1 'l! itili^! LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF .\^....a.^-!^--ui.x.i-^Yi\) ; I' imparf ait (impeifect) ; le passe (imperfect) ; le plus-que- parfait (pluperfect). Only the French names of the tenses are given in the paradigms. THE FRENCH VERB II Learn the names of all the tenses, and fix in the mind the compound tenses corresponding to all the simple tenses. The past participles of most French verbs vary for gender and number to (jorrespond to the gender and number of a word with which the participle agrees. The two rules governing this agreement will be found on page 109. In the conjugations following, the abbreviation m.s. stands for masculine singular; f.s. stands for feminine singular ; m.pl., for masculine plural; and f.pl., for feminine plural. Note that the pronoun je, equivalent to / in English, loses the e, which is replaced by an apostrophe, before a vowel or a silent h. J'ai is pronounced as if spelled jai. 20. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR = TO HAVE Infin itif Present Avoir to have Participe Present 2_^ A^yant having Infin itif Passi Avoir eu to have had Participe Passe Compose Ayant eu having had 3 Participe Passe Eu (w.j.),eue (/.^.)» eus {m.pl.), eues {f.pl.), had L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini S.T^ I have S, J'ai eu I have had "Tuas thou hast Tu as eu thou hast had 11 a he has 11 aeu he has had Ellea she has Elle a eu she has had On a one has, people have On aeu one has had, people have had PI. Nous avons we have PI, Nous avons eu we have had Vous avez you have Vous avez eu you have had lis ont they have lis ont eu they have had Biles ont they have t- Imparfait EUes ont eu they have had Plus-que-parfait J'ava/s I had or I used to have J'avais eu T had had Tu ava/s thou hadst or usedst to have Tu avals eu thou hadst had 11 ava/f he had or used to have n avait eu he had had On ava/Y one (people) had or used to have On avait eu one had had Nous ayt'ons we had or used to have Nous avions eu we had had Vous av/ez you had or used to have Vous aviez eu you had had lis ayaient they had or used to have lis avaient eu they had had 12 THE FRENCH VERB reus _ Tu eus Ileut On eut Nous efirties Vous elites lis eurent J' aura/ Tu auras II aura On aura Nous aurows Vous aurez lis awont Passe Defini I had thou hadst he had one had we had you had they had FuHtr I shall 07' M ill have thou shalt or wilt have he shall or will have one shall or will have we shall or will have you shall or will have they shall or will have Passe Anterieur J'eus eu Tu eus eu II eut eu On eut eu Nous eumes eu Vous eutes eu lis eurent eu I had had thou hadst had he had had one had had we had had you had had they had had Futur Anterieur J'aurai eu Tu aura eu II aura eu On aura eu Nous aurons eu Vous aurez eu lis auront eu I shall or will have had thou shalt or wilt have had he shall or will have had one shall ^r will have had we shall or will have had you shall or will have had they shall or will have had LE CONDITIONNEL J'aura/s Tu amrais 11 aura/'t On aarait Nous aurions Vous auriez lis auraient Present I should or would have thou shouldst or wouldst have he should or would have one should or would have we should or would have you should or would have they should or would have Passe 1st I crin 2d Form J'aurais eu J'eusse eu I should or would have had Tu aurais eu Tu eusses eu thou shouldst or wouldst have had II aurait eu 11 efit eu he should or would have had On aurait eu On efit eu one should or would have had Nous aurions eu Nous eussions eu we should or would have had Vous auriez eu Vous eussiez eu you should or would have had lis auraient eu lis eussent eu they should or would have had L'IMPERATIF Present Ale Ayez Ayons have (thou) have (you) let us or me have Qu'il ait Qu'on ait Qu'ils aient let him have let one or people have let them have THE FRENCH VERB 13 LE SUBJONCTIF Present Que j'aie Que tu aies Qu'il ait Qu'on ait Que nous ayons Que vous ayez Quails aient Que j'eusse Que tu eusses that I may have that thou mayest have that he may have that one may have that we may have that you may have that they may have Imp ar fait that I might have that thou mightest have Que j'aie eu Que tu aies eu Qu'il ait eu Qu'on ait eu Que nous ayons eu Que vous ayez eu Qu'ils aient eu Passe that I may have had that thou mayest have had that he may have had that one may have had that we may have had that you may have had that they may have had Qu'il efif that he might have Qu'on efif that one might have Que nous euss/ons that we might have Que vous euss/ez that you might have Qu'ils eussent that they might have P/us- que -pa rfa it Que j'eusse eu that I might have had Que tu eusses eu that thou mightest have had Qu'il eflt eu that he might have had Qu'on efit eu that one might have had Que nous eussions eu that we might have had Que vous eussiez eu that you might have had Qu'ils eussent eu that they might have had Nous avons une maison ^ la campagne. We have a house in the country. J'ai deux fr^res et trois soeurs. I have two bi'others and three sisters. Cette poule a douze poussins. That hen has twelve chicks. Ce cheval a une belle ecurie. That horse has a fine stable. Ma soeur a une jolie bague. My sister has a pretty ring. Avez-vous mon crayon? Have you my pencil? Avoir requires a before an infinitive depending upon it : J'ai a ^tudier, I have to study. 21. THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION In French, verbs are conjugated interrogatively only in the indicative and in the conditional moods. With the pronouns the verb is conjugated as in English by placing the pro- noun after the verb in the simple tenses : Avez-vous un livre ? Have you a book ? In compound tenses the pronoun occurs, of course, after the auxihary : Ai-je eu un fr^re ? Have I had a brother ? In the French interrogation a hyphen connects the verb and the pronoun. The t between the verb and the pronoun in a-t-il and a-t-elle, in the inter- rogative conjugation, is merely euphonic. It is thus used in the interrogative form whenever the third person of a verb ends with a voiueL This euphonic t is pronounced with the following pronoun : a-t-elle, pronounced a-telle. H THE FRENCH VERB 22. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR = TO HAVE Interrogatively S, PI. L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe • Indejini Ad-je? have I ? S. Ai-jeeu? have I had ? As-tu? hast thou ? As-tu eu ? hast thou had ? A-t-il? has he ? A-t-il eu? has he had ? A-t-elle? has she ? A-t-elle eu ? has she had ? A-t-on? has one, have people ? A-t-on eu ? has one had, have people had ? Avons-nous ? have we ? Avez-vous ? have you ? Ont-ils ? have they ? Ont-elles ? have they ? PI. Avons-nous eu? have we had ? Avez-vous eu ? have you had ? Ont-ils eu ? have they had ? Ont-elles eu ? have they had ? Ava/s-je ? Ava/s-tu ? Ava/f-il ? Ava/Y-on ? Av/o/7s-nous ? Av/ez-vous ? Ava/e/jf-ils ? Imparfait had I ? hadst thou ? had he ? had one ? had we ? had you ? had they ? Avals- je e\i ? Avais-tu eu ? Avait-il eu ? Avait-on eu ? Avions-nous eu ? Aviez-vous eu ? Avaient-ils eu ? Plus-que-parfait had I had ? hadst thou had ? had he had ? had one had ? had we had ? had you had ? had they had ? Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur Eus-je? Eus-tu? Eut-il ? Eut-on ? Eflmes-nous ? Eutes-vous? Eurent-ils ? had I? hadst thou ? hacfh©? had one ? had we ? had you ? had they ? Eus-je eu ? Eus-tu eu ? , Eut-il eu?^, Eut-on eu ?^ Eumes-nous eu ? Eutes-vous eu ? Eurent-ils eu ? had I had ? hadst thou had ? jiad he had ? had one had ? had we had ? had you had ? had they had ? Futur Futur Anth'ieur AuA*a/-je ? Aums-tu ? Aura-t-il ? Aura-t-on ? Auro/7s-nous ? Aurez-vous ? Auro/7f-ils ? shall I have ? wilt thou have ? will he have ? will one have ? shall we have ? will you have ? will they have ? Aurai-je eu ? Auras-tu eu ? Aura-t-il eu ? Aura-t-on eu ? Aurons-nous eu ? Aurez-vous eu ? Auront-ils eu ? shall I have had ? wilt thou have had ? will he have had ? will one have had ? shall we have had ? will you have had ? will they have had ? THE FRENCH VERB 15 LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe J St Form Awa/s-je ? should I have ? Aura/s-tu ? wouldst thou have ? Aura/Y-il ? would he have ? Au/*a/f-on ? would one have ? Aur/ows-nous ? should we have ? Aur/ez-vous ? would you have ? Aura/e/7f-ils ? would they have ? 2d Form Aurais-je eu ? Euss6-je eu ? should I have had ? Aurais-tu eu ? Eusses-tu eu ? wouldst thou have had ? Aurait-il eu ? Eflt-il eu ? would he have had ? Aurait-on eu ? Eut-on eu ? would one have had ? Aurions-nous eu ? Eussions-nous eu ? should we have had ? Auriez-vous eu ? Eussiez-vous eu ? would you have had ? Auraient-ils eu ? Eussent-ils eu ? would they have had ? 23. When a noun is the subject of a verb in an interrogative sentence, the noun is placed first and the proper pronoun, corresponding in gender and number to the noun, is placed after the verb and connected with the latter by a hyphen in the manner explained before : Has the girl a ring ? La fille a-t-elle une bague ? It should be remembered that in French there are but two genders, and that the masculine pronoun il {^plur. ils) and the feminine pronoun elle {piur. elles) are used to represent things as well as to represent persons and animals : Les oiseaux ont-ils un nid? Have the birds a nest? Les plumes sont-elles sur la table ? Are the pens on the table ? When representing things, il or elle is translated into English by it. Note. — Another form of interrogation is sometimes used. It consists in prefixing to a statement the expression est-ce que, is it that : Est-ce que vous avez mon crayon? Is it that you have my pencil? — which is equivalent to saying. Have you my pencil? The est-ce construction is used in French very much as we use the prefatory interrogative expression Is it a fact that, etc., to express doubt or surprise. It is also used to avoid ambiguity or a harsh sound such as sometimes occurs in the first person singular of verbs : Est-ce que je mange ? Do I eat? instead of mang6- je ? Or est-ce que je cours ? for cours-je ? Am I running ? Est-ce que je mens ? Am I lying? instead of mens- je? which might be confused with mang6-je? Except in the cases outlined above the direct form of the interrogative is preferable : Ai-je le droit de parler ? Have I the right to speak ? Fais-je ce que vous d^sirez ? Am I doing what {that which) you wish ? 24. Je chante is the only form in French to express I sing, I am singing, I do sing. Similarly, chante-t-il ? expresses sings he? is he singing? does he sing? 1 6 THE FRENCH VERB The English interrogative forms does he speak ? did he speak ? with the aux iliary have no equivalent in French. There is only one form for each tense whether affirmative or negative. 25. THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION To make a French verb negative, ne is placed before it and the won pas after it: je n'ai pas una plume, / haven't a {one) pen; je ne chant pas, / do not sing. (Ne loses the e before a word beginning with a vowel or ; silent h.) The use of two words to form the negative of a verb is sometimes found ii EngHsh, as an analysis of the above method will show. The ne is the true negative corresponding to the English not or no. Pas i really a noun, and means step or pace. When we say I havefi't a hit of bread, wi are using an expression exactly similar to the French je n'ai pas de pain. Th( French originally added the word pas for emphasis, just as we do when we sa' / ivon't go a step ; but the prolonged use of the word caused it to be adopte( by the genius of the language, so that now it is necessary to complete the nega tion, except in certain cases, the discussion of which is outside the scope of thi work. Point {point in English) is sometimes used for pas {step). As a point i smaller than a step, the negation with point is necessarily stronger than thi negation with pas : il n'a point d'argent, he hasn't any money at all. Point i not used as much as pas. 26. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR Negatively (See footnote on page 17.) Infinitif Present Infimtif Passe Ne pas avoir not to have N'avoir pas eu not to have had Participe Present Participe Passe Compose N'ayant pas not having N'ayant pas eu not having had Participe Passe Nc.paseu not... had THE FRENCH VERB i; L'INDICATIF 5-. PL TEMPS SIMPLES Present Je n'ai pas Tu n'as pas II n'a pas Elle n'a pas On n'a pas I have not thou hast not he has not she has not one has not Nous n'avons pas we have not Vous n'avez pas you have not lis n'ont pas they have not EUes n'ont pas they have not Imparfait Je n'avais pas Tu n'avais pas II n'avait pas On n'avait pas Nous n'avions pas Vous n'aviez pas lis n'avaient pas I had not thou hadst not he had not one had not we had not you had not they had not S. PI, TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini Je n'ai pas eu Tu n'as pas eu II n'a pas eu Elle n'a pas eu On n'a pas eu I have not had thou hast not had he has not had she has not had one has not had Nous n'avons pas eu we have not had Vous n'avez pas eu you have not had lis n'ont pas eu they have not had EUes n'ont pas eu they have not had Plus- que-par fait Je n'avais pas eu Tu n'avais pas eu II n'avait pas eu On n'avait pas eu Nous n'avions pas eu Vous n'aviez pas eu lis n'avaient pas eu I had not had thou hadst not had he had not had one had not had we had not had you had not had they had not had Passe Dejini Je n'eus pas I had not Tu n'eus pas thou hadst not II n'eut pas he had not On n'eut pas one had not Nous n'eiimes pas we had not Vous n'eutes pas you had not lis n'eurent pas they had not Futur Passe Anterieur Je n'eus pas eu Tu n'eus pas eu 11 n'eut pas eu On n'eut pas eu Nous n'eflmes pas eu Vous n'eutes pas eu lis n'eurent pas eu I had not had thou hadst not had he had not had one had not had we had not had you had not had they had not had Futur Anterieur Je n'aurai pas eu Tu n'auras pas eu II n'aura pas eu On n'aura pas eu Nous n'aurons pas eu Vous n'aurais pas eu lis n'auront pas eu I shall not have had thou wilt not have had he will not have had one will not have had we shall not have had you will not have had they will not have had Je n'aurai pas I shall not have Tu n'auras pas thou wilt not have II n'aura pas he will not have On n'aura pas one will not have Nous n'aurons pas we shall not have Vous n'aurez pas you will not have lis n'auront pas they will not have Note. — In the compound tenses ne comes before the auxiliary and pas after the auxiliary but before the participle : il n'a pas eu, etc. In the infinitive present, ne and pas generally come together before the infinitive : Itre ou ne pas §tre, to be or not to be. It is not, however, incorrect to write n'§tre pas. The same rule applies to the past infinitive; but in this case it seems to be preferable to put the auxiliary between the ne and the pas : n'avoir pas eu ; or, less frequently, ne pas avoir eu. martin's FRENCH VERB — 2 i8 THE FRENCH VERB LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe have he would not have one would not have ist Form 2d Form I should not have je n'aurais pas eu Je n'eusse pas eu I should not have had thou wouldst not Xu n'aurais pas eu Tu n'eusses pas eu thou wouldst not have had II n'aurait pas eu II n'eut pas eu he would not have had On n'aurait pas eu On n'eflt pas eu one would not have had Nous n'aurions pas eu Nous n'eussions pas eu we should not have had Vous n'auriez pas eu Vous n'eussiez pas eu you would not have had lis n'auraient pas they would not have lis n'auraient pas eu lis n'eussent pas eu they would not have had Je n'aurais pas Tu n'aurais pas II n'aurait pas On n'aurait pas Nous n'aurions pas we should not have Vous n'auriez pas you would not have N'aie pas N'ayez pas N'ayons pas L'IMPERATIF have not (thou) have not (you) let us not have Qu'il n'ait pas Qu'on n'ait pas Qu'ils n'aient pas let him not have let one (people) not have let them not have LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je n'aie pas that I may not have Que je n'aie pas eu that I may not have had Que tu n'aies pas that thou mayest not Que tu n'aies pas eu that thou mayest not have have had Qu'il n'ait pas that he may not have Qu'il n'ait pas eu that he may not have had Qu'on n'ait pas that one may not have Qu'on n'ait pas eu that one may not have had Que nous n'ayons pas that we may not have Que nous n'ayons pas eu that we may not have had Que vous n'ayez pas that you may not have Que vous n'ayez pas eu that you may not have had Qu'ils n'aient pas that they may not Qu'ils n'aient pas eu that they may not have have had THE FRENCH VERB 19 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have Que je n'eusse pas eu that I might not have had Que tu n'eusses pas that thou mightest not Que tu n'eusses pas eu that thou mightest not have have had Qu'il n'eflt pas that he might not have Qu'il n'eiit pas eu that he might not have had Qu'on' n'eiit pas that one might not Qu' on n'eiit pas eu that one might not have have had Que nous n'eussions that we might not Que nous n'eussions pas that we might not pas have eu have had Que vous n'eussiez that you might not Que vous n'eussiez pas that you might not pas have eu have had Qu'ils n'eussent pas that they might not Qu'ils n'eussent pas eu that they might not have have had II n'avait pas I'argent nicessaire. He {had not) did not have the necessary money. THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 27. CONJUGATION OF AVOIR Negatively and Interrogatively Note. — To form the negative-interrogative conjugation of a verb, first put the verb in the interrogative form, and then make this interrogative form nega- tive, putting the pas or point after the inverted pronoun subject. L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present S. N'ai-je pas? N'as-tu pas ? N'a-t-il pas? N'a-t-elle pas? N'a-t-on pas? have I not ? hast thou not ? has he not ? has she not ? has one not ? PL N'avons-nous pas ? have we not ? N'avez-vous pas ? have you not ? N'ont-ils pas ? have they not ? N'ont-elles pas ? have they not ? Imparfait N'avais-je pas ? N'avais-tu pas ? N'avait-il pas? N'avait-on pas? N' ay ions-nous pas ? N'aviez-vous pas ? N'avaient-ils pas ? had I not ? hadst thou not ? had he not ? had one not ? had we not ? had you not ? had they not ? TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini S. N'ai-je pas eu? N'as-tu pas eu? N'a-t-il pas eu? N'a-t-elle pas eu? N'a-t-on pas eu? PI. N'avons-nous pas eu? have I not had ? hast thou not had ? has he not had ? has she not had ? has one not had ? have we not had ? N'avez-vous pas eu? have you not had ? N'ont-ils pas eu? have they not had ? N'ont-elles pas eu? have they not had ? Pius-que-parfaii N'avais-je pas eu ? N'avais-tu pas eu? N'avait-il pas eu ? N'avait-on pas eu? N'avions-nous pas eu ? N'aviez-vous pas eu? N'avaient-ils pas eu ? had I not had ? hadst thou not had ? had he not had ? had one not had ? had we not had ? had you not had ? had they not had ? 20 THE FRENCH VERB Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur N'eus-je pas? N'eus-tu pas? N'eut-ilpas? N'eut-on pas? N'eiimes-nous pas? N'eutes-vous pas? N'eurent-ils pas ? had I not ? hadst thou not ? had he not ? had one not ? had we not ? had you not ? had they not ? N'eus-je pas eu? N'eus-tu pas eu? N'eut-il pas eu? N'eut-on pas eu? N'efimes-nous pas eu? N'efltes-vous pas eu? had I not had ? hadst thou not had ? had he not had ? had one not had ? had we not had ? had you not had ? N'eurent-ils pas eu? had they not had ? N'aurai-je pas? N'auras-tu pas ? Futur shall I not have ? wilt thou not have ? N'aura-t-il pas? N'aura-t-on pas ? N'aurons-nous pas ? N'aurez-vous pas? N'auront-ils pas? will he not have ? will one not have ? shall we not have ? will you not have ? will they not have ? Futur Anterieur N'aurai-je pas eu? shall I not have had? N'auras-tu pas eu? N'aura-t-il pas eu? N'aura-t-on pas eu? N'aurons-nous pas eu? N'aurez-vous pas eu? N'auront-ils pas eu? wilt thou not have had? will he not have had? will one not have had ? shall we not have had? will you not have had ? will they not have had ? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe jst Form N'aurais-je pas? N'aurais-tu pas ? N'aurait-il pas ? N'aurait-on pas? 2d Form should I not have ? N'aurais-je pas eu? N'euss6-je pas eu? should I not have had? wouldst thou not N'aurais-tu pas eu? N'eusses-tu pas eu? have ? • wouldst thou not have had? would he not have ? N'aurait-il pas eu? N'eflt-il pas eu? would he not have had ? would one not have ? N'aurait-on pas eu? N'eflt-on pas eu? would one not have had ? N'aurions-nous pas? should we not have ? N'aurions-nous pas eu ? N'eussions-nous pas eu? should we hot have had ? N'aurlez-vous pas? would you not have ? N'auriez-vous pas eu? N'eussiez-vous pas eu? would you not have had ? N'auraient-ils pas ? would they not have ? N'auraient-ils pas eu ? N'eussent-ils pas eu? would they not have had ? N'a-t-elle pas une maison a la campagne? Hasn't she a house in the country? See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of avoir. When a noun is the subject of a negative-interrogative sentence, make the sentence interrogative first (according to rule under interrogative conjugation); then make the interrogative sentence negative according to the rule on p. 19. The quickest and best way to learn the French verb is to write out the entire THE FRENCH VERB 21 verb, and then read aloud what has been written. The student should apply this method to all the different conjugations. By no other means can he so readily acquire the proficiency in the use of the verb necessary for conversation in French. 28. CONJUGATION OF ETRE = TO BE Note that the imperfect indicative of this verb can be obtained by taking the present participle, etant, and changing its termination ant into the terminations of the imperfect indicative — ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. This is true, with but very few exceptions, of all French verbs. Note that when the student has learned the form of the future indicative, the present co7iditional can always be obtained by changing the terminations of the future to rais, rais, rait, rions, riez, raient. This is true of all French verbs. Infin itif Present Etre to be Participe Present Etant being Infinitif Passe Avoir 6t6 to have been Participe Passe Compose Ayant 6t6 having been Participe Passe Et6 (Jnvariable) been . L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Jndefini S. Jesuis I am S. J'ai6t6 I have been Tues thou art Tu as 6t6 thou hast been 11 est he is 11 a 6t6 he has been EUe est she is Elle a 6t6 . she has been On est one is, people are On a 6te one has been, peop been PI. Nous sommes we are PI. Nous avons h\.i \ we have been Vous etes you are Vous avez kXk you have been lis sent they are lis ont 6t6 they have been EUes sont they are Elles ont 6t6 they have been Imparfait Pitts- que-parfait J'^tais I was, or used to be J'avais 6t6 I had been Tu§tais thou wast :, or used to be Tu avals kXk thou hailst been 11 6tait he was, or used to be 11 avait 6t6 he had been On 6tait one was, used to be On avait 6t6 one had been people were, used to be people had been Nous 6tions we were, or used to be Nous avions k\k we had been Vous etiez you were, or used to be Vous aviez 6t6 you had been lis 6taient they were :, or used to be lis avaient 6t6 they had been 22 THE FRENCH VERB Passe Defini Jefus I was Tu f us thou wast Ilfut he was Onfut one was Nous fflmes we were Vous futes you were lis furent they were Passe Anterieur J'eus §t6 Tu eus 6t6 II eut 6t6 On eut §t6 Nous eumes 6t6 Vous elites 6t6 lis eurent §t§ I had been thou hadst been he had been one had been we had been you had been they had been Je serai Tu seras II sera On sera Nous serons Vous serez lis seront Futur I shall or will be thou shalt or wilt be he shall or will be one shall or will be we shall or will be you shall or will be they shall or will be Futur Anterieur J'aurai 6t6 Tu auras 6t6 II aura 6t6 On aura kik Nous aurons 6t§ Vous aurez 6t6 lis auront 6t6 I shall or will have been thou shalt £»r wilt have been he shall or will have been one shall or will have been we shall or will have been you shall or will have been they shall or will have been LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je serais I should or would be Tu serais thou shouldst or wouldst be II serait he should or would be On serait one should or would be Nous serious we should or would be Vous seriez you should or would be lis seraient they should or would be Passe I St Form 2d Form J'aurais 6t§ J'eusse 6t6 I should or would have been Tu aurais §16 Tu eusses 4t6 thou shouldst or wouldst have been II aurait §t§ II eiit 6t6 he should or would have been On aurait §t6 On eut 6t6 one should or would have been Nous aurions 6t§ Nous eussions 6t§ we should or would have been Vous auriez 6t6 Vous eussiez 6t§ you should or would have been lis aurient 6t6 lis eussent 6t6 they should or would have been L'IMP Sois Soyez Soyons ERATIF be (thou) be (you) let us or me be Qu'il soit Qu'on soit Qu'ils soient let him be let one (people) be let them be THE FRENCH VERB 23 LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je sois Que tu sois Qu'il soit Qu'on soit Que nous soyons Que vous soyez Qu'ils soient that I may be that thou may est be that he may be that one may be that we may be that you may be that they may be Que j'aie 6t6 Que tu aies §t§ Qu'il ait §t§ Qu'on ait 6te Que nous ayons 6t6 Que vous ayez 6t6 Qu'ils aient 6t6 that I may have been that thou mayest have been that he may have been that one may have heen that we may have been that you may have been that they may have been Imparfait Que je fusse that I might be Que tu fusses that thou mightest be Qu'il fut that he might be Qu'on flit that one might be Que nous fussions that we might be Que vous fussiez that you might be Qu'ils fussent that they might be Plus-que-parfait Que j'eusse kXk that I might have been Que tu eusses 6t6 that thou mightest have been Qu'il eiit k\.k that he might have been Qu'on efit 6t6 that one might have been Que nous eussions 6t§ that we might have been Que vous eussiez k\.k that you might have been Qu'ils eussent 6t6 that they might have been Etre takes ^ before the infinitive connected with it : Je suis a 4crire. I am engaged in writing (literally : I am at writing). Notice the English expressions " I am a-writing, I am a-hunting," etc., in which the meaning and the construction are similar. Cela est a vendre. That is to be sold (literally : that is for selling). 29. CONJUGATION OF ETRE Negatively Infinitif Present N'§tre pas not to be Infin itif Passe N'avoir pas kXJk not to have been Participe Present Participe Passe Compose N'6tant pas not being N'ayant pas 6t6 not having been Participe Passe Ne...pas6t6 not... been L'INDICATIF TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini Je n'ai pas 6t6, etc. I have not been, etc. Passe Anterieur TEMPS SIMPLES Present Je ne suis pas, etc. I am not, etc. Imparfait Je n'Stais pas, etc. I was not, etc. Je n'eus pas 6t6, etc. I had not been, etc 24 THE FRENCH VERB Passe Defini -■ Plus-que-parfait Je ne fus pas, etc. I was not, etc. Je n'avais pas 6t6, etc. I had not been, etc. Futur Futur Anterieur Je ne serai pas, etc. I shall not be, etc. Je n'aurai pas dt6, I shall not have been, etc. etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe ist Form 2d Form Je ne serais pas, etc. I should not be, etc. Je n'aurais pas 6t§, Je n'eusse pas 6t§, etc. etc. I should not have been, etc. l'impe'ratif Ne sois pas be (thou) not Ne soyez pas be (you) not Ne soyons pas let us not be Qu'il ne soit pas let him not be Qu'on ne soit pas let one (people) not be Qu'ils ne soient pas let them not be LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je ne sois pas, that I may not be. Que je n'aie pas 6t6, that I may not have etc. etc. etc. been, etc. Iviparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je ne fusse pas, that I might not be, Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have etc. etc. §t6, etc. been, etc. Interrogatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Suis-je? etc. ami? etc. Ai-je6t6? etc. have I been? etc. Imparfait Passe Anterieur ijtais-je? etc. was I? etc Eus-je 6t6 ? etc. had I been ? etc. Passe Defini Plus-que-parfait Fus-je? etc. was I ? etc. Avais-je §t§ ? etc. had I been ? etc. Futur Futur Anterieur Serai-je? etc. shall I be ? etc. Aurai-je 6t6? etc. shall I have been? etc. THE FRENCH VERB 25 LE CONDiriONNEL Present Passe I St Form 2d Form Serais-je? etc. should I be ? etc. Aurais-je 6t6? etc. Euss6-je et6? etc. should I have been? etc. 30. CONJUGATION OF ETRE Negatively and Interrogatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Ne suis-je pas ? etc. am I not ? etc. N'ai-je pas §t§ ? etc. have I not been ? etc. Imparfait Passe Anterieur N'6tais-je pas? etc. was I not ? etc. N'eus-je pas 6t§? etc. had I not been ? etc. Passe Defini Plus-que-parfait Ne f us-je pas ? etc. was I not ? etc. N'avais-je pas k\.k ? had I not been ? etc. etc. Futur Futur Anterieur Ne serai-je pas ? etc. shall I not be ? etc. N'aurai-je pas 6t6 ? shall I not have been ? etc. etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe ist Form 2d Form Ne serais-je pas? etc. should I not be ? etc. N*aurais-je pas 6t6? N'6uss6-je pas 6t6? etc. etc. should I not have been? etc. Ou est-elle ? Where is she ? EUe est dans le jardin. She is in the garden. Ne sera-t-il pas ici demain ? Will he not be here to-morrow ? See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of etre. 31. THE VERB FAIRE Faire is one of the most important French verbs. . In general terms, it corre- sponds to two English verbs, to inake and to do. 26 THE FRENCH VERB CONJUGATION OF FAIRE = TO DO, TO MAKE Infinitif Present *?i .-.{^ Faire . to do f Vi^ % >#•% Panicipe Present ^ Faisani doing Infinitif Passe Avoir fait to have done Participe Passe Compose Ayant fait | having done P(/f%t^pe Passe 3, Fait {m.s.), faite (f.s.), faits {m.pL), faites if.pl.), done L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Y_JefaJa^ I do J'ai fait I have done Tufais thou doest Tu as fait thou hast done 11 fait he does 11 a fait he has done On fait one does On a fait one has done Nous faisons we do Nous avons fait we have done Vous faites you do Vous avez fait you have done lis font they do lis ont fait they have done Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Je faisais I was doing J' avals fait I had done Tu faisais thou wast doing Tu avals fait thou hadst done 11 fa/sa/f he was doing 0^1 avait fait he had done On /cf/sa/Y one was doing On avait fait one had done Nous faisions we were doing Nous avions fait we had done Vous faisiez you were doing Vous aviez fait you had done lis faisaient they were doing lis avaient fait they had done r Passe Defini Passe Anterieur S Je/7s I did J'eus fait I had done -Tul^ thou didst Tu eus fait thou hadst done 11 /7f he did 11 cut fait he had done On /7f one did On eut fait one had done Nous ///wes we did Nous eumes fait we had done Vous //fes you did Vous eutes fait you had done lis firent they did lis eurent fait they had done Futur Futur Anterieur Je /era/ I shall do J'aurai fait I shall or will have done Tu /eras thou wilt do Tu auras fait thou shalt or wilt have done 11 fera he will do 11 aura fait he shall or will have done Oa /era one will do On aura fait one shall or will have done Nous ferons we shall do Nous aurons fait we shall or will have done Vous /erez you will do Vous aurez fait you shall or will have done lis /ero//f they will do lis auront fait they shall or will have done THE FRENCH VERB 27 LE CONDITIONNEL Je ferais Tu ferais II ferait On ferait Nous ferions Vous fer/ez lis feraient Fais Faites Faisons Present I should do thou wouldst do he would do one would do we should do you would do they would do L'IMPERATIF do (thou) do (you) let us (me) do Qu'il fasse Qu'on fasse Qu'ils fas sent let him do let one (. While in EngHsh we can say / do, I did, or / have done it, etc., instead of repeating a clause or sentence, the French can use faire. 33. TO CAUSE TO BE DONE = TO HAVE DONE The verb faire is much used before infinitives in the sense of to cause a thing to be done. This is sometimes called the causative mood of the verb following faire. In it faire is a true auxiliary. Faire in such sentences is generally trans- lated in English by to have or to get {done). „ . ^ . , , , . f / have made to repair the chair. J'ai fait reparer la chaise. \ ^ ^ 77., , ■ -, \I have had the chair repaired. , , . , , , (^ He has made to cut down the lar^e trees. II a fait abattre les grands arbres. ■{ ^^ , 7 7 .7 7 . . j \ He has had the large trees cut down. . . [I make to make my gloves here. Je fais faire mes gants ici. \ r i , .x 7 77 \^I have (or get) my gloves made here. Note that no preposition is used after faire before the infinitive. Conjugate the verb faire negatively, according to the method shown in the negative conjugation of avoir and etre. 34. CASES WHERE TO MAKE IN ENGLISH CANNOT BE RENDERED IN FRENCH BY FAIRE Where we use to make before an adjective, as / will make you happy, the French do not use faire; they use the verb rendre, because the meaning is really not to make, but to render you happy. Je vous rendrai heureux. I will render {make) you happy. II a rendu cet enfant irritable. He has made that child irritable. Cela m'a rendu malade. That has made me sick. Conjugate faire interrogatively, then negatively and interrogatively, following the corresponding conjugations of avoir and etre. THE FRENCH VERB 29 35. FAIRE IMPERSONAL In cases where we use the impersonal construction with // in describing the condition of the weather and the temperature, the French use the verb faire impersonally with il as subject. // is fine weather. It is bad weather. II fait beau temps. II fait mauvais temps. // is cold weather. It is warm {weather) . II fait froid. II fait chaud. But when the construction has a personal subject, the verb etre must be used in French, as in English. The weather is fine. The water is cold, warm. Le temps est beau. L'eau est froide, chaude. See Verb Dictionary for additional uses of faire. 36. ALLER The verb aller corresponds to the English verb to go,\>M\. has the difference that it is conjugated with etre, to be, instead of avoir, to have. This may be explained by the fact that aller is one of a group called verbs of motion {going, coming, etc.), which are generally conjugated with etre because of the fact that they indicate a change of state. In English we say he has gone, but we may also say he is gone ; he had gone, or he was gone. In French etre alone is used as auxiliary. T\\^ past participle of all French verbs conjugated with etre (except reflexive verbs, which are discussed later) agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. The agreement is shown by adding e to the past participle to indi- cate the feminine gender, and by adding s to the masculine or feminine singular in order to indicate tlie plural. Hence, she has gone is elle est all^e. We had gone is nous etions alles (w.), allies (/.). Vous etes alle (alles), (allle), (allies), you have gone, varies with the sense ; i.e. the participle is pluralized if the statement appHes to more persons than one, otherwise it is singular. 37. CONJUGATION OF ALLER = TO GO Infiniiif Present • Infinilif Passe I Aller to go Etre a.116 to have gone 30 THE FRENCH VERB Participe Passe Compose Etant all6 having gone Participe Present o - AJJ^ t going ' Participe Passe -^ A116 (m.s.), all^s {mpl.), all^e {f.s.), allies (///), gone C L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passt ' Indefini .J3ym^ \go or\ am going Je suisall^ I have gone ^Mvas thou goest or thou art going Tu es all6 thou hast gone 11 va he goes or he is going 11 est all6 he has gone On va one goes or one is going On est a'll^ one has gone Nous aliens we go or we are going Nous sommes all6s we have gone Vous allez you go or you are going Vous etes all§s you have gone lis vont they go or they are going lis sont all^s they have gone Imparfait Plus-que-parfait J'allais I was going J'^tais all6 I had gone Tu allais thou wast going Tu etais alle thou hadst gone 11 allait he was going 11 6tait ^11^ he had gone Onallait. one was going On est all6 one had gone Nous allions we were going Nous 6tions all6s we had gone Vous alliez you were going Vous 6tiez all6s you had gone lis allaient they were going lis 6taient all6s they had gone /• Passe Defini Passe Anterieur 'T'u alias I went Je f us all6 I had gone thou wentest TU fus all6 thou hadst gone 11 alia he went n f ut all6 he had gone On alia one went On f ut all6 one had gone Nous allUmes we went Nous fiimes all6s we had gone Vous aliates. you went Vous ffites all6s you had gone lis alldrent they went lis furent all6s they had gone Futur Futur Anterieur yirai I shall go Je serai all6 I shall have gone Tu iras thou wilt go Tu seras all6 thou wilt have gone 11 ira he will go 11 sera all§ he will have gone On ira one will go On sera all^ one will have gone Nous irons we shall go Nous serons all6s we shall have gone Vous irez you will go Vous serez all6s» you will have gon*i lis /ro/;f they will go lis seront allds they will have gone THE FRENCH VERB 31 LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe yirais I should go I St Form 2d Form Tu irais thou wouldst go 11 irait he would go Je serais all6 Je f usse all6 On irait one would go I should have gone Nous irions we should go Tu serais all§ Tu fusses all6 Vous iriei you would go thou wouldst have gone lis iraient they would go 11 serait all6 11 fat all6 he would have gone L'IMPERATIF On serait all6 On fat all6 Va go (thou) one would have gone Allez go (you) • Nous serious all6s Nous fussions all6s AUons let us (me) go we should have gone Vous seriez all§s Vous fussiez all6s you would have gone Qu'il aille let him go Qu'on aille let one (people) go lis seraient all6s lis fussent all6s Qu'ils aillent let them go they would have gone LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que Y aille that I may go Que je sois all§ that I may have gone Que tu allies that thou mayest go Que tu sois all§ that thou mayest have gone Qu'il aille that he may go Qu'il soit all6 that he may have gone Qu'on aille that one may go Qu'on soit all6 that one may have gone Que nous alliens that we may go Que nous soyons all6s that we may have gone Que vous alliez that you may go Que vous soyez all6s that you may have gone Qu'ils aillent that they may go Qu'ils soient all^s that they may have gone Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Que j'allasse that I might go Que iif fusse all6 that I might have gone Que tu allasses that thou mightest go Que tu fusses all6 that thou mightest have gone Qu'il aliat that he might go Qu'il fat all6 that he might have gone Qu'on aliat that one might go Qu'on fat all6 that one might have gone Que nous allassions that we might go Que nous fussions that we might have all^s gone Que vous allassiez that you might go Que vous fussiez that you might have all^s gone Qu'ils allassent that they might go Qu'ils fussent all^s that they might have gone AUer requires neither H nor de before an infinitive depending upon it. Je vais parler. / am going to speak. J'allais ^tudier. / was going to study. 32 THE FRENCH VERB Note in the two preceding examples the use of aller as auxiliary, just as we use to go in English. Conjugate the verb aller in the negative, interrogative, and the negative- interrogative forms, following the corresponding conjugations of avoir and etre. See Verb Dictionary for idiomatic uses of aller. 38. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRENCH VERBS As to Conjugations French verbs are arranged with respect to the endings or signs of their present infinitives into four classes or conjugations. Those ending in -er form the ist conjugation; those in -ir form the 2d conjugation ; those in -oir form the 3d conjugation ; and those in -re the 4th conjugation. The conjugation of each class is illustrated by a verb called the model verb of that conjugation. In this work parler, to speak, has been chosen as the model verb of the ist conjugation, finir as that of the 2d, recevoir as that of the 3d, and rendre as that of the 4th. French verbs are further classified according to their form into regular, irregular, and defective verbs. A regular verb is one which always follows, throughout, the conjugation of the model verb of the same ending. An irregular verb is one which, having the same ending as the verbs of one of the four conjugations, deviates to a greater or lesser degree from the conjuga- tion of the model verb with the same ending. A defective verb is one which is lacking in some of the tenses or persons. 39. COMPOSITION OF THE FRENCH VERB The French verb is composed of a stem, or root, which remains unchanged throughout the conjugation of the regular verb, and of a termination or end- ing which is changed to correspond to the tense, person, and number of the conjugation. To find the stem of a verb, remove the ending of the present infinitive; the' unchanging root will remain. In parler, to speak, the stem is pari-, and this remains unchanged throughout ; -er is the ending of the present infinitive. The endings for all the moods and tenses of the four conjugations are arranged in the following table. THE FRENCH VERB 35 Je parla/s Tu parla/s II parla/Y On parla/Y Nous parl/o/7s Vous parl/ez lis parla/e/7f Je parla/ Tu parlas II parla On parla Nous parla/77es Vous parlafes lis parle/'e/7f Je parlera/ Tu parleras II parlera On parlera Imparfait I was speaking, used to speak thou wast speaking, usedst to speak he was speaking, used to speak one was speaking, used to speak we were speaking, used to speak you were speaking, used to speak they were speaking, used to speak Passe Defini I spoke thou spokest he spoke one spoke we spoke you spoke they spoke Futur I shall or will speak thou shall or wilt speak he shall or will speak one shall or will speak Nous pa,rlero/;s we shall or will speak Vous parlerez you shall or will speak lis parlero/7f they shall or will speak Plus-que-parfa it J'avais parle I had spoken Tu avals parle thou hadst spoken II avait parle he had spoken On avait parle one had spoken Nous avions parle we had spoken Vous aviez parle you had spoken lis avaient parle they had spoken Passe Anterieur J'eus parle Tu eus parle II eut parle On eut parle Nous eumes parle Vous eutes parle lis eurent parle I had spoken thou hadst spoken he had spoken one had spoken we had spoken you had spoken they had spoken Futur Anterieur J'aurai parle Tu auras parle II aura parle On aura parle I shall or will have spoken thou shalt or wilt have spoken he shall (?rwill have spoken one shall or will have spoken Nous aurons parle we shall or spoken Vous aurez parle you shall or spoken lis auront parl^ they shall or spoken will have will have will have LE CONDITIONNEL Je parlera/s Tu parlera/s II -pailerait On T^anlerait Nous ■parler/ons Vous parler/ez lis T^SLXleraient Present I should or would speak thou shouldst or wouldst speak he should or would speak one should or would speak we should or would speak you should or would speak they should or would speak Passe I St Form 2d Form J'aurais parle J'eusse parl6 I should or would have spoken Tu aurais parle Tu eusses parl6 thou shouldst or wouldst have spoken II aurait parle II eiit parl^ he should or would have spoken On aurait parle On eflt parl6 one should or would have spoken Nous aurions parle Nous eussions parl6 we should or would have spoker Vous auriez parle Vous eussiez parl6 you should or would have spoken lis auraient parle lis eussent parU they should or would have spoken 36 THE FRENCH VERB Parle Parlez Parlons L'IMPERATIF speak (thou) Qu'il parle speak (you) Qu'on parle let us or me speak Qu'ils parlent let him speak let one or people speak let them speak LE SUBJONCTIF Present Que je parle that I may speak Que j'aie parle Que tu paries that thou mayest speak Que tu aies parle Qu'il parle that he may speak Qu'on parle that one may speak Que nous parl/ows that we may speak Que vous parl/ez that you may speak Qu'ils parlewf that they may speak Qu'il ait parle Qu'on ait parle Que nous ayons parle Que vous ayez parle Qu'ils aient parle Passe that I may have spoken that thou mayest have spoken that he may have spoken that one may have spoken that we may have spoken that you may have spoken that they may have spoken Jmparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je parlasse that I might speak Que j'eusse parle that I might have spoken Que tu parlasses that thou mightest speak Que tu eusses that thou mightest have parle spoken Qu'il parlaf that he might speak Qu'il eiit parle that he might have spoken Qu'on parlaf that one might speak Qu'on eiit parle that one might have spoken Que nous parlas- that we might speak Que nous eussions that we might have spoken s'lons parle Que vous parlas- that you might speak Que vous eussiez that you might have siez parle spoken Qu'ils parlassenf that they might speak Qu'ils eussent parle that they might have spoken The verb parler used intransitively means to speak, to talk. Je parlais a men f rlre. / was speaking to my brother. Nous parlions de men p^re. We were talking of my father. Before an infinitive, parler requires de. lis parlent de quitter le pays. They are talking of leaving the country. Note. — If the meaning is in order to, or for the purpose of, pour is used before the infinitive. II parle beaucoup pour gagner du temps. He is talking a great deal to {in order to) gain time. THE FRENCH VERB 37 Parler is used transitively, as in English, before names of languages. EUe parle fran9ais. She speaks French. See Verb Dictionary for further information. Like parler conjugate the following verbs: Admirer, to admire. Used as in English. Ferrner, to dose. As in English. Fermer quelque chose a clef, to lock anything up. Marcher, to walk; to march. (Intransitive.) Chanter, to sing. Used as in English. Dejeuner, to breakfast. (Intransitive.) The French do not say / have eaten breakfast, but J'ai d^jeun^, etc., I have breakfasted, etc. Dessiner, to draw. As in English ; but to drazu in the sense of to pull is tirer. TiiQX, to draw, to pull. Used as in English. For special or idiomatic use of verbs, see the Verb Dictionary in back of book. 43. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK Negatively Infinitif Passe N'avoir pas parld not to have spoken Participe Passe Compose N'ayant pas parl6 not having spoken Participe Passe Infin itif Present Ne pas parler not to speak Participe Present Ne parlant pas not speaking Ne . . . pas parl6 not spoken L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present Je ne parle pas I do not speak, am not speaking Tu ne paries pas thou dost not speak, art not speaking II ne parle pas he does not speak, is not speaking On ne parle pas one does not speak, is not speaking Nous ne parlons pas we do not speak, are not speaking Vous ne parlez pas you do not speak, are not speaking 71s ne parlent pas they do not speak, are not speaking TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini Je n'ai pas parl^ I have not spoken Tu n'as pas parl6 thou hast not spoken II n'a pas parl6 he has not spoken On n'a pas parl4 one has not spoken Nous n'avons pas we have not spoken parl^ Vous n'avez pas parld you have not spoken lis n'ont pas parld they have not spoken 38 THE FRENCH VERB Iinparfait Je ne parlais pas I was not speaking Tu ne parlais pas II ne parlait pas On ne parlait pas Nous ne parlious , pas Vous ne parliez pas lis ne parlaient pas Passe Defini thou wast not speaking he was not speaking one was not speaking we were not speaking you were not speaking they were not speaking Je ne parlai pas Tu ne parlas pas II ne parla pas On ne parla pas Nous ne pariames pas Vous ne parlites pas you did not speak I did not speak thou didst not speak he did not speak one did not speak we did not speak Plus-qtte-paj'fait Je n'avais pas parl6 I had not spoken Tu n' avals pas parl6 thou hadst not spoken II n'avait pas parl6 he had not spoken On n'avait pas parl^, one had not spoken Nous n'avions pas we had not spoken parl6 Vous n'aviez pas you had not spoken parl6 lis n'avaient pas they had not spoken parl€ Passe Anterieur Je n'eus pas parld I had not spoken Tu n'eus pas parld thou hadst not spoken lis ne parl§rent pas they did not speak Futur Je ne parlerai pas I shall not speak Tu ne parleras pas thou wilt not speak II ne parlera pas he will not speak On ne parlera pas one will not speak Nous ne parlerons we shall not speak pas Vous ne parlerez pas you will not speak lis ne parleront pas they will not speak II n'eut pas parl6 On n'eut pas parl6 Nous n'eumes pas parl6 Vous n' elites pas parl6 Ilsn'eurentpasparl6 they had not spoken Futur Anterieur Je n'aurai pas parl6 I shall not have spoken he had not spoken one had not spoken we had not spoken you had not spoken Tu n' auras pas parl6 II n'aura pas parld On n'aura pas parl6 Nous n'aurons pas parl^ Vous n'aurez pas parl6 lis n'auront pas parl6 they will not have spoken thou wilt not have spoken he will not have spoken one will not have spoken we shall not have spoken you will not have spoken LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe jst Form 2d Form I should not speak Je n'aurais pas parl6 Je n'eusse pas parl6 1 should not have spoken thou wouldst not Tu n'aurais pas parl6 Tu n'eusses pas parle speak thou wouldst not have spoken he would not speak II n'aurait pas parl§ II n'eut pas parl6 he would not have spoken one would not speak On n'aurait pas parl6 On n'eiit pas parl6 one would not have spoken Nous ne parlerions pas we should not speak Nous n'aurions pas Nous n'eussions pas parl6 parl6 we should not have spoken Vous ne parleriez pas you would not speak Vous n'auriez pas Vous n'eussiez pas parl6 pari! you would not have spoken [parl6 lis ne parleraient pas they would not speak lis n'auraient pas parl6 lis n'eussent pas they would not have spoken Je ne parlerais pas Tu ne parlerais pas II ne parlerait pas On ne parlerait pas THE FRENCH VERB L'IMPERATIF 39 Ne parle pas do not speak (thou) Qu'il ne parle pas let him not speak Ne parlez pas do not speak (you) Qu'on ne parle pas let one (people) Ne parlons pas let us or me not not speak speak Qu'ils ne parlent pas let them not speak LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je ne parle pas that I may not speak Que je n'aie pas parl6 that I may not have spoken Que tu ne paries pas that thou mayest not Que tu n'aies pas that thou mayest not have speak parl6 spoken Qu'il ne parle pas that he may not Qu'il n'ait pas parl6 that he may not have speak spoken Qu'on ne parle pas that one may not Qu'on n'ait pas parl6 that one may not have speak ■ spoken Que nous ne parlions that we may not Que nous n'ayons pas that we may not have pas speak parl6 spoken Que vous ne parliez that you may not Que vous n'ayez pas that you may not have pas speak parl§ spoken Qu'ils ne parlent that they may not Qu'ils n'aient pas that they may not have pas speak parl6 spoken Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je ne parlasse that I might not Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have pas speak parl6 spoken Que tu ne parlasses that thou mightest Que tu n'eusses pas that thou mightest not pas not speak parle have spoken Qu'il ne pariat pas that he might not Qu'il n'eut pas parl6 that he might not have speak spoken Qu'on nepariat pas that one might not Qu'on n'eut pas parl6 that one might not have speak spoken Que nous ne parlas- that we might not Que nous n'eussions that we might not have sions pas speak pas parl§ spoken Que vous ne parlas- that you might not Que vous n'eussiez pas that you might not have siez pas speak parl6 spoken Qu'ils neparlassent that they might not Qu'ils n'eussent pas that they might not have pas speak parl6 spoken Conjugate negatively (like parler) the following verbs : Accuser, to accuse. Requires de before infinitive and also where of is required in the similar English construction. On a accus§ le g6n6ral d'avoir abandonni I'armfie. Aider, to aid. Requires a before infinitive. n m'a aid6 4 vendre ma maison. 40 THE FRENCH VERB Briiler, to burn. Cacher, to hide. Danser, to dance. Conter, to relate. Used as in English. Used as in English. Used as in English. Used as in English. See Verb Dictionary in back of book for special or idiomatic uses of verbs. 44. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK Interrogatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Parl^-je ? Parles-tu ? Parle-t-il? Parle-t-on ? Parlons-nous ? Parle z-vous ? Parlent-ils ? Parlais-je? Parlais-tu ? Parlait-il? Parlait-on? Parlions-nous ? Parliez-vous ? Parlaient-ils ? Present do I speak ? dost thou speak ? does he speak ? does one speak ? do we speak ? do you speak ? do they speak ? Imparfait was I speaking ? wast thou speaking ? was he speaking ? was one speaking ? were we speaking ? were you speaking ? were they speaking ? Passe Dejini Parlai-je ? Parlas-tu ? Parla-t-il? Parla-t-on? Parl^mes-nous ? Parlates-vous? Parlerent-ils ? Parlerai-je? Parleras-tu ? Parlera-t-il ? Parlera-t-on ? Parlerons-nous ? Parlerez-vous ? Parleront-ils ? did I speak ? didst thou speak ? did he speak ? did one speak ?, did we speak ? did you speak ? did they speak ? Ftitiir shall I speak ? wilt thou speak ? will he speak ? will one speak ? shall we speak ? will you speak ? will they speak ? TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indtjini Ai-je parl^ ? As-tu parl6 ? A-t-ilparl6? A-t-on parl6 ? Avons-nous parl6 ? Avez-vous parl^? Ont-ilsparl6? have I spoken ? hast thou spoken ? has he spoken ? has one spoken ? have we spoken ? have you spoken ? have they spoken ? Plus- que-pai- fait Avais-je parl6? had I spoken ? Avais-tu parl^ ? hadst thou spoken ? Avait-il parl^ ? had he spoken ? Avait-on parle ? had one spoken ? Avions-nous parl^ ? had we spoken ? Aviez-vous parl6 ? had you spoken ? Avaient-ils parl^ ? had they spoken ? Passe Anterieur had I spoken ? hadst thou spoken ? had he spoken ? had one spoken ? had we spoken ? had you spoken ? had they spoken ? Eus-je parl^ ? Eus-tu parl6 ? Eut-il parl^ ? Eut-on parl^ ? Eumes-nous parl6 ? Eiites-vous parl^ ? Eurent-ils parl6 ? Futur Anterieur Aurai-je parl^? shall I have spoken ? Auras-tu parl6? wilt thou have spoken ? Aura-t-il parl^? will he have spoken ? Aura-t-on parld? will one have spoken ? Aurons-nous parld? shall we have spoken ? Aurez-vous parl6? will you have spoken ? Auront-ils parl^ ? will they have spoken ? THE FRENCH VERB 41 LE CONDITIONNEL Parlerais-je? Parlerais-tu ? Parlerait-il ? Parlerait-on ? Parlerions-nous ? Parleriez-vous ? Parleraient-ils ? Present should I speak ? wouldst thou speak ? would he speak ? would one speak ? should we speak ? would you speak ? would they speak ? Aurais-je parl6? Aurais-tu parl6 ? Aurait-il parl6 ? Aurait-on parl6 ? Aurions-nous parl€ ? Auriez-vous parl6? Auraient-ils parl6 ? Passe should I have spoken ? wouldst thou have spoken ? would he have spoken ? would one have spoken ? should we have spoken ? would you have spoken ? would they have spoken ? 45. CONJUGATION OF PARLER = TO SPEAK Interrogatively and Negatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present Ne parl^-je pas ? Ne parles-tu pas ? Ne parle-t-il pas ? Ne parle-t-on pas ? Ne parlons-nous pas? Ne parlez-vous pas? Ne parlent-ils pas ? do they not speak ? Imparfait Ne parlais-je pas? was I not speaking ? do I not speak ? dost thou not speak ? does he not speak ? does one not speak ? do we not speak ? do you not speak ? wast thou not speaking ? was he not speaking ? was one not speaking ? were we not speaking ? Ne parlais-tu pas? Ne parlait-il pas ? Ne parlait-on pas ? Ne parlions-nous pas? Ne parliez-vous were you not speaking ? pas? Ne parlaient-ils were they not speaking ? pas? Passe Defini Ne parlai-je pas? Ne parlas-tu pas ? Ne parla-t-il pas ? Ne parla-t-on pas ? Ne parlUmes-nous pas? Ne pariates-vous pas? Ne parldrent-ils pas? did I not speak ? didst thou not speak ? did he not speak ? did one not speak ? did we not speak ? did you not speak ? did they not speak ? TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indejini N'ai-je pas parl6 ? N'as-tu pas parl^ ? N'a-t-il pas parl6 ? N'a-t-on pas parl6 ? N'avons-nous pas parl^? N'avez-vous pas parl6? N'ont-ils pas parl6 ? have I not spoken ? hast thou not spoken ? has he not spoken ? has one not spoken ? have we not spoken ? have you not spoken ? have they not spoken ? Plus- que- par fait N'avais-je pas parl^? had I not spoken ? N'avais-tu pas parl6? hadst thou not spoken? N'avait-il pas parle? had he not spoken ? N'avait-on pas parl^? had one not spoken ? N'avions-nous pas had we not spoken ? parl6? N'aviez-vous pas had you not spoken ? parl6? N'avaient-ils pas had they not spoken ? parl6 ? Passe Anterieur had I not spoken ? hadst, thou not spoken ?. had he not spoken ? had one not spoken? had we not spoken ? N'eus-je pas parld? N'eus-tu pas parl6? N'eut-il pas parl6? N'eut-onpas parl^? N'eflmes-nous pas parl6 ? N'efltes-vous pas parl6? N'eurent-ils pas parl6? had you not spoken ? had they not spoken ? 42 THE FRENCH VERB Futur Ne parlerai-je pas ? shall I not speak ? Ne parleras-tu wilt thou not speak ? pas? Ne parlera-t-il pas ? will he not speak ? Ne parlera-t-on will one not speak ? pas? Ne parlerons-nous pas? Ne parlerez-vous pas? Ne parleront-ils pas? Futur Anterieur shall we not speak ? will you not speak ? will they not speak ? N'aurai-je pas parl^ ? N'auras-tu pas parl6 ? N'aura-t-il pasparl6? N'aura-t-on pas parl6 ? N^aurons-nous pas parl6 ? N'aurez-vous pas parl6 ? N'auront-ils pas parl6? shall I not have spoken? wilt thou not have spoken ? will he not have spoken ? will one not have spojcen? shall we not have spoken ? will you not have spoken ? will they not have spoken ? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Ne parlerais-je should I not speak ? pas? Ne parlerais-tu wouldst thou not speak ? N'aurais-tu pas? Ne parlerait-il would he not speak ? pas? Ne parlerait-on would one not speak ? pas? Ne parlerions-nous should we not speak ? pas? Ne parleriez-vous would you not speak ? pas? Ne parleraient-ils would they not speak? pas? Pass'e N'aurais-je pas should I not have parl6? spoken ? N'aurais-tu pas wouldst thou not have parl6? spoken ? N'aurait-il pas would he not have parl6? spoken ? N'aurait-on pas would one not have parl6? spoken ? N'aurions-nous pas should we not have parl6? spoken ? N'auriez-vous pas would you not have parl6? spoken ? N'auraient-ils pas would they not have parl^? spoken? Note. — The 2d form of the conditional will be written by the student. 46. THE SECOND CONJUGATION Finir is the model verb of the 2d conjugation. All regular verbs ending in -ir are conjugated like finir. Note that in the regular verbs of this conjugation the present participle, like finissant (in the model verb), has -iss inserted before the ending -ant. Note that this -iss is retained in regular verbs in -ir in the cases where we change the ending -ant of the present participle into the proper terminations to secure other forms of the verb ; as in the imperfect indicative (fin-issais, issais, issait, issions, issiez, issent) and the present subjunctive (fin-isse, isses, isse^ issions, issiez, issent). THE FRENCH VERB 43 REGULAR VERBS {Continued) 47. SECOND CONJUGATION ENDING IN -IR MODEL VERB FINIR = TO FINISH In/in itif Present Fiw'r to finish Participe Present Finissanf finishing /«/?« itif Passe Avoir fin/ to have finished Participe Passe Compose Ayant fin/ having finished Participe Passe Fini (»?.j.), finie (/j.)» finis {m.pL), finies (///.), finished S. L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present /'fljj^' Indefini Je fin/s I finish ^r I am finishing r J'ai fin/ I have finished Tu fin/s thou finishest or thou art finishing Tu as fin/ thou hast finished U fin/f he finishes or he is finishing U a fin/ he has finished Elle fin/f she finishes or she is finishing Elle a fin/ she has finished On fin/f one finishes or one is finish- On a fin/ one has finished PL I mg Nous 6.w'ssons we finish or we are finishing Vous fin/ssez you finish or you are finish- ing lis fin/sse/7f they finish or they are fin- ishing EUes fin/sse/7f they finish or they are fin. ishing Nous avons fin/ vi^e have finished Vous avez fin/ you have finished lis ont fin/ they have finished .EUes ont fin/ they have finished Imp ar fait Je 13.nissa/s I veas finishing a On fin/>a Nous fin/rons Vous fin/>ez lis tniront Je fin/>a/s Tu fin/>a/s II ^m'rait On ^n/'rait Nous fiViirions Vous tniriez lis ^niraient Finis Finissez Finissons Que je fin/sse Que tu fin/sses Qu'il fin/sse Qu'on fin/sse /(jz^j^ Defini I finished thou finishedst he finished one finished we finiished you finished they finished FuHir I shall or will finish thou shalt £>;' wilt finish he shall e to go to the post-office. Devez-vous y aller maintenant ? Have you to go there now ? Dois-je aller a la banque ce matin ? Am I {do I have) to go to the bank this morning? Dois-je vous accompagner ? Shall I go with you ? (Of frequent use.) martin's FRENCH VERB — 4 50 THE FRENCH VERB Notice also : Je ne pouvais vous attendre ; j'ai dii aller a la banque. I could not wait for you, I had to {was obliged to) go to the bank. 3. Devoir is used in the sense of must (but in this use should be carefully distinguished from falloir, Par. 93). In the sense of must the impersonal verb falloir expresses necessity ; whereas devoir expresses an inference on the part of the speaker ; i.e. a consequence inferred from what he knows to be true. Aprls un si long voyage vous devez etre fatigul. After so long a trip you jnust be tired. Elle a dii etre belle dans sa jeunesse. She must have been beautiful in her youth. II est convert de poussiire, il a dfi tomber. He is covered ivith dust; he must have fallen. 50. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION MODEL VERB RENDRE = TO RENDER, TO GIVE BACK Infinitif Passe Avoir rendw to have rendered Participe Passe Compose Ayant rend(/ having rendered Participe Passe Rendw {m.s.), rendwe {f.s.), rendws {iti.pl.), rendwes {fpL), rendered Infn itif Present Rendre to render Participe Present Rendawf rendering L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini I have rendered S. Je rends I render or I am ren- S. J'ai rendw dering Tu rends thou renderest or thou Tu as rendw thou hast rendered art rendering II rend . he renders or he is ren- II a rendw he has rendered dering Elle |end she renders or she is Elle a rendw she has rendered rendering On rend one renders or one is On a rendw one has rendered rendering PI. Nous rendo/JS we render or we are PI. Nous avons rendw we have rendered rendering Vous rendez you render or you are Vous avez rendw you have rendered rendering lis rende/7f they render or they are lis ont rendw they have rendered rendering EUes rendenf they render or they are Elles ont rendi/ they have rendered rendering THE FRENCH VERB 51 Je renda/s Tu renda/s II renda/Y On renda/Y Nous rend/0/; s Vous rend/ez lis renda/'e/7f Je rend/s Tu rend/s II rend/Y On rend/Y Nous rend//wes Vous rend/^es lis lendirent Je rendra/ Tu rendras II rendra On rendra Nous rendrons Vous rendrez lis rendront Imparfait I was rendering or I used to render thou wast rendering, etc. he was rendering, etc. one was rendering, etc. we were rendering, etc. you were rendering, etc. they were rendering, etc. Passe Defini I rendered thou renderedst he rendered one rendered we rendered you rendered they rendered Futur I shall or will render thou shalt or wilt render he shall or will render one shall or will render we shall or will render you shall or will render they shall or will render Passe Anterieur J'eus rendf/ I had rendered Tu eus rendw II cut rendw On eut rendt/ Nous eiimes rendw Vous elites rendw lis eurent rend^ thou hadst rendered he had rendered one had rendered we had rendered you had rendered they had rendered Plus-que-parfaii J'avais rendw Tu avals rendw • II avait rendw On avait rendw Nous avions rendw Vous aviez rendw lis avaient rendw I had rendered thou hadst rendered he had rendered one had rendered we had rendered you had rendered they had rendered J^aurai rendw Tu auras rendw II aura rendw On aura rendw Nous aurons rendw Vous aurez rendt/ lis auront rend:/ Futur Anterieur I shall or will have rendered thou shalt or wilt have rendered he shall or will have rendered one shall or will have rendered we shall or will have rendered you shall or will have rendered they shall or will have rendered LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je rendrais I should or would ren- der Tu rendrais thou shouldst or wouldst render II rendra/f he should or would ren- der On rendra/Y one should or would render Nous rendr/'ons we should or would render Vous rendr/ez you should or would render lis rendraient they should or would render Passe J St Form 2d Form J'aurais rendw J'eusse rendw I should or would have rendered Tu aurais rend// Tu eusses rendw thou shouldst or wouldst have rendered II aurait rendt/ II eut rendt/ he should or would have rendered On aurait rendt/ On efit rendt/ one should or would have rendered Nous aurions rendt/ Nous eussions rendt/ we should or would have rendered Vous auriez rendt/ Vous eussiez rendt/ you should or would have rendered lis auraient rendt/ lis eussent rendt/ they should or would have rendered 52 THE FRENCH VERB L'IMPERATIF Rends render (thou) Rendez render (you) Rendows let us or me render Qu'il rende let him render Qu'on rende let one (people) render Qu'ils rendewf let them render Que je rende Que tu rendes Qu'il rende Qu'on rende LE SUBJONCTIF Present that I may render ^ Que j'aie rendw Passe that thou mayest ren- Que tu aies rendtf der that he may render Qu'il ait rendw that one may render Qu'on ait rendw that I may have ren- dered that thou mayest have rendered that he may have ren- dered that one may have rendered Que nous rend/ows that we may render Que nous ayons rendw that vi^e may have rendered Que vous rend/ez that you may render Que vous ayez rendw that you may have rendered Qu'ils rendewf that they may render Qu'ils aient rend Q o 1^2 ."Sh I § ™ 4J r< O ri "sill's 8 'S T3 %1 TO r— ! ^ Ir^ ^ 4) OS «j cj 8 2 ja f^ ► g a J? 9 «* «^ J? «J 3 '^ O O 01 H-iH a s > a a CO N a 0) (U O o o t> a a a ^ ► > \ o > S -d s § 6 S C/2 *j ^ 4-. u o w a a a etf «j > ctf eS ** a M ^ o ^ a a a cyccx ^ ^ ^ ^ -^. ^ a N o a> g ^ P, nj cj ^ eS 2 «tf w M > > «i > 3 a J5 «« 3 «tf O O „ XI XI ■:^ '::i ^ x^ CXO'O'O'OO' "S 0) fl (U o c« o ^ S 5i S g S rt > rt cs 5 CIS i; T3 i ■1- OJ ra =; :3 g-^ S ^ S - t-i "i! ^ fl -rt cS «^ > ^ c3 ™ ** S s S3 ^ S TO g h-( -5 ^ :f >. S S g g a S " > S S H? > a -o g ^ > t3 r$ :3 rt cJ ^ >, ^ o 0) oj §^ HH :S -a ^ ^^-S CO CO o a> 4> c a ^ « a § ^ a o a Vfc >. S 2 J5 ^ «» ^ I ^ » « ,H S O S > 9 N O (U .52 ^ -G -S CO a -1:: a a S O, O ctf etf 1 § ^' ^ ^ 2 « I § § cs a " o o ^ ^ ^ CO ^2/2, § 5 g- g, g i s ? a a 3 a 3 * o o •« '^Haa>a a 2. a % THE FRENCH VERB 59 I 1 i I 00^ 1- ^ W «o t •§ iJ « ^-^ d 5^ o I . . s § ■s ■s a . s s ^ 2 -s iiMii 111 i^ £ I i pi •o So, §, « 'g^- " S a . H, ^ ,-. H, ^ g I .s ^ - ! s . -2 g ■^ 5 § S ^: 9 S w: -^ < < « 2 s a s zi '-' n y & ^ S ffi 6o THE FRENCH VERB bo bo C Oh 0) -. 'S :3 s 3 •^ s a bdO a < ^ bJD O ^ bO ,^ '^ 12 'TS 3 1^ ^ gi ■V* +j Vi (U ^ ^ ."S^' ^ a ^ O O ^ hH S ^ Ph a5 W) M bJO a « d ctf ctf ctf ?» bfl S) bO cj a a bJ A 1 s s fl m ^ o • rH 3 s s O'O'O' *. "S ?« 5 '^ be c3 n ^ 5 =^ S y .^ u 5 1 s geons gez nt lis ais it gions giez aient «1 ?« I3 ►£,Hh:;S>S s d d bO d 5 ctf ctf •^ ^ S S THE FRENCH VERB 6i V s ^ a "S u c H *" *. tJ rt ?^ J^ 2; vU <«• .tJ S So 2 2 t: So I ^ ^ ^ ^ S bjO 6 »^ 5 ^^^?gSa^ .5|oS-5a£r s-^-^-^.^^l^f^ «>r J^.^X >— ^ ^-UJ*J4_,j_,j_,j_, CO rt c3 rt c3 rt rt |^l|g|||^|j"l|8|||f^|a .^ . 3 -S-S :^_g S.^ g p ^ a "^ .^-o 3 :? — 5 I S § g g I I i I § g i f 6 .s i t- S I 2 333333 333333 «$« 3 3^^ Cx . O ^ « £ ^ 6 S tJ ^ S 63 ^ 6 6 ^ ^ '-^ "^ a ^ «J s ^^ ^ « ^ -S 9 ^ -^ ^ -9 Co ^ «: _« S ctf I > CO 62 THE FRENCH VERB c o I I .s i > vO !72 w o o o u s4) O .^ ^ 4> O B *4) O I " •■^ ^ S v^^ V a. 1i> o Pi > S d iA «^ ^ P4 8 mploye: changes toi •"S W >» g^t^ s g S ^ -S o ^ ^ g^ ^ -B M > >^■t: CO - ^ 5 a. ^ S o 3 ^-/^_/ a >^ >>"^ O O 73 'a, 'a, ^^ S S tJ QJ a? 9- § 3 *" O g M H-,H S a > a /1-, <•» o o o o Pi P< Pi B G B So; c d) •S5 5 g a 6 fi «u ^ P o s a +j "^ Si ^ s ^ ^ ^ >^ m S N o S I .(J) o a o Pi B Itlftl S ^ g S § S S 3 <" O § to Pi THE FRENCH VERB 63 I t^ =" ^ ^ "S, &• -S -s! a. a, 5 S U S S S S « s ^ ^ JS g S S '^ *J +J *J -M ^-. -W C$ d C^ CCS C^ C^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a N o « ego rX5 * § ^ - oj a) IT* 3 :3 3 3 3 3 CO'O'O'O'O' >, <" o o ^ <" bi) « -^ Jc •g' :^ S 6 S iSliii ^ a a> o o S 3 si 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'CX 1 I d ii ^ "S 'O 1 t o.U E (U 1 s s 'S^ ^ rt 1 > 1 ^ » (» •t— » •»— » 5 ^ a> Cj 4) 5 S i-»H-i t-H "tJ rG :? S S g »^ «, " aj p^ £ e^ s a s g _^ B ^ \ ^ ^ 4> B 2 « g »< oj S 53 ;r P Z. 2. i5 •->H a fe > a s 0) i-|||3i a> 3 '*' o o CO H->H a & > a g<^ o I t % J C o t I 64 THE FRENCH VERB < H O H d < w o ^ S o *" o 2 Ph 1^ >-. O 1> «4-I > o o ^ '5^ ^ af •^ u a rt cj « H-l rt I— I g a; I a i "o etf > >. CQ < ^ti S'2 a « 0) Q C c: «~ 5 S,§ W M C S 5 ^ ^ O o S N a 4) 4> O a a a cj 4J OJ qj CI- — ' S ji s Id S ^ S3 s -U T-( ^ CS (U ^ "is >^ "^ 2 G C/] rt rt cS rt rt 52 XI ^ J3 ^ ^ ^ <4-l a « a a ne )nes e menio menie: nent a / S £ -g 1 § S :;h o " 4> 4> r* C3 OJ ^ «u -- ^ ^ o 7^ « o S ^ -a 2 "^ > o pC u rt "^ o I- (u ^^ > t/3 V-> (U > rf -I ^ ^ '' >^ HI ■£ ^ ^ s-.'S t/3 t-H -S ^ ^ ;>^'5 1^ a c 0) Q> « .Q, g S „ O 03 ;^H a o a > a S c: Qj c: ^ZM • 5 Rj a etf s a s a o 01 > 1— 1 § 6 ►2i,HS fe>a THE FRENCH VERB 65 % -M T3 TJ rt g OJ -J3 '^ "7^ *i X! sT -M -M ■" *j •" ■" L> rt rt ^ t^ '^ "S ^ J ^ -a .G ^ ;a S *^ o 2 3 ^ -S ^ t^ *~ e ^ c C C QJ c c c S *= R - C - 3 ^ a 3 '3 o o (« c/J -5^ f^ se 50 *j V) ^ "^ o S 'At V. *•* V If I ^1 ■" g § martin's FRENCH VERB — 5 2 =» -5 B S r-> tn <1^ ?\ CO /ctf qa ^ C ^ ^ ^ 52 (1> S (U tu 1 ^3 c5 V S 1 !5 <:i ■4-> "is > - «> 2 d « !i § '^ ^ § rt « «J «J « HH HH O V) O ^ IS a .2J ■*-' d ■ >^ r?5 ^-^ P^ « p o o oa s ■^ III ." :f| Pi 00 S-" Ij 3: ^ **. H O ^« WJ 03 2 S «* ^ 2^ fl ^ o 2^ 0, ^ « S ^ g bx) . ■ I I ft I THE FRENCH VERB 67 O 3 -^ 9 O S> di P4 P4 P4 P^ P4 P4 -^ ^ 1: c3 ciJ rt rt cj rt ,C ^ ^ rC ^ -^ I O M ^ -u; " ■" ^ to \~ ^^.-Si.^p >W ^ t he mig t we mig t you mi t they m 8 8 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 2lh g< Ph P< as., P4 P4 ' 3 3 O O 3 3 00 rn CO CO CO 2 '^"^ oj 4> 3 3 3 3 S O'O'O'O'O' H <0 ft ft ^0 ft ft 3 "^ fl :^ --J cs " a; SJ iJ 1- 1) I- rt i/i -^ ^ ii :S ^ ^ =3 g S S ^ ?, u ^^3 «J 3 "* O O M H-,H h3 a > rt ;s t. e 5: 5; t: « QJ C 4) Q) 0) §•3 ^ o o 1^ o A ri o (L> <+-. ^ o i2 T? '3 c3 P4 (U 4-> a> £« •I— » ^C U-i ^ O u T3 ■(-> c3 M O- 3 *5j •5 ■ ^ '5 < 1 (4-1 'S> iC ••> ^G 0) _c ^ in 1 ,0 s s G 1 bO v> 3 _G G ^ 13 -^ oJ 2 "B- (U tn (U a, t^ • i-« c OJ -■ .2 ,cn G C c3 ■4-> x: OS s 'a CI. t/3 G ^ ^ >> c ^^ P '53 G > G -G G C/3 t3 ■*-• '^ 03 va> a "5 ^ OJ /O) % be )-l C ^— V ^H (U c C^ ^ (U ^ ^ x: t/3 .2 a ^ W3 rC f> ^ i Vi ^ > > en 1 ^ (U M NO G OS .2 G 3 G x: S* .2 ^ *42 ^ •«-> ^ 1 Si g e ^ ^ 1-4 ?3 >> f^ U « > bJO t> ^ ^ •i .s s Vj cJ ■■5 ■5 ,13 > o ^ ■^ is^ * >• •«> set « Pi ^ « «, 0) <" « !r V4 V ii *- Zi ^ V oj 1> > > 4) > 4J >- S >■ > M iM SO S v 3 2 N 2 « H- • >. ? /<0 yu so ^5 >> - • S- '< s:; a I I •I ^ 70 THE FRENCH VERB 3 ^ O (U >^ > o > >• « % i- > (L) s a; >. S rt ra g B CJ rj - • tJ ^ B o ^ A A >H /OJ /H M 1-1 ?§a .« .^ .^ vflj \4) voi S :3 ";3 PiPiPi CycxO' § s m a N .2.2 s^i 111 »-*>-'->- 00 ^ >-. M CO CO «4> ^4> p. II sill 2 nj ^ v !> «s vg ^« <2 ^2J ^2 ^ .2.5:: § ?» .s.2::s?^ a> «j '/^ 0) a> V^ O (O U*^ ?4 'x: <;>( ra s bfi § 'a :> •"' "vj rt ^ 5 -^ , s o Co 0) vu u Ki > ♦«> 3 3 bit) hfl W) ■n tuD f=! •? ■>- u ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V ^ f^ V z ^ ^ ^ "1^ ^ cS ^ > ^ ^ zi ^ ^ % >. hH -i ,C ^ >-,'t3 > r^ lU e o ^ "I «. I 2 S >-< ctf >• >■ ^i ^ ^2 3 3 =« .- ^ 1) u > V > iJ Ji ii r^ 7"! ;z3 7^ 13 o 43 c5 O Xi CO 5 ^ '^ m W O CQ & > a M )H ^ vu v > S "2i > ^ »- S j> 2 fe 2 vS vS S « »H O t> > M ^SJ >> VD >H »S >. ■1 o ^ 6 ^^ H ^ « THE FRENCH VERB 71 ^ «<3 2 " > o ^ o 5- as O P< "-' en a cu ^ OS ? - 'S ^ -^ '5 h ^ f=i C! .0 C! O O . w 3 ^ .s «* ^ 5^ ■^ £ a, "^ "^ '2 ^ *« >. +J •> c« O 3 ^? u H-1 ^- 3 -^ 2 -g d 'O o -^ 3 ^ o HH •£ 43 ^ t^-S 2 ^•- ■2 "^ ^ o <^ •^-•^ •5 -I I J^^-^ « ^ S § « a **. ^ CJ. o > >» >^ (1| 111 fU rt O. Oh a j^ S :a 5:5 4> 4> r^ o .';h O'O'O' s I O 5 hH ci^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,^ ^ ^ rQ J= J3 ^ J= a N o a> 09 •Il •i-i O S sse sses yass yass isent e« nj ^ «J c« ^ ^ >.^ «=^ p^ s, >, >> « p^ p^ >, <0 :3 P< O p 7 - M •2^ -P ^ fl t> M (u '/^ 3 3 !3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 OO'CXO'CXO' OO'O'O'O'CX 1^ Co ^ ft 3 3 5 ^ c 5 S J I ^ ^ "^ o _ „, 5 a> ^•£ O- >^ ^ ^ 'A Oh !? Oh _ 5'S 1^ 1 2 t ■^ •<; 3 N -»-> <3 5 payais u payais payait ous payio ous payie s payaien =^ |k a-& f^H a s > s ^^ S 5. §5 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .^ ^ H ^ o ^ CJ IH o 6 c5 "S % ■qj Oh "O OJ tJ 3 > c3 CJ Oh 1 '3 Oh J3 > T) — . 'rt rt «5 ri A ft ft 2 «> S > C3 ^ - 2 2 S +j 2 g^ 2 ^1 ^N g-^ 1 ^ ^ 1 ^5: a^ >';2 a 5-2 ^ 'rt .? ^ 3 ^ I I" 04 I THE FRENCH VERB 73 Payer is used as an active verb, and then generally governs the thing paid for (as we say in English) directly and the person or cause to which money is paid indirectly. J'ai paye les fleurs au fleuriste. I paid the florist for the flowers. II a paye les consommations. He has paid for the drinks. Also payer is used with the person paid as direct object ; as, II a pay^ ses crianciers en argent comptant. He paid his creditors in cash. II les a payls comptant. He paid them cash. II a paye son crime de sa vie. He has paid for {expiated) his crime with his life. Like payer, conjugate : Effrayer, to frighten (as in English). Essayer, to try. Requires de before infin, II a essay6 cela. II a essay^ de faire cela. 65. JOUEB AND TUER The verbs jouer, to play, and tuer, to kill, may be written like the model verb parler ; but some grammarians place a diaeresis over the i of the terminations in which it might otherwise be conceived to form a diphthong with the preceding u. These tenses are : the imperfect indicative, the imperative, and the present subjunctive. Jouer Imp ar fait Indicatif I was playing Nous jouions thou wast playing Vous jouiez he was playing lis jouaient U Imperatif play (thou) Qu'il joue play (you) Qu'on joue let us (me) play Qu'ils jouent Present Subjonctif that I may play Que nous jouions that we may play that thou mayest play Que vous jouiez that you may play that he may play Qu'ils jouent that they may play Jouer is used both as a transitive and as a neuter verb. The following examples will show the principal distinctions between its use and that of the verb to play in English. Marie is playing with the boys. Marie joue avec les petits gar^ons. We sofnetimes play cards in the evening. Nous jouons aux cartes quelquefois le soir. Jouant Je jouais Tu jouais II jouait Joue Jouez Jouons Jouant Que je joue Que tu joues Qu'il joue we were playing you were playing they were playing let him play let one (people) play let them play 74 THE FRENCH VERB She plays the piano very well. EUe joue (touche) tris Men du piano. He trifles with life. II joue avec la vie. He played, led (at cards, chess, etc.) out of his turn. II a jou6 hors de son tour. II a jou^ le role de Hamlet. He played the role of Hamlet. II a jou^ le savant. He played {feigned to be) the scholar. II a joue le roi. He played {led at cards) the king. II joue du violon, de la guitare, d'un instrument. He plays the violin^ etc. In English we sometimes hear he plays well on the piano ^ etc. Tuer, to killf is conjugated like jouer. 66. ARGUER To preserve the separate pronunciation of the u in arguer, a diaeresis is placed over the letters e or i whenever in the conjugation one of them follows the u. This occurs in the present, the imperfect, and the future of the indicative ; in the present conditional ; the imperative ; and in the present subjunctive : j'argue, / argue ; j'arguerai, / shall argue , etc. 67. In passing from the -class of verbs with orthographical peculiarities, it may be noted that in verbs like prier, to pray ; §tudier, to study, the conjugation sometimes brings two i's together ; as : Nous priions, We were praying; Nous 6tudiions, We were studying. Both i's must be pronounced. In the verb cr^er, to create, we find three e's coming together in the past par- ticiple feminine ; as : Cette terre a et6 cre^e marquisat par le roi, That estate has been made a marquisate by the king. Conjugate : Certifier, to certify. Lier, to tie. Oublier, to forget. Crier, to cry. Manier, to handle, Plier, to bend. Etudier, to study. Nier, to de?iy. Remercier, to thank. Prier governs its object directly. Je prie Dieu chaque nuit de vous prot^er. I pray God each night to protect you. *■ Notice the de before the infinitive following prier. Prier is much used in a social way in the sense of beg, request. II m'a pri6 de I'accompagner. He begged (or requested) me to go with him. Note the much used idiomatic expression Je vous en prie, used after a state- ment by the speaker or by another to mean pray, pray do, I pray you, I beg you, etc. Prier is followed by de ordinarily before an infinitive, but in formal invitations to social affairs a is used. To invite a friend casually to dine with you if h^ THE FRENCH VERB 75 happens to be with you at the dinner hour, you would use the form Je vous prie de diner, etc. But to invite hi in for an affair involving preparation you would use prier a diner. 68. The following verbs have sHght peculiarities which should be learned. I. Fleurir, to dioom, to blossom; to flourish, prosper (if said of persons). Fleurir has two present participles : fleurissant (if used in a hteral sense), to bloom or blosso7n ; florissant (if said of persons in a figurative sense), to prosper, flourish. In its literal sense with fleurissant it is conjugated exactly like finir. In the figurative sense with florissant the only variation in the tenses occurs in the imperfect indicative. Florissant Je florissais I was prosperous Nous florissions we were prosperous Tu florissais thou wast prosperous Vous florissiez you were prosperous II florissait he was prosperous lis florissaient they were prosperous Refleurir, to bloom again, is subject to the same rules as fleurir. 2. Benir, to bless, to consecrate B6nir is regular and conjugated like finir; but the past participle has two forms, bini and benit. The second form, benit, is used only in the passive voice, and when the thing is consecrated by a religious ceremony and is supposed thereby to have been changed in character. Examples : Des armes qui ont 6te b^nites par I'Iglise, ne sent pas toujours b^nies du ciel sur le champ de bataille. Arms (weapons) which have been consecrated by the church are not always blessed by heaven on the field of battle. De Teau b^nite, holy {consecrated) water. Benir (passive) is followed by par when it expresses a definite action, i.e. refers to an event ; otherwise by de. See first example above for use of both. Actively, b^nir uses no preposition : Le pretre a b6ni I'assistance. -x. Hair, to hate To indicate its separate pronunciation a diaeresis is placed over the i of the verb hair except in those persons in italics of the tenses following. Indicatif Present Impcratif Je ha'is Nous haissons Hais Tu hats Vous haissez Haissons IXhait Ilshaissent Haissez Qu'il (on) haisse Qu'ils haissent J6 THE FRENCH VERB In the first and second persons plural of the past definite (nous haimes and vous haites), and in the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive (qu'il halt) hair has the diaeresis instead of the circumflex accent. No preposition is used after hair except in the passive : II est hai de tout le monde. 4. Battre, to beat Verbs ending in -attre lose one of the t's of the radical in the three persons singular of the present indicative and the second person singular of the impera- tive. In all other tenses and persons, conjugate them like rendre, Par. 50. Indicatif Present Imperatif Je baU I beat Bats beat (thou) Tu bats thou beat est Battons let us beat 11 bat he beats Battez beat (you) On bat one beats Qu'il batte let him beat Nous battons we beat Qu'on batte let one beat Vous battez you beat Qu'ils battent let them beat lis battent they beat In the same manner conjugate : Abattre, to pull down Rabattre, to abate Combattre, to combat, to fight Rebattre, to beat again Debattre, to debate, to discuss. 5. Rompre, to break Verbs ending in -ompre take t after the p in the third person singular of the present iiidicative. Indicatif Present Je romps Nous rompons Tu romps Vous rompez // rompt lis rompent The other tenses and persons are conjugated like rendre, Par. 50. Note rule for present indicative, Pars. 113-114. Conjugate like rompre : Corrompre, to corrupt, to vitiate. Interrompre, to interrupt. See Verb Dictionary under Casser. 69. AUXILIARIES For classification as to auxiliaries, all French verbs may be divided into Reflexive Verbs, Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs (including Impersonal Verbs). THE FRENCH VERB 77 1. All Reflexive Verbs are conjugated with etre : Je me suis flatte. / have flattered myself. Elles se sont ecrit. 7^hey wrote to each other. 2. All transitive verbs (except reflexive transitive verbs) are conjugated with avoir : J'ai vendu le cheval. / have sold the horse. Je I'ai vendu. / have sold it. Note. — A transitive verb in French, as in English, may be used passively ; in which case §tre becomes the auxiliary, as to be in English : Le cheval est vendu. The horse is sold. II avait ete vendu. He had been sold. 3. Most intransitive verbs are conjugated with avoir. The list of exceptions is a small one. 70. EXCEPTIONS a. Intransitive verbs expressing motion ; such as going and coming, going in, coming out, etc. They are : List i Arriver, to arrive. Sortir, to go out, to come out. AUer, to go. Tomber, to fall. Entrer, to come {go) in. Retomber, to fall again. Partir, to set out, start, to leave, Retourner, to go back. Rentrer, to come in again, etc. Venir, to come. Repartir, to start again, etc. Revenir, to come back. Note. — Some of these verbs are also used transitively, and when so used require, of course, the auxiliary avoir. Examples : Jean a sorti le cheval. fohn has taken out the horse. Qui a sorti ce livre de la bibliothlque ? Who took this book out of the bookcase ? Entrez ces chaises. Take in those chairs. On a tombe cet auteur. That author has been roasted. (Fam.) b. Intransitive verbs expressing in their compound tenses result of an action or a state (unchanged). List 2 D6c§der, to die, to expire. Naitre, to be born. Devenir, to become. Parvenir, to attain. Disconvenir, to deny. Provenir, to come from. Echoir, to becojne due (as a note). Redevenir, to become again. Eclore, to blow ; to be hatched. Survenir, to happen. Mourir, to die. 78 THE FRENCH VERB Besides the above limited lists, there are a few intransitive verbs which require etre if they express a state or a result of an action, but which require avoir if they express an action. Here is a list of them : List 3 Descendre, to go, come down. Grandir, to grow ; to groiv up. Aborder, to land; to approach {accost^. Passer, to pass. Accourir, to run up ; to run to. ' Raster, to 7-emain ; to stay. Apparaitre, to appear. Convenir, to agree ; to be of accord. Croitre, to grow, Comparaitre, to appear, as before a Deborder, to overflow. . court (legal). Dechoir, to decay. Decroitre, to decrease, to grow less. Demeurer, to stay, remain ; to dwell, reside. Perir, to perish. Disparaitre, to disappear. Cesser, to cease. Echapper, to escape. Monter, to go up, come up. Fleurir, to blossom. Remonter, to go up, come up, again. 71. A knowledge of the above three rules, and a study of the three lists of exceptions under Rule 3, should eliminate for the student any difficulty in decid- ing what auxiliary to use for a verb not conjugated in full. He will see that in the large majority of cases avoir is the auxiliary. That etre is invariably used for reflexive verbs; for the verbs in list i, expressing motion and not transitive ; always for the verbs in list 2 ; and for the verbs in list 3 when the verb expresses a state. In all other cases avoir is the auxiliary. 72. To assist in determining when action and when state is expressed by the verbs of list 3, the following remarks may be useful : I. The attending circumstances generally indicate whether action or state is to be expressed. Examples : The storm ceased yesterday. L'orag^ a cess^ hier. Avoir is used because the action of ceasing is the prominent idea. The storm has ceased; is over. L'orage est cess6. Etre is used because the idea of the storm's being over is prominent. La riviire a monte rapidement. The river rose rapidly. II est monte a sa chambre. He has gone up to his room. La procession a passe par ici. The procession has passed here. La procession est passee. The procession has (is) passed. It will be noted that wherever avoir is used in the foregoing examples, the action is emphasized, and generally the verb is modified by an adverb. Y THE FRENCH VERB yg 2. in most cases when state is to be expressed the verb to be can be substituted in English; and cannot be when action is expressed. Compare examples under remark i. Further examples follow. Nous sommes convenus du prix. We have {are) agreed as to the price. Cette maison vous aurait fort bien convenu. That house would have suited you very well. Note that the verb convenir has a different meaning when used transitively. It means, then, to suit. When used intransitively it means to agree ^ to be of accord, and requires de before a following noun or infinitive. Nous sommes descendus lui dire adieu. We came dow?i to bid hi?n good-by. Le baromltre a descendu rapidement de quatre degres. The barometer went down ( dropped ) rapidly four degrees . Guillaume a descendu vos malles. William has brought your trunk down. Le cerf a 6chapp6 aux chiens. The stag escaped the dogs. Cette chose m'est echappee de la m^moire. That matter has slipped from {escaped) my memory. See Part II for a discussion of other English auxiharies. 73. THE REFLEXIVE VERB A reflexive verb in French, like a reflexive verb in English, is a verb one of whose objects (direct or indirect) is the same person or thing as the subject of the verb. Consequently a reflexive verb is always accompanied by an objective pronoun of the same person as the subject of the verb. These objective pronouns are the same in form as the ordinary objective pro- nouns, except in the third person, where a separate reflexive form is necessary to avoid ambiguity. That is, the reflexive pronouns me, te, nous, and vous are the same as the ordinary objective pronouns used with all verbs ; but the objective pronoun for the third person is se ; whereas in verbs not reflexive the objective pronouns (third person) are le, la, les (direct), and lui, leur (indirect). Therefore in conjugating a reflexive verb, write it always as in the case of any ordinary verb ; and then put in the proper objective pronouns, remembering that the position of these (objective) pronouns, as in the case of all objective pronouns with a verb, is before the verb except in the imperative affirmative, where it is after the verb. A peculiarity of the reflexive verb in French is that it is always conjugated with the auxiliary etre, to be; whereas in English we use to have. 8o THE FRENCH VERB Therefore in translating from English into French, we must, in the reflexive verb, turn the English auxiliary to have into the corresponding tense of etre, to be. And conversely, when translating a French reflexive into English we must trans- late the auxiliary etre by the corresponding tense of to have. 74. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLEXIVE VERB SE LAYER = TO WASH ONE'S SEI^F (MODEL VERB) Reflexive verbs are conjugated with two pronouns of the same person ; the pronouns are : Je me, ist Pers. Sing. Tu te, 2d Pers. Sing. Use EUe se I 3d Pers. Sing. Nous nous, 1st Pers. PI. Vous vous, 2d Pers. PI. lis se Elles se 3d Pers. PI. SE LAYER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF Se layer Infinitif Present to wash one's self S'etre lay4 Infinitif Passe to have washed one's self Participe Passe Compose S'^tant lav6 having washed one's self Participe Present Se lavant washing one's self Participe Passe Lay§ {ni.s.), lav§e (/j.), layds {fn.pL), laydes {fipl.), washed L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present Je me lave Tu te laves II se lave On se lave Nous nous lavons Yous vous lavez lis se lavent I wash myself thou washest thyself he washes himself one (people) washes himself (themselves) we wash ourselves you wash yourselves TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini Je me suis lay6 Tu t'es lav6 II s'est lay§ Nous nous sommes laves Vous vous etes lav^s they wash themselves lis se sont lav6s I have washed myself thou hast washed thyself he has washed him- self we have washed our- selves you have washed yourselves they have washed themselves THE FRENCH VERB 8l Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Je me lavais I was washing myself Je m'6tais lav6 I had washed myself Tu te lavais II se lavait Tu t'§tais lav6 thou hadst washed thyself II s'ltait lav6 he had washed him- self Nous nous 6tions lavls we had washed our- selves Vous vous §tiez lav6s you had washed your- selves lis s'^taient lav6s they had washed themselves Passe Anterieur Je me fus lav6 I had washed myself Tu te fus lav6 thou hadst washed thyself II se fut lav6 he had washed him- self Nous nous fdmes lav6s we had washed our- selves Vous vous lavates you washed your- Vous vous futes lav6s you had washed your- thou wast washing thyself he was washing him- self Nous nous lavions we were washing our- selves Vous vous laviez you were washing yourselves lis se lavaient they were washing . themselves P Passe Dejini Je me lavai I washed myself Tu te lavas thou washedst thyself II se lava he washed himself Nous nous lavUmes we washed ourselves lis se laverent Je me laverai Tu te laveras II se lavera selves they washed them- selves Futur I shall wash myself thou wilt wash thyself he will wash himself Nous nous laverons we shall wash our- selves Vous vous laverez you will wash your- selves lis se laveront they will wash them- selves selves lis se furent lav6s they had washed themselves Futur Anterieur Je me serai lav6 I shall have washed myself Tu te seras lav6 thou wilt have washed thyself II se sera lav6 he will have washed himself Nous nous serons lav6s we shall have washed ourselves Vous vous serez lav^s you will have washed yourselves lis se seront lav^s they will have washed themselves Je me laverais Tu te laverais 11 se laverait LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe ist Form 2d Form I should wash myself Je me serais lav6 Je me fusse lav6 I should have washed myself Tu te serais lav§ Tu te fusses lav6 thou woulcist have washed thyself II se serait lav6 II se fut lav§ he would have washed himself On se fut lav6 one (people) would have washed one's self (themselves) martin's FRENCH VERB — 6 thou wouldst wash thyself he would wash him- self 82 THE FRENCH VERB Present Passe Nous nous laverions Vous vous laveriez lis se laveraient we should wash our- selves you would wash your- selves ist Form Nous nous serious lav6s they would themselves wash 2d Form Nous nous fussions lav6s we should have washed ourselves Vous vous seriez laves Vous vous fussiez lav§s you would have washed yourselves lis se seraient lav^s lis se fussent laves they would have washed themselves Lave-toi Lavons-nous Lavez-vous L'IMPERATIF wash thyself let us wash ourselves wash (y.ourself ) yourselves Qu'il se lave Qu'on se lave Qu'ils se lavent let him wash himself let one (people) wash one's self (themselves) let them wash themselves LE SUBJONCTIF Present Que je me lave that I may wash my- self Que tu te laves that thou mayest wash thyself Qu'il se lave that he may wash himself Que nous nous lavions that we may wash our- selves Que vous vous laviez that you may wash yourselves Qu'ils se lavent that they may wash themselves Passe Que je me sois lav6 Que tu te sois lav6 Qu'il se soit lav6 Que nous nous soyons lav^s Que vous vous soyez lav§s Qu'ils se soient lav6s Plus-que- Que je me fusse lav§ Imparfait Que je me lavasse that I might wash myself Que tu te lavasses that thou mightest Que tu te fusses lav6 wash thyself Qu'il se lavit Que nous nous lavas- sions Que vous vous lavas- siez Qu'ils se lavassent that he might wash himself that we might wash ourselves that you might wash yourselves that they might wash themselves Qu'il se fiit lav6 Que nous nous fussions lav^s Que vous vous fussiez lav6s Qu'ils se fussent lav6s that I may have washed myself that thou mayest have washed thyself that he may have washed himself that we may have washed ourselves that you may have washed yourselves that they may have washed themselves parfait that I might have washed myself that thou mightest have washed thy- self that he might have washed himself that we might have washed ourselves that you might have washed yourselves that they, might have washed themselves THE FRENCH VERB 83 Like se layer, conjugate: Se lever, to get up. Note that the French say / raise myself at six d* clock, Je me 16ve k six heures; whereas we say / rise (or I get up) at six. S'amuser, to enjoy one^s self {to amuse one's self). This is the usual verb to correspond to our expression to have a good time {to enjoy one's self) : Vous etes-vous bien amuse hier soir au theatre (ou chez Mme. B.) ? Did you have a good time {enjoy yourself) last night at the theater (or at Mrs. B.^s) F S'amuser requires a before the infinitive : Pendant deux heures il s'est amus6 k retoucher les peintures. During two hours he amused himself touching up the paintings. Se parler, to speak to each other {to one another, to one's self).^ S'aimer, to love each other {one another, one's self). Note that Nous nous aimons. We love ourselves, may mean We love each other or one another. When the meaning We love each other, or one another, is not clearly shown by the context, the pronouns I'un I'autre or les uns les autres are used : Nous nous aimons I'un I'autre. We love each other. lis s'aiment les uns les autres. They love one another. When the objective pronoun is indirect, as in Elles se sont 4crit (des lettres), there is used after the verb (if necessary to make the meaning clear) the forms Tun (I'une) k I'autre or les uns (les unes) aux autres. 75. Note in the negative conjugation of the reflexive verb that nothing separates the objective pronoun from the verb except another pronoun ; there- fore the ne comes before the objective pronoun. Note that in the negative the objective pronoun remains before the verb throughout instead of coming after it in the imperative as it does in the impera- tive affirmative. 76. SE LAVER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF Negatively Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe Ne pas se layer not to wash one's self Nes'§trepaslav6 not to have washed one's self Participe Present Participe Passe Compose Ne se lavant pas not washing one's self Ne s'6tant pas lay§ not having washed one's self Participe Passe lav6 {m.s.), Iay6e {fs.), Iay6s {m.pL), lavles (///.), washed 84 THE FRENCH VERB L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Je ne me lave pas I do not wash myself Je ne me suis pas I have not washed my- Tu ne te laves pas thou dost not wash lav6 self thyself II ne se lave pas he does not wash him- Tu ne t'es pas lave thou hast not washed self thyself On ne se lave pas one does not wash II ne s'est pas lav6 he has not washed him- himself self Nous ne nous la- we do not wash our- Nous ne nous sommes we have not washed vons pas selves pas lav6s ourselves Vous ne vous lavez you do not wash your- Vous ne vous etes pas you have not washed pas selves laves yourselves lis ne se lavent pas they do not wash them- lis ne se sont pas they have not washed selves lav6s themselves Imparfait Plus- que-par fait Je ne me lavais pas I was not washing my- Je ne m'^tais pas lave I had not washed my- self self Tu ne te lavais pas thou wast not washing Tune t'6tais pas lav6 thou hadst not washed thyself thyself II ne se lavait pas he was not washing II ne s'^tait pas lave he had not washed himself himself Nous ne nous la- we were not washing Nous ne nous Itions we had not washed vions pas ourselves pas lav§s ourselves Vous ne vous laviez you were not washing Vous ne vous 6tiez you had not washed pas yourselves pas lav6s yourselves lis ne se lavaient they were not washing lis ne s'6taient pas they had not washed pas themselves lav6s themselves Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur Je ne me lavai pas I did not wash myself Je ne me f us pas lav6 I had not washed my- self Tu ne te lavas pas thou didst not wash Tu ne te fus pas lav6 thou hadst not washed thyself thyself II ne se lava pas he did not wash him- H ne se fut pas lav6 he had not washed him- self self Nous ne nous la- we did not wash our- Nous ne nous fflmes we had not washed v4mes pas selves pas laves ourselves Vous ne vous la- you did not wash your- Vous ne vous ffltes you had not washed vMes pas selves pas lav6s yourselves lis ne se lavdrent they did not wash lis ne se furent pas they had not washed pas themselves laves themselves THE FRENCH VERB 85 Je ne pas Tu ne pas II ne se lavera pas te laveras Futur me laverai I shall not wash my- self lav6 thou wilt not wash thy- Tu ne te seras pas self lav§ he will not wash him- II ne se sera pas lav6 self we shall not wash our- Nous ne nous serons selves pas lav§s you will not wash your- Vous ne vous serez selves pas laves they will not wash lis ne se seront pas themselves lav§s Nous ne nous la- verons pas Vous ne vous la- verez pas lis ne se laveront pas Futur Anterieur Je ne me serai pas I shall not have washed myself thou wilt not have washed thyself he will not have washed himself we shall not have washed ourselves you will not have wasl'.ed yourselves they will not have washed themselves LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe Je ne me laverais pas Tu ne te laverais pas II ne se laverait pas Nous ne nous la- verions pas Vous ne vous la- veriez pas lis ne se laveraient pas I should not wash my- self thou wouldst not wash thyself he would not wash himself we should not wash ourselves you would not wash yourselves they would not wash themselves Je ne me serais pas lav6 Tu ne te serais pas lav4 II ne se serait pas lave Nous ne nous serious pas lav6s Vous ne vous seriez pas lav6s lis ne se seraient pas lavls I should not have washed myself thou wouldst not have washed thyself he would not have washed himself we should not have washed ourselves you would not have washed yourselves they would not have washed themselves L'IMPERATIF Ne te lave pas Ne nous lavons pas Ne vous lavez pas do not wash thyself let us not -wash ourselves do not wash (yourself) yourselves Qu'il ne se lave pas Qu'on ne se lave pas Qu'ils ne se lavent pas let him not wash himself let one not wash one's self let them not wash themselves I.E SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je ne me lave that I may not wash Que je ne me sois pas that pas Que tu ne te laves pas Qu'il ne se lave pas Que nous ne nous lavions pas Que vous ne vous laviez pas Qu'ils ne se lavent pas myself that thou mayest not wash thyself that he may not wash himself that we may not wash ourselves that you may not wash yourselves that they may not wash themselves lav6 Que tu ne te sois pas lav6 Qu'il ne se soit pas lav6 Que nous ne nous soy- ons pas lav6s Que vous ne vous soyez pas lav6s Qu'ils ne se soient pas lav6s I may not have washed myself that thou mayest not have washed thyself that he may not have washed himself that we may not have washed ourselves that you may not have washed yourselves that they may not have washed themselves 86 THE FRENCH VERB Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je ne me la- vasse pas Que tu ne te la- vasses pas Qu'il ne se lavtt pas Que nous ne nous lavassions pas Que vous ne vous lavassiez pas Qu'ils ne se lavas- sent pas that I might not wash myself that thou mightest not wash thyself that he might not wash himself that we might not wash ourselves that you might not wash yourselves that they might not wash themselves Que je ne me fusse pas lav6 Que tu ne te fusses pas lav§ Qu'il ne se ffit pas lav6 Que nous ne nous fus- sions pas laves Que vous ne vous fus- siez pas laves Qu'ils ne se fussent pas lav6s that I might not have washed myself that thou mightest not have washed thyself that he might not have washed himself that we might not have washed ourselves that you might not have washed yourselves that they might not have washed themselves Conjugate in the same manner : Se douter (de), to suspect. Note that douter (de) means, to doubt, or to have doubt of or about; whereas se douter (de) means, to suspect {to have a suspicion of). Je doute de sa parole. / doubt {have doubts about) his word. Je me doutais de cela. / suspected {had suspicion of) that. Je m'en dou- tais. / was suspecting it. Se flatter, to flatter one^s self. Se figurer, to fancy^ to imagine, suffering. Figurez-vous ce que je soufErais. Imagine what I was 77. SE LAYER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF Me lav§-je ? Te laves-tu ? Se lave-t-il? Se lave-t-on ? Nous lavons-nous ? Vous lavez-vous ? Se lavent-ils ? Interrogatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Me suis-je lav6 ? have I washed myself? hast thou washed thyself? has he washed himself? do I wash myself? dost thou wash thy- T'es-tu lav§ ? self? does he wash him- S'est-il lav§ ? self? does one wash one's- self? do we wash our- Nous sommes-nous have we washed our selves? Iav6s? selves? do you wash your- Vous etes-vous la- have you washed your selves? V§S? selves? do they wash them- Se sont-ils lav6s? have they washed them selves? selves? THE FRENCH VERB ^7 Imparfait Plus- que-par fait Melavais-je? was I washing myself? M'6tais-je lav6? had I washed myself? Telavais-tu? wast thou washing thy- T'6tais-tu lav6? hadst thou washed thy- self? self? Se lavait-il? was he washing himself? S'6tait-il lav6? had he washed himself? Nouslavions-nous? were we washing our- Nous §tions-nous had we washed ourselves? selves? Iav6s? Vous laviez-vous ? were you washing your- Vous 6tiez-vous la- had you washed your- selves? Se lavaient-ils ? were they washing them- selves ? Passe Dejini Me lavai-je? did I wash myself? Telavas-tu? v6s? selves? S'6taient-ils la- had they washed them- v6s? selves? Passe Anterieur Me fus-je lav6 ? had I washed myself? didst thou wash thyself? Te fus-tu lav6s ? hadst thou washed thy- self? Se lava-t-il? did he wash himself? Se fut-il lave ? had he washed himself? Nous lavimes- did we wash ourselves? Nous fumes-nous had we washed ourselves? nous ? Iav6s ? VouslavHtes-vous? did you wash yourselves? Vous ffltes-vous la- had you washed your- V^S ? selves ? Se lav§rent-ils ? did they wash them- Se furent-ils la- had they washed them- selves? v6s? selves? Futur Futur Anterieur Me laverai-je ? shall I wash myself? Me serai-je lav6 ? shall I have washed my- self? Te laveras-tu? wilt thou wash thyself? Te seras-tu lav6 ? wilt thou have washed thyself? Se lavera-t-il? will he wash himself? Se sera-t-il lav6 ? will he have washed him- self? Nous laverons- shall we wash ourselves ? Nous serons-nous shall we have washed nous? Iav6s? ourselves? Vous laverez-vous ? will you wash your- Vous serez-vous la- will you have washed selves? V^S? yourselves? Se laveront-ils? will they wash them- Se seront-ils la- will they have washed selves? v6s? themselves? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Me laverais-je ? should I wash myself? Passe Me serais-je lav§? should I have washed myself? Te laverais-tu ? wouldst thou wash thy- Te serais-tu lav6 ? wouldst thou have washed self? thyself? Se laverait-il ? would he wash himself? Se serait-il lav6 ? would he have washed himself? Nous laverions- should we wash our- Nous serions-nous should we have washed nous? selves? Iav6s? ourselves? Vous laveriez- would you wash your- Vous seriez-vous would you have washed vous? selves? Iav6s? yourselves? Se laveraient-ils? would they wash them- Se seraient-ils la- would they have washed selves? ' v6s? themselves? 88 THE FRENCH VERB Conjugate in the same manner : S'appeler (see Par. 59), to be one^s name ; to call one's self; to be called. Comment s'appelle- t-il? What is his tiame? Elle s'appelait Marie. Her name was Mary. Se rappeler, to recall, to recollect, to remember. Vous rappelez-VOUS son nom ? Do you recollect (^remember') his name? Je me le rappelle maintenant. I recall {recollect) it now. 78. SE LAVER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF Interrogatively and Negatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOS:feS Present Passe Indejini Ne me lav6-je pas ? do I not wash myself ? Ne me suis-je pas have I not washed my- lav6? dost thou not wash thy- Ne t'es-tu pas lav6 ? self? does he not wash him- Ne s'est-il pas lav6 ? self? do we not wash our- Ne nous sommes-nous selves ? pas lavls ? Ne vous lavez-vous do you not wash your- Ne vous etes-vous pas have you not washed pas? selves? laves? yourselves? Ne se lavent-ils pas ? do they not wash them- Ne se sont-ils pas have they not washed selves? lavis? Ne te laves-tu pas? Ne se lave-t-il pas ? Ne nous lavons-nous pas? self? hast thou not washed thyself ? has he not washed him- self? have we not washed ourselves ? themselves ? Imparfait Ne me lavais-je pas ? was I not washing my- self? Ne te lavais-tu pas? wast thou not washing thyself^ Plus- que-parf ait Ne m'6tais-je pas had I not washed my- lav6? self? Ne t'6tais-tu pas hadst thou not washed lav§? thyself? Ne se lavait-il pas ? was he not washing Ne s'6tait-ilpaslav6? had he not washed him- himself ? were we not washing ourselves ? were you not washing yourselves ? lavaient-ils were they not washing themselves ? Ne nous lavions-nous pas? Ne vous laviez-vous pas? Ne se pas? Passe Defini Ne me lavai-je pas ? did I not wash myself ? Ne te lavas-tu pas ? Ne se lava-t-il pas ? didst thou not wash thyself ? did he not wash him- self? did we not wash our- selves ? Ne nous lavimes- nous pas ? Ne vous lavMes-vous did you not wash your- pas ? selves ? Ne se lav6rent-ils did they not wash pas? themselves? self? Ne nous §tions-nous had we not washed our- pas lavls? selves ? Ne vous 6tiez-vous had you not washed pas lav6s? yourselves ? Ne s'§taient-ils pas had they not washed lav6s ? themselves ? Passe Anterieur Ne me f us-je pas lav6 ? had I not washed my- self? Ne te fus-tu pas lav6 ? hadst thou not washed thyself ? Ne se f ut-il pas lav6 ? had he not washed him- self? Ne nous fflmes-nous had we not washed our- paslavls? selves? Ne vous futes-vous had you not washed pas lav^s ? yourselves ? Ne se furent-ils pas had they not washed lav6s ? themselves ? THE FRENCH VEJiB 89 Futur Futur Anterieur Ne me laverai-je shall I not wash my- Ne me serai-je pas shall I not have washed pas? self? lav6? myself ? Ne te laveras-tu wilt thou not wash Ne te seras-tu pas wilt thou not have pas? thyself? lav6? washed thyself? Ne se lavera-t-il pas? will he not wash him- Ne se sera-t-il pas will he not have washed self? lav6? himself? Ne nous laverons- shall we not wash our- Ne nous serons-nous shall we not have nous pas ? selves ? pas lav6s?_ washed ourselves ? Ne vous laverez-vous will you not wash your- Ne vous serez-vous will you not have pas? selves ? pas laves? washed yourselves ? Ne se laveront-ils will they not wash Ne se seront-ils pas will they not have pas? themselves ? lav6s? washed themselves ? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe Ne me laverais-je should I not wash my- Ne me serais-je pas should I not have pas? self? lav6? washed myself? Ne te laverais-tu wouldst thou not wash Ne te serais-tu pas wouldst thou not have pas? thyself? lav6? washed thyself ? Ne se laverait-il would he not wash Ne serait-il pas lav6 ? would he not have pas? himself ? washed himself? Ne nous laverions- should we not wash Ne nous serions-nous should we not have nous pas? ourselves ? pas lav^s? washed ourselves ? Ne vous laveriez- would you not wash Ne vous seriez-vous would you not have vous pas ? yourselves ? pas lav6s ? washed yourselves ? Ne se laveraient-ils would they not wash Ne se seraient-ils pas would they not have pas? themselves ? lav§s? washed themselves ? The student will write also the second form of the compound conditional by substituting for the present conditional of the auxiliary etre the imperfect sub- junctive of etre. 79. Hereafter students should write the reflexive verbs on the blackboard as indicated in the following model : Se servir, to use. Auxiliary, etre I'rimitive Tenses Servir Servant jeme tute U. eUe ' on ^ servirai serviras servira servirons servirais servirais servirait servirions Derived Tenses Future Conditional 3d Pers. PI. Pres. Ind. Impf. Ind. servais servais Pres. Subj. serve serves Servi Compound tenses, suis servi, etc. Je sers Pr^s. Ind. sers sers Imperative sers-toi Je servis Past Definite servis servis Impf. subj. servisse servisses servit se nous nous vous vous lis. \ se servait servions serve servions sert servons servons-nous servit servimes servit servissions eUes« servirez serviront serviriez serviraient servez servent serviez servaient serviez servent servez servent servez-vous servites servirent servissiez servissent go THE FRENCH VERB Conjugate interrogatively and negatively the following : Se glisser (dans), to creep {into). L'enfant s'est gliss6 dans le sac. The child crept into the bag. Se moquer de, to laugh aty to make fun of. Elle se moquait de lui. She was making sport of him. 80. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLEXIVE VERB S'EN ALLER The reflexive verb s'en aller has the peculiarity of having two pronouns before it. The pronoun en means of it, of them, or from it, from them. Hence before the verb aller, to go, it gives the meaning to go away. When en occurs, vi^ith other pronouns before a verb it always comes after all the others. In the imperative affirmative it still remains after the other pronouns ; so we have allez-vous-en, go away. 81. S'EN ALLER = TO GO AWAY Infnitif Present Infinitif Passe S'en aller to go away S'en etre all6 to have gone away Participe Present Participe Passe Compose S'en allant going away S'en 6tant all6 having gone away Participe Passe En all§ {in.s), en all6e (/^.), en all§s {m.pl.), en all6es {fpL), gone away L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Je m'en ko/s I go away or I am go- Je m'en suis all6 I have gone away ing away Tu t'en vas thou goest away or Tu t'en es all6 thou hast gone away thou art going away II s'en va he goes away or he is II s'en est all6 he has gone away going away On s'en va one goes away or one is going away Nous nous en allons we go away or we are Nous nous en sommes we have gone away going away all6s Vous vous en allez you go away or you Vous vous en etes all6s you have gone away are going away lis s'en vont they go away or they lis s'en sont allls they have gone away are going away THE FRENCH VERB 91 Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Je m'en allais I was going away Je m'en 6tais all6 1 had gone away Tu t'en allais thou wast going away Tu t'en §tais all6 thou hadst gone away lis s'en allait he was going away II s'en etait all6 he had gone away Nous nous en allions we were going away Nous nous en 6tions we had gone away alles Vous vous en alliez you were going away Vous vous en §tiez you had gone away all§s lis s'en allaient they were going away lis s'en 6taient all§s they had gone away Passe Defini Je m'en allai I went away Tu t'en alias thou wentest away II s'en alia he went away Nous nous en all^mes we went away Vous vous en allHtes you went away lis s'en allSrent they went away Passe Anterieur Je m'en fus all6 I had gone away Tu t'en fus all§ thou hadst gone away II s'en fut all§ he had gone away Nous nous en fflmes we had gone away all4s Vous vous en fiites you had gone away all6s lis s'en furent all6s they had gone away Futur Je m'en irai Tu t'en iras I shall go away thou wilt go away II s'en ira he will go away Nous nous en irons we shall go away Vous vous en Irez lis s'en hont you will go away they will go away Futur Anterieur Je m'en serai all6 I shall have gone away Tu t'en seras all6 thou wilt have gone away II s'en sera all§ he will have gone away Nous nous en serous we shall have gone all6s away Vous vous en serez you will have gone alles away lis s'en seront all6s they will have gone away LE CONDITIONNEL Present I should go away Passe Je m'en irais I should go away Je m'en serais all6 I should have gone away Tu t'en irais thou wouldst go away Tu t'en serais all6 thou wouldst have gone away II s'en irait he would go away II s'en serait all6 he would have gone away Nous nous en irions we should go away Nous nous en serious we should have gone allis away Vous vous en iriez you would go away Vous vous en seriez you would have gone all6s away lis s'en iraient they would go away lis s'en seraient all6s they would have gone away The student will write out the second form of the compound conditional. 92 THE FRENCH VERB L'TMPERATIF Va-t'en go away (thou) Allez-vous-en go away (you) AUons-nous-en let us go away Qu'il s'en aille let him go away Qu'on s'en aille let one (people) go away Qu'ils s'en aillent let them go away LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je m'en a'lUe that I may go away Que je m'en sois all6 that I may have gone away Que tu t'en a/7/es that thou mayest go Que tu t'en sois all§ that thou mayest have away gone away Qu'il s'en aille that he may go away Qu'il s'en soit all§ that he may have gone away Que nous nous en that we may go away Que nous nous en soy- that we may have gone allions ons all6s away Que vous vous en that you may go away Que vous vous en soyez that you may have alliez all6s gone away Qu'ils s'en a/V/ewf that they may go away Qu'ils s'en soient alles that they may have gone away Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Que je m'en allasse that I might go away Que je m'en fusse all§ that I might have gt)ne away Que tu t'en allasses that thou mightest go Que tu t'en fusses all6 that thou mightest have away gone away Qu'il s'en allit that he might go away Qu'il s'en fut all6 that he might have gone away Que nous nous en that we might go away Que nous nous en fus- that we might have allassions sions all§s gone away Que vous vous en that you might go Que vous vous en fus- that you might have allassiez away siez allls gone away Qu'ils s'en allassent that they might go Qu'ils s'en fussent that they might have away all^S gone away Note. — That with aller a destination is always expressed; whereas with s'en aller it may or may not be. Je vais a Paris. / am going to Paris. J'y vais aussi. I a7n going {there) too. Je m'en vais maintenant. I am going away now. Je m'en vais a Paris. / am going away to Paris. 82. S'EN ALLER = TO GO AWAY Negatively Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe Ne pas s'en aller not to go away Ne s'en etre pas all6 not to have gone away THE FRENCH VERB 93 Participe Present Participe Passe Compose Ne s'en allant pas not going away Nes'en6tantpasall6 not having gone away Participe Passe En all6, gone L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES Present Passe Indefini Je ne m'en vais pas I do not go away Je ne m'en suis pas I have not gone away Tu ne t'en vas pas thou dost not go alle away Tu ne t'en es pas thou hast not gone II ne s'en va pas he does not go away alle away On ne s'en va pas one does not go line s'en est pas all§ he has not gone away away Nous ne nous en we have not gone away Nous ne nous en al- we do not go away sommes pas all6s Ions pas Vous ne vous en etes you have not gone away Vous ne vous en allez you do not go away pas alles pas lis ne s'en sont pas they have not gone away lis ne s'en vont pas they do not go away all6s Imparfait Plus-queparfait Je ne m'en allais pas, I was not going Je ne m'en 6tais pas I had not gone away, etc. away, etc. all§, etc. etc. Passe Defini Passe Anterieur Je ne m'en allai pas, I did not go away, Je ne m'en fus pas I had not gone away, etc. etc. all6, etc. etc. Futur Futur Anterieur Je ne m'en irai pas, I shall not go away, Je ne m'en serai pas I shall not have gone etc. etc. all6, etc. away, etc. LE CONDITIOrjNEL Present Passe Je ne m'en irais pas, I should not go away, Je ne m'en serais I should not have gone etc. etc. pas all6, etc. away, etc. L'IMPERATIF Ne t'en va pas ^ do not go away Ne vous en allez pas do not gij away Ne nous en allons pas let us not go away Qu'il ne s'en aille pas let him not go away Qu'on ne s'en aille pas let one not go away Qu'ils ne s'en aillent pas let them not go away LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Que je ne m'en aille that I may not go Que je ne m'en sois that I may not have pas, etc. away, etc. pas all6, etc. gone away, etc. Imparfait Plus- que-par fait Que je ne m'en allasse that I might not go Que je ne m'en fusse that I might not have pas, etc. away, etc. pas all6, etc. gone away, etc. 94 THE FRENCH VERB 83. Interrogatively L'INDICATIF TEMPS SIMPLES Present 84. Negatively and Interrogatively M'en vais-je? T'en vas-tu? Sen va-t-il? S'en va-t-on? Nous en allons-nous ? Vous en allez-vous ? S'en vont-ils? M'en allais-je? etc. M'en allai-je ? etc. M'en irai-je? etc. do I go away? dost thou go away? does he go away? does one go away? do we go away? do you go away ? do they go away ? Ne m'en vais-je pas ? Ne t'en vas-tu pas ? Ne s'en va-t-il pas ? Ne s'en va-t-on pas ? Ne nous en allons- nous pas ? Ne vous en allez- vous pas ? Ne s'en vont-ils pas ? Im par fait was I going away? Ne m'en allais-je etc. pas? etc. Passe Defini did I go away? etc. Ne m'en allai-je pas? etc. Futur shall I go away? etc. Ne m'en irai-je pas ? etc. do I not go away? dost thou not go away? does he not go away? does one not go away? do we not go away? do you not go away? do they not go away? was I not going away? etc. did I not go away? etc. shall I not go away? etc. LE CONDITIONNEL M'en irais-je ? etc. should I go away? Ne m'en irais-je pas? should I not go away? etc. etc. etc. M'en suis-je all6 ? T'en es-tu all6 ? S'en est-il all6 ? Nous en sommes-nous all§s? Vous en etes-vous all6s? S'en sont-ils all§s ? M'en 6tais-je all6 ? etc. TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indf'fini have I gone away? Ne m'en suis-je pas have I not gone away? alle? hast thou gone. Ne t'en es-tu pas hast thou not gone away ? alle ? away ? has he gone away? Ne s'en est-il pas has he not gone away? alle ? have we gone away? Ne nous en sommes- have we not gone away? nous pas all6s ? have you gone away ? Ne vous en etes-vOUS have you not gone pasall6s? away? have they gone Ne s'en sont-ils pas have they not gone away? all6s? away? Plus-que-parfait had I gone away? Ne m'en 6tais-je pas had I not gone away? etc. all6? etc. etc. THE FRENCH VERB 95 Passe Anterieur M'en fus-je all€ ? etc. had I gone away? Ne m'en fus-je pas had I not gone away? etc. all6? etc. etc. Futur Anterieur M'en serai-je all6 ? shall I have gone Ne m'en serai-je pas shall I not have gone etc. away? etc. all6? etc. away? etc. LE CONDITIONNEL M'en serais-je all6 ? should I have gone Ne m'en serais-je should I not have gone etc. away? etc. pasall6?etc. away? etc. The verb se flatter means to flatter one's self. For practice insert en before flatter and conjugate like s'en aller. S'en flatter, to flatter one''s self on account of it. EUe s'en flatte. She flatters herself on it {on account of it). 85. In English we say Be slopped the carriage. The carriage stopped. We call the verb in the last sentence intransitive. The French turn a transitive into a reflexive verb in such cases, with the idea that the transitive verb should remain transitive. The carriage stopped \% there- fore in French La voiture s'est arretle {the carriage stopped itself) . 86. Conjugate the following reflexive verbs : S'arreter, to stop, to stay Se lever, to get up, rise Se baisser (a w. inf.), to stoop Se rejouir (de w. inf.), to rejoice S'enhardir (a w. inf.), to grow bold Se baisser requires a before the infinitive or noun following. EUe s'est baissee a vous prier de ne pas y aller. She stooped to beg you not to go the7'e. More frequently the French would say EUe s'est baissee jusqu'au point de vous prier, etc. S'enhardir. Je me suis enhardi a vous demander la permission de sortir. / have made bold to ask you for permission to go out. Se rejouir. Je me suis rejoui d'apprendre que votre frSre se ritablissait de sa maladie. I rejoiced to lea^-n that your brother was recovering from his illness. 87. THE IMPERSONAL VERB In French a great many verbs can be used impersonally by placing before the third person singular of the proper tense the pronoun il, just as we use in English the introductory subject // and sometimes there. II semble — . // seems — . 96 THE FRENCH VERB As in English, there are also verbs in French used always impersonally, with reference to the phenomena of nature, etc. ; as II neige. It snows {is snowing). Besides these there are in French a few verbs which are essentially imper- sonal, and which cannot have a personal subject ; such as falloir, y avoir, s'agir, s'en falloir. Tht past participle of an impersonal verb is invariable. Y avoir means literally, there to have^ but its English equivalent is there to be. As we have noticed, etre is often translated into English by to have ; as is the case in reflexive verbs and "verbs of motion." In the case of y avoir, avoir is translated by to be ; so, II y a un livre sur la table (lit., // there has a book on the table) is translated by our idiom There is a book on the table. As y avoir is a true impersonal verb it is used only in the third person singular. Therefore : II y a also means there are. II y a trois livres sur la table. There are three books on the table. Y avoir Y ayant CONJUGATION OF Y AVOIR = THERE TO BE Infinitif Present there to be Participe Present there being Participe Passe Eu (invariable) been Participe Passe Compose Y ayant eu there having been II y a 88. Affirmatively L'INDICATIF Present 89. Negatively there is or there are II n'y a pas there is not or there are not Imparfait II y avait there was or there were II n'y avait pas there was not or there were nut Passe Defini II y eut there was or there were II n'y eut pas there was not or there were not Futur II y aura there will be II n'y aura pas there will not be Passe Indefini II y a eu there has been c"/- there have II n'y a pas eu there has not been or been there have not been Plus- que-par fait II y avait eu there had been II n'y avait pas eu there had not been THE FRENCH VERB 97 Passe Anterieur II y eut eu there had been II n'y eut pas eu there had not been Futur Atitcrieur II y aura eu there will have been II n'y aura pas eu there will not have been LE CONDITIONNEL Present II y aurait there would be II n'y aurait pas there would not be Passe II y aurait eu there would have been II n'y aurait pas eu there would not have been No hnperatif LE SUBJONCTIF Present Qu'il y ait that there may be Qu'il n'y ait pas that there may not be Imparfait. Qu'il y eiit that there might be Qu'il n'y eut pas that there might not be Passe Qu'il y ait eu that there may have been Qu'il n'y ait pas eu that there may not have been Plus-que-parfait Qu'il y eut eu that there might have been Qu'il n'y efit pas eu that there might not have been Example of use of y avoir II y a quelqu'un a la porte. There is some one at the door. II y aura un jeu de balle cette apres-midi. There will be a game of ball this aftertioon. L'INDICATIF 90. Interrogatively 91. Negatively and Interrogatively Present Ya-t-il? is there? are there? N'y a-t-il pas ? is there not? are there not? Imparfait Y avait-il ? was there ? were there ? N'y avait-il pas ? was there not ? were there not? Passe Defini Y eut-il ? was there ? were there ? N'y eut-il pas ? was there not ? were there not? Futur Yaura-t-il? will there be? N'y aura- t-il pas ? will there not be? MARTIN'S FRENCH VERB — 7 98 THE FRENCH VERB Passe Indejini Y a-t-il eu? has there been? have there N'y a-t-il pas eu? has there not been? have been? there not been? Plus-que-parfait Y avait-il eu ? had there been? N'y eut-il pas eu? had there not been? Passe Anterieur Y eut-il eu ? had there been? N'y avait-il pas eu ? had there not been? Futur Anterieur Y aura-t-il eu ? will there have been? N'y aura-t-il pas eu ? will there not have been ? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Y aurait-il ? would there be? N'y aurait-il pas? would there not be ? Passe Y aurait-il eu ? would there have been? N'y aurait-il pas eu ? would there not have been? Y avait-il des pommes dans le plat ? Were there any apples in the dish ? Y en avait-il ? Were there any {of them) ? II y en avait trois. There were three {of them'). Y aura-t-il un jeu de balle aujourd'hui ? Will there be a ball game to-day ? II y en aura. There will {be). II n'y en aura pas. There will not. Note also the use of y avoir with expressions of time in the sense of time ago. Ma soeur est arriv6e, il y a trois minutes (heures). My sister arrived three minutes {hours) ago. Cette semaine il y a eu deux jours de mauvais temps. This week there have been two days of bad weather. II faisait mauvais temps il y a une semaine. // {there) was bad weather a week ago. 92. THE IMPERSONAL VERB FALLOtR Falloir means literally to be necessary. It is often best translated by must^ should^ or ought to, or to need. It is used with the person or thing upon which the necessity rests, as indirect object (generally a dative pronoun) followed by an infinitive : II me faut Icrire une lettre. // to me is necessary to write a letter; I must write a letter. II vous faut 6tudier. II lui faut travailler. If there is no doubt as to whom the necessity applies, the indirect object pronoun is generally omitted : II fallait m'^crire (si vous n'aviez plus d'argent). You should {ought to) have written to 7ne {if yoit had no more money). II fallait venir plus tot. You should have come sooner. THE FRENCH VERB 99 FALLOIR = MUST, TO BE NECESSARY 93. Affirmatively 94. Negatively Falloir Fallu II f aut II fallait II fallut II faudra II a fallu Infimtif Present to be necessary Ne pas falloir Participe Passe Compose been necessary No Participe Present not to be necessary it is necessary it was necessary it was necessary L'INDICATIF Present II ne faut pas it is not necessary Imparfait II ne fallait pas it was not necessary Passe Defini II ne fallut pas it was not necessary Futur it will be necessary II ne faudra pas it will not be necessary Passe Indefini it has been necessary II n'a pas fallu it has not been necessary Phis-q ue-pa rfa it II avait fallu it had been necessary II n'avait pas fallu it had not been necessary Passe Anterieur II eut fallu it had been necessary II n'eut pas fallu it had not been necessary Futur Anterieur II aura fallu it will have been necessary II n'aura pas fallu it will not have been nec- essary LE CONDITIONNEL Present II f audrait it would be necessary II ne faudrait pas it would not be necessary Passe II aurait fallu it would have been necessary II n'aurait pas fallu it would not have been necessary No hnperatif LE SUBJONCriF Present Qu'il faille that it may be necessary Quil ne faille pas that it may not be neces- sary ICX) THE FRENCH VERB Passe Qu'il ait fallu thatit may have been neces- Qu'il n'ait pas fallu that it may not have been sary necessary Imparfait Qu'il fallfit that it might be necessary Qu'il ne fallflt pas that it might not be nec- essary Plus-que-parfait Qu'il eflt fallu that it might have been nee- Qu'il n'eflt pas that it might not have essary fallu been necessary Falloir is followed by an infinitive without the indirect object when expressing general obligation : II faut faire cela. That 7nust be done. Que faut-il faire pour reussir? What must one do to succeed? (Literally, What is it necessary to do in order to succeed?) Falloir is very often followed by que and a subjunctive clause and must be so used when to use a pronoun with an infinitive would cause ambiguity. II faut qu'il parte ; 11 faut qu'elle teste. He must leave ; she must remain. Note that no preposition is used after falloir before an infinidve, or before a noun used as direct object. L'INDICATIF 95. Interrogatively 96. Negatively and Interrogatively Present Faut-il? is it necessary ? Ne faut-il pas? is it not necessary? Imparfait Fallait-il? was it necessary ? Ne fallait-il pas? was it not necessary? Passe Defini Fallut-il? was it necessary ? Ne fallut-il pas? was it not necessary? Futur Faudra-t-il ? will it be necessary ? Ne f audra-t-il pas ? will it not be necessary ? Passe Indejini A-t-il fallu? has it been necessary ? N'a-t-il pas fallu? has it not been necessary? Plus-que-parfait Avait-il fallu ? had it been necessary ? N'avait-il pas fallu? had it not been neces- sary? Passe Anterieur Eut-il fallu? had it been necessary ? N'eut-il pas fallu? had it not been neces- sary? THE FRENCH VERB Id Futur Antcrieur Aura-t-il fallu? will it have been necessary? N'aura-t-il pas will it not have been nec- fallu? essary? LE CONDITIONNEL Present Faudrait-il ? would it be necessary ? Ne f audrait-il pas ? would it not be necessary ? Passe Aurait-il fallu ? would it have been neces- N'aurait-il pas would it not have been sary? fallu? necessary? Followed by a noun, falloir expresses need, and the person who needs is the indirect object : II me faut de I'argent. There to me is necessary some money. I need some money. II leur f allait des livres. They needed some books. II faut aux enfants des sou- liers. The children need shoes. If a general need is expressed, the indirect object is omitted : II faut de I'argent (pour faire cela). Money is needed, is necessary {to do that). See the Verb Dictionary for further idiomatic uses of falloir. 97. IMPERSONAL VERB S'EN FALLOIR = TO BE WANTING; TO BE LACKING; TO BE FAR FROM S'en falloir means literally To itself of it (some) is necessary. Hence, II s'en faut que leur nombre soit complet means // to itself some is tacking (necessary) that their number be complete ; or, freely. Their number is far f?vm being complete. S'en falloir requires that the verb in the subordinate clause be in the subjunc- tive, and that it be preceded by ne when there is doubt, interrogation, or negation. Generally de peu or de beaucoup is used with s'en falloir. S'en falloir may be best translated by To be nearly, to be far from ; or by lacks but little, lacks a great deal of being. The student will notice that (as illustrated in the following examples) in order to get a free translation we use a personal subject in the Eng- lish translation, but he must remember that s'en falloir is a true impersonal verb. Examples of use of s'en falloir : II s'en faut de peu que cette bouteille ne soit pleine. Or Peu s'en faut que cette bouteille ne soit pleine. That bottle is nearly full. Or That bottle lacks but little of being full. II s'en faut de beaucoup qu'ils aient I'argent n6cessaire. They are far from having the necessary money. Beaucoup s'en faut qu'ils aient I'argent n^cessaire. They lack a great deal of having the necessary money. I02 THE FRENCH VERB 98. CONJUGATION OF S'EN FALLOIR = TO BE WANTING ; TO BE LACKING; TO BE FAR FROM Infinitif Present Infinitif Passe S'en falloir to be far from, etc. S'en etre fallu to have been far from, etc. Participe Passe Compose Participe Passe S'en 6tant fallu having been far from, etc. Fallu been far from, etc. TEMPS SIMPLES TEMPS COMPOSES L'INDICATIF Present Passe Indefini II s'en faut it is far from, etc. II s'en est fallu it has been far from, etc. Imparfait Plus-que-parfaii II s'en fallait it was far from, etc. II s'en Itait fallu it had been far from, etc. Passe Dejini Passe Anterieur II s'en fallut it was far from, etc. II s'en fut fallu it had been far from, etc. Futur Fiitur Anterieur II s'en faudra it will be far from, etc. II s'en sera fallu it will have been far from, etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present Passe II s'en faudrait it would be far from, II s'en serait fallu it would have been far etc. from, etc LE SUBJONCTIF Present Passe Qu'il s'en faille that it maybe far from, Qu'il s'en soit fallu that it may have been far etc. from, etc. Imparfait Plus-que-parfait Qu'il s'en falllit that it might be far Qu'il s'en fiit fallu that it might have been from, etc. far from, etc. The student should note carefully the construction with s'en falloir. Note that the verb is incomplete in itself, and must have another clause, expressed or understood, to complete the meaning. II s'en faut de beaucoup qu'ils puissent faire cela. They are far from being able to do thai. Oui, il s'en faut de beaucoup. Yes, far from it. Conjugate s'en falloir negatively, interrogatively, and negatively and inter- rogatively. 99. THE IMPERSONAL VERB ^'AGIR S'agir is another verb expressing incomplete action. Its meaning is gen- erally completed by de followed by a noun or an infinitive. THE FRENCH VERB 103 Agir means to act, to operate; hence, II s'agit de faire cela means literally // actSy operates, to itself of doing that. We can best translate it by // is a ques- tion, or a matter, of doing that. II s'agit de sa vie. It is a question of his life. II s'agissait d'agir immldiatement. It was a question of acting immediately. The question {point) was to act immediately. 100. S'AGIR=TO BE THE MATTER, TO BE THE QUESTION Infinitif Present S'agir to be the matter LTNDICATIF LE CONDITIONNEL TEMPS SIMPLES Present Present jl g'agirait the matter would be Passe II s'agit the matter is ^ { II se serait agi the matter would have II s'agissait the matter was ^^^^^ Passe Defini II s'agit the matter was LE SUBJONCTIF Futur Present II s'agira the matter will be ^^, .^ ^,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ TEMPS COMPOSI^S Imparfait Passe Indcfini p^^,.j g,^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^jgl^^ II s'est agi the matter has been j^g Plus-que-parfait II s'6tait agi the matter had been Passe Anterieur Qu'il se soit agi that the matter may ,, , , . , , , , have been II se fut agi the matter had been Futur Anterieur Plus-que-parfait II se sera agi the matter will have Qu'il se flit agi that the matter might been ^>ave been loi. ADVENIR OR AVENIR = TO HAPPEN, TO OCCUR, ETC. Infinitif Present Participe Present Advenir to happen Advenant happening Participe Passe Compose Advenu happened L'INDICATIF LE CONDITIONNEL Present . ' Present II advient it happens II adviendrait it would happen I04 THE FRENCH VERB Imp ar fait II advenait it was happening Passe Dt'Jini II advint it happened Futur II adviendra it will happen Passe Indefini II est advenu it has happened Plus- que-parf ait II Itait advenu it had happened Passe Anterieur II fut advenu it liad happened Futur Anterieur II sera advenu it will have happened II serait advenu Passe it would have hap- pened No Imperatif LE SUBJONCTIF Present Qu'il advienne that it may happen Imp ar fait Qu'il advint that it might happen Passe Qu'il soit advenu that it may have hap- pened Plus-que-parfait ' Qu'il fflt advenu that it might have hap- pened Note the auxiliary etre. Conjugate negatively and interrogatively. Advenir is used more than avenir. II est advenu que la guerre a elate le meme jour. // happened that the war broke out the same day. The student should compare advenir with the use of arriver as an impersonal verb. Advenir is used of happenings which are perhaps of greater importance than those with reference to which arriver is used. II est arrive a mon frere d'etre absent ce jour-la. My brother happened to be absent that day. Advenir is of frequent use in the idioms quoiqu'il advienne, whatever may happen ; advienne que pourra, happen what will, may. Convenir, to suit ; to be expedient (used impersonally) is conjugated Hke adve- nir, but has the auxiliary avoir. Requires de before infinitive. II vous convient d'etre poli. // is expedient for you to be polite. Vous convient-il d'y aller aujourd'hui ? Does it suit you to go to-day ? Convenir is also used as a personal verb. It is discussed under the verb venir, and in the Verb Dictionary. 102. IMPERSONAL VERBS USED IN DESCRIBING PHENOMENA OF NATURE The following is a list of verbs used always impersonally with reference to the phenomena of nature : THE FRENCH VERB I05 Geler, to freeze. Pleuvoir, to rain. Bruiner, to drizzle. Greler, to hail. Regeler, to freeze again. Degeler, to thaw. Neiger, to snow. Tonner, to thunder. Faire des eclairs, to lighten. Faire des Eclairs, to make some {^flashes of) lightnings corresponds to our verb lighten. The verb faire has already been conjugated. It is used frequently by the French as an impersonal verb. Other examples of its use can be found in the Verb Dictionary. 103. CONJUGATION OF GELER = TO FREEZE Infinitif Present . Parti cipe Present Geler to freeze Gelant freezing Participe Passe Compose Gel6 frozen L'INDICATIF LE ; CONDITIONNEL Present Present 11 gdle it freezes 11 gglerait it would freeze 11 gelait Imparfait it was freezing 11 aurait gel6 Passe it would have frozen 11 gela Passe Defini it froze No Imperatif 11 gSlera Futur it will freeze LE SUBJONCTIF Present 11 a gel6 Passe Indefini it has frozen Qu'il gdle that it may freeze Imparfait 11 avait gel6 11 eut gel6 Plus-que-parfait it had frozen Passe Anterieur it had frozen Qu'il geUt Qu'il eat gel6 that it might freeze Plus-que-pa rfa it that it might have frozen Futur Anterieur Passe II aura gel6 it will have frozen Qu'il ait gel6 that it may have frozt- n See Par. 60. Like geler, conjugate d6geler to thaw, and regeler, to freeze again. 104. CONJUGATION OF PLEUVOIR = TO RAIN Infinitif Present Participe Present Pleuvoir to rain Pleuvant raining Participe Passe Plu {inv.) rained ' io6 THE FRENCH VERB LE CONDITIONNEL Present II pleuvrait it would rain Passe II aurait plu it would have rained No Imperatif L'INDICATIF Present II pleut it rains Imp ar fait II pleuvait it was raining Passe Dcfini II plut it rained Futur II pleuvra it will rain Passe Indefini II a plu it has rained Plus-que-parfait II avait plu it had rained Passe Anterieur II eut plu it had rained Futur Anterieur II aura plu it will have rained Conjugate geler and pleuvoir negatively ; also negatively and interrogatively. LE SUBJONCTIF Present Qu'il pleuve that it may rain Imparfait Qu'il plfit that it might rain Passe Qu'il ait plu that it may have rained Plus-que-parfait Qu'il eflt plu that it might have rained Neiger II neige II neigeait II neigea II neigera • II a neig§ II avait neig6 105. CONJUGATION OF NEIGER = TO SNOW Infinitif Present Participe Present to snow Neigeant snowing Participe Passe Neig6 snowed LE CONDITIONNEL Present II neigerait it would snow Passe II aurait neig6 it would have snowed No Imperatif L'INDICATIF Present it snows Imparfait it was snowing Passe Defini it snowed Futur it will snow Passe Indefini it has snowed Plus- que- pa rfa it it had snowed Passe Anterieur II eut neigl it had snowed Futur Anterieur II aura neig6 it will have snowed See verbs ending in ger, Par. 55. LE SUBJONCTIF Present Qu'il neige that it may snow Imparfait Qu'il neigeit that it might snow Passe Qu'il ait neig§ that it may have snowed Plus-que-parfait Qu'il eflt neig6 that it might have snowed THE FRENCH VERB 107 106. CONJUGATI ON C )F GRELER = = T0 HAIL Infinitif Present Participe Present Gr^ler to hail Grglant hailing Participe Passe 6rel6 hailed L'INDICATIF LE CONDITIONNEL Present Present 11 grele it hails Imparfait 11 grelerait it would hail Passe 11 grelait 11 grela it was hailing Passe Dejini it hailed 11 aurait grel6 it would have hailed No Imperatif 11 grelera 11 a grel§ 11 avait grel^ Putur it will hail Passe Indefini it has hailed Plus- que -pa rfa it \ it had hailed LE SUBJONCTIF Present Qu'il grele that it may hail Iniparfait Qu'il greiat that it might hail Passe Anterieur Passe 11 eut grel6 it had hailed Futur Anterieur \ Qu'il ait grel6 that it may have hailed Plus-que-parfait 11 aura grel6 it will have hailed Qu'il eat grel6 that it might have hailed Conjugate the following impersonal verbs : Bruiner, to drizzle. Conster, to appear (law term). Importer, to be of importance. Tonner, to thunder. Uses of importer : II n'importe pas. // matters not ; it is of no impprtance. II n'importe guire (peu) . It is of little importance ; it matters little. Importer is much used in the following idiomatic forms : Que m'importe, que vous importe ? What does it signify to 7ne, to you ? What is it to me, to you ? What does it matter to me, to you ? N'importe qui. Whoever you like, any one ; no matter who {tvhom). N'importe quoi. No matter what. N'importe. It doesn' t matter ; nevermind. N'importe quand. At any time, etc. Importer requires de before an infinitive. II importe de faire cela tout de suite. The verb conster is little used, and only in legal procedure. The ordinary verb for to appear is paraitre. Conster requires Itre in its compound tenses. I08 THE FRENCH VERB Cela is frequently used as the subject of impersonal verbs. Cela advient souvent. That happens often. Cela me convient. That suits me. Cela ne m'importe. That doesrCt matter to me. Importer is also used with personal subject: Ces personnes ne m'importent; ses actions ne m'importent. 107. THE PASSIVE VERB 1. The English use of the passive verb is very careless. Properly speaking, a passive verb should always be convertible into a transitive verb having as direct object the subject of the passive form. John was struck by James is a true passive form, and may be expressed hy James struck John. But we see in English such sentences as He was given the money. Putting this into the active voice we must write Some one gave {to) him the money ; the subject of the passive form used becoming the indirect object. We even find intransitive verbs used passively in English. In French (with only two exceptions) a passive verb is always from a transi- tive verb, and the student must bear this in mind when translating English into French. The two exceptions mentioned are obeir {to give obedience to, to obey) and desobeir {to disobey), which are intransitive verbs and require a in the active voice before an object; as II a obei a sa mire. He obeyed {gave obedience to) his mother. We can say in French Elle a Itl obeie (a passive from an intransitive French verb). 2. The French do not use the passive so much as the English. They use it only when the construction is truly a passive one, as shown above. For the many so-called passive constructions in English the French have two constructions which enable them to avoid the passive. y One of these constructions is the active form of the verb with on. The other is the reflexive verb. In English, we say It is said that it will snow to-morrow ; the French say On dit qu'il neigera demain. In English we say Apples are sold cheaper this year than last; the French say Les pommes se vendent a meilleur marchi cette annee que I'ann^e passes. So, Where is that silk soldi is, in French, Ou cette sole se vend-elle? or Oii vend-on cette sole ? The student should familiarize himself with the use of these French constructions. THE FRENCH VERB [09 3. Note that the use of tenses in the passive verb corresponds to their use in the active voice. Cesar prit la ville de Pompeii (pass6 d^f.). Caesar captured the city of Pompeii. La ville de Pompeii fut prise par C^sar (pass^ d^f.). The city of Pompeii was captured by Caesar. L'ennemi a pris cette ville hier (pass^ ind^f.). The enemy captured that city yesterday. Cette ville a ete prise hier (pass6 ind^f.). That city was captured yesterday * {i.e. the action of capture was performed yesterday). La ville etait prise hier (imparfait du passif). The city was captured {i.e. in a^ state of capture) yesterday. Note the difference in the last two sentences, and guard against using the -* imparfait of the passive when the passe indef. should be used. The passive form of a verb in French, as in English, is always conjugated with etre, to be. 108. AGREEMENT OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE 1. The past participle of all verbs conjugated with etre, except reflexive verbs, agrees in gender and number with the subject. Examples : Elles sont venues. They have come. Ces lettres ont ete renvoyees. Those letters have been sent back. 2. The past participle of all other verbs, including reflexive verbs, agrees in gender and number with the direct object of the verb when the direct object precedes the past participle. Examples : Avez-vous pris la lettre? Did you take the letter? Mon frere I'a prise. My brother took it. Elles se sont flatt6es. They (fem.) flattered themselves. But .... Elles se sont ^crit (des lettres). They wrote {to) each other, 3. The past participle of an impersonal verb is invariable. FORMATION OF TENSES 109. REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF TENSES Before he begins to study the conjugation of the irregular verbs, the student should refresh his mind as to the remarks which have been given from time to time in the preceding part of the text concerning the formation, of different tenses. I lO THE FRENCH VERB He should acquire the habit of constructing the tenses from the principal parts or primitive tenses ^ applying the rules that have been given him. Having acquired this habit and having studied the different classifications of irregular verbs, he will find Httle difficulty in their use. no. A recapitulation of the rules for forming the different tenses is here given, with tables of the endings of the tenses of the four conjugations. The five primitive tenses are : The Infinitive. The Past Participle. The Present Participle. The Present Indicative. The First Person of the Past Definite. The remaining tenses of the verb are derived from the above primitive tenses or principal parts as follows : The endings of the present infinitives of the four conjugations are : er, ir, oir, and re. 1. From the Infinitive derive: a. The Future Indicative by adding to the I?ifinitive the endings ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont. The future of all verbs therefore ends in : Singular 1st Pers. 2d Pers. rai ras See note i, below. b. The Present Conditional by adding to the Infinitive the endings ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. The conditional of all verbs ends in : Singular Plural 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. rais rais rait ^ rions riez raient Note i. — In forming the Future Indicative and the Present Conditional from the Infinitive as directed, the oi of the ending oir is dropped in the third conjugation ; and the e of the ending re of the fourth conjugation. Thus the future of recevoir is je recevrai, tu recevras, il recevra, nous recevrons, vous recevrez, ils recevront. The conditional (pres.) of rendre is je rendrais, tu rendrais, etc. See Par. 51, 6. The present participle ends in ant in all verbs. t 2. From the Present Participle derive : a. The Three Persons Plural of the Present Indicative by changing the termination ant of the present participle to ons^ ez, ent. Plural Pers. 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. ra rons rez ront THE FRENCH VERB m Note 2. — There are three exceptions to the rule for forming the Plural ol the Present Indicative from the Present Participle. The exceptions are ; AUer Dire Faire ]e vais je dis je fais tu vas tu dis tu fais ilva ildit il fait nous allons nous disons nous faisons vous allez vous dites vous iaites lis vont ils disent ils font b. The Imperfect Indicative in all verbs by changing the termination ant of the present participle to Singular Plural 1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. ist Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. ais ais ait ions iez aient c. The Present Subjunctive in all vei'bs by changing the termination ant of the present participle to e, es, e, ions, iez, ent. Note. — The past participle ends in e, i, u, t, or s. From the Past Participle derive : All the Compound Tenses by placing before it the proper auxiliary, which may be avoir or etre, as heretofore explained. The Present Indicative. I. The First Person Singular of the Present Indicative always ends in e or s. When the first person ends in e, the second ends in es, the third in e. If the first person ends in s, the second also ends in s ; the third in t or d ; in d, if d is found in the stem. Singular 1st Pers. 2d Pers. , je tu e es Note 3. — The following verbs are exceptions Convaincre Vaincre Pouvoir Vouloir je convaincs je vaincs ju puis je veux tu convaincs tu vaincs tu peux tu veux il convainc il valnc il pent il veut nous convainquons nous vainquons nous pouvons nous voulons nous valons nous allons vous convainquez vous vainquez vous pouvez vous voulez vous valez vous allez ils convainquent ils vainquent ils peuvent ils veulent ils valent Us vont 3d Pers. il elle e t^rd Valoir AUer f je vaux je vais X ' tu vaux tu vas il vaut ilKO 112 THE FRENCH VERB From the Present Indicative derive : a. The Second Person Singular of the Imperative by dropping the pro- noun je of the first person singular ; as je pars, pars. b. The First and Second Persons Plural of the Imperative by dropping the pronouns nous and vous in the corresponding forms of the present indica- tive ; as nous partons, vous partez, parions, partez. The third persons singular and plural of the imperative are identical with the third persons singular and plural of the present subjunctive. 5. The Past Definite. From the First Person Singular of the Past Definite are derived : a. The remaining forfns of the Past Definite by changing the termination s to s, t, mes, tes, rent ; as je partis, tu partis, il partif, nous parti/wes, vous parti^e^, ils partire/if . Endings of the Past Definite a ames &tes ^rent ist conjugation it imes ites irent 2d conjugation ut iimes iites urent 3d conjugation it imes ites irent 4th conjugation Note. — The first person of the past definite of the first conjugation does not end in s, but in i. The above rule for deriving the remaining forms of the past definite becomes, for the first conjugation : Change the termination i to s for the 2d person, drop it for the 3d person, and change it to mes, tes, and rent for the three persons plural. b. The Imperfect Subjunctive by changing the termination i or s of the First Person Singular Past Definite to sse, sses, t, ssions, ssiez, ssent; as je partly, que je parti^^e, que tu parti55e5, qu'il partif, que nous parti55/o/i5, que vous partiss/ez, qu'ils parti55e/?f . In the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive, and in the first and second persons plural of the past definite a circumflex accent is placed over the vowel preceding the terminations t, mes, tes ; as qu'il partif, nous parti/we*, vous partife*. Endings of the Imperfect Subjunctive asse asses fit assions assiez assent isse isses it issions issiez issent usse usses ' fit ussions ussiez ussent isse isses it issions issiez issent III. Hereafter, unless otherwise directed, the verb should always be written on the blackboard by the student according to the following model : ai as is is us us is is THE FRENCH VERB 113 Partir, to depart. Auxiliary, etre frimitive Tenses Derived Tenses je tu U, eUe, on nous vous ils, eUes Partir Future partirai partiras partira partirons partirez partiront Conditional partirais partirais partirait partirions partiriez partiraient Partawf 3d Pers. PI. Pres. Tnd. partons partez partent Impf. Tnd. partais partais partait partions partiez partaient Pres. Subj. q. parte partes parte partions partiez partent Parti Compound tenses, suis parti, etc. Jepars Pres. Ind. pars V pars part partons partez partent Imperative pars partons partez Je partis Past Definite partis partis partit partimes partites partirent Impf. Subj. q. partissc > partissesLpartit partissions partissiez partissent Reflexive verbs will be written as follows : Se servir, to use. Auxiliary, etre Primitive Tenses Derived Tenses jeme tute Use nous nous vous vous ilsse Servir Future servirai serviras servira servirons servirez serviront servirait servirais servirait servirions serviriez serviraient Servawf servais serve servais serves servait serve sert servez serviez serviez Conditional 3d Pers. PI. Pres. Ind. Impf. Ind. Pres. Subj. Servi Compound tenses, suis servi, etc. Je sers Pres. Ind. sers v sers Imperative \ sers-toi ^ servis Past Definite servis servis servit Impf. Subj. servisse servisses servit The three persons plural of the present indicative are written twice ; once as a derivative tense ; and, second, as a primitive tense for the imperative. servons servions servions servons servent servaient servent servent servez servons-nous servez- vous servimes servites servirent servissions servissiez servissent THE IRREGULAR VERBS CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS 112. THE FIRST CONJUGATION Besides aller (and s'en aller), already conjugated, the only irregular verbs of the first conjugation are envoyer and renvoyer. Envoyer and renvoyer change y into i before an e mute ; see table of verbs having orthographical peculiarities, Par. 51. They are irregular in the future indicative and the present conditional. Note the variations from the rules for deriving tenses from the Primitive Tenses. martin's FRENCH VERB — 8 114 THE FRENCH VERB 1 W o > 5; r a ■<, Vi '^ T3 c 3 ^ s I ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ b 0?-^ ^.^1 P ^ -■ ^ ^ > u ^ CO i< 'C -tJ 3 J H a & > s N d .2 ^^ o o o >- > >- a a a M Pii) P^ C G >; fl fl C d) 4> 3 S 3 O'O'O' ^ ^ ^ pG 43 ^ .2o 2 o > o >. a > o •J-l • rH >. >> 4-> o o 3 > >. (U a 3 "o > * >^ o o ! g SI 2 o .2 o 3 3 o o ^ 2 ^ * S > >» g 3 " O S « f-,H a s > a > >> 2 J? _ O o / a I ! THE FRENCH VERB 115 I 'd « c 5i « S^ 1 •■^ c lU 1) .•!S '"'§0 -iSo,, njSS' I'd :s ^g KH -5 rC ^ >^'S rG ^ ^ ^ ^ >^ ^ > ^ £: S > "» ■^ rf i pS i CUD 0. ^ rt I ■K ^ 3 3 «: :^ ^6 3 'i 'S ° (U oj S 5: <3 >» § p Q) C «a - S 3 § « >—,^ s & > a >■ 3 I s -2 3 .. 8 ^ (U J3 \ ■^ ^ j=: > s >- p )h 3 ■S 3 0) .2 iS H-j 2 o a CO o u (U ^ v»_ C m ^ G S > '.n oi ^ ,> ^— 'i-i §= T3 ■ s ^ "S ^ 3 12; 5-5 ^ n-, TS ^ <= E ^ Si ^ o ,a « "^ s- ^ ^ '2: *- ^ t. o o ^ ^ :a ^ ^ :k a i£|§gS N O K 3 p ;3 p >■ '^ N «= r^ ^ ."*" .5 "$ IS .2 O ^ « I -M J3 -^ t/l ••-I rt =1 g s - >^ I— I -^-' -G IS >-, -M ^ -c ^ ^ ^ ^. 3 ii •> '^ s s ,13 ^ ^ ^ ,« ^ (^ .2 .2 H- usse lusses t oulussions oulussiez ussent ^1 "3 "3 § 5: s fl> o o s ■S 5 .S > > ■; isissi .2.2^ §gs .5^Bi§^« 4> • >■ 3 - s § > ., 3 "* fl O O OT S 5> =5 > I § S '^ O 8 "" "^ 'S '^ •- 'S • ^ S fS ? ^ >. 1 S^l -5 ^ , ■" ^^ C_S 5 •1-^ o 5 -I ? 2 5 4; ■S ^ ^ p ©2 C_i 1— < ' 3 o b M ,H a fe > i=i •I ^ r\c . < OF THE WN/VERsiry OF 5£dUF0RN\^^ ^ ^ C M C3 n .-. •3 I 9 8 -M ^ -3 ? ^ TT/iE' FRENCH VERB 73 C o i '5 ^ ■^ D fl o > >2 ^ o; t>. i2 ^ Oh 2 fe O! O 5 > o . .^2 > ^ r^ .^ I " g ^ s g g g ^ o § >2 «5> 55 ^ ►^ <-5 ^ -^ 5 m >2 c <=i S ^ s 5 13 V> C3 ^ o > <^ •iH o •a -2 rt O fcJO C- D (U •• o .S 5 i -^ a; O -5 c ^ 3 •4-> a ^t 5J .^ ^ ?i, ^ ^ S "^ /v e 5s i 'S Si 1± ^ . c o ^: Is a o if «> *^ « I £ ^ 4} «J o O ^ _j > S CO 117 ^ -5 o ^S J2 ^ O on ;i C ^ ^ S ^ •5 2 " ^ -«-> "^ p ^ tn _ ^ .i2 o (1) t/3 C > (U • ii t/3 *~* c ^ ii8 THE FRENCH l/ERB \n '2 > ^1 i I I ^^ •■^ ^ S § s •S H ^^ XI o •Si \j ^, t£ QJ ^ ,£5 o should lou won i would e shoul )u woul ley wou 1 ^ D ^ C/3 lU (U cj rt w Oj OL) 1J ^^ s = s S o s ,=1 ^ '^ -C s s ^-5^ ^ ^-^ '§ I « I ^ 5 ^ ^ J3 ^ ^ «0 C: N 2 S « oj > 3 -S «i ^ c3 ^ ^ 3 ^ > ^ o ^ s- O o > 5 ra 0) M O 0} 5 2 M p, T*" S ^ H o o w S ^ ? 2 <=> >• I o 5 ^f^g -, 3 "^ o o m a •■5J P4 THE FRENCH VERB I IQ 3 fl? oT *5 4> Ji 175 > w) g^ 3 C j3 y=: 03 c 4> « ^ r F^. 2 £ « ^ ^ S 3 H S H H-» H-» O (1| *J 55 1|3| ^1 i ^ II ^:i 8 a £ g " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;S o; .S ? :3 -i p. I20 THE FRENCH VERB o ^ ^ !> •I c ^ ■•CJ CO I? o •<. •■^ ^ . L ^ ^ I >^ ^ 2 -^ ^ -^ 2 43 ^ 9 -c hJ ^ o o ^ ^ ^ ^ 'g S o e e g ^ a s. CO CO a «, 3 O O 00 a> .t3 ^ ^ J3 ^ ^ -c CO "^ "C "s § S § S § § 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' hH -£ -CI o ^ >>•£ bX) o S > g o .S c fe o 2 c ^ -^ S c 5 -^ 5 rt -^ D %- S rt rf ^ ^ ^ >. ^ ^ S .<» > > fl - « ~ « ^ - I -, 3 fl o o m '^ ^ I O 5 S S > ^ v^ (U Ji c _5 HI "5 ^ ;s >^■5 CO 0) CO CO CO m CO 3 =5 o O Hii»H s &>a IX 00 c: s: .^ 1 .•sj 4> Q « ^ Hi> K/S CO .& * * i^ S THE FRENCH VERB 121 C! > ii ^ --^ "1 ' o -^ ^ ^ 1 1 I I ^^ i ^ I ^ 1 t ^ ■«\ ^ ^—v -s ^ I 1 a «-> o u « s o w «i: 55 TJ ^ w't:j=S>,C SS ,5" S_ a 5. J « to ty vw TO TO ^NJ C« vv --^.^ \.\j ,_4 52^^ 5 5 "^ 2 P r^-^ ?> .*^ o o -V S "^- :-^ ..- ^ -^a « ^ S S --^55 §tj|c. i^-.ti^ . , \ i i ill! 1^1^? ii:- ..3J ^ Hill -I I I f ii .i^^rii^i •-, i-> * 122 THE FRENCH VERB •I « «) 5; «; -d o CO .0 .0) c: .CO .S2 ^ C C .5 |S|§§g CO N s: CO Q) o "0 ^ ^ I s e (U u ~ Q 00 ;3 3 3 O'O'O' S 2 -I s 3 g s ;3 3 3 a ?i O'CXO'O'O'O' 5 1s» l« r s- ,r «^.^ (u bJD C •■- u ^ s 1 s ^ s M s % SI .. (U ■g 1 s " s 2 % he saw we saw you saw they saw ^ — ^ t^ '0 a ^ ik ^ ^ ■rl •^ § 3 - /■•. 3 53 CO rti S3 ^ w «^ ^ ^ 00 5 ►2i,H »-H 0& >S ►2i,HS &>a »2i»H s&>s § ^ ■4-> •^ 1 a t •? i ►2» > p ^ ^ THE FRENCH VERB 123 g D J^ « W ^^ a .w>.^-5 a .^ 3 a s « >. ^ 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ e2 S 2 c 5 S ^ : s y •§ ^ ^ -^ •^ o OS >• .§ § 'S - P< 3 « .2 3 M a 5, g H 03 o 5 4: 3 O O 3 > 1" I- '-0 > Wi p s. 4) t!! H M fi 124 THE FRENCH VERB ^ > o N o ^ :;>, "S. fa (3 a> ^- 51 I- ii VV" XJ ^ S .t3 - "^ - aj jD ^ '" „^ -^ 3 =3 ^ O -§ g ^ — rT3 T3 ^ Oh .:;:5^ ^ .«> ? 1?^ tl "K -^ i i s •g "5 .t: -^ -^ -S ^ 2 -5j S S =s >< ^ o Cj fS ctf :2 > > E P ^ ^ ^ « E JJ S ^ !^ O :. u ra p rp3 "b "b "b O'O'O' o H O *. ^ ^ i-: !> (U (u D ^ ^ -^ S >^ ^ g .^ I g g s s & ej rt cj c3 c3 rt ^ .^ ^ ^ ,^ ^ 5 "^ eo -S .2? ■*- ■^ -"^ -5 5^ 2 :^ s s •■§ § § I 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O' O'O'O' j: -S ri o ,^ s i 5 53^ ^ I t/3 5 -5 ^ 5 ^H--^ ^ ^ .2 5J fl 43 CO 1^1 § § > ►£,H C & > a ^ S p. THE FRENCH VERB 12$ I o > 3 -. ri > Q p _ <" ^ n o a. i 'd o )» cu •4-> ^3 o Si «; 5 -I ^ I a, 2 ~ ^ ^ •§ :g ^-^ S S 2 ■^ ^^ 2 ^H.^ > ^ § 2 3 -3 g ';2 ^ 3 O O ^ o ^ > 1;^ !^ . ^-3 ;:5-s ^ ^^ DUO. -a -^ ^ > > S '-' v-i "7. 9 N -M o (u a ;C -g .2 >" > .is b fa o 5 3 > O O M ! ^ ? CO Q> •^ O ^ -. o 1 1 ^ 5] :3 :> »? «? ^ ^ Q» ^ 4> *> o :5:2 > ^ o 2 2 ^ Oh Dh g p ^ b "^ o C/3 u 4> V (^ I i ^ ^ ^%, 0'0'< 2 « « -a .-2 T3 ^ •> > 5 O •r to o o 2 J? « ^s >^^ ^g ^ c4 ^ c^ cS rt ^ J3 ^ J3 J3 J3 HI Hi 3 3 S 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' t2i»H S fe > a a 132 THE FRENCH VERB 2 4j « T3 3 ^ g-- s s § I g g p^p^s g Q, 3 00 2 o ^ 2 J2 5 P< 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' J- > o O C 2 "^2 ^^^ ^ 2 a; ?^ §^ hH ■£ J5 IS t^.'S k On g > p 3 3 > b t4 E 2 o ^ »2ijH S & > a THE FRENCH VERB 133 > o ^ I 2 c5 -fl 09 I 1!^ c;-s I « "u ^ ■^ « S ^ > > o ^^ S ^ o I g a OZ ^ ^ T3 ri; --r E> ^ 2 o -^ a 3 o <" 2 (U a t^ (U (U tq l-J > > ^ O O *j S S ^ «i o « ^ ^ a ^ 3 S o o a :3 5j 5 5 3 ;3 ;3 O'CXO' a «J ^ > S O C C! >^ f= rt « C S «« 3 H 6 *= >, rt rt rt cS rt rt ^ -c ^ J3 ^ 43 O _« I S - S 6 ^ ^ - P S g 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ O'O'O'O'O'O' o ^ I i I •§ - I ^ I S i I V > w O JJ ^ s ^ 2 =< S S 2 a; HH -5 ^ ii 5 ^ ^5 CUD .S tiio .S B ■> o > r^ 2 e ? 2 c 3 rs § CO ••- 2 2 S => a> a « *^ "^ o « c . ^ O ►*■ d >• d d o 3 n s a 2 « S d S § ^:2 .0 4) a > -a 03 a d " o <» > a .^ si na '^ 10 > -t3 O 1; J^ > O I ^ I I i ^ o 3 S S ^ >, H-i "i: -G ;$ >stJ 0» =» 5 I § « 5 -« *= o O •" 5 8 CN 09 •Ii 134 THE FRENCH VERB 1 1 «- s o c^ a DO A g §; .. > ^ I I a s I I i . s ^ o ,^ ^ .IP 11 « I t I i^ I cxo'O'Gyo'O' s f-» c O' o -c ^ 8 g| ^ PC ^ o ^ o o % )^ ^ ^ .^ o'^oggs o > > > ^ "P. ^ fl iSZ^-^-c^!^ . >-^T3 v-d his > -Moj^cj ^ s Isl I ii r^- -M I .- ;; . S ^ S ^ j^ I M § i § -^ I 3 s t ^ -^ t :; g ^ r »« s M a THE FRENCH VERB 135 ^ g ^ ic \) ^ •^ p-^ a j» S ^ H Vs ^ ■4-> 1 C3 8 tiO •»* s£p CJ > t-^ 1 ^ '^i ^ ^ « ^ g \> ," ^•— v^ ptH ^ ^ •1 •K» <3 a «0 i 1 ^ Crt k ^ ^ -SJ .Si a S pj ^ ^ H «>* g %j •2 g •S -^ ^ . .52 S ^ % § S a E^ -e s 53 -^ ^ > 0. 1 CO 0} r/3 TO u ■•^ X »2 •e 'bb i^ ^ CS ^ t^ CO W -d C3 £ p '.a a *:3 1 f a> ^ "2 Ih S-l g rt 1 ^ Is 1 a ^ 4-. <5 ^•— ^ P< 6 S (n ^ ? ^ a S ^ ;« g 5 1 o) « tJ tl Nog N S 00 « •3 w d d .2 « .. S )H ^ .V. •5i -^ & d cs ^ d d vu •♦si >» fi til ^ ^ 5S %> >«» ^ ^ § l-s i I ^I^^^:^^^^^S(5 s 'i — < .s c S 136 THE FRENCH VERB 11 .'-s % 1 •T3 1 1 ^ ^ ■S § ^ s o 3 o. ^ ^ Q 09 eo .eo 2 CM c/2 i :3 ^ CO CO /^ C/2 .J3 o ^^ ^ g 5 ^ S >h" .2 CO < CO h:i ^ ^ W ^. Q b O J H 2 '^ ^ >>'^ ^ >^^ ^ „ ^ ^ 13 13 ^ '? -^ o ^ ^ !S 1« o ,, a; 5 S ^6 ^ M ■«$ 2 A ;S 'c .2 o 'o 5 il .s f« <=» I g CO i^ a :3 CC CO CO >^ >- S 0) § 0) o ^ t—l o w en >-, g^ rt >^1 rt g B 5j 2 :^ S != _ >-. w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ O CO CO CO t. s- V. a a ^ CO CO 3 13 3 c: N o .2 S? ^ & .0} .QJ Oi to .^ o 1 •5 S O 1 CO CO CO :3 CO CO 5 ^ 3 CO a ;3 CO a ? CO •»— » •♦-' rS 0) a> '.'"' (U 3 a zi :3 3 3 CKO'CO'O'O' biD bJO II i s Pej u >^ t— 1 T2 ^ O o 1) S r t3 1 1 (/} ^ •i CO s :i .C o f>» m ^ 3 «) ta CJ 5« ^ !>^ b ^ >^rS 43 13 ^ 13 r^ iTl ^J T! rr-l (11 _ W ■S « ?r^ 13 ^ c$ o '^ ^ 2i S Si o ^ M ■£ -£3 o ^ ^,13 rt S ^ !^ HH "13 rCi ? o CO ^ ^ s. .2 -S - CO 5: 3 M 3 CO 3 M -^ M - CO tn 3 3 O O ,H rt 0& > G ^ o ^ ^ ~ o <0 ^ § CO 5 S2 .. 3 ^ o o eo ^ ^ >. x^ ^ a> CO ^ - i s s ^ Oi P !1 S P ^ »2i,H a s > s THE FRENCH VERB 137 1 OS S <1> 2 1 1 CO ? « CO CO .** CO t. tl « i :3 ^ 2 CO CO CO i CO CO ^ :3 3 CO .^ 3 CO § > tn 3 j3 3 ;3 3 3 c4 b >- rt* ^^Tt >^ rt Cj r2 I--S -S ii -« ^'N c3 •::H > til we s you they K 00 ^ S ^' >* 4) -M [T* on >-• M d 2.^ ctf S 2.§ Je surseoi Tu surseo 11 surseoii surs surs rseo; § S " M S>rt .2 ^ ^ '^ 1 54 ^3 1^ '^ « 'r^' i? ^ ^ f^ ^ a ;3 t S I 2 I (U w » 8 l-H (U o T3 en C ^.-^ . -^ S ^ c^ 05 F P ^1 H-1 O I ^ « .t3 ;^ f 138 TNE FRENCH VERB S o ^1 .■5^ 'W a I 1^ a .2 « ^ ■II ■5, :; E „ , 15 o o o ?i Ji S S S § o o R ^ ;: 2 2 -^ p^ 2 ^ S O o =! ^ w 1^ I ^5 ;^ >, s •g -i -^ -S I -I ^ 1 ^ « .0 -53 Q) C 5>. ^ Ah a a > a CO eo N «: c a> o i =: c: :^ :^ :^ (U lU if i g 4> O " i ^ ^% p R, hH :S ^ 0) O O >■ ^ Ji U «2 c: s: S 6: c: C Q) Q) 3 3 3 O'O'O' ^ ^ ^ ^ ,r! jg S g Q> S S S *= 5; c: ^ Jk, c •s^^:: § ^ « O'O'O' O'O'O' 0) a o > 5: S s 3 2 a t. y 4) (— 1 > PI < g ^ Q 1 — rj I/] ^ 2 •S S i 5 C3 i^ P O s s HH t! ^ O ^ o QJ ^ QJ =^ I ^ •i3 ^ ^ o s •5 -s HH :S 5? i 5 o .g cj> Q, e ^ ^:2 0) CO 5? 2 ^ 3 ^ a o o w t2i,H S O S > PI ,S« * ik c: O O CO & > s •§> ►2i,H ^ .C CO 00 THE FRENCH VERB 139 X, " Ji e S § s s ^•H =^ S S S r3 1> ?^ V^ C\j vu ^^^ vw vxj •£ -^ •£ "5 -5 "5 CO c: N O .0) «o ^ b. :». CO •S "I "^ 03 g .5 3 S !3 3 3 3 "S nT - S i i s « > s '5i OJ ■^ ^ ^ 4) § % ^ ^ "^ > c5 ^ A ^ s JC ^ ^ ^ bX) s 1 <2 2 'a 1 s 1 1 d ^ to tJ d •!-> ^ « ^ ^ ^ s .2 09 3 CO S-t *etf '%% ^ S- S- .1 ^ 1 I ^ ^ •= •Vi -vS 15 '^i k «-) 's •Ci -i: "C >* ,« V 4^ O •tl .t3 .t3 .i3 ^43^43j3^>.43 ►►►►is ri <4) <4} <4> <4> <4) Cd <4> Ctf ctf Ctf Ctf <4> 3 2 ► 3 5 i 5 a a ► ^ « CO w CO -g fl a .t: 1 .1 ^ ^ -s £ Annies 5< ^ c c: CO oa ! I I -a .^ I— I 8 « ^ « ^^ S ^ 000 ► ► ► -s.s-S'g-s-s^^-s-a »-' b ^ i3 -ts .t3 £ £ o £ *o o g g ^^^•►^^►►►>:> <4) e4 -'Si!>.--'S-M ^ 140 THE FREACH VERB Venir, being a " verb of motion," is conjugated with etre. In the sense of to come, it is used before an infinitive without preposition. Je viendrai vous voir demain. I shall come to see you to-morrow. II est venu me dire cela. He came and told me that. Note. — II est venu pour me dire cela means He came to {in order to) tell w^ that. (He may not have told me.) Learn the twe following idiomatic constructions with venir : 1. Venir a faire quelque chose. To happen to do a thing. Si vous venez a le voir, dites-le-lui. If you happen to see him, tell him so. 2. Venir de faire quelque chose. To have just done sofnething. Je viens de le voir. I have just.seen him. (Lit. I come from seeing him.) II venait de le faire. He had just done it. Tenir, to hold, to keep, is conjugated with avoir, and used both transitively and intransitively. Tenir, transitive, is used like to hold in English. £lle tient un enfant dans ses bras. II tient un livre a la main (dans la main would mean within, covered by, the hand). II tient une boutique. He keeps a shop. Idiom. — Tenir quelque chose a honneur, a injure, etc., to hold, consider a thing as an honor, an insult. Je tiens vos actions a injure. Tenir, intransitive, is used as to hold out, to holdjirm, etc. C'est un principe qui tient dans tous les cas. // is a principle that holds, stands good, i?t every case. Tenir a, to hold to, stick to ; to be fond of, attached to, etc. II tient a son opinion. He holds to his opinion. Tenir de, to resemble ; to proceed, arise, from. II tient de son p^re. He resemble <; his father. Tenir de also is equivalent to to partake of, to participate in, the nature of: Le mulet tient de I'ane et du cheval. Tenir is used impersonally. It then requires a before persons and de before an infinitive following. II tient a vous de faire cela. // rests with you, depends upon you, to do that. Note the much-used exclamation : Tiens I (tenez!) Here ;^^ it; take that ! Also corresponds sometimes to Americanism, Hello ! Tiens, tiens. Bless me; bless my soul! Well, I declare I THE FRENCH VERB 141 I s> •1 s, s (C ■ • (3 N •S t^ ■4J ^ § M rt Ph flH rS •» M .^ d s: c « .fS p u .^ _ -M i . in: •s i "5 c3 > a> g T3 $:3 c g i a r5 i *3 a "3 1 M o5 tuo CU ^ M c '^ ^ 1 1 0) •rH > 5 s g. £ HH ►^'^ nS 8 <-S5 ^^ eS V. 9 x: l:^^ :S I !^ 1 0) 9 5i g OS ^ /« >> 1 (U '5 s I Q ^ ^ rQ cr 4-» ^ \ >> ^ s CO 1 'S 5 C u 5 (U > < ■2 > p o H I o o o o H :s a< S O P4 . "S f* -^ -+2 *i «tf § 5 2 ? ^ .ti •1-1 -»-» .2 *« ns .i_i HI 3 "^ O O 00 H .M Qi W ^j ^ /^ C/2 § •i ta 3, O ^ >>,■»-> l!-l-i ►2i»H S O S > S 42 THE FRENCH VERB I o o t. S- K- a. Q. «!. CO P4 O o J= o S It; ° - ^ OJ ^ HH rt rt p « 1) «5 CJ O a s la O'O'O' -C J3 J= -a -f, rS 09 S N CS Q 0) OQ CO o 3 S S 5 0^ Sot >'i2 o a> «s III g. Q. 5 2 2 «3 3 ^2 ^ « 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' .Si,+j ^ 3 « 4> '^"^ 3 ^O o 03 t->H a & > a 8 t3 S "^ '" t« 2 qj a •■is .^ in )^ P4 P4 .2 .2 g 5? a> 3 Cx I, P4 3 •1^ s ■ •73 •"is r^ Is t5 1: 1 g'-B .2 S-l THE FRENCH VERB 143 Repartir, to set out again, is conjugated like partir. Repartir, to reply, is conjugated like partir, but its auxiliary is avoir. Ripartir, to divide, to distribute, is regular, like finir. Par. 46. Departir, to dispense, to distribute, and se d^partir, to desist, to deviate, are conjugated like the verb partir. Conjugate in the same manner as partir the following verbs, but use the auxiliary ayoil unless etre is indicated : Auxiliary A uxiliary Sentir avoir to feel Pressentir avoir to foresee, to foreknmu Consentir avoir to consent Ressentir avoir to resent D^mentir avoir to contradict Se repentir etra to repent (de, of) Mentir avoir to lie Redormir avoir to sleep again Dormir avoir to sleep Rendormir avoir to lull to sleep again ^ to Endormir avoir to lull to sleep lay asleep again S'endormir etre to fall asleep Se rendormir etre to fall asleep again Servir avoir to serve ; to make use of Desservir avoir to clear the table Note. — Asservir, to enslave, to subject, is regular ; conjugated like finir, Par. 46. Sortir, to go out ; to take out. Ressortir, to go out again, Sortir and ressortir are conjugated with avoir and etre; with avoir to express action, with etre to express the result of the action. Sortir and ressortir, when transitive, take avoir. Ressortir, to be under the jurisdiction of, is regular, like finir. Par. 46. Examples : Ou est votre fr^re? II est parti. Where is your brother? He has gone, left, started, A quelle heure partez-vous ? At what time {hour) do you start, set out? Nous partirons demain pour Paris. We start for Paris to-morrow. Partir (verb of motion) is conjugated with §tre. In old French it was also used transitively (with avoir) ; but such use of it is now practically obsolete. Sentir, to feel (by the perception) ; to smell J'ai beaucoup senti le froid ce matin. / have felt the cold very much this morning. II sent son ignorance. He is sensible of {feels) his ignorance. II sent I'insulte. He feels the insult. EUe sentit la rose. She smelt the rose. Ces fleurs sentent bon. These flowers smell good. 144 THE FRENCH VERB I I lit, I o C I 1^ S to o « •=■ ►3^ ** a a s as ^ «J M W +j o o " S 2 «> C Jh _. O) O) hH CO CO • M O C -r! ^ ^ i::! >- g 2 «) w 5 3 *=• 5 3 3 o o 3 ° o o M KH s fe > a CO N s: III 5j a :3 Q o o 1) s I I a. o (fl (U 1) >% o o ^ g S 1^^ O J= I k k ^ :3 ^ :3 o o ® fl « O'O'O' •£ 5 •£ -S •£ C N o « ^ ^^ a a 5 g» o o c i § 2? =» d 9 9 o ^ 3 o o o «> «> '/^ 4> 4) ^-"^ 3 3 3 3 3 S - 1 ^ OJ g w C - C g o c %■£ O HI 1-1 — O r^ ^ ^ til •= o qj cu o I" ^ '-' « fci W k- (y a1 <^ c > <5 ^: ^ m v- (U ? C3 (U > S 3 js ^ ^ ^ (A •-• (II fli 2 "^ -^ S ^ « ^ s ° ° 2 ^ ® 5 « 0) g^ l^g "I S •I CO o s *=* fl o f-.Haos O CO > G I CO a .^ :^ 5k o I i g § § i O 3 '^ O O 00 H-,H S a > rt .2 4> CO >r «, -> 3 o 3 g ; 5 § g ;; H->H S a > S martin's FRENCH VERB — lO 146 THE FRENCH VERB % 'D §■ , „ n g % g * I ^t^oo"^ 5^0 .„ Si ^ ■i-s^ « "^ t sill «l o ■.»,£«; t^t^ "^ CUU.K S C c " S ^^i >S>"nw3 ® M •« 2 r^ r„ ^ ^ Q O'OOO'O'O' s p_, O* O* ^ "^ ^ o ^ ^, S ii^ w rt ^ . . a> W • -rt ,• eo bo Sflcg -S nd -6 ^ :^ ^"^ o :^1&%1% ■ t " i 2 ii : § -s ? I.5I1I III 11 i .. .^ f^^l = H-»H a s > a H-» H^ p. o JH 3 O I I I >; (J Q del S^ 5*3 o THE FRENCH VERB 147 I ^ ■w c c 2 3 ? TS "C ^ 2 o -^ "3 "3 g •75 > 3 o o S a :3 ^ w >^ ^ 2 oj « c ?i >3 cr CO o CO I- "<, N •I 2 ^ "S 1 2 t «i ? 3 8^85 2 5 I— »H i_i S > 1^ is' 3 § •- 0, HH "S ^ O ■- ^ >> sy < » 5 2J^ R 8 g 8 S § 8 a o o CO O & > S « /r ^ 45 148 THE FRENCH VERB S ^ to N «= 0,0,0 :» :a :3 o o o Co CS 5J 2 P fl :5 § s OJ OJ D 5; =5 3 S o o goo .';h o t:X s 3 3 O'O'O' = §ii « rt g g « O rH «■§ § § S 2 biO ^1^ ? II "^ "^ "^ "" 15 "rt i? j= J= -c g tjo.W)-g g HH "i! ^ S P^ti -C ,£3 -C -C ^ ^ N gi ill s s I s § i 0) a? iT" 4) j t. o o s. - ?s o w w o "^ !^ ° S S S .2i»2 « § ^ « <0 4) '^"^ M "^ & >a " ^ o g 3 i s THE FRENCH VERB ^ 149 *«* ■^ '^ ill I S^ I ^ "S*^ ^ =^ ■^ J2 '^ «" -n §i i^ ii ;s - § I ^^ . || III ^ ^ k 8 >^ I « i ! a s i I i . 8 - -s I « i -i ^-. ^ 1^ H °^ I! i-s I 1 : 1 i a II ^ ' i i 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ n- ^ I .i I .s ^ s ^ « I I « ■§ 5 s i :! s i o^" ^Msgj- bo-S.ath ^o^o-h 5?, i_r ^cSa •B. o .« b a H T3 ^ i .v^ " S :2 ^ o 3 5J^ ISO THE FRENCH VERB t i ^ •^ -I Si P u <: o H II ^ .a ;3 is, cr 8 2 s y -^-y 1 1 •1 <^ ^ S^ ^ ■i < ■ ^4> ;3 •3 1 •« 0) a; ti ^ ^ Ji .is -S '3 ,^ ^ -^ cr- y cj cs .^ J^ 3 -^ 2 2 -3 ^ '5 ^ o 2 i ^ t. s> in •- s- ^ CO Q -^ *- ? |: 5 S 5 5? :3 QJ o o O O S § ;3 « § § g H-»H a fe > •5 ^'3 g^ HH "5 ^ O 2-^ ^-5 If Ph JJ d rt a; g g -3 2 3 -3 :S tr^ cr' _ _ cT ^ hj y « « y ^ a CO &. ^ o o a> CJ o 3 o o S be ^. ba •^ tjo 6 •§ .is t>J0"3 H *>- -s =" i: 5 ^ c^ 1^ « !^ cr o rt '^ « £- 5 '^ in '^ ^ •$■ ^ >^ cs S ? P ^ t^ cr -,, u cr ^ - — ■ - cr 5^ cr ii £ 2 C3 JJ ^;:5^ ^ ^ -C J3 -G ^ ^ 2 .55 ^Ss § S P- S *= « g. JJ « o S ?3 c S S S3 3 S S CCO'O'O'O' cr ^ " " "^ . "* i H S o ^ l-H ■£ ^ ^ >^•t! =3 _ ? -S "^ .* S. s.'® 01 5 -2; :3 o o a» ' !"« S 3 « o 3 ° e o o CO P->H rt O fe > a % 5 S •5 ^ •£: -g .5 C 3 '^ O o OQ H-,H S & > S S .s .05 S2 §.g..^ 25 -^ o o ra o- a ftj e cj. o &• ^ -. «j |"« o g ^ « O {3 O o OQ K-,H a a > H THE FRENCH VERB 151 I (U ^ o- (u o > -^ rt eS cS rt rt 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -2 e N « s ^ 2 « ^ ^ 1^ f C ^ 8-^ « 3 e o p ^ •V, +3 ^ fl >. m 3 S 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' •— < S 5: t t— 1 ^ -s 13 1 HH t , ci ^ -M ■M d> a> ,•> •5 (0 •^ s :> o> Q 9> •2 ? 9 4> «j 3 f^ «. i 4, "3 (u .is ii '3 .t! ?"•= Sh S. P^ cr 13 s j3 cr cr cr iJ H rt ^ ^ II I 1^ n m I 5 "^ o « g § 2 o O ;3 « o g « ^ ?, ^ ^ ^ .V ^ I. "Sn CO •a. a 00 o ^ P4 a a o o J-i ;j2 ^ . & "t^S o "^ o +3 ^ ^^ a 0) X. -Z ^ 0) 2 ^ ^ -a s^ 0, :§ < z <5 O O ;3 •S I bo OJ bo X (U .ti So ^ s ^ 8 o ^ 43 -n t-i O § . 152 THE FRENCH VERB ^ ^'^i-^ .8-i= ^ 2 tS ;=; T:i TO ^ Ov M M )-< bJO (U C5 :a Cut) ^ -^ •V* ^ 1s ti i s si "^ ^ O ;^ J? bit) W) 11 II o ^ So biori: lllil.l 5 " ' — > ^^ <^ I *^ *- biO a s So ^ ^■5 TO C^ Q TO TO C3 J5 rC rC 43 43 rC =?!=: ^ S « C ^ O ^ r-! r-i r^ < -^ . . ^ 2 « c . _ HH "5 43 C biO bJO fl biO !•§ il a| l.a 43 ■kJ d bX> i> "S> ^ ^ , ^ i s S 5 ^ a, I, 8 r^ K lU JJ ^ J^ "5 S S 's -2 "-3 .-ti w 1=3 3 S ^ S 5=^ w :3 » ^ o fl ^'^ ja ii ^ "•« ^. -3 H. t:^ s 08 «^:Spmw-^'5 ^^ r^-^ '^-S ^3 Si «J "^ >^ ^^^^.5^ t'=^J^ ^^ 8-G .13 i! ^ fe J^G fe •^^S33.^ § g s g^i^--o rSr^Swwa " © 2 W «^ -S tJ J ^ . .^ ^ o .S 13 . ,|.|l| I I ? So :| ^li : f -^ I i«l^i ^z^ r-s ^^2 ^-s •b .^ " .ts :;: t>o °^ o; cuo (u tuo o c o § § ;3§5HH2iH2iHH|H J3 X X pi-i 154 THE FRENCH VERB t3 'd c^ ■!-> a -*-; 4-> Ti 3 3 cJ rt 1 tA cn rt .§ OS C o S ^ ^ e CO 3 la 3 O'O'O' H U O § W h-1 l^ lis s hH "13 ,£3 ? t^z; 0» .o q> » 2 S ^ CO g g M «5 's CO n CS ^ Q o CO CO CO ^^ s 3 :3 jj 3 s ;3 CVO'O'O'O'O' 5 i2 ^ ^ I o "* ^ M 'i ,a o •r! t/! ■— > 'i CO (/5 ^ (fl j3 cJ tn cfl S ^ ^ i ^ "^ T^ ^ . CO CO ^ •=$ ^ .=^ s s .^ $ a -^ e CO CO 5 5 52 S '^ ® ^ «^ H-,H a o s > a i- CO CO '^ 1^ CJ -^ CO CO e 5 ^ o CJ CJ w § S 2 M ra 2 In 7i cS ^ t-l o 1) s .^ GO ^ 1 ^sj t? CO '—] ^ •^ ::3 •*J CO <"S el CJ CO 5 J3 CJ ;3 ^ O O .. c« c« ctf 2§S O > H->H f=i & > a THE FRENCH VERB 155 U5 j_, *J »-3 V f g s s I ^ A ^ ^ ^ A « .2 .-^^ ^ S .2 a -^^ «* «* — nj CO '[^ W CO JO S S M W M M 53 «* w 3 3 i§ 3 s* 3 3 3 :3 O'O'O'O'O'O' '3 ^ 3 3 li i'^ i c3 * CA 4_> rt rt •— • % 1 ,13 1- 1.5 V CO ^ a ^ 1 13 1 3 .t3 a1 1 i? 1 i etf cii c« w w CO 2 3 "* S 3 n KH P &>n ^ .73 1 1 i -que-parfait ht have assaulted, ^ ^ ^ 5 .5f» 2 1— 1 1 B bjonctif Ph that I m etc. c5 ^ ^ 'd \ o I ^ =? -S a ^ o 1! :3 '^l v_^ ■•^ «. CAl •i^ 3 !XI ^<3 > Oh ^ ^ S H 1 § i I ^-2 <» 9 N :s:s g -4-> J_l -^ 2 .t3 ?J <« <"a) '«« •^ > (-1 •£ rd o ^ t^-S b/j^ ^.5 15-3 ^ ^ -§ " - Si cJ " D V. - i5 «: " OJ « ^ J I I ^ ^ ^ 2 a; a 5 1^ w .2 ^ <« .§ > > ? § s > a, S ^ p 5 CO &> CO d Oi w «u iS '-+J t +-> > > <9i 53 00 CO > ;3 >• •^ 5 > d ? -2 I-H -5 43 ^ N r//i£' FRENCH VERB 157 I I ► u '5; o -^ ^ ^1 I -. ^ -^ -§ ■" .« d -M >• '«».^'^Vj 0)0} « '^ g .22 -^ -S ^ o^ « W dddddd Ph ^«* d d ^ ^^sQ ^^ ^ ^ .. S -o 1 1 ^ 5 . i; 1 A ^ ^ l^l:"!2 I I 1 I ^ l|i.s "I l^isl- i 5 ^ ^ I s|.|§g t III s I s s I .^ I o g«*j o««8-e5^"l,-^ •-' a^s » .s n ^4 K. K* •jH ST BO s. •■-* •s -^ B > > 5 -♦-> > ► > <^ ^ I ^ S Q CO 158 THE FRENCH VERB ro ^ * ^SJ ^ o1 ■5 A (u 3j 3^ S d .3 ^ S2 •§ +j !ti S a> r^ ^ ►S P ^ I .5 S^ ^ O 13 E5 n^ 1^ ^ 0) -.'t3 t->H HH O S > HH bJO ;2 ^ CO (U bX3 (5 -r^ ^ 02 ^ T; iJ 03 "^ ^ r^ « HH ::: ^ ^ ^-S .3^5 « <=■ ^ ,2 ^ "2 ►2i>H S & > a .2 -3 ^ "^ - I a 5 I THE FRENCH VERB 159 I OJ ^ > Q 1 rt ^ •?^ ■s ^ s ^ ¥ s t— 1 1 s ^ t rt ^ •^ .1 111 « :- s ^ - i ^1 i rS .%.^z: o ^^ P 2 2 2^ c„^t5'3«2S O'O'CXO'O'O' 5 f-> O O v-3 c^. Sc«^ o e ^ " I"^ ^ I -s f I t ^ ^ 1 i ^ s § .^ o <« .^ -^ ^- So w -t^ .3 S ex i6o THE FRENCH VERB :■« 1 u .« I. O pq O ■^ ^^^ ^ i^ < Cm -^ S Ci o =< g :3 a a ,2 f2 rS Qq Qg Qq tn --H (L> o 2 -^ .^ 5 ? s e ^ >> - _ g c rt rt rt rt rt rt rC -C -^ -J= -S rC 5 o o ? ® -^ O'O'O' :a a CO I -^ w S 3 3 3 3 3 O'O' O'O'O' O' .S -^ S o i -^ 2 S§ -^ a; cu Ji « 2 ^ B H 5 < PQ ►=! Q - -^ ^ i ■§ i -^ -^ J ^ c S o ^ HH -5 ^ O ^ >^'S *^ * s I g » 3 S * „ ^ lg.l s :73 't:3 'p, ^ l||-§§§ CO CO .O Q) ^ .J2 '5 ..- fg ;:$ -5 ^ .=$ e S S :5 ■ - ^ ?= -S ^ '^ ft, .2 -^ +-> <3 o ^ :3 o CO w o o o so S P O 3 ■" "" 5* o g g THE FRENCH VERB i6i o 'o _;^ x: ^ ^ ^ f =^ s s ^ ^ S o ^ oj § Jt ^ 4J 4-. *^ *^ rC rC! -C ^ ^ 2 .2 .TS :a S ',5 ^ -i-» SJ ^ '^ ■3 ■§ S -^ -^ 'S 3 3 3 3 3 3 O* O'O'O'O'O' ^ ^ c? .v> X3 J2 XI V ^ i* > is > rt 8 ^ ^ 2 i S ^ i fs 1— 1 % ^ ^ rt ^ ^ ^ ■*^ .^ ^ d s •4>> ^ ^ CO .2 s ^eS ^ i2 2 t/3 c o • 13 ::^ ^ o 'S s «= P a; t-' tH 4-. 53 50T3 § r '^ •S ^ C ID e2 Is .S s M t JO t«o 3 «S martin's FRENCH VERB — 1 1 1 62 THE FRENCH VERB 11 I. •■^ w o o CO o I 5 ■^ "^ CO ^ 6 I 0) ^ 1 '^ M "3 ^ 4^ «" .2i fe ° i i I -^ l'-^ ^ >."5 ;^ ^ T3 ii CO C N 1.. O q> ^ ^ ^ 5 o o C S 5 5 CO CO 5 !=» O O s ^HaiiSa CO « o 5s a a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .2^ Si ^ .5 2^ o W S> >^T3 'X! -a ^ >,' ^ ,13 r£3 ,£! ,q ^ ^ a> I :3 ? 5 5 3 3 S O'O'O' o O Q> 5 5^ w m SJ ^. S 5 5 •^5^ § ^ « ::;] ;:l :3 ;3 =s ;:3 O'O'O' O'O'O' 5 5 "" .i! ^ -^ '^ ^ ^ 2 i i ^ I -^ -^ -s 1 TS '^ .2i .3i ;S T3 •Ji ^ -5 -O ^ >. 5 S ?^t ill ^ ^ 5 ^ 5 g :3 H a o s > s 1^ o CO II QJ ^ g I 5 S 5 I 1 § S O o CO "K » S5 *>5 S " 2 s >a THE FRENCH VERB 163 1) _|^ **^ cd c^ cc c^ c^ cS ^ A X. A A A c: N .0 .0) CO ^ 5 "t- S CO CO ^ « :3 ra <» S «- t. «»» t. ;t o o sS 3 3 ;3 s 3 !3 O'O'O'O'O'O' (U "'^ (U .;; '^ .*i ^ ^ '^ T3 -^ "^ ^^ — ;:3 :^ "^ a 3 1 '^ ^ -5 43 ^ ^^i: O q> '4m I I 111 I 5 5 I § « 5 ►^H s fe > a ^ s til g l-H c5 ^ :^ 15 !> •^ c? 8 c > t ^ 3 8 ^ -«-» 4H in 3 -p a o <0 , S 05 N s: o o* o* Vh «. C« O CJ «J (u a; > > > 2 V (U 4) « > > _ (u .3^ ;r3 ;i: O D JJ XI 1j >,X2 -^ ^ P >^ fa o S S bfl, cS rt JS 5 ^ J3 -C ^ 09 O 0) CO t. c 3 3 3 o 2 .i^ ^ -^ 13 ^ -^ 'i3 :£ -Q -^ ^ -S ^§^^ -?.-§) ^ a .^.^ a| S ^ ll 09 CO CO c > a a> S S eo o O CO ;* ^ CO M ? 3 tj O O „ CO J2 CJ S 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' > « S* ai S^ (U D > J:* > 2 S^ ■" HH "S ^ O ^ >^ tuo ^ 2i •g ^ 5 1 2 ^ OJ 2 -O > ^ •§ > ^ .2^ .2:^ ^ 13 .ii •" '^ ij ^ ja ^ J a; ^ §^ HH t3 J ^ t^-i ^ ;^ ^ ^ ^ .H ^ ^ s s '^ '^ ••=< O .^ PS ti o rt b § § § a o p CO O S > S J3 •=: ^ ^ o CJ o ,£>Hl3a>l= 'c3 2 »* o o 9 2 t3 2 2 22 2 S 3 " § g " d I THE FRENCH VERB 165 I 1 o 8 5 :l^ CO O o w Pi IS 9 ^ I' o T? : 8 s S J2 is O QQ d o c o o a o u ^5 -5; a> bo r^ '^ - 9 J^ ^ I "^ Kg ci - "^J^ 'ill 0< '05 8 5| ■5 1^ ^ CO I 1 . <« ^ :; I .2 o a, (U M Ph o en O) >-< ■| 5> 2 o i I I a> 'CO o 5 S .2 3 cd u 'otS ^ CO CO •rH -^ 2 § M o ^ -5 ^ ■> S •i ;^ I r^ ^ r* ^ ^ -^ ^ Si ^ .S .H i^ 2 2 o 6 i3Z I «■« - , "S3 CO «: is- i h66 THE FRENCH VERB o 1, ^^^^ 'T3 ^^ tvj j/3 en ^ -t3 2 2 -9 O -^. ^ !^ ?^ i^ o o I I— t 2 S^ Sr -^ HH cJ W O 09 o ^ bJO c >» too .S S 1 tn S ^ C3 tn en 0) V en ^ S§ OS 3 & ^ ^ ^ O (U (U n in >, in in ^tiM^ >.:S •£ J3 ^ p^-S i'lill'! 1 ^ h. 1 CO 2 c ^ .« "5 s- .5 "5 -2 s ij-^ CO ^'^'•^ ^ S § '5 -a -S g idis ous di ous a ,2i,Hafe>a i::i,Hi=!&>a *,H 9 N ^ o O M THE FRENCH VERB 167 6 1? % •3 ."ts •1 S f 1 '^ 1 «- ^ ^ 8 >~. s 1 1 1 J 1 1 t— 1 t t :& \ .» 1^ 6; -s "" •s >^ S •S-^ ^ ft a i ir. o £ OJ S c c .^ TO si > TO r:s .^ (U O 5? O 00 +j o o S 2 25 to S 3 1I.§ jH <^ •- Z^ to w^ ^ ^ tJO ^ ^ "* .S "1 ^^•5 2 «^ to .^ ^ > r§ 2 I •I t :2 a s ^ 1 68 THE FRENCH VERB Q H I u <: w ^1 1 I. I- I i ^ i 8« e . O o ^ ^ I G ^ ^ o o j_, O fl C kj 2 -^ ^ rr^ '^ a ^ ^ 2 O O ^ ^ ^ ^ N s: CO CO .CO .CO .5 » Q Q c: s: c: c: c: c: 000 CJ CJ «J I s ^ ^ o o o c §.5-2 S s: c: S «= s: S <3 ? p Cj o '^ a "» •^ o -^ OO'O' v5 s s a e S >^ ■ = - ^ § ^ ^ t-i "S -c 5 QJ O O •i2 CO c; s: e .2 c; c: 8 S § S S § .2i.5^ § ^ « 51 3 S 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'Cy I o o s o 5 ^ ctJ ^ CJ 5 ^ W 2 - I— I Q o u w ^ c ^ o t: A •— ' .^TJ ^ 2 a «^ C] isis I I CO is S «^ "^ .*? CO (to III i§ I o § c: S 3 S 5P .5 c & o fe r« o c •^ ^ ^ g cS lU SS ? ^ o ., 0, ^ ^ >^t3 5-^ c c o CO 8 ■t3 ^ ^ .CO "a "S .;; i= 03 c c: c I "I o § c S S " '^ ^ OOCO ^. SOOOQ 5 c: i § '^ o ^5 x:3 § o c: THE FRENCH VERB 169 •t- -^ w> ti :£ -c w) s\ S o 7 -> s ^ ^ >> ^ X. J2, 0) q> CO ^ N eo CO g iijii S l| S 8 i •2i.5^ § ^ « « '-"^ 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' ^ s s -S e - •^ J-. '-e -!-« ?J "< 4J w »-« I/O THE FRENCH VERB t. a 1 1 o 1 3 fa Q ^ > \J t* ^ t o .5 ■!-• 8 k w X^ 3 CL, U w ^ /--^ h-1 CJ < S^ H^ ^ Ph •"^ o • iH H .CO 5 .*0 a H .S s ^ >■ D o ?J 5 ^ O ' ^ >> H *3 *§ II ^ » 'S P^ v-^ IH s '§ S bo 00 CO Hi 3 CL, Q .5 "3 •*» •^ &, S § ^ 1— 1 1 ■l I i 1 Q t— I 1^ ^ -y J Oh ^ *- -g '»»4 ■ ■ .1-1 -H a 3 n. S "S 'G g Q. O- ^ ■^ ^3 T-! "^ 2 '3 > 3 o o > g ^ <« ^ >> 2^ * g.1 o J3 ^ s s o 4> d •s -I - '-S S •§ a a -s s a s 2 w ^ S a s 5 3 O O a .Hi=!fe>a 2 a> o a> 4) V •4-> s ji S dj i> a> fe J3 ^ ^ iisi iLlll 1 met in me Is me e jeme e tu m< 'il met e nous e vous 'ils me ••"• o ••"• S 3 3 5J 3 3 3 3 {3 OO'O' OOOCXO'O' (A 3 S O. ^ O. ^ >, J2 "U C J' o _c ^ :S ^ o ^ >,5 5 »4 o aj 4J -^ •4-> a •e-fe^-s a a? 1^ 1 5 s § a 1^ w 3 .2 *S ^ =s .S a 5 3 ^f^ tJ ^ 3 Ph ^ a; ^ z ^ % ^ ^ hH -S ^ ^ t^-S HH t! -a ^ ^-5 9 ^ 8 .2 2 c3 S -•-' -M "3 ^ 2 a> *S as? § § a O O OQ Eh S > S CO 0) CO «. S "= o o oo a •I THE FRENCH VERB 171 I I ^ » CL, 77- ^ - ^ ^ §. f§t^-5-a &fl ^ 1^ ".II ^ ^ .a ^ j= ^. 8 S 5 3 3 3 3 S 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' .S2 '5 c« .2 ? C/2 2 ;3 Dh etf 3 S f-> CX u 3 CX ■g ^ 3 a. p- ^ - ^ S ^ •> . ■5 -^ *^ -Jj S fl +^ •♦-• 4) 23 w P a> »^H H4 ^ > H4 s ^ ". ^ s *c3 * <2 Si E -^ 3^ ^ ~ na ta (U -M ^? 12 6^ s iS-^l 2 6 S (S; d, « « « CO H .00 2 M .^1 -.- S' 5^ "^ fi I a fi g g I <]SuQ«coo o ^ •»* •^ v> s ^ -5 "V* >5 § V> (L) 5 .t « "^ "S v» ^ tC 5^ ^ fl ^ o- 2 ^ ■rr' /1^ 2 g. ^ ^ I <-5 c8 3

, ^ CO Cli 9 N -H •S-S2l'S.§ J- Vh .^ VU v^ '2 'S ^ I § s ^ v(U 3 ^ o o m « s s ^ =^ s s ^ g 1) (U , >^ 5 S * B m |: 5 g a s frl rt c3 cS rt t— 1 *j +j •(-> +j Is ^ O ^ S 3 3 O'O'O' 09 «» -^ -^ "fe .^ £: S ** '* > h »Qj '«: 2 2 o '<» ;3 » -M ^ fl > M .^ ii .^ h; ^ ^i •■S bJO 5 •- • n 1« ^ !\ "u rt ^ is .2 -y •r w C G •* > s: 2 M h-jH a O & > =s o (U 1^ o .5 e -t: -^ -S H-»H a fe > (« ^ ^ ^ ii ^ o o 2 ^ S 09 > s^ . ,^ *H a fe > s « * I THE FRENCH VERB 173 I > fe ^ ^ f :S -S '-G -f- W).^ "^ -S/g :w) .W) 'I -g M ^^^sa-sa ^ ^ ^ 00^ *g» »«> •• CO 00 h o o ,« -^ a >^ ;3 ;3 ;3 :3 :d O'O'O'O'O' 3 *a> ^ a; o « ii 'i ^ •- -^ 'S ^r^ ^ S S a "S 2 « J' §^ .-^ -5 ^ IS j^-S I d N 2 -13 .S fS 3 .b! 5 w o S M »H .tj * C •g 4^ ^ § § vg i-»H S a > rt sS d ! 111 « c ^ « m c *« >> (U > 1^ 1 ? ^s .1 t— 1 ^ ^ .-i 1 c? "0 1 t5 1 1 if Q .y ^ M /fe 2 ^ P^ 1 1 i > r^ 1 II « % t G 1 s s ^ ^ '^.J d M C r. •- ^ a Si C 1 1 i t-* fi ^ .•^ c^ 1^ rt V ^ - -rt -« 2 o ;;;s^ ^ ^:2 *-> u >> O S d 2 <" « M .2 ^ -C -C .2 © ^'=' r^ .2 P i2 T3 Ti .52 •.^^ --^ 3 3 S O'O'O' ^ Tj -^ rt g -^ p 2 g 2i ^ P '^ ^ ^ >, ^ ^ i ^ mill ^ k4 ■■a e •5 -5 CO S "^ c: N ,0 05 /ise /ises 'se us /l3/0 us //s/e I/sent /usse /usses Jt us /uss us /wSSi /ussent <» 3 "< 2 o «, a) dj i^ © oj "^ •.T' 3 3 3 3 3 !3 3 3 3 !3 rJ 3 O'OOO'O'O' O'O'O'O'O'O' v a V u .2 -Jd -4- -^ "» m -^ ;=3 •-^ i^ ^ 9 3 ^ Cud .5 bo ci , c oj ; ''3 *^ T3 T3 cS 3 0|2i '5 '«' «s CO CO M 03 •.> .^ .CO CO .2;»Has>H3 ^ >.:t3 .0 5 ^^ i « j3 1: o o « .2i»H S & > a c« 2 (U HH "5 ^ -^ -d Ill •3 «» 09 ;d o 53 03 ;^ o o <» S > S ^ 0, I « •»4 ' THE FRENCH VERB 175 ^ ^ s IS ."^ o ■!3 HH 5; ^ 9 o 5S I 8 tn ^5 « -vi ^ ^ .'^. Q < O S o ^ ^ 1 ^ 8 o O I a o u .J w o H 3 o u w = ■" *. -^ s o 3 13 ^ o -c c £ - c 3 -^ ^ Xi o§§8 S2 "^ -^2 2 pS-B-B-B § Poo -2 g (/] o t: ^ •§ 5 •§ = 1 1 1 S2|8 3 §8 en c o o 11 *. -§ O 3 " O C ^ '^ ^ P -5 c c ^ t; y c o 5 § 3 T3 o o -C o CO <: N .2 -2 ^ .-tt II I ^ -S -3 ^ § § -g •g a -o a S S c « 1 1 76 THE FRENCH VERB a , o CJ u 9. o r, 00 -> * o m ^ CO I "^ "-^ fl c: c: o o o O Cj Ci r: cx. O O 3 r, O " TS -mo •T3 (« rt S O o C IJ^ O g o ^ III s; o o o o «J r;H o ^H 0*0* O' >> >^ rf J2 3 d HH :S 43 ^.^ ^-. o Si " s us *j '^ ^ c •73 tfl C C o G ii O O u o :a V " ^ O 'bij ^ -w ^ ■" 3 g £ £.2 - ^ £ S *^ ^H O- p^ HH :3 43 :? >." 'S J_l j_, ^ ^ ^ 4-> Cv Cd C^ rt rt Co -1 ^\« vv i,«j <.^ V J ^\j ,^j3^4343.^ •£'5-5'£'5'5 •^ ri cJ rt rt rt ^ 43 J= 43 rCl CO •12 "~- 05 a a CO § S S <» "» o ^ S 5 5 § (O (O '■^ «.> ditionnel Pi should have etc. 43 £ if Plus-qtie- at I might hi etc. «„ s ^ ^ ^ :5 -? Co 3 3 S w fl .S •5 1 '^ I -^ I •n '-' c o o '-' 3 -!-> c '^ «> iu 8 ^ " 5i S S ^ :> t/i >-| 1* t>. o 0) c: .S2 1 ^ :^ :5 .| c C: ^ CJ o C § s i § § s ^ ^ ^ z 3 H « 3 O § 3 o S HH :S 43 ^ 3 3 •13 T3 3 3 '^1 si B ^ CO a> •*- 3 3 •T3 O 3 " O 4_. 3 T3 3 o O " o ^ '2 '^ £ 3 ^ r5 3 o •5^ ^ -5 !^ 5 ^ .CO CO g; a o o c p I § s •3 3 .a d S 3 "S o ta w o fl iS§|3S o CO > 43 8 l-H THE FRENCH VERB I 177 I -I ^ s .tj ^ 1 « ^ I ^ 1 r^ o -^ .«> C^ -^ *§ -^ '§ .t3 3 ••> a "v» ^55 I g -n ^ ^ -^ .1 -^1 I :||:|.^ 8 llU\t ^ -f^ § S - 1 -^ ; ?r ^ « r! - -d^ . ^ :! I ^ .c •^ ^ /r £ 'S .r ^ .0 -« « -c ;^ r .5 ; 4= -^ ■^..•^-^s.. jfa,9 -^ ^ s ^:5n.s:s.5:n i ^ I ^ I S ^^ -g ^ '« ;S ^ I I P •^ ^ 2 -5 '2 ^ .^ - -^ rt i-r «rf jj ."^ •St* I— I ^ ^^'2 i^ *l 1^ I 3 I o 3 ^ S4, *« r» t) o Q « Q •« cj; martin's FRENCH VERB — 12 178 THE FRENCH VERB CO .2 5 S 0:5:3 PQ QQ Qa -s^^-^l -^ -^ .s •S .5 rS K ^ ^^ S-z."^ a S -c "n r^ -o O rt ^ -r 'v^ ^ ^3 ."^ 'C ti '^ ^ -" ||i irrEiirrt-ri 0X3 M-S^ ^ ^a ^ H.-5 r£5 ^ rC J3 ^ ^ 3 3 3 O'O'O' ii ^ o^ 333333 3 33333 O'OO'O'O'O' O'O'O'O'O'O' jfg" .S "C ^ c -i -^ "^ .s ;s -5 ■^ ^ '^ Si ^ S t'' _. S fe- ^ fe O ^, q, 3 D HH "5 ,i3 ^ >,^ ^•S I J^ ^ 3 § ^ !m C •;5 rt w< 2 ^ -S -^ ^ >. -^ ° U lU § Ji - 09 -^ -N -2 .S -g S '^ --5 -^ J5 t3 -C — '^ — ' -^ ^ ^3 '^ s 3 "I '^ ;=! 5 »^ m ^ »-• fl ^ -c -3 "^ (U HH O S ^ -s I "" ^ to 3 ex ^ ^ .-^ h-{ S ^ 8 -M o« H & « jC ^ G <« •V. M H ^ 6 ^ ^ « 0) Pj •\ Q- r* P (U c c uT c3 C/J S ^ bX) g cj S ^-1 ID ^ 4^ 3 • ■H « r^ 6/3 ' }^ •2% T3 6 ^ THE FRENCH VERB 179 I S a; t^ ^ -^ -^ "rt i s ^ ^. is >-, ^ OJ 0) ^ lU ^ ^ ^ eS eS UJ ^ O 1) a; o W jj D 4J •> iS rt r >>. >^ «« s S B o» ':? .® .5 t- 1 1 * s I i S S 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' 3 ii 09 5 5 ^1 ^ •> OQ en b «a.2: 3 3 ;j^ 3 ^ s g « qn rt s > a l80 THE FRENCH VERB' .3 ^ M - S CIS to -S ^ -S 8 15 ^ > _. '^ •-'^ ^. S%'^ i ^ .2 s § t ^ ^ \ %-^^ ? .2 S > .^ .-S ?s ^^ ^ biO -o " k: n •S •* CO 5 5 "J- «» 1 -52.52 S .JO .J2 ta. Q. Jg ^^'"^iit w •2i.5^§^5^ Si3 y2 0) .£ !•" I," I" -^". .. ti g.ri- l-'S ^•^ ^ ^ c^j ft v2 c ■g S ^- ^ •^ O « i-» I THE FRENCH VERB i8i W % O u > o o u o >-« o S r. *2J w 11 o CO 4^ A KH ^ -^ P -t: 3 g o 3 ^ ::l ^ M ^ ^ KH -5 ^ ^ >."S 5 -Ci v^ cr cr 3 C ^^ 2 a 1 o .3 at t t > -*j »^ ^ C/3 .a a s :s M o ?» J ^ ^ .•s <» 00 ^ s •S o C/3 "S: .S Ph <3 ^ ^ ^ > w H 9 N -H 2 52 PI 2 >3 etf g fl M " fl o ■«« "3 o .2 '^^> > - %. > ^ 52 00 ^ 5 »5 ^ A is? > i:^ K =3 =3 .2 .5 .5 c c ^ S .2 .^ -3 S. 3 *j cr ~ c 5 ^S <= 5 S > c ii. £? 5 > r 2> 5j a a ^ V a M 3 3 3 O'O'O' o > 6 e B 9, Z V ^^ M ^ rC! J= ^ ^ J3 hJ *J *J *J ♦J ^ *J «» e N « • •*. 'S: 09 =» a -t- qj 2 0- 0> S «>• 5- a 5 G- c .$ o- S i. c c 5 .S «) « •$ :». ^ 5 sj 3 2 S 3 S S 3 3 CKOO'O'O'O' 5 W).<5 .c ^ -^ .2 •— — g t« .;:. H '^ M ^ > o <" £ ^ o c: N « •§ -S I. a .2 2 2 .s ' "* 00 OD ? > etf >. 3 3 Hi>H a o s > s i-jH a R > »-• * 1 1 » * o -, lu ? ^ 0» .S2 -5 - 1'^ -I 5 a CJ c c =5 r-| r - 2 .| 5 2 "s § § 2 ^ o o w I |:i .2. S § ^ > 5 HH "is -G ? .2 -3 CO a •1 ■§ -^ r •5 w ^ ^ ^ 3 - g ►Signal ca 3 o 00 > a •S > l82 THE FRENCH VERB ^^ I d -^ -5 to A cs .;2 -3 '3 .2 > :=! S- a^ =1 +j cr a- J- cr* "J fl c cs c i^ I S > ^ P a " =! ■5 ■S -5 "5 -5 ■£ CO 5 g "Jr ■§!.§■ II 2 - 1 S § i 3 3 3 3 3 S O'O'O'O'O'O' 1 •| cr ,^^ cr G •3 cr c3 > 1 1. t 1 ^^ ••-> 0) 3 gr 1 .1 *ctf § ? >• 4) >- .2 m .2 ]c3 S M •I— k 3 OS 3 3 H-, o o* ^ S 5^ s s ^ c ^ s > s > ^ .^ > :S :^ S =2 S ' ""^ -c ^ I— I +J f£5 ;> >-.-<-> 8 § s -M 09 )-• fl 2 2 OS S a 2 H o M •rH o 1 ^ 1 *e3 >- >• 3 o o 00 ►2i> H 1—1 &> l-H ^:s T3 ^ .2 A 00 SO) % U 13 S o s I 2; 5^ I 09 THE FRENCH VERB 183 & Sl 4> .£» ^3^11 fe i ^ ? :: -^ 2 2 t-( ■£ ^ ^ >, ^ ^ u2 H ^.-^ 2 ^ III "s ^w ■i3 >>?=! v^^^ ^ Pm <*-! :^ ^ ^ 73 <5 1— ( 2 2^ ^ *2 vS iJ 00 ► .g ^ « CO .g g " g I § S i2i»H a & > a (U o eg >• ^ . «*H ^ I O I -55 2 -2 =5 -2 (u ^ '7? t2 ^ .2 ^ ^ T: £ ^ & >,"t3 -^ '^ "5 •£ -5 "5 M o s 5 « S M O'O'O'O'O'O' t? rt oj rt rt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .2.S i-i IP '§ S -I S 1 1 •S.2 - § ? 5 s 3 s a 3 a O'O'O'O'O'O' .ll J ^ ' o ^ ^ 'o o ^ 2 ;5 -o H-i "S J3 O ^ t-.'S > > fl 9 3 > flj 3 ^ a o o 05 I ^ 1 1 § ^ o rt "^^ , h-( ■£ ^ ^ t^^-S *«« S 3 > w 00 .l|lll i2,Bi3a>-a 3 3 3 " O O M AHafe>a CO 1 84 THE FRENCH VERB .^ ^:^ If II fl ill i. L...> - o ^ R. - a> o '3 ^ r,. si I I i ^ ^ 3 I . tll^n o d II -^ V s « I f ^ 1^1 ii J o S ? 'ai i^ ,: r? !u ^ %„ vu a; NO) > °J0 4>>U:52l^ t 1 § f :§ i "1 «lis^§i c5 rt rt ^ a C .1 c - §j « .g -S - -^ « « •>: b ^ WJ S S 3 3 nS ci (D cS CO d THE FRENCH VERB 185 •5 ^: N a O) o ':5> > o "5 S > 2 SI 3 3 O'O'O' -^ s >. >, ^5 I' :3 S ^^ 2 o ., •^ hH a ^ OJ > ^ ^a ^ ^ ^ S vv w vy ^y ^»j ^\j .^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o a> > I 0, ^ ^ ^ « 3 ^ § g M 3 3 SJ 3 p 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' "; w TO TO ►fi ^ ^ J3 CuO I.S c Wl biD c c > It ^ si ^ & 111 ii 6 t3 41 "S .v» tT nS •»« V g 1 ^2^ > > f? OJ 1 ^ ^ i "^ > ^ t>. 5 8 •^ ^ 1 2 .^ 2 ^ E ^ *6- 3 Q :|^ t— 1 ^ 8 U5 s rt -^ rt c c: N .5 .$ M M -(i^ •M usse usses t vecus vecus ussen a> «q} '«> »Q> ^§ W M sSJ ^ =». ^ *« 3 3 S t/5 CO •2i.5^ § >^ 1 2 fa. .Jh aj lall live u wilt 1 will liv shall li L will li' y will 1 > 2^^ ^ l-c -C *-• ."^i 3 3 > > O CO CO «o ra .0 ^aJ .0 o C *^ *aj *Qj a a =>' ^ o ^ O O M G s > s Ji: t^ «> CO a N O 4) t t V '> 00 CO 3 3 o o 8 i86 THE FRENCH VERB ^ ^ Q £ <« g ^'^ 1 *4) W ^ ^ e 'S^ ^ .•^ > hJ ^ m rt U3 s i=l PQ ."^ (U 1 s ^ < _o ■? i •v, ■:§ I 8 •^ d <-> t •1 1— 1 •s .8 < a ^ 1 1^ o ■♦-» 1 'a. CO W s »2i, ts ^ ■S Oh d g .8 1 o s_/ H •»4 CO a 5: 1 1 Ci o Ph , ■Si CO =S a o 1 i •1 ■S £ 1 i 'a, 1s> 1 a. V ^ ^ P. 4} 1 i M 1 .§ ^ ^ ^ 1 > ^ 04 5: ( o 1 ■I .2 .8 •i s .2 •-1 z 2 -> 8 W a; l-H "5 r^ ^ Ci. ^ <^ S ^ n o d 2 .2 ^ :a -c .2 2 .§ -^ -2 3 § Ph P-. CO N c: q> o .CO .CO .CO Q. ti. S; ^ 1^ a. g o; > ^ I n^ S^ c P S " '^ J2 5 S « ^ >^ S o ,. rt> ? , l-H •£ ^ ^ >^'t3 5 ^ -^ rt a; 0) 0) I P-i— . ^ J3 ^ ^1 •^ P."^ ^?" 53 oQ 2 o m HH s > a 3 .2» ."a 3 ^ Q ■S (L) 'p. 4^ 3 ex «1 It 9i ^ ^ .13 t "^1 -^ ^ TO -^ ^^ J-l "^ »-< ^ oj O ""^ (^ - >-, a> '5 ^ "^ >-i o * -^ £ ^ ►3 .2 p* 1 88 THE FRENCH VERB O o m O H O pq W pq O H II W 1 00 '^. S'^ 1 ^ O ■♦-• a -a ■^ ^ « o £ ^ o -^ T3 O ^1 fi C3 S c t: ^ o o ^ ^ -" ^ 1) -^ -d -^ 2 ■T3 '^ -^ :=! "B § o I ^ =" ^ X a; ^ o^ ,15 ^ >^■5 o 3 t: o o ^^^ a N -H o S a «> .2 . -C -C .2 Je naitrai Tu naitra 11 naitrait Nous nait Vous nait lis naitra Ph g w Ol PM H H CO CO .CO CO CO III 0) 0} CO CO •^ .«« 0} Q O s: c: ri CO I— < y 1— • • i-H ^ • r-t :3 "a 3 oocx -Q S D «:> ^ -^ 5 >. ^ 5S c S ^ v^ JS =s S S ^ >^ ^ P O aj 3 qj '^ (-H V! J3 > >^ -W ^ ,C ,£ ^ J= ^ ^ CO 0} •«>' S S « e « « •2 -2 CO C: c: CO •S.S = i?» S 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' 2 ^ 2i S ? C « O ^ CO CO c: -^ ^ S S cS 3 ? HH +J ^ ? >S -t-- = ■§£§ £ ^ o XJ - J3 ^ ^ O .. o •2 ^ 2 o; 5 2 1) 2 -c r- .^^ •♦- O O CO »2iH S O S > S CO CJ CO CO S .J2 c; «3 2f "* ^^ a&>a :3 ^ 2 I S 3 ^ O -I §g > a THE FRENCH VERB 189 1-1 C ^j ^ (0 (O 5 t- % .CO •2 5 CO .^ o- 5> •2 1- c: CO 03 s: a 3 3 c 1 k 8 V, l? CO a 2 2 «, <-g <-S 2 -J3 i* -i^ 2 ® "» c c > o c ^ ^ 8 u_ o 3 Si -5 -^ 8 ^ ci 5 I ^0 c >§ *c o U 2 G bo C 'S e I ^ .^ ^ ■^ (U s s ^ s O Si 3 "^ 5 00 1^ a « en a 80 a ID O P4 190 THE FRENCH VERB 1 1 1 ^ 5; •If rG ^« > ^ 1 < o s P ^ -' rj >4/ ^ (-1 13 ^ ^ S 5 ^ y Ill rt >> (1h < 3 S2 « "C « !3 j^ o o m i£»H a fe > a « OJ « 3 rt 1 1 it I may laugh it thou mayest 1: it he may laugh it we may laugh it you may laugl it they may laug a )5 c3 "^ CO W h-1 A A X A A A a N (U •»J - :S :S ^ .s -S 1 rie ries ie us r us r rien - » .^■2:: § ^ « ,_i .^ a> « iT* iT* "b 3 "ia O'O'O'O'O'O' O'O'O' 1 1 ^^ -s. ft; 2 ^ js 8 9^ 3 s JS ^ -3 '^ ^ OB 05 .4J " *^ a> s bJO.S ^ |'dT3'S| u wast was lai were 1 8 3 ;3 ^ 45 -^ >, 1^ ^ ^ tl&lll .3 -S -H -C •^HC H a a > a •c THE FRENCH VERB •s S CO C C " >=< .^ — . ^ :=! - 2 « « I H ^S ^ -5 ^ f „ -So ^ ^ -y :^ -" o I- f^ ;s . • £• «' ^ .^ ^ c bo ■■« "^ .y 191 £ .eo .CO ? « ^ *- PC ^ -. !-• bO .« 5 *- § ^ * -^ eg H . C p^ s:t r^ >_ d Apt I 1 I 1 §; 1 1 ^. r^ »i ■ ^ -•— , ^.^ cc "— bx) „ is^ i^-^" 1^ |-^" ^-^ 1^ i S -S 8 -i .3 •i S .2 «-> o 3 2S2ggS N «2 0) O CO C: :: § CJ Q H U SI C/3 Q a c fe - g 3 3b •^5J: § ^ « oj 0) '.^ a> a> "^ d S d 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' .S 12 rt ^ c: CO M- -S^.^l •g o -S S ^ o a s. a t. .. - 5 ^ '^ s^ ?^ Si J3 «« J- '*-' «^ ?t .IJ **- rt 3 .ii >^ ^ >. •5N o t, o Hi>H s o & > a CO c: N •*- .0 .0} c; 2 s; O •S^-S' c •^ a -S* ^ o 5 l^||§b ., 3 " O O ") »22»H S & > i=J 8 ^ .P_^-^ ? «- o - I b S>S t THE FRENCH VERB 93 ^ JJ *J *J +J ^ ■!-• rt cS rt rt rt rt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,13 G ^ ^ •^ 8 .■a I -^ "^ -^ ^ ^2 2^ ^"^_ £ fl •3 a 'S fl .g •<-» P4 CO 43 .3 43 Ctf 4) 4> 4> 4> P4 Oi « « 04 H "2 "S J .2 So S) S &.&?■§ 2 a g § -3 « § 2 (j, ^ o o o 3 3 3 3 3 3 CXOO'O'O'O' ^ 1 1 1 ? I t-i -i ^ ^ >^tJ 3 .S 'S §1 G - tJ 3 3 " a, 3 " O o CO 'c3 3 3 1 ^'S "1 ^ D <0 3 S p4 43 4:3 * J^ "«i § Ci , a; _>> -^ C •i* 1 > ^ ■^ ^ V •^ '1 Mi .2 5 bJO c j; 1 1 1 11 II i. it Is a> OJ ^ — ' -S ^ So ^ ^ •^ < ^ CUD .2, 'c* u .2 § s 2 a S a 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 li •3 5 -3 o "o "o 73 a a a 000 u o o '2 -c o Iz; ^ ^ ^ 73 ^ ^ j_. 73 " G S o o o " o >^ o , g >, != ca g g c ^ s g s e ^ >, ^ ^ >.t: III |§§ o o o 3 3 3 O'CXO' CQ ctf C^ CQ ra J= J= ^ ^ J= £ ^ «o a o 3 73 «-> 3 p o "Ti a o -3 " " g O O a w eo O a, 3 o o o a> S 73 c " fi § o S o 3 .5 o -t: ^ bO w c'.S '13 « 2 s ••s. o o C § § 8 ^ ° « d ■£ -c 5 fe g.-^ ;-! 5 5 -ti s 3^3^ a a ^ o ,15 73 o o o a o c3 u cj a i^lll 9 « o 5 -'3 3 o S > fl 5 "o -' V H lull mi I >i 3 OJ Si *= s: o «J CO ^ § §^ t> o o c 1358 5 . 196 THE FRENCH VERB a S ». » « « ^ ,, ?i 75- ««Ji'T3 'C Ti r3 ^ «^ ■§8ig§s 1 §•&:; I § c i^ o o o ^ '5; o ^ > S. 8^"^:S^ 8" ^^> i^ ^ -^ ^"w^s^-Ew c?«j 5^ 'iT'^ -o ^ ^tJoS'sp-" ^^ C>- ^ti) u >$^ ^: ^ i3. i: 4=. ^ i - ^ -1' ^ ~ ■■§ .S ^ -3 >$^ 6 CO 8 +e "^ -S « :3 _ o ^ oo^oo-?. c 5 -« •» ^ ^g-s^^^ 8 g « ^ .«5j:j § ^ S •« •§ 2. .i •^' -^ ^ ::i 'zi ^ b "^ "^ 2-<-» 55 O'O'O'O'O'O' S f-» O* O* S ^ . t«v, CO o < V>+jO t^ V •? 4^ .S « 8 -^ ^ 2 g § I u ^ 2 . a 03 .a Pi 111""! i"-S^-^S SdCTI.SS'Sp ^§.^&^a & i^ 2. £. ^ , §^| §1 •§ 5 .S -^ .c. S - s « ^ % -M 5 B. \ B ^ ^ ^ ^ *-* THE FRENCH VERB 197 » > O H i to 'I «; I in 'G O 2 ^ > ^ ^ 5 5 ^ ^ ^ O 4> fl nil "- OJ OJ (U •3 «1 3 -H 1^ ij a I « O ^ 3 T3 O 8 g 2 M 0, 3 " O O CO o o ^ CO CO a :s =s o o o CJ o o ^ ^ « OJ !» "5 t« ai 2 mi W -1 ^ ^ »• HI s ^ J3 rC j= ^ ^ CO < :3 :3 o o o tj o r^H o .73 3 3 3 iigssi 0) r* 3 3 3 3 3 3 CO'O'O'O'O' g ^ i > ^ E ^ " E Si o s^ - bJO r ^ ^ '^ > ni S( w ■« ^•5 1^ ."Sh eo c: o 18183 CO c S S 0» CO -5 ^ 5 -5 $ I §§8 8 § " 3 ^ O o w « «0 en 0> CO » "S; CO -^ o p «9 5 a CO o o :3 >§ I .2 CO 3 5 198 THE FRENCH VERB .S3 ^ ^ B i ^ .>» :l^ *j "S J3 i •r§i Q ^1^ 3 <" 1^ 1 ^:S ^ ^ ^ ^ J3 rC .S .5 s s s s s i § s I 3 S 3 S 3 3 O'O'CO'O'O' 8 i-i >& Q ■^ ^ ^ 3 > ^ 55 W ? (U (U w _^ a> t« tfl ?=: ^ § ^ n ^ ;j ^ m >^ is S a N fd '2 o l: ^ « s 3 M •Si i3 CO 8 8 \ '^ ^ ^1 OQ 3 ""^ a> O c .ti Id /oi C! O CS .SG M i s o g »-■ 4; rC 4-< i § v> •f 8 1 a s « ?i •s 1 J ^ .^ V t— 1 "^ ">) • rl Crt '•-5 5 (U § ^ 03 4> "^ ^ ^ ?3 ?3 P4 pq s ^ b ^ ^ '% 'o ^ nd "^ 5i 1^ '^ y=! v: > 5 <-5 J3 ^ Vk 1 Q ^ g Q 3 v> ^ Ph > "S 1 xn s N ^j 'CS a Oh 3 a ^ x: C/2 a ^ S "« G ^ a .2 ID _^ 9* «* g a 1 2^ .3 E3 5 S o THE FRENCH VERB 199 § CO ^ ^ 8 ^ S o So ^ .5 f % ^ lis- ^ So > ^ ^ o S !* -t-" O ii »-' bfl ^ :s ^ « ^ >. o oj p 55 2 2 2 1 o 2 «"S " " s i^2|s^ HH Si be o 2 o ^ Soii CO N c: Q) O CO CO ^CO .CO .CO c^ I I Co O Cj ^ ^ 2 ?. 2 So s « s CO CO CO .CO s s rJ O'O'O' ^^ ^ ^ I -g 2 ^S)S,^^ I r ' S i ^ ^ rf rt rt cj rt rt -C ^ ^_ JC J3 ^ CO .0 ,* CO ^ 5 "t- b t5 o § § I S ;3 ;3 s 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' . \A > O ^ '^^ 2 h/ t-H "S ^ o I 2 bJO ^ > W) c .5 > M I .5 -^ ^ o C J- > ^ O 1- •$ ^ 5 2 So w) 2 S S)?f a; *i ^ !> cJ «J > ^ i => ^ ^ J X t-i -5 ^ ^ >>■£ > ^ ^ ^ <" ^ biO ►^HSO 5 ^ CO bj .CO CO I"? CO CO o o MS, 00 CO ^ So B ij t ^ bi) W r* >- t-i 13 J3 ? p^w Q> CO 1 200 THE FRENCH VERB 1 S <3 C3 ?2 'on ^ ^^. ^ ?" o; en .?S2»i«'§_a-~2-S,EC-s M .S2CC " a o o o •^^^«>^^2 ^- r;-. §^ ^S c5 ■S <1J SS S S ^^ ^ o 'O $J ^"^ > I . ^ ^ I « "-^ "•> & « ^ ^ s I s ^ -a I ! :3 q oj -S "3P^c3»ipa)J^2:*^^2J'^(i> II sill " :- 5; s Vt» \>i vs O ^ ^ j3 9 9 H^gH^^^^^H^-S^ H^ 2 vS -^ THE FRENCH VERB 20 1 c u- bjo w f? ^ •^ 8 ^ S t 1 el o •^ ^ ^ 'C ^ -ri -O ^ -d ^'g .S .S -n ■^ .S ^ -^^ &) So ^ ;^ ^ § 2 -3 1 g -T) \M U OJ H ^W J o .£ CL. •t; >, c So So^ o s a 1 ^ ^ M § •■^ 00 ^ g ^ S Cls ^ O M « ^^ S 3 =: 5 iS ^ ^ S ^ ^ 'S '« .5 ^ o -5 "S tJ "S I 5 5 _ d w 3 3 3 O'O'O' C I? H. t: ^ M 4G 13 c I' o ^ .5 *w -c c .5 Z . g :. ^ tUO ^ o ^ S 2 B 2 «n S S " o O o in H S O K > fl •2 S 1 = II I 5 O CO 5 3 ;y . S E^E^ « 00 si ^ 202 THE FRENCH VERB 1 a ^Ti -« ^ .S ^ B -S -c So '2 ^ -S -c 'fe^. w fl « 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'CXO'O'O'O' _5 OJ «> o ^ cj c: 2 2 ^ 2 -a -« -5 •£ :S -S S CO ":;":;«> l^H. g i § 5 5 I §§ I 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' C HH 3 o ID ■^j TO S bX) 3 3 en O G — 3 o " -. =" o IS J-, 3 S O w « CO CO '^ '^ P o g ^ ^ ^ o '^ 'C ^ 5 « •§ C biO S *C 'C hn bfl.-^ bJ3_. _ p3 =3 ^ 1:3 'rt ? 'S h-i -S ^ ^ >^'S 5 t^ 2 ij «s s 3 2 g|| a s g a s I s 3 a a, 3 _^ O o « ^1 o ^ a> I CO en 4-» m m § ^ ^^, a O) rt V2 ° 2 o o tt^ 3 o fl) 1) 5 (U :; SJ O S ^ « 2.V? >^ III 4> O (A c4 c4 ^ c4 ctf c4 -S -= -5 '^ -C rC s: II il O O £ «o «»j S *Q> »q, ^ III l-slssl > =« S:* -» «J (U o ?^ O tn «qj *Q) «Q) QC QC QC _Z a w O'O'O' S 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' ^ )-. o T3 -5 "" i* fli Q > > & ^ HH-S^ ^ ^:S O CO O S3 =» •^- a «o 09 2^ g 5 O C fc. oj I '* I 3 § - »2jH s s > s CO q> CO o CO § ^ o I "o ^ -2 ^« -. 3 *~ O 3 -§g 204 THE I^RENCH VERB OQ (4-1 > ■>-' O '^ ^ . i -^ •> ^ § .£f) ^ ,^ .§i >- o -gi •oSos^ ^'^u ^n n*S t«^4J ^"^^oa-jQ ^«^4;«o^ -S^ sB ^B S, flo!v,o«^ 4_,J->^J_,*JJ-. ,Sl- •^•-U -C*J ''^ >» fl li ^ (U - -M mill ^;: c^l II 511-3^ ^2^ S s s s s ;. sT "s 5^ 1° .t! g -^ o ^ ?^ o § J I "S " ^ § ^S ^ S .^. 't -^ 2 S ^ ^ ^ '^s « ^ mill I I I I ^ii • I |S^«-i i « « i> Si: (U l-" 1- _ •^=.-^^1 ; ^ ^ SJ^^--5 2^^^;^<=^ (1) lljlll I I I I ^ril^ ||-f£- I ., ^^ i^ I . ^^^ :s-S S ^ sS 1 § ^ ^ s •: I I ^ -^-^ ^« « :^ s ^ -2 ^ a « « THE FRENCH VERB 205 < o u o w w w UJ o H o H t-H W W \A O H NO 10 bJO . "f^ ^ i «; I IS j^ o a; u o c r1 oj o o r- c i; M s St^ § 8 8 8 < H-i "t: ^ ^ >^t3 o (u a 2.§-|33.§ 3 ^ 3 3 § ^ a «» *> o .2 .^8 8 ^^ rt 5 g S ^ >, t-H ^_» .X: > >-^ -U C^ n C$ CS cd CC j: ^ ^ ^ ^ j: CO CO .5 !5 e 5 ^ « S S -S S 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' bjo '— < (11 r; cJ ,„ -^ -^ _ o (U o ^ >>-5 ^ ^ M -ri ^ ,i '^ 'C 4; o rt ra (U e (U w o 8 S i i o o o d o o ^ " 1; o ^ .CO CO c « .3 .t: 5 5 .1 3 ^ -5 5 g § 5 ^. 3 "*" d o b <» .^ CO O Q} C 3 "^ O O M »« HS s > a « CO § 5 "S 2 -» « S -^ o § 4i,H S ^ > 206 THE FRENCH VERB ~ -3 o _ fl ^ --J "rt O rt cJ (u tj «5 C C O e « o o o ^ •2<'= 3 £ S ^ 6} CO 2 05 C :3 :3 « ra s 3 3 3 rs O'O'O' O' O'O' 'rt "rt *§ « o o S c C s " S c C 13 5 8^ 8^^;S ^ '^ =3 11 •$ I Shi thou he \^ we s you they •»4 |. s s Sn \ S -H I rai iras :a tair tain iron Jetai Tuta 11 tai] Nous Vous Ilsta •3 ^ ^ 1 1" t ^ 9 OQ El 1^ I ^ I ^ HI • I •^ o to -^^ O S c .2 D o 5S 3 <5 P & THE FREI^CH VERB 207 10 i i ■g. C -Ti *2i u ^ M ^ 1 •i s v> '> > <^ V Q A «? I I ft!, ^^ 5 S ^ :^ z^ 1^ . . -~ rz; •■-I 3 -rt ^ -^ "3 ^ S ° 5 2 O _C! ter t-H •i ^ ^ O 5 -G 9 N ±J «. .2 *> fl « .2 ^ :c -C .2 2 .§ 2 2 2 .§ S ^ o - a>a 5 2 g K K 1^ r3 H •|I5 3 3 3 O'O'O' bo e ja: r:2 :^ :^ S i-( "S ^ o ? g.5 ^ ?5 £ „, 4; J: ^ ^ S S I g i § ^ ^ SJ .2 -g - '5 "fc 3 3" O o « ^Hk3 0S>B ai 3 O o OJ Si ,W ^, *etf 4 I 208 THE FRENCH VERB rG S: JZ M .C rG 2 J 5^ 1^1 "etf e« a> ■*- -^ v^ is - •§ S § I 3 3 3 3 3 3 O'O'O'O'O'O' -5 O ^ . '^:^^ ^ £ S ? "^ - >» i ^ «s rt nS .§ 4, ^S ZI O O OT »2i,fH a & > s •v. 1 ^ bJD ^ ^ Sd 3 -a TJ r^ 1 S 1 a; > -Td rt a rt ,^5 rC '-' .■*^ V •"^ k 1 i (a ^3 1^ ^1 1 1 5 ta ^ •fc '^ be .E: O fl < ^ ^ ^ \ V> •O ^ — y t2 — s ^ ^^ ^ en CO a; •^ > ^ »— 1 4) ■(-> V. H-l I— 1 ?1 'S ■^ >^ o )-l 'fi ?^ ^ -U ■^ ''3 ■§ O ■G o 0) ^ Q HH THE FRENCH VERB 209 DEFECTIVE VERBS Arranged Alphabetically 158. ACCROIRE = TO MAKE ONE BELIEVE (What is not true) Used in the infinitive present with faire as an auxiliary, Infinitif Present Faire accroire Participe Present Participe Passe Faisant accroire Fait accroire L'INDTCATIF Present Je fais accroire Nous faisons accroire Tu fais accroire Vous faites accroire II fait accroire lis font accroire Like accroire : En faire accroire, to impose upon. S'en faire accroire, to be self-conceited. Ne le faites pas accroire cela ; vous savez bien que vous le trompez. Don't make him believe that; you know very well that you are deceiving him. Ne m'en faites pas accroire. Don't impose upon 7ne. II m'en a fait accroire. Ne vous en faites pas tant accroire ; vous n'etes pas un personnage si important. Don't be so self-conceited ; you are not such an important personage. AOUTER = TO RIPEN (Pronounce A-OU-TER) Hardly used except in i)\Q past participle : Aout^ (m.s.), aoiitee (/.s.). Aoiiter is derived from aofit, the word for August; hence, un melon aoiiti means a melon ripened by the August sun ; sun-ripened. Miir is the usual word for ripe. APPAROIR = TO APPEAR, TO BE APPARENT (Legal Term) Used only in the infinitive present and in the third person singular of the present indicative. II appert. // appears. L'avocat a fait apparoir les bons droits de son client. The lawyer made e^ndent {showed') the claims, rights ^ of his client. ATTRAIRE - TO ATTRACT, TO ALLURE Used only in the infinitive present. Le sel est bon pour attraire les pigeons. Salt is good for attracting pigeons. martin's FRENCH VERB — I4 210 THE FRENCH VERB 159. BASTER = TO SUFFICE (Obsolete) Used only in some familiar phrases. Baste or Baste pour cela. Well ! let it be so. Enough. BRAIRE = TO BRAY The Academy gives the following tenses and persons only : L'INDICATIF Present Futur 11 brait 11 braira lis braient LE CONDITIONNEL Present lis brairont 11 brairait lis brairaiei According to Littr^'s Dictionary, the following tenses may be used L'INDICATIF Present Je brais Nous brayons Tu brais Vous brayez II brait lis braient Impai'fait II brayait Futur Je brairai Nous brairons Tu brairas Vous brairez II braira lis brairont Je brairais LE CONDITIONNEL Present Tu brairais II brairait, etc. TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Dejini Plus-que-parfait II a brait II avait brait, etc. Braire is used with reference to the donkey, or ass ; and, figuratively, with respect to persons. BR0UIR = TO BLIGHT, TO BLAST, TO DRY UP Used only in the third persons of each tense. Participe Present Brouissant Present II brouit lis brouissent L'INDICATIF Participe Passe Broui {m.s.), brouie (/j.) Imparfait II brouissait lis brouissaient Brouir is said of things withered by the sun ; as flowers, grass, etc. Le soleil a broui toutes les jeunes pousses. The sun has blighted all the young shoots. THE FRENCH VERB 211 BRUIRE = TO RUSTLE, TO RATTLE The Academy gives the following tenses : Present 11 bruit L'INDICATIF Imparfait 11 bruissait lis bruissaient Littr^'s Dictionary gives : Infin itif Present Bruire Participe Present Bruyant L'INDICATIF Participe Passe Bruit Present Je bruis Tu bruis 11 bruit No plural Imparfait Je bruyais Tu bruyais, etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present Futur Je bruirai Tu bruiras 11 bruira, etc. Je bruirais Tu bruirais 11 bruirait, etc. TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Indefini II a bruit, etc. The following forms have been used by good writers for the imperfect of the indicative : Je bruissais Tu bruissais II bruissait Nous bruissions Vous bruissiez lis bruissaient Que nous bruissions Que vous bruissiez Qu'ils bruissent Les torrents bruissaient. Pas For the subjunctive present : Que je bruisse Que tu bruisses Qu'il bruisse The present participle bruissant is also used un insecte qui bruisse. Les feuilles bruissent. The leaves are rustling. Fr^mir is also said of leaves, etc. : Sa robe de sole fait frou-frou. Her silk dress rustles. See faire resonner. 212 THE FRENCH VERB 1 60. CHAL0IR = TO MATTER, TO BE IMPORTANT Used impersonally, and only in the phrases : II ne m'en chaut. No matter. II me chaut. Peu me chaut. CHANCIR = TO GET MOLDY Conjugated like finir, but used only in the third persons. Is growing obsolete Injiti itif Present Chancir Participe Present Chancissant L'INDICATIF Present II chancit lis chancissent See moisir and se moisir for senses of chancir. Participe Passe Chanci {m.s.), chancie {f.s.) Imparfait II chancissait lis chancissaient CHAUVIR = TO PRICK UP (the Ears) The Academy says that chauvir is used only in the phrase Chauvir des oreilles, in speaking of horses and mules, Ce cheval chauvit des oreilles. Littr^'s Dictionary gives chauvir conjugated as follows : L'INDICATIF Present Je chauvis Nous chauvons Tu chauvis Vous chauvez II chauvit lis chauvent Imparfait Je chauvais Tu chauvais, etc. Je chauvirais LE CONDITIONNEL Present Tu chauvirais Passe Dejini Je chauvis Tu chauvis, etc. Futur Je chauvirai Tu chauviras II chauvira, etc. II chauvirait, etc. For senses of chauvir applied to persons, see dresser I'oreille. This last is also applied to horses and dogs. CHOIR = TO FALL, TO TUMBLE (of Kings, Nations, etc.) Used only in the present infinitive and in the past participle : Chu (m.s.), chue {f.s.). Its auxiliary is etre. Choir is now but little used except in the provinces of France ; the verb d^hoir is employed instead. See d^choir. THE FRENCH VERB 213 CL0RE = TO CLOSE, TO SHUT Used in the following tenses : L'INDICATIF Present Futur Je clos je clorai Tu clos • Tu cloras, etc. II Cl6t No plural LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je clorais Tu clorais II clorait, etc. The compound tenses are formed mith avoir. Passe Indefini Subjonctif Present J'ai clos Que je close, etc. Tu as clos, etc. On a clos le pare au public. The park has been closed to the public. Clore, when used, has principally the idea of closing something (as a public garden or house) against the public or people. See farmer. Le juge a clos la session de la cour a trois heures. COMPAROIR = TO APPEAR (Law Term) Used only in ih^ present infinitive. Etre assign^ a comparoir. To be summoned to appear. It is obsolete. Comparaitre is now used. SE CONDOULOIR = TO CONDOLE Formerly used in the present infinitive. Se condouloir avec quelqu'un. To sympathize with some one. No longer used. For senses of to condole with, see Partager la douleur de, Vouloir consoler. COURRE (Old Form of COURIR) = TO RUN, TO PURSUE Courre le cerf, le li^vre. Courre is still used sometimes in expressions on hunting. Je vais courre le cerf aux montagnes. 161. DECH0IR = TO FALL OFF, TO DECLINE Conjugated with avoir and Stre ; with avoir to express action, with Itre to express the result of action. '■ 214 THE FRENCH VERB Depuis ce moment il a dichu de jour en jour. Ff-om that moment he degenerated from day to day. II y a longtemps qu'ils sont dechus de ces privileges. They have long since lost (^fallen away from) those privileges. Infinitif Present D6choir No Participe Present L'INDICATIF Present Je d^chois Tu d6chois II d^choit Passe Defini Je dechus Nous d6chflnies Tu d6chus Vous d6chfltes II d^chut lis d^churent No Imparfait Participe Passe D6chu {m.s.), d6chue(/j.) Nous dichoyons Vous d^choyez lis d^choient Futur Je d^cherrai Nous dicherrons Tu d^cherras II d^cherra Vous d^cherrez lis d^cherront LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je d6cherrais Tu d6cherrais, etc. No Jmperatif LE SUBJONCTIF Present Imparfait Que je d^choie Que nous d^choyions Que je d^chusse Que nous d6chussions Que tu d^choies Que vous dichoyiez Que tu dechusses Que vous d§chussiez Qu'il d^choie Qu'ils d^choient Qu'il d^chut Qu'ils d6chussent Dichoir must not be confused with tomber. Do not say La pomme a d6chu de I'arbre. One can say La nation est dichu. The nation has degene?'ated {has declined) . Le general est d6chu de son ancien courage. The general has (^fallen off in, away fro7n) lost his former courage. In other words, dichoir means to fall off in sense of to decline^ to degenerate. DECL0RE = TO UNCLOSE, TO OPEN (Rarely used) Infin itif Present D^clore No Participe Present L'INDICATIF Participe Passe D^clos {m.s.), d§close (/j.) Je d6clos Tu d6clos Present 11 d6cl6t No Plural Je d§clorai Futur Tu d6cloras, etc. THE FRENCH VERB 215 Je dSclorais Que je d6close Que tu d6closes Qu'il d^close LE CONDITIONNEL Present LE SUBJONCTIF Present Tu d^clorais, etc. Que nous d^closions Que vous d^closiez Qu'ils d^closent D^clore is the antonym of clore, and is used in the same Hmited way. On a d^clos le pare, les jardins publics. The park, the public gardens, have been unclosed. Ouvrir is the word in use. DECR0IRE = TO DISBELIEVE Used only in the phrase : Je ne crois, ni ne d^crois. / neither believe nor dis- believe. (Academy.) DEFAILLIR = TO FAINT, TO FAIL, TO GROW WEAK No Singular Je difaillais Je difaillis Tu d6faillis II d^faillit Injin itif Present D^faillir L'INDICATIF Present Nous difaillons Vous d^faillez Imp ar fait Passe Dejini Passe Indefini Je d^failli, etc. No Participe Present The following have also been used sometimes : L'INDICATIF Present Je d6faus Tu d6faus II d^faut LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je d^faudrais lis d^faillent Tu d6faillais, etc. Nous d^faillimes Vous d§faillites lis d6faillirent Participe Passe D6failli (^m.s.), d6faillie (/j.) Futur Je d^faudrai Tu d^faudras, etc. Tu d6faudrais, etc. 2l6 THE FRENCH VERB LE SUBJONCTIF Present Imparfaii Que je d6faille Que je ddfaillisse Que tu d^failles, etc. Que tu d^faillisses, etc. The present participle^ difaillant, is often used adjectively. Defaillir, when used, has the idea ol failing in; as D^faillir a son devoir, or to falter in moral courage, to grow weak. Errez, difaillez, pichez ; mais soyez des justes. (Victor Hugo.) See faillir and manquer. DEMOUVOIR = TO MAKE ONE DESIST (Law Term) ; DE = FROM Used only in the present infinitive : Rien ne I'a pu demouvoir. DEPOURVOIR = TO UNPROVIDE, TO DEPRIVE Used in the present infinitive, Depourvoir, and in the past definite: je d^pourvus, tu dipourvus, il depourvut ; nous d^pourviimes, vous depourviites, lis depourvurent ; and in the compound tenses. On a depourvu cette forteresse de munitions. That fortress has been divested of supplies. SE D0UL0IR = TO COMPLAIN, TO GRIEVE (Obsolete) Used only in the present infinitive. On I'entendit se douloir. See se plaindre, 162. ECLORE (Auxiliary ETRE) = TO BE HATCHED, TO BLOW, TO OPEN ; (Fig.) TO MANIFEST ITSELF Infinitif Present Eclore No Participe Present Participe Passe 6clos {m.s.), ^close (p.) L'INDICATIF Present J^clos Tu Iclos 11 6cl6t Nous 6closons Vous ^closez lis ^closent Tin par fait closais Tu 6closais, etc. Futur No Passe Defini J'^clorai Tu dcloras 11 ^cl6ra Nous 6cl6rons Vous 6cl6rez lis 6cl6ront THE FRENCH VERB 2iy J'6cl6rais Tu dclorais II 6cl6rait Que j'^close Que tu ^closes Qu'il 6close LE CONDiriONNEL Present No Imperatif LE Nous 6cl6rions Vous 6cl6riez lis ^cldraient SUBJONCTIF Present Que nous 6closions Que vous 6closiez Qu'ils ^closent Ces roses Icloront demain. Les oeufs Icloront la semaine prochaine. Ces poussins viennent d'eclore. Those chicks have just been hatched. Son projet est pr^s d'eclore. EB0UILLIR = TO BOIL AWAY Conjugated like bouillir, but seldom used except in the infinitive and in the past participle : ebouilli {m.s.), ebouillie {f^s.). Etre is the auxiliary. ECH0IR = TO FALL, TO EXPIRE, TO BE DUE, TO ARRIVE BY CHANCE Participe Present Ech^ant Participe Passe Echu (w.j.), ^chue (/j.) L'INDICATIF Present 11 6choit or il echet lis §choient No Imparfait Passe Defini J'^chus Nous 6chumes Tu 6chus Vous ^chutes 11 echut lis 6churent Futur J'6cherrai Tu 6cherras, etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present J'6cherrais Tu 6cherrais, etc. LE SUBJONCTIF No Present Imparfait Que j'6chusse Que nous 6chussions Que tu 6chusses Que vous 6cliussiez Qu'il 6chflt Qu'ils 6chussent Compound tenses with etre. (Academy.) 2l8 THE FRENCH VERB In Littr^'s Dictionary Ichoir is conjugated in third persons only. The present subjunctive is qu'il ^choie, qu'ils Ichoient. Note. — Avoir 6chu is said of the day on which a payment falls due. Men billet a ^chu le trente du mois dernier ; il y a un mois qu'il est ^chu. Examples : Le terme ^herra a la noel. The term will expire on Christmas Day. Le cas^ch^ant, si le cas y ^choit (toet), s'il y echet. The case occurring. II lui est 6chu un tiers des biens de son p^re. S'EMB0IRE = TO GET DULL (Paint) Participe Present Participe Passe S'embuvant Embu {ni.s.), embue {f.s.) L'INDICATIF Present II s'emboit lis s'emboivent, etc. S*einboire is conjugated like boire, but used only in the third persons : II faut renouveler ces couleurs ; elles s'emboivent. Emboire, to coat (with oil or wax), is conjugated like boire : Emboire un moule (de). To coat a mold {with). ENCL0RE = TO INCLOSE, TO CLOSE IN, TO FENCE Conjugated like clore. Littr^'s Dictionary gives : Participe Present Enclosant Infinitif Present Enclore L'INDICATIF Participe Passe Enclos (w.j.), enclose {f.s.) J'enclos Tu enclos 11 encl6t Present Nous enclosons Vous enclosez lis enclosent Imparfait J'enclosais Tu enclosais, etc. No PassLDcJini LE CONDITIONNEL Futur J'enclorai Tu encloras, etc. J'enclorais Present L'IMPERATIF Tu enclorais, etc. Enclos Enclosons Enclosez THE FRENCH VERB 219 LE SUBJONCTIF Present No Imparfait Que j' enclose Que tu encloses, etc. M. B. a enclos son champ. Mr. B. has inclosed {^fe7iced in) his field. Mettre une cloture (une enceinte) a is also used for to fence, to put a fence around. The verb cloturer is also used in sense oi to fence. 163. FAILLIR = TO FAIL, TO ERR, TO COME SHORT, ETC. Participe Present Participe Passe Faillant Failli {m.s.), faillie (/j.) L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait Je faux Nous faillons Je faillais Tu faux Vous faillez Tu fallals, etc. Ilfaut Ilsfaillent Passe Defini Futur Je faillis Nous faillimes Je faudrai Tu faillis Vous faillites Tu faudras, etc. II faillit lis faillirent LE CONDITIONNEL Present Je faudrais Tu faudrais, etc. TEMPS COMPOSES J'ai failli, etc. J'avais failli, etc. J'ai failli oublier cela. / had nearly forgotten that ; I caine very near forgetting that. When his carriage arrived exactly at the minute for which he had ordered it, Louis XIV said : J'ai failli attendre. I fust ?nissed waiting or / came jiery near having to wait. Manquer is used (with de) in about the same meaning as faillir. ^ J'ai manqui de tomber. I fust missed falling. II s'en faut beaucoup que cela soit vrai. That is far from being true. Compare with falloir (il s'en faut de beaucoup que cela soit vrai). Faillir is really another form of falloir, but is used in sense of to fail, etc. FERIR = TO STRIKE Used only in the present infinitive in the phrase : Sans coup f^rir, without striking a blow. • 220 THE FRENCH VERB The past participle, firu {m.s.), firue {f.s.)j wounded, struck, is used adjec- tively by veterinarians : Ce cheval a le tendon f^ru. FORCLORE = TO FORECLOSE, TO BAR (Law Term) Used only in the present infinitive, forclore, and the past participle, forclos {ni.s.), forclose {f.s.). II s'est laisse forclore. He allowed himself to be barred. II a k\.k forclos. He has been barred (from being produced in court). Also used in the compound tenses. To foreclose a mortgage : Faire commandement tendant a saisie-immobili^re. (On real estate) exercer, operer, une saisie, etc. Opirer une saisie-execution. To foreclose (perform the seizure and sale of) a mortgage, F0RFAIRE=TO FORFEIT, TO FAIL, TO TRANSGRESS Used only in the infinitive and the compound tenses ; auxiliary, avoir. Past participle, forfait. Forfaire is intransitive in the sense of to forfeit honor : II a forfeit a I'honneur. He has forfeited, transgressed, honor. It is transitive as an old feudal term, in the sense of to forfeit a fief For the ordinary translation of to forfeit, see Subir la peine, payer la peine, etc FRIRE = TO FRY Participe Present L'INDICATIF Present Participe Passe Frit {ni,s:), frite (/^.) Jefris Tufris II frit {No Plural^ No Imparfait Futur No Passe Defini Je frirai Nous frirons Tu f riras Vous frirez 11 frira LE CONDITIONNEL Present lis friront Je frirais l'impe'ratif Fris TEMPS COMPOSES Tu frirais etc. J'ai frit J'avais frit J'eus frit, etc. Note. — Faire is used with frire (intrans.), as has been explained under bouillir. THE FRENCH VERB « 221 ' EUe faisait frire la viande. She was frying the meat 164. GESIR = TO LIE (III, Dead, Overthrown) Used in L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait II git Vous gisez Je gisais Nous gisons lis gisent Tu gisais, etc. Participe Present Gisant (sometimes written gissant) Ci-git = here lies. The usual beginning of epitaphs. Sur le champ de bataille les cadavres gisaient partout. 165. HONNIR = TO DISHONOR, TO DISGRACE Conjugated like finir. Hardly used except in the adage : Honni soit qui mal y pense. Evil be to him that evil thinks. 166. IMBOIRE = TO IMBUE (Obsolete) Only \h.Q past participle is used : Imbu (m.s.), imbue (f-s.), imbued, impressed. See imbiber (de), teindre (de), p^netrer (de), inspirer (a), Verb Dictionary. ISSIR = TO DESCEND, TO SPRING FROM (Obsolete) Used only in the past participle : Issu (m.s.), issue {f.s.). Used adjectively. See sortir, venir. Les Valois Itaient issus d'un fils de Saint Louis. 167. JAILLIR = TO SPOUT OUT Used only in the third persons of each tense. Conjugated like finir. L'eau jaillissait du tuyau. 168. LUIRE = TO SHINE Participe Present Participe Passe Luisant Lui (invariable). L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait Je luis Nous luisons Je luisais Nous luisions Tu luis Vous luisez Tu luisais Vous luisiez II luit lis luisent II luisait II luisaient No Passe Defini 222 THE FRENCH VERB Futur Je luirai Tu luiras 11 luira LE CONDITIONNEL Nous luirons . Vous luirez lis luiront Je luirais Present L'IMPERATIF Tu luirais, etc. Luis Luisons Luisez Que je luise Que tu luises Qu'il luise LE SUBJONCTIF Present No Imparfait Que nous luisions Que vous luisiez Qu'ils luisent One can use luire with reference to things which give hght. Reluire is appHc.able to things which shine by reflected light ; it is said of all polished surfaces. Briller has the idea of to shine in the sense of to be brilliant, to glitter. Le soleil luit. The sun shines, gives light. Les toits des maisons luisaient au soleil. The roofs of the houses were shining in the sun. (Fig.) Le soleil brille au ciel. The sun shines in the sky. Les ^toiles, les yeux, les diamants brillent. Tout ce qui reluit n'est pas or. Ses souliers reluisaient de cirage. Son front reluisait. Un nouveau jour va luire. Luck is going to change. 169. MECROIRE = TO DISBELIEVE Used only in the proverb : II est dangereux de croire et de m^croire. MEFAIRE = TO DO EVIL, HARM Conjugated like faire, and employed only in the infinitive mefaire and the past participle m^fait. Auxiliary, avoir. Familiar. Hardly used. Malfaire is generally used instead. MALFAIRE = TO DO EVIL Used in the present infinitive only : Etre inclin a malfaire. II ne se plait qu'a malfaire. THE FRENCH VERB 223 MESSE0IR = TO BE UNBECOMING, NOT TO BECOME According to the Academy, messeoir is conjugated as follows : L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait Futur II messied II messeyait II messi^ra lis messi^ent lis messeyaient lis messi^ront Participe Present Messeyant, mess^ant It is not used in the infinitive present nor in the persons and tenses not given. Examples : Cet ajustement messied sL votre age. That attire does not suit your age. Qui messied (a) — unbefitting^ unbecoming^ unseemly. The verb seoir used negatively and the verb aller (impers.) negatively are more often used. Note use of the adjective messeante : D'une maniere mess&inte. Indeco- rously, unbecomingly. SE M0URIR = TO BE DYING, EXPIRING Se mourir is hardly used except in L'INDICATIF Present Je me meurs Tu te meurs II se meurt, etc. and in the Imparfait Je me mourais Tu te mourais, etc. II meurt means he is dying, but is not necessarily at present at the point of death. II se meurt means he is at the point of death — in the act of expiring. 170. OCCIRE = TO KILL (Obsolete) ouiR = TO hf:ar Participe Present Participe Passe Oyant Oui {m.s.), ouie {f.s.). L'INDICATIF ^ Present Ltiparfait J'ois Nous oyons J'oyais Tu oit Vous oyez Tu oyais, etc. II oit lis oyent 224 THE FRENCH VERB Passe Defini J'ou'is Nous ouimes Tu ouis Vous ouites II ouit lis ouirent J'oirais Oyons LE CONDITIONNEL L'IMPERATIF Futur J'oirai Tu oiras, etc. Tu oirais, etc. Present Que j'oie or que j'oye, etc. LE SUBJONCTIF Oyez Imparfait Que j'ouisse Que tu ouisses, etc. TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Defini J'ai oui Tu as oui, etc. Used (most often) in the compound tenses and the infinitive present. Ouir is used when the idea of comprehending or understanding (expressed by entendre) does not enter. J'ai oui parler ces hommes, mais je n'ai pu entendre (comprendre) ce qu'ils disaient. 171. PAITRE = TO GRAZE Participe Present Paissant Present Je pais Nous paissons Tu pais Vous paissez II pait Us paissent L'INDICATIF Je paitrai Tu paitras II paitra Je paitrais Tu paitrais II paitrait Pais No Passe Defini Futur Participe Passe Pu (no feminine) Imparfait Je paissais Tu paissais, etc. Nous paitrons Vous paitrez Us paitront LE CONDITIONNEL Present L'IMPERATIF Paissons Nous paitrions Vous paitriez lis paitraient Paissez and THE FRENCH VERB 225 LE SUBJONCTIF Present Que je paisse Que nous paissions Que tu paisses Que vous paissiez v Qu'il paisse Quils paissent No Imparfait The past participle pu is only a term of falconry. Faites 1 Envoyez [paitre les vaches. Menez J Les chevaux paissaipnt sur les pr^s sal^s. Repaitre is conjugated like paitre, and has besides the Passe Dejim Je repus Nous repflmes Tu repus Vous reputes II reput lis repurent LE SUBJONCTIF Imparfait Que je repusse Que tu repusses, etc. Repaitre (de), to feed (on). Also se repaitre (de). Note the use of repu in sense of satiated, gorged. PARFAIRE = TO COMPLETE, TO FINISH Parfaire is conjugated like faire, but rarely used. PARTIR = TO PART, TO DIVIDE Seldom used except in the proverb : Avoir maille a parti r avec quelqu'un. To have a crow to pluck with any one. The past participle Parti {m.s.), partie (/-s.), is employed in heraldry expressions. Do not confuse with partir, to leave, to start. P0INDRE = TO STING, TO DAWN, TO BREAK, TO PEEP Poindre, to sting, is rarely used except in a few familiar phrases, such as : Quel taon vous point ? martin's FRENCH VERB — 1 5 226 THE FRENCH VERB Poindre, to dawn^ etc., is employed in the and the Infin itif Present Poindre Futur Je poindrai Tu poindras II poindra Nous poindrons Vous poindrez lis poindront Piquer is now used in this connection of to sting even in the familiar locution : Quelle mouche vous pique ? In sense of to dawn : J'ai vu poindre le jour. / saw the day break. J'ai vu poindre la premiere ^tincelle de lumi^re. See faire jour. II se fait jour a six heures. PROMOUVOIR = TO PROMOTE (Raise to Dignity) Promouvoir is used only in the present infinitive and in the compound tenses ; past participle : Promu (m.s.), promue {f.s.). Avoir is the auxiliary. Also used in X\it passive. On a promu le capitaine. Le capitaine a ete promu. See avancer for ordinary meanings of to promote, to advance. L'^leve a ete avance. The scholar {pupil) has been promoted. On a donn6 de I'avancement a cet officier. That officer has been promoted. Also On a avanci cet officier. Elever quelqu'un a de grands honneurs. To promote any one to great honors. Favoriser les sciences, la religion. To promote science, religion, etc. PUER = TO STINK (Intr.) ; TO SMELL OF (Tr.) Puer is regular ; used in the following tenses : Infinitif Puer Present Je pue Nous puons Tu pues Vous puez II pue lis puent Je puerais Participe Present Puant No Participe Passe L'INDICATIF Imparfait Je puais Tu puais 11 puait, etc. Futur Je puerai Tu pueras, etc. LE CONDITIONNEL Present Tu puerais, etc. THE FRENCH VERB 227 The past definite^ the imperfect subjunctive^ and the compound tenses have been used. Cela pue le muse, that smells of musk. 172. QUERIR = TO FETCH Used only in the infinitive with the verbs : Aller, venir, envoyer. AUez qu^rir. Go and fetch. Almost obsolete. AUez chercher, envoyons chercher, etc., are now used instead of AUez qulrir, etc. 173. RAIRE OR REER = TO BELLOW (Like a Stag) Participe Present Rayant Participe Passe Rait L'INDICATIF Present Imparfa nt Futur Je rais Nous rayons Tu rais Vous rayez U rait Us raient Je rayais Tu rayais, LE SUBJONCTIF Present Je rairai , etc. Tu rairas, etc. Que je raie Que tu raies Qu'il raie RfeER L'INDICATIF Que nous rayions Que vous rayiez Qu'ils raient Present Jer6e Tu r6es, etc. Imparfait Je r6ais Tu r6ais, etc. Futur Je r6rai Tu r^ras, etc. Present Que je r4e Que tu r6es, etc. LE SUBJONCTIF Imparfait Que je r6asse Que tu rdasses, etc. Participe Present R^ant Participe Passe R^6 RAV0IR = TO GET AGAIN Used only in the infinitive present, ravoir. RECHOIR^TO FALL AGAIN, TO RECEIVE (Obsolete) Used only in the infinitive, rechoir, and the past participle : Rechu {m.s.\ rechue (fs.). See retomber. Subir une rechute. 228 THE FRENCH VERB RECLURE = TO SHUT UP Used only in the infinitive, reclure, the past participle : Reclus {m.s,)y recluse (/.J.), and the compound tenses : J'ai reclus, J'avais reclus, etc. Used about as the verb to sequester in English. RELUIRE = TO SHINE, TO GLITTER Reluire is conjugated like luire. See i68. REPAITRE = TO FEED See paltre. 174. SAILLIR = TO GUSH, TO GUSH OUT, TO BREAK FORTH Conjugated like finir ; used in the infinitive and the third persons of some tenses. Jaillir or sortir more used now. Le vin saillissait de la barrique. SAILLIR = TO PROJECT, TO STAND OUT Participe Present Participe Passe Saillant Sailli {tn.s.), Saillie (p.) L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait Passe Defini Futur II saille II saillait II saillit II saillera lis saillent lis saillaient lis saillirent lis sailleront LE CONDITIONNEL Present II saillerait lis sailleraient LE SUBJONCTIF Present Imparfait Qu'il saille Qu'ils saillent Qu'il saillit Qu'ils saillissent TEMPS COMPOSES Passe Defini II a sailli lis ont sailli, etc. Les toits des maisons saillissent sur les rues. SEMONDRE = TO INVITE (to a Ceremony) Used only in the infinitive present, semondre. THE FRENCH VERB 229 SEOIR = TO SIT, TO BE SEATED. See S'ASSEOIR Only the present participle, scant, and the past participle, Sis (w.^.), sise (/j".), are used. S^ant and sis are law terms and mean sitting and situated. SEOIR = TO FIT, TO BECOME, TO SUIT The following are used : L'INDTCATIF Present . Impar/ait Futur U s/eflf lis s/ee/7f lis ^eyalt lis seyaienf II siera lis sieront LE CONDITIONNEL Present II si^rait lis si^raient LE SUBJONCTIF Present Participe Present Participe Passe Qu'il si^e Qu'ils silent Seyant or S^ant Sis Cela vous sied bien. Ce chapeau vous sied bien. Cette mani^re ne vous sied pas. See also the verb aller. Verb Dictionary. S0UDRE = TO SOLVE (Obsolete) Used only in the infinitive. Risoudre is now used instead. Resoudre (soudre) un probllme. S0URDRE = TO SPRING OUT, TO GUSH FORTH (of Water coming FROM THE Earth) Used figuratively in sense of to result The present infinitive and the third persons of the present indicative are used : II sourd, ils sourdent. Les eaux de cette riviere sourdent dans les hautes montagnes. See sortir. De cette affaire on verra sourdre de grands malheurs. S0UL0IR = TO BE WONT, ACCUSTOMED (Obsolete) The imperfect, je soulais, tu soulais, etc., are the only forms used, and these infrequently. 230 THE FRENCH VERB SURGIR = TO LAND, TO REACH (a Haven) Only the infinitive is used. Croyez-vous que nous puissions surgir au port ? SURGIR = TO ARISE, TO SPRING UP, TO START UP, TO SHOW ONE'S SELF BY RISING Conjugated like finir and used in the third persons of most of the tenses. Examples : L'INDICATIF Present Imparfait Passe Defini Futur II surgit II surgissait II surgit II surgira lis surgissent lis surgissaient lis surgirent lis surgiront LE CONDITIONNEL Present Participe Present II surgirait lis surgiraient Surgissant Une voile surgit k 1' horizon. lis ont surgi des quatre coins de la terra. De nouvelles difficult^s surgissent sans cesse. 175. TISTRE = TO WEAVE Used only in the compound tenses with its past participle Tissu (m.s.), tissue {f.s.). Avoir is the auxiliary. J'ai tissu Nous avons tissu Tu as tissu Vous avez tissu 11 a tissu lis ont tissu PART II The second part of this work is devoted to lists of verbs for practice in the use of prepositions, the use of the reflexive verb, and for reference. It is thought that Usts i, 2, 3, 4, 5 may be used to advantage by requiring the student to study three or four verbs daily ; the English examples opposite the verbs assigned to be translated into French at the board as part of the recitation. This practice is intended to familiarize the student with the use of the verbs requiring prepositions before a following infinitive. The lists will be found most valuable during the review, although they may be used on the advance after the student has grasped the significance of the use of prepositions. Constant practice in constructing idiomatic French sentences is the only means by which ease in speaking or writing the language can be acquired. 176. PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN IDIOMATIC FRENCH The student who has reached this point must have noted the necessity, in French, of supplying words in answers to questions in order to avoid repeating the whole of an interrogative sentence in the form of an affirmation or a negation. Examples Have you my book 7 Avez-vous mon livre ? Are you Robert's sister. fetes-vous la soeur de Robert ? Are you happy ? Etes-vous heureux ? Have you some more apples ? Avez-vous encore des pommes ? Have you some peaches ? Avez-vous des peches ? Is your brother in the garden ? Votre fr^re est-il dans le jardin ? Have you opened the door ? Avez-vous ouvert la porte ? / have. Je I'ai. I am. Je la suis. I am not. Je ne le suis pas. / have some more, J' en ai encore. / have. J'en ai. He is. II y est. / have. Je I'al fait. 231 232 THE FRENCH VERB Does she sing every morning? Chante-t-elle tous les matins ? Would you not have shut the 7vindow ? N'auriez-vous pas ferm6 la fenetre ? Are there any pencils in the drawer? Y a-t-il des crayons dans le tiroir ? She does. Elle le fait. / would. Je I'aurais fait. There are (some). II y en a. It is seen that le, la, les are substituted for nouns ; le for preceding adjectives, adverbs, and sentences ; that the verb faire can frequently be used in replies corresponding to our use of to have. In the lists of verbs to follow, the questions in English are to be translated into French, employing the proper preposition before the following infinitive when one is required. The answers are to be translated into as brief a form as possible after the manner illustrated in the foregoing examples. LIST I 177. EXERCISES ON VERBS REQUIRING THE PREPOSITION DE BEFORE AN INFINITIVE S'abstenir de, to abstain from, to re- frain from. Accuser, to accuse of. Achever, to finish. >"' Affecter, to affect to, to pretend to. Like its English equivalent, affec^ ter is not much used before an infinitive. See Faire semblant de. S'affliger, to grieve at. S'agir, to be the question^ to be the matter. (Impersonal.) Ambitionner, to be ambitious to, ' to aspire to. Appartenir, to behoove to. Was it the custom of this general to ab- stain from levying contributions in the enemy's country? Ans. It was not. Has he not been accused of mistreating his children? Ans. He has. At what hour does he finish writing? Ans. At six. Does he affect singing as another of his talents? Ans. He does. She grieves at being the only one that must remain. Is it not a matter of trying to please every one? Is he ambitious of succeeding his father in that office? Does it not behoove you to consider the matter very carefully ? THE FRENCH VERB 233 S'applaudir, to applaud one's self^ to Why does he always applaud himself on congratulate one's self. having done only his duty? Apprehender, to fear to. Does he fear becoming ill? Ans. He does. Note that the last verb is used in English before the infinitive in -ing without preposition. When the Enghsh verb is so used, the abbreviations pr. p. are placed after the English translation. Avertir, to warn to. Did you warn him not to go ? Ans. I did. S'aviser, to take it into one's head, Did she take it into her head to start to bethink one's self. alone? Ans. She did. Blamer, to blame for. Do you blame him for having acted thus? Ans. I do. Brtiler, to long to, to burn with the de- How I long to see him again ! sire to. Cesser, to cease ; pr. p. Please cease talking to me about it. Ans. I will. Charger, to charge, to commissio7i to. Has he commissioned you to act in his place? Ans. He has. Se charger, to take charge of. Shall I not take charge of warning the inhabitants of the village ? Choiser, to choose to. Have you not chosen to remain here? Commander, to command. Did you command him to remain at his (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) post all day ? Ans. I did. Conjurer, to conjure, to entreat to. Have you not entreated them to visit you? Ans, I have, but they will not. Conseiller, to advise to. Do you advise me to send for a physi- cian? Ans. I do. Consoler, to console for. Has he succeeded in consoling her for having lost her pearl necklace ? Ans. He has not. Se contenter, to be content, to content Will he be contented to live always in one's self that manner? Ans. I think so. Continuer de or £i, to continue to, to Has she continued to study German? keep up ; pr. p. See List IV. Ans. She has not. (See Verb Diction- ary.) Convenir, to agree to. Have they agreed to come at five? Ans. They have. 234 THE FRENCH VERB Craindre, to fear to ; or pr. p. Decider, to decide to. (Intransitive.) Decider (transitive) and se decider require a. D^ourager, to discourage. D^daigner, to disdain to. Difendre, to forbid to ; pr. p. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Se dipecher, to make haste to. D6saccoutumer, to disaccustom^ to break (^another) of the habit of D6sesp6rer, to despair of; pr. p. D6sirer, to be desirous of, to desire. The preposition is used with d^- sirer only when the wish is for something uncertain or doubt- ful. Se d^soler, to grieve. Determiner, to determine to. Se determiner and etre determine require k. D6toumer, to divert from. Se devoir, to owe it to one's self to. Difflrer, to defer ^ to delay ; pr. p. See Remettre a. Dire, to tell to. (d quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Discontinuer, to discontinue to. Disconvenir, to disown, to deny. Pisculper, to exculpate of. Does she fear to travel alone? Ans. She does. Has she decided to begin the work to- morrow? Ans. I believe not. Will you discourage him from playing marbles on Sunday? Ans. I will. She disdains to quarrel with him. Did you forbid him to swim in the river ? Ans. I did. Please make haste to speak to him about it. Ans. I shall. Has his wife broken him of the habit of smoking his pipe in the evening ? Ans. She has. Do you despair of reaching home before she leaves? Ans. I do. Do you desire to see Mr. Williams? Does he desire to succeed? Ans, He does. Is she not grieved 1 T^ , ^ . h to see him so cruel? Does she not grieve j Has he determined to go himself? Ans. He has. Do not divert them from doing what they deem necessary. Ans. I shall not. Does one not owe it to one's self to be just and honorable ? Shall you defer commencing that until to-morrow? Ans. I shall. Shall you tell him to leave at once? Ans. I shall. Has he discontinued writing to you? Do you disown having spoken to him about it ? Ans. I do not. Has the judge exculpated him of having robbed the old woman? THE FRENCH VERB 235 Dispenser, to dispense with. Dissuader, to dissuade from ; pr. p. Ecrire, to write to. S'efforcer, to endeavor to. Enjoindre, to enjoin to. Enrager, to be enraged from^ to. Empecher, to prevent from. S'empresser (de), to hasten to. (a) to be eager to. Entreprendre, to undertake to. Essay er, to try to, to endeavor to. A is also used in sense of to essay, to endeavor. Eviter, to avoid ; pr. p. Excuser, to excuse from. Exempter, to exempt from, to dispense with. Feindre, to feign to ; pr. p. Se f6liciter, to felicitate, to congratu- late one's self. Finir, to finish ; pr. p. Se flatter, to flatter one^s self on. Fr^mir, to shudder to. Se garder, to beware; pr. p., to take care not to, to refrain from. Can you not dispense with writing to him? Ans. I cannot. Have you dissuaded him from under- taking that? Ans. I have. Has he written you to come ? Ans. He has. Has he endeavored to prevent the sale of that house ? Ans. He has. Did you enjoin him to make haste? Ans. I did. He is enraged to be taken for (at having been taken for) a workingman. Did she prevent you from speaking of the matter? Ans. She did. Did you hasten to render her the service demanded? Ans. I did. Shall you undertake to sell your stock at the present prices? Did the general try to cut their hnes of communication? Ans. He did. Should I try to avoid saying anything that could wound him? Ans. You should. Have you excused them from reciting this morning? Ans. I have. Can you dispense with his writing those prescriptions this morning? Why do you feign being happy ? You should congratulate yourself on hav- ing succeeded. When shall you finish planting your vege- tables ? Does she flatter herself on speaking French well? (that she speaks French well). Did she not shudder to hear that? Ans. She did. Did you take care not to promise too much? Ans. I did. 236 THE FRENCH VERB Gimir, to lament, to bewail; pr. p. Gronder, to scold for. Se hater, to hasten to. S'indigner, to be indignant to. Inspirer, to inspire with, to. Jurer, to swear to. Mander, to send word to. Manquer, to fail to (or pr. p.), to omit. See List IV. Miditer, to meditate ; pr. p. Menacer, to threaten to. Miriter, to deserve to. N^gliger, to neglect to. Nier, to deny ; pr. p. Offrir, to offer to. Omettre, to omit to. Ordonner, to order to. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Oublier, to forget to. Pardonner, to forgive for. Parler, to speak of; pr. p. Persuader, to persuade to. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Permettre, to permit. {k quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Se piquer, to pretend to ; to pride one's self upon ; to plume 07ie's self on. Se plaindre, to complain of. Does he not bewail having made such an error ? Did your father scold you for having borrowed the money? Have you hastened to pay your visits to them? Ans. I have not. Are you not indignant to see him dis- regard your advice ? Did she inspire you to write this book? Has he not sworn to be revenged? Did he send you word to come at once? Ans. He did. Has he failed to keep his promise? Ans. He has. Does your father not meditate going to Europe in the spring? Ans. He does. Has your father threatened to cut off your allowances? Did he deserve to be recompensed ? Did you neglect to pay last month's bills? Does he deny having been there ? Has he offered to cash the check for you? Ans. He has not. Will you omit reading this line? Ans, I will not. Did the doctor order you to give her this medicine every two hours? Had he forgotten to report his arrival? Will you forgive her for not having in- vited you ? Ans. I will not. Did they not speak of starting to-morrow for England? Can you persuade her to sing this even- ing? Ans. I think not. Do you permit your son to ride that horse? Does he pride himself on having passed that examination? Does she complain of feeling badly ? THE FRENCH VERB 237 Plaindre, to pity. Prescrire, to prescribe, to direct, to give directions to. Presser, to press, to urge to. Se presser, to hasten to. Frier, to request to. Promettre, to promise to. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Proposer, to propose to, to proffer. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Se proposer, to purpose to ; to intend to. Recommander, to recommend to. (k quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Refuser, to refuse to. Regretter, to regret to ; pr. p. (Avoir, regret.^ Se r^jouir, to rejoice to. Remercier, to thank for ; pr. p. Se repentir, to repent of; pr. p. Se rappeler, to recall, to recollect; pr. p. Reprocher, to reproach for, with (and pr. p.). R^soudre, to resolve on, to determine to. Se risoudre requires a. Rire, to laugh to, at; pr. p. Risquer, to risk; pr. p. Rougir, to blush to. Seoir, to be becoming to. (a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose.) Solliciter, to solicit to. This verb is more generally used before a noun. Do you pity him for having yielded to the temptation ? Has the doctor directed you to take daily walks? Ans. He has. Did he urge you to accompany him? Shall you hasten to return her call? Ans. I shall. Has she not requested you to keep her informed of your progress? Did you not promise your mother to write to her regularly? Have you proposed to discuss the matter with him? I purpose going to Europe in the spring. Will you not recommend to the general to send out advance guard ? Had he refused to grant you the desired permission? Ans. He had. Do you not regret leaving this beautiful country? Ans. I do. Did he not rejoice to hear of the death of his rival? Ans. He did. May I not thank him for having sent the flowers? A71S. You may. Does he repent having loaned you the money? Ans. He does. Can you recall having said that ? Ans. I cannot. Why should you reproach me for being lazy? Have they resolved on giving battle ? Did you not laugh to see him so excited? Has he not risked being killed? You should blush even to speak of it. Do you think it is very becoming to you to act in that way ? Did you sohcit him to promote you? Did he solicit you to commit this crime ? 2^,8 THE FRENCH VERB Sommer, to summon to. Se soucier, to care to, about, to concern one's self about ; pr. p. Souffrir, to suffer to. Souhaiter, to wish to. The preposition may be omitted. Soup9onner, to suspect of. Se souvenir, to remember to. Se ressouvenir also used with de. Suflire, to be sufficient to. (As an impersonal verb.) Sugg^rer, to suggest to. Supplier, to entreat, to beseech to. Tacher, to try to, to endeavor to. Tarder, to long to. (As an impersonal verb.) Tenter, to attefnpt, to try ; to tempt. Se vanter, to boast ; pr. p. Have you summoned him to pay? He concerns himself very little about keeping his promise, does he not? Did you not suffer him to leave ? I wish to see him to-morrow. Do you suspect him of having revealed your secret ? Ans. I do. Did you remember to tell her that I should call on her next week ? Is it not sufficient to report the fact by letter? Ought I to suggest writing to him? Have I not many times besought you to tell me where he is? Have you endeavored to bring that about? Do you not long to finish this work? Does not this fine weather tempt you to go out ? Have you attempted to cul- tivate this piece of ground ? Does he not boast being sure to win first place ? LIST II 178. VERBS REQUIRING A BEFORE THE INFINITIVE Verbs that require a before the progressive action, or a tendency to S'abaisser, to stoop to. S'accorder, to agree, to coincide in, Accoutumer (transitive) , to accustom to. S'accoutumer (like accoutumer). S'acharner, to be infuriated, to apply one's self fiercely, ardently, to. infinitive generally express continued or attain something. Did they stoop to accepting aid from that person? Ans. They did. Have they not agreed in recommending this man? Ans. They have. I Has he not accustomed us to expect J nothing from him? Ans. He has. Why does he apply himself so fiercely to winning approbation from me ? THE FRENCH VERB 239 S'amuser, to amuse o?7e's self. Animer, to anwiate to. Aide*-, to help to. Will you help me hang these curtains? Ans. I will gladly. Aimer, to love to. Don't they like to pass their evenings reading? Ans. They do not care for it. Amuser, to amuse with, in (and pr. p.). | Can you not amuse yourself with walk. J ing up and down the river bank? What unfortunate sentiment can animate him to act thus? Ans. I cannot say. Does she not apply herself diligently to causing trouble wherever she is? Have you learned to sew buttons on your clothing? Ans. I have. Shall we get ready to go out? Ans. Yes; let us do so. S'appliquer, to apply one's self to. Apprendre, to learn to, to teach to. See Verb Dictionary. Appreter, trans. ) to get ready to. S'appreter, j to prepare to. Aspirer, to aspire to. Hardly used before the infinitive, but, like the English equivalent, is used chiefly before nouns. Assigner, to summon, to subpoena, to assign. Assujettir, to subject, to compel, to constrain to. S'attacher, to strive to, to apply one's self to, to adhere, etc. Generally used before nouns. See S'appliquer. S'attendre, to expect to. Have you been summoned to appear before Judge B. ? Ans. I have not. Did not that monarch compel the captives to work like slaves ? Do you expect to see him to-morrow? Ans. I do not. Will you authorize me to lead the at- tack? Avoir (expressing obligation), to have Do you not have to write to your mother Autoriser, to authorize to. to. Balancer, to hesitate, to be undecided, irresolute to. Se borner, to limit one's self to. Chercher, to seek to, to try to. to-night? Do you hesitate to act? Did he not limit (confine) himself to reading the most striking paragraphs? Have they not sought to hamper my progress in every possible way? 240 THE FRENCH l/ERB Commencer, to begin, to commence. Grammarians sometimes put com- mencer in list with verbs requir- ing k and de, but a only is used in practice. Concourir, to contribute to, to cooper- ate in. Condamner, to condemn to. Condescendre, to condescend to. Consentir, to consent to. Consistir, to consist in. Consumer, to consume, to wear out. Contraindre, to compel to. Convier, to i?ivite to. Cofiter, to cost, to cost an effort to. Coiiter, as an impersonal verb, re- quires de. D&ider, to induce to. Se decider, like decider (transitive), requires a; decider (intransi- tive) requires de. Demander, to ask {some one) to. See List IV. Destiner, to destine to. (Only when used passively.) Etre determine, to be determined to. Determiner (transitive), to persuade to, to influence to, induce to. Se determiner, to determine to. Disposer, to prevail upon, to induce to, to dispose to. Do you begin to understand me ? Have not all the sciences contributed to civilize the world? Ans. They have. Did he not condemn this poor man to pass the remainder of his days in prison? Ans. He did. Did she condescend to listen to you? Has your father consented to accompany us? Ans. Yes, he has. Does not our safety consist in acting promptly in such cases? Ans. It does. Has he not worn out all his energy in serving his master? Was that officer not compelled to resign? Ans. He was. Have they not invited you to take your meals at their house? Ans. They have. Is it not a sacrifice which it costs an effort to make? Ans. It is. Have you induced him to start to-day ? Did your mother not ask you to bring in those chairs? Is he not destined to become famous? Ans. I believe he is. Is he determined to ruin his life ? Have you prevailed upon him to grant my request? Ans. I have. THE FRENCH VERB 24 c Se disposer, to prepare to. See Dic- tionary. Donner, to give to. Employer, to employ at. S'employer, to busy one's self in, to spend one^s time at, in. Encourager, to encourage to. Enhardir, to embolden to. Enseigner, to teach to. Etre, to be (at) ; pr. p. S'ltudier, to study to, to make it one's study to. S'evertuer, to exert one's self to. Exceller, to excel in ; pr. p. Exciter, to excite to, S'exercer, to exercise in, to practise ; pr. p. Exhorter, to exhort to. Se fatiguer, to get tired ; pr. p. Forcer, to force to. Used passively, forcer requires de. Gagner, to gain by, to improve upon. Gagner a etre connu, to improve upon acquaintance. S'habituer, to accustom one^s self to, to get accustomed to. Se hasarder, to venture, martin's FRENCH VERB — 16 Have I given you too much to do? Has he given you to understand that you are to go? Ans. He has. Is he not busying himself at present with repairing the garden fence? Does your father encourage you to read fiction? Ans. He does not. Is it that fact which has emboldened you to speak to me on the subject? Who is the gentleman who is teaching your children to read Greek? Was she not doing what I told her to do ? A71S. She was not. Does he not make it his study to please her in every way ? Ans. He does. She does not exert herself to understand what I say. I know it-. He excels in touching up old paintings, does he not? Ans. He does. Who excited him to commit such an imprudence? Ans. I cannot say. Does he not exercise himself in firing the revolver every morning? Do not their priests exhort them to die fighting? Ans. They do. Do you not get tired reading to the children? Ans. I do sometimes. Did they force you to sign that paper? Ans. They did. I have accustomed myself to rise at six. Has she ventured to go out in the boat with you? Ans. Only in very fine weather. 242 THE FRENCH VERB H^siter, io hesitate. Inciter, to incite to. Instruire, to instruct to. Int^resser, to interest to. Inviter, to invite to. Se mettre, to set about, to begin ; pr. p. Montrer, to show how to. See Ap- prendre. Obliger, to oblige to. Obliger, used passively, requires de. S'obstiner, to be obstinate in. S'offrir, to offer to, to offer one's self. S'opiniatrer, to be obstinate in. (Like S'obstiner.) Parvenir, to succeed in. (With etre.) Passer, to pass, to spend in. Penser, to think, to have thoughts of, Pers^v^rer, to presevere in, Persister, to persist in. Se plaire, to delight in. Porter, to incline, to induce to, to prompt to. Se preparer, to prepare to. Recommencer, to begin again to. R^duire, to reduce to, to compel to. Do not hesitate to write to me when in need of money. Ans. I shall not. Is he inciting these Indians to join the rioters? Ans. He is. Did he instruct you to sign papers during his absence? Ans. Pie did. Have you interested the children to try this new game ? Have you invited him to spend a month at your country home? Ans. I have. At what hour do you begin writing your exercises? Ans. At eight. Show him how to copy these drawings. Can you not oblige him to return the borrowed articles? Ans. I do not know. Is he not obstinate in wishing to go with us? Ans. He is. Has he not offered to go ? Have they succeeded in obtaining that position ? Does he still pass his afternoons rowing on the lake? Were you thinking of going to see him to-night? Ans. I was. Does he persevere in sending you flowers ? Does she persist in denying having said that? Ans. She does. Why do you delight in. teasing her? Have you induced him to think about the matter? Have you prepared to address the mem- bers of the club to-night? Has he begun to smoke again ? Have you reduced your pride to accept- ing that situation ? THE FRENCH VERB 243 Renoncer, to renounce ; pr. p. Will she not renounce seeing this person? Ans. She will. R^pugner, to feel reluctant, loth to. Does he feel reluctant to speak to the Impersonally, repugner requires man about it? de. II me r^pugne de f aire cela, etc. Se r^signer, to resign one's self to. Has the criminal resigned himself to Se risoudre, to resolve to, etc. See dying to-morrow? Risoudre, under verbs with de. Raster, to re7nain to. Does it not remain to you to thank them for their courtesy? He remained there watching the river. Engager, to induce, engage to, to hire to, Have you induced those men to perform, to set {around) about. this work ? R^ussir, to succeed in (and pir. p.). Have you succeeded in hiring a servant? Ans. I have not. Servir, to serve to. This small fence serves to separate the two herds. Songer, to dream, think of. Do you not sometimes think of return- ing to your old home? Ans. But rarely. Suffire, to suffice, to be sufficient, ade- Will this maid be capable of serving so quale to. many persons? Pour is frequently used in above sense. Suffire, impersonally, requires de. Tarder, to delay, to be long in. See list Why does he delay coming ? with de. Tendre, to tend to (intransitive). Will not this misunderstanding tend to engender bitter feelings? Tenir, to be anxious to. Is he not very anxious to return home , for the holidays? Travailler, to work, to labor, to try to. Is he not trying to make his fortune ? Ans. He is. > Venir, to happen to, to chance to. If you happen to see him, will you tell him to write to me? _ ,^ ^ . . ' ^^ . f at winning your esteem. Viser (ng.), to aim at, to aspire to. He aims \ ^ ° ^ [to wm your esteem. Ans. I agree with you. 244 THE FRENCH VERB LIST III 179. VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION BEFORE THE INFINITIVE Aimer mieux, to like better, to prefer. Followed by verbs in infinitive, aimer mieux is generally used with de before the second infini- tive. See Verb Dictionary. Aller, to go. Apercevoir, to perceive. Assurer, to assert. Croire, to believe. Compter, to pufpose, to intend, to ex- pect. Courir, to run. Daigner, to deign to. Declarer, to declare. Devoir, to be to (lit. to owe to). The French express the verb to be as here rendered by devoir, because it is not used in its true sense, but to express duty, obligation, previous arrange- ment, etc. Would they not prefer returning? Ans. They would rather return than stay here. When will you go and take a walk ? Ans. We will go and take a sail if you will come with us. I perceive them walking. Do you|^| Ans. I do not perceive them walk- ing, but I hear them talking. Does he not assert having written to you ? Atis. He asserts having called upon your brother-in-law. They thought (believed) that they had de- ceived you, did they not? Ans. They* thought they had, but I am not so easily deceived. You purpose buying the goods in the spring, do you not? Aits. We pur- pose buying them during the summer. He ran for the doctor, did he not? Ans. He ran and spoke to him. Did he deign to tell you when he would return ? Ans. He did not deign even to look at me. The witness declared having seen them enter the house, did he not ? Ans. He declared having seen them leave it. Where are you to go this morning? Ans. I am to go to the store. Were you not to return with me? Ans. I was not to return with you. Is your brother to come here soon? THE FRENCH VERB 245 Ecouter, to listen to. Entendre, to hear. 4 Envoyer, to send. (Envoyer chercher, envoy er dire.) Esperer, to expect. Faire, to get, to have, to order. I^Valloir, to be necessary, to need. S'imaginer, to fancy, to tjnagine. Laisser, to let, to allow. Oser, to dare. Paraltre, to appear, to seem. Penser, to have like ; to come very near (lit. to think). Mener, to lead, to take. Pr6f6rer, to prefer. Also is used with de before the infinitive. Pr^tendre, to pretend, to intend to. Listen to this lady sing. Ans. I do not desire to hsten to her sing. Did you ever hear them speak? Ans. I never did. Were they not to send for the boats? Ans. No, sir, they were to send for the sails. What do you expect to do next winter? Ans. I expect to study French, Italian, and Spanish. Are you going to have your horse sold? What must be done to assist him? Ans. He must first ask for our assist- ance. He needs five hundred dol- lars. He imagines he can do that, does he not? Ans. He does, but we all know that he cannot. Should I let them leave? Ans, Let them speak. Will they dare confess having written without your consent? Ans. They will deny having written. Does he appear to know his duty? Ans. He appears to think so at least. Does she seem to understand what is said to her? Ans. She seems to understand, but she will not answer. He was near falling a moment ago, was he not? Ans. He was; he would have fallen had I not been near him. Did the boy take the cows to graze on the salt meadows? He prefers to become a monk, does he not? Ans. He prefers to remain as he is. Do you pretend to know the news? Ans. I do not pretend to know the news you allude to. 246 THE FRENCH VERB Pouvoir, to be able. Reconnaitre, to acknowledge. Regarder, to look at. Retourner, to return. Savoir, to know, to be able. Sembler, to seem. Souhaiter, to wish. Also used with de. Soutenir, to maintain. Valoir mieux, to be better. Remark under aimer mieux applies here also. Venir, to come. Voir, to see. Vouloir, to ivisJi, to be willing. (Laisser.) Compter, to intend, AUer, to go. Pr^f^rer. Aimer mieux. What did he tell you? Ans. He told me that he could not pay you the money he owes you. Does he acknowledge having said it? % Ans. He acknowledges having spoken of the matter several times. When you called me, what were you look- ing at? Ans. I was looking at the soldiers pass. When will you return to see us? Ans. We shall return to see you the eleventh of next month. Can he (does he know how to) dance ?^ Do you know how to look for a word in the dictionary? You seem to be afraid of coming in. . Come in ; why do you not? Ans. I do not wish to come in ; if I did, I would. Do you wish to be happy ? Ans. I wish to see my friends. He maintains he has read the letter ; do you beheve him? I do not. I main- tain he has not. Is it not better to start now than remain until it is quite dark? Aiis. I think it is better to start now. Will you come to see me late or early? Ans. I shall not be able to come to see you before noon. Do you see anybody coming? Ans. \ see nobody coming. Do you not see my sister coming? Will you not let him read? Ans. I will let him read if he will let me write. - If you would listen, I would tell you why '" I prefer to remain. Who intends to go and take a walk after breakfast? Ans. Nobody does; we all intend to go to your cousin's after dinner, unless you prefer going after tea. THE FRENCH VERB 247 Aimer mieux, to prefer to. Pref^rer, to like better. Valoir mieux, to be better. You would rather go than stay, would you not ? Ans. Yes, I would rather go than stay. It is better to go than to stay here alone. LIST IV 180. VERBS THAT TAKE SOMETIMES A AND SOMETIMES DE BEFORE THE INFINITIVE Some verbs take sometimes a and sometimes de before a following infinitive, according to the meaning which they are intended to convey. Commencer a, to begin a progressive' action. Commencer de, to denote commence- ment of an action. Continuer a, to continue uninterruptedly. Continuer de, to continue with inter- ruption. Demander a, to ask to (i.e. to be allowed to). Demander de, to ask somebody to do something. The above distinction is not al- ways made, a being generally used in all cases. S'eiforcer a, to strive physically. S'eiforcer a or de, to strive intellectually. S'empresser a, to be eager, emulous to. S'empresser de, to hasten to. Essayer a, is used for to try, to make continued efforts to attain an end. Essayer de, is used for to try, to make a trial of (as would be the case in a single or desultory attempt) . Etre a, to be to (to denote the regular turn of successive actions) . In practice, only ^ is used. Did he continue reading while you were in the room? Does he continue to call upon her? Does he ask to go out? I ask you to listen to me ; will you do so ? Is he trying to lift that box? Is he trying to learn our language? Is he not eager to please those in the high places ? Why did you not hasten to tie her shoe ? He is trying to obtain that appointment. He tried to sing, but failed utterly. It is your turn to speak, to deal (cards). It is your turn 248 THE FRENCH VERB Etre de, to be to (denotes the right or duty of some one to act). Forcer, to compel 1 require a when the Obligor, to oblige J verb is active. Forcer 1 reqbire de when used Obliger j passively. Obliger requires de in sense of to render a service. Laisser a, to leave to (something to be suppHed, completed, finished). Ne laisser pas de, not to leave off. Manquer a, to fail to (in sense of to fall short of doing one's duty). Manquer de, to fail to (in sense of to miss)f to be near to, to omit to. S'occuper a, to be busy at, to apply one^s self to doing something. S'occuper de, to be busy with, to con- cern one's self with, to think about doing something. Accoutumer a, to accustom to (when used actively or pronominally). Accoutumer de, to be wont to. Venir, to cotne. Used without preposition before infinitive in sense of (to come and do something). Venir pour. Used when meaning is to come for the purpose of, to come to do something (which may not nec- essarily be done). Venir de, to come from doing some- thing ; expresses to have just. Venir a, is used in the sense of to happen to. It is for the master to command. It is for you to act in this matter. He compelled you to do it, did he not ? Did you oblige him to pay you? I was forced to do it. You will oblige me by doing it. I leave you to think (lit. to thinking). He does not leave off complaining. He failed to fulfill his duties. One cannot fail to observe that (miss observing that). He came near fall- ing. He has failed (omitted) to re- turn the books he borrowed. He is busy (occupied at) studying his lessons for to-morrow. He is concerned with getting evidence to prosecute his neighbor. I have accustomed them to work eight hours a day. He accustomed himself to smoke only in the evenings. He was wont to go there. (With etre.) Will you come and see me ? I came here to tell you about it, but you were not in. I have just seen him. He has just started. If you happen to see him, tell him about it. If he should happen to die, I would be grief-stricken. THE FRENCH VERB i8i. THE INFINITIVE AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB 249 The infinitive with its preposition completing the sense of another verb is in some cases the direct, and in some cases the indirect, object of the verb. Study the following examples in which the direct object is shown in italics. Enseigner 1 a quelqu'un a faire que/que chose, to teach or show somebody to do Montrer J something. Prier quelqu^un de faire quelque chose, to ask somebody to do something. Remercier quelqu^un d'avoir fait quelque chose, to thank somebody for having done something. Demander d faire quelque chose, to ask {to be allowed^ to do so7ne thing, Demander a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to ask somebody to do sorne thing. Conseiller a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to advise somebody to do something. Dire a quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, to tell so?nebody to do something. Se rappeler d^ avoir faii quelque chose, to recollect having done something. LIST V 182. VERBS REFLECTED IN FRENCH AND NOT IN ENGLISH, AND USE OF THE PAST TENSE Many verbs are used in the reflected form in French, while the EngHsh verb does not admit of this form. A list of these verbs, with the preposition required by them, is given, com- bined with the use of the past tense. After the student has had explained to him the use of the past tenses, — which correspond generally to that in English, — he should receive a daily drill on the following exercises. As two or more reflected verbs are combined in some of the following examples, they are not arranged entirely in alphabetical order. S'abstenir de. During Napoleon's reign, were the marshals of the empire ^ I ^°^*^®- ^" ^^^ habit of abstaining from levying contributions in an [ avec. enemy's country? Ans. No; but Napoleon was always offended with them when they did not abstain from it. S'abonner a. When you lived in Paris, were you not in the habit of sub- scribing to every paper published, good, bad, or indifferent? Ans. Not at all ; I subscribed only to those which upheld the government. 250 THE FRENCH VERB S'abonner k. S'apercevoir. S'obstiner a. S'adoucir. S'asseoir. Se sauver. S'esquiver. S'agenouiller. Se moquer de. S'empecher de. Se bonifier. Se brouiller. Se facher de. Se coucher. Se dipecher de. Se determiner a. What paper did you subscribe to last summer? Ans. I did not subscribe to any paper. When I wanted to read the papers, I used to borrow them from my friends. He generally stopped reading when he perceived that I was listening to him, did he not? Ans. He not only stopped, but he persisted in not continuing. He was a queer fellow. When you came here ten years ago, were not the winters already growing milder? Ans. They were very severe when I came here ; they have grown very mild within three or four years. Just as you were sitting down, two or three men looked in at the door and then ran away. You did not see them, did you ? Ans. Yes, I did ; one was small, the other was tall ; both had red flannel shirts on. I ran to the door immediately and saw them steal away down an alley. Whenever I knelt down, you laughed at me ; why did you do that? Ans. I could not help laughing, you looked so funny. That wine was very indifferent for two years ; five years ago it grew suddenly much better. Is it not better than the wine you bought this year? Ans. The wine I bought this morning will improve with time. Yours grew suddenly better, why should not mine? Did not the general get angry at you this morning? Ans. He got angry with everybody; we fell out about an hour ago. At what time did you usually go to bed when you were board- ing in the country? Ans. In summer we went to bed at half-past eight; in winter we usually went to bed at ten. We never sat up very late. When you saw William yesterday morning, why did you not make haste to speak to him? Ans, He was walking so fast that I could not overtake him. I have been told they resolved to pay them this morning. Were you not told the same thing? Ans. I was told the same thing. To tell you the truth, I know they hastened to pay them all this morning. At what hour did you determine to set out? Ans. I deter- mined to set out about an hour and a half ago. How late is it no\y? THE FRENCH VERB 251 S'emporter contre. Se lever. S'empresser de. S'endormir. S'evanouir. S'enivrer. S'envoler. S'enrichir. Se fondre. Se glisser. Se hater de. Se marier. Se m^fier de. Se composer de. Consister en. Se mutiner. Why did you fly into a passion with your sister when you got up this morning? Ans. I did not fly into a passion with my sister. I flew into a passion with my servant, who got intoxicated last night, and who was still so when I got up this morning. Whenever he went out, were you not eager to give him his cloak, gloves, and cane ? Ans. We were always eager to do so. You say that young man fell asleep after fainting ; you also say he fainted to-day, do you not? Ans. I say he fainted to-day, but I do not say he fell asleep immediately after fainting. He fell asleep an hour ago. When she lived in the country did she faint as often as she does now? Ans. She fainted regularly twice a day. Did not your servant get intoxicated very often last winter? Ans. He did ; he used to get intoxicated every morning, and whenever he opened the cages to feed the birds, one or two generally flew away. How did that merchant grow so rich this year? How many ships did he own last year? Ans. Really, I don't know. Last year his property consisted of two ships, I beheve. He now has more than eighty. Formerly the snows on these mountains usually melted before the end of May; did they not? Ans. They usually melted about the end of June. Last year they melted in the month of April. How did that child creep into that barrel? Ans. I don't know how he crept into it ; I did not see him get into it. La^t month those men hastened to pay their debts; did they not? Ans. They did; they paid them as soon as the bank was open, on the thirtieth. Where did your father marry ; here or in France ? Ans. He married neither here nor in France ; he married in England. He has been married fifteen years. He says the sugar he lost consisted of twenty barrels ; but, tell me, do you not mistrust what he says? , Ans. I did at first ; I do not now. Did not the crew of that vessel mutiny six months ago? Ans. Somebody told me they did. I have been told they mutinied again to-day. 252 Se plaire k. Se plaindre de. Se promener en bateau. Se promener a cheval. Se promener en voiture. Se promener en traineau. Se rappeler de. (Before infinitive.) Se r^fugier aupr^s de. Se retirer de. Se souvenir de. Se vanter. THE FRENCH VERB When you were in Paris, did you not often go to the Tuileries? Ans. We used to take great dehght in going there. Why did you go out so early? Ans. I went out early to complain of what my servant did last night. How did you spend your time when you were in St. Petersburg? Ans. In summer we generally took a sail in the morning; in the afternoon we went out in a carriage or on horseback ; and at night we used to go out in a two-horse sleigh. When you saw your brother-in-lWtv this morning, did you remember to tell him what I told you last night? Ans. I saw him, but I did not recollect what you told me. What did you tell me? Tell me again. Were you not absent when those patriots took refuge with us? Ans. I was; I had withdrawn from busi- ness. I was living in the country. Do you remember the days we spent together as children? Ans. If I remember rightly, we did not spend many days together. You always used to boast you would never catch cold in this climate. How is it that you catch cold so frequently now? Ans. I caught cold this morning because I went out too early with only a thin coat on. 183. REMARKS ON ENGLISH AUXILIARIES AND FRENCH EQUIVALENTS In some English grammars the words can, could, could have, may, might, might have, should, should have, are given as " signs " of a " potential mood "; and in most French grammars for English-speaking students, the impression is given that these "signs" should be translated by the conditional or subjunctive of French verbs. This theory is an error, for these auxiliaries are real, defective verbs, and each contains a distinct idea of its own of power, leave, or obligation, and must, when the idea is to be conveyed, be translated by the proper tenses of pouvoir or devoir. Further, will, shall, would, would have, in addition to their use as signs of the future or conditional, have their own meanings of wish; volition, or in- clination. This happens especially after if, or when the will of the speaker or other Peut-il reussir ? THE FRENCH VERB 253 person is consulted ; and then will must be rendered by the present of vouloir, and would by the conditional of vouloir. Therefore, the student must in every case ascertain the exact meaning of these auxiliaries, and then translate into the proper French construction. A study of the following examples will serve to show the distinctions that may have to be made. 1. If I can (am 'able to) do it, I will carry it for you. Si je puis le faire, je le porterai pour vous. May I go out? Puis-je sortir ? Can he succeed? Is he able to succeed? If I could {were able'), I should carry it for you. Si je le pouvais, je l^t^ porterais pour vous. I should {ought to) carry it for you. Je devrais le porter pour vous. 2. If you go to Rome, shall you {are you to) go to Naples also ? Si vous allez a Rome irez-vous aussi a Naples? If you will {are willing to) accompany ?ne, I have a mind to go to Naples, Si vous voulez m'accompagner j'ai envie d'aller a Naples. Irez-vous a New York aujourd'hui ou demain ? Shall you {are you to) go to New York to-day or to-morrow ? Voulez -vous aller a New York demain? Will you {are you willing, do you want to) go to New York to-morrow ? 3. You would liste?i to me if you were more sensible. Vous m'ecouter/ez si vous ^tiez plus sens^. If you would {ivere willing to) listen to me, matters would be different. Si vous vouliez m'ecouter les choses seraient differentes. 4. I could {might be able to) be happier, Je pourrais etre plus heureux. / could {was able to) do it when I was young, Je pouvais le faire quand j'^tais jeune. 5. II aurait pu etre ^crase par la voiture. He could have {might have) been run over by the carriage. J'ai pu le tuer. / could have killed him. 6. He wouldnU go if he had not sufficient money. II n'irait pas s'il n'avait pas assez d'argent. He wouldn't (did not ivish to) go. II n'a pas voulu aller. 254 '^^E FRENCH VERB He would {used to) go often to see the old lady. II allait souvent voir la vieille dame, 7. May used beseechingly to implore a favor or to avert an evil is rendered by the present subjunctive with'out que. Puiss6-je voir ces jours heureux I May I see those happy days / Puissent-ils arriver h. temps I May they arrive in time I 8. Can meaning to have the requisite knowledge, experience, or skill to do something is rendered by savoir before an infinitive. Savez-vous nager ? Can you {do you know how to) swim ? Je sais nager, mais je ne puis nager aujourd'hui parce que J'ai mal au pied. 9. Shall, if it expresses a determination in the speaker to enforce an act, must be rendered by forcer or obliger. Whether you like it or not, you shall work. Que vous le vouliez ou non, je vous forcerai de travailler. 10. Must expressing necessity is rendered by falloir. II faut que je connaisse un homme pour le bien juger. / must know a man in order to judge him well. 11. Must expressing inference or consequence from what precedes or follows is devoir. He is covered with dust ; he must have fallen. II est couvert de poussi^re, il a dii tomber. See examples under devoir. 184. TABLE SHOWING TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH VERB AUXILIA- RIES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT MEANINGS 1. He can (or he may) do that. (Power ) ., .,. N r II peut faire cela. or possibility.) ) He can {knows how to) do that. (Knowledge, skill.) 2. He could {was able to) do that. (Power.) He could {would be able to) do that. ^ He might (possibility) do that. He should, ought to do that. (Duty, )■■ sait faire cela. II pouvait faire cela. II a pu faire cela. II put faire cela. I" pourrait faire cela. obligation.) } II devralt faire cela. THE FRENCH VERB 255 I II f au J II lui , He must, he has to, do that. (Neces- ) II faut qu'il fasse cela. sity.) J II lui faut faire cela he must, he is to, do that. . (Futurity, ]»,,.,. . , ' . . ^. ^ ^ M- II doit faire cela. with obligation or expectation.) j He will do that. (Simple futurity.) II fera cela. ' He will {wants to) do that. 1 , TT ■ ■ : . J' •. /TT V • N > n veut faire cela. \He insists upon doing it. (Volition.) J *He shall do that (/ shall force him ) Je lui forcerai de faire cela. to). I Je I'obligerai a faire cela. He would {insisted upon doing) do ' that. He was willing to {wished to) do that. (Volition.) II voulait faire cela. II a voulu faire cela. He would (if he could) do that. ) ^, , . , , ,., (Conditional.) 1 " *^'"'"* •=«'" ^^ '> '« P""'"")- He would I , , , „ , , . \do that every day. II faisait cela tous les jours. ^ rr 1 ^ ^ .7 ^ i II se peut qu'il ait a faire cela. 6. He may have to do that. < „ ( II se peut qu il lui faille faire cela. He might have to do that (Possible ) II se pourrait qu'il efit a faire cela. necessity.) ) II se pourrait qu'il lui fallfit faire cela 7. He could have done that. II aurait pu faire cela. He fnight have done that. (Power, ) ,, ,. .l-r X [11 efit pu faire cela. possibility.) ) 8. He should have done that. 1 He ought to have done that. (Duty, \ II aurait dii faire cela. obligation.) J He must have {probably has) done that. (Inference.) )" a d^ faire cela. 256 THE FRENCH VERB VERB DICTIONARY In the use of this verb dictionary, it must be remembered that an attempt has not been made to supplant the regular dictionaries with respect to verbs, but to supplement them ; to explain and illustrate peculiar uses and meanings of the verbs, and so to enable the student properly to use them from the beginning. The English-French dictionaries, as a rule, give the various meanings a verb may have, but do not sufficiently illustrate, and (since few beginners have com- plete French dictionaries or cyclopedias, or having them do not know how to use them) the student remains uncertain as to just how or when to use most verbs and not infrequently conceives erroneous ideas as to their significations. This difficulty occurs especially with verbs that require prepositions after them, but it applies as well to many others. This dictionary, in connection with the preceding text, is intended to explairi only the difficulties or peculiarities of French verbs. Therefore, not all the meanings of the verbs are given. It is meant, primarily, to tell the student what he cannot find or understand about verbs in his grammar or dictionary. POINTS TO REMEMBER The prefix re indicates : 1. Action in a contrary sense. Ex.: Pousser, to push; repousser, to push in a contrary sense (hence to repulse, to repel, to reject, etc.). 2. Reiteration, repetition. Ex. : Faire, to do; refaire, to do again, to do over. 3. Intensity (augmentation or diminution). Examples of the application- are seen in retrecir, to narrow, to make narrow; relacher, to relax, to slacken, etc. The student should familiarize himself with the application of the last-given use of the prefix. He must remember that in French the simple form of the verb and that with the prefix re are often synonyms, and that in the figurative sense particularly the compounds with re are more used than the simple forms. Enfermer des chevaux dans una ^curie. Enfermer des papiers. But Renfermer un vagabond. Renfermer ses chagrins. Emplir ses poches de fruits, une cruche d'eau. Remplir I'air de ses cris. Remplir bien son temps. The passive form of a transitive French verb can always be used with par, which is translated as by. Ma m^re a planti ces rosiers. Ces rosiers ont ^t6 plante par ma m^re. THE FRENCH VERB ^57 De is frequently used after the passive, in the sense of with, from, of, and sometimes in the sense of by. It is not used in the sense of by when a definite action is referred to. The use of both par and de in the sense of by is illustrated in Art. 68, 2. Par presents no difficulty. When de should or may be used an example is given. ABBREVIATIONS ant. = antonym. intr. — intransitive, b. i. = before infinitive. p. = passive. b. n. = before noun. r. = reflexive. fam. = familiar. tr. = transitive. A y Abaisser (tr.). To put lower for purpose of covering something. A-t-elle abaiss6 les stores ? Did she lower the shades ? See baisser. Abaisser (p.) devant, par. A-t-elle 6t6 abaiss6e devant la reine par son ennemi? Was she abased before the queen by her enemy ? S'abaisser (r.) a (b. i.); devant, vers (b. n.). Sa voix s'abaissa. His voice fell. S'est-il abaisse a demander Faumone? Has he lowered himself to asking charity ? Est-ce que le terrain s'abaisse vers la mer? Does the land slope down toward the sea? Abandonner (tr.). To abandon, to forsake. See delaisser. Abandonner (p.) de (b. n.). Sont-ils abandonn^s de tons? Are they abandoned by all? S'abandonner (r.) a, to (b. n.) (b. i.). S'est-il abandonn^ aud^sespoir? Has he given up {abandoned himself) to despair? EUe s'abandonna a pleurer (rare). She abandoned herself to weeping. Abasourdir (tr.). To stun, to daze. Cela (Faction de mon frdre) m'a abasourdi. That {the action of my brother) stunned me. Abasourdir (p.) de (b. n.). Elle a 6t6 abasourdie de la perte de sa fortune. She has been dazed by {over) the loss ofherfortutie. ^/ Abattre (tr.). To knock or throw down. Petite pluie abat grand vent. A little rain lays much dust. A soft word turjteth away ivrath. Abattre de Touvrage. To get through a great deal of work. II a abattu de I'ouvrage aujourd'hui. He did up a lot of work to-day. Abhorrer (tr.). To abhor. Jabhorre les chiens. I abhor dogs. Abhorrer (p.) de (b. n.). Un lache est abliorr6 de tout le monde, A coward is abhorred by everybody. Abimer (tr.). To ruin, etc. La grele a abim§ mes roses. The hail {storm) has ruined my roses. La pluie a abim6 mon chapeau, mes vetements. The rain has ruined my hat, my clothing. Abimer (p.) de (b. n.). Cette table est abim6e de taches. This table is ruined with stains ^ S'abimer. II s'est abim6 dans ses idees. He has lost himself in his ideas. Vous vous abimez les yeux (fam.). You are ruining {spoiling) your eyes. ' Idiom :^ On I'a abim€ d'insultes. He has been buried under insults. Abonder (intr.). To abound, to teem; en, dans (b. n.). Cette rividre abonde-t-elle en poissons. Does this river teem with fish? Ce pays abonde-t-il en richesses ? Ces martin's FRENCH VERB 1 7 258 THE FRENCH VERB fruits abondent-ils en ce pays ? Idiom : II abonde dans mon sens. He concurs tvith me in my opinions. He is entirely of the sa/ne opinion as I am. He has come round to my opinion. Abonner (tr.). To subscribe; a (b. n.). J'ai abonn6 mon frere a la "Revue de Deux Mondes." / have subscribed to the " Revue de Deux Mondes " for my brother (notice the person is direct object). S'abonner (r.). S'abonne-t-on ici ? Are subscriptions taken here ? Does one subscribe here ? S'est-il abonn^ au " Temps " ? Has he subscribed for the " Times " ? Abonner (p.) (b. n.) par. J'ai 6te abound a cette nouvelle revue par Louis. I have been subscribed to that new magazine by Louis. I have been given a subscription to that new magazine by Louis. Aboutir (intr.). To come out; a (b. n.). Toutes les rues aboutissent-elles a la place de cette ville ? Do all the streets lead to the square of that city '? Idioms : Les pour- parlers n'ont pas abouti. '1 he preliminary negotiations led to nothing. Cela n'a pas abouti. That didn't pan out. Aboyer (intr.). To bark; a, apres (b. n.). Ce chien aboie sans cesse. That dog barks incessantly. Ce chien aboie-t-il a lune? Does that dog bay the moon? Le chien aboie-t-il apres (a) ceux qui essayent d'entrer? Does the dog bark at those who try to come in ? Aboie-t-il apres les passants ? Does he bark after {at) the passers-by ? Get homme ne fait rien que d'aboyer contre (a) ses d6biteurs. Contre (b. n. in fig.). Thai man does nothing but dun his debtors. Abreuver (tr.). To water. Jean a-t-il abreuv6 les chevaux (Jean a-t-il fait boire les che- vaux) ? Has John watered the horses? De (b. n.). Le peintre a abreuve la toile d'huile. 1 he painter steeped the canvas in oil. II a abreuve la terre du sang de ses ennemis. He soaked the earth with the blood of his enemies. See arroser. S'abreuver, de (b. n.). Le rivage s'abreuvait de leur sang malheureux (old F.). The beach {bank) drank up their unfortunate blood. II s'abreuve de biere. He drinks barrels of beer. Abreuver (p.). Comment les fleurs des bois sont-elles abreuv^es? How are wild floiuers watered? Elles sont abreuvdes de rosee et de pluie. They are zvatered with dew and rain. See arroser. Abriter (tr.). To shelter ; contre (b. n.) in sense oi from. Le paysan a-t-il abrit6 ses ani- maux contre la pluie ? Has the farmer sheltered his animals from the rain? S'abriter. Nous nous sommes abrit^s de la pluie sous un hangar. We took shelter from the rain under a shed. (Se mettre a Tabri de more common if refuge is not specified.) S'absenter. To absent otte's self; de (b. n.). Le sergent s'est-il absente du poste sans autoritd ? Did the sergeant absent himself from the guard without authority ? Absorber (tr.). To absorb. La terre seche a absorbe la pluie. The dry earth absorbed the rain. S'absorber dans (b. n.). Elle s'absorbe dans I'ltude de la musique. She buries herself in the study of music. Absoudre (tr.). To absolve. M'avez-vOUS absous de ma faute? LLave you absolved me of my fault? See p. 204. S'abstenir. To abstain from; de (b. n.) (b. i.). Je m'abstiens de bonbons. Pm abstain- ing from candy. S'abstient-il de boire et de manger ? Does he abstain from drinking and eating? See 177. Abstraire (tr.). To abstract. II faut abstraire les qualit^s d'un sujet avant de les con- THE FRENCH VERB 259 sid^rer s6par6ment. One must abstract the qualities of a subject before considering them separately. S'abstraire (very rare). Les savants s'abstraient dans leurs travaux. Scientists become abstracted in their works. Abuser (tr.). To deceive. Avez-VOUS abus6 votre ami? Have you deceived your friend? See tromper. Abuser (intr.) de. To take advantage of, to abuse. Avez-vous abus6 de vos privileges ? Have you taken advantage of {abused') your privileges ? To abuse, in the sense of to insult, is injurier, accabler d' injures, dire des injures. S'abuser a, before point. S'est-il abus§ au point de croire cela ? Has he deceived himself {to the point of) into believing that ? Accabler (tr.). To overwhelm. II m'a accabl6 de demandes. He overwhelmed me with requests. S'accabler, de. S'est-il accabl6 de travail ? Has he overloaded himself with work? Accabler (p.). Le president est accable de reclamations. The president is overwhelmed with demands. Acclimater (tr.). To acclimate; a (before climat or pays, etc.). Avez-vous acclimate cette plante a ce climat stranger ? Have you acclimated that plant to this foreign clifnate ? S'acclimater a, to. As above. S'accointer avec. To become intimate with. S'est-il accointe avec un fripon ? Has he become intimate with a rascal? Accoler (tr.). To put together ; to tie up vines ; a (before name of support). Le jardinier a-t-il accol6 les vignes au treillage ? Has the gardener tied up the vines to the trellis {lattice) ? S'accoler. To interlace {of vines). Les gargons s'accolent dans toutes leurs affaires. These boys are mixed up together in all their affairs. II s'accole a cette personne. He frequents that person (bad sense). Accommoder (tr.). To suit, to adapt. Je I'ai accommode comme il faut. I gave him a good hiding. J fixed him properly (slang). II s'accommode de tout. He is satisfied with everything. He is easy to please. Accorder (tr.). To grant; to time. Lui a-t-il accord^ sa protection? Has he granted her his protection ? L'accordeur a-t-il accord^ notre piano ? Did the tuner put our^piano in tune? S'accorder, avec (b. n.); ^, in (b. i.). To agree, etc. (See consentir and convenir de.) L'adjectif s'accorde avec le nom. The adjective agrees zvith the noun. S'accorde-t-il avec moi? Does he agree zuith me? Se sont-ils accord^s a louer le s^nateur ? Did they coincide in praising the senator? lis ne peuvent s'accorder sur (en) cela (or ce point). They cannot agree as to that (or on that point). Idioms: Accordez mieux vos flutes si vous voulez r^ussir. You must agree better among yourselves if you wish to succeed. lis s'accordent comme chien et chat. 1 hey lead a cat and dog life. They fight like cats and dogs. Pour me jouer il faut mieux accorder vos flfites (pop.). To fool me you' II have to get up earlier. Accoucher (intr.). To give birth ; die, to (b.n.). Elle accoucha d'une fille k six heures. She gave birth to a daughter at six o'clock. (See mettre au monde.) 11 s'est acccuch^ lentement de ce po6me(fig.). He slotuly brought forth (gave birth to) this poem. S'accouder. To rest one's elbows; sur, on (b. n.). II s'accoudait sur la table la t6te 26o THE FRENCH VERB appuy^e entre les deux mains. He was resting his elboivs on the table, his head sup- ported betiveen both his hands. Accoupler (tr.). To couple; to unite; a, to. II a accouple le boeuf a I'ane. He yoked up the ox and the ass together. S'accoupler a. Le vice s'accouple a la demence. Vice unites {joins) itself with madness. Accourir (intr.). To run up. Deux messieurs ont accouri. Tzvo gentlemen ran up. Accourir a. II a accouru a moi. He rati up to me. Accoutrer (tr.). To dress out or tip. Elle accoutre drolement ses enfants. She rigs out her children in a queer way. S'accoutrer de. Elle s'accoutre toujours d'une fa^on ridicule (not said of costumes). She always rigs herself out in a ridiculous toilet (^outfit). Accoutrer (p.) de. As above. Accoutumer (tr.) k (b. ind. obj.). A-t-il accoutum6 sa femme a la fum6e de tabac ? Has he accustomed his wife to tobacco smoke ? Accoutumer (intr.). To be accustomed, used; de, to (b. i.). J'avais accoutum§ d'aller, de faire, etc. I was accustomed to go, to do, etc. S'accoutumer a (b. n.) (b. i.). S'est-il accoutum^ a parler i voix basse? Has he trained himself to speak in a low voice? S'accoutume-t-elle a ses manidres rudes? Is she getting used to his rough manners ? Idiom : Chose accoutum§e n'est pas fort pris^e. Faitiiliarity breeds contempt. Accrocher (tr.). To hook on, to hang up, etc. Idiom: II a accroch^ sa montre (fam.). He I has pawned his watch. S'accrocher a. Un homme qui se noie s'accroche a tout. A drowning man catches at a straw. Accroire. See p. 209, and see II s'en fait accroire under Faire. Accuser (tr.). To accuse, to imply, etc. Je vous accuse reception de (a) votre lettre. / acknowledge receipt of your letter. Les apparences accusent une intention. The appearances argue {imply) an intention. Idiom: On I'a accus6 a tort. He has been wrongfully accused. Accuser, de (b. n.) (b. i.). De precedes thing of which one is accused. II m'a accuse d'avoir fait cela. He has accused me of having done that. II m'a accus6 de ce crime. He has accused me of that critne. Accuser (p.) de (b. n.) (b. i.). As above. S'accuser de. To confess. Faut-il s'accuser de ses p^cli6s? Must one confess his sins? Je m'accuse d'avoir fait tort a cet enfant. I confess having done harm to {wrong toward) that child. Ac6rer (tr.). To steel. Note figurative use. II salt ac6rer une 6pigramme. He knows how to sharpen {give sting to) an epigram. Acharner (p.) a. II est acharn^ a 1 dtude. He is intensely devoted to study. Acharner contre. A-t-il acharn^ les chiens contre le voleur ? (rarely active) . Did he set the dogs on the thief? S'acharner. To be excited, etc.; a (b. i.) (b. n.). II s'acharne jl I'^tude (au jeu). He applies himself tooth and nail {ardently, intensely) to study {to gambling). II s'acharne a tout faire i la fois. He applies himself fiercely to do everything at once. Acheminer (tr.). To forward, to send on; vers, to, toward. II a achemind le foin vers le march^. He started the hay to market. Votre cheval est-il bien achemin^ ? Is your horse bridle-wise {well trained to the bridle) ? L'^cuyer a bien achemin§ mon THE FRENCH VERB 26 1 cheval noir. The trainer has trained well my black horse to the bridle {rendered bri- dle-wise'). (Rarely active in this last sense. See dresser.) S'acheminer vers. Le Japon s'achemine vers la civilisation Europ^enne. Japan is pro- gressing to a state of European civilization. II s'est achemin6 vers Paris. He set out on the road toward Paris. Acheter (tr.) . To buy (a =/or) (chez =«•/) (b. n.). A-t-il acliet6 un jouet a son enfant ? Has he bought a toy for his child? L'a-t-il achet6 chez M. B.? Did he buy it at M. B.^s ? II a achet^ une maison H condition qu'il ne la payera que dans six mois. He bought a house on condition of not paying for it for six months. Idioms : Acheter chat en poche. To buy a pig in a poke. To buy zvithout prior examination. Qui bon I'ach^te bon le boit. Who buys well, drinks well. Acheter a vil prix. To buy for a song, dirt cheap. Acheter par francs et vendre par 6cus. To buy cheap and sell high (idea of excessive profit). Achever (tr.). To finish; de (b. i.). A-t-il enfin achev§ de dresser le cheval? Has he at last finished training the horse ? Idiom : C'est un voleur achev§. He is an arrant thief. Acoquiner (tr.). To captivate. Cela a des charmes qui Tacoquine. That has charms which captivate {fascinate) him. Old; not much used. S'acoquiner. To become attached ; a (b. n.) (often in bad sense). II s'est acoquin6 a de bien mauvaise compagnie. He has become irresistibly attached to very bad company. Acqu^rir (tr.). To acquire, etc. II est tout acquis a Mile. B. He is entirely captivated by Miss B. Idiom: Le bien mal acquis ne profite jamais. Ill got, ill spent. Ill-gotten gains benefit no one. Cheats never prosper. A-t-il acquis une bonne reputation ? (Cannot be said in bad sense.) Has he acquired a good reputation ? But II a gagn6 une mauvaise reputation. He has acquired {earned) a bad reputation. Acquiescer (intr.). To acquiesce ; "k (h.x)..). J' acquiesce a votre volont^. I accede to your will. (Is not used for to comply with. See remplir, se conformer, etc.) Acquitter (tr.). To acquit, etc. ; de (before obligation, accusation, debt). Le tribunal a acquitte M. B. de I'accusation (de la charge). The court acquitted Mr. B. of the accusation {of the charge) . Note special use : II a acquitte la lettre de change. He took {paid) up the bill of exchange. Pour acquit, dont quittance regu = '■^Received {payment) " on bills. S'acquitter de. Je me suis acquitt§ de mon devoir (de mes promesses). Pve fulfilled my duty {promises) . Actionner (tr.). To operate. Comment le rouage d'une montre est-il actionnd? How are the works of a watch operated {put in operation) ? (See marcher.) Par un ressort. By a spring. But Le rouage de la machine fonctionne bien. The works of the machine operate well. Adapter (tr.). To adjust, etc. ; k. Le plombier a-t-il adapts un robinet k ce tuyau a eau? II I'a fait. Did the plumber adjust a faucet {cock) to that water pipe ? He did. Cet auteur bien adapts I'histoire a sesromans. This author has well adapted history to his novels. S'adapter It (b. n.). Cet 61dve s'adapte-t-il bien ^ ses nouvelles heures d' etude? Does that pupil adapt himself well to his new study hours? Additionner (tr.) (rare). Est-ce qu'il additionne la vanite a I'ignorance? Does he add vanity to ignorance? See ajouter. Additionner (rare) de, with. C'est du vin additionne d'eau. It's wine with water added. See couper. 262 THE FRENCH VERB Adjuger (tr.). To award, etc.; a. Le maire a-t-il adjug6 les contrats aux entrepreneurs? Did the mayor award the contract to the contractors? Le commissaire priseur vous a-t-il adjug6 ce vase H cinq francs? Did the auctioneer knock down {award) that vase to you for Jive francs? Adjurer (tr.). To adjure ; de (b. i.). Vous a-t-il adjur6 de renoncer a vos d^sirs? Did he adjure you to renounce your desires? Admettre (tr.). To admit. Vous a-t-il admis a sa table ? Has he admitted you to his table ? Vous a-t-il admis aux privileges du club? Has he admitted you to the privileges of the club? Vous a-t-il admis dans sa famille? Has he admitted you into his family? Cela admet deux sens. That admits of two constructions. Administrer (tr.).- To administer. A-t-on administr^ Fextreme onction au malade ? Have the last sacraments been ad)ninistered to the sick man ? A-t-on administre la justice aux coupables? Has justice been administered to the guilty ones? A-t-on administr6 le bapteme a 1' enfant? Has the child beett baptized? Admirer (tr.). To admire. J'admire son caractdre. I admire his character, (de, /n Troquer son cheval borgne centre un aveugle. To trade bad for worse. Trotter (intr.). To trot (of animals); to run about, etc. (of persons). Cette idee lui trotte par (or dans) la tete (la cervelle). That idea runs in his head. Trouver (tr.). Tofind^ to discover; to find out; to deem, to like, to judge. Cela se trouve bien. That is lucky. Trouver visage de bois. To find the door shut against one. Comment trouyez-vous le cigare ?, Hoiv do you like the cigar? Je m'en trouve bien. I congratulate myself tn the matter {about it). II se trouve que vous aviez tort. // is proved that you were wrong. Se trouver mal. To faint, to become faint. Comme 9a se trouve ! lloiv lucky ! What a lucky circumstance 1 Vous trouvez-vous bien ici ? Are you comfortable here ? Trouvez-vous ici a six heures. Be here at six. Trouver bon que. To approve. Trouver mauvais que. To disapprove that. Trouvez bon que je ne pense pas comme vous. Allotu me to hold a different opinion. II se trouve que. It happens that. Trouver a redire a. To find fault with. Je sais ce qu'il vaut. (Je I'ai d6masqu4.) I have found him out. Tuer (tr.). To kill. Tuer un homme d'un coup de pistolet, de coup d'6p6e. Tuer un homme a coups de pistolet, a coups d'ep^es. Etre tue de. Se tuer de. II me tue avec ses compliments. U User (tr.). To consume by usage^ to use ; to use up ; to wear out (of clothes, etc.). User ses chapeaux, ses souliers, etc. User sa sant§. To exhaust {destroy) one's health. User (intr.). To use ; to make use ; de, of. User d'un droit. To have recourse to. User de violence. En user. To act, to conduct one's self Vous en usez mal avec lui. See se servir de, to use, to make use of. Usurper (tr.). To usurp; to take unlawful possession of The intransitive form with sur is not much used. V Vaguer (intr.). To wander, to stray. Vaguer par les chemins. Vaguer 9a et la. Not much used. See errer. Vaincre (tr., also intr.). See 144. A vaincre sans p§ril, on triomphe sans gloire. There is no glory where there is no danger. Valoir (intr.). To be worth ; to be as good as, etc. See 1 1 8. Vaut bien que mal (or vaille que vaille). At all events. For better for worse. Je VOUS revaudrai cela. I tvill return you the compliment. C'est un rien qui vaille. He is a hard case. Valoir mieux. To be better. II vaut mieux rester que de partir. Cela ne dit rien qui vaille. That is not reassuring; bodes no good. Cela vaut fait. That is as good as done. Cela m'a valu une r^primande. I got a scolding for it. Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle. The game is not ivorth the candle. It is not worth while. We pas valoir I'eau (fu'on boit (le pain qu'on mange). Not to be worth one' s salt. Cela ne vous vaut lien. That does you no good ; is not good for you. Se faire valoir. To main- tain one's rights ; to keep up one's dignity (also, to put one's self forward). II se fait trop valoir. He brags too much. Vanter (tr.). To praise, extol, etc. THE FRENCH VERB 353 Se vanter. To praise on^sself; to boast; de, of. II n'y a pas de quoi se vanter. There is nothing to boast of. Vaquer (intr.). To be vacant, empty. Les bonnes places ne vaquent pas longtemps. Vaquer £L. To apply one's self to. See n'etre pas occup^. Avez-vous des chambres de libre ? Have you any rooms vacant (^free) ? Varier (tr.). To vary, to change, diversify, etc. Varier ses plaisirs. Varier les aliments. Varier un air (de musique). To play an air with variations. Varier (intr.). To vary ; to differ ^ etc. Les historiens varient sur cela. Historians differ respecting (as to') that. Veiller (tr.). To sit up with. Veiller un malade, un mort. Veiller (intr.). To remain awake, to be awake, on the watch; to watch; to keep watch. Veiller sur. To watch over. Veiller II. To see to, to attend to ; to look after. Vendre (tr.). To sell; to sell for {z. price). Vendre quelque chose cent francs. To sell any- thing for a hundred francs. Vendre Cher. To sell dear. Vendre comptant (or argent comptant). To sell for cash. Vendre pour rien. To sell for nothing, for a mere nothing. Vendre a perte, au pair. To sell at a loss, at par. Vendre a bon march6, pour un morceau de pain. To sell cheap; to sell for a song {a trifle). ' Le beurre se vend bien. Butter sells well. On vend du beurre ici. Butter is sold here. Idioms and uses of vendre : I! vendrait pdre et m§re. He has no scruples. A vendre. For sale. Chose qui plait est ^ moiti§ vendue. Venger (tr.). To revenge, to avenge, etc. Se venger. To revenge, to be revenged, to revenge one's self; de, on. Se venger d'un ennemi, d'une offense. Venir (i ntr.). To come, etc. S ee 124 (also 70). See 180. Venez-vous en, il est tard. Come away ; it is late. Venir i bout de, en venir i bout. To bring about, to accom- plish. II se vante d'en venir k bout. He says he is sure to succeed. Venir de faire quelque chose. To have just done something. D'ou vient que vous etes triste ? Why are you sad? Faire venir quelqu'un. To send for any one. Faire venir une voiture. To order a carriage, Faire venir I'eau at la bouche. To make the mouth water. 0^ voulez-vous en venir? What are you driving at? C'est la que j'en voulais venir. That is what I am driving at. L'ann^e qui vient. Next year. Le monde i venir. The other %vorld. Tout vient a point k qui salt attendre. Every- thing comes to the man who waits. C'est un beau venir y voir! It's a pretty sight, I must say! En etre venu a. To be reduced to. EUe en est venue a mendier. Dites-lui que vous venez de ma part. Tell him that I sent you ; use my name. Verser (tr. ). To pour, to pour out (liquids) ; to spill ; to upset a carriage (or the persons in it) ; to pay, to pay out (money). Verser du vin dans une carafe, du bl6 dans un sac. Verser de Tencre. Le cocher nous a vers§s. Verser (intr.). To upset; to overturn (of carriages, etc.). L'automobile a vers6. Idioms and uses : Versez-lui ^ boire. Give him a drink. Verser son sang pour la patrie. To be killed (shed one's blood) for one's country. Vetir (tr.). To clothe. See 131. Vetir is used with reference to ordinary garments; rev§tir with respect to those peculiar to civil offices, or to the incumbents of stations of honor and dignity ; affubler is generally used in ironical speech, or in speaking of an unusual or ridiculous costume. Vexer (tr.). To vex, to molest. See contrarier, tourmenter. Faire de la peine. Etre vex6 de quelque chose. To be vexed at (very fam.). fetre contraril more usual. MARTIN'S FRENCH VERB — 23 354 THE FRENCH VERB Virer (intr.). To turn, turn about; to tack (naval), to heave. Vous avez beau touraer et virer. It is useless for you to turn and twist (fam.; generally used with tourner). Virer de bord (naval). To put about. Same expression is used figuratively in a familiar way to indicate unsteadiness of conduct : II a vir6 de bord dans vingt affaires. Virer i. To incline towards. Le noir vire souvent au jaunitre. Viser (tr.). To aim at, to take aim at; to strike (the object aimed at). Viser un oiseau. Viser les honneurs. Viser (intr.) a. To aim at, take aim at; to direct one^s blow or shot at, Viser au cceur. Viser a I'effet. To direct one's efforts, etc. Visiter (tr.). To visit, to go and see (through curiosity, duty, charity). Expresses formality. The ordinary expression for to visit in the sense of to make a call on is faire une visite a. Vivre (intr.). See 146. Idioms and uses : Qui vivra verra. Time will tell. Who lives the longest will see the most. Qui vive ! Who is there? {who goes there ?^ (mil. challenge). Apprendre a quelqu'un a vivre. To teach {better) manners to any one. Apprendre "k vivre. To learn manners. Vivre au jour le jour. To live from hand to mouth. Vivre d'amour et d'eau fraiche. To be lovesick. Pour vivre heureux, vivons tach6s. To live happily, live apart ; far from court, far from care. Vivre aux crochets des autres. To be a parasite. Vive! Long live 1 Hurrah for I etc. Vive le roi. Vivre en gargon. To lead a bachelor'' s life. Comme c'est v6cu ! How true to life ! Vivre dans I'abondance. To live in clover. Vivre (etre) k gogo, sometimes said familiarly in same sense. Voiler (tr.). To veil, etc. Etre voil6 de. To be veiled with. Voir (intr.). To see. See 117. Voir (tr.). Idioms and uses : Vous n'avez rien a y voir. That is no business of yours ; you have nothing to do with this. Vous n'avez rien k voir ici. You are not wanted here. II ne voit goutte. He is blind. On n'y voit goutte. One can see nothing. Voir quelque chose de bon (de mauvais) ceil. To view favorably or unfavorably. To approve or to disapprove. Voir venir quelqu'un. To see what any one is driving at. To perceive any one's intentions. II a vu du pays. He has traveled a great deal. Voir quelque chose en beau (en noir). To see the bright side {dark side) of anything. Voyons ! Let us see I Let me see ! Come ! Voyons ! Voyons ! Come ! Come ! or Come, control yourself I Faire voir. To show. Faites-moi voir cela. II m'en a fait voir de toutes les couleurs. He told us all sorts of tales; worried us to exhaustion. II m'en a fait trop voir. He has exhausted my patience. My patience is exhausted with him. J' en ai vu de toutes les couleurs. I had all kinds of experiences. Cela se voit tons les jours. That happens frequently. lis ne se voient plus. They are not on good terms. Voler (intr.). To fly (with wings, in the air) ; to wing one's way (flight). Used literally and figuratively. Voler de ses propres ailes. To act for one's self On pouvait entendre voler une mouche. You could hear a pin drop. Voler (tr.). To steal (anything) ; to rob (any one) ; H, from. Voler quelqu'un. Voler quelque chose k quelqu'un. See dSrober. II ne I'a pas vol6. He richly deserved what he got. Voler (intr.). To steal, to rob. Voler sur le grand chemin. Voter (tr.). To vote. Voter une loi. lis I'ont proclam6 une homme assomant. They voted him a bore. Si nous allions nous promener en bateau. / vote we go for a boat ride. THE FRENCH VERB 355 Voter (intr.). To vote (in an election). II a vot6 pour Monsieur B. Vouer (tr.). To vow ; a, to. Vouer ob^issance au roi. To consecrate (a, to'), Vouer un temple i Dieu. Se vouer (a). To dedicate one's self to, etc. Je ne sais it quel saint me vouer. I do not know which way to turn. Vouloir (tr.). See 114. Idioms and uses: Vouloir c'est pouvoir. Where there's a willy there's a way. En vouloir a quelqu'un. To have a grudge against some one. Je lui en veux. Que VOulez-VOUS? What do you zvant? What can I do for you? Also much used in sense of : (i) What can you expect ? {2) It could not be helped. (3) What could I do ? Que lui voulez-vous ? What do you want of him ? Vous I'avez voulu. You would have it. It is your own fault. Faire (quelque chose) sans le vouloir. To do {something) unintentionally. Vouloir dire. To mean. Que voulez-vous dire? What do you mean? C'est ce qu'il voulait dire. That is what he meant. Savoir ce que parler veut dire. To take the hint ; to understand a hidden meaning. Je le veux bien. / have no objection ; with pleasure I II veUt cent francs de cela. He wants {asks) one hundred francs for that. INDEX (Figures refer to pages) Auxiliaries, classification and discussion, 76- 79. English, and their French equivalents, 252- 254. table of translations of, 254-255. Classification of verbs, 5. as to conjugations, 32. Composition of the French verb, 32. Compound Conditional, the, 9. Compound Tenses, how formed, 9, ill. Conjugation, First (regular verbs), 34-42. Second (regular verbs), 42-45. Third (regular verbs), 45-50. Fourth (regular verbs), 50-53. Defective Verbs, 209-230. Endings, Present Indicative, 8, no. Imperfect Indicative, 8, m. Past Definite Indicative, 8, 112. Future Indicative, 8, no. Present Conditional, 8, no. Imperative, 9, 112. Present Subjunctive, 9, in. Imperfect Subjunctive, 9, 112. Infinitive, 5, 8. of the four conjugations, 33. comparison, 55. of tenses, discussion and tables, 109-113. Formation of verbs (tenses), 8, 109-113. How the French express the English verb to make, 28, 53. How to learn quickly to conjugate French verbs, 51. Imperative, 7, 9, n 2. Imperfect Indicative, use, 109. formation, in. Imperfect Subjunctive, 9, 112. Impersonal Verbs, 95-108; discussion, 95, 96. describing phenomena of nature, list, 104. Infinitive, discussion, 5, 8, no. as object of a verb, 249. Interrogative Conjugation, discussion, 13, 15. Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation, I13-I15. Second Conjugation, 138-163. Third Conjugation, 115-137. Fourth Conjugation, 163-208. Model Verbs, First Conjugation, 34-42. Second Conjugation, 43-45. Third Conjugation, 46-48. Fourth Conjugation, 50-52. Mood, Indicative, 6. Conditional, 7. Subjunctive, 7. Imperative, 7. Movcy tOy examples of translation, 135, Negative Conjugation, discussion, 16. Negative-Interrogative Conjugation, sion, 19-20. discus- Orthographic changes in verbs, table, 56. Passive Verb, 108, 109. Past or Compound Conditional, 9. Past Definite, 109, 112. Past Indefinite, 9, 109. Past Participle, discussion, 6, agreement of, 109. Practical Exercises in answering questions, 231-232. on verbs requiring de before following in- finitive, 232-238. on verbs requiring h. before following infini- tive, 238-243. on verbs requiring no preposition before following infinitive, 244-247. on verbs requiring sometimes i, sometimes de, 247-248. on verbs reflected in French and not in English, 249-252. 357 358 THE FRENCH VERB Present Indicative, 8, iio-iii. Present Participle, 6, iio-iii. Present Subjunctive, 7, iii. Primitive Tenses, 53. Reflexive Verb, discussion, 79-83. Conjugation (Model Verb), 80. Interrogative Conjugation, 86. Negative Conjugation, 83. Negative-Interrogative Conjugation, 88. Verbs, classification as to conjugations, 32. classified as to terminations, ending in, aindre (eindre, oindre), 192-194. aitre, 169, 188. ayer (and eyer), 71. cer, 57. dure, 196. courir, 147-149, crire, 172-173. croitre, 199-200. cueillir, 152, 153. dire, 167. dormir, 143-145. eindre (aindre and oindre), 192-194. eler, eter, 66-68. eyer (and ayer), 71. Exceptions, 68. ger, 60. lire, 173-175- mener, lever, etc., 64. mettre, 1 70-1 71. moudre, 201-203. oindre (aindre, eindre), 192-194. oyer (uyer), 62. plaire, 186-187. prendre, 179-180. qu6rir, 150-151. r6v6rer, posslder, etc., 69. sentir, 143-145. servir, 143-145. sortir, 143-144. soudre, 203-204. tenir, 1 38-141. uire, 175-177- uyer (oyer), 62. venir, 1 38-141. vetir, 156-157. Composition, 8, 9, iio-iii. reflected in French and not in English. See Practical Exercises, requiring de or a before an infinitive de- pending upon them, discussion, 10. See Practical Exercises, requiring no preposition before a dependent infinitive. See Practical Exercises. . tenses, 8, 1 09-1 13. VERBS CONJUGATED IN TEXT Note. — If in this list a particular verb is not indexed, look for it in the verb dictionary. The defective verbs are separately arranged, alphabetically, beginning on page 209. Acqu6rir, 150. Ad venir, 103. Agir, 102. AUer, 29. Aller, S'en, 90. Appeler, 66. Arguer, 74. Assaillir, 154. Asseoir, 126. Asseoir, S', 128. Avancer, 58. Avoir, II. Avoir, Y, 96. Battre, 76. B6nir, 75. Boire, 177-178. Bouillir, 1 60-1 61. Conclure, 195-196. Conduire, 175-177. Connaitre, 168-169. Convaincre, 145. Coudre, 197-198. Courir, 147-148. Craindre, 192-194. Cr6er, 74. THE FRENCH VERB 359 Croire, 163. Croitre, 199. Cueillir, 152. Cuire, 177. ♦ Devoir, 49. Dire, 165. Dormir, 143. Ecrire, 172. - Employer, 62. ^ Envoyer, 114. Etre, 21. Faire, 25. ^ Falloir, 98. Falloir, S'en, loi. Finir, 43. Fleurir, 75. Fuir, 158. Geler, 105. Greler, 107. Hair, 75. Importer, 107. Jouer, 73. Laver, Se (Reflexive Model Verb), 80. Lire, 173. Manger, 60. Mener, 64. Mettre, 170. Moudre, 201. Mourir, 162. Mouvoir, 133. Naitre, 188. Neiger, 106. Nuire, 177. Offrir, 145. Ouvrir, 145. Parler (Model Verb, First Conjugation), 34. Partir, 141. Payer, 71. Percevoir, 48. Plaire, 186. Pleuvoir, 105. Poursuivre, 184. Pourvoir, 131. Pouvoir, 118. Prendre, 179. .'^Prier, 74. Recevoir (Model Verb, Third Conjugation), 46. Rendre (Model Verb, Fourth Conjugation), 50- R^soudre, 203. R6v^rer, 69. Rire, 190. Rompre, 76. S'agir, 102. S'asseoir, 128. Savoir, 120. Se laver, 80. S'en aller, 90. S'en falloir, loi. S'enfuir, 159. Sentir, 143. Servir, 143. Sortir, 143. Souffrir, 146. Suivre, 182. Surseoir, 136. Taire, 205. Tenir, 1^8. Traire, 207. Tressaillir, 155. Tuer, 73. Vaincre, 181. •Valoir, 124. Venir, 138. V§tir, 156. Vivre, 184. Voir, 122. Vouloir, 115. A THREE YEAR COURSE IN FRENCH By L. C. SYMS, B. es L., L. en D., De Witt Clinton High School, New York First Year in French . $0.50 Second Year in French 1. 00 Third Year in French 1.20 THIS comprehensive course in French teaches pupils not only to read but also to speak and write the language correctly. In the First Year the early lesssons con- tain only the names of common objects while the later ones include short stories which are not intended to be translated into EngUsh. In the Second Year an almost equal amount of time is given to reading, conversation, translation, and grammar. Particular stress is laid upon the study of verbs. A short story or description forms the basis of each lesson, illustrating a grammatical principle and affording an easy and pleasant subject for conversation. The more difficult aspects of French grammar and syntax are treated in the Third Year, and unusual attention is given to all points likely to prove especially confusing. The progressive reading lessons are such as will prepare the student to read the master- pieces of French literature. Each book contains vocab- ularies. SYMS'S EASY FIRST FRENCH READER. ^0.50 THESE stories and poems have, for the most part, been selected from the works of Octave Feuillet, £. Laboulaye, Hegesippe Moreau, Felix Gras, and other well known writers. The text is easy and progressive, proceeding from the very simple to the more difficult by a regular gradation. Following the reading material, and based on it, are short English exercises to be translated into French, vocabularies, etc. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (213) BOOKS ON FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION By VICTOR E. FRANCOIS, Instructor in French, College of the City of New York Introductory French Prose Composition . j^O.25 Advanced French Prose Composition 80 THE INTRODUCTORY FRENCH PROSE COM- POSITION is designed for students with some knowl- edge of French grammar — that is, in the second year in the high school, or the second term in college, although it may be used satisfactorily earlier in the course. Part I. presents a systematic review of the elements of French grammar by means of an original narrative, and Part II. contains an adapted story. The progressive exercises in grammar, transposition, and translation, the general review, and the vocabulary are all arranged for interesting and effective work, •ly The ADVANCED FRENCH PROSE COMPOSI- TION is intended for the third and fourth years in high schools, or for the second year in colleges, and may be used with any complete grammar. Each exercise in Part I. includes the rules of grammar to be reviewed, a list of verbs with the required preposition, a portion of French text, work in transposition, questions to be asked the student, and an English passage for translation into French. For Part II. the author has chosen an interesting subject, **A Stranger Visiting Paris,'* and has based upon it numerous French and English passages for translation, in this way im- parting much valuable information about that city. At the beginning of the book is a list of tolerances adopted by the French Minister of Public Ihstruction in his decree of February 6,1901. The book contains, furthermore, brief yet sug- gestive notes, French-English and English-French vocabula- ries, and numerous illustrations. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY ("4) FRENCH TEXTS THESE French texts are, in the main, those which are read most by classes following the recommendations of the Modern Language Association, the College Entrance Examination Board, and the New York State Education Department. In addition a few others are included which are no less suitable. With few exceptions each volume contains notes and a vocabulary. ELEMENTARY fRICH Bacon. Une Semaine a Paris $o»S^ Bruno. LeTour de la France (Syms) 60 CoNLEY. La Fille deThuiskon 65 Dumas. Excursions surles Bordsdu Rhin(Henckels), .40 Erckmann-Chatrian. Madame Therese (Fontaine), .50 FoA. Le Petit Robinson de Paris (De Bonneville), .45 GooDELL. L* Enfant Espion, and Other Stories . . .45 GuERBER. Contes et Legendes, Part 1 60 GuERBER. Contes et Legendes, Part II 60 La Bedolliere. La Mere Michel et Son Chat (Josselyn) 30 Labiche and Martin. LaPoudre aux Yeux(Fran9ois), . 30 Labiche and Martin. Le Voyage de M. Perrichon (Castegnier) .35 Legouve and Labiche. La Cigale chez les Fourmis (Farrar) 25 Mairet. La Clef d' Or, and Les Fleches Magiques (Healy) .35 Mairet. LaTache du Petit Pierre (Healy) . . . .35 Mairet. L* Enfant de la Lune (Healy) .... .35 Merimee. Colomba (Williamson) 40 ScHULTZ. La Neuvaine de Colette (Lye) . . . .45 Syms. Le Chien de Brisquet, and Other Stories . .35 Verne. Les Enfants du Capitaine Grant (Healy) . .30 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY ("6) FRENCH TEXT S THESE texts are, in the main, those recommended by the Modern Language Association, the College Entrance Ex- amination Board, and the New York State Education De- partment. Most of the volumes contain notes and a vocabulary. INTERMEDIATE PRICK AuGiER and Sandeau. Le Gendre de M. Poirier (Roedder) ^^0.40 Cameron. Tales of France i.oo Chateaubriand. Les Aventures du Dernier Aben- cerage (Bruner) 30 Cremieux and Decourcelle. L'Abbe Constantin (Fran9ois) .35 Daudet. La Belle- Nivernaise, and Other Stories (Jenkins) 50 Daudet. Tartarin de Tarascon (Fontaine) . . . .45 Dumas. La Tulipe Noire (Brandon) 40 Dumas. Les Trois Mousquetaires (Fontaine) . . .60 Fontaine. Douze Contes Nouveaux 45 Hugo. La Chute (Kapp) 35 La Brete. Mon Oncle et Mon Cure (White) . . .50 Moliere. Le Bourgeois GentUhomme (Roi and Guitteau) , .35 Sand. La Mare au Diable ( Randall-La wton) . . .35 Sandeau. Mademoiselle de la Seigliere (White) . .40 Sevigne, Madame DE. Selected Letters (Syms) . . .40 ADVANCED FoNCiN. Le Pays de France (Muzzarelli) ... .60 GoNCOURT, Edmond, and Jules de. Selections (Cameron) 1.25 La Fontaine. Fifty Fables (McKenzie) ... .40 Racine. Iphigenie (Woodward) .60 Voltaire. Selected Letters (Syms) 75 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (217) GERMAN TEXTS THESE German texts are, in the main, those which are read most by classes following the recommendations of the Modern Language Association, the College Entrance Examination Board, and the New York State Education Department. In addition a few others are in- cluded which are no less suitable. With few exceptions each volume contains notes and a vocabulary. ELEMENTARY ^^.^^ Arnold. Ein Regentag auf dem Lande (Kern) . ;^o.2 5 Baumbach. Im Zwielicht, Vol. I. (Bernhardt) . .65 Baumbach. Im Zwielicht, Vol. II. (Bernhardt) . .65 Baumbach and Wildenbruch. Es War Einmal (Bernhardt) 65 Benedix. Der Prozess, and Wilhelmi. Einer Muss Heiraten (Lambert) 30 Grimm. Kinder- und Hausmarchen (Vos) . . . .45 Heyse. Anfang and Ende (Lentz) . . . . . .30 Heyse. Das Madchen von Treppi, and Marion (Bernhardt) 30 Heyse. L'Arrabbiata (Lentz) 30 HiLLERN. Hoher als die Kirche (Dauer) 25 Leander. Traumereien (Hanstein) 35 Meyer. Das Amulett (Glascock) 35 Seidel. Die Monate (Arrowsmith) 25 Seidel. Der Lindenbaum and Other Stories (Richard), . 2 5 Seidel. Leberecht Hiihnchen und Andere Sonderlinge (Bernhardt) 50 Spyri. Rosenresli, and Der Toni von Kandergrund, .25 Stoltze. Bunte Geschichten 30 Storm. Immensee (Dauer) 25 Storm. Im Sonnenschein, and Ein Grunes Blatt (Swiggett) 25 Zschokke. Der Zerbrochene Krug (Berkefeld) . .25 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (223) GERMAN TEXTS INTERMEDIATE ^rick Bernhardt. Freudvoll und Leidvoll $^'^S DiLLARD. Aus dem Deutschen Dichterwald ... .60 Ebner-Eschenbach. Krambambuli, and Klaussmann, Memoiren eines Offizierbiirschen (Spanhoofd), .25 FouQUE. Undine (Senger) 5° Freytag. Die Journalisten (Johnson) 35 Groller. Inkognito, and Albersdorf. Cand. phil. Lauschmann (Lentz) 3° Keller. Bilder aus der Deutschen Litteratur. Revised, i.oo Lessing. Minna von Barnhelm (Lambert) ... .50 MosER. Der Bibliothekar (Cooper) 45 RiEHL. Das Spielmannskind, and Der Stumme Ratsherr (Priest) .35 RiEHL. Der Fluch der Schonheit (Frost) ... .30 RiEHL. Die Vierzehn Nothelfer, and Trost um Trost (Sihler) 30 ScHANZ. Der Assistent and Other Stories (Beinhorn), . 3 5 Schiller. Wilhelm Tell (Roedder) 70 Seidel. Herr Omnia (Matthewman) 25 Stern. Geschichten vom Rhein 85 Stern. Geschichten von Deutschen Stadten . . . 1.25 Stifter. Das Heidedorf (Lentz) 25 WiLDENBRUCH. Das Edle Blut (Eggert) . . . .30 ADVANCED Bernhardt. Deutsche Litteraturgeschichte . . . .75 Lessing. Nathan der Weise (DiekhofF) 80 Prehn. Journalistic German 50 Ranke. Kaiserwahl Karl's V. (Schoenfeld) . . . .35 Richter. Selections (Collins) 60 Scheffel. Der Trompeter von Sakkingen (Buehner), .75 Schiller. Gustav Adolf in Deutschland (Bernhardt), .45 Wagner. Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg (Bigelow) , . 70 Wilbrandt. Der Meister von Palmyra (Henckels), .80 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (234) TWO GERMAN READERS By MENCO STERN Geschichten vom Rhein j^o«85 Geschichten von Deutschen Stadten 1.25 THESE two collections of stories are designed to arouse and stimulate the pupil's interest, not only while he is struggling with the difficulties of German grammar, but even after he has successfully completed the study. They make him acquainted with the German people, and describe faithfully the various sections of the German Empire, portray- ing their local color, and giving their local traditions. ^ These volumes, each containing nearly one hundred stories, furnish interesting reading-matter, and include, besides, valu- able suggestive material for exercises in conversation and com- position. They are well suited for intermediate and advanced grades, and provide excellent preparation for the reading of the German classics . Both books have been recommended for schools by the New York State Education Department. ^ While each chapter is complete in itself, yet taken together, they form a complete whole, and afford a good general acquaintance with the scenes in which they are laid. In Geschichten von Deutschen Stadten, the stories commence with the cities on the coast of the North Sea, and progress through the leading towns of the German Empire. In Geschichten vom Rhein, the reader starts from the source of the Rhine, and follows it throughout its course. These sketches all |)ortray the romance of Germany — its scenery, cities, castles, and homes, interweaving with the descriptions the legends and folk-lore of the people. They do not, however, consist of fiction only, but furnish also many facts of historical, geographical, and literary importance. The vocabularies, which have been carefully compiled, furnish ample aid. The maps help show the significance of the tales. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY <825) A BRIEF GERMAN COURSE J1.2O By C. F. KAYSER, Ph.D., Professor of German, Normal College of the City of New York, and FREDERICK MONTESER, Ph.D., First Assistant in German, DeWitt Clinton High School, New York MANY valuable features differentiate the Brief German Course from the conventional beginner's book in German. Each lesson contains one or more topics of grammar, a special vocabulary, and exercises in reading and writing German, with such suggestions and helps for the student as are needed. The arrangement of the subject- matter has been determined by pedagogic considerations and practical experience, which have led to frequent departures from the usual sequence of topics. The recommendations of the Modern Language Association have been followed. ^ To secure to the pupil variety and interest in his work, and to facilitate their mastery, the difficulties of declension and conjugation, instead of being grouped together, as is customary, are introduced gradually. Elementary syntax is treated from the beginning in immediate connection with the study of forms. The rational acquisition of a German vocabulary is faciUtated by a unique treatment of word formation. The transition from disconnected sentences to connected reading is made simple by the use of real idiomatic German sentences, often connected in sense. ^ Frequent review lessons are given, containing grammatical questions, interesting reading matter, both prose and verse, and exercises in conversation. The reading matter, which provides an excellent application of those grammatical principles, and only those, met in the previous lessons, is written in an easy, fluent style, and illustrates German Hfe, history, geography, and literature. The book includes complete German-English and English- German vocabularies, an appendix of collected paradigms of declensions and conjugations, and an index. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (228) 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. t9N V ' 59PF RUC'D CK .^hM 1 1 ^960 R^C'D UD AU6irB6f ^ Sep IN STACKS SEP 15 labl LD 21A-50w-4,'59 (A1724sl0)476B l$k'65WDX rEC'D LD q 'BS-^P^fl General Library University of California Berkeley v> « ■.; .A..'. >%m 192936 ;t-