may be used before infinitive. Je parie de reussir avant le dix du mois. 
 
 Parier (intr.). l^o speak, to talk. See 41-45. H parie de s'en aller. He talks of going azvay. 
 II parie de se remarier. Idiom : II en parie comme un aveugle des couleurs. He talks 
 of it without knoiving rvhat he is about (as a blind man talks of the colors). He is talk- 
 ing through his hat (fam.). Idioms and sayings : Nous parlions de la pluie et du beau 
 temps. We were not talking of anything in particular. Parier de bouche au cceur 
 ne touche. Lip worship does not reach the heart. C'est a vous a parier, etc. // is your 
 turn to speak, etc. C'est a vous de parier. // is your duty to speak, etc. II trouvera 
 a qui parier. He will find his match. Jamais beau parier n'§corche la langue. 
 Fair words never did harm. It costs nothing to be polite. II a SOn franc parier. He 
 is free-spoken. 
 
 Parsemer (tr.). To strew, to spangle (for ornament); de, with. 
 
 Partir (intr.). To start. See 125. 
 
 Parvenir (intr.) H. To attain, to come {at or to')\ to succeed; a, in to. See 178. 
 
 Passer (tr.). To pass, to pass over ; to surpass ; to spend (time); etc. 
 
 Passer (intr.). To pass, to go, to go along; to go over {K) to ; to call (a) at, (chez) upon. Ce 
 soldat a passe a I'ennemi. That soldier has gone over to the enemy. See s'enfuir dans. 
 
 Se passer de. To do or go without ; de (b. i.). Se passer de vin. Se passer de fumer. 
 Idioms and sayings: II faut bien que j'en passe par la. / must submit to that. I 
 must put up zvith it. Passons au d6luge. We know all about that. Let us come to the 
 point. Don't let us go all over that agaip, ; we will take it for granted. Cette COuleur 
 passera. That color will fade. Passez-moi ce mot-li. Excuse the expression. 
 Passe-moi la casse (rhubarbe), je te passerai le s4n6. You let me have my way, and 
 P II let you have yours. Claw me, and P II claw you. On ne passe pas. No thorough- 
 fare. Ca se passait il y a dix ans. That happened ten years ago. Voila comme 9a 
 se passe. That is the condition of affairs. II passera de I'eau sous le pont avant. 
 It will take (or be) a long time {before it occurs). Je m'en passerais bien. I wish I 
 could avoid that. Que se passe-t-il done (Qu'est-ce qui se passe). What is going 
 on? Un tour de passe-passe. A sleight-of-hand trick. Je m'en suis pass§ Tenvie. 
 / gratified my wish for it. Ca lui passera. He zuill lose that habit. Passez trois 
 pages. Skip three pages. II est pass6 de vie H tr^pas. He is dead. On lui a pass6 
 Is goflt du pain. They killed him. II est pass6 capitaine. He was promoted to cap- 
 tain. II passe du blanc au noir. He changes his opinion. C'est pass6 dans les 
 
332 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 usages. It is the custom now. II passera par mes mains. He will have to deal with 
 me. II m'a pass6 une pidce fausse. He gave me a bad coin. Laissez-moi passer 
 mon habit. Permit me to put on my coat. Je I'ai dit en passant. / casually men- 
 tioned it. Je passerai sur cela. / will forgive (or overlook) that. Passer par. To 
 go through (a town or place, etc., en route to another). Si vous allez k New York, 
 passerez vous par Chicago ? 
 
 Ss passionner (pour). To become enamored {of) ; to become impassioned. 
 
 Patir (intr.). To suffer. Les bons patissent souvent pour les mauvais. 
 
 Payer (tr.). To pay. See 64. D6bourser. To pay down {out) {iz-va..). Idioms and sayings : 
 Payer de sa personne. To expose one's self bravely to danger, to risk one's skin. Etre 
 pay6 pour savoir. To know a thing to one's cost. Payer d'audace. To put on a bold 
 face, to brazen a thing out. Payer les violons. To pay the piper {the fiddler) . Je ne 
 me paye pas de mauvaises raisons. / shall be satisfied only with good reasons. Vous 
 vous payez de mots. You are taken in by empty words ; are satisfied with words. II 
 me la payera. I zuill make him smart for it. Qui paye ses dettes s'enrichit. Debt 
 is the worst kind of poverty. Payer son §cot. To pay one^s share. (Payer sa cotisa- 
 tion, also.) II veut se payer ma tete. He wishes to have the laugh on me. II s'en 
 paie. He has a good time. II paie de mine. He has a prepossessing appearance. II 
 est pay6 pour 9a. // is his duty. II m'a pay6 a boire. He treated me to a drink. 
 Je vous paierai cela autrement. / will return the compliment. Tout se paie ici-bas. 
 We must bear the consequences of our acts. 
 
 Peindre (tr.). To paint. Like craindre. 
 
 Peiner (tr.). To grieve, to pain ; to fatigue. 
 
 Peiner (intr.). To be unwilling, reUutant ; "k (b. i.), to. II peine k punir. 
 
 P6n6trer (tr.). To penetrate ; to imbue, impress; de, with. Etre p^netr§ de. See imbiber. 
 
 Penser (intr. and tr.). To think ; a, of (b. n., b. i.). Note carefully the examples of its tran- 
 sitive use. Songer and rever are synonyms. Penser before the infinitive without a 
 preposition means to be on the point of: II a pens§ mourir, etre noyd, etc Penser de 
 = to judge, to have an opinion of or about: On pense de lui cent choses facheuses. 
 Que pensez vous de cet homme? J'ai bien autre chose a penser. / have other things 
 to think about. II ne s'enqui6tait pas de cela. He thought nothing about that. Avoir 
 une haute id^e de. To think much of {a great deal of). Je n'ai pas bonne opinion 
 decela. I don't think anything of that. Revenirsur. To think better of. Vous revien- 
 drez sur votre resolution. You will think better of your determination. Je ne puis 
 m'imaginer qui a fait cela. / caii't think who did that. Faites ce que vous jugez 
 convenable. Do as you think proper. lis le regardaient comme un original. They 
 thought him an oddity. Trouver le temps long. To think it long. Je le pensais bien. 
 / thought as much. Idioms : A ce que je pense. To my juind. Sans penser a mal. 
 Without meaning any mischief {harm). Rien que d'y penser j'en ai le frisson. The 
 bare thought of it makes me shudder. Cela donne furieusement a penser. That is very 
 suggestive. 
 
 Percevoir (tr.). To collect {taxes, rents, etc.).- See pages 48 and 153. 
 
 Perdre (tr.). To lose. Idioms and sayings: Je m'y perds. / am getting bewildered. I 
 cannot make head or tail of it. II perd la carte. He is getting confused. Qui perd 
 pdche. Nothing succeeds like success. He ivho loses sins. C'est du bien perdu. It is 
 casting pearls before swine. II m'a perdu auprds de vous. He has ruined my character 
 in your eyes. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 333 
 
 P6rir (intr.). To perish ; de, with. (With avoir to express action; with etre, to express state). 
 
 Permettre (tr.). To permit. ^ 
 
 Se permettre. To permit oner's self. See 138 and 177. 
 
 Permuter (tr.). To change (situations or employments). Permuter avec SOn COll§gue. 
 
 Pers6v6rer (intr.). To persevere ; dans, in (b. n.); a, in (b. i.). 
 
 Persister (intr.). To persist ; dans, m(b. n.); a, in (b. i.). II y persista. He persisted 
 in it. 
 
 Persuader (tr.). To persuade, etc. Persuader quelqu'un de quelque chose. To persuade 
 any one of anything. Persuader a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose. To persuade 
 any one to do anything, 
 
 Peser (tr.). 7^o iveigh. 
 
 Peser (intr.). To weigh {to have a certain weight) ; to weigh, to bear, to lie heavy ; sur, upon. 
 C'est une chose qui pese sur le coeur. 
 
 Pester (intr.). To inveigh; contre, against. 
 
 P6tiller (intr,). To crackle, to sparkle; de, with. Le sel, les feuilles, pitillent dans le feu. 
 Salt, leaves, crackle in the fire. Ses yeux p^tillent d'esprit. Petiller d'ardeur, de 
 joie, d'impatience. To be full of ardor, of joy, of impatience. P6tiller de faire 
 quelque chose. To be eager {to long) to do anything. 
 
 Peupler (tr.). To people, to populate ; to stock (with animals); de, with. 
 
 Piltiner (intr.). To move about one''s feet, to stamp ; de, with. Get enfant ne fait que 
 pi^tiner. Pietiner de colore, d' impatience. This verb is familiar. To stainp one's 
 foot is expressed ordinarily by frapper du pied. EUe frappa du pied impatiemment. 
 She stamped her foot impatiently. Frapper le parquet du pied. To stamp the floor. 
 For other meanings of to stamp, see empreindre, graver, imprimer. Trepigner has 
 about the same meaning and use as pietiner and is also used with reference to horses. 
 
 Piquer (tr.). To prick (with anything pointed); (of wasps, insects, etc.), to sting ; to stimu- 
 late, to excite, to goad, etc. Je me suis piqu§ le doigt avec une aiguille. I have pricked 
 my finger with a needle. 
 
 Se piquer de. To take offense, to be piqued {at) ; to pride {plume) one's self; de, on. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : Piquer la curiosity de quelqu'un. To rouse any ofte's curiosity. 
 II se pique d'un rien. He takes offense at the slightest thing. II s'est piqu§ d'honneur. 
 He made it a point of honor. He zvas put upon his mettle. II se pique d'esprit. He 
 poses as a witty man. Se piquer au jeu. To continue obstinately to play although losing. 
 To go on in an enterprise in spite of all obstacles. Je suis piqu6 au jeu. The cotnpeti- 
 tion excites me. Quelle mouche VOUS pique ? What makes you cross ? What is the 
 matter with you ? Elle s'est piqu6 une rose dans les cheveux. She has fixed a rose in 
 her hair. Ce n'est pas piqu6 des vers. That is something fine (lit., not zvorm-eaten). 
 
 Plaindre (tr.). To pity. Se plaindre. To complain. See 150 and 177. 
 
 Plaire (intr.). To please. Se plaire. To take delight; a, in. See 147 and 178. 
 
 Plaisanter (intr.). To jest, to joke. Plaisanter avec quelqu'un. To trifle with some one. 
 Plaisanter sur quelque chose (or a propos de). To jest over or abotit. 
 
 Planter (tr.). To plant. Idiom: Planter quelqu'un lH. To leave any one in the lurch. 
 To leave some one without warning. Vous m'avez plants li. 
 
 Plaquer (tr.). To plate (metals); de, with; to put on (mortar); to put down (turf). 
 
 Pleurer (tr.). To weep, to mourn, to deplore. 
 
 Pleurer (intr.). To iveep {shed tears); to mourn, to lament; sur, over. Pleurer de joie. 
 To weep for joy. Pleurer sur quelqu'un. To weep for or over some one. 
 
334 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Idioms: Pleurer a chaudes larmes pour, etc. To cry one's eyes otit for, etc. On 
 dirait qu'il a plejir6 pour avoir son habit. His coat is too tight. II pl«ure ses peches. 
 He deplores his faults (sins). II a pleur6 dans le gilet de son ami. He confided his 
 troubles to his friend. On ne I'a pleur6 que d'un ceil. He was not very much regretted. 
 
 Pleuvoir (intr.). To rain. See 104. Idiom: Pleuvoirdes hallebardes (used impersonally). 
 To rain cats and dogs (pitchforks). II pleuvait des boulets de canon, etc. 
 
 Flier (tr.). To fold, to fold up; to bend, etc. Flier du papier, du linge. Fliez votre lettre. 
 Se plier sous un joug. Se plier aux caprices de quelqu'un. To bend a stick or 
 something of which we bring the two ends near together is expressed by ployer. In 
 military sense plier means to give way (intr.). See fausser, tendre, diriger, etc. 
 
 Foindre (intr.). To dawn. See 171. 
 
 Forter (tr.). To carry, to bear, etc.; to wear clothes ; to influence, etc. ; to bear (with). See 
 supporter. 
 
 Forter (intr.). To lead; d.., to ; to bear, to carry, etc. Tenir bon. Ne pas se laisser abattre. 
 Avoir du courage. To bear up. Tenir tete a, r§sister a. To bear up against. 
 Idioms and sayings : C'est elle qui porte la culotte. She is mistress in this house (not 
 her husband). On le porte aux nues. They praise hijn to the skies. Ses plaisanteries 
 portent coup. His jokes hit the mark. Le bleu se porte cet hiver. Blue is worn this 
 winter (is the fashionable color). II ne porte pas son ige. He does not look as old as 
 he is. II me porte int^ret. He takes interest in me. Je I'ai vu porter en terre. / 
 saw his funeral. Cela lui porte sur les nerfs. That makes her nervous. II porte le 
 poids des affaires. The responsibility rests upon him. Je vous porterai sur la liste. 
 I will inscribe your name on the list. Ce fusil porte a mille pieds. This gun has a 
 range of a thousand feet. Ce vin me porte a la tete. 7 his wine goes to my head. 
 Forter a faux. To be unjust: Cette critique porte k faux. Se porter fort pour 
 quelqu'un. To answer for so??ie one; to be guaranty for. Je me porte fort pour lui. 
 Se porter partie civile. To claim damages in a criminal suit. Cet argent porte 
 intlret. This money bears interest. 
 
 Foursuivre (tr.). To pursue ; to prosecute ivaXz.-^). See 145. 
 
 Fourvoir (tr.). To provide. See 121. 
 
 Fousser (tr.). To push, to thrust (press against) ; to impel, etc. 
 
 Fousser (intr.). To shoot forth ; to spring up (of plants); to grow; to push on, etc. II m'a 
 fait tomber de la chaise. He pushed me off the chair. 
 
 Idionns : Fousser a bout. To drive to extremity, to exhaust one's patience. Ne me 
 poussez pas H bout. II se pousse du col. He is conceited. Sa barbe ne pousse pas 
 encore. His beard does not grow yet. lis ont pouss6 les hauts cris. They protested 
 loudly. 
 
 Fouvoir (intr.). To be able; can; may ; to be possible, etc. See 115 and 129. See also table 
 of auxiliaries. Idioms : Je n'y puis rien. / cannot helflt. T'can do nothing in the 
 matter. Si faire se pent. If possible.' Cela se pent. That may be. Cela ne se 
 pent pas. // cannot possibly be. It cannot be done. On fait comme on pent. W'e 
 must do the best we can. We have done the best we could. Qu'y puis-je? How can 
 
 I help it? Je n'en puis plus. I am done up, exhausted. Je n'en puis mais. // is 
 no fault of mine. II n'en pent mais. He is not the cause of it. He cannot help it. 
 
 II est toujours on ne pent plus aimable. He is always as agreeable as he can be. 
 Fr§cautionner (tr.). To caution; contre, against; to warn of 
 
 Se pr6cautionner. To take precautions ; contre, against. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 335 
 
 Precher (tr.). To preach; to preach to, etc. Chicun preche pour son saint. Every one has 
 an eye to his ozvn interest. 
 
 Precher (intr.). To preach. Idiom: Precher dans le desert. To preach to empty benches. 
 7'o be unconvincing. 
 
 Pr^conaitre. To foreknow. Like connaitre. 
 
 Pr6dire (tr.). To foretell. Like dire. 
 
 Pr^ferer (tr.). To prefer, to choose: Pr^ferer une chose. Pr6f6rer une chose a une autre. 
 Pr^ferer is used before the infinitive without preposition, or it may be used with de. 
 II pr^fdre de se retirer or il prefdre se retirer. 
 
 Pr6judicier (intr.). To prejudice ; to be prejudicial (a) to. Cela pr^judicie a mes interets, 
 a mes droits, a mes reputation. Etre prevenu (or avoir des preventions) contre. 
 To be prejudiced against. Donner des preventions. To prejtuiice the mind. 
 
 Pr^lever (tr.). To deduct in advance, to take off first; sur, from. Pr^lever une telle somme 
 sur des fonds pour des frais n^cessaires. Sur les gages des ouvriers on prel§ve un 
 dixidme. A tenth of the wages of the workmen is deducted. 
 
 Pr6m6diter (tr.). To premeditate. Pr6m6diter un crime, etc. Pr^mdditer de faire quelque 
 chose. 
 
 Prendre (tr. and intr.). To take. See 143. Se prendre (a). To catch {in); to be caught, 
 etc. Sa robe s'est prise a une 6pine. S'en prendre a. To lay the blame on. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : Prendre sur son sommeil. 7^o retrench on one's sleep. II prend 
 sur son sommeil pour 6tudier. C'est autant de pris sur Tennemi. So much saved 
 out of the fire. So much to the good. Bien m'en (lui en, etc.) a pris. / {he, etc.) was 
 inspired. It was lucky. It zvas a happy thought. Bien lui en prit d'avoir ferme sa 
 porte. // was lucky for him that he shut his door. Je vous y prends. / catch you at it. 
 II prend le chemin de Thopital. He is on the highway to ruin. Je m'en prends a vous. 
 I lay the blame at your door. Qu'est-ce qui vOUS prend? What is the matter with you ? 
 (is not an inquiry as to illness or sickness ; but as to an unusual or unexpected action). 
 Ce qui est bon a prendre est bon a garden What is worth taking is zuorth keeping. 
 Montrez-moi comment il faut s'y prendre. Show me how to go about it. A tout prendre. 
 On the whole. Everything considered. Prenez-vous-en a vous-meme. You have your- 
 self to thank for it. On ne sait par ou le prendre. He is hard to manage. Prendre la 
 mouche. To be put out (about a trifle). Prendre de I'embonpoint. To groiu fat ; to 
 become stout. II le prend de haut. He is vexed without due cause. Prendre le temps 
 comme il vient. To take things easily. Ou avez-vous pris cell? Where did you get 
 that infor /nation {hear that)? II m'a pris en amiti§. He showed a fancy for me. II 
 m'a pris en haine. He took a strong dislike to me. Je vous prends au mot. / take you 
 atyoicr zvord. Je sors d'en prendre »(fam.). I have had enough of it. I had rather be 
 excused. You will not catch me again so soon. Ca prend. That''s a go. Ca ne prend 
 pas. Thafs no go (fam.). Je VOUS prends a temoin. I call you to witness. Prendre le 
 frais. To take an airing. To take the fresh air. Je Tai pris a partie. I took him to 
 task. II prend le train onze. He goes on shank's mare {on foot). II a pris un billet de 
 parterre. He fell flat on his back. II m'a pris en grippe. He took a dislike to me. J'ai 
 pris le change sur vos intentions. I zvas jnistaken as to your intentions. S'en pren- 
 dre a son aise. To take it easily. Prendre la balle au bond. To seize the opportunity. 
 
 Preparer (tr.). To prepare ; a, for (b. n.), to (b. i.). Preparer quelqu'un a la mort. Pre- 
 parer quelqu'un a faire quelque chose. Preparer quelqu'un a soutenir un examen. 
 
 Se preparer; pour or a,/cr (b. n.). Se preparer i la guerre. Se preparer pour faire 
 
336 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 quelque chose (or \ faire quelque chose). Le temps se prepare a etre beau. 
 Appreter and disposer are synonyms of preparer. Appreter corresponds to our verb 
 to get ready, and implies diligence or industry; preparer corresponds more nearly to the 
 Eng. to prepare, and implies forethought ; disposer expresses to make dispositions or 
 arrangements for, and implies orderliness. 
 
 Proposer (tr.). To charge, to place. To establish with authority (or power); a, with; pour, 
 to; sur, over; to do something or to care for something. Preposer quelqu'un a la 
 conduite de quelque chose. Les 6v^ques sont prepos^s sur I'eglise de Dieu, a la 
 conduite de I'eglise de Dieu, pour gouverner I'eglise de Dieu. 
 
 Prescrire (tr. and intr.). To prescribe, to order, to direct; de (b. i.). Like ecrire. Son 
 m6decin lui a prescrit un autre regime ; lui a prescrit de faire des promenades. 
 Prescrivez-moi ce que vous d^sirez que je fasse. 
 
 Preserver (tr.). 7^o preserve, to keep; diQ^ from (b. n. or i.). 
 
 Presider (intr.). To preside ; a, over ; to be in the chair. 
 
 Presser (tr.). To press, etc.; to urge, to press ; de, to (b. i.). 
 
 Presumer (tr.). To presume, to conjecture. Pr^sumer de. To presume upon {on). II pre- 
 sume trop de son succ§s. 
 
 Pretendre (tr.). To claim (as a right) ; to affirm, maintain. Je pretends que c'est faux. 
 
 Pr§tendre (intr.). To pretend, to intend, to aspire ; a, to (b. n.). No preposition b. i. 
 Pritendre a une place ; a la main d'une dame. Je pretends faire ce voyage en dix 
 jours. / intend to make this journey in ten days. II pretende commander ici a tout 
 le monde. He claims to have the right of commanding every one here. 
 
 Prater (tr.). To lend ; to ascribe ; a, to (b. n.). 
 
 Se preter (a). To give way to, to indulge in, etc. 
 
 Idioms and sayings : II prete de I'argent a la petite semaine. He lends money for 
 a short time at a high rate of interest. Preter le flanc a, etc. To lay one's self open 
 to, etc. Preter serment. To take oath. Ce drap prete. This cloth stretches. 
 
 Privaloir (intr.). To prevail ; sur, over. Like valoir. Son opinion a pr^valu. 
 
 Se pr^valoir (de). To take advantage of; to profit by. See profiter. Je lui ai persuade de, 
 etc. (or je I'ai d^cidl, entraire a, etc.). / have prevailed upon him to, etc. La force 
 I'emporte sur le droit. Force prevails over right. 
 
 Pr6venir (tr.). Like tenir. To precede, to arrive before, etc.; to inforin ; de, of; to fore- 
 warn. Pr^venir un malheur. To prevent a misfortune. See informer. 
 
 Pr^voir (tr.). To foresee. Like voir. 
 
 Prier (tr.). To pray, to beg, etc. See 67 and 177. Supplier also used in sense of to beg. 
 ■ Mendier (tendre la main). To beg {for alms). Demander grice. To beg for mercy. 
 Grace! Mercy! {spare me). 
 
 Primer (intr.). To take the lead ; to surpass. Sagesse prime richesse. Idiom: EUe prime 
 par sa laideur. She takes the cake for ugliness. 
 
 Procurer (tr.). To procure, to obtain. Procurer quelque chose i quelqu'un. To obtain, to, 
 procure, something for some one. 
 
 Produire (tr.). To produce, etc. Like conduire. 
 
 Profiter (intr.). To profit; sur, by ; a, by ; to benefit by, etc. II a profit! a ce march!. He 
 profited by {in) that bargain. II a beaucoup profit! sur les marchandises qu'il a 
 vendues. Profiter de Toccasion, des exemples de quelqu'un, des avis de quelqu'un, 
 etc. To profit by {from) the occasion, from the examples or advice of some one. See also 
 tirer avantage, profit, de. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 337 
 
 Projeter (tr.). To project, to delineate, to contemplate, etc. Projeter quelque chose ; de 
 
 faire quelque chose. 
 Se projeter (sur). To project {over). 
 
 Promener (tr.). To take out (animals) ; to conduct, to lead out (for an airing, etc.). 
 Se promener. To take a walk. Se promener a cheval, en voiture, etc. To take a ride 
 
 (horseback), to drive (in a carriage), etc. 
 Idioms: Je I'ai envoy§ promener (or paitre). / sent him about his business. Va 
 
 te promener (fam.). Go to Jericho ! get out! Et puis tout a coup, va te promener. 
 
 Then suddenly the whole affair went through {fell through). 
 Promettre (tr.). To promise ; de, to (b. i.); a, to (b. n.). Idiom: Promettre et tenir sont 
 
 deux. It is one thing to promise, another to perform. Promises are easily made. Chose 
 
 promise, chose due. Promises should be kept. Conjugated like mettre. 
 Promouvoir (tr.). To promote. See 171. 
 
 Proscrire (tr.) . To proscribe, to outlaw ; de, from. Like §crire. 
 Proposer (tr.). To propose, to offer ; de, to (b. i.)'; a, to (b. n.). 
 Se proposer. To propose, to pm-pose, etc.; de, to (b. i.), 
 Prot^ger (tr.). To protect ; contre; from; de, with. 
 Provenir (intr.). To proceed; de, from. Like tenir. 
 Puer (intr.). To stink. See 171. 
 Puiser (tr.). To dip; dans, a, from, out of. Puiser de I'eau k la rividre. Puiser also 
 
 means to borrow, to take (dans, from) ; to imbibe. 
 Punir (tr.). To punish; dt^for. 
 
 Q 
 
 Qualifier (tr.). To qualify ; de, as. To name, to call, to style. On le qualifie de baron. 
 He is styled baron. Vous avez tout ce qu'il faut pour faire cela. You are qualified 
 to do that. Avoir quality pour. To be qualified to. Preparer pour entrer dans les 
 ordres. To be qualifying one's self for holy orders. Acqu6rir les connaissances 
 necessaires. To qualify (i.e. to render one's self eligible). 
 
 Quereller (tr.).* To quarrel with. Quereller quelqu'un. 
 
 Quereller (intr.). To have words, to quarrel. II aime a quereller. Ne querellez point 
 (not used with noun). 
 
 Se quereller. To quarrel. A propos de quoi se querellent-ils. What are they quarreling 
 about? Chercher une querelle d'allemand a quelqu'un. 7^ pick a quarrel tvith some 
 one about nothing {to be looking for a fight). 
 
 Qu6rir (tr.). To fetch. See 172. Used after aller, envoyer, venir. Idiom : II serait bon a 
 aller qu6rir la mort. He is very slotv. 
 
 Questionner (tr.). To question^ to ask questions ; sur, on, about. Questionner implies curi- 
 osity ; interroger implies authority; demander implies civility, respect. The spy would 
 question (questionne) ; a judge would interrogate (interroge) ; any one asks (demande) 
 information of a friend. Faire (poser) une question. To ask a question. Je doute 
 que vous puissiez r6ussir. I question whether you can succeed. 
 
 R 
 
 Rabaisser (tr.). To lower. See abaisser and baisser. Used also like abattre with reference 
 
 to I'orgueil, le ton, etc. 
 Rabattre (tr.). To beat down, to diminish, to lay, etc. Like battre. Rabattre Torgueil de 
 
 V martin's FRENCH VERB — 22 
 
338 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 quelqu'un. To humble, lower, any one's pride. Rabattre le caquet i quelqu'un 
 
 (pop.). To take a person do7vn a peg ; to stop his jaiu {his cackle^. 
 Raccommoder (tr.). To mend (stockings, clothes, etc.) ; to darn ; to put to rights ; to reconcile ; 
 . avec, to. Raccommoder quelqu'un avec un autre; raccommoder deux personnes. 
 
 Faire r6parer une montre. To have a watch ?nended. Retablir une constitution. To 
 
 mend a constitution. Reformer la vie, les moeurs. To mend life, manners, morals, 
 
 etc. II faut qu'il s'amende. He must mend his life. 
 Raffoler (intr.). To dote ; de, on. II raffole de la musique. 
 Raisonner (intr.). To reason, to argue ; avec, with. See arguer. Vous disputez contre la 
 
 raison. You argue against reason. 
 Rajeunir (tr.). To renew the youth of to restore to youth, etc. Sa perruque le rajeunit de 
 
 vingt ans. His zvig makes him look twenty years younger. Rajeunir with avoir to 
 
 express action ; with 6tre, to express state. 
 Ramener (tr.). To bring again. Do not confuse with rapporter. See 57. 
 Ramentevoir (tr.). To recall to (any one's) 7nind. Like voir. Rappeler au souvenir de, 
 
 etc., or Rappeler quelque chose a quelqu'un more used. 
 Ranger (tr.). To range {dispose in proper lines), to array, to put in order, etc. See 55. 
 
 Idiom: II s'est rang6. He has settled down (after having sown his wild oats). 
 Rappeler (tr.). To call again, etc. See 59 and p. 88. See ramentevoir. 
 Se rappeler. To recollect, to recall. II s'est rappele sa promesse. To bethink one's self of 
 Se rapporter. To be in accordance ; avec, with ; to correspond to, etc. Je m'en rapporte a 
 
 vous. I accept your decision ;' I leave it to you. Qu'est-ce que cela VOUS rapportera? 
 
 What profit can you derive from that? 
 Rapprendre (tr.). To learn again. Like prendre. 
 Rapprocher (tr.). To draw, bring, nearer, etc.; de, to. Used not only in sense of to draw, 
 
 place, bring, nearer again, but also in sense of to place, draw, nearer. Rapprocher un 
 
 fauteuil du feu. To draiu a chair near the fire. As has been said elsewhere, the 
 
 French do not always make the distinction indicated by the prefix re. See remarks 
 
 p. 256. 
 Rassasier (tr.). To satiate ; Aq^ with. Se rassasier de. , • 
 
 Rasseoir (tr.). To reseat, etc. See p. 128. 
 
 Ratteindre (tr.). Like craindre. To overtake again, to catch again. But little used. 
 Rattraper (tr.). To catch again. Idiom: Bien fin qui me rattrapera. Once bit twice shy ; 
 
 I won^t be caught so again. 
 Ravir (tr.). To ravish ; I., from. Etre ravi de. To be ravished, transported, with. 
 Ravoir (tr.). To have again, to have back. Like avoir; but used only in infinitive. 
 Readmettre (tr.). To admit again. Like mettre. 
 Rebattre (tr.). To beat again; to repeat {tell) over and over. To sJmffle cards again. Like 
 
 battre. 
 Se rebeller. To rebel; contre, against. Se r^volter contre more used. 
 Se rebiquer. To reply with impertinence, to be pert ; contre, to (fam.). 
 
 Se rebiffer. To tu,n up one's nose; contre (quelqu'un or une proposition). Popular expres- 
 sion; ne vouler pas de quelque chose = ordinary term. 
 Reboire (tr.). To drink again. Like boire. 
 
 Recevoir (tr.). To receive. See p. 46. Etre bien re?u par quelqu'un ; du public. 
 Se rechauffer. To warm one's self tip; to get heated. II avait froid; il s'est rechauffe a 
 
 courir. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 339 
 
 Rechigner (intr.). To look glum, cross ; k^ at (fam.). 
 
 Rechoir (intr.). To fall again. See 173. Used only in infin. and past part. 
 
 R6clamer (tr.). To beseech, to implore, etc. 
 
 R^clamer centre. To protest ; to object to. 
 
 Recommander (tr.). To recommend, etc.; a, to (b. n.); de, to (b. i.). 
 
 Recommencer (tr. and intr.). 7o recommence, etc.; a, to (b. i.). 
 
 Recompenser (tr.). To reward, recompense ; die, for. Etre recompense de. 
 
 Se recompenser. To make it up to one^s self; de, for. 
 
 Reconcilier (tr.). To reconcile ; avec, to, with. 
 
 Reconduire (tr.). To take back, to reconduct, etc. See conduire. 
 
 Reconnaitre(tr.). Like connaitre. 7'<? recognize, to admit, etc. ; k, by. Reconnaitre quel- 
 
 qu'un i savoix, etc. Reconnaitre une plante a sesfeuilles. Reconnaitre quelqu'un 
 
 pour. To recognize any one as. Idioms : Je vous (le) reconnais bien la. That is Just 
 
 like you {him). Ne plus s'y connaitre. To be quite at sea. Not to know zvhat one 
 
 is about. Je ne m'y reconnais plus. 
 Reconqu6rir (tr.). To reconquer. Like conqu6rir. , , 
 
 Recoudre (tr.). To sew again. See 152. 
 
 Recourir (tr.). See courir. To run again ; to resort, have recourse ; a, to. 
 Recouvrer (tr.). To recover. See Recouvrir. Recouvrer son bien, sa bourse, etc. 
 Recouvrir (tr.). To cover again. Does not mean to recover, which is s'ltablir, recouvrer, 
 
 retrouver, etc., according to meaning. 
 RIcrire (tr.). To rewrite. Like 6crire. 
 Recroitre (intr.). To spring again, etc. Like croitre. 
 Recueillir (tr.). To reap, to cull, to gather. See 129. 
 Recuire (tr.). To cook again. Like conduire. To reheat liquids, etc. 
 Reculer (intr.). To move backward ; to recoil, etc. Idiom: II a recul6 pour mieux sauter. 
 
 He waited for something better. He stooped to conquer. (Also ironic.) He avoided a 
 
 small evil to fall into a greater. 
 Redevenir (intr.). To become again. Like tenir. 
 Redevoir (tr.). To owe still (after an account rendered). See 48. Vous me redevez deux 
 
 francs. 
 Redire (tr.). To repeat, etc. Like dire. Trouver a redire. To find fault. II trouve tou- 
 
 jours a redire. II n'y a rien a redire a cela. There is no fault to be found %vith that. 
 
 That is all right. 
 R^duire (tr.). To reduce ; a, to. See 141. R^duire quelqu'un au d^sespoir, etc. Cette 
 
 maladie m'a r6duit a ne vivre que de lait. 
 Se r§duire k. 
 
 R661ire (tr.). . To reelect. Like lire. 
 Refaire (tr.). To remake. Like faire. 
 R6fl6chir (tr.). To reflect. Applies to light, images, the voice, luminous rays. Le miroir 
 
 r6fl6chit 1' image des objets. Used figuratively. La gloire des hommes r^fl^chit son 
 
 6clat sur leurs descendants. Refl6ter {to reflect) applies to light and color; sometimes 
 
 used figuratively like r6fl6chir. To reflect on (i.e. to find fault with). Rejeter du 
 
 blSme sur. Jeter du discredit sur. To reflect discredit upon. To reflect on any one. 
 
 Censurer quelqu'un; rejeter du blUme sur quelqu'un. That reflects honor upon him* 
 
 Cela r^pand de I'^clat sur lui. 
 R6fl6cliir (intr.). To reflect; H, upon, on; to ponder, etc. J'y ai beaucoup r6fl6clii. 
 
340 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Refl§ter (tr.). See r6fl6chir. 
 
 Refrire (tr.). Like frire. To fry again, 
 
 Refuir (intr.). Like fuir. To double (on one's tracks) (hunting term). Le cerf a refui. 
 
 Refuser (tr. and intr.). To refuse ; de, to (b. i.)- Idiom: Qui refuse muse. He who zuill 
 not when he may, zuhen he will he shall have nay. 
 
 Se refuser quelque chose. To deny one's self anything. Se refuser a quelque chose. 7 b 
 deny, gj-udge, oner's self anything or to refuse one's self to anything. Ma fortune se refuse 
 a une si grande d^pense. My fortune does not permit {admit of) so great an expense. 
 Se refuser It faire quelque chose. A'ot to consent to do something. 
 
 Regaler (tr.). To regale, to entertain; de, with. 
 
 Regarder (tr.). To look at; to take a look at, etc. Je I'ai vu regarder par-dessus le mur. 
 I saw him looking over the wall. EUe regardait par la fenetre. She %vas looking out 
 of the windoiv. Idioms and sayings : N'y regardez pas de si pr§s. Do not be so par- 
 ticular. Cela ne me regarde pas. That does not coticern me ; is not my business. J'y 
 regarderai a deux fois. / shall think twice before doing it. 
 
 R6gler (tr. ). To rule (paper) ; to regulate ; to adjust, etc. Idiom: II est r6gl6 COmme un 
 papier de musique. He is as regular as clockwork. 
 
 Se r6gler. To be guided; sur, by ; to imitate, etc. 
 
 Regretter (tr.). To regret. See 177. Etre regrett6 de (par). 
 
 Se rejeter (sur). To have recourse to ; to fall back on. 
 
 R6jouir (tr.). To rejoice, to gladden, etc.; de, with. 
 
 Se r^jouir. To rejoice; de, in; de, to (b. i.). See 86. 
 
 Relever (tr.). To raise again, to elevate a^ain, to pick up, etc. Examples of use: Relevez 
 cette chaise. Pick up that chair. A-t-il relev^ le gant? Did he take the challenge ? 
 A-t-on relev6 le mur? Has the wall been rebuilt? Cette sauce n'est pas assez 
 relev^e. This sauce is not spiced enough. La toilette relive a la beauts. Beatcty is 
 increased by elegance. La garde n'est pas encore relevde. The sentinels have not 
 yet beefi relieved. II ne s'en relevera jamais. He will never get over it. J'ai releve 
 sa faute. I have criticised his fault. Etre releve de son voeu. To have one's vow 
 canceled (by the Pope). Relever quelqu'un de son contrat. To release any one from 
 his contract. Elle a relev6 son voile. She raised her veil. Se remettre de maladie. 
 To be convalescing. 
 
 Relire (tr.). To read again. See lire. 
 
 Rembourrer (tr.). To stuff, to line; avec, with. 
 
 Rembourser (tr.). To reimburse. 
 
 Se rembourser de. To reimburse one's self for. Etre rembours§ de. 
 
 Remercier (tr.). To thank ; Ae, for {^iuy thing) ; Aq (h.\.), for. 
 
 Remettre (tr.). To put off, to postpone; to put back (in place). Remettez ce livre a sa 
 place. Put down (or back) that book. 
 
 Remordre (tr.). To bite again. Like mordre. 
 
 Remoudre and r6moudre. See 154. 
 
 Remplir (tr.). To fill ; de, with. Etre rempli de. 
 
 Remporter (tr.) . To carry, to take back ; to obtain. Remporter la victoire. To carry the day. 
 
 Remuer (tr.). To move, to stir, etc. See mouvoir, 122. 
 
 Renaitre (intr.). To be born again. See 148. 
 
 Rench^rir (intr.). See ench^rir. Idiom : II rench6rit sur tout ce qu'il entend dire. He 
 caps every story he hears told. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 34 1 
 
 Rencontrer (tr.). To meet, etc. Idiom: Les beaux esprits se rencontrent. Great minds 
 run in the same channel. Great wits jmnp together. 
 
 Rendormir (tr.). To put to sleep again. See 125. 
 
 Rendre (tr.). To return, to give back; a, to ; to repay, etc. See 50. Examples of use: On 
 VOUS rend VOtre parole. The engagement is broken. You are released from your prom- 
 ise. Rendre ses devoirs a quelqu'un. To pay one's respects to any one. Rendre la 
 pareille a quelqu'un. To pay any one in his own coin. Ce ble rend beaucoup de 
 farine. This wheat yields a great deal of corn. II a rendu son tablier. He has 
 resigned his post. On vous rendra justice. They will do you justice. Je rends justice 
 a votre m§rite. / acknozuledge your merit. II ne se rend jamais. He is never con- 
 vinced. II vous rendrait des points. He is more than a match for you. Je suis 
 rendu. / am done up. II me rend la vie dure. He makes my life a burden to me. 
 
 Se renommer (de). To make use of any one's name. II est bien hardi de se renommer da 
 moi, je ne le connais pas. 
 
 Renoncer (tr.). To disown, to deny, to renounce. Renoncer quelqu'un pour son parent. 
 To renounce {disowti) any one as a relation. 
 
 Renoncer (intr.). To renounce, to give up, to waive, etc.; ^ (b. n. and i.). Renoncer a un 
 avantage. Renoncer a faire quelque chose. 
 
 Rentraire (tr.). Like traire. To fine-draw (technical). 
 
 Rentrer (intr.). To come in again, to come back; dans, to, in; to come home again, etc. 
 Used in general like entrer. A quelle heure etes-vous rentre hier soir ? At what 
 time did you come in last night? 
 
 Renverser (tr.). To upset, to turn over, to spill (as ink, wine, etc.). Faire verser une 
 voiture. To upset a carriage. Faire chavirer une barque, un canot, etc. To upset a 
 boat. La voiture a vers6. The carriage upset. Le canot a verse. The canoe upset. 
 See verser. 
 
 Renvoyer (tr.). To send back. See 112. 
 
 Repaitre. To graze again. See 171, 173. 
 
 R^pandre (tr.). To pour out (liquids), to spill; to shed, diffuse (sur, over); to strew, to 
 spread (sur, on, upon); to expand (sur, over a surface), etc. Vous avez repandu la 
 sauce sur la nappe. Idioms : C'est un homme trds repandu. He is a man who goes 
 into society a great deal. 
 
 Reparaitre (intr.). J'o reappear, etc. Like paraitre. 
 
 Repartir (tr,). To reply (by way of repartee). Qu'avez-vous i me repartir? (Conjugated 
 like partir.) 
 
 Repartir (tr.). To divide, to distribute ; entre, parmi, between, among. 
 
 Repeindre (tr.). To paint again. Like peindre. 
 
 Se repentir. Like partir. To repent. De used always before a noun. De used before infini- 
 tive. See 177. 
 
 R6pondre (intr.). 7"o reply ; a, to. Je vous en r6 ponds. I -will be bound it is. I dare say. 
 Take my word for it. I should think so, indeed. 
 
 R6pondre de quelqu'un. To ansiver for some one ; to be responsible for. Je r6ponds de ce 
 monsieur. 
 
 Reposer (tr.). To place, to put, to rest, etc. Reposez votre tete sur I'oreiller. Reposer les 
 yeux sur un Objet. To rest one's eyes on an object (carries idea of pleasure). La mai- 
 son repose sur un roc. Reposez le malade sur le lit. 
 
 Se reposer. To rest (cease from action, etc.); to place {put) one's self again; to repose 
 
342 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 (suY, on), e^c. Se reposer de sa corvee. To rest fro^n one's task. Se reposer sur ses 
 lauriers. To rest on one's laurels. Sur reposer sur quelqu'un du soin de quelque 
 chose (d'une affaire). To depend (rely) on any one for the care of an affair. 
 
 Reposer (intr.). To rest, lean, to lie, etc.; sur, on. Sur quoi reposent vos esp§rances? 
 
 Reprocher (tr.). To reproach, etc.; de, with (b. i.). Reprocher a quelqu'un d'avoir fait 
 quelque chose. The person is not the object of the verb in this sense. Reprocher 
 quelque chose a quelqu'un. To reproach any one with {ot for) anything. Reprocher 
 aux gens les services qu'on leur a rendus. To throw in the face of persons the services 
 one has rendered them. Idiom : II me reproche les morceaux. He grudges me the 
 very food I eat. 
 
 Reproduire (tr.). To reproduce, etc. Like conduire. 
 
 Repromettre (tr.). To promise again. Like mettre. 
 
 R6prouver (tr.). To condemn, to disapprove. Synonym of d^sapprouver and improuver. 
 One disapproves (d^sapprouve) what seems not good, not proper, etc.; one disapproves 
 or opposes (improuve) what is vicious or reprehensible; one disapproves, condemns 
 (r§prouve) that which one considers odious, intolerable, detestable. Vous dlsap- 
 prouvez une manidre de penser. On improuve une opinion dangereuse. Dieu 
 r^prouve les m6chants, les infiddles. 
 
 R§pugner (intr.). To have repugnance ; a, to. RIpugner a faire une chose. It is repug- 
 nant to me, to my feelings, to do, etc. ; I am loth, reluctant, to do, etc. ; Je r^pugne a 
 faire, etc. II me r6pugne de faire (used impersonally) . Get homme me repugne. 
 That man is repugnant to me. 
 
 Requ§rir (tr.). To request, to summon; de, to (b. i.); to claim (in virtue of the law); to 
 require (of things). Requ^rir un passant de vous venir en aide. Requ6rir quel- 
 qu'un de faire quelque chose. To summon any otte to do sofuething. Requ^rir la 
 force armle. Ce sont des travaux qui requierent une grande application. 
 
 Se r^server. To reserve one's self, to wait; pour, for (b. n.); a or de, to (b, i.). II se 
 reserve pour de plus grandes choses. Je me r6serve a faire cela (de faire cette 
 chose) . / am putting off doing that until I shall deem it proper. Also used in sense 
 ofy^ wait for an opportunity. To reserve the right to^ etc. 
 
 RIsonner (intr.). To resound ; de, ivith. / 
 
 R^soudre (tr.). See 155 and 177. Idiom: Je ne puis m'y r§soudre. I cannot make up my 
 mind to do it. 
 
 Respirer (intr.). To breathe, to draw breath. Respirer apres. To long ardently for. 
 Stronger than soupirer aprds. 
 
 Resplendir (intr.). To be resplendent, to shine brilliantly ; de, with. 
 
 Ressembler (intr.) H. To resemble. Ressembler a quelqu'un en quelque chose. To be like 
 any one in anything. Ressembler a quelqu'un de visage. 
 
 Ressentir (tr.). To feel (have the sense of); to feel (mentally); to experience; to show, to 
 manifest, etc. 
 
 Se ressentir de. To feel (disease, pain); to feel (the effects of). Se ressentir de ses 
 debauches. 
 
 Ressortir (intr.). Like sentir, 125. To go out again, to come out again, to show, etc. 
 
 Ressortir (intr. reg.). To be in the jurisdiction ; a., of Une affaire qui ressortit au juge de 
 paix. 
 
 Se ressouvenir. Like venir. To remember after having forgotten ; ^lq. See se souvenir de 
 and se rappeler. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 343 
 
 Rester (intr.). To stay, to remain, etc. He stays away. II s'absente. 
 
 Restreindre (tr.). To reduce, to limit, to restrict. Like craindre. 
 
 Retenir (tr.). Like tenir. To have, get, again; to detain, to withhold, etc. See d^tenir. 
 
 Retentir (intr.). To resound {be reverberated'); de, with. 
 
 Retirer (tr.). To withdraw ; de, from {to take away); to withdraw; £l, from {to cease to 
 grant). Retirer un enfant d'un college. Retirer sa confiance, son estime a quel- 
 qu'un. 
 
 Retomber (intr.). To fall again, etc. (Conj. with etre.) Retomber dans le vice. To relapse 
 into vice. Si mon fils retombe, il en mourra. Jfmy son has a relapse, he will die. 
 
 Retordre (tr.). To twist again, to twist. Idiom: Donner du fil a retordre a quelqu'un. To 
 give any one a great deal of trouble. 
 
 Retourner (tr.). To turn; to turn over; to turn clothes, etc. Retourner un matelas. Do 
 not confuse with rendre. 
 
 Retourner (intr.). To return, to go back. Idiom: Je sais de quoi il retourne. / know how 
 fnatters stand. De quoi se tourne-t-il ? How does the matter stand? How are things 
 going? 
 
 Retrancher (tr.). To cut off, to strike off, to curtail. Retrancher une branche d'un arbre. 
 Retrancher quelque chose a quelqu'un. To curtail any one of anything. To cut any 
 one off from anything. Retrancher une pension a quelqu'un. 
 
 Retrouver (tr.). To find again ; to recover (lost property). Je le retrouverai bien. He will 
 not escape me. 
 
 R^ussir (intr.). To succeed; dans, in (b. n.) ; a, in (b. i.). 
 
 Revaloir (tr.). Like valoir. To return (good or evil, generally the latter). To pay back 
 (fam.). See rendre. Cet homme m'a fait une injure, je lui revaudrai cela. 
 
 Revendre (tr.). To sell again. Idiom: Avoir d'une chose k revendre. To have more than 
 enough of a thing. 
 
 Revenir (intr.). Like venir. To return, to come again, to recover ; ^Q, from. Idioms and 
 uses : Revenons a nos moutons. But to return to our subject. Vous en revenez 
 toujours la. You are always harping on that string. Je n'en reviens pas. / cannot 
 get over it ; I cannot recover from my astonishment. N'y revenez pas. (Ht.) Do 
 not come here again; (fig.) Do not do that again. Csla revient a dire. That 
 amotmts to saying. Cela revient au meme. That is just the saf?ie thing; amounts to 
 the same thing. Son nom ne me revient pas. / do not recollect his name. Sa figure 
 me revient. I like his face. Je suis bien revenu sur le compte de votre frdre. / 
 have lost all the illusions I had of your brother. Je reviens de loin. (lit.) / come 
 from a long distance ; (fig.) I am recovering from a long illness. 
 
 Rever (tr.). To dream ; to dream {itnagine). 
 
 Rever (intr.). To dream; de, of; to be in a dream. Rever a (or sur) une affaire. To 
 think of {over) an affair. 
 
 Revetir (tr.). To clothe again. See 131. 
 
 Se revetir de. To clothe one's self in. 
 
 Revivre (intr.). To rise from the dead ; to live again. See 146. 
 
 Revoir (tr.). To see again. See 117. 
 
 Rinstruire (tr.). To reinstruct. Like conduire. 
 
 Rire (intr.). To laugh. See 149. Idioms and sayings: Rira bien qui rira le dernier. He 
 laughs best who laughs last ; let those who win laugh. Tel qui rit vendredi dimanche 
 pleura. Sorrow treads on the heels of mirth ; laugh to-day and cry to-morrow, II a 
 
344 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 toujours le mot pour rire. He is ever ready with a joke ; he is full of fun. II m'a ri 
 au nez. He laughed in my face. Rire aux §clats. To roar with laughter. Rire 
 dans sa barbe (or rire sous cape ; said of ladies). To laugh in one's sleeve. Rire du 
 bout des dents. To force a laugh ; to give a forced laugh. Rire jaune. To laugh on 
 the wrong side of one's mouth. Rire aux anges. To laugh immoderately (also means 
 to laugh to one's self). C'est un pince-sans-rire. He is dry joker. Rire a gorge 
 d6ploy6e. To roar with laughter. Se tordre de rire (fam.). To split otie's sides 
 laughing. 
 
 Risquer (tr.). To risk. See 177 and aventurer. 
 
 Rivaliser (intr.) avec. To rival ; de, eij, in. Rivaliser avec quelqu'un en (or de) quelque 
 chose. To rival, emulate, any one in anything ; to vie, to compete, with any one in any- 
 thing. 
 
 Rompre (tr.). To break (Jo snap); to break asunder, etc.; to discontinue, etc. Rompre des 
 engagements. To break (off) engagements. Rompre la conversation. To break off 
 the conversation. Rompre avec quelqu'un. See casser. Idioms: II faut que cela 
 plie ou rompe. // must be mended or ended. Applaudir quelqu'un (un acteur) a tout 
 rompre. To applaud any one (as an actor) so as to bring down the house. 
 
 Ronger (tr.). To gnaw, to nibble, etc. Etre rong6 de. To be preyed upon, etc. 
 
 Rougir (tr.). To blush ; -pom, for ; de, at (b. n.); de, to (b. i.). 
 
 Rouvrir (tr.). 7'o open again. Like Ouvrir. 
 
 Se ruer (sur). To rush upon, to throzv one's self upon, 
 
 Rugir (intr.). 7^<? r^ar (of wild beasts) ; diQ,with. 
 
 S 
 Saigner (intr.). To bleed. Le doigt, le nez, etc., lui saigne or II saigne du doigt, du nez. 
 
 His finger, nose, is bleeding. Le CCeur me saigne. My heart bleeds. 
 
 Saigner (tr.). To bleed. 
 
 Saillir (intr.). See 174. 
 
 Salir (tr.). To dirty, to soil, pollute, etc. ; de, with. 
 
 Saluer (tr.). To salute; de, with (a sword, flag, etc.). 
 
 Satisfaire (tr.). To satisfy, to gratify, to soothe, to indulge, etc. 
 
 Satisfaire a (intr.). To satisfy {to give satisfaction to) ; to execute. Used only when the idea 
 is to satisfy an obligation, to do what it is one's duty to do. Satisfaire a son devoir, 
 i ses obligations, aux commandements de Dieu, a la loi, au pr^cepte, a un paye- 
 ment, i un objection, aux ordres du roi. Se contenter de or Etre content de. To be 
 satisfied with. Etre convaincu de. To be satisfied of {-^ fact, etc.). 
 
 Saturer (tr.). To saturate; avec, with. Etre satur6 de. To be saturated with. 
 
 Saupoudrer (tr.). To salt, to sprinkle with salt; to sprinkle; avec, de, with. Saupoudrer 
 des soles avec de la farine, pour les frire. Saupoudrer un lievre de poivre. Etre 
 saupoudr6 de. 
 
 Sauter (tr.). To jump, leap over ; to skip {omit). Sauter le ruisseau. Sautez deux cha- 
 pitres. Conclure, decider, sans reflexion = To jump at a conclusion. Je I'accepterai 
 avec empressement. / should jump at it. Sauter a bas du lit. To jump out of bed. 
 
 Sauter (intr.). To leap, to jump, to skip, etc. ; to explode. Sauter par la fenetre. To jump 
 
 out of the ivindoiv. Sauter dans la rividre. To jump in the river. Sauter sur la 
 
 table. To jump on the table. Sauter par-dessus la table. To jump over the table. 
 
 Idioms: Se faire sauter la t§te (or la cervelle). To blow out one's brains. Faire 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 345 
 
 sauter la banque. To break the bank (gambling). Reculer pour mieux sauter. See 
 reculer. 
 
 Sauver (tr.). To save, to preserve ; die, from. 
 
 Se sauver. To escape^ to make one's escape ; to run away, Sauve qui peut. Every one for 
 himself ; run for your lives. Je me sauve. I must be off . 
 
 Savoir (tr.). To know. See 116. Idioms and sayings: Pas que je sache. Not to my 
 knowledge. C'est a savoir. That (it) remains to be seen. II salt cela comme son 
 Pater. He knoius that as well as his A-B-C. II ne salt a quel saint se vouer. He is 
 in a fix. Je suis tout je ne sais comment.* I am out of sorts. II en sait long. He 
 knows too much about it. Qui rien ne sait, de rien ne doute. Ignorance is bliss ; he 
 who knows nothing doubts nothing. Si jeunesse savait. If young people had experi- 
 ence! De savoir vient avoir. Knowledge is poiver. Un je ne sais qui. A disreputa- 
 ble fellow ; somebody unknown. Un je ne sais quoi. A '^ something''^ ; something 
 indefinable. Qui plus sait plus se tait. A still tongue shows a wise head. Avoir 
 du savoir vivre. To be well bred ; to knozv hozv to behave. II a du savoir vivre. Avoir 
 savoir-faire. To have tact. En savoir plus d'une (fam.). 7V know more than one 
 trick. II en sait plus d'une. He knows a trick or two. Savoir bon gr6 a quelqu'un. 
 To be grateful to any one ; de, for. 
 
 Secher (tr. and intr.). To dry ; to dry up, etc. Idiom: S§clier sur pied. To pine away. 
 
 Secourir (tr.). Like courir. To succor, to aid; to relieve, etc. 
 
 S^duire (tr.). Like conduire. To seduce, to bribe, etc. 
 
 Sembler (intr.). To seem, to appear; to resemble. Cela me semble etre ainsi. II me 
 semble que je le vois. II ne me semble pas que je le voie. Requires subjunctive 
 when used impersonally, if doubt or uncertainty is expressed, as is the case in the nega- 
 tive or interrogative. Comme bon vous semble. Just as you please. Si bon vous 
 semble. If you think fit. 
 
 Semer (tr.). To sow ; de, with. Semer un chemin de fleurs. Semer used in connection 
 with the seed; ensemencer, with the ground sown. Nous semons du bl6. Nous 
 ensemen^ons un champ. Semer is used figuratively : Je s§me a tout vent. Ense- 
 mencer is used only literally. Proverb : II faut semer pour r§COlter. One must sow 
 in order to reap. One must work to be successful. 
 
 Sentir (tr.). To feel (^perceive by the touch); to feel {experience a sensation of); to feel {to 
 know)., to be sensible of, etc. 
 
 Sentir (intr.). To feel {to be perceived by the touch) ; to smell {to have an odor). See 125. 
 Idioms and uses : Cela ne me sent pas bon. / donU like the look of that. Je ne me 
 sens pas de joie. I am beside myself with joy. II sent ce qu'il vaut. He is conscious 
 of his oivn worth. II ne peut pas me sentir. He hates me. Je me sens mal. / am 
 fainting. Je ne me sens pas d'humeur a plaisanter. lam not in the mood for joking. 
 Ca se sent de loin. This odor is penetrating. That has a strong odor. On se sent de 
 son Education. Education shotus its influence. Je sens les beautds de la musique. 
 / appreciate the beauties of music. Je le sens du doigt. / am touching it with my 
 fingers. 
 
 Seoir (intr.). See 174. 
 
 Serrer (tr.). To press close, to clasp, to squeeze, etc. Exprimer le jus de. To squeeze out the 
 juice (of a lemon, etc.). Tirer de I'argent de. To squeeze money from. Je ne puis 
 rien lui soutirer. / can squeeze nothing out of him. II me pressa (serra) la main. 
 He squeezed my hand. Presser, serrer, entre ses bras. To squeeze {hug). 
 
346 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Servir Ctr.). To serve, to %vait uport, to be of service to, etc. 
 
 Servir (intr.). To serve ; to be at service, to be employed; to serve, to be of use ; de, as, for. 
 
 See 125. 
 
 Idioms and uses: Madame est servie (announcement of a. servant). Dinner is 
 
 served. A quoi sert de VOUS mettre en colore? What is the use of getting angry? 
 
 Nous nous servons toujours chez lui. We always buy our things from him. Ce 
 
 balai sert depuis deux ans. This broom has been used for two years. On n'est jamais 
 
 si bien servi que par soi-meme. If you zvant a thing tvell done, do it yourself. Get 
 
 outil sert a percer des trous. Thk tool is used to make holes. II me sert de pdre. 
 
 He is a father to me. Cela sert de jouet aux enfants. 1 hat is a toy for the children. 
 
 Cela ne servira pas i grand chose. That will be of very little use. 
 S^vir (intr.) centre. To treat with severity ; to punish with rigor, etc. Sevir contre un 
 
 coupable. S6vir contre un abus. 
 SoUiciter (tr.). To solicit; to incite, to induce, etc. Solliciter Hvla revolte, au pech6, au 
 
 mal. To incite to revolt, to sin, to evil. Solliciter quelqu'un pour avoir quelque 
 
 chose or Solliciter quelque chose de quelqu'un. To solicit a thing of a person {to 
 
 solicit a person for a thing'). Solliciter quelqu'un a (or de) faire quelque chose. 
 
 To solicit any one to do anything. 
 Sommer (tr.). To summon to, to call upon to ; de (b. i.). See 177. 
 Songer (intr.). To dream ; de, of; to think; a, of; to reflect on, etc.; to intend, to purpose ; 
 
 li, to (b. i.). II songe i se marier. See 55. 
 Sonner (tr.). To ring for {any one or anything'); to strike (of clocks, etc.) ; to toll (of bells). 
 
 Sonner un domestique. To ring for a servant. Sonner le diner. To ring for the 
 
 dinner. 
 Sonner (intr.). To ring, to ring a bell ; to sound {prodtice sound); to press the bell button, 
 pull the bell, etc. J'ai entendu sonner. I heard the bell ring. Mes oreilles me tin- 
 tent. My ears ring. Le cri lui retentissait aux oreilles. The cry rang in his ears. 
 
 Idioms : Elle a trente ans bien sounds. She is not less than thirty. She is over thirty. 
 
 II est trois heures sonn6es. It has struck three o'clock. Payer en bonnes espdces 
 
 sonnantes. To pay in hard cash. 
 Sortir (tr.). To take out. (Intr.). To go out {of), etc. See 125. Idioms and uses: La 
 
 rividre est sortie de son lit. The river has overflowed its banks. Au sortir dc I'hiver. 
 
 At the end of -winter. II sort des gonds {hinges). He is out of temper. II sort de 
 
 maladie. He has just recovered from an illness. II sort de la mesure. He does not 
 
 keep time (to music). II sort du sujet. He changes the subject. II ne sort pas de \k. 
 
 He sticks to what he says. Sortir d'une bonne famille. To be of a good family. 
 Se SOUCier. To care; ^Q, for, about. (De b. n. and i.; que b. subj.) See 117. To trouble, 
 
 to concern one's self about, etc. 
 Souffrir (tr.). To suffer, etc. See 126. 
 
 Souhaiter (tr.). To wish, etc; de, to (b. i.); que (b. subj.). See 114, 177. Idioms: Je 
 t'en (vous en) souhaite (fam.). I wish you may get it. Souhaiter la bonne annee a' 
 
 quelqu'un. To ivish any one a happy new year. 
 Soumettre (tr.). Like mettre. To subdue, to subject, etc. 
 Se soumettre. To submit, to yield, etc. Saying : II faut se soumettre ou se d^meUre. You 
 
 must give way or resign. You must give in ox give up. 
 SoupQOnner (tr.). To suspect; to have a suspicion of; de, of (^. i.). See se douter. 
 Soupirer (intr.). To sigh. Soupirer de douleur, d'amour, etc. To sigh for {from, on 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 347 
 
 account of), grief, love, etc. Soupirer apres. To long for ardently. Soupirer pour 
 used in same sense : To sigh for, long for. 
 
 Sourdre (intr.). See 174. 
 
 Sourire (intr.). To smile. See 149. Sourire i quelqu'un. To give a smile to some one. 
 To smile at some one. Sourire de quelque chose. To smile at anything. Saying: 
 Cela me sourit assez. I rather like this (or that). 
 
 Souscrire (tr.). To subscribe, to sign. Like 6crire. Does not mean to subscribe to a publi- 
 cation. See abonner. 
 
 Souscrire (intr.). To subscribe. Souscrire a un arrangement. To consent to an arrange- 
 ment. Souscrire pour (un monument, etc.). To subscribe to ox to hind one' s self for 
 a sum to an enterprise. Souscrire pour cent francs. To subscribe a hundred francs to. 
 Souscrire pour cent francs pour un monument. 
 
 Soustraire (tr.). To remove, to take away ; diQ^ from ; to preserve, save ; a. ^ from. (In arith- 
 metic), to subtract ; de, from. No past definite indicative; no imperfect subjunctive. 
 Rien ne pent le soustraire a mon vengeance. II a soustrait du dossier les pieces 
 les plus importantes. Soustrayez 543 de 768. In subtraction, the expressions used 
 generally are sept ote de dix or sept de dix, reste trois. 
 
 Se soustraire a. To escape from, to avoid, to abscond, etc. 
 
 Soutenir (tr.). To support, to tnaintain, etc. Like tenir. See 124. See maintenir. Je 
 soutiens ce que je dis. I abide by what I say. 
 
 Soutirer (tr.). To draw off (2, liquor); to get (by cunning); "k., from. Soutirer de I'argent 
 a quelqu'un. 
 
 Se souvenir de. To re77iember. See 124. Autant que je puisse m'en souvenir. To the 
 best of my recollection. C'est du plus loin qu'il me souvienne. / can barely remember 
 it. It is as far back as I can recollect. 
 
 Sp6culer (tr.). To observe. Faire remarquer, the term in use. 
 
 Splculer (intr.). To speculate ; sur, in (commercial); to speculate. 
 
 Statuer (tr.). To decide, to order, to resolve ; sur, as to, concerning. (A formal term, used 
 with reference to courts, assemblies, etc.) 
 
 Stimuler (tr.). To stimulate. Used generally in literal sense. See exciter; aiguillonner. 
 
 Substituer (tr.). To substitute ; ^, for, in. Substituer un mot k un autre. Substituer 
 une chose (personne) a la place d'une autre. See remplacer, used in sense of to be 
 
 I a {the') substitute for. 
 
 Subvenir (intr.) at. To relieve, to assist; to provide ; a, for. Auxiliary avoir; conjugated 
 like venir. Subvenir aux b^soins de quelqu'un. May also be used in reference to 
 persons. See secourir, soulager, aider; less formal terms. 
 
 Succ^der (intr.) i. To succeed {to follow in succession). To gain success is expressed by 
 r§ussir. 
 
 Suffire (intr.). To suffice, to be sufficient; H, for. Conjugated like confire. See p.' 177. 
 Cent francs par mois lui suffisent pour sa subsistance. Cette somme ne sufftt pas 
 pour payer VOS dettes. With personal subject, a follows the verb when sense is to be 
 adequate to, to be capable of. On ne peut pas suffire a tout. Used impersonally, suffire 
 is followed by de before infinitive : II sufifit de dire, etc. 
 
 Suffoquer (tr.). To choke, to suffocate, etc. Etre suffoqu6 par la fum^e. 
 
 Suffoquer (intr.). To suffocate ; ^'Q, with. 
 
 Suivre (tr.). To follow, etc. See 145. 
 
 Supplier (tr.). To supply {anything); to make good, to make up. 
 
348 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Supplier (intr.) a. To supply the place of; to serve instead. The transitive verb is used 
 
 when a deficiency is made up by supplying the thing, number, or quantity lacking. The 
 
 intransitive verb is used when a substitution supplies the need. La valeur suppl^e au 
 
 nombre. See fournir, ajouter ce qui manque. 
 Supplier (tr.). To supplicate, to beseech ; de, to (b. i.). 
 Surcharge! (tr.). To overload, to overburden; de, with (fig.)- Surcharge de travail, 
 
 d'affaires. 
 Surfaire (tr. and intr.). Like faire. To overcharge; to ask too high a price for merchandise, 
 
 etc. Ce marchand surfait. II surfait ces objets. II vous a surfait. 
 Surgir (intr.). To land (a), to reach haven. See 174. Surgir also means to spring up, to 
 
 arise, to start up. Une voile surgit a T horizon. De nouvelles difficult^s surgissent 
 
 sans cesse. On a vu surgir la reputation de cet 6crivain. 
 Surprendre (tr.). To surprise, to take by surprise, etc Like prendre. Surprendre quelqu'un 
 
 H faire quelque chose. Etre surpris de voir quelque chose. Etre surpris de quelqu'un, 
 
 de quelque chose. To be surprised at any one, at anything. 
 Se surprendre. To surprise one'' s self; a, at ; to find one^s self (a) doing something. Je me 
 
 suis surpris a pleurer comme un enfant. 
 Surseoir (intr.). To suspend, etc. See 123. 
 Survenir (intr.). To occur, to happen unexpectedly. Conjugated like venir. Aux. : etre. 
 
 Comme nous 6tions prets a partir, il survint un orage. As we were about to start a 
 
 storm came tip. Survenir also has meaning of to come, to arrive unexpectedly. Comme 
 
 lis 6taient ensemble, il survint du monde. As they were together some people came in 
 
 unexpectedly. Si la fidvre survenait, s'il survient le moindre accident c'est un 
 
 homme mort. 
 Survivre (intr.) i. To survive ; to outlive ; to outlast. Survivre a quelqu'un. Survivre a 
 
 son honneur, etc. Survivre is used in a legal sense as a transitive verb. Survivre 
 
 quelqu'un. The intransitive form is the one in general use. 
 
 T 
 
 TUcher (intr.). To try, to endeavor, to strive. Uses de before infinitive with the usual idea of 
 the verb. Tfichez d'avancer cet ouvrage. Uses a before infinitive with idea of to aim 
 at, to make it one's object to. II tiche a me nuire. De has the idea of effort in execu- 
 tion ; a carries idea of aiming at. 
 
 Tacheter (tr.). Conjugated like jeter. To mark (with natural or artificial spots); to speckle, 
 to freckle. Le soleil lui a tachet§ le visage. Un chien noir, tachet6 de blanc. 
 
 Tailler (tr.). To cut {to remove superfluous part) ; to cut {heiv out, shape) ; to trim, etc. Idioms 
 and uses : L'arm^e fut taill6e en pidces. The army was cut to pieces. Tailler un 
 crayon. To sharpen a pencil. Tailler des croupidres a quelqu'un. To raise difficul- 
 ties in any one's zaay. Tailler un diamant. Tacut a diamond. Tailler une chemise, 
 un habit, etc. To cut out a shirt, a coat, etc. Tailler des arbres. To trim treej. 
 Tailler les cheveux i quelqu'un. To trim any one's hair. Tailler de la besogne k 
 quelqu'un. To cut out, prepare work for any one. 
 
 Taire (intr., irr.). To keep silent on, keep secret, conceal. See 156. 
 
 Tancer (tr.). To upbraid, rebuke, etc. Like avancer. 
 
 Se tapir. To crouch, to squat, to coiver ; contre, against; derriere, behind; SOUS, under. 
 
 Tapisser (tr.). To carpet; de, 7vith. To hang, to cover, -with tapesfrv. 
 
 Tarder (intr.). To delay, defer (a b. i.), etc. ; to long (impers. with de b. i.). See 177 and 
 178. II tarde a venir. II me tarde d'y arriver. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 349 
 
 Se targuer de. To plume one's self, to brag, boast {of). Etre targu6 de. To be proud of , etc. 
 
 Titer (tr.). To feel, to feel of {to try by the touch. Do not confound with sentir). TMer 
 le pouls (a quelqu'un). To feel any one's pulse. Tater une ^toffe. Titer le ter- 
 rain. To feel one's way ; to investigate. Tater quelqu'un. To sound any one. 
 
 Titer (intr.) a, de. To taste, to taste of. Titer au, du vin. Titer a un mets. Titer 
 d'un metier. To try a career, a trade. 
 
 Taxer (tr.). To regulate., fix, the price of (taxer la viande, le pain); to tax, to put a tax 
 on (taxer les objets de luxe); to accuse of (de), to tax zvith (taxer quelqu'un d'ava- 
 rice, d' ingratitude, etc.). 
 
 Teindre (tr.). Like craindre. To dye, to tinge ; de, with. Etre teint de. 
 
 Teinter (tr.). To tint (painting). Donner une teinte a. To tint. 
 
 T^moigner (tr.). To show (par, by), to testify. 
 
 T§moigner (intr.) de. To testify, to bear witness to. T6moigner de I'innocence, de la pro- 
 bite, de quelqu'un. Temoigner centre quelqu'un. 
 
 Temp6rer (tr.). To temper, to modify, to soothe, etc.; par, luith. Temperer la justice par 
 la cl^mence. To temper justice zvith mercy. Temperer I'aigre par le doux. To 
 temper the bitter with the sweet. A I'agneau tondu Dieu mesure le vent. God tempers 
 the wind to the shorn lamb. 
 
 Tendre (tr.). To stretch, to stretch out ; to bend (a bow) ; to lay, spread (as a snare, etc.); to 
 pitch (a tent, camp, etc.). Idioms and uses: Tendre la main. To beg {to ask alms). 
 II vaut mieux tendre la main que le cou. // is better to beg than to steal. L'arc tou- 
 jours tendu se gite. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Tendre un pidge 
 a. To set a trap for. 
 
 Tendre (intr.). To load, to tend, to conduce ; a, to. La ville ou tendent nos pas. L'ivro- 
 gnement tend a demoraliser I'homme. 
 
 Tenir (tr.). To hold, occupy, possess ; to estee?n, consider ; to keep, to manage, etc. See 124. 
 
 Tenir (intr.). To hold, to hold to ; to hold {to contain), etc. Tenir a. To hold to. Tenir 
 de. To resemble. Aux. : avoir. Se tenir de bout. To stand up. Soutenir quel- 
 qu'un. To standby any one. D^fendre ses droits. To stand tip for one's rights. 
 
 Idioms and uses of tenir tr. and intr. : II tient de son pdre. He resembles {takes 
 after) his father. Tiens! Hold on I ox Hullo I Tiens ! c'est vous. Hullo, is that 
 you? Tiens! Tiens! Well! Well! ox Indeed ! or You don' t say so I Well, Pit declare ! 
 Tenez ! Also much used as an exclamation. It may mean Here ! or Look I etc. Ne tenir 
 a rien que . . . ne. . . . To be within an ace of. II ne tint a rien qu'ils ne tombassent. 
 Also Etre a deux doigts de quelque chose. (The last used before a noun.) Tenir une 
 boutique, une pension. To keep a shop, a boarding house. Tenir lieu de pere (de 
 mere) a quelqu'un. To be a father {a mother) to some one. Le tenir de bonne 
 source. To have it on good authority. II vous tient entre ses mains. You are in 
 his power. Tenez-VOUS-en la. Go no further ; stop right where you are ; be satisfied 
 with what you have done. Tenez-VOUS la. Stand there. N'y tenir pas. Not to care 
 for. N'y tenir plus. To care for no longer. On le tient a quatre. It takes four men 
 to holdhi7n down. Je me suis tenu a quatre. / could hardly control myself Je me 
 suis tenu a quatre pour ne pas lui dire ses v6rit6s. It was almost more than I could 
 do not to tell him what I thought of him. II a de qui tenir. He is a chip of the old block. 
 Tenir beaucoup a quelque chose. To set great store by anything. II y tient beau- 
 coup. He wants it at any cost ; prizes it highly, etc. II en tient. He is smitten. He 
 is caught. (II en tient pour elle.) Tenir le loup par les oreilles. To be in a bad 
 
350 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 boat; to be in a dilemma. Qu'i cela ne tienne. Never mind that ; do not let that make 
 any difference. Cela lui tient au coeur. He is anxious about that. S'il ne tient 
 qu'i cela. If that is all. Un tiens vaut tnieux que deux tu I'auras. A bird in the 
 hand is worth two in the bush. Tenez bon. Hold on I Stick to it ! Don't give way, 
 etc. II a tenu bon. He stuck to it. A quoi cela tient-il. What is the cause of that? 
 What is that 07uing to? Ne tenir qu'a quelqu'un. To rest entirely tvith some 
 one. II ne tient qu'a lui de commencer. Tenez-vous droit. Sit up {stand up) 
 straight. II tient tout de vous. He ozues everything to you. Tenir la queue de la 
 pO§le. To bear all the responsibility. Tenir un livre, une canne, etc., a la main. 
 To hold a book, a cane. La corde tient toujours. The cord still holds. Le plitre 
 tient. Le tenir a honneur. To hold it an honor. Tenir la campagne. To hold the 
 field. Occuper une ville, une maison. I'o hold a city, a house. Porter un titre. To 
 hold a title. Occuper (remplir) un emploi (avoir le portf euille — in government). 
 To hold an office. Avoir le rang de. l^o hold the rank of. Avoir de la v§n6ration, du 
 m6pris, pour. To hold in veneration, in contempt. Avoir en horreur. To hold in 
 abhorrence. 
 
 Tenter (tr.). To tempt; de, to (b. i.). 
 
 Tirer (tr.). To draw, to pull, etc. 
 
 Tirer (intr.). To draw, etc.; to fire ; sur, upon. Se faire tirer I'oreille. To require fore- 
 ing, urgitig. II se tirerait d'un puits. He would get out of any difficulty. He is a 
 man of many resources. Savoir en tirer parti. To be able to turn {anything) to 
 account. Tirer les vers du nez a quelqu'un. To pump any one. Tirer au sort. 
 To draw lots. Tirer a sa fin. To be near one's end {on on^ s last legs) . Tirer sur 
 quelqu'un. To draw on any one (commercial). Se tirer d'affaire. To get out of 
 {extricate one's self from) a difficulty. To get out of it. Tirer une carotte H quelqu'un. 
 To get anything out of any one. To tell hard luck stories to any one. Retirer des 
 forces. To draw off forces. Ranger des forces. To draw up forces (in battle). 
 Dresser (r^diger) un contrat. To draw up a contract. Se reculer (se retirer). To 
 draw back. 
 
 Tomber (intr.) (aux. §tre). To fall, to tumble, etc. Used popularly as a transitive verb with 
 the idea of ^^ to floor {to roast) an adversary.'' Idioms and uses: Tomber d'accord 
 afvec quelqu'un sur quelque chose. To be at one with any one on anything. Tomber 
 des nues, de son haut. To be astonished, struck with surprise. La conversation 
 tombe. The conversation is languishing. Etre bien tomb6. To be happily 7narried. 
 Ca tombe a pic, a point, bien. That {it) comes {happens) just at the right time, 
 C'est tomb^ dans I'eau. It was not a success. Tomber a la renverse. To fall on 
 one's back. Tomber les quatre fers en I'air. To fall heels over head. (Note. — 
 Tomber par terre is said of things which, being already on the earth, fall flat from an 
 erect position: Un arbre, un enfant, tombe par terre. Tomber a terre is said of 
 things which fall to the earth from a position above it. Une pomme tombe i terre.) 
 
 Toucher (tr.). To touch, etc.; to concern, regard, etc. Toucher quelque chose du doigt, dU 
 pied, du bras, de la main. To touch anything 7vith the finger, the foot, etc. 
 
 Toucher (intr.) a. To touch {come in contact ivith) ; to reach {extend as far as) ; to touch {to 
 take away from ; as funds, etc.). Toucher de. To play on (a musical instrument). 
 See jouer. 
 
 Idioms and uses: Touchez-1^. Here's my hand on it. Cela ne me touche en rien. 
 I have nothing to do with that. Cela ne me tOUChe pas. That does not move {soften) me. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 35 1 
 
 Cela louche a la folie. That borders on madness. Ne touchez pas cela. DonU touch 
 
 that {do not put your hands on it). Ne touchez pas a cela. Do not make use of that. 
 Tourmenter (tr.). To torment; to annoy. Etre tOurment§ de quelqu'un, quelque chose. 
 
 See ennuyer and contrarier. 
 Tourner (tr.). To turn, etc. 
 Tourner (intr.). To revolve, to turn. Tourner la clef. To turn the key. Tourner la t§te 
 
 (vers). To turn the head {toward). Tourner le dos a quelqu'un. To turn the back 
 
 upon any one. II avail le dos 10urn6 vers nous. His back was turned to {toward) us. 
 
 Tourner le coin. To turn the corner. Ren(}re la pareille a. To turn the tables upon. 
 
 Transformer en or converlir en. To turn {transfrom) into. Faire du jour la nuit. 
 
 To turn flight into day. Tourner (la doublure) en dehors. To turn inside out. 
 Traduire (tr.). To translate. Like conduire. 
 Traire (tr.). See 157. 
 Trailer (tr.). To treat {to act tozvards); to deal, to negotiate, etc. Trailer de. To treat as 
 
 {give a title to); to call. Trailer de. To treat to {with). Trailer d'un bon repas. 
 
 Trailer de fal. To call any one a fop. Trailer en roi. To treat like a lord. 
 Trancher (tr.). To ctit {asunder); to strike or cut off ; to solve, to settle. Trancher la lele a 
 
 quelqu'un. Tranchsr la lele de ttuelqu'un. Trancher la difficuU^. To settle the 
 
 problem; to cut the knot. Trancher le mol. To speak in plain language; to put it 
 
 plainly. 
 Trancher (intr.). To decide, etc.; not to harmonize (of colors), to fight. Trancher de. To 
 
 affect : Trancher du pelil-mailre. Trancher dans le vif. To take energetic measures; 
 
 to cut to the quick. 
 Transcrire (tr.). To transcribe. Like 6crire. 
 Transir (tr.). To bemanb, to chill, etc. ; de, with. 
 Transir (intr.). To be chilled, benumbed ; to shudder ; de, with, 
 Transmellre (tr.). To transmit. Like mellre. 
 Transporler (tr.). To transport, convey, etc.; diQ., from ; a, to; to be transported; de, with. 
 
 Eire Iransporle ds. To be enraptured with. 
 Travailler (tr.). To fashion, to work at; to torment (of fever, etc.). Travailler le fer. 
 
 Limited in use as transitive verb. 
 Travailler (intr.). To work, to labor ; di., at, etc Examples: II Iravaille a s'enricher. He 
 
 is trying hard to get rich. II Iravaille SOn slyle. He writes luith elegance {studied 
 
 effort). 
 Trembler (intr.). To tremble; a, to (b. i.) ; de, with; pour, for. Trembler de peur. 
 
 Trembler pour quelqu'un. Je Iremble que cela n'arrive. 
 Tremper (tr.). To steep, to soak, to dip, to wet through, etc. Eire lremp6 jusqu'aux os. 
 
 To be tvet to the skin. Tremper quelque chose dans I'eau. To soak {steep) anything 
 
 in the water. 
 Tressaillir (intr.). To start, to give a start; to tremble. Like assaillir. Tressaillir de. 
 
 To start {tremble) with. 
 Triompher (intr.). To triumph ; de, over; to glory ; de, in. Triompher de ses ennemis. 
 
 To triumph over {vanquish) one's enemies. Triompher de ses passions. Triompher 
 
 du malheur d'aulrui. 
 Tromper (tr.). To deceive ; to impose upon, etc. 
 Se Iromper. To be mistaken, in error ; sur, as to. Elle s'est lromp6e sur le lemps de sa 
 
 maladie. Se tromper de chemin, de date, etc. Ne vous y trompez pas. Don't 
 
352 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 deceive yourself. Do not make a mistake. II n'y a pas a s'y tromper. There is no 
 
 tnistake about it. 
 Troquer (tr.). To exchange {to trade); contre,>n Troquer son cheval borgne centre un 
 
 aveugle. To trade bad for worse. 
 Trotter (intr.). To trot (of animals); to run about, etc. (of persons). Cette idee lui trotte 
 
 par (or dans) la tete (la cervelle). That idea runs in his head. 
 Trouver (tr.). Tofind^ to discover; to find out; to deem, to like, to judge. Cela se trouve 
 
 bien. That is lucky. Trouver visage de bois. To find the door shut against one. 
 
 Comment trouyez-vous le cigare ?, Hoiv do you like the cigar? Je m'en trouve bien. 
 
 I congratulate myself tn the matter {about it). II se trouve que vous aviez tort. // is 
 
 proved that you were wrong. Se trouver mal. To faint, to become faint. Comme 9a 
 
 se trouve ! lloiv lucky ! What a lucky circumstance 1 Vous trouvez-vous bien ici ? 
 
 Are you comfortable here ? Trouvez-vous ici a six heures. Be here at six. Trouver 
 
 bon que. To approve. Trouver mauvais que. To disapprove that. Trouvez bon 
 
 que je ne pense pas comme vous. Allotu me to hold a different opinion. II se trouve 
 
 que. It happens that. Trouver a redire a. To find fault with. Je sais ce qu'il 
 
 vaut. (Je I'ai d6masqu4.) I have found him out. 
 Tuer (tr.). To kill. Tuer un homme d'un coup de pistolet, de coup d'6p6e. Tuer un 
 
 homme a coups de pistolet, a coups d'ep^es. Etre tue de. Se tuer de. II me tue 
 
 avec ses compliments. 
 
 U 
 
 User (tr.). To consume by usage^ to use ; to use up ; to wear out (of clothes, etc.). User ses 
 
 chapeaux, ses souliers, etc. User sa sant§. To exhaust {destroy) one's health. 
 User (intr.). To use ; to make use ; de, of. User d'un droit. To have recourse to. User 
 
 de violence. 
 En user. To act, to conduct one's self Vous en usez mal avec lui. See se servir de, to 
 
 use, to make use of. 
 Usurper (tr.). To usurp; to take unlawful possession of The intransitive form with sur is 
 
 not much used. 
 
 V 
 
 Vaguer (intr.). To wander, to stray. Vaguer par les chemins. Vaguer 9a et la. Not 
 much used. See errer. 
 
 Vaincre (tr., also intr.). See 144. A vaincre sans p§ril, on triomphe sans gloire. There 
 is no glory where there is no danger. 
 
 Valoir (intr.). To be worth ; to be as good as, etc. See 1 1 8. Vaut bien que mal (or vaille que 
 vaille). At all events. For better for worse. Je VOUS revaudrai cela. I tvill return 
 you the compliment. C'est un rien qui vaille. He is a hard case. Valoir mieux. 
 To be better. II vaut mieux rester que de partir. Cela ne dit rien qui vaille. 
 That is not reassuring; bodes no good. Cela vaut fait. That is as good as done. 
 Cela m'a valu une r^primande. I got a scolding for it. Le jeu ne vaut pas la 
 chandelle. The game is not ivorth the candle. It is not worth while. We pas valoir 
 I'eau (fu'on boit (le pain qu'on mange). Not to be worth one' s salt. Cela ne vous 
 vaut lien. That does you no good ; is not good for you. Se faire valoir. To main- 
 tain one's rights ; to keep up one's dignity (also, to put one's self forward). II se fait 
 trop valoir. He brags too much. 
 
 Vanter (tr.). To praise, extol, etc. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 353 
 
 Se vanter. To praise on^sself; to boast; de, of. II n'y a pas de quoi se vanter. There 
 is nothing to boast of. 
 
 Vaquer (intr.). To be vacant, empty. Les bonnes places ne vaquent pas longtemps. 
 Vaquer £L. To apply one's self to. See n'etre pas occup^. Avez-vous des chambres 
 de libre ? Have you any rooms vacant (^free) ? 
 
 Varier (tr.). To vary, to change, diversify, etc. Varier ses plaisirs. Varier les aliments. 
 Varier un air (de musique). To play an air with variations. 
 
 Varier (intr.). To vary ; to differ ^ etc. Les historiens varient sur cela. Historians differ 
 respecting (as to') that. 
 
 Veiller (tr.). To sit up with. Veiller un malade, un mort. 
 
 Veiller (intr.). To remain awake, to be awake, on the watch; to watch; to keep watch. Veiller 
 sur. To watch over. Veiller II. To see to, to attend to ; to look after. 
 
 Vendre (tr.). To sell; to sell for {z. price). Vendre quelque chose cent francs. To sell any- 
 thing for a hundred francs. Vendre Cher. To sell dear. Vendre comptant (or argent 
 comptant). To sell for cash. Vendre pour rien. To sell for nothing, for a mere 
 nothing. Vendre a perte, au pair. To sell at a loss, at par. Vendre a bon march6, 
 pour un morceau de pain. To sell cheap; to sell for a song {a trifle). ' Le beurre se 
 vend bien. Butter sells well. On vend du beurre ici. Butter is sold here. Idioms 
 and uses of vendre : I! vendrait pdre et m§re. He has no scruples. A vendre. For 
 sale. Chose qui plait est ^ moiti§ vendue. 
 
 Venger (tr.). To revenge, to avenge, etc. 
 
 Se venger. To revenge, to be revenged, to revenge one's self; de, on. Se venger d'un 
 ennemi, d'une offense. 
 
 Venir (i ntr.). To come, etc. S ee 124 (also 70). See 180. Venez-vous en, il est tard. 
 Come away ; it is late. Venir i bout de, en venir i bout. To bring about, to accom- 
 plish. II se vante d'en venir k bout. He says he is sure to succeed. Venir de faire 
 quelque chose. To have just done something. D'ou vient que vous etes triste ? 
 Why are you sad? Faire venir quelqu'un. To send for any one. Faire venir une 
 voiture. To order a carriage, Faire venir I'eau at la bouche. To make the mouth 
 water. 0^ voulez-vous en venir? What are you driving at? C'est la que j'en 
 voulais venir. That is what I am driving at. L'ann^e qui vient. Next year. Le 
 monde i venir. The other %vorld. Tout vient a point k qui salt attendre. Every- 
 thing comes to the man who waits. C'est un beau venir y voir! It's a pretty sight, 
 I must say! En etre venu a. To be reduced to. EUe en est venue a mendier. 
 Dites-lui que vous venez de ma part. Tell him that I sent you ; use my name. 
 
 Verser (tr. ). To pour, to pour out (liquids) ; to spill ; to upset a carriage (or the persons in it) ; 
 to pay, to pay out (money). Verser du vin dans une carafe, du bl6 dans un sac. 
 Verser de Tencre. Le cocher nous a vers§s. 
 
 Verser (intr.). To upset; to overturn (of carriages, etc.). L'automobile a vers6. 
 
 Idioms and uses : Versez-lui ^ boire. Give him a drink. Verser son sang pour la 
 patrie. To be killed (shed one's blood) for one's country. 
 
 Vetir (tr.). To clothe. See 131. Vetir is used with reference to ordinary garments; rev§tir 
 with respect to those peculiar to civil offices, or to the incumbents of stations of honor 
 and dignity ; affubler is generally used in ironical speech, or in speaking of an unusual 
 or ridiculous costume. 
 
 Vexer (tr.). To vex, to molest. See contrarier, tourmenter. Faire de la peine. Etre 
 vex6 de quelque chose. To be vexed at (very fam.). fetre contraril more usual. 
 
 MARTIN'S FRENCH VERB — 23 
 
354 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Virer (intr.). To turn, turn about; to tack (naval), to heave. Vous avez beau touraer et 
 virer. It is useless for you to turn and twist (fam.; generally used with tourner). 
 Virer de bord (naval). To put about. Same expression is used figuratively in a 
 familiar way to indicate unsteadiness of conduct : II a vir6 de bord dans vingt affaires. 
 Virer i. To incline towards. Le noir vire souvent au jaunitre. 
 
 Viser (tr.). To aim at, to take aim at; to strike (the object aimed at). Viser un oiseau. 
 Viser les honneurs. 
 
 Viser (intr.) a. To aim at, take aim at; to direct one^s blow or shot at, Viser au cceur. 
 Viser a I'effet. To direct one's efforts, etc. 
 
 Visiter (tr.). To visit, to go and see (through curiosity, duty, charity). Expresses formality. 
 The ordinary expression for to visit in the sense of to make a call on is faire une 
 visite a. 
 
 Vivre (intr.). See 146. Idioms and uses : Qui vivra verra. Time will tell. Who lives the 
 longest will see the most. Qui vive ! Who is there? {who goes there ?^ (mil. challenge). 
 Apprendre a quelqu'un a vivre. To teach {better) manners to any one. Apprendre 
 "k vivre. To learn manners. Vivre au jour le jour. To live from hand to mouth. 
 Vivre d'amour et d'eau fraiche. To be lovesick. Pour vivre heureux, vivons 
 tach6s. To live happily, live apart ; far from court, far from care. Vivre aux 
 crochets des autres. To be a parasite. Vive! Long live 1 Hurrah for I etc. Vive le 
 roi. Vivre en gargon. To lead a bachelor'' s life. Comme c'est v6cu ! How true to 
 life ! Vivre dans I'abondance. To live in clover. Vivre (etre) k gogo, sometimes 
 said familiarly in same sense. 
 
 Voiler (tr.). To veil, etc. Etre voil6 de. To be veiled with. 
 
 Voir (intr.). To see. See 117. 
 
 Voir (tr.). Idioms and uses : Vous n'avez rien a y voir. That is no business of yours ; 
 you have nothing to do with this. Vous n'avez rien k voir ici. You are not wanted 
 here. II ne voit goutte. He is blind. On n'y voit goutte. One can see nothing. 
 Voir quelque chose de bon (de mauvais) ceil. To view favorably or unfavorably. 
 To approve or to disapprove. Voir venir quelqu'un. To see what any one is driving 
 at. To perceive any one's intentions. II a vu du pays. He has traveled a great deal. 
 Voir quelque chose en beau (en noir). To see the bright side {dark side) of anything. 
 Voyons ! Let us see I Let me see ! Come ! Voyons ! Voyons ! Come ! Come ! or 
 Come, control yourself I Faire voir. To show. Faites-moi voir cela. II m'en a fait 
 voir de toutes les couleurs. He told us all sorts of tales; worried us to exhaustion. II 
 m'en a fait trop voir. He has exhausted my patience. My patience is exhausted with 
 him. J' en ai vu de toutes les couleurs. I had all kinds of experiences. Cela se voit 
 tons les jours. That happens frequently. lis ne se voient plus. They are not on 
 good terms. 
 
 Voler (intr.). To fly (with wings, in the air) ; to wing one's way (flight). Used literally and 
 figuratively. Voler de ses propres ailes. To act for one's self On pouvait entendre 
 voler une mouche. You could hear a pin drop. 
 
 Voler (tr.). To steal (anything) ; to rob (any one) ; H, from. Voler quelqu'un. Voler 
 quelque chose k quelqu'un. See dSrober. II ne I'a pas vol6. He richly deserved 
 what he got. 
 
 Voler (intr.). To steal, to rob. Voler sur le grand chemin. 
 
 Voter (tr.). To vote. Voter une loi. lis I'ont proclam6 une homme assomant. They voted 
 him a bore. Si nous allions nous promener en bateau. / vote we go for a boat ride. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 355 
 
 Voter (intr.). To vote (in an election). II a vot6 pour Monsieur B. 
 
 Vouer (tr.). To vow ; a, to. Vouer ob^issance au roi. To consecrate (a, to'), Vouer un 
 temple i Dieu. 
 
 Se vouer (a). To dedicate one's self to, etc. Je ne sais it quel saint me vouer. I do not 
 know which way to turn. 
 
 Vouloir (tr.). See 114. Idioms and uses: Vouloir c'est pouvoir. Where there's a willy 
 there's a way. En vouloir a quelqu'un. To have a grudge against some one. Je lui 
 en veux. Que VOulez-VOUS? What do you zvant? What can I do for you? Also 
 much used in sense of : (i) What can you expect ? {2) It could not be helped. (3) What 
 could I do ? Que lui voulez-vous ? What do you want of him ? Vous I'avez voulu. 
 You would have it. It is your own fault. Faire (quelque chose) sans le vouloir. To 
 do {something) unintentionally. Vouloir dire. To mean. Que voulez-vous dire? 
 What do you mean? C'est ce qu'il voulait dire. That is what he meant. Savoir ce 
 que parler veut dire. To take the hint ; to understand a hidden meaning. Je le 
 veux bien. / have no objection ; with pleasure I II veUt cent francs de cela. He 
 wants {asks) one hundred francs for that. 
 
INDEX 
 
 (Figures refer to pages) 
 
 Auxiliaries, classification and discussion, 76- 
 
 79. 
 English, and their French equivalents, 252- 
 
 254. 
 table of translations of, 254-255. 
 
 Classification of verbs, 5. 
 
 as to conjugations, 32. 
 Composition of the French verb, 32. 
 Compound Conditional, the, 9. 
 Compound Tenses, how formed, 9, ill. 
 Conjugation, First (regular verbs), 34-42. 
 
 Second (regular verbs), 42-45. 
 
 Third (regular verbs), 45-50. 
 
 Fourth (regular verbs), 50-53. 
 
 Defective Verbs, 209-230. 
 
 Endings, Present Indicative, 8, no. 
 Imperfect Indicative, 8, m. 
 Past Definite Indicative, 8, 112. 
 Future Indicative, 8, no. 
 Present Conditional, 8, no. 
 Imperative, 9, 112. 
 Present Subjunctive, 9, in. 
 Imperfect Subjunctive, 9, 112. 
 Infinitive, 5, 8. 
 of the four conjugations, 33. 
 comparison, 55. 
 of tenses, discussion and tables, 109-113. 
 
 Formation of verbs (tenses), 8, 109-113. 
 
 How the French express the English verb 
 
 to make, 28, 53. 
 How to learn quickly to conjugate French 
 
 verbs, 51. 
 
 Imperative, 7, 9, n 2. 
 Imperfect Indicative, use, 109. 
 
 formation, in. 
 Imperfect Subjunctive, 9, 112. 
 Impersonal Verbs, 95-108; discussion, 95, 96. 
 
 describing phenomena of nature, list, 104. 
 
 Infinitive, discussion, 5, 8, no. 
 
 as object of a verb, 249. 
 Interrogative Conjugation, discussion, 13, 15. 
 Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation, I13-I15. 
 
 Second Conjugation, 138-163. 
 
 Third Conjugation, 115-137. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation, 163-208. 
 
 Model Verbs, First Conjugation, 34-42. 
 
 Second Conjugation, 43-45. 
 
 Third Conjugation, 46-48. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation, 50-52. 
 Mood, Indicative, 6. 
 
 Conditional, 7. 
 
 Subjunctive, 7. 
 
 Imperative, 7. 
 Movcy tOy examples of translation, 135, 
 
 Negative Conjugation, discussion, 16. 
 Negative-Interrogative Conjugation, 
 sion, 19-20. 
 
 discus- 
 
 Orthographic changes in verbs, table, 56. 
 
 Passive Verb, 108, 109. 
 
 Past or Compound Conditional, 9. 
 
 Past Definite, 109, 112. 
 
 Past Indefinite, 9, 109. 
 
 Past Participle, discussion, 6, 
 
 agreement of, 109. 
 Practical Exercises in answering questions, 
 231-232. 
 on verbs requiring de before following in- 
 finitive, 232-238. 
 on verbs requiring h. before following infini- 
 tive, 238-243. 
 on verbs requiring no preposition before 
 
 following infinitive, 244-247. 
 on verbs requiring sometimes i, sometimes 
 
 de, 247-248. 
 on verbs reflected in French and not in 
 English, 249-252. 
 
 357 
 
358 
 
 THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 Present Indicative, 8, iio-iii. 
 Present Participle, 6, iio-iii. 
 Present Subjunctive, 7, iii. 
 Primitive Tenses, 53. 
 
 Reflexive Verb, discussion, 79-83. 
 Conjugation (Model Verb), 80. 
 Interrogative Conjugation, 86. 
 Negative Conjugation, 83. 
 Negative-Interrogative Conjugation, 88. 
 
 Verbs, classification as to conjugations, 32. 
 classified as to terminations, ending in, 
 aindre (eindre, oindre), 192-194. 
 aitre, 169, 188. 
 ayer (and eyer), 71. 
 cer, 57. 
 dure, 196. 
 courir, 147-149, 
 crire, 172-173. 
 croitre, 199-200. 
 cueillir, 152, 153. 
 dire, 167. 
 dormir, 143-145. 
 
 eindre (aindre and oindre), 192-194. 
 eler, eter, 66-68. 
 eyer (and ayer), 71. 
 
 Exceptions, 68. 
 ger, 60. 
 
 lire, 173-175- 
 
 mener, lever, etc., 64. 
 
 mettre, 1 70-1 71. 
 
 moudre, 201-203. 
 
 oindre (aindre, eindre), 192-194. 
 
 oyer (uyer), 62. 
 
 plaire, 186-187. 
 
 prendre, 179-180. 
 
 qu6rir, 150-151. 
 
 r6v6rer, posslder, etc., 69. 
 
 sentir, 143-145. 
 
 servir, 143-145. 
 
 sortir, 143-144. 
 
 soudre, 203-204. 
 
 tenir, 1 38-141. 
 
 uire, 175-177- 
 
 uyer (oyer), 62. 
 
 venir, 1 38-141. 
 
 vetir, 156-157. 
 Composition, 8, 9, iio-iii. 
 reflected in French and not in English. 
 
 See Practical Exercises, 
 requiring de or a before an infinitive de- 
 pending upon them, discussion, 10. See 
 
 Practical Exercises, 
 requiring no preposition before a dependent 
 
 infinitive. See Practical Exercises. . 
 tenses, 8, 1 09-1 13. 
 
 VERBS CONJUGATED IN TEXT 
 
 Note. — If in this list a particular verb is not indexed, look for it in the verb dictionary. 
 The defective verbs are separately arranged, alphabetically, beginning on page 209. 
 
 Acqu6rir, 150. 
 Ad venir, 103. 
 Agir, 102. 
 
 AUer, 29. 
 Aller, S'en, 90. 
 Appeler, 66. 
 Arguer, 74. 
 Assaillir, 154. 
 Asseoir, 126. 
 Asseoir, S', 128. 
 Avancer, 58. 
 Avoir, II. 
 Avoir, Y, 96. 
 
 Battre, 76. 
 B6nir, 75. 
 Boire, 177-178. 
 Bouillir, 1 60-1 61. 
 
 Conclure, 195-196. 
 Conduire, 175-177. 
 Connaitre, 168-169. 
 Convaincre, 145. 
 Coudre, 197-198. 
 Courir, 147-148. 
 Craindre, 192-194. 
 Cr6er, 74. 
 
THE FRENCH VERB 
 
 359 
 
 Croire, 163. 
 Croitre, 199. 
 Cueillir, 152. 
 Cuire, 177. 
 
 ♦ Devoir, 49. 
 Dire, 165. 
 Dormir, 143. 
 
 Ecrire, 172. - 
 
 Employer, 62. ^ 
 
 Envoyer, 114. 
 
 Etre, 21. 
 
 Faire, 25. ^ 
 Falloir, 98. 
 Falloir, S'en, loi. 
 Finir, 43. 
 Fleurir, 75. 
 Fuir, 158. 
 
 Geler, 105. 
 Greler, 107. 
 
 Hair, 75. 
 
 Importer, 107. 
 
 Jouer, 73. 
 
 Laver, Se (Reflexive Model Verb), 80. 
 Lire, 173. 
 
 Manger, 60. 
 Mener, 64. 
 Mettre, 170. 
 Moudre, 201. 
 Mourir, 162. 
 Mouvoir, 133. 
 
 Naitre, 188. 
 Neiger, 106. 
 Nuire, 177. 
 
 Offrir, 145. 
 Ouvrir, 145. 
 
 Parler (Model Verb, First Conjugation), 
 34. 
 
 Partir, 141. 
 Payer, 71. 
 Percevoir, 48. 
 Plaire, 186. 
 Pleuvoir, 105. 
 Poursuivre, 184. 
 Pourvoir, 131. 
 Pouvoir, 118. 
 Prendre, 179. 
 .'^Prier, 74. 
 
 Recevoir (Model Verb, Third Conjugation), 
 
 46. 
 Rendre (Model Verb, Fourth Conjugation), 
 
 50- 
 R^soudre, 203. 
 R6v^rer, 69. 
 Rire, 190. 
 Rompre, 76. 
 
 S'agir, 102. 
 S'asseoir, 128. 
 Savoir, 120. 
 Se laver, 80. 
 S'en aller, 90. 
 S'en falloir, loi. 
 S'enfuir, 159. 
 Sentir, 143. 
 Servir, 143. 
 Sortir, 143. 
 Souffrir, 146. 
 Suivre, 182. 
 Surseoir, 136. 
 
 Taire, 205. 
 Tenir, 1^8. 
 Traire, 207. 
 Tressaillir, 155. 
 Tuer, 73. 
 
 Vaincre, 181. 
 •Valoir, 124. 
 Venir, 138. 
 V§tir, 156. 
 Vivre, 184. 
 Voir, 122. 
 Vouloir, 115. 
 
A THREE YEAR COURSE 
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