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 Standard Educational Series 
 
 ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND 
 ANTONYMS 
 
 WITH NOTES ON THE CORRECT USE 
 OF PREPOSITIONS 
 
 Designed as a Companion for the Study 
 AND AS A Text-Book for the Use of Schools 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES C. FERNALD 
 
 EDITOR OP SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, AND PREPOSITIONS IN THE STANDARD DICTIONARY 
 
 O-.   
 
 NEW YORK 
 FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 
 
 LONDON AND TORONTO 
 
 1897
 
 CopyHght, 1896, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY. 
 
 Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng. 
 
 Printed in the United States.
 
 1531 
 
 FaSe. 
 
 cob. i. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with 
 such a history, it could not fail to be. From the time of Julius 
 Caesar, Britons, Romans, Northmen, Saxons, Danes, and Normans 
 fighting, fortifying, and settling upon the soil of England, with 
 Scotch and Irish contending for mastery or existence across the 
 mountain border and the Channel, and all fenced in together by the 
 sea, could not but influence each other's speech. English merchants, 
 sailors, soldiers, and travelers, trading, warring, and exploring in 
 every clime, of necessity brought back new terms of sea and 
 shore, of shop and camp and battle=field. English scholars have 
 studied Greek and Latin for a thousand years, and the languages 
 of the Continent and of the Orient in more recent times. English 
 churchmen have introduced words from Hebrew, Greek, and 
 Latin, through Bible and prayer-book, sermon and tract. From 
 all this it results that there is scarcely a language ever spoken 
 among men that has not some representative in English speech. 
 The spirit of the Anglo-Saxon race, masterful in language as in 
 war and commerce, has subjugated all these various elements to 
 one idiom, aiaking not a patchwork, but a composite language. 
 Anglo=Saxon thrift, finding often several words that originally ex- 
 pressed the same idea, has detailed them to different parts of the 
 common territory or to different service, so that we have an almost 
 unexampled variety of words, kindred in meaning but distinct in 
 usage, for expressing almost every shade of human thought. 
 
 Scarcely any two of such words, commonly known as synonyms, 
 are identical at once in signification and in use. They have certain 
 common gi-ound within which they are interchangeable ; but out- 
 side of that each has its own special province, within which 
 any other word comes as an intruder. From these two qualities 
 arises the great value of synonyms as contributing to beauty and 
 effectiveness of expression. As interchangeable, they make possi- 
 ble that freedom and variety by which the diction of an accom- 
 plished writer or speaker differs from the wooden uniformity of a 
 legal document. As distinct and specific, they enable a master of 
 style to choose in every instance the one term that is the most
 
 vi. Preface. 
 
 perfect mirror of his thought. To write or speak to the best pur- 
 pose, one should know in the first place all the words from which 
 he may choose, and then the exact reason why in any case any 
 particular word should be chosen. To give such knowledge in 
 these two directions is the office of a book of synonyms. 
 Of Milton's diction Macaulay writes : 
 
 " His poetry acts like an Incantation. Its merit lies less in its obvious meaning 
 than in its occult power. There would seem, at first sight, to be no more in his 
 words than in other words. But they are words of enchantment. No sooner are 
 they pronounced, than the past is present and the distant near. New forms of beauty 
 start at once into existence, and all the burial places of the memory give up their 
 dead. Change the structure of the sentence; substitute one synonym for another, and 
 the whole effect is destroyed. The spell loses its power; and he who should then 
 hope to conjure with it would find himself as much mistaken as Cassim in the 
 Arabian tale, when he stood crying, ' Open Wheat,' ' Open Barley,' to the door which 
 obeyed no sound but ' Open Sesame.' The miserable failure of Dryden in his attempt 
 to translate into his o^sti diction some parts of the ' Paradise Lost ' is a remarkable 
 instance of this." 
 
 Macaulay's own writings abound in examples of that exquisite 
 precision in the choice of words, which never seems to be precise, 
 but has all the aspect of absolute freedom. Through his language 
 liis thought bursts upon the mind as a landscape is seen in- 
 stantly, perfectly, and beautifully from a mountain height. A 
 little vagueness of thought, a slight infelicity in the choice of 
 words would be like a cloud upon the mountain, obscuring the 
 scene with a damp and chilling mist. Let anyone ti-y the experi- 
 ment with a poem like Gray's " Elegy," or Goldsmith's " Travel- 
 ler" or " Deserted Village," of substituting other words for those 
 the poet has chosen, and he will readily perceive how much of 
 the charm of the lines depends upon their fine exactitude of 
 expression. 
 
 In our own day, when so many are eager to write, and confi- 
 dent that they can wi-ite, and when the press is sending forth by 
 the ton that which is called literature, but which somehow lacks 
 the imprint of immortality, it is of the first iiuportance to revive 
 the study of synonyms as a distinct branch of rhetorical culture. 
 Prevalent errors need at times to be noted and corrected, but the 
 teaching of pure English speech is the best defense against all that 
 is inferior, unsuitable, or repulsive. The most effective condemna- 
 tion of an objectionable word or phrase is that it is not found in 
 scholarly works, and a student who has once learned the rich 
 stores of vigorous, beautiful, exact, and expressive words that 
 make up our noble language, is by that very fact put beyond the 
 reach of all temptation to linguistic corruption.
 
 Pbeface, vii. 
 
 Special instruction in the use of synonyms is necessary, for the 
 reason that few students possess the analytical power and habit 
 of mind required to hold a succession of separate deJlnitions in 
 thought at once, compare them with each other, and determine 
 just where and how they part company ; and the persons least 
 able to do this are the very ones most in need of the information. 
 The distinctions between words similar in meaning are often so 
 fine and elusive as to tax the ingenuity of the accomplished 
 scholar ; yet when clearly apprehended they are as important for 
 the purposes of language as the minute differences between similar 
 substances are for the purposes of chemistry. Often definition 
 itself is best secured by the comparison of kindred terms and 
 the pointing out where each differs from the other. We per- 
 ceive more clearly and remember better what each word is, by 
 perceiving w^here each divides from another of kindred meaning ; 
 just as we see and remember better the situation and contour of 
 adjacent countries, by considering them as boundaries of each 
 other, rather than by an exact statement of the latitude and 
 longitude of each as a separate portion of the earth's surface. 
 
 The great mass of untrained speakers and writers need to be re- 
 minded, in the first place, that there are synonyms — a suggestion 
 which they would not gain from any precision of separate defini- 
 tions in a dictionary. The deplorable repetition with which many 
 slightly educated persons use such words as " elegant," "splendid," 
 " clever," " awful," " horrid," etc., to indicate (for they can not be 
 said to express) almost any shade of certain approved or objectiona- 
 ble qualities, shows a limited vocabulary, a poverty of language, 
 which it is of the first importance to correct. Many who are not 
 given to such gross misuse would yet be surprised to learn how 
 often they employ a very limited number of words in the attempt 
 to give utterance to thoughts and feehngs so unlike, that what is 
 the right word on one occasion must of necessity be the wrong 
 word at many other times. Such persons are simply unconscious 
 of the fact that there are other words of kindred meaning from 
 which they might choose ; as the United States surveyors of 
 Alaska found "the shuddering tenant of the frigid zone" wi-ap- 
 ping himself in furs and cowering over a fire of sticks with 
 untouched coalsmines beneath his feet. 
 
 Such poverty of language is always accompanied with poverty 
 of thought. One who is content to use the same word for widely 
 different ideas has either never observed or soon comes to forget 
 that there is any difference between the ideas ; or perhaps he retains
 
 viii. Preface. 
 
 a vague notion of a difference which he never attempts to define to 
 himself, and dimly hints to others by adding to his inadequate 
 word some such plirase as " you see "or " you know," in the help- 
 less attempt to inject into another mind by suggestion what ade- 
 quate words would enable him simply and distinctly to say. Such 
 a mind resembles the old maps of Africa in which the interior was 
 filled with cloudy spaces, where modern discovery has revealed 
 great lakes, fertile plains, and mighty rivers. One main office of 
 a book of synonyms is to reveal to such persons the unsuspected 
 riches of their own language ; and when a series of words is given 
 them, from which they may choose, then, with intelligent choice of 
 words there comes of necessity a clearer perception of the differ- 
 ence of the ideas that are to be expressed by those different 
 words. Thus, copiousness and clearness of language tend directly 
 to affluence and precision of thought. 
 
 Hence there is an important use for mere lists of classified syn- 
 onyms, like Roget's Thesaurus and the works of Soule and Fal- 
 lows. Not one in a thousand of average students would ever dis- 
 cover, by independent stiidy of the dictionary, that there are fif- 
 teen synonyms for beautiful, twenty=one for beginning, fifteen 
 for benevolence, twenty for friendly, and thirty=seven for pure. 
 The mere mention of such numbers opens vistas of possible ful- 
 ness, freedom, and variety of utterance, which will have for many 
 persons the effect of a revelation. 
 
 But it is equally important to teach that synonyms are not 
 identical and to explain why and how they differ. A person of 
 extensive reading and study, with a fine natural sense of language, 
 will often find all that he wants in the mere list, which recalls to 
 his memory the appropriate word. But for the vast majority 
 there is needed some work that compares or contrasts synonymous 
 words, explains their differences of meaning or usage, and shows 
 in what connections one or the other may be most fitly used. This 
 is the purpose of the present work, to be a guide to selection from 
 the varied treasures of English speech. 
 
 This work treats within 375 pages more than 7500 synonyms. 
 It has been the study of the author to give every definition or 
 distinction in the fewest possible words consistent with clearness 
 of statement, and this not merely for economy of space, but 
 because such condensed statements are most easily apprehended 
 and remembered. 
 
 The method followed has been to select from every gi-oup of syn- 
 onyms one word, or two contrasted words, the meaning of which
 
 Preface. ix. 
 
 may be settled by clear definitive statement, thus seeming some 
 fixed point or points to which all the other words of the group may 
 be referred. The great source of vagueness, error, and perplexity in 
 many discussions of synonyms is, that the writer merely associates 
 stray ideas loosely connected tvith the difiierent words, sliding from 
 synonym to synonym with no definite point of departure or return, 
 so that a smooth and at first sight pleasing statement really gives the 
 mind no definite resting=place and no sure conclusion. A true dis- 
 cussion of synonyms is definition by comparison, and for this there 
 must be something definite with which to compare. When the 
 standard is settled, approximation or differentiation can be deter- 
 mined with clearness and certainty. It is not enough to tell some- 
 thing about each word. The thing to tell is how each word is 
 related to others of that particular group. When a word has more 
 than one prominent meaning, the synonyms for one signification 
 are treated in one group and a reference is made to some 'other 
 group in which the synonyms for another signification are treated, 
 as may be seen by noting the synonyms given under apparent, and 
 following the reference to evident. 
 
 It has been impossible within the limits of this volume to treat 
 in full all the words of each group of S} nonyms. Sometimes it 
 has been necessary to restrict the statement to a mere suggestion 
 of the correct use ; in some cases only the chief words of a group 
 could be considered, giving the key to the discussion, and leaving 
 the student to follow out the principle in the case of other words 
 by reference to the definitive statements of the dictionary. It is to 
 be hoped that at some time a dictionary of synonyms may be pre- 
 pared, giving as full a list as that of Roget or of Soule, with dis- 
 criminating remarks upon every word. Such a work would be of 
 the greatest value, but obviously beyond the scope of a text=book 
 for the class=room. 
 
 The author has here incorporated, by permission of the pub- 
 lishers of the Standard Dictionary, much of the synonym matter 
 prepared by him for that work. All has been thoroughly revised 
 or reconstructed, and much wholly new matter has been added. 
 
 The book contains also more than 3700 antonyms. These are 
 valuable as supplying definition by contrast or by negation, one of 
 the most effective methods of defining being in many cases to tell 
 what a thing is not. To speakers and writers antonyms are useful 
 as furnishing oftentimes effective antitheses. 
 
 Young writers will find much help from the indication of the 
 correct use of prepositions, the misuse of which is one of the most
 
 X. Preface. 
 
 common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while 
 their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, 
 and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the syn- 
 onyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the 
 work for use as a text=book. Aside from the purposes of the class= 
 room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. 
 Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language 
 most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to 
 answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Ex- 
 amples without referring to the synonym ti-eatment in Part I,, or 
 to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent 
 reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few 
 who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct 
 some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and with- 
 out coming to a new dehght in the use of language from a fuller 
 knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense of its various 
 capabilities. 
 
 West New Brighton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1896. 
 
 A»
 
 PART I.
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Crabb's "English Synonymes Explained." [H.] 
 
 Soule's " Dictionary of English Synonyms." [L.] 
 
 Smith's " Synonyms Discriminated." [Bell.] 
 
 Graham's " English Synonyms." [A.] 
 
 Whateley's " English Synonyms Discriminated." [L. & S.] 
 
 Campbell's " Handbook of Synonyms." [L. & S.] 
 
 Fallows' " Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms." [F. H. R.] 
 
 Eoget's " Thesaurus of English Words." [F. & W. Co.] 
 
 Trench's " Study of English Words." [W. J. W.] 
 
 Richard Grant White, " Words and their Uses," and " Every Day English." [H. M. 
 
 Geo. P. Marsh, "Lectures on the English Language," and "Origin and History of 
 
 the English Language." [S.] » » = => J 
 
 Fitzedward Hall, " False Philology." [S.] 
 Maetzner's " English Grammar," tr. by Grece. [J. M.] 
 
 The Synonyms of the Century and International Dictionaries 
 have also been consulted and compared. 
 
 The Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary has been used as 
 the authority thi'oughout. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED. 
 
 A D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 AS Anglo»Sason 
 
 Bell; B. & Si Bell & Sons 
 
 F French 
 
 F. H. R Fleming H. Revell 
 
 F. & W. Co Funk & Wagnalls Co. 
 
 G German 
 
 Gr Greek 
 
 H Harper & Bros. 
 
 H. M. & Co. . ..Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
 
 It Italian 
 
 J. M John Murray 
 
 K.=F Krauth'Flemhig 
 
 " Vocabulary of Philosophy." 
 
 L Latin; Lippincott & Co. 
 
 L. & S Lee & Shepard 
 
 M Murray's New English Dictionary 
 
 Macm Macmillan & Co. 
 
 S Chas. Scribner's Sons 
 
 Sp Spanish 
 
 T. &F Ticknor & Fields 
 
 T. & II Troutman & Hayes 
 
 T. & M Taylor, Walton & Maberley 
 
 W. J. W W. J. Widdleton
 
 SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS 
 
 AND 
 
 PREPOSITIONS..^' 
 
 PARVI 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 & 
 
 /:/ 
 
 ABABfDON. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ,3,l3dicate, 
 
 bjure, 
 cast off, ' 
 cease, 
 cede, 
 depart from,- 
 
 leave, 
 
 quit, ■'-'' 
 
 recant, 
 
 relinquish, 
 
 renounce* 
 
 repudiate, 
 
 resign, 
 retire from, 
 retract, ^- 
 
 surrender, y 
 vacate, 
 ■withdraw from. 
 
 desert, 
 discontinue, 
 forego, 
 forsake, ' 
 forswear, 
 give up. 
 
 Abandon is a word ot wide signification, applying to persons 
 or things of any kind ; abdicate and resign apply to office, author- 
 ity, or power ; cede to territorial possessions ; snrre?ic?er especially 
 to military force, and more generally to any demand, claim, passion, 
 etc. Quit carries an idea of suddenness or abruptness not neces- 
 sarily implied in abandon, and may not have the same suggestion 
 of finality. The king abdicates his throne, cedes his territory, 
 deserts his followers, retiounces his religion, relinquishes his titles, 
 abandons his designs. A cowardly officer deserts his ship ; the 
 helpless passengers abandon it. We quit business, give up prop- 
 erty, resign office, abandoyi a habit or a trust. Relinquish com- 
 monly implies reluctance ; the fainting hand relinqidshes its 
 grasp ; the creditor relinquishes his claim. Abandon implies 
 previous association with responsibility for or control of ; forsalce 
 implies previous association with inclination or attachment, real 
 or assumed ; a man may abandon or forsake house or friends ; 
 he abandons an enterprise ; forsakes God. Abandon is applied 
 to both good and evil action ; a thief abandons his designs, a 
 man his principles. Forsake, like abandon, may be used either 
 in the favorable or unfavorable sense ; desert is always un-
 
 abase 
 
 favorable, involving a breach of duty, except when used of 
 mere localities; as, "the Deserted Village." While a monarch 
 abdicates, a president or other elected or appointed officer 
 resigns. It was held that James II. abdicated his throne by 
 deserting it. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 adopt, 
 
 defend. 
 
 occupy, 
 
 seek. 
 
 advocate, 
 
 favor, 
 
 prosecute. 
 
 support, 
 
 assert, 
 
 haunt. 
 
 protect, 
 
 undertake, 
 
 cherish, 
 
 hold, 
 
 pursue, 
 
 uphold, 
 
 claim. 
 
 l^eep. 
 
 retain, 
 
 vindicate. 
 
 court, 
 
 maintain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ABASE. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 bring low^. 
 
 depress. 
 
 dishonor, 
 
 lower. 
 
 cast down, 
 
 discredit, 
 
 humble. 
 
 reduce, 
 
 debase, 
 
 disgrace. 
 
 humiliate, 
 
 sink. 
 
 degrade, 
 
 
 
 
 Abase refers only to outward conditions. "Exalt him that is 
 low, and abase him that is high." Ezek. xxi, 26. Debase applies 
 to quality or character. The coinage is debased by excess of 
 alloy, the man by vice. Humble in present use refers chiefly to 
 feeling of heart ; humiliate to outward conditions ; even when 
 one is said to humble himself, he either has or affects to have 
 humility of heart. To disgrace may be to bring or inflict odium 
 upon others, but the word is chiefly and increasingly applied to 
 such moral odium as one by his own acts brings upon himself; the 
 noun disgrace retains more of the passive sense than the verb ; he 
 disgraced himself by his conduct ; he brought disgrace upon his 
 family. To dishonor a person is to deprive him of honor that 
 should or might be given. To discredit one is to injure his rep- 
 utation, as for veracity or solvency. A sense of unworthiness 
 humbles ; a shameful insult humiliates ; imprisonment for crime 
 disgraces. Degrade may refer to either station or character. 
 An officer is degraded by being reduced to the ranks, disgraced 
 by cowardice ; vile practises degrade ; drunkenness is a degrading 
 vice. Misfortune or injustice may abase the good ; nothing but 
 their own ill==doing can debase or disgrace them. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 advancCj 
 
 aggrandize, 
 
 dignify, 
 
 elevate, 
 exalt. 
 
 honor, 
 promote. 
 
 raise, 
 uplift.
 
 abasli 
 abate 
 
 daunt, 
 discompose, 
 disconcert, 
 dishearten. 
 
 embarrass, 
 
 humble, 
 
 humiliate. 
 
 mortify, 
 
 overawe, 
 
 shame. 
 
 ABASH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bewilder, 
 chagrin, 
 confound, 
 confuse. 
 
 Any sense of inferiority abashes, with or without the sense 
 
 of wrong. The poor are abashed at the splendor of wealth, the 
 
 ignorant at the learning of the wise. " I might have been abashed 
 
 by their authority." Gladstone Homeric Synchron, p. 72. [h. 
 
 '76.] To confuse is to bring into a state of mental bewilderment ; 
 
 to confound is to overwhelm the mental faculties ; to daunt is to 
 
 subject to a certain degree of fear. Embarrass is a strong word, 
 
 signifying primarily hamper, hinder, impede. A solitary tliinker 
 
 may be confused by some difficulty in a subject, or some mental 
 
 defect ; one is embarrassed in the presence of others, and because 
 
 of their presence. Confusion is of the intellect, embarrassment 
 
 of the feelings. A witness may be embarrassed by annoying 
 
 personalities, so as to become confused in statements. To mortify 
 
 a person is to bring upon him a painful sense of humiliation, 
 
 whether because of his own or another's fault or failure. A pupil 
 
 is confused by a perplexing question, a general confounded by 
 
 overwhelming defeat. A hostess is discomposed by the tardiness 
 
 of guests, a speaker disconcerted by a failure of memory. The 
 
 criminal who is not abashed at detection may be daunted by the 
 
 officer's weapon. Sudden joy may beioilder, but will not abash. 
 
 The true worshiper is humbled rather than abashed before God. 
 
 The parent is mortified by the child's rudeness, the child abashed 
 
 at the parent's reproof. The embarrassed speaker finds it difficult 
 
 to proceed. The mob is overawed by the military, the hypocrite 
 
 shamed by exposure. "A man whom no denial, no scorn could 
 
 abash." Fielding Amelia bk. iii, ch. 9, p. 300. [b. & s. '71.] 
 
 Compare chagrin ; hinder. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 animate, cheer, encourage, rally, 
 
 buoy, embolden, inspirit, uphold. 
 
 
 
 ABATE. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 decline. 
 
 ebb. 
 
 mitigate. 
 
 reduce, 
 
 decrease. 
 
 lessen, 
 
 moderate. 
 
 subside, 
 
 diminish, 
 
 low^er. 
 
 
 
 The storm, the fever, the pain abates. Interest declines. Mis- 
 fortunes may be mitigated, desires moderated, intense anger
 
 abbreviation 
 abet 
 
 abated, population decreased, taxes reduced. "We abate a nui- 
 sance, terminate a controversy, suppress a rebellion. See al- 
 leviate. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aggravate, enhance, foment, rage, 
 
 amplify, enlarge, increase, raise, 
 
 continue, extend, magnify, revive, 
 develop, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Abate in fury ; abated by law. 
 
 ABBREVIATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abridgment, contraction. 
 
 An abbreviation is a shortening by any method ; a contraction 
 is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts. A 
 contraction of a word is made by omitting certain letters or 
 syllables and bringing together the first and last letters or ele- 
 ments ; an abbreviation may be made either by omitting certain 
 portions from the interior or by cutting off a part ; a contraction 
 is an abbreviatio7i, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a con- 
 traction ; re&t for receipt, mdse. for merchandise, and Dr. for 
 debtor are contractions ; they are also abbreviations ; Am. tot 
 American is an abbreviation, but not a contraction. Abbrevia- 
 tion and contraction are used of words and phrases, abridgment 
 of books, paragraphs, sentences, etc. Compare abridgment. 
 
 ABET. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 advocate, countenance, incite, sanction, 
 
 aid, embolden, instigate, support, 
 
 assist, encourage, promote, uphold. 
 
 Abet and instigate are now used almost without exception in 
 a bad sense ; one may incite either to good or evil. One incites 
 or instigates to the doing of something not yet done, or to in- 
 creased activity or further advance in the doing of it ; one abets 
 by giving sympathy, countenance, or substantial aid to the doing 
 of that which is already projected or in process of commission. 
 Abet and instigate apply either to persons or actions, incite to 
 persons only ; one incites a person to an action. A clergyman 
 will advocate the claims of justice, aid the poor, encourage the
 
 ablior 
 abide 
 
 despondent, support the weak, uphold the constituted authorities; 
 but he will not incite to a quarrel, instigate a riot, or abet a 
 crime. The originator of a crime often instigates or incites others 
 to abet him in it, or one may instigate or incite others to a crime 
 in the commission of which he himself takes no active part. 
 Compare help. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 baffle, 
 confound, 
 counteract, 
 denounce, 
 
 deter, 
 
 disapprove, 
 disconcert, 
 discourage, 
 
 dissuade, 
 
 expose, 
 
 frustrate. 
 
 hinder, 
 impede, 
 obstruct. 
 
 ABHOR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abominate, dislike, loathe, scorn, 
 
 despise, hate, nauseate, shun, 
 
 detest. 
 
 Abhor is stronger than despise, implying a shuddering recoil, 
 
 especially a moral recoil. " How many shun evil as inconvenient 
 
 who do not"a6/ior it as hateful." Trench Serm. in Westm. Abbey 
 
 xxvi, 297. [M.] Detest expresses indignation, with something of 
 
 contempt. Loathe implies disgust, physical or moral. We ablior 
 
 a traitor, despise a coward, detest a liar. We dislihe an uncivil 
 
 person, We abhor cruelty, hate tyranny. We loathe a reptile 
 
 or a flatterer. We abhor Milton's heroic Satan, but we can not 
 
 despise him. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 admire, 
 
 approve, 
 
 covet. 
 
 crave, 
 desire, 
 enjoy, 
 
 dw^ell, 
 
 endure, 
 
 expect, 
 
 inhabit, 
 
 live, 
 
 lodge. 
 
 esteem, 
 lilie. 
 
 love, 
 
 relish. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 anticipate, 
 
 aw^ait, 
 
 bear, 
 
 bide, 
 
 confront, 
 
 continue. 
 
 ABIDE. 
 
 remain, 
 reside, 
 rest, 
 sojourn, 
 
 stay. 
 
 stop, 
 
 tarry, 
 
 tolerate, 
 
 w^ait, 
 
 watch. 
 
 To abide is to remain continuously without limit of time 
 unless expressed by the context : ' ' to=day I must abide at thy 
 house," Lake xix, 5 ; " a settled place for thee to abide in for- 
 ever," 1 Kings viii, 13 ; " Abide with me ! fast falls the eventide," 
 Lyte Hymn. Lodge, sojourn, stay, tarry, and ii-ait always imply 
 a hmited time ; lodge, to pass the night ; sojourn, to remain
 
 abolisli 6 
 
 temporarily ; live, dioell, reside, to have a permanent home. 
 Stop, in the sense of stay or sojourn, is colloquial, and not in 
 approved use. Compare endure ; rest. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abandon, forfeit, migrate, reject, 
 
 avoid, forfend, move, resist, 
 
 depart, journey, proceed, shun. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Abide in a place, for a time, ivith a person, hy a statement. 
 
 ABOLISH. , 
 
 Synonyms: / / 
 
 abate, eradicate, / prohibit,- stamp out, 
 
 .\ abrogate, exterminate", remove, subvert, ■;— 
 
 \ annihilate, extirpate, repeal, supplant, 
 
 \ annul, y nullify, reverse, suppress, 
 
 Ji destroy, obliterate, revoke, / terminate. 
 
 end, overthrow, set aside, V 
 
 Abolish, to do away with, bring absolutely to an end, especially 
 as something hostile, hindering, or harmful, was formerly used of 
 persons and material objects, a usage now obsolete except in 
 poetry or highly figurative speech. Abolish is now used of 
 institutions, customs, and conditions, especially those wide=spread 
 and long existing ; as, to abolish slavery, ignorance, intemperance, 
 poverty. A building that is burned to the ground is said to be 
 destroyed by fire. Annihilate, as a philosophical term, signifies 
 to put absolutely out of existence. As far as our knowledge goes, 
 matter is never annihilated, but only changes its form. Some 
 believe that the wicked will be annihilated. Abolish is not said 
 of laws. There we use repeal, abrogate, mdlify, etc.: repiealhj 
 the enacting body, mdlify by revolutionary proceedings ; a later 
 statute abrogates, without formally repealing, any earlier law 
 with which it conflicts. An appellate court may reverse or set 
 aside the decision of an inferior court. Overthroiv may be used 
 in either a good or a bad sense ; suppress is commonly in a good, 
 subvert always in a bad sense ; as, to subvert our liberties ; 
 to suppress a rebellion. The law prohibits what may never 
 have existed ; it abolishes an existing evil. We abate a nui- 
 
 3rsy. Compare cancel ; demolish ; 
 
 sance, terminate 
 
 a contr 
 
 EXTERMINATE. 
 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 
 autiiorize. 
 
 establish. 
 
 cherish. 
 
 institute. 
 
 confirm. 
 
 introduce, 
 
 continue. 
 
 legalize. 
 
 enact, 
 
 promote, 
 
 reinstate, 
 
 revive. 
 
 renew, 
 
 set up, 
 
 repair. 
 
 support. 
 
 restore, 
 
 sustain.
 
 abomination 
 abridgment 
 
 ABOMIjVATIOX. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abhorrence, 
 
 abuse, 
 
 annoyance, 
 
 aversion, 
 
 crime. 
 
 curse, 
 
 detestation, 
 disgust, 
 evil. 
 
 hatred, 
 horror, 
 iniquity, 
 nuisance, 
 
 plague, 
 shame, 
 villainy, 
 wickedness. 
 
 execration, offense. 
 
 Ahomination (from the L. ah omen, a thing of ill omen) was 
 originally applied to anything held in religious or ceremonial 
 aversion or abhorrence; as, "The things which are highly 
 esteemed among men are abomination in the sight of God." 
 Luke xvi, 15. The word is oftener applied to the object of such 
 aversion or abhorrence than to the state of mind that so regards 
 it ; in common use abomination signifies something very much 
 disliked or loathed, or that deserves to be. Choice food may be 
 an object of aversion and disgust to a sick person ; vile food 
 would be an abomination. A toad is to many an object of 
 disgust; afoul sewer is an abomination. As applied to crimes, 
 abomination is used of such as are especially brutal, shameful, or 
 revolting ; theft is an offense ; infanticide is an abomination. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 affection, 
 appreciation, 
 approval, 
 benefit, 
 
 blessing, 
 
 delight, 
 
 desire, 
 
 enjoyment, 
 
 esteem, 
 
 gratification. 
 
 joy, 
 
 satisfaction, 
 
 treat. 
 
 ABRIDGMENT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abbreviation, compend, epitome, summary, 
 
 abstract, compendium, outline, synopsis, 
 
 analysis, digest. 
 
 An abridgment gives the most important poi'tions of a work 
 substantially as they stand. An outline or synopsis is a kind of 
 sketch closely following the plan. An abstract or digest is an 
 independent statement of what the book contains. An analysis 
 draws out the chief thoughts or arguments, whether expressed or 
 implied. A summary is the most condensed statement of results 
 or conclusions. An epitome, compend, or compenditim is a con- 
 densed view of a subject, whether derived from a previous publi- 
 cation or not. We may have an abridgment of a dictionary, but 
 not an analysis, abstract, digest, or summary. We may have an 
 epitome of religion, a compendium of English literature, but not 
 an abridgment. Compare abbreviation.
 
 absolute 
 
 § 
 
 ABSOI.IJTE. 
 
 Synonyms: / 
 
 arbitrary, compulsory, haughty, peremptory, 
 
 arrogant, controlling, imperative^ positive, 
 
 \ authoritative, despotic, v imperious, supreme, w 
 
 V autocratic, dictatorial, irresponsible, tyrannical, 
 
 coercive, dogmatic,^ lordly,v unconditional, 
 
 commanding, .domineering, overbearing, unequivocal, 
 compulsive, exacting. 
 
 In the strict sense, absolute, free from all limitation or control, 
 and supreme, superior to all, can not i^roperly be said of any being 
 except the divine. Both words are used, however, in a modified 
 sense, of human authorities ; absolute then signifying free from 
 limitation by other authority, and supreme exalted over all other ; 
 as, an absolute monarch, the supreme court. Absolute, in this 
 use, does not necessarily carry any unfavorable sense, but as abso- 
 lute power in human hands is always abused, the unfavorable 
 meaning predominates. Autocr-atic power knows no limits out- 
 side the ruler's self ; arbitrary power, none outside the ruler's will 
 or judgment, arbitrary carrying the implication of wilfulness 
 and capriciousness. Des2)otic is commonly applied to a master- 
 ful or severe use of power, which is expressed more decidedly by 
 tyrannical. Arbitrary may be used in a good sense ; as, the pro- 
 nunciation of proper names is arbitrary; but the bad sense is 
 the prevailing one ; as, an arbitrary proceeding. Irresponsible 
 power is not necessarily bad, but eminently dangerous ; an execu- 
 tor or trustee should not be irresponsible ; an irresponsible ruler 
 is likely to be tyrannical. A perfect ruler might be irresponsible 
 and not tyrannical. Authoritative is used always in a good 
 sense, implying the right to claim authority; imperative, per- 
 emptory, and positive are used ordinarily in the good sense; as, an 
 atdJwritative definition ; an imjjerative demand ; a peremptory 
 command ; positive insti'uctions ; imperious signifies assuming 
 and determined to command, rigorously requiring obedience. An 
 imperious demand or requirement may have in it nothing offen- 
 sive ; it is simply one that resolutely insists upon compliance, and 
 will not brook refusal ; an arrogant demand is offensive by its 
 tone of superiority, an arbitrary demand by its unreasonableness; 
 an imperious disposition is liable to become arbitrary and arro- 
 gant. A person of an independent spirit is inclined to resent an 
 imperious manner in any one, especially in one whose superiority 
 is not clearly recognized. Commanding is always used in a good
 
 absolve 
 absorb 
 
 sense ; as, a commanding appearance ; a commanding eminence. 
 
 Compare dogmatic ; infinite ; perfect. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 gentle, lowly, responsible, 
 
 humble, meek, submissive, 
 
 lenient, mild, yielding, 
 
 limited, 
 
 accountable, 
 complaisant, 
 compliant, 
 conditional. 
 
 constitutional, 
 contingent, 
 docile, 
 ductile. 
 
 pardon, 
 release, 
 set free. 
 
 ABSOLVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 acauit, exculpate, forgive, 
 
 clear, exempt, free, 
 
 discharge, exonerate, liberate, 
 
 To absolve, in the strict sense, is to set free from any bond. One 
 may be absolved from a promise by a breach of faith on the part 
 of one to whom the promise was made. To absolve from sins is 
 formally to remit their condemnation and penalty, regarded as a 
 bond upon the soul. "Almighty God . . . pardoneth rnid ahsolv- 
 eth all those who truly repent, and vmfeignedly believe his holy 
 Gospel." i?ooA; of Common Prayer, Declar. of Absol. To acquit 
 of sin or crime is to free from tlie accusation of it, pronouncing 
 one guiltless ; the innocent are rightfully acquitted; the guilty 
 may be mercifully absolved. Compare pardon. 
 .4ntonyn»s: 
 
 accuse, charge, condemn, impeach, obligate, 
 
 bind, compel, convict, inculpate, oblige. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 One is absolved from (rarely of) a promise, a sin, etc. 
 
 ABSORB. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 consume, engross, suck up, take in, 
 
 drink in, exhaust, sw^allow, take up. 
 
 drink up, ^ imbibe, sw^allow^ up, 
 
 A fluid that is absorbed is taken up into the mass of the absorb- 
 ing body, with which it may or may not permanently combine. 
 Wood expands when it absorbs moisture, iron when it absoi^bs 
 heat, the substance remaining perhaps otherwise substantially 
 unchanged ; quicklime, when it absoi'bs water, becomes a new 
 substance with different qualities, hydrated or slaked lime. A 
 substance is consumed which is destructively appropriated by 
 some other substance, being, or agency, so that it ceases to exist or 
 to be recognized as existing in its original condition ; fuel is con- 
 sumed in the fire, food in the body ; consume is also applied to 
 whatever is removed from the market for individual use ; as, silk 
 and woolen goods are consumed. A great talker engrosses the 
 conversation. A credulous person swallows the most preposterous
 
 abstinence 
 
 abstract 10 
 
 statement. A busy student imbibes or drinks in knowledge ; he 
 is absorbed in a subject that takes his whole attention. " I only- 
 postponed it because I happened to get absorbed in a book." Kane 
 Qi-innell Exjyed. ch. 43, page 403. [h. '54.] 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cast out, dissipate, emit, put forth, shoot forth, 
 
 disgorge, distract, exude, radiate, throw off, 
 
 disperse, eject, give up, send out, vomit. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Plants absorb moistvire fro7n the air; the student is absorbed m 
 thought ; nutriment may be absorbed into the system through the 
 skin. 
 
 ABSTIKEMCE. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abstemiousness, frugality, self-denial, sobriety, 
 
 continence, moderation, self=restraint, temperance, 
 
 fasting, self:control, 
 
 Abstinence from food commonly signifies going without; ab- 
 stemiousness, partaking moderately; abstinence may be for a sin- 
 gle occasion, abstemiousness is habitual moderation. Self-denial 
 is giving up what one wishes; abstinence may be refraining from 
 Avhat one does not desire. Fasting is abstinence from food for a 
 limited time, and generally for religious reasons. Sobriety and 
 temperance signify maintaining a quiet, even temper by moderate 
 indulgence in some things, complete abstinence from others. We 
 speak of temjyeratice in eating, but of abstinence from vice. Total 
 abstinence has come to signify the entire abstaining from intoxi- 
 cating liquors. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 drunkenness, greed, reveling, sensuality, 
 
 excess, intemperance, revelry, wantonness, 
 
 gluttony, intoxication, se!f»indu]gence. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 The negative side of virtue is abstinence from vice. 
 
 ABSTRACT, v. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 appropriate, distract. purloin, steal, 
 
 detach, divert, remove, take aw^ay, 
 
 discriminate, eliminate, separate, withdraw, 
 distinguish. 
 
 The central idea of withdraioing makes abstract in common 
 speech a euphemism iox appropriate (unlawfully), 2i^irloin, steal. 
 In mental processes we discriminate between objects by distin- 
 guishing their differences; we separate some one element from 
 all that does not necessarily belong to it, abstract it, and view it 
 alone. We may sejmrate two ideas, and hold both in mind in
 
 ^ ^ abstracted 
 
 ** absurd 
 
 comparison or contrast; but when we abstract one of them, we 
 drop the other out of thought. The mind is abstracted when it is 
 withdraivn from all other subjects and concentrated upon one, 
 diverted when it is drawn away from what it would or should at- 
 tend to by some other interest, distracted when the attention is 
 divided among different subjects, so that it can not be given 
 properly to any. The trouble with the distracted person is that 
 he is not abstracted. Compare discern. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 add, complete, All up, restore, unite. 
 
 combine, conjoin, increase, strengthen, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The purse may be abstracted from the pocket ; the substance 
 from the accidents ; a book into a compend. 
 
 ABSTRACTED. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 absent, heedless, listless, preoccupied, 
 
 absent-minded, inattentive, negligent, tboughtless. 
 absorbed, indifferent, oblivious, 
 
 As regards mental action, absorbed, abstracted, and preoceu- 
 pied refer to the cause, absent or absent-minded to the effect. 
 The man absorbed in one thing will appear absent in others. A 
 preoccupied person may seem listless and tlioughtless, but the 
 really listless and tlioughtless have not mental energy to be pre- 
 occupied. The absent-minded man is oblivious of ordinary mat- 
 ters, because his thoughts are elsewhere. One who is preoccupied 
 is intensely busy in thought; one may be absent-minded either 
 through intense concentration or simply through inattention, with 
 fitful and aimless wandering of thought. Compare abstract. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 alert, on liand, ready, wide=awake. 
 
 attentive, prompt, thoughtful. 
 
 ABSURD. 
 
 Synonyms : . 
 
 anomalous, ill-considered, ludicrous, ridiculous, 
 
 chimerical, ill=judged, mistaken, senseless, 
 
 erroneous, inconclusive, monstrous, stupid, • 
 
 false. incorrect. nonsensical, unreasonable, 
 
 * foolish, infatuated, paradoxical, w^ild. 
 
 ill-advised, irrational, preposterous. 
 
 That is absurd which is contrary to the first principles of rea- 
 soning ; as, that a part should be greater than the whole is absurd. 
 A paradoxical statement appears at first thought contradictory 
 or absurd, while it may be really ti'ue. Anything is irrational
 
 abuse 
 
 12 
 
 when clearly contraiy to sound reason, foolish when contrary to 
 practical good sense, silly when petty and contemptible in its folly, 
 erroneous when containing error tliat vitiates the result, unrea- 
 sonable when there seems a perverse bias or an intent to go wrong. 
 Monstrous and preposterous refer to what is overwhelmingly 
 absurd; as, '■'■ O monstrous ! eleven buckram men gi'own out of 
 two," Shakespeare 1 King Henry IV, act ii, sc. 4. The ridicu- 
 lous or the nonsensical is worthy only to be laughed at. The 
 lunatic's claim to be a king is ridiculous ; the Mother Goose 
 rimes are nonsensical. Compare incongruous. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 
 
 certain, 
 
 incontrovertible, rational. 
 
 substantial. 
 
 consistent, 
 
 indisputable, reasonable. 
 
 true, 
 
 demonstrable, 
 
 indubitable, sagacious. 
 
 undeniable. 
 
 demonstrated, 
 
 infallible, sensible. 
 
 unquestionable. 
 
 established, 
 
 logical, sound. 
 
 wise. 
 
 incontestable, 
 
 
 
 
 ABUSE. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 aggrieve, 
 
 impose on or oppress. 
 
 ruin. 
 
 damage, 
 
 upon, persecute. 
 
 slander. 
 
 defame, 
 
 injure, pervert. 
 
 victimize. 
 
 defile. 
 
 malign. prostitute, 
 
 vilify, 
 
 disparage, 
 
 maltreat, rail at, 
 
 violate. 
 
 harm. 
 
 misemploy, ravish. 
 
 vituperate. 
 
 iU=treat, 
 
 misuse, reproach. 
 
 wrong. 
 
 ill-use. 
 
 molest, revile, 
 
 
 Abuse covers all unreasonable or improper use or treatment by 
 word or act. A tenant does not abuse rented property by "rea- 
 sonable wear," though that may damage the property and injure 
 its sale ; he may abuse it by needless defacement or neglect. It is 
 possible to abuse a man without harming him, as when the crim- 
 inal vituperates the judge ; or to harm a man without abusing 
 him, as when the witness tells the truth about the criminal. De- 
 fame, malign, rail at, revile, slander, vilify, and vituperate are 
 used always in a bad sense. One may be justly reproached. To 
 impose on or to victimize one is to injure him by abusing his con- 
 fidence. To persecute one is to ill-treat him for opinion's sake, 
 commonly for religious belief ; to ox>press is generally for political 
 or pecuniary motives. " Thou shalt not oppress an liired servant 
 that is poor and needy," Deut. xxiv, 14. Misemploy, misuse, 
 and pervert are commonly applied to objects rather than to per- 
 sons, A dissolute youth misemploys his time, misuses his money
 
 13 
 
 accessory 
 
 and opportunities, harms his associates, iwrverts his talents, 
 wrongs his pai-ents, ruins himself, abuses eveiy good gift of God. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 applaud, conserve, favor, protect, sustain, 
 
 benefit, consider, laud, regard, tend, 
 
 care for, eulogize, panegyrize, respect, uphold, 
 
 cherish, extol, praise, shii-Id, vindicate. 
 
 companion, 
 confederate, 
 follower, 
 helper. 
 
 hencliman, 
 participator, 
 partner, 
 retainer. 
 
 ACCESSORY. 
 
 ISyiioiiyiii^ : 
 
 abetter or abettor, associate, 
 
 accomplice, attendant, 
 
 ally, coadjutor, 
 
 assistant, colleague, 
 
 Colleague is used always in a good sense, associate and coadju- 
 tor generally so; ally, assistant, associate, attendant, companion, 
 helper, either in a good or a bad sense; abetter, accessory, accom- 
 plice, confederate, almost always in a bad sense. Ally is often- 
 est used of national and military matters, or of some other con- 
 nection regarded as great and important; as, allies of despotism. 
 Colleague is applied to civil and ecclesiastical connections; mem- 
 bers of Congi-ess from the same State are colleagues, even though 
 they may be bitter opponents i^olitically and j^ersonally. An As- 
 sociate Justice of the Supreme Court is near in rank to the Chief 
 Justice. A surgeon's assistant is a physician or medical student 
 who shares in the treatment and care of patients; a surgeon's at- 
 tendant is one who rolls bandages and the like. Folloiver, hench- 
 man, retainer are persons especially devoted to a chief, and gen- 
 erally bound to him by necessity, fee, or reward. Partner has 
 come to denote almost exclusively a business connection. In law, 
 an abettor (the general legal spelling) is always present, either 
 actively or constructively, at the commission of the crime; an ac- 
 cessory never. An accomplice is usually a principal; an accessory 
 never. If present, though only to stand outside and keep watch 
 against surprise, one is an abettor, and not an accessory. At 
 common law, an accessory implies a principal, and can not be 
 convicted until after the conviction of the principal; the accom- 
 plice or abettor can be convicted as a principal. Accomplice and 
 abettor have nearly the same meaning, but the former is the pop- 
 ular, the latter more distinctively the legal term. Compare ap- 
 pendage; AUXILIARY. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 adversary, chief, foe, leader, principal, 
 
 antagonist, commander, liinderer, opponent, rival, 
 
 betrayer, enemy, instigator, opposer.
 
 accident 14 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 An accessory to the crime; before or after the fact; the acces- 
 sories of a figure in a painting. 
 
 ACCIDEXT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 adventure, contingency, \liappening:, misfortune, 
 
 calamity, disaster, ^hazard, mishap,   
 
 casualty, fortuity, incident, possibility. 
 
 ,pliance, ^hap, misadventure, 
 
 An accident is that which happens without any one's direct in- 
 tention ; a chance that which happens without any known cause. 
 If the direct cause of a railroad accident is known, we can not 
 call it a chance. To the theist there is, in strictness, no chance, 
 all things being by divine causation and control; but chance is 
 spoken of where no special cause is manifest: "By chance there 
 came down a certain priest that way," Luke x, 31. We can speak 
 of a game of cliance, but not of a game of accident. An incident 
 is viewed as occurring in the regular course of things, but subordi- 
 nate to the main purpose, or aside from the main design. Fortune 
 is the result of inscrutable controlling forces. Fortune and 
 chance are nearly equivalent, but cliance can be used of human 
 effort and endeavor as fortune can not be; we say "he has a 
 chance of success," or "there is one chance in a thousand," where 
 we could not substitute fortune; as personified, Forttine is re- 
 garded as having a fitful purpose, Chance as purposeless; we 
 speak of fickle Fortune, blind Chance; ^^ Fortune favors the 
 brave." The slaughter of men is an incident of battle; unexpected 
 defeat, the fortune of war. Since the unintended is often the un- 
 desirable, accide^it tends to signify some calamity or disaster, un- 
 less the contrary is expressed, as when we say a fortunate or 
 happy accident. An adventure is that which may turn out ill, a 
 misadventure that which does turn out ill. A slight disturbing 
 accident is a mishap. Compare event; hazard. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 appointment, decree, intention, ordainment, preparation, 
 
 calculation, fate, law, ordinance, provision, 
 
 certainty, foreordination, necessity, plan, purpose. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 The accident of birth ; an accident to the machinery.
 
 ^ - acquaintance 
 
 ** acrimony 
 
 ACQUAINTANCE. 
 Synonyms : J / 
 
 association, experience, fellowship, intimacy, / 
 
 companionship, familiarity, friendship, knowledge. 
 
 Acquaintance between persons sui^poses that each knows the 
 other; we may know a public man by his writings or speeches, 
 and by sight, but can not claim acquaintance unless he personally 
 knows us. There may be pleasant acquaintance with little covi- 
 panionsUip; and conversely, much companionsMxi with little 
 acquaintance, as between busy clerks at adjoining desks. So 
 there may be association in business without intimacy or friend- 
 ship. Acquaintance admits of many degi-ees, from a slight or 
 passing to a familiar or intimate acquaintance: but acquaintance 
 unmodified commonly signifies less than familiarity or intimacy. 
 As regards persons, familiarity is becoming restricted to the un- 
 desirable sense, as in the proverb, '■'Familiarity breeds con- 
 tempt ;" hence, in personal relations, the word intimacy, which 
 refers to mutual knowledge of thought and feeling, is now uni- 
 formly preferred. Friendship includes acquaintance with some 
 degree of intimacy, and ordinarily companionship, though in a 
 wider sense friendship may exist between those who have never 
 met, but know each other only by word and deed. Acquaintance 
 does not involve friendship, for one may be well acquainted with 
 an enemy. Fellowship involves not merely acquaintance and 
 companionship, but sympathy as well. There may be much 
 friendship without much fellowship, as between those whose 
 homes or pursuits are far apart. There may be pleasant felloiv- 
 ship) which does not reach the fulness of fi'iendship. Compare 
 ATTACHMENT ; FRIENDSHIP ; LOVE. As regards studies, pursuits, 
 etc., acquaintance is less than familiarity, which supposes minute 
 knowledge of particulars, arising often from long experience or 
 association. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 ignorance, ignoring, inexperience, unfamiliarity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Acquaintance loith a subject; of one person with another; 
 bettveen persons. 
 
 ACRIHONY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acerbity, harshness, severity, tartness, 
 
 asperity, malignity, sharpness, unkindness, 
 
 hitterness, moroseness, sourness, virulence, 
 causticity.
 
 act 16 
 
 Acerbity is a sharpness, with a touch of bitterness, which may 
 arise from momentary annoyance or habitual imj^atience; asper- 
 ity is keener and more pronovmced, denoting distinct irritation or 
 vexation; in speech asjyerity is often manifested by the tone of 
 voice rather than by the words that are spoken. Acrimony in 
 speech or temper is like a corrosive acid; it springs from settled 
 character or deeply rooted feeling of aversion or unkindness. One 
 might speak with momentary asperity to his child, but not with 
 acrimony, unless estrangement had begvin. 3Ialignity is the ex- 
 treme of settled ill intent; virulence is an envenomed hostility. 
 Virulence of speech is a quality in language that makes the lan- 
 guage seem as if exuding poison. Virulenceis outspoken; malig- 
 nity may be covered with smooth and courteous phrase. We say 
 intense virulence, deep malignity. Severity is always painful, 
 and may be terrible, but caiTies ordinarily the implication, true or 
 false, of justice. Compare anger; bitter; enmity. 
 Aiitonyius: 
 
 amiability, gentleness, kindness, smoothness, 
 
 courtesy, goo I nature, mildness, sweetness. 
 
 ACT, 71. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accomplishment, execution, movement, 
 
 achievement, exercise, operation, 
 
 action. exertion, performance, 
 
 consummation, exploit, proceeding, 
 
 deed, feat. transaction, 
 
 doing, motion, w^ork. 
 effect. 
 
 An act is strictly and originally something accomplished by an 
 exercise of power, in which sense it is synonymous with deed or 
 effect. Action is a doing. Act is therefore single, individual, 
 momentary; action a complex of acts, or a process, state, or habit 
 of exerting power. We say a virtuous act, but rather a virtuous 
 course of action. We speak of the action of an acid upon a 
 metal, not of its act. Act is used, also, for the simple exertion oi 
 power; as, an act of will. In this sense an act does not necessa- 
 rily imply an external effect, while an action does. Morally, the 
 act of murder is in the determination to kill; legally, the act is 
 not complete without the striking of the fatal blow. Act and 
 deed are both used for the thing done, but act refers to the power 
 put forth, deed to the result accomplished; as, a voluntary act, a 
 bad deed. In connection with other words act is more usually 
 qualified by the use of another noun, action by an adjective pre- 
 ceding; we may say a kind act, though oftener an act of kindness,
 
 17 
 
 active 
 
 but only a kind action, not an action of kindness. As between 
 act and deed, deed is commonly used of great, notable, and im- 
 pressive acts, as are achievement, exploit, and feat. 
 
 Festus: We li\'e in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths. 
 
 Bailey Festus, A Country Toivn, bc. 7. 
 
 A feat exhibits strength, skill, personal power, whether mental or 
 physical, especially the latter; as, a. feat of arms, a feat of mem- 
 ory. An exploit is a conspicuous or glorious deed, involving valor 
 or heroism, usually combined with strength, skill, loftiness of 
 thought, and readiness of resource; an achievement is tlie doing 
 of something great and noteworthy; an exploit is brilliant, but its 
 effect may be transient; an achievement is soHd, and its effect 
 enduring. Act and action are both in contrast to all that is merely 
 passive and receptive. The intensest action is easier than passive 
 endurance. 
 Antoiiyius : 
 
 cessation, immobility, inertia, quiet, Buffering, 
 
 deliberation, inaction, passion,* repose, suspension, 
 
 endurance, inactivity, quiescence, rest, 
 
 * In philosophic sense. 
 
 energetic, 
 
 expeditious, 
 
 industrious, 
 
 lively, 
 
 mobile. 
 
 nimble. 
 
 officious, 
 prompt, 
 quick, v-^ 
 ready, 
 restless. 
 
 sprightly, 
 spry, 
 supple, 
 vigorous, 
 wide awake. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 agile, 
 
 alert, 
 
 brisk, 
 
 bustling, 
 
 busy, 
 
 diligent. 
 
 Active refers to both quickness and constancy of action; in tlie 
 former sense it is allied witli agile, alert, brisk, etc. ; in the latter, 
 with busy, diligent, industrious. The active love employment, 
 the busy are actually employed, the diligent and the industrious 
 are habitually busy. The restless are active from inability to keep 
 quiet; their activity may be without purpose, or out of all propor- 
 tion to the purpose contemplated. The officious are undesirably 
 active in the affairs of others. Compare alert; alive; meddle- 
 some. 
 
 Antouyius: 
 
 
 
 
 dull, 
 
 inactive, 
 
 lazy. 
 
 slow. 
 
 heavy, 
 
 indolent, 
 
 quiescent. 
 
 sluggish, 
 
 idle, 
 
 inert, 
 
 quiet, 
 
 stupid. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Active in work, in a cause; for an object, as for justice; with 
 persons or instrumentaUties; about something, as about other 
 people's business. 
 
 2
 
 acumen 
 add 
 
 1§ 
 
 insight, 
 
 keenness, 
 
 penetration, 
 
 perspicacity, 
 sagacity, 
 
 sharpness, 
 shrew^dness. 
 
 ACUMEIV. 
 Synonyms: 
 acuteness, 
 cleverness, 
 discernment, 
 
 SJuD'pness, acuteness, and insight, howexer^een, andpenefra- 
 tion, however deep, fall short of the meaning of acumen, wliich 
 implies also ability to vise these qualities to advantage. There are 
 persons of keen insight and great penetration to whom these 
 powers are practically useless. Acumen is sharp7iess to some 
 puri^ose, and belongs to a mind that is comprehensive as well as 
 keen. Cleverness is a practical aptitude for study or learning. 
 Insight and discernment are applied oftenest to the judgment of 
 character; penetration and jjej'sjjfcocjYT/ to other subjects of 
 knowledge. Sagacity is an uncultured skill in using quick per- 
 ceptions for a desired end, generally in practical affairs; acumen 
 may increase with study, and applies to the most erudite matters. 
 Shreicdness is keenness or sagacity, often with a somewhat evil 
 bias, as ready to take advantage of duller intellects. Perspicacity 
 is the power to see clearly tlirough that which is difficult or in- 
 volved. We speak of the acuteness of an observer or a reasoner, 
 the insight and discernment of a student, a clergyman, or a mer- 
 chant, the sagacity of a hound, the keenness of a debater, the 
 shrewdness of a usurer, the penetration, perspicacity, and acu- 
 men of a philosopher. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 bluntness, dulness, obtuseness, stupidity. 
 
 ADD. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 adjoin, ' stnnex, augment, extend, make up, 
 afiB.x, append, cast up, increase, subjoin, 
 
 amplify, attach, enlarge, join on, sum up. 
 
 To add is to increase by adjoining or uniting: in distinction 
 from multiply, which is to increase by repeating. To augment a 
 thing is to incvease it by any means, but this word is seldom used 
 directly of material objects; we do not augment a house, a farm, 
 a nation, etc. We may enlarge a house, a farm, or an empire, 
 extend influence or dominion, augment riches, power or influ- 
 ence, attach or annex a building to one that it adjoins or papers 
 to the document they refer to, annex a clause or a codicil, ajfix a 
 seal or a signature, annex a territory, attach a condition to a prom- 
 ise. A speaker may amplify a discourse by a fuller treatment
 
 ^ addicted 
 
 Iw address, v. 
 
 throughout than was originally planned, or he may append or 
 subjoin certain remarks without cliange of what has gone before. 
 We cast up or sum up an account, though add up and make up 
 are now more usual expressions. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abstract, dimmish, lessen, remove, withdraw. 
 
 deduct, dissever, reduce, subtract, 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 Other items are to be added to the account. 
 
 ADDICTED. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abandoned, devoted, given over, inclined, 
 
 accustomed, disposed, given up, prone, 
 
 attached, given, habituated, wedded. 
 
 One is addicted to that which he has allowed to gain a strong, 
 
 habitual, and enduring hold upon action, inclination, or involuntary 
 
 tendency, as to a habit or indulgence. A man may be accustomed 
 
 to labor, attached to his profession, devoted to his religion, given 
 
 to study or to gluttony (in the bad sense, given over, or given up, 
 
 is a stronger and more hopeless expression, as is abandoned). One 
 
 inclined to luxury may become habituated .to poverty. One is 
 
 ivedded to that which has become a second nature ; as, one is 
 
 wedded to science or to art. Prone is used only in a bad sense, 
 
 and generally of natural tendencies ; as, our hearts are prone to 
 
 evil. Abandoned tells of the acquired viciousness of one who has 
 
 given himself up to wickedness. Addicted may be used in a 
 
 good, but more frequently a bad sense ; as, addicted to study ; 
 
 addicted to di-ink. Devoted is used chiefly in the good sense ; as, 
 
 a mother's devoted affection. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 averse, disinclined, indisposed, unaccnstomed. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 Addicted to vice. 
 
 ADDRE$^§, v. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accost, approach, hail, speak to, 
 
 apostrophize, court, salute, woo. 
 
 appeal, greet. 
 
 To accost is to speak first, to friend or stranger, generally with 
 
 a view to opening conversation ; greet is not so distinctly limited, 
 
 since one may return another's greeting ; greet and hail may 
 
 imply but a passing word ; greeting may be altogether silent ; to 
 
 hail is to greet in a loud=voiced and commonly hearty and joyous
 
 address, n. 80 
 
 way, as appears in the expression ''hail fellow, well met." To 
 
 salute is to greet with special token of respect, as a soldier his 
 
 commander. To apostrophize is to solemnly address some person 
 
 or personified attribute apart from the audience to whom one is 
 
 speaking ; as, a preacher may apostrophize virtue, the saints of 
 
 old, or even the Deity. To ap)X)eal is sti'ictly to call for some form 
 
 of help or support. Address is slightly rnore formal than accost 
 
 or greet, though it may often be interchanged with them. One 
 
 may address another at considerable length or in writing ; he 
 
 accosts orally and briefly. 
 
 Antouyms: 
 
 avoid, elude, overlook, pass by, 
 
 cut, ignore, pass, shun. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Address the memorial to the legislature; the president ad- 
 dressed the people in an eloquent speech ; he addressed an inti-uder 
 ivith indignation. 
 
 ADDRE§§, n. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adroitness, discretion, manners, readiness, 
 
 courtesy. ingenuity, politeness, tact, 
 
 dexterity, 
 
 Address is that indefinable something which enables a man to 
 gain his object without seeming exertion or contest, and generally 
 with the favor and approval of those with whom he deals. It is a 
 general power to direct to the matter in hand whatever qualities 
 are most needed for it at the moment. It includes adroitness and 
 discretion to know what to do or say and what to avoid ; ingenuity 
 to devise ; readiness to speak or act ; the dexterity that comes of 
 practise ; and tact, which is the power of fine touch as applied to 
 human character and feeling. Courtesy and politeness are indis- 
 pensable elements of good address. Compare speech. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 awkwardness, 
 
 clumsiness, 
 
 ill "breeding, 
 
 stupidity, 
 
 boorishness, 
 
 fatuity, 
 
 ill manners, 
 
 unmannerlinees, 
 
 clownishness. 
 
 folly, 
 
 rudeness, 
 
 unwisdom. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Address in dealing with opponents ; the address of an accom- 
 plished intriguer ; an addi-ess to the audience.
 
 adequate 
 ^1 adherent 
 
 ADEQUATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 able, competent, fitted, satisfactory, 
 
 adapted, equal, fitting, sufficient, 
 
 capable, fit, g.ualified, suitable, 
 
 commensurate, 
 
 Adequate, commensurate, and sufficient signify equal to some 
 given occasion or work ; as, a sum sufficient to meet expenses ; an 
 adequate remedy for the disease. Commensurate is the more pre- 
 cise and learned word, signifying that which exactly measures the 
 matter in question. Adapted, fit, suitable, and qualified refer to 
 the qualities which match or suit the occasion. A clergyman may 
 have strength adequate to the work of a porter ; but that would 
 not be ay/f or suitable occupation for him. Work is satisfactory 
 if it satisfies those for whomi it is done, though it may be very 
 poor work judged by some higher standard. Qualified refers to 
 acquired abilities ; competent to both natural and acquired ; a 
 qualified teacher may be no longer competent, by reason of ill 
 health. Able and capable suggest general ability and reserved 
 power, able being the higher word of the two. An able man will 
 do somethmg well in any position. A capable man will come up 
 to any ordinary demand. We say an able orator, a capable ac- 
 countant. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disqualified, inferior, unequal, unsatisfactory, useless, 
 
 inadequate, insufficient, unfit, unsuitable, worthless, 
 
 incompetent, poor, unqualified, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Adequate to the demand ; for the purpose. 
 
 ADIIEREXT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aid, ally, disciple, partisan, supporter, 
 
 aider, backer, follow^er. 
 
 An adherent is one who is devoted or attached to a person, 
 party, principle, cause, creed, or the like. One may be an aider 
 and su2yporter of a party or church, while not an adherent to all 
 its doctrines or claims. An cdly is more independent still, as he 
 may differ on every point except the specific ground of union. 
 The Allies who overthrew Napoleon were united only against him. 
 Allies are regarded as equals ; adherents and disciples are follow- 
 ers. The adherent depends more on his individual judgment, the 
 disciple is more subject to command and instruction ; thus we say 
 the disciples rather than the adherents of Christ. Partisan has
 
 adhesive nn 
 
 adjacent '*'* 
 
 the nan-ow and odious sense of adliesion to a party, right or 
 wrong. One may be an adherent or stqjjiorter of a party and not 
 a, partisan. Backer is a sporting and theatrical word, personal in 
 its application, and not in the best usage. Compare ACCESSORY. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adversary, betrayer, enemy, opponent, traitor. 
 
 antagonist, deserter, hater, renegade. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Adlierents to principle ; adherents of Luther. 
 
 ADHESIVE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cohesive. gummy, sticky, viscous, 
 
 glutinous, sticking, viscid, 
 
 Adhesive is the scientific, sticking or sticky the popular word. 
 That which is adhesive tends to join itself to the surface of any 
 other body with which it is placed in contact; cohesive expresses 
 the tendency of particles of the same substance to hold together. 
 Polished j)late glass is not adhesive, but such plates packed to- 
 gether are intensely cohesive. An adhesive plaster is in popular 
 language a sf?cfci7?c/=plaster. Sticky expresses a more limited, and 
 generally annoying, degi-ee of the same quality. Glutinous, 
 gummy, viscid, and viscous are applied to fluid or semi=fluid sub- 
 stances, as pitch or tar. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 free, inadhesive, loose, separable. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 The stiff, wet clay, adliesive to the foot, impeded progress. 
 
 ADJACENT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abutting. bordering, contiguous, neigbboring,, 
 
 adjoining, close, coterminous, next, 
 
 attached, conterminous, near, nigh, 
 beside. 
 
 Adjacent farms may not be connected; if adjoining, they meet 
 at the boundary=Une. Conterminous would imjily that their 
 dimensions were exactly equal on the side where they adjoin. 
 Contiguous may be used for either adjacent or adjoining. Abut- 
 ting refers rather to the end of one building or estate than to the 
 neighborhood of another. Buildings may be adjacent or adjoin- 
 ing that are not attached. Near is a relative word, places being 
 called near upon the railroad which would elsewhere be deemed 
 remote. Neighboring always implies such proximity that the in-
 
 g^n admire 
 
 -•«» adorn 
 
 habitants may be neighbors. Next views some object as the near- 
 est of several or many; 7iext neighbor implies a neighborhood. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 detached, disconnected, disjoined, distant, remote, separate. 
 Preposition : 
 
 The farm was adjacent to the village. 
 
 AOmiRE. 
 
 Synonyms s 
 
 . adore, delight in, extol, respect, venerate? 
 
 ■^ applaud, enjoy, honor, revere, ^ w^onder. 
 
 approve, esteem, love, 
 
 In the old sense of tconder, admire is practically obsolete; the 
 word now expresses a delight and approval, in which the element 
 of wonder unconsciously mingles. We admire beauty in nature 
 and art, delight in the innocent happiness of children, enjoy books 
 or society, a walk or a dinner. We approve what is excellent, ap- 
 plaud heroic deeds, esteem the good, love our friends. We Jionor 
 and respect noble character wherever found; we revere and vener- 
 ate it in the aged. We extol the goodness and adore the majesty 
 and power of God. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abhor, contemn, detest, execrate, ridicule, 
 
 abominate, despise, dislike, hate, scorn. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 Admire at may stiU very rarely be found in the old sense of 
 
 wonder at. 
 
 ADORIV. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 beautify, decorate, garnish, illustrate, 
 
 hedeck, embellish, gild. ornament, 
 
 deck, 
 
 To embellish is to brighten and enliven by adding something 
 that is not necessarily or very closely connected with that to which 
 it is added; to illustrate is to add something so far like in kind as 
 to cast a side=light upon the principal matter. An author embel- 
 lishes his narrative with fine descriptions, the artist illustrates it 
 with beautiful engTavings, the binder gilds and decorates the vol- 
 ume. Garnish is on a lower plane; as, the feast was garnished 
 with flowers. Deck and bedeck are conimonly said of apparel; as, 
 a mother bedecks her daughter with silk and jewels. To adorn 
 and to ornament alike signify to add that which makes anything 
 beautiful and attractive, but ornament is more exclusively on the 
 material plane; as, the gateway was ornamented with delicate
 
 aflrroBt 04 
 
 agent •* 
 
 carving. Adorn is more lofty and spiritual, referring to a beauty 
 which is not material, and can not be put on by ornaments or dec- 
 orations, but seems in perfect harmony and unity with that to 
 which it adds a gi-ace; if we say, the gateway was adorned with 
 beautiful carving, we imply a unity and loftiness of design such 
 as ornamented can not express. We say of some admirable schol- 
 ar or statesman, " he touched nothing that he did not adorn." 
 At church, with meek and unafEected grace, 
 His looks adorned the venerable place. 
 
 Goldsmith Deserted Village, 1. 178. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 deface, deform, disfigure, mar, spoil. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 Adorn his temples ivith a coronet. 
 
 AFFRONT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aggravate, exasperate, offend. vex, 
 
 annoy. insult, provoke, wound, 
 
 displease, irritate, tease. 
 
 One may be annoyed by the well=meaning awkwardness of a 
 servant, irritated by a tight shoe or a thoughtless remark, vexed 
 at some careless neglect or needless misfortune, tcounded by the 
 ingratitude of child or friend. To tease is to give some slight 
 and perhaps playful annoyance. Aggravate in the sense of offend 
 is colloquial. To provoke, literally to call out or challenge, is to 
 begin a contest; one provokes another to violence. To affront is 
 to offer some defiant offense or indignity, as it were, to one's face; 
 it is somewhat less than to insidt. Compare pique. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 conciliate, content, gratify, honor, please. 
 
 AGENT. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 actor, factor, means, operator, promoter, 
 
 doer, instrument, mover, performer, 
 
 In strict philosophical usage, the prime mover or doer of an act 
 is the agent. Thus we speak of man as a voluntary agent, a free 
 agent. But in common usage, especially in business, an agent is 
 not the prime actor, but only an instrument or factor, acting 
 under orders or instructions. Compare cause. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 chief, inventor, originator, principal. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 An agent of the company for selling, etc.
 
 admit, 
 
 coincide, 
 
 concur. 
 
 approve, 
 
 combine, 
 
 consent. 
 
 assent. 
 
 comply. 
 
 harmonize. 
 
 agree 
 25 agriculture 
 
 AOREE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accede, 
 accept, 
 accord, 
 acquiesce, 
 
 Agree is the most general term of this gi'oup, signifying to 
 have like qualities, proportions, views, or inclinations, so as to be 
 free from jar, conflict, or contradiction in a given relation. To 
 concur is to agree in general; to coincide is to agree in every par- 
 ticular. Whether in application to persons or things, concur tends 
 to expression in action more than coincide; we may either concur 
 or coincide in an opinion, but concur in a decision; views coi?ic/de, 
 causes concur. One accepts another's terms, complies with his 
 wishes, admits his statement, approves his plan, conforms to his 
 views of doctrine or duty, accedes or consents to his proposal. 
 Accede expresses the more formal agreement, consent the more 
 complete. To assent is an act of the understanding; to consent, 
 of tlie will. We may concur or agree with others, either in opin- 
 ion or decision. One may silently acquiesce in that which does 
 not meet his views, but which he does not care to contest. He 
 admits the charge brought, or the statement made, by another — 
 admit always carrying a suggestion of reluctance. Assent is 
 sometimes used for a mild form of consent, as if agreement in the 
 opinion assured approval of the decision. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 contend, demur, disagree, oppose, 
 
 contradict, deny, dispute, protest, 
 
 decline, differ, dissent, refuse. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 I agree in ojjinion with the speaker ; to the terms proposed ; 
 persons agree on or u2Jon a statement of principles, rules, etc. ; we 
 must agree among ourselves. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 cultivation, gardening, kitchengardening, 
 
 culture, horticulture, market^gardening, 
 
 farming, husbandry, tillage, 
 
 floriculture, 
 
 Agriculture is the generic term, including at once the science, 
 the art, and the process of supplying human wants by raising the 
 products of the soil, and by the associated industries; farming is 
 the practise of agriculture as a business; there may be theoretical 
 agricidture, but not theoretical /«rHim(/; we speak of the science 
 of agriculture, the business of farming; scientific agriculture
 
 aim '*'* 
 
 may be wholly in books; scientific /armtwgr is practised upon the 
 land; we say an agricultural college rather than a college of 
 farming. Farming refers to the cultivation of considerable por- 
 tions of land, and the raising of the coarser crops; gardening is 
 the close cultivation of a small area for small fruits, flowers, vege- 
 tables, etc., and while it may be done upon a farm is yet a distinct 
 industry. Gardening in general, kitchen^gardening, the cidtiva- 
 tion of vegetables, etc., for the household, market^gardening, the 
 raising of the same for sale, floricidture, the culture of flowers, 
 and horticidture, the culture of fruits, flowers, or vegetables, are 
 all departments of agricidture, but not strictly nor ordinarily of 
 farming; farming is itself one department of agricidture. Hus- 
 bandry is a general word for any form of practical agricidture, 
 but is now chiefly poetical. Tillage refers directly to the work 
 bestowed upon the land, as plowing, manuring, etc.; cultivation 
 refers especially to the processes that bring forward the crop; we 
 speak of the tillage of the soil, the ctdtivation of corn; we also 
 speak of land as in a state of cidtivation, under ctdtivation, etc. 
 Cidttire is now applied to the careful development of any product 
 to a state of perfection, especially by care through successive gen- 
 erations; the choice varieties of the strawberry have been produced 
 by wise and patient culture; a good crop in any year is the result 
 of good cultivation, 
 
 AIM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aspiration, endeavor, intention, tendency, 
 
 design. goal, mark, 
 
 determination, inclination, object, 
 end, intent, purpose. 
 
 The aim is the direction in which one shoots, or sometimes 
 that which is aimed at. The mark is that at which one slioots; 
 the goal, that toward which one runs. All alike indicate the di- 
 rection of endeavor. The end is the point at which one expects or 
 hopes to close his labors; the object, that which he would grasp as 
 the reward of his labors. Aspiration, design, endeavor, purpose, 
 referring to the mental acts by which the aim is attained, are 
 often used as interchangeable with aim. Aspiration applies to 
 what are viewed as noble aims; endeavor, design, intention, pur- 
 pose, indifferently to the best or worst. Aspiration has less of 
 decision than the other terms; one may aspire to an object, and 
 yet lack the fixedness of purpose by which alone it can be attained. 
 Purpose is stronger than intention. Design especially denotes the
 
 27 
 
 air 
 airy 
 
 iaptation of means to an end; endeavor refers to the exertions 
 b^ which it is to be attained. One whose aims are worthy, whose 
 aspirations are high, whose designs are wise, and whose jjitrjjoses 
 are steadfast, may hope to reach the goal of his ambition, and will 
 surely win some object worthy of a life's endeavor. Compare 
 
 AMBITION; DESIGN. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aimlessness, heedlessness, negligence, purposelessness. 
 
 avoidance, 
 carelessness, 
 
 neglect, 
 
 oversight, 
 
 thoughtlessness. 
 
 demeanor, 
 expression, 
 fashion, 
 look, 
 
 manner, 
 
 mien, 
 
 port. 
 
 sort, 
 
 style, 
 
 w^ay. 
 
 AIR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 appearance, 
 bearing, 
 behavior, 
 carriage, 
 
 Air is that combination of qualities which makes the entire 
 impression we receive in a person's presence; as, we say he has the 
 air of a scholar, or the air of a villain. Appearance refers more 
 to the dress and other externals. We might say of a travel=soiled 
 pedestrian, he has the appearance of a tramp, but the air of a gen- 
 tleman. Expression and look especially refer to the face. Ex- 
 pression is oftenest applied to that Avhich is habitual ; as, he has a 
 pleasant expression of countenance; /oofc may be momentary; as, a 
 look of dismay passed over his face. We may, however, speak of 
 the look or looks as indicating all that we look at; as, he had the 
 look of an adventurer; I did not like his looks. Bearing is rather 
 a lofty word; as, he has a noble hearing; port is practically iden- 
 tical in meaning with hearing, but is more exclusively a literary 
 word. Carriage, too, is generally used in a good sense; as, that lady 
 has a good carriage. Mien is closely synonymous with air, but less 
 often used in a bad sense. We say a rakish air rather than a ra- 
 kish mien. Mien may be used to express some prevailing feeling; 
 as, "an indignant mien.'''' Demeanor goes beyond appearance, 
 including conduct, behavior; as, a modest demeanor. Manner 
 and style are, in large part at least, acquired. Compare behavioe. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aerial, 
 animated. 
 
 ethereal, 
 fairy like, 
 
 AIRY. 
 
 frolicsome, joyous, lively, 
 gay, light, sprightly. 
 
 Aerial and airy both signify of or belonging to the air, but 
 airy also describes that which seems as if made of air; we speak
 
 alarm ^„ 
 
 alert 2§ 
 
 of airy shapes, airy nothings, where we could not well say aerial; 
 ethereal describes its object as belonging to the upper air, the pure 
 ether, and so, often, heavenly. Sprightly, spiritlike, refers to 
 light, free, cheerful activity of mind and body. That which is 
 lively or animated may be agreeable or the reverse; as, an ani- 
 mated discussion ; a lively company. 
 Antonyms   
 
 clumsy, heavy, ponderous, slusgish, wooden, 
 
 dull, inert, slow, stony, 
 
 ALARm. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 affright, disquietude, fright, solicitude, 
 
 apprehension, dread, misgiving, terror, 
 
 consternation, fear, panic, timidity, 
 dismay. 
 
 Alarm, according to its derivation alVarme, " to arms," is an 
 arousing to meet and repel danger, and may be quite consistent 
 with true courage. Affright and fright express sudden fear 
 which, for the time at least, overwhelms courage. The sentinel 
 discovers with alarm the sudden approach of the enemy; the un- 
 armed villagers view it with affright. AiJprehension, disquietude, 
 dread, misgiving, and solicitude are in anticipation of danger; 
 consternation, dismay, and terror are overwhelming fear, gener- 
 ally in the actual presence of that which is terrible, though these 
 words also may have an anticipative force. Timidity is a quaUty, 
 habit, or condition, a readiness to be affected with fear. A person 
 of great timidity is constantly liable to needless alarm and even 
 terror. Compare fear. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 assurance, calmness, confidence, repose, security. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Alarm was felt in the camp, among the soldiers, at the news. 
 
 ALERT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 active, lively, prepared, vigilant, 
 
 brisk, nimble, prompt, w^atchful, 
 
 bustling, on the w^atch, ready, wide=awake, 
 
 Alert, ready, and iride-awake refer to a watchful promptness 
 for action. Ready suggests thoughtful preparation ; the wander- 
 ing Indian is alert, the trained soldier is ready. Ready expresses 
 more life and vigor than prepared. The gun is pjrepared; the 
 man is ready. Prompt expresses readiness for appointment or
 
 ~jj alien, a. 
 
 -•" alien, n. 
 
 demand at the required moment. The good general is ready for 
 emergencies, alert to perceive opportunity or peril, prompt to 
 seize occasion. The sense of brisJc, nimble is the secondary and 
 now less common signification of alert. Compare active; alive; 
 nimble; vigilant. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 drowsy, dull, heavy, inactive, slow, sluggish, stupid. 
 
 AI^IEN, a. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 conflicting, distant, inappropriate, strange, 
 
 contradictory, foreign, irrelevant, unconnected, 
 
 contrary, hostile. opposed, unlike, 
 
 contrasted, impertinent, remote. 
 
 Foreign refers to difference of birth, alien to difference of al- 
 legiance. In their figurative use, that is foreign which is remote, 
 unlike, or unconnected; that is alien which is conflicting, hostile, 
 or opposed. Impertinent and irrelevant matters can not claim 
 consideration in a certain connection; inappropriate matters 
 could not properly be considered. Compare alien, n.; con- 
 trast, V. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 akin, apropos, germane, proper, 
 
 appropriate, essential, pertinent, relevant. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Such a purpose was alien to {or front) my thought: to preferable. 
 
 ALIE»f, n. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 foreigner, stranger. 
 
 A naturalized citizen is not an alien, though a foreigner by 
 birth, and perhaps a stranger in the place where he resides. A 
 person of foreign birth not naturalized is an alien, though he may 
 have been resident in the country a large part of a lifetime, and 
 ceased to be a stranger to its people or institutions. He is an alien 
 in one country if his allegiance is to another. The people of any 
 country still residing in their own land are, strictly speaking, for- 
 eigners to the people of all other countries, rather than aliens; but 
 alien and foreigner are often used synonymously. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 citizen, fellow=countryman, native=born inhabitant, 
 
 countryman, native, naturalized person. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Aliens to (more rarely from) our nation and laws ; aliens w 
 
 our land, among our people.
 
 alike „^ 
 
 alive «>v 
 
 ALIKE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 akin, equivalent, kindred, same, 
 
 analogous, homogeneous, like. similar, 
 
 eoLual, identical, resembling, uniform. 
 
 Alike is a comprehensive word, signifying as applied to two or 
 more objects that some or all qualities of one are the same as those 
 of the other or others ; by modifiers alike may be made to express 
 more or less resemblance ; as, these houses are somewhat (1 e., 
 partially) alike ; or, these houses are exactly (i. e., in all respects) 
 alike. Cotton and wool are alike in this, that they can both be 
 woven into cloth. Substances are homogeneous which are made 
 up of elements of the same kind, or which are the same in struc- 
 ture. Two pieces of iron maybe homogeneous in material, while 
 not alike in size or shape. In geometry, two triangles are eqiial 
 when they can be laid over one another, and fit, line for line and 
 angle for angle ; they are equivalent when they simply contain the 
 same amount of space. An identical proposition is one that says 
 the same thing precisely in subject and i)redicate. Similar refers 
 to close resemblance, which yet leaves room for question or denial 
 of complete likeness or identity. To say ' ' this is the identical 
 man," is to say not merely that he is similar to the one I have in 
 mind, but that he is the very same person. Things are analogous 
 when they are similar in idea, plan, use, or character, tho 
 perhaps quite unlike in appearance ; as, the gills of fishes are said 
 to be analogous to the lungs in terrestrial animals. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 different, dissimilar, distinct, heterogeneous, unlike. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The specimens are alike in kind ; they are all alike to me. 
 
 ALIVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 active, breathing, live, quick, 
 
 alert. brisk, lively, subsisting, 
 
 animate. existent, living, vivacious, 
 
 animated, existing, 
 
 Alive applies to all degrees of life, from that which shows one 
 
 to be barely existing or existent as a living thing, as when we say 
 
 he is just alive, to that which implies the very utmost of vitality 
 
 and power, as in the words "he is all alive," "thoroughly alive." 
 
 So the word quick, which began by signifying "having life," is 
 
 now mostly applied to energy of life as shown in swiftness of 
 
 action. Breathing is capable of like contrast. We say of a dying
 
 <»* allei^e 
 
 man, he is still breathing ; or we speak of a breathing statue, or 
 "breathing and sounding, beauteous battle," Tennyson Princess 
 can. V, 1. 155, where it means having, or seeming to have, full and 
 vigorous breath, abundant life. Compare active ; alert ; nimble. 
 Antoiiyius : 
 
 dead, defunct, dull, lifeless, 
 
 deceased, dispirited, inanimate, spiritless. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Alive in every nerve ; alive to every noble impulse ; alive vyith 
 fervor, hope, resolve ; alive through all his being. 
 
 ALLAY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 alleviate, compose, quiet, still, 
 
 appease, mollify, sootlie, tranquilize. 
 
 calm, pacify, 
 
 Allay and alleviate are closely kindred in signification, and 
 have been often interchanged in usage. But, in strictness, to 
 allay is to lay to rest, quiet or soothe that which is excited; to al- 
 leviate, on the other hand, is to lighten a burden. We allay suf- 
 fering by using means to soothe and tranquilize the sufferer; we 
 alleviate suffering by doing something toward removal of the 
 cause, so that there is less to suffer ; where the trouble is wholly 
 or chiefly in the excitement, to allay the excitement is virtually 
 to remove the trouble; as, to allay rage or panic; we alleviate 
 poverty, but do not allay it. Pacify, directly from the Latin, and 
 appease, from the Latin through the French, signify to bring to 
 peace; to mollify is to soften; to calm, quiet, or tranquilize is to 
 make still; compose, to place together, unite, adjust to a calm and 
 settled condition; to soothe (originally to assent to, humor) is to 
 bring to pleased quietude. "We allay excitement, appease a tu- 
 mult, calm agitation, compose our feelings or countenance, paci/y 
 the quarrelsome, quiet the boisterous or clamorous, soothe grief or 
 distress. Compare alleviate. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 agitate, excite, kindle, rouse, stir up. 
 
 arouse, fan, provoke, stir, 
 
 ALLEGE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adduce, asseverate, claim, maintain, produce, 
 
 advance, assign, declare, offer. say, 
 
 affirm, aver, introduce, plead, state. 
 
 assert, cite, 
 
 To allege is formally to state as true or capable of proof, but 
 
 without proving. To adduce, literally to lead to, is to bring the
 
 alle^ance 
 
 33 
 
 evidence up to what has been alleged. Adduce is a secondary 
 word; nothing can be adduced in evidence till something has been 
 stated or alleged, which the evidence is to sustain. An alleged 
 fact stands open to question or doubt. To speak of an alleged doc- 
 ument, an alleged will, an alleged crime, is either to question, or 
 at least very carefully to refrain from admitting, that the docu- 
 ment exists, that the will is genuine, or that the crime has been 
 committed. Alleged is, however, respectful; to speak of the "so= 
 called" will or deed, etc., would be to cast discredit upon the doc- 
 ument, and imply that the speaker was ready to brand it as un- 
 questionably spurious; alleged simply concedes nothing and leaves 
 the question open. To produce is to bring forward, as, for in- 
 stance, papers or persons. Adduce is not used of persons; of them 
 we say introduce or produce. When an alleged criminal is 
 brought to trial, the counsel on either side are accustomed to ad- 
 vance a theory, and adduce the strongest possible evidence in its 
 support; they 'wiW produce documents and witnesses, cite prece- 
 dents, assign reasons, introduce suggestions, offer pleas. The ac- 
 cused will usually assert his innocence. Compare state. 
 
 ALLEGIA]V€E. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 devotion, fealty, loyalty, obedience, subjection, 
 
 faithfulness, homage, 
 
 Allegiance is the obligation of fidelity and obedience that an 
 individual owes to his government or sovereign, in return for the 
 protection he receives. The feudal uses of these words have mostly 
 passed away with the state of society that gave them birth; but 
 their origin still colors their present meaning. A patriotic Ameri- 
 can feels an enthusiastic loyalty to the republic; he takes, on occa- 
 sion, an oath of allegiance to the government, but his loyalty will 
 lead him to do more than mere allegiance could demand; he pays 
 homage to God alone, as the only king and lord, or to those prin- 
 ciples of right that are spiritually supreme; he acknowledges the 
 duty of obedience to all rightful authority; he resents the idea of 
 subjection. Fealty is becoming somewhat rare, except in elevated 
 ot poetic style. We prefer to speak of the faithfidness rather 
 than the fealty of citizen, wife, or friend. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 disaffection, disloyalty, rebellion, sedition, treason. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 We honor the allegiance of the citizen to the government ; 
 the government has a right to allegiance from the citizen.
 
 allegory 
 «»«» alleviate 
 
 ALLEGORY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 fable, fiction, illustration, metaphor, parable, simile. 
 
 In modern usage we may say that an allegory is an extended 
 simile, while a metaphor is an abbreviated simile contained often 
 in a phrase, perhaps in a word. The simile carries its compari- 
 son on the surface, in the words as, like, or similar expressions; 
 the metaphor is given directly without any note of comparison. 
 The allegory, parable, or fable tells its story as if true, leav- 
 ing the reader or hearer to discover its fictitious character and 
 learn its lesson. All these are, in strict definition, fictions; but the 
 word fiction is now applied almost exclusively to novels or ro- 
 mances. An allegory is a moral or religious tale, of which the 
 moral lesson is the substance, and all descriptions and incidents 
 but accessories, as in " The Pilgrim's Progress." A fable is gen- 
 erally briefer, representing animals as the speakers and actors, and 
 commonly conveying some lesson of practical wisdom or shrewd- 
 ness, as "The Fables of >35sop." A parable is exclusively moral 
 or religious, briefer and less adorned than an allegory, with its les- 
 son more immediately discernible, given, as it were, at a stroke. 
 Any comparison, analogy, instance, example, tale, anecdote, or 
 the like which serves to let in light upon a subject may be called 
 an illustration, this word in its widest use including all the rest. 
 Compare fiction; story. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 chronicle, fact, history, narrative, record. 
 
 ALLEVIATE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abate, lighten, reduce, remove, 
 
 assuage, mitigate, relieve, soften, 
 
 lessen, moderate, 
 
 Etymologically, to alleviate is to lift a burden toward one- 
 self, and so lighten it for the bearer ; to relieve is to lift it back 
 from the bearer, nearly or quite away ; to remove is to take it 
 away altogether. Alleviate is thus less than relieve; relieve, or- 
 dinarily, less than remove. We alleviate, relieve or remove the 
 trouble ; we relieve, not alleviate, the sufferer. Assuage is, by 
 derivation, to sweeten ; mitigate, to make mild ; moderate, to 
 bring within measure ; abate, to beat down, and so make less. 
 We abate a fever ; lessen anxiety ; moderate passions or desires ; 
 lighten burdens ; mitigate or alleviate pain ; reduce inflammation; 
 3
 
 alliance 
 allot 
 
 34 
 
 soften, assuage, or moderate grief ; we lighten or mitigate punish- 
 ments ; we relieve any suffering of body or mind that admits of 
 help, comfort, or remedy. Alleviate has been often confused with 
 allay. Compare allay. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aggravate, embitter, heighten, intensify, make worse, 
 
 augment, enhance, increase, magnify. 
 
 partnership, 
 union. 
 
 ALLIANCE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 coalition, confederation, fusion, 
 
 compact, federation, league, 
 
 confederacy. 
 
 Alliance is in its most common use a connection formed by 
 treaty between sovereign states as for mutual aid in war. Part- 
 nership is a mercantile word ; alliance chiefly political or matri- 
 monial. Coalition is oftenest used of political parties ; fusion 
 is now the more common word in this sense. In an alliance 
 between nations there is no surrender of sovereignty, and no 
 union except for a specified time and purpose. League and alli- 
 ance are used w4th scarcely perceptible difference of meaning. In 
 a confederacy or confederation there is an attempt to unite sep- 
 arate states in a general government without surrender of sover- 
 eignty. Union implies so much concession as to make the separate 
 states substantially one. Federation is mainly a j)oetic and rhetor- 
 ical word expressing something of the same thought, as in Tenny- 
 son's 'federation of the world," Locksley Hcdl, 1. 128. The United 
 States is not a confederacy nor an alliance; the nation might be 
 called a federation, but pi'efers to be styled a federal union. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 antagonism, disunion, enmity, schism, separation, 
 
 discord, divorce, hostility, secession, war. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Alliance with a neighboring people ; against the common 
 
 enemy ; for offense and defense ; alliance of, betiveen, or among 
 
 nations. 
 
 ALLOT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 appoint, 
 apportion, 
 assign, 
 aw^ard. 
 
 Allot, originally to assign by lot, applies to the giving of a def- 
 inite thing to a certain person. A portion or extent of time is al- 
 
 destine, 
 
 distribute, 
 
 divide, 
 
 give, 
 grant, 
 mete out. 
 
 portion out, 
 select, 
 set apart.
 
 <>5 allo^v 
 
 lotted; as, I expect to live out my allotted time. A definite period 
 ip appointed; as, the audience assembled at the appointed hour. 
 Allot may also refer to space; as, to allot a plot of ground for a 
 cemetery; but we now oftener use select, set apart, or assign. Allot 
 is not now used of persons. Appoint may be used of time, space, 
 or person; as, the ajipointed day; the appointed place; an officer 
 was appointed to tliis station. Destine may also refer to time, 
 place, or person, but it always has reference to what is considera- 
 bly in the future; a man appoints to meet his friend in five min- 
 utes ; he destines his son to foUow his own profession. Assign is 
 rarely used of time, but rather of places, persons, or things. We 
 assign a work to be done and assign a man to do it, who, if he 
 fails, must assign a reason for not doing it. That which is allotted, 
 appointed, or assigned is more or less arbitrary; that which is 
 awarded is the due requital of something the receiver has done, 
 and he has right and claim to it; as, the medal was aivarded for 
 valor. Compare apportion. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 appropriate, deny, resume, seize, 
 
 confiscate, refuse, retain, wittihold. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Allot to a company for a purpose. 
 
 ALLOW. ' 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 admit, consent to, let, sanction, tolerate, 
 
 concede, grant, permit, suffer, yield. 
 
 We alloio that which we do not attem^jt to hinder ; we permit 
 that to which we give some express authorization. Wlien this is 
 given verbally it is called permission; when in writing it is com- 
 monly called a permit. There are establishments that any one 
 will be alloived to visit without challenge or hindrance; there are 
 others that no one is alloioed to visit without a permit from the 
 manager; there are others to which visitors are admitted at speci- 
 fied times, without a formal permit.   We alloio a child's innocent 
 intrusion; ~we concede a right; grant a request; consent to a sale of 
 property; (permii an inspection of accounts ;^sa?^c^^o)^. a marriage; 
 tolerate the rudeness of a well=meaning servant; srt&mii to a sur- 
 gical operation; yield to a demand or necessity against our wish or 
 will, or 2/^eM something under compulsion; as, the sheriff yielded 
 the keys at the muzzle of a revolver, and alloived the mob to enter. 
 Suffer, in the sense of mild concession, is now becoming rare, its
 
 alloy 
 
 allude 36 
 
 place being taken by allow, permit, or tolerate. Compare per- 
 mission. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 deny, disapprove, protest, reject, withstand, 
 
 disallow, forbid, refuse, resist, 
 
 See also synonyms for prohibit. 
 Prepositions: 
 
 To allow of (in best recent usage, simply to allow) such an ac- 
 tion ; allow one in such a course ; allow for spending=raoney. 
 
 ALLOY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 admixture, adulteration, debasement, deterioration. 
 
 Alloy may be either some admixture of baser with precious 
 metal, as for giving hardness to coin or the like, or it may be a 
 compound or mixture of two or more metals. Adulteration, 
 debasement, and deterioration are always used in the bad sense ; 
 admixiure is neutral, and may be good or bad ; alloy is com- 
 monly good in the literal sense. An excess of alloy virtually 
 amounts to adulteration; but adulteration is now mostly restricted 
 to articles used for food, drink, medicine, and kindred uses. In 
 the figm-ative sense, as applied to character, etc. , alloy is unfavor- 
 able, because there the only standard is perfection. 
 
 ALLUDE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advert, indicate, intimate, point, signify, 
 
 hint, insinuate, mention, refer, suggest, 
 
 imply, 
 
 Advert, mention, and 7'efer are used of language that more or 
 less distinctly utters a certain thought ; the others of language 
 from which it may be inferred. We allude to a matter slightly, 
 perhaps by a word or phrase, as it were in byplay ; we advert to 
 it when we turn from our patli to treat it ; we refer to it by any 
 clear utterance that distinctly turns the mind or attention to it ; 
 as, marginal figures refer to a parallel passage ; we mention a 
 thing by explicit word, as by naming it. The speaker adverted to 
 the recent distin-bances and the remissness of certain public offi- 
 cers; tho he mentioned no name, it was easy to see to whom 
 he alluded. One may hint at a thing in a friencUy way, but what 
 is insinuated is always unfavorable, generally both hostile and 
 cowardly. One may indicate his wishes, intimate his plans, imply
 
 „^ allure 
 
 «»• also 
 
 his opinion, signify his will, suggest a course of action. Compare 
 
 SUGGESTION. 
 Preposition : 
 
 The passage evidently alludes to the Jewish Passover. 
 
 AI.I.IJRE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 attract, captivate, decoy, entice. lure, tempt, 
 
 cajole, coax, dravvr, inveigle, seduce, w^in. 
 
 To allure is to clrmv as with a lure by some charm or some 
 prospect of pleasure or advantage. We may attract others to a 
 certain thing without intent ; as, the good unconsciously attract 
 others to virtue. We may allure either to that which is evil or 
 to that which is good and noble, by purpose and endeavor, as in 
 the familiar line, " Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way," 
 Goldsmith Deserted Village 1. 170. Lure is rather more akin to 
 the physical nature. It is the word we Avould use of drawing on 
 an animal. Coax expresses the attraction of the person, not of 
 the thing. A man may be coaxed to that which is by no means 
 alluring. Cajole and decoy carry the idea of deceiving and ensnar- 
 ing. To inveigle is to lead one blindly in. To tempt is to endeavor 
 to lead one wrong ; to seduce is to succeed in winning one from 
 good to ill. Win may be used in either a bad or a good sense, in 
 which latter it surpasses the highest sense of allure, because it 
 succeeds in that which allure attempts; as, "He that urinneth 
 souls is wise," Prov. xi, 30. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 chill, damp, deter, dissuade, drive away, repel, warn. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Allure to a course ; allure hy hopes ; allure frovi evil to good. 
 
 ALSO. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 as virell, in addition. likew^ise, too. 
 
 as well as, in like manner, similarly, withal, 
 
 besides. 
 
 While some distinctions between these words and phrases will 
 
 appear to the careful student, yet in practise the choice between 
 
 them is largely to secure euphony and avoid repetition. The 
 
 words fall into two groups; as icell as, besides, in addition, too, 
 
 withal, simply add a fact or thought; also (all so), in like manner, 
 
 likewise, similarly, affirm that what is added is like that to which 
 
 it is added. As well follows the word or phrase to which it is
 
 alternative no 
 
 auia^s * 
 
 joined. We can say the singers as irell as the players, or the 
 players, and the singers as icell. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 but, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet. 
 
 in spite of, notwithstanding, on the other hand, 
 
 ALTERNATIVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 choice, election, option, pick, preference, resource. 
 
 A clioice may be among many things; an alternative is in the 
 strictest sense a clioice between two things; oftener it is one of two 
 things between which a choice is to be made, and either of which 
 is the alternative of the other ; as, the alternative of surrender is 
 deatli; or the two things betw-een which there is a choice may be 
 called the alternatives; both Mill and Gladstone are quoted as ex- 
 tending the meaning of alternative to include several particulars, 
 Gladstone even speaking of " the fourth and last of these alterna- 
 tives.''' Option is the right or privilege of choosing ; choice may 
 be either the right to choose, the act of choosing, or the thing 
 chosen. A person of abiUty and readiness will commonly have 
 many resources. Pick, from the Saxon, and election, from the 
 Latin, picture the objects before one, with freedom and power to 
 choose which he will ; as, there were twelve horses, among which 
 I could take my pick. A choice, pick, election, or preference is 
 that which suits one best ; an alternative is that to which one is 
 restricted ; a resource, that to which one is glad to betake oneself. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 compulsion, necessity. 
 
 AMASS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accumulate, collect, heap up, hoard up, store up. 
 aggregate, gather, hoard, pile up, 
 
 To amass is to bring together materials that make a mass, a 
 great bulk or quantity. With some occasional exceptions, accu- 
 mulate is applied to the more gradual, amass to the more rapid 
 gathering of money or materials, amass referring to the general 
 result or bulk, accumulate to the particular process or rate of gain. 
 We say interest is accumulated (or accumulates) rather than is 
 amassed ; he accumulated a fortune in the course of years; he 
 rapidly amassed a fortune by shrewd speculations. Goods or 
 money for immediate distribution are said to be collected rather
 
 OQ amateur 
 
 '**' ainazenient 
 
 than amassed. They may be stored up for a longer or shorter 
 time; but to Jward is always with a view of permanent retention, 
 generally selfish. Aggregate is now most commonly used of 
 numbers and amounts; as, the expenses will aggregate a i-ound 
 million. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disperse, divide, portion, spend, waste. 
 
 dissipate, parcel, scatter, squander, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Amass /or oneself ; for a purpose ; from a. distance ; unth great 
 labor ; by industry. 
 
 AHATEUR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 connoisseur, critic, dilettante, novice, tyro. 
 
 Etymologically, the amateur is one who loves, the connoisseur 
 one who knows. In usage, the term amateur is applied to one 
 who pursues any study or art simply from the love of it; the word 
 carries a natural implication of superficialness, tho marked 
 excellence is at- times attained by amateurs. A connoisseur is 
 supposed to be so thoroughly informed regarding any art or work 
 as to be able to criticize or select intelligently and authoritatively; 
 there are many incompetent critics, but there can not, in the true 
 sense, be an incompetent connoisseur. The amateur practises to 
 some extent that in regard to wdiich he may not be well informed; 
 the connoisseur is well informed in regard to that which he may 
 not practise at all. A novice or ti/ro may be a professional ; an 
 amateur never is; the amateur may be skilled and experienced as 
 the novice or ttjro never is. Dilettante, which had originally the 
 sense of amateur, has to some extent come to denote one who is 
 superficial, pretentious, and affected, whether in theory or prac- 
 tise. 
 Preposition: 
 
 An amateur in art. 
 
 AMAZEMENT. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 admiration, awe, confusion, surprise, 
 
 astonishment, bewilderment, perplexity, w^onder. 
 
 Amazement and astonishment both express the momentary 
 overwhelming of the mind by that which is beyond expectation. 
 Astonishment especially affects the emotions, amazement the in- 
 tellect. Awe is the yielding of the mind to something supremely
 
 ambition 40 
 
 grand in character or formidable in power, and ranges from ap- 
 prehension or dread to reverent worshijj. Admiration inchides 
 delight and regard. Surprise lies midway between astonishment 
 and amazement, and usually respects matters of lighter conse- 
 quence or such as are less startling in character. Amazement 
 may be either pleasing or painful, as when induced by the gran- 
 deur of the mountains, or by the fury of the storm. We can say 
 pleased surprise, but scarcely pleased astonishment. Amazement 
 has in it something of confusion or bewilderment; but confusion 
 and bewilderment may occur without amazement, as when a mul- 
 titude of details require instant attention. Astonishment may be 
 without bewilderment or confusion. Wonder is often pleasing, 
 and may be continuous in view of that which surpasses our com- 
 prehension; as, the magnitude, order, and beauty of the heavens 
 fill us with increasing wonder. Compare perplexity. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 anticipation, composure, expectation, preparation, steadiness, 
 
 calmness, coolness, indifference, self»possession, stoicism. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 I was filled with amazement at such reckless daring. 
 
 AMBITIOM. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aspiration, competition, emulation, opposition, rivalry. 
 
 Aspiration is the desire for excellence, pure and simple. Am- 
 bition, literally a going around to solicit votes, has primary refer- 
 ence to the award or approval of others, and is the eager desire of 
 power, fame, or something deemed great and eminent, and viewed 
 as a worthy prize. The prizes of aspiration are virtue, nobility, 
 skill, or other high qualities. The prizes of ambition are advance- 
 ment, fame, honor, and the like. There is a noble and wise or an 
 ignoble, selfish, and harmful ambition. Emidation is not so 
 much to win any excellence or success for itself as to equal or 
 surpass other persons. There is such a thing as a noble emidation, 
 when those we would equal or surpass are noble, and the means 
 we would use worthy. But, at the highest, emulation is inferior 
 as a motive to aspiration, which seeks the high quality or char- 
 acter for its own sake, not with reference to another. Competi- 
 tion is the striving for something that is sought by another at the 
 same time. Emidation regards the abstract, competition the con- 
 crete; rivalry is the same in essential meaning with competition, 
 but differs in the nature of the objects contested for, which, in
 
 41 amend 
 
 the case of rivalry, are usually of the nobler sort and less subject 
 to direct gaging, measurement, and rule. We speak of competi- 
 tioii, in business, emulation in scholarship, rivalry in love, politics, 
 etc.; emulation of excellence, success, achievement; competition 
 for a prize; rivalry between persons or nations. Competition 
 may be friendly, rivalry is commonly hostile. Opposition is be- 
 coming a frecpient substitute for competition in business language; 
 it implies that the competitor is an opponent and hinderer. 
 Antonyiii!i$: 
 
 carelessness, contentment, humility, indiflference, satisfaction. 
 
 AMEMD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advance, correct, meliorate, rectify, 
 
 ameliorate, emend, mend, reform, 
 
 better, improve, mitigate, repair, 
 
 cleanse, make better, purify. 
 
 To amend is to change for the better by removing faults, errors, 
 or defects, and always refers to that which at some point falls 
 short of a standard of excellence. Advance, better, and improve 
 may refer either to what is quite imperfect or to what has reached 
 a high degree of excellence ; we advance the kingdom of God, im- 
 prove the minds of our children, better the morals of the people. 
 But for matters below the point of ordinary approval we seldom 
 use these words ; we do not speak of bettering a wretched alley, 
 or improving a foul sewer. There we use cleanse, purify, or sim- 
 ilar words. We correct evils, reform abuses, rectify incidental 
 conditions of evil or error ; we ameliorate poverty and misery, 
 which we can not wholly remove. We mend a tool, repair a build- 
 ing, correct proof ; we amend character or conduct that is faulty, 
 or a statement or law that is defective. A text, writing, or state- 
 ment is amended by the author or by some adequate authority; it 
 is often emended by conjecture. A motion is amended by the 
 mover or by the assembly; a constitution is amended by the peo- 
 ple ; an ancient text is emended by a critic who believes that what 
 seems to him the better reading is what the author wrote. Com- 
 pare ALLEVIATE. 
 
 Antonym!!! : 
 
 aggravate, debase, harm, mar, tarnish, 
 
 blemish, depress, impair, spoil, vitiate, 
 
 corrupt, deteriorate, injure.
 
 amiable 
 amid 
 
 42 
 
 pleasing, 
 sweet, 
 "Winning, 
 winsome. 
 
 AmiABI^E. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 agreeable, engaging, lovable, 
 
 attractive, gentle, lovely, 
 
 benignant, good=natured, loving, 
 
 charming, kind, pleasant, 
 
 Amiable combines the senses of lovable or lovely and loving; the 
 amiable character lias ready affection and kindliness for others, 
 with the qualities that are adapted to win their love ; amiable is a 
 higher and stronger word than goochnaiured or agreeable. Lovely 
 is often applied to externals ; as, a lovely face. Amiable denotes a 
 disposition desirous to cheer, please, and make happy. A selfish 
 man of the world may have the art to be agreeable; a handsome, 
 brilliant, and witty person may be charming or even attractive, 
 while by no means amiable. The engaging, ivinning, and win- 
 some add to amiability something of beauty, accomplishments, 
 and grace. The benignant are calmly kind, as from a height 
 and a distance. Kind, good-natured people may be coarse and 
 rude, and so fail to be agreeable or pleasing; the really amiable 
 are likely to avoid such faults by their earnest desire to please. 
 The good-natured have an easy disposition to get along comforta- 
 bly with every one in all circumstances. A sweet disposition is 
 very sure to be amiable, the loving heart bringing out all that is 
 lovable and lovely in character. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 acrimonious, crusty, hateful, ill«tempered, 
 
 churlish, disagreeable, ilUconditioned, morose, 
 
 crabbed, dogged, ill»humored, sour, 
 
 cruel, gruff, ill^uaturcd, sullen, 
 
 surly, 
 
 unamiable, 
 
 unlovely. 
 
 AMID. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 amidst, amongst, betw^ixt, mingled with, 
 
 among, between, in the midst of, surrounded by. 
 
 Amid or amidst denotes surrounded by ; among or amongst 
 denotes mingled with. Bettceen (archaic or poetic, betwixt) is said 
 of two persons or objects, or of two groups of persons or objects. 
 " Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and 
 between my herdmen and thy herdmen," Gen. xiii, 9 ; the ref- 
 erence being to two bodies of herdmen. Amid denotes mere 
 position ; among, some active relation, as of companionship, hos- 
 tility, etc. Lowell's "Among my Books " regards the books as 
 companions ; amid my books would suggest packing, storing, or 
 some other incidental circumstance. "We say among friends, or 
 among enemies, amidst the woods, amid the shadows. Li the
 
 amplify 
 4(> aiialo 
 
 y 
 
 midst of may have merely the local meaning ; as, I found myself 
 in the midst of a crowd ; or it may express even closer association 
 than among ; as, " I found myself in the midst of friends "sug- 
 gests their jiressing up on every side, oneself the centxal object ; so, 
 " vsrhere two or three are met together in my name, there am I in 
 the midU of them," Matt, xviii, 20 y in wliich case it would be 
 feebler to say "■among them," impossible to say '^ amid them," 
 not so well to say " amidst them." 
 Antoiiyius : 
 
 afar from, away from, beyond, far from, outside, without. 
 
 AMPLIFY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 augment, dilate, expand. extend, unfold, 
 
 develop, enlarge, expatiate, increase, widen. 
 
 Amplify is now rarely used in the sense of increase, to add 
 material substance, bulk, volume, or the like ; it is now almost 
 wholly applied to discourse or writing, signifying to make fuller 
 in statement, whether with or without adding matter of impor- 
 tance, as by stating fully what was before only implied, or by add- 
 ing illustrations to make the meaning more readily apprehended, 
 etc. The chief difficulty of very young writers is to amplify, to 
 get beyond the bare curt statement by developing, expanding, un- 
 folding the thought. The chief difficulty of those who have more 
 material and experience is to condense sufficiently. So, in the 
 early days of our literature amplify was used in the favorable 
 sense ; but at present this word and most kindred words are com- 
 ing to share the derogatory meaning that has long attached to 
 expatiate. We may develop a thought, expand an illustration, 
 extend a discussion, exxxitiate on a hobby, dilate on something 
 joyous or sad, enlarge a volume, unfold a scheme, widen the range 
 of treatment. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 abbreviate, amputate, condense, cut down, reduce, summarize, 
 
 abridge, "boil down," curtail, epitomize, jetrench, sum up. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To amplify on or upon the subject is needless. Amplify this 
 matter by illustrations. 
 
 AlVALOGY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affinity, likeness, relation, similarity, 
 
 coincidence, parity, resemblance, simile, 
 
 comparison, proportion, semblance, similitude. 
 
 Analogy is specifically a resemblance of relations ; a resem-
 
 44 
 
 Nance that may be reasoned from, so that from the likeness in 
 certain respects we may infer that other and perhaps deeper rela- 
 tions exist. Affinity is a mutual attraction with or without seeming 
 likeness ; as, the affinity of iron for oxygen. Coincidence is com- 
 plete agreement in some one or more respects ; there may be a 
 coincidence in time of most dissimilar events. Parity of rea- 
 soning is said of an argument equally conclusive on subjects not 
 strictly analogous. Similitude is a rhetorical comparison of one 
 thing to another with which it has some points in common. 
 Resemblance and similarity are external or superficial, and may 
 involve no deeper relation ; as, the resemblance of a cloud to a 
 distant mountain. Compare allegory. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disagreement, disproportion, dissimilarity, incongruity, unlikenese. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The analogy beticeen (or of) nature and revelation ; the anal- 
 ogy of sound to light ; a family has some analogy with (or to) a 
 state. 
 
 AKOER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 animosity, fury, offense, rage, 
 
 choler, impatience, passion, resentment, 
 
 displeasure, indignation, peevishness, temper, 
 
 exasperation, ire, pettishness, vexation, 
 
 fretfulness, irritation, petulance, w^rath. 
 
 Displeasure is the mildest and most general word. Choler and 
 ire, now rare except in poetic or highly rhetorical language, denote 
 a still, and the latter a persistent, anger. Temper used alone in 
 the sense of anger is colloquial, tho we may correctly say a 
 hot temper, a fiery temper, etc. Passion, tho a word of far 
 wider application, may, in the singular, be employed to denote 
 anger ; " did put me in a towering passion," Shakespeare Ham- 
 let act V, sc. 2. Anger is violent and vindictive emotion, which is 
 sharp, sudden, and, like all violent passions, necessarily brief. 
 Resentment (a feeling back or feeling over again) is persistent, the 
 bitter brooding over injuries. Exasperation, a roughening, is a 
 hot, superficial intensity of anger, demanding instant expression. 
 Rage drives one beyond the bounds of prudence or discretion ; fury 
 is stronger yet, and sweeps one away into uncontrollable violence. 
 Anger is personal and usually selfish, aroused by real or supposed 
 wrong to oneself, and directed specifically and intensely against 
 the person who is viewed as blameworthy. Indignation is imper- 
 sonal and unselfish displeasure at unworthy acts (L. indigna), i. e.,
 
 45 animal 
 
 at wrong as wrong. Pure indignation is not followed by regret, 
 and needs no repentance ; it is also more self^controUed than 
 anger. Anger is commonly a sin ; indignation is often a duty. 
 Wrath is deep and perhaps vengeful dinpleafiure, as when the peo- 
 ple of Nazareth were "filled with ivrath'" at the j)lain words of 
 Jesus {Luke iv, 28) ; it may, however, simply express the culmina- 
 tion of righteous indignation withoixt malice in a pure being ; as, 
 the KTath of God. Impatience, fretfidness, irritation, peevish- 
 ness, pettishness, petulance, and vexation express the slighter 
 forms of anger. Irritation, petulance, and vexation are tempo- 
 rary and for immediate cause. Fretfulness, pettishness, and j?ee- 
 vishness are chronic states finding in any petty matter an occasion 
 for their exercise. Compare acrimony ; enmity ; hatred. 
 
 peacefulness, 
 
 self-control, 
 
 self»restraint. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Anger at the insult prompted the reply. Anger toward the 
 offender exaggerates the offense. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 amiability, 
 
 charity, 
 
 forbearance. 
 
 2;entleness, 
 
 leniency, 
 
 lenity. 
 
 long=8u£Eering, 
 
 love, 
 
 mildness, 
 
 patience, 
 
 peace, 
 
 peaceableness. 
 
 AlVIMAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 beast, living creature, sentient being, fauna, 
 
 brute, living organism, 
 
 An animal is a sentient being, distinct from inanimate matter 
 and from vegetable life on the one side and from mental and spir- 
 itual existence on the other. Thus man is properly classified as an 
 animal. But because the animal life is the lowest and rudest part 
 of his being and that which he shares with inferior creatures, to 
 call any individal man an animal is to imply that the animal 
 nature has undue supremacy, and so is deep condemnation or ut- 
 ter insult. The bride is the animal viewed as dull to all finer feel- 
 ing ; the beast is looked upon as a being of appetites. To call 
 a man a bride is to imply that he is unfeeling and cruel ; to call 
 him a beast is to indicate that he is vilely sensual. We speak of 
 the cruel father as a bride to his children ; of the drunkard as 
 making a beast of himself. So firmly are these figurative senses 
 established that we now incline to avoid applying bride or beast 
 to any creature, as a horse or dog, for which we have any affec- 
 tion ; we prefer in such cases the word animal. Creature is a 
 word of wide signification, including all the things that God
 
 announce 
 
 ans^ver 46 
 
 has created, whether inanimate objects, plants, animals, angels, 
 
 or men. The animals of a region are collectively called its fauna. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 angel, man, mind, soul, substance (material), 
 
 inanimate object, matter, mineral, spirit, vegetable. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 advertise, give notice (of ), proclaim, reveal, 
 
 circulate, give out, promulgate, say. 
 
 communicate, herald, propound, spread abroad, 
 
 declare, make known, publish, state, 
 
 enunciate, notify, report, tell. 
 
 To announce is to give intelligence of in some formal or pub- 
 lic way. We may announce that which has occurred or that which 
 is to occur, tho the word is chiefly used in the anticipative sense ; 
 w^e announce a book when it is in press, a guest when he arrives. 
 We advertise our business, communicate our intentions, enunciate 
 our views ; we notify an individual, give notice to the pubhc. De- 
 clare has often an authoritative force ; to declare war is to cause 
 war to be, where before there may have been only hostilities ; we 
 say declare war, proclaim peace. We propound a question or an 
 argument, promidgate the views of a sect or party, or the decision 
 of a court, etc. We report an interview, reveal a secret, herald 
 the coming of some distinguished person or gi-eat event. Publish, 
 in popular usage, is becoming closely restricted to the sense of 
 issuing through the press ; we announce a book that is to be 
 published. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 bury, cover (up), hush, keep secret, suppress, 
 
 conceal, hide, keep back, secrete, withhold. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The event was announced to the family bp telegraph. 
 
 ANSWER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 rejoinder, repartee, reply, response, retort. 
 
 A verbal ansiver is a return of words to something that seems 
 to call for them, and is made to a charge as well as to a question ; 
 an ansiver may be even made to an unspoken implication or man- 
 ifestation ; see Luke v, 22. In a Avider sense, anything said or 
 done in return for some word, action, or suggestion of another 
 may be called an ansiver. The blow of an enraged man, the 
 whinny of a horse, the howling of the wind, the movement of a 
 bolt in a lock, an echo, etc., may each be an ansiver to some word
 
 '*■ anticipate 
 
 or movement. A reply is an unfolding, and ordinarily implies 
 thought and intelligence. A rejoinder is strictly an answer to a 
 rej)ly, tho often used in the general sense of ansirer, but always 
 with the implication of something more or less controversial or 
 opposed, tho lacking the conclusiveness implied in anstrer ; 
 an answer, in the full sense, to a charge, an argument, or an 
 objection is adequate, and finally refutes and disposes of it ; a rej^ly 
 or rejoinder may be quite inadequate, so that one may say, " This 
 reply is not an answer ;" "I am ready with an answer" means 
 far more than " I am ready with a reply." A response is accor- 
 dant or harmonious, designed or adapted to carry on the thought 
 of the words that called it forth, as the responses in a liturgical 
 service, or to meet the wish of him who seeks it ; as, the appeal 
 for aid met a prompt and hearty response. Repartee is a prompt, 
 witty, and commonly good=natured anstcer to some argument or 
 attack ; a retort may also be witty, but is severe and may be even 
 savage in its intensity. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 An answer in writing, or by word of mouth, to the question. 
 
 ANTICIPATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 apprehend, forecast, hope, 
 
 expect, foretaste, look forward to. 
 
 To anticipate may be eitlier to take before in fact or to take 
 before in thought ; in the former sense it is allied with prevent; in 
 the latter, with the synonyms above given. This is coming to be 
 the prevalent and favorite use. We e^^ped: that which we have 
 good reason to believe will happen ; as, a boy expects to grow to 
 manliood. We hjipe for that which we much desire and some- 
 what expect. We apprehend what we both expect and fear. An- 
 ticipate is commonly used now, like foretaste, of that which we 
 expect both with confidence and pleasure. In this use it is a 
 stronger word than hope, where often " the w-ish is father to the 
 thought." I Iwpe for a visit from my friend, tho I have no 
 word from him ; I expect it when he writes that he is coming ; 
 and as the time draws near I anticipate it with pleasure. Com- 
 pare ABIDE ; PREVENT. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 despair of, distrust, doubt, dread, fear, recall, recollect, remember.
 
 anticipation 
 antique 
 
 4S 
 
 ANTICIPATlOl^. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 antepast, expectation, foresight, hope, 
 
 apprehension, foreboding, foretaste, presentiment, 
 
 expectancy, forecast, forethought, prevision. 
 
 Ex2}ectatio7i may he either of good or evil ; presentiment almost 
 always, apprehension and foreboding always, of evil ; anticipa- 
 tion and antepast, commonly of good. Thus, we speak of the 
 pleasures of anticipation. A foretaste may be of good or evil, 
 and is more than imaginary ; it is a part actually received in ad- 
 vance. Foresight and forethought prevent future evil and secure 
 future good by timely looking forward, and acting upon what is 
 foreseen. Compare anticipate. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 astonishment, despair, dread, fear, surprise, 
 
 consummation, doubt, enjoyment, realization, wonder. 
 
 » ANTIPATHY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abhorrence, disgust, hatred. repugnance, 
 
 antagonism, dislike, hostility, repulsion, 
 
 aversion, distaste, opposition, uncongeniality. 
 
 detestation, 
 
 Antix)athy, repugnance, and uncongeniality are instinctive ; 
 other forms of dislike may be acquired or cherished for cause. 
 Uncongeniality is negative, a want of touch or sympathy. An an- 
 tipathy to a person or thing is an instinctive recoil from connec- 
 tion or association with that person or thing, and may be physical 
 or mental, or both. Antagonism may result from the necessity of 
 circumstances ; opposition may spring from conflicting views or 
 interests ; abhorrence and detestation may be the result of religious 
 and moral training ; distaste and disgust may be acquired ; aver- 
 sion is a deep and permanent dislike. A natural antipathy may 
 give rise to opposition which may result in hatred and hostility. 
 Compare acrimony ; anger ; enmity ; hatred. 
 Antonyms 
 
 affinity, attraction, fellowfeeling, kindliness, sympathy. 
 
 agreement, congeniality, harmony, regard, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Antipathy to (less frequently for or against) a person or thing ; 
 antipathy between or betivixt two persons oi things. 
 
 ABJTIQUE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ancient, old:fasbioned, quaint, superannuated, 
 
 antiquated. 
 
 Antique refers to an ancient, antiquated to a discarded style.
 
 49 anxiety 
 
 Antique is that which is either ancient in fact or ancient in style. 
 The reference is to the style rather than to the age. We can speak 
 of the antique architecture of a church just built. The difference 
 between antiquated and antique is not in the age, for a Puritan 
 style may be scorned as antiquated, while a Roman or Renais- 
 sance style may be prized as antique. The antiquated is not so 
 much out of date as out of vogue. Old-fashioned may be used 
 approvingly or contemptuously. In the latter case it becomes a 
 synonym for antiquated ; in the good sense it approaches the 
 meaning of antique, but indicates less duration. We call a wide 
 New England firejilace old'fasldoned ; a coin of the Caesars, an- 
 tique. Quaint combines the idea of age with a pleasing oddity ; as, 
 a quaint gambrel=roofed house. Antiquated is sometimes used 
 of ijersons in a sense akin to superannuated. The antiquated per- 
 son is out of style and out of sympathy with the present genera- 
 tion by reason of age ; the superannuated person is incapacitated 
 for present activities by reason of age. Compare old. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 fashionable, fresh, modern, modish, new, recent, stylish. 
 
 ANXIETY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 anguish, disquiet, foreboding, perplexity, 
 
 apprehension, disturbance, fretfulness, solicitude, 
 
 care, dread, fretting, trouble, 
 
 concern, fear, misgiving, w^orry. 
 
 Anxiety is, according to its derivation, a choking disquiet, akin 
 to anguish ; anxiety is mental ; anguish may be mental or phys- 
 ical ; anguish is in regard to the known, anxiety in regard to the 
 vmknown ; anguish is because of what has happened, anxiety be- 
 cause of what may happen. Anxiety refers to some future event, 
 always suggesting hopeful possibility, and thus differing from 
 apprehension, fear, dread, foreboding, terror, all of which may 
 be quite despairing. In matters within our reach, anxiety always 
 stirs the question whether something can not be done, and is thus 
 a valuable spur to doing ; in this respect it is allied to care. Fore- 
 boding, dread, etc., commonly incapacitate for all helpful thought 
 or endeavor. Worry is a more petty, restless, and manifest 
 anxiety ; anxiety may be quiet and silent ; loorry is communicated 
 to all around. Solicitude is a milder anxiety. Fretting or fretftd- 
 ness is a weak complaining without thought of accomislishing or 
 changing anything, but merely as a relief to one's own disquiet. 
 Perplexity often involves anxiety, but may be quite free from it. 
 
 4
 
 apatliy 
 
 50 
 
 A student may be perplexed regarding a translation, yet, if he has 
 time enough, not at all anxious regarding it. 
 
 AiitonyiU!<«: 
 
 apathy, calmncBS, confidence, light»heartedness, satisfaction, 
 
 assurance, carelessness, ease, nonchalance, tranquillity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Anxiety for a friend's return ; anxiety about, in regard to, or 
 concerning the future. 
 
 APATHY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 calmness, indifference, quietness, stoicism, 
 
 composure, insensibility, quietude. tranquillity, 
 
 immobilitY. lethargy, sluggisliness, unconcern, 
 
 impassibility, phlegm, stillness, unfeelingness. 
 
 Apathy, according to its Greek derivation, is a simple absence 
 of feeling or emotion. There are persons to whom a certain 
 degree of apathy is natural, an innate sluggishness of the emotional 
 nature. In the apathy of despair, a person gives vip, without 
 resistance or sensibility, to what he has fiercely struggled to avoid. 
 While apathy is want of feeling, calmness is feeling without agita- 
 tion. Calmness is the result of strength, courage, or trust ; apathy 
 is the result of dulness or weakness. Composure is freedom from 
 agitation or disturbance, resulting ordinarily from force of will, 
 or from perfect confidence in one's own resources. Impassibility 
 is a philosophical term applied to the Deity, as infinitely exalted 
 above all stir of passion or emotion. Unfeelingness, the Saxon word 
 that should be the exact equivalent of apathy, really means more, 
 a lack of the feeling one ought to have, a censui-able hardness of 
 heart. Indifference and insensibility designate the absence of feel- 
 ing toward certain persons or things ; apatliy, entire absence of feel- 
 ing. Indifference is a want of interest ; insensibility is a want of 
 feeling ; unconcern has reference to consequences. We speak of 
 insensibility of heart, immobility of countenance. Stoicism is an 
 intentional suppression of feehng and deadening of sensibiUties, 
 while apathy is involuntary. Compare calm ; rest ; stupor. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 at;itation, disturbance, feeling, sensibility, sympathy, 
 
 alarm, eagerness, frenzy, sensitiveness, turbulence, 
 
 anxiety, emotion, fury, storm, vehemence, 
 
 care, excitement, passion, susceptibility, violence, 
 distress, 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 The apathy of monastic life ; apathy toward good.
 
 51 
 
 apiece 
 apology 
 
 APIECE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 distributively, each, individually, separately, severally. 
 
 There is no discernible difference in sense between so much 
 apiece and so much each ; the former is the more common and 
 popular, the latter the more elegant expression. Distributively 
 is generally used of numbers and abstract relations. Individually 
 emphasizes the independence of the individuals; separately and' 
 severally still more emphatically hold them apart. The signers of 
 a note may become jointly and severally responsible, that is, each 
 liable for the entire amount, as if he had signed it alone. "Wit- 
 nesses are often brought separately into court, in order that no 
 one may be influenced by the testimony of another. If a com- 
 pany of laborers demand a dollar apiece, that is a demand that 
 each shall receive that sum ; if they individually demand a dollar, 
 each individual makes the demand. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 accumulatively, confusedly, indiscriminately, together, unitedly, 
 collectively, en masse, Bynthetically, 
 
 APOLOGY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acknowledgment, defense, excuse, plea, 
 
 confession, exculpation, justification, vindication. 
 
 All these words express one's answer to a charge of wrong or 
 error that is or might be made. Apology has undergone a re- 
 markable change from its old sense of a valiant defense— SiS, in 
 Justin Martyr's Apologies for the Christian faith— to its present 
 meaning of humble confession and concession. He who offers an 
 apology admits himself, at least technically and seemingly, in the 
 wrong. An apology is for what one has done or left undone; 
 an excuse may be for what one proposes to do or leave un- 
 done as well ; as, one sends beforehand his excuse for not accepting 
 an invitation ; if he should fail eitlier to be present or to excuse 
 himself, an apology would be in order. An excuse for a fault is 
 an attempt at partial justification ; as, one alleges haste as an ex- 
 cuse for carelessness. Confession is a full acknowledgment of 
 wrong, generally of a grave wrong, with or without apology or 
 excuse. Plea ranges in sense from a prayer for favor or pardon 
 to an attempt at full vindication. Defense, exculpation, justifica- 
 tion, and vindication are more properly antonyms than synonyms 
 of apology in its modern sense, and should be so given, but for
 
 apparent s» 
 
 appear 
 
 their connection with its historic usage. Compare confess ; de- 
 fense. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 accusation, charge, condemnation, injury, offense, 
 
 censure, complaint. imputation, insult, wrong. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 An apology to the guest /or the oversight would be fitting. 
 
 APPAREIVT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 likely, presumaljle, probalJle, seeming. 
 
 The apparent is that which appears ; the word has two con- 
 trasted senses, either of that which is manifest, visible, certain, 
 or of that which merely seems to be and may be very different 
 from what is ; as, the apparent motion of the sun around the 
 earth. Apparent kindness casts a doubt on the reality of the 
 kindness ; apparent neglect implies that more care and pains may 
 have been bestowed than we are aware of. Presumable implies 
 that a thing may be reasonably supposed beforehand without any 
 full knowledge of the facts. Probable implies that we know facts 
 enough to make us moderately confident of it. Seeming expresses 
 great doubt of the reality ; seeming innocence comes very near in 
 meaning to probable guilt. Apparent indicates Jess assurance 
 than probable, and more than seeming. A man's probable intent 
 we believe will prove to be his real intent ; his seeming intent we 
 believe to be a eham ; his apparent intent may be the true one, 
 tho we have not yet evidence on which to pronounce with cer- 
 tainty or even with confidence. Likely is a word with a wide 
 range of usage, but always implying the belief that the thing is, or 
 will be, true ; it is often used with the infinitive, as the other words 
 of this list can not be ; as, it is likely to happen. Compare evi- 
 dent. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 doubtful, dubious, improbable, unimaginable, unlikely. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 (When apparent is used in the sense of evident) : His guilt is 
 apparent in every act to all observers. 
 
 APPEAR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 liave tlie appearance or semblance, look, seem. 
 
 Appear and look refer to what manifests itself to the senses -, 
 to a semblance or probability presented directly to the mind. Seem
 
 53 appendage 
 
 applies to what is manifest to the mind on reflection. It suddenly 
 appears to me that there is smoke in the distance ; as I watch, it 
 loohs like a fire ; from my knowledge of the locality and observa- 
 tion of particulars, it seems to me a farmhouse must be burning. 
 AntonyiU!«: 
 
 be, be certain, real, or true, be the fact, exist. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Appear at the front ; among the first ; on or tipon the surface ; 
 to the eye ; iit evidence, in, print ; from reports ; near the harbor ; 
 before the public ; in appropriate dress ; with the insignia of his 
 rank ; above the clouds ; below the surface ; under the lee ; over 
 the sea ; through the mist ; appear for, in behalf of, or against 
 one in court. 
 
 APPENDAGE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accessory, addition, appurtenance, concomitant, 
 
 accompaniment, adjunct. attachment, extension, 
 
 addendum, appendix, auxiliary, supplement. 
 
 An adjunct (something joined to) constitutes no real part of the 
 thing or system to which it is joined, tho perhaps a valuable 
 addition ; an appendage is commonly a real, tho not an essen- 
 tial or necessary part of that with which it is connected ; an 
 appurtenance belongs subordinately to something by which it is 
 employed, especially as an instrument to accomplish some pur- 
 pose. A horse's tail is at once an ornamental appendo.ge and a 
 useful appurtenance ; we could not call it an adjunct, tho we 
 might use that word of his iron shoes. An attachment in machin- 
 ery is some mechanism that can be brought into optional connec- 
 tion with the principal movement ; a hemmer is a valuable attach- 
 ment of a sewing=machine. An extension, as of a railroad or of 
 a franchise, carries out further something already existing. We 
 add an appendix to a book, to contain names, dates, lists, etc., 
 which would encumber the text ; we add a stipjilement to supply 
 omissions, as, for instance, to bring it up to date. An appendix 
 may be called an addendum ; but addendum may be used of a 
 brief note, which would not be dignified by the name of appendix ; 
 such notes are often gi-ouped as addenda. An addition might 
 be matter interwoven in the body of the work, an index, plates, 
 editorial notes, etc. , which might be valuable additions, but not
 
 appetite 
 
 apportion 54 
 
 within the meaning of appendix or supplement. Compare acces- 
 sory ; AUXILIARY. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 main body, original, total, whole. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 That which is thought of as added we call an appendage to ; 
 that which is looked upon as an integral part is called an ap- 
 pendage of. 
 
 APPETITE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 appetency, impulse, lust. propensity, 
 
 craving. inclination, passion, relisli, 
 
 desire. liking. proclivity, thirst, 
 
 disposition, longing, proneness, zest. 
 
 Appetite is used only of the demands of the physical system, 
 unless otherwise expressly stated, as when we say an appetite for 
 knowledge ; passion includes all excitable impulses of our nature, 
 as anger, fear, love, hatred, etc. Appetite is thus more animal 
 than passion ; and when we speak of passions and appetites as 
 conjoined or contrasted, we think of the appetites as wholly phys- 
 ical and of the passions as, in part at least, mental or spiritual. 
 We say an appetite for food, a passion for fame. Compare desire. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 antipathy, detestation, dislike, distaste, indifference, repugnance, 
 aversion," disgust, disrelish, hatred, loathing, repulsion. 
 
 Compare antipathy. 
 Preposition : 
 
 He had an insatiable appetite for the marvellous. 
 
 APPORTION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 allot. appropriate, deal. distribute, grant, 
 
 appoint, assign, dispense, divide, share. 
 
 To allot or assign may be to make an arbitrary division; the 
 same is true of distribute or divide. That which is apportioned 
 is given by some fixed rule, wliich is meant to be uniform and 
 fair ; as, representatives are apportioned among the States accord- 
 ing to population. To dispense is to give out freely ; as, the sun 
 dispenses light and heat. A tiling is appropriated to or for a spe- 
 cific purpose (to which it thus becomes proper, in the original 
 sense of being its own); money appropriated by Congress for one 
 purpose can not be expended for any other. One may apportion 
 what he only holds in trust; he shares what is his own. Compare 
 
 ALLOT.
 
 55 
 
 approximation 
 ariUH 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cling to, consolidate, gather together, receive, 
 
 collect, divide arbitrarily, keep together, retain. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Apportion to each a fair amount; apportion the property among 
 the heirs, heticeen two claimants; apportion according to num- 
 bers, etc. 
 
 APPROXIIWATION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 approach. likeness, neighljorhood, resemblance, 
 
 contiguity, nearness, propinquity, similarity. 
 
 In mathematics, approximation is not guesswork, not loose- 
 ness, and not error. The process of approximation is as exact and 
 correct at every point as that by which an absolute result is se- 
 cured; the result only fails of exactness because of some inherent 
 difficulty in the problem. The attempt to "square the circle" 
 gives only an approximate result, because of the impossibility of 
 expressing the circumference in terms of the radius. But the 
 limits of error on either side are known, and the approximation 
 has practical value. Outside of mathematics, the correct use of 
 approximation (and the kindred words approximate ajxd approxi- 
 tnately) is to express as near an approach to accuracy and certainty 
 as the conditions of human thought or action in any given case 
 make possible. Resemblance and similarity may be but superfi- 
 cial and apparent ; approximation is real. Approach is a relative 
 term, indicating that one has come nearer than before, tho the 
 distance may yet be considerable ; an approximation brings one 
 really near. Nearness, neighborhood, and propinquity are com- 
 monly used of place ; approximation, of mathematical calculations 
 and abstract reasoning ; we speak of approach to the shore, near- 
 ness to the town, approximation to the truth. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 difference, distance, error, remoteness, unlikeness, variation. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The approximation of the vegetable to the animal type. 
 
 ARMS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accouterments, armor, harness, mail, weapons. 
 
 Arms are implements of attack ; armor is a defensive covering. 
 The knight put on his armor; he grasped Ms arms. With the 
 disuse of defensive armor the word has practically gone out of 
 military use, but it is still employed in the navy, where the dis-
 
 army -- 
 
 arraign *"» 
 
 tinction is clearly preserved ; any vessel provided with cannon is 
 an armed vessel ; an armored ship is an ironclad. Anything that 
 can be wielded in fight may become a uvajMm. as a pitchfork or a 
 paving=stone ; arms are especially made and designed for conflict. 
 
 ARMY. 
 
 JlSynonyms: 
 
 armament, forces, military, soldiers, 
 
 array, host, multitude, soldiery, 
 
 force, legions, phalanx, troops. 
 
 An army is an organized body of men armed for war, ordina- 
 rily considerable in numbers, always independent in organization 
 so far as not to be a constituent part of any other command. Or- 
 ganization, unity, and indei^endence, rather than numbers are the 
 essentials of an army. We speak of the invading army of Cortes or 
 Pizarro, tho either body was contemptible in numbers from a mod- 
 ern military standpoint. We may have a little army, a large army, 
 or a vast army. Host is used for any vast and orderly assem- 
 blage ; as, the stars are called the heavenly host. Midtitude ex- 
 presses number witliout order or organization ; a midtitude of 
 armed men is not an army, but a mob. Legion (from the Latin) 
 and phalanx (from the Greek) are applied by a kind of poetic 
 license to modern forces ; the plural legions is preferred to the 
 singular. Military is a general word for land=/orees ; the military 
 may include all the armed soldiery of a nation, or the term may 
 be applied to any small detached company, as at a fort, in distinc- 
 tion from civilians. Any organized body of men by whom the 
 law or will of a people is executed is a force ; the word is a usual 
 term for the poUce of any locality. 
 
 ARRAIGX. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accuse, charge, impeach, prosecute, 
 
 censure, cite, indict, summon. 
 
 Arraign is an official word; a person accused of crime is 
 arraigned when he is formally called into court, the indictment 
 read to him, and the demand made of him to plead guilty or not 
 guilty ; in more extended use, to arraign is to call in question for 
 fault in any formal, public, or official way. One may charge 
 another with any fault, great or trifling, privately or publicly, 
 formally or informally. Accuse is stronger than charge, suggest- 
 ing more of the formal and criminal ; a person may charge a
 
 array, n. 
 o7 arrest 
 
 friend with unkindness or neglect ; he may accuse a tramp of 
 steahng. Censure carries the idea of fault, but not of crime ; it 
 may be private and individual', or public and official. A judge, a 
 president, or other officer of high rank may be impeached before 
 the appropriate tribunal for high crimes ; the veracity of a witness 
 may be impeached by damaging evidence. A person of the high- 
 est character may be summoned as defendant in a civil suit ; or he 
 may be cited to answer as administrator, etc. Indict and arraign 
 apply strictly to criminal proceedings, and only an alleged crim- 
 inal is indicted or arraigned. One is indicted by the grand jiiry, 
 and arraigned before the appropriate court. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 acquit, discharge, exonerate, overlook, release, 
 
 condone, excuse, forgive, pardon, set free. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Arraign at the bar, before the tribunal, of or for a crime ; o?ior 
 upon an indictment. 
 
 ARRAY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 army, collection, line of battle, parade, 
 
 arrangement, disposition, order, show^, 
 
 battle array, exhibition, order of battle, sight. 
 
 The phrase battle array or array of battle is archaic and poetic ; 
 we now say in line or order of battle. ^\\e parade is for exhibi- 
 tion and oversight, and partial rehearsal of military manual and 
 maneuvers. Array refers to a continuous arrangement of men, 
 so that all may be seen or reviewed at once. This is practically 
 impossible with the vast armies of our day. We say rather the 
 disposition of troops, which expresses their location so as to sus- 
 tain and support, though unable to see or readily communicate 
 with each other. Compare dress. 
 
 ARREST. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apprehend, detain, restrain, stop, 
 
 capture, hold, secure, take into custody, 
 
 catch, make prisoner, seize, take prisoner. 
 
 The legal term arrest carries always the implication of a legal 
 offense ; this is true even of arresting for debt. But one may be 
 detained by process of law when no offense is alleged against him, 
 as in the case of a witness who is held in a house of detention tiU 
 a case comes to trial. One may be restrained of his liberty with- 
 out arrest, as in an insane asylum ; an individual or corporation
 
 artiftce sa 
 
 artist **" 
 
 may be restrained by injunction from selling certain property. 
 In case of an arrest, an officer may secure his prisoner by fetters, 
 by a locked door, or other means effectually to prevent escape. 
 Capture is commonly used of seizure by armed force ; as, to ca2> 
 ture a ship, a fort, etc. Compare hinder ; obsteuct. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 discharge, dismiss, free, liberate, release, set free. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Arrested for crime, on suspicion, hy the sheriff ; on, upon, or 
 by virtue of a warrant ; on final process ; in execution. 
 
 ARTIFICE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 art craft, finesse, invention, stratagem, 
 
 blind, cunning, fraud, macMnation, subterfuge, 
 
 cheat, device, guile, maneuver, trick, 
 
 'contrivance, dodge, imposture, ruse, wile. 
 
 A contrivance or device may be either good or bad. A cheat 
 is a mean advantage in a bargain ; a fraud, any form of covert 
 robbery or injury. Imposture is a deceitful contrivance for secur- 
 ing charity, credit, or consideration. A stratagem or maneuver 
 may be of the good against the bad, as it were a skilful move- 
 ment of war. A wile is usually but not necessarily evil. 
 E'en children followed with endearing icile. 
 
 Goldsmith Deserted Village 1. 184. 
 A trick is often low, injurious, and malicious ; we say a mean 
 trick ; the word is sometimes used playfully with less than its full 
 meaning. A ruse or a blind may be quite innocent and harmless. 
 An artifice is a carefully and delicately prepared contrivance for 
 doing indirectly what one could not well do directly. A device is 
 something studied out for promoting an end, as in a mechanism ; 
 the word is used of indirect action, often, but not necessarily 
 directed to an evil, selfish, or injurious end. Finesse is especially 
 subtle contrivance, delicate artifice, whether for good or evil. 
 Compare fraud. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 artlessness, fairness, gnilelessness, ingenuousness, openness, sincerity, 
 candor, frankness, honesty, innocence, simplicity, truth. 
 
 ARTIST. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 artificer, artisan, mechanic, operative, workman. 
 
 Artist, artificer and artisan are all from the root of a7^t, but artist 
 holds to the esthetic sense, while artificer and artisan follow the 
 mechanical or industrial sense of the word (see art under science).
 
 59 ask 
 
 Artist thus comes only into accidental association with the other 
 words of this group, not being a synonym of any one of them and 
 having practically no synonym of its own. The work of the ai^tist 
 is creative ; that of the artisan mechanical. The man who paints 
 a beautiful picture is an artist ; the man who makes pin=heads 
 all day is an artisan. The artificer is between the two, putting 
 more thought, intelligence, and taste into his work than the artisan, 
 but less of the idealizing, creative power than the artist. The 
 sculptor, shaping his model in clay, is artifl,cer, as well as artist ; 
 patient artisans, working simply by rule and scale, chisel and pol- 
 ish the stone. The man who constructs anything by mere routine 
 and rule is a mechanic. The man whose work involves thought, 
 skill, and constructive power is an artificer. The hod=carrier is a 
 laborer ; the bricklayer is a mechanic ; the master mason is an ar- 
 tificer. Those who operate machinery nearly self ^acting are opera- 
 tives. 
 
 ASK. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 t>eg, crave, entreat, petition, request, solicit, y 
 
 beseecli, demand, implore, pray, require, supplicate.'^ 
 
 One asfcs what he feels that he may fairly claim and reasonably 
 expect ; "if a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father." 
 Luke xi, 11 ; he begs for that to which he advances no claim but 
 pity. Demand is a determined and often an arrogant word ; one 
 may rightfully demand what is his own or his due, when it is 
 withheld or denied ; or he may wrongfully demand tliat to which 
 he has no claim but power. Require is less arrogant and obti-u- 
 sive than demand, but is exceedingly strenuous ; as, the court re- 
 quires the attendance of witnesses. Entreat implies a special 
 earnestness of asking, and beseech, a still added and more humble 
 intensity ; beseech was formerly often used as a polite intensive for 
 beg or pray ; as, I beseech you to tell me. To implore is to ask 
 with weeping and lamentation ; to supplicate is to ask, as it were, 
 on bended knees. Crave and request are somewhat formal terms ; 
 crave has almost disappeared from conversation ; request would 
 seem distant between parent and child. Pray is now used chiefly 
 of address to the Supreme Being ; petition is used of A\Titten re- 
 quest to persons in authority ; as, to petition the legislatm-e to 
 pass an act, or the governor to pardon an offender. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 claim, command, deny, enforce, exact, extort, insist, refuse, reject.
 
 associate 
 
 association 60 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Ask a person /or a thing ; ask a thing of or from a person ; ask 
 after or about one's health, welfare, friends, etc. 
 
 ASSOCIATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accomplice, coadjutor, comrade, fellow. mate, 
 
 ally. colleague, confederate, friend. partner, 
 
 chum, companion, consort, helpmate, peer. 
 
 An associate as used officially implies a chief, leader, or princi- 
 pal, to whom the associate is not fully equal in rank. Associate is 
 popularly used of mere friendly relations, but oftener implies some 
 work, enterprise, or pursuit in which the associated persons unite. 
 We rarely speak of associates in crime or wrong, using confeder- 
 ates or accomplices instead. Companion gives itself with equal 
 readiness to the good or evil sense, as also does comrade. One may 
 be a companion in travel who would not readily become an asso- 
 ciate at home. A lady advertises for a companion ; she would not 
 advertise for an associate. Peer implies equahty rather than com- 
 panionship ; as, a jury of his peers. Comrade expresses more fel- 
 lowship and good f eehng than companion. Fellow has almost gone 
 out of use in this connection, except in an inferior or patronizing 
 sense. Consort is a word of equality and dignity, as applied 
 especially to the marriage relation. Compare accessory ; ac- 
 quaintance ; FRIENDSHIP. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 antagonist, enemy, foe, hinderer, opponent, opposer, rival, stranger. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 These were the associates of the leader in the enterprise. 
 
 ASSOClATIOBf. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 alliance, confederacy. familiarity, lodge, 
 
 club. confederation, federation, participation, 
 
 community, conjunction, fello^vship, partnership, 
 
 companionship, connection, fraternity, society, 
 
 company, corporation, friendship, union. 
 
 We speak of an alliance of nations, a club of pleasure=seekers, 
 a community of Shakers, a company of soldiers or of friends, a 
 confederacy, confederation, federation, or union of separate 
 states under one general government, a partnership or company 
 of business men, a conjunction of planets. The whole body of 
 Freemasons constitute a fraternity ; one of their local organiza- 
 tions is called a lodge. A corporation or company is formed for
 
 assume 
 ol assurance 
 
 purposes of business ; an association or society (tho also incor- 
 porated) is for learning, literature, benevolence, religion, etc. 
 Compare associate ; acquaintance ; friendship. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disintegration, independence, isolation, separation, solitude. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 An association of scholars for the advancement of knowledge ; 
 association with the good is ennobling. 
 
 ASSUME. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accept, arrogate, postulate, put on, 
 
 affect, claim, presume, take, 
 
 appropriate, feign, pretend, usurp. 
 
 The distinctive idea of assume is to take by one's own independ- 
 ent volition, whether well or ill, rightfully or wrongfully. One may 
 accept an obligation or assume an authority that properly belongs 
 to him, or he may assume an obligation or indebtedness that 
 could not be required of him. He may assume authority or office 
 that is his right ; if he assumes what does not belong to him, he is 
 said to arrogate or usurp it. A man may usurp the substance of 
 power in the most unpretending way; what he arrogates to him- 
 self he assumes with a haughty and overbearing manner. One 
 assumes the robes or insignia of office by putting them o7i, with 
 or without right. If he taTces to himself the credit and appearance 
 of qualities he does not possess, he is said to affect or feign, or to 
 pretend to, the character he thus assumes. What a debater j^os- 
 tulateshe openly states and takes for granted without proof ; what 
 he assumes he may take for granted without mention. A favorite 
 trick of the sophist is quietly to assume as true what would at once 
 be challenged if expressly stated. What a man claims he asserts 
 his right to take ; what he assumes he take^. 
 
 ASSURANCE. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 arrogance, boldness. impudence, self=confidenee, 
 assertion, confidence, presumption, selfreliance, 
 
 assumption, effrontery, self=assertion, trust. 
 
 Assurance may have the good sense of a high, sustained confi- 
 dence and trust ; as, the saint's assurance of heaven. Confidence is 
 founded upon reasons ; assurance is largely a matter of feeling. 
 In the bad sense, assurance is a vicious courage, with belief of 
 one's ability to outwit or defy others ; the hardened criminal is
 
 astute 62 
 
 remarkable for habitual assurance. For the calm conviction of 
 one's own rectitude and ability, self-confidence is a better word 
 than assurance ; self-reliance expresses confidence in one's own 
 resources, independently of others' aid. In the bad sense assui'- 
 ance is less gross than impudence, which is (according to its ety- 
 mology) a shameless boldness. Assurance is in act or manner ; 
 impudence may be in speech. Effrontery is impudence defiantly 
 displayed. Compare faith ; pride. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bashfiilness, consternation, distruet, hesitancy, shyness, 
 
 confusion, dismay, doubt, misgiving, timidity. 
 
 ASTUTE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acute, discerning, penetrating, sharp, 
 
 clear=siglited, discriminating, penetrative, shrew^d, 
 
 crafty, keen, perspicacious, subtile, 
 
 cunning, know^ing, sagacious, subtle. 
 
 Acute, from the Latin, suggests the sharpness of the needle's 
 point ; keen, from the Saxon, the sharpness of the cutting edge. 
 Astute, from the Latin, with the original sense of cunning has 
 come to have a meaning that combines the sense of acute or Tceen 
 vdth that of sagacious. The astute mind adds to acuteness and 
 keenness an element of cunning or finesse. The astute debater 
 leads his opponents into a snare by getting them to make admis- 
 sions, or urge arguments, of which he sees a result that they do 
 not perceive. The acute, keen intellect may take no special ad- 
 vantage of these qualities ; the astute mind has always a point to 
 make for itself, and seldom fails to make it. A knowing look, 
 air, etc., in general indicates practical knowledge with a touch of 
 shrewdness, and perhaps of cunning ; in regard to some special 
 matter, it indicates the possession of reserved knowledge which 
 the person could impart if he chose. Knowing has often a slightly 
 invidious sense. We speak of a knowing rascal, meaning cunning 
 or shreivd within a narrow range, but of a knoicing horse or dog, 
 in the sense of sagaciotis, implying that he knows more than 
 could be expected of such an animal. A knoicing child has more 
 knowledge than would be looked for at his years, perhaps more 
 than is quite desirable, while to speak of a child as intelligent is 
 altogether complimentary. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 blind, idiotic, shallow, stolid, undiscerning, 
 
 dull, imbecile, short=sighted, stupid, unintelligent.
 
 63 
 
 attacliinent 
 attack, V. 
 
 ATTACHMENT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 adherence, devotion, friendship, regard, 
 
 adhesion, esteem, inclination, tenderness, 
 
 affection, estimation, love, union. 
 
 An attachment is a feeling that binds a person by ties of heart 
 to another person or thing ; we speak of a man's adherence to his 
 purpose, his adhesion to his party, or to anything to which he 
 clings tenaciously, tho with no special tenderness ; of his at- 
 tachment to his church, to the old homestead, or to any persons or 
 objects that he may hold dear. Affection expresses more warmth 
 of feeling ; we should not speak of a mother's attachment to her 
 babe, but of her affection or of her devotion. Inclination ex- 
 presses simply a tendency, which may be good or bad, yielded to 
 or overcome ; as, an inclination to study ; an inclination to 
 drink. Regard is more distant than affection or attachment, but 
 closer and warmer than esteem ; we speak of high esteem, kind 
 regard. Compare acquaintance; appendage; friendship; love; 
 
 UNION. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 alienation, aversion, distance, estrangement, repugnance, 
 
 animosity, coolness, divorce, indifference, separation, 
 
 antipathy, dislike, enmity, opposition, severance. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Attachment of a true man to his friends ; attachment to a 
 leader /or his nobility of character ; the attachments betiveen two 
 persons or things ; attachment by muscular fibers, or by a rope, 
 etc. 
 
 ATTACK, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 assail, beset, combat, invade, 
 
 assault, besiege, encounter, set upon , 
 
 beleaguer, charge, fall upon, storm. 
 
 To attack is to begin hostilities of any kind. A general invades 
 a country by marching in troops ; he attacks a city by draw- 
 ing up an army against it ; he assaults it by hurling his 
 troops directly upon its defenses. Assail and assault, tho of 
 the same original etymology, have diverged in meaning, so that 
 assaidt alone retains the meaning of direct personal violence. 
 One may assail another with reproaches ; he assaidts him wuth a 
 blow, a brandished weapon, etc. Armies or squadrons charge ; 
 combat and encounter may be said of individual contests. To 
 beset is to set around, or, so to speak, to stud one's path, with 
 menaces, attacks, or persuasions. To besiege and beleaguer are
 
 attack, n 
 
 attaiu 64 
 
 the acts of armies. To enaounter is to meet face to face, and may 
 be said either of the attacking or of the resisting force or person, 
 or of both. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aid, cover, protect, shelter, support, uphold, 
 
 befriend, defend, resist, shield, sustain, withstand. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 We were attacked hy the enemy with cannon and musketry. 
 
 ATTACK, n. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aggression, incursion, invasion, onslaught, 
 
 assault, infringement, onset, trespass. 
 
 encroaclinient, intrusion. 
 
 An attack may be by word ; an aggression is always by deed. 
 An assault may be upon the person, an aggression is upon rights, 
 possessions, etc. An invasion of a nation's territories is an act of 
 aggression ; an intrusion upon a neighboring estate is a trespass. 
 Onslaught signifies intensely violent assault, as by an army or a 
 desperado, tho it is sometimes used of violent speech. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 defense, repulsion, resistance, retreat, submission, surrender. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The enemy made an attack upon (or on) our works. 
 
 ATTAISf. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accomplish, arrive at, gain, master, reach, 
 
 achieve, compass, get, obtain, secure, 
 
 acquire, earn, grasp, procure, w^in. 
 
 A person may obtain a situation by the intercession of friends, 
 he procures a dinner by paying for it. Attain is a lofty word, 
 pointing to some high or desirable result ; a man attains the 
 mountain summit, he attains honor or learning as the result of 
 strenuous and earnest labor. Even that usage of attain which 
 has been thought to refer to mere progress of time carries the 
 thought of a result desired : as, to attain to old age ; the man 
 desires to live to a good old age ; we should not speak of his attain- 
 ing his dotage. One maj' attain an object that will prove not 
 worth liis labor, but what he achieves is in itself great and splen- 
 did ; as, the Greeks at Marathon achieved a glorious victory. 
 Compare do ; get ; reach. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 abandon, fail, forfeit, give up, let go, lose, miss.
 
 __ attitude 
 
 0& attribute, v. 
 
 ATTITUDE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 pose, position, posture. 
 
 Position as applied to the arrangement or situation of the 
 human body or limbs may denote that which is conscious or uncon- 
 scious, of the living or the dead ; but we do not speak of the atti- 
 tude, pose, or 2^ostiire of a corpse ; unless, in some rare case, we 
 might say the body was found in a sitting posture, where the 
 posture is thought of as assumed in life, or as, at first glance, 
 suggesting life. A posture is assumed without any special refer- 
 ence to expression of feeling ; as, an erect posture, a reclining 
 posture; attitude is, t\\Q position appropriate to the expression of 
 some feeling ; the attitude may be unconsciously taken through 
 the strength of the feeling ; as, an attitude of defiance ; or it may 
 be consciously assumed in the attempt to express the feeling ; as, 
 he assumed an attitude of humihty. j A pose is apositiofi studied 
 for artistic effect, or considered with reference to such effect ; the 
 unconscious posture of a spectator or listener may be an admirable 
 pose from an artist's standpoint. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, v. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ascribe, associate, connect, impute, refer, 
 
 assign, charge. 
 
 We may attribute to a person either that which belongs to 
 him or that which we merely suppose to be his. We attribute to 
 God infinite power. We may atti'ibute a wrong intent to an in- 
 nocent person. We may attribute a result, rightly or ^vTongly, to 
 a certain cause ; in such case, however, attribute carries always a 
 concession of uncertainty or possible error. Where we are quite 
 sure, we simply refer a matter to the cause or class to which it be- 
 longs or ascribe to one what is surely his, etc. Many diseases 
 formerly attributed to witchcraft are now referred to the action 
 of micro=organisms. We may attribute a matter in silent thought ; 
 we ascribe anything openly in speech or writing ; King Saul said 
 of the singing women, " They have ascribed unto David ten 
 thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands." We as- 
 sociate things which may have no necessary or causal relation ; 
 as, we may associate the sti-iking of a clock with the serving of 
 dinner, tho the two are not necessarily connected. We charge 
 a person with what we deem blameworthy. We may impute good 
 or evil, but more commonly evil. 
 
 5
 
 attribute, n. — ^ 
 
 ausrur 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 deny, disconnect, dissociate, separate, sever, sunder. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 It is uncharitable to attribute evil motives to (archaic unto) 
 others. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, n. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 property, quality. 
 
 Equality (L. qualis, such^ — the "suchness" of anything, ac- 
 cording to the German idiom — denotes what a thing really is in 
 some one respect ; an attribute is what we conceive a thing to be in 
 some one respect; thus, while attribute may, quality must, ex- 
 press something of the real nature of that to which it is ascribed ; 
 we speak of the attributes of God, the qualities of matter. " Orig- 
 inally 'the attributes of God' was preferred, probably, because 
 men assumed no knowledge of the actual qualities of the Deity, 
 but only of those more or less fitly attributed to him." J. A. H. 
 Murray. [M.] Holiness is an attribute of God ; the attributes of 
 many heathen deities have been only the qualities of wicked men 
 joined to superhuman power. A pi'operty (L. ijroprius, one's 
 own) is what belongs especially to one thing as its own pecuhar 
 possession, in distinction from all other things ; when we speak of 
 the qualities or the jjroperties of matter, quality is the more gen- 
 eral, property the more limited term. A quality is inherent ; a 
 property may be transient ; physicists now, however, prefer to 
 term those qualities manifested by all bodies (svich as impenetra- 
 bihty, extension, etc.), general properties of matter, while those 
 pecuUar to certain substances or to certain states of those sub- 
 stances (as fluidity, malleability, etc.) are termed specific proj^er- 
 ties ; in this wider use of the word propei'ty, it becomes strictly 
 synonymous with gwaZii?/. Compare characteristic; embleMc 
 Antonyms: 
 
 being, essence, nature, substance. 
 
 AUGUR. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 betoken, divine, foretell, predict. prognosticate, 
 
 bode, forebode, portend, presage, prophesy. 
 
 "Persons or things augur; persons only forebode or presage; 
 
 things only betoken or portend.'" Crabb English Synonymes. We 
 
 augur well for a voyage from past good fortune and a good start ; 
 
 we presage success from the stanchness of the ship and the skill
 
 ^ly autbentlc 
 
 "• auxiliary 
 
 of the captain. We forebode misfortune either from circumstances 
 
 that betoken failure, or from gloomy fancies for which we could 
 
 not give a reason. Dissipation among the officers and mutiny 
 
 among the crew portend disaster. Divine has reference to the 
 
 ancient soothsayers' arts (as in Gen. xliv, 5, 15), and refers rather 
 
 to reading hearts than to reading the future. We say I could not 
 
 divine his motive, or his intention. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 assure, demonstrate, establish, make sure, settle, 
 
 calculate, determine, insure, prove, warrant. 
 
 Pi*epos«Itlons : 
 
 I augur from all circumstances a prosperous result ; I augur ill 
 
 of the enterprise ; "augurs ill to the rights of the people," Thomas 
 
 Jefferson Writings vol. ii, p. 506. [t. & m. '53.] I augur well, or 
 
 this augurs well, for your cause. 
 
 AUTHEaJTIC. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accepted, certain, original, sure, 
 
 accredited, current, real. true, 
 
 authoritative, genuine, received, trustworthy, 
 
 authorized, legitimate, reliable, veritable. 
 
 That is authentic v:\\ic\\ is true to the facts; that is genuine 
 
 which is true to its own claims ; as, authentic history ; genuine 
 
 money. 
 
 A 'genuine 'work is one written by the author whose name it bears; an 'authentic'' 
 work is one which relates truthfully the matters of which it treats. For example, the 
 apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas is neither ' genuine'' nor 'authentic: It is not 
 'gemdne,' for St. Thomas did not write it; it is not ' authentic,' for its contents are 
 mainly fables and lies. Tkench On the Study of Words lect. vi, p. 189. [w. j. w.] 
 
 Authentic is, however, used by reputable wi-iters as synonymous 
 with genuine, tho usually where genuineness carries a certain 
 authority. We speak of accepted conclusions, certain evidence, 
 current money, genuine letters, a legitimate conclusion or legiti- 
 mate authority, original manuscripts, real value, received inter- 
 pretation, sure proof, a true statement, a trustworthy witness, a 
 veritable discovery. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 apocryphal, counterfeit, exploded, false, spurious, 
 
 baseless, disputed, fabulous, fictitious, unauthorized. 
 
 AUXILIARY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accessory, ally, coadjutor, helper, promoter, 
 
 S'idi assistant, confederate, mercenary, subordinate. 
 
 An auxiliary is a person or thing that helps in a subordinate
 
 avaricious 
 
 6§ 
 
 capacity. Allies unite as equals ; auxiliaries are, at least tech- 
 nically, inferiors or subordinates. Yet the auxiliary is more 
 than a mere assista^it. The word is oftenest found in the 
 plural, and in the military sense ; auxiliaries are ti"oops of one 
 nation uniting with the armies, and acting under the orders, of 
 another. Mercenaries serve only for pay ; auxiliaries often for 
 reasons of state, policy, or patriotism as well. Compare acces- 
 sory ; APPENDAGE. 
 
 AiltoiiyiUii : 
 
 antagonist, liinderer, opponent, opposer. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The auxiharies of the Romans ; an auxiliary in a good cause ; 
 an auxiliary to learning. 
 
 AVARICIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 close, greedy, niggardly, penurious, sordid, 
 
 covetous, miserly, parsimonious, rapacious, stingy. 
 
 Avaricious and covetous refer especially to acquisition, miserly, 
 niggardly, parsimo7iious, and penurious to expenditure. The 
 avaricioiLS man has an eager craving for money, and ordinarily 
 desires both to get and to keep, the covetous man to get something 
 away from its possessor ; tho one may be made avaricious by 
 the pressure of great expenditures. Miserly and niggardly per- 
 sons seek to gain by mean and petty savings ; the miserly by stint- 
 ing themselves, the niggardly by stinting others. Parsimonious 
 and penurious may apply to one's outlay either for himself or for 
 others ; in the latter use, they are somewhat less harsh and 
 reproachful terms than niggardly. The close man holds like a 
 vise all that he gets. Near and nigh are provincial words of sim- 
 ilar import. The rap)acious have the robber instinct, and put it in 
 practise in some form, as far as they dare. The avaricious and 
 rapacious are ready to reach out for gain ; the parsimonious, 
 miserly, and niggardly prefer the safer and less adventurous way 
 of avoiding expenditure. Greedy and stingy are used not only 
 of money, but often of other things, as food, etc. The greedy 
 child wishes to enjoy everything himself ; the stingy child, to 
 keep others from getting it. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 bountiful, free, generous, liberal, munificent, prodigal, wasteful. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 The monarch was avaricious of power.
 
 avenge 
 "5' avoiv 
 
 AVE]\CJE. 
 
 SynoiiyiiiM: 
 
 punish, retaliate, revenge, vindicate, visit. 
 
 Avenge and revenge, once close synonyms, are now far apart in 
 meaning. To aivuge is to visit some offense with punishment, in 
 order to vindicate the rigliteous, or to uphold and illustrate the 
 right by the suffering or destruction of the wicked. ' ' And seeing 
 one of them suffer wrong, he ai^enged him that was oppressed, 
 and smote the Egyi^tian.'' Acts vii, 24. To revenge is to inflict 
 harm or suffering upon another through personal anger and resent- 
 ment at something done to ourselves. Avenge is unselfish; revenge 
 is selfish. Revenge, according to present usage, could not be said 
 of God. To retaliate may be necessary for self=defense, without 
 the idea of revenge. Compare revenge. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Avenge on or U2)on (rarely, avenge oneself of) a wrong=doer. 
 
 AVOW. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aeknow^ledge, aver, confess, own, profess, testify, 
 
 admit, avouch, declare, proclaim, protest, w^itness. 
 
 Acknowledge, admit, and declare refer either to oneself or to 
 others ; all the other words refer only to one's own knowledge or 
 action. To avow is to declare boldly and openly, coinmonly as 
 something one is ready to justify, maintain, or defend. A man 
 acknowledges another's claim or his own promise ; he admits an 
 opponent's advantage or his own error ; he declares either what he 
 has seen or experienced or what he has received from another ; he 
 avers what he is sure of from his own knowledge or conscious- 
 ness ; he gives his assurance as the voucher for what he avouches ; 
 he avows openly a belief or intention that he has silently held. 
 Avoiv and avouch take a direct object ; aver is followed by a con- 
 junction : a man avoirs his faith, avonches a deed, avei^s that he 
 was present. Avow has usually a good sense ; what a person 
 avows he at least does not treat as blameworthy, criminal, or 
 shameful ; if he did, he would be said to confess it ; yet there is 
 always the suggestion that some will be ready to challenge or cen- 
 sure what one avows ; as, the clergyman avowed his dissent from 
 the docti-ine of his church. Oivn applies to all things, good or bad, 
 gi-eat or small, which one takes as his own. Compare CONFESS ; 
 
 STATE. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 contradict, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, ignore, repudiate.
 
 awful 
 awkw^ard. 
 
 70 
 
 Syiioiiyiiis: 
 
 alarming, 
 appalling, 
 august, 
 dire, 
 
 direful, 
 dread, 
 dreadful, 
 fearful, 
 
 AWFri.. 
 
 frightful, 
 grand, 
 horrible, 
 imposing. 
 
 majestic, 
 noble, 
 portentous, 
 shoclcing, 
 
 solemn, 
 stately, 
 terrible, 
 terrific. 
 
 Aivful should not be used of things which are merely disagree- 
 able or annoying, nor of all 'that are alarming and terrible, but 
 only of such as bring a solemn awe upon the soul, as in the pres- 
 ence of a superior jjower ; as, the aicful hush before the battle. 
 That which is awful arouses an oppressive, that which is august 
 an admiring reverence ; we speak of the august presence of a 
 mighty monarch, the aicful presence of death. We speak of an 
 exalted station, a grand mountain, an imposing presence, a majes- 
 tic cathedi'al, a nohle mein, a solemn litany, a stately ]uarch, an 
 august assembly, the awful scene of the Judgment Day. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 base, 
 
 beggarly, 
 
 commonplace. 
 
 contemptible, 
 
 despicable, 
 
 Immble, 
 
 inferior, 
 
 lowly, 
 
 mean, 
 
 paltry, 
 
 undignified, 
 
 vulgar. 
 
 AWKWARD. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 boorish, 
 
 bungling, 
 
 clownish. 
 
 clumsy, 
 gawky, 
 maladroit, 
 
 rough, 
 
 uncouth, 
 
 ungainly, 
 
 unhandy, 
 unskilful. 
 
 Airkward, from awk (kindred with off, from the Norwegian), 
 is off'Umrd, turned the wrong way ; it was anciently used of a 
 back=handed or left=handed blow in battle, of squinting eyes, etc. 
 Clumsy, on the other hand (from clumse, also through the Norwe- 
 gian), signifies benumbed, stiffened with cold ; this is the original 
 meaning of clumsy fingers, clumsy limbs. Thus, aivkward pri- 
 marily refers to action, clumsy to condition. A tool, a vehicle, or 
 the human frame may be clumsy in shape or build, au-kivard in 
 motion. The clumsy man is almost of necessity aickicard, but 
 the awkivard man may not be naturally clumsy. The finest un- 
 trained colt is aivkward in harness ; a horse that is clumsy in build 
 can never be trained out of awkwardness. An aickioard state- 
 ment has an uncomfortable, and perhaps recoiling force ; a state- 
 ment that contains ill=assorted and incongi-uous material in ill= 
 chosen language is clumsy. We speak of an awkivard predicament, 
 an awku'ard scrape. An awkward excuse commonly reflects 
 cm the one who offers it. We say the admitted facts have an
 
 _,^ axiom 
 
 71 babble 
 
 awktvard appearance. In none of these cases could clumsy be 
 used. Clumsy is, liowever, ajiplied to movements that seem as 
 unsuitable as those of benumbed and stiffened limbs, A dancing 
 bear is both clumsy and awkward, 
 Antouyius : 
 
 adroit, clever, dexterous, handy, skilful. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The raw recruit is awkward in action ; at the business. 
 
 AXIOM. 
 
 Syiioiiyiii : 
 
 truism. 
 
 Both tlie axiom and the truism are instantly seen to be true, 
 and need no proof ; but in an axiom there is progi'ess of thought, 
 while the truism simply says the same thing over again, or says 
 what is too manifest to need saying. The axiom that "things 
 which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another" 
 unfolds in the latter part of the sentence the truth implied in the 
 fii'st part, which might have been overlooked if not stated. In the 
 truism that " a man can do all he is capable of," the former and 
 the latter jjart of the sentence are simply identical, and the mind 
 is left just where it started. Hence the axiom is valuable and 
 useful, while the truism is weak and fiat, unless the form of state- 
 ment makes it striking or racy, as " all fools are out of their wits." 
 Compare peoverb. 
 Autoiiyius : 
 
 absurdity, contradiction, demonstration, nonsense, paradox, sophism. 
 
 BABBI^E. 
 
 Synonyms 
 
 blab, cackle, gabble, murmur, prattle, 
 
 blurt, chat, gossip, palaver, tattle, 
 
 blurt out, chatter, jabber, prate, twaddle. 
 
 Most of these words are onomatopoetic. The cackle of a hen, 
 the gabble of a goose, the chatter of a magpie, the babble of a 
 running stream, as applied to human speech, indicate a rapid suc- 
 cession of what are to the listener meaningless sounds. Blab and 
 blurt (commonly blurt out) refer to the letting out of what the 
 lips can no longer keep in ; blab, of a secret ; blurt out, of pas- 
 siohate feeling. To cliat is to talk in an easy, pleasant way, not 
 without sense, but without special purpose. Chatting is the prac- 
 tise of adults, prattling that of children. To prate is to talk idly.
 
 banlsli lya 
 
 bank ■'* 
 
 presumptuously, or foolishly, but not necessarily incoherently. To 
 Jabber is to utter a rapid succession of unintelligible sounds, gen- 
 erally more noisy than chattering. To gossip is to talk of petty 
 personal matters, as for pastime or miscliief. To twaddle is to 
 talk feeble nonsense. To murmur is to utter suppressed or even 
 inarticulate sounds, suggesting the notes of a dove, or the sound 
 of a running sti-eam, and is used figuratively of the half sup- 
 pressed utterances of affection or pity, or of complaint, resent- 
 ment, etc. Compare speak. 
 Preijosltloiis : 
 
 Babies babble /or the moon ; the crowd babbles of a hero ; the 
 sick man babbles o/home. 
 
 BA9fISII. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ban, dismiss, evict, expatriate, ostracize, 
 
 discharge, drive out, exile, expel, oust, 
 
 dislodge, eject. 
 
 Banish, primarily to put under ba7i, to compel by authority 
 to leave a place or coimtry, perhaps with restriction to some 
 other place or country. From a country, a person may be 
 banished, exiled, or expatriated ; banished from any country 
 where he may happen to be, but expatriated or exiled only from 
 his own. One may expatriate or exile himself ; he is banished 
 by others. Banish is a word of wide import ; one may banish 
 disturbing thoughts ; care may banish sleep. To exj^el is to drive 
 out with violence or rudeness, and so often with disgrace. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Cataline was banished from Rome ; John the Apostle was 
 
 banished to Patmos. 
 
 BA^K. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 beacb, bound, brink, edge, margin, shore, 
 
 border, brim, coast, marge, rim, strand. 
 
 Bank is a general term for the land along the edge of a water= 
 
 coiirse ; it may also denote a raised portion of the bed of a river, 
 
 lake, or ocean ; as, the Banks of Newfoundland. A beach is a 
 
 strip or expanse of incoherent wave=worn sand, which is often 
 
 pebbly or full of boulders ; we speak of the beach of a lake or 
 
 ocean ; a beach is sometimes found in the bend of a river. Strand 
 
 is a more poetic term for a wave=washed shore, especially as a 
 
 place for landing or embarking ; as, the keel grates on the strand.
 
 banter 
 TS barbarous 
 
 The whole line of a country or continent that borders the sea is a 
 coast. Shore is any land, whether cliff, or sand, or marsh, border- 
 ing water. "We do not speak of the coast of a river, nor of the 
 banks of the ocean, tho there may be hanks by or under the 
 sea. Edge is the line where land and water meet ; as, the water's 
 edge. Brink is the place from which one may fall ; as, the 
 river's brink ; the brink of a precipice ; the brink of ruin. 
 
 BAXTER. 
 
 Synonyais: 
 
 badinage, derision, jeering, raillery, sarcasm, 
 
 chaff, irony, mockery, ridicule, satire. 
 
 Banter is the touching upon some fault, weakness, or fancied 
 secret of another in a way half to pique and half to please ; badi- 
 nage is dehcate. refined banter. Raillery has more sharpness, 
 but is usually good=humored and well meant. Irony, the saying 
 one thing that the reverse may be understood, may be either mild 
 or bitter. All the other words have a hostile intent. Ridicule 
 makes a person or thing the subject of contemptuous merriment ; 
 derision seeks to make the object derided seem utterly despicable 
 — to laugh it to scorn. Chaff is the coarse witticism of the streets, 
 perhaps merry, oftener malicious ; jeering is loud, rude ridicide, 
 as of a hostile crowd or mob. Mockery is more studied, and may 
 include mimicry and personal violence, as well as scornful speech. 
 A satire is a formal composition ; a sarcasm maybe an impromptu 
 sentence. The satire shows up follies to keep people from them ; 
 the sarcasm hits them because they are foolish, without inquiring 
 whether it will do good or harm ; the satire is plainly uttered; the 
 sarcasm is covert. 
 
 BARBAROUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 atrocious, brutal, merciless, uncivilized, 
 
 barbarian, cruel, rude, uncouth, 
 
 barbaric, inhuman, savage, untamed. 
 
 Whatever is not civilized is barbarian; barbai'icindicates rude 
 magnificence, uncultured richness ; as, barbaric splendor, a bar- 
 baric melody. Barbarous refers to the worst side of barbarian 
 life, and to revolting acts, especially of cruelty, such as a civilized 
 man would not be expected to do ; as, a barbarous deed. We may, 
 however, say barbarous nations, barbarous tribes, without imply- 
 ing anything more than want of civilization and culture. Savage
 
 barrier 
 
 battle 74 
 
 is more distinctly bloodthirsty than barbarous. In this sense we 
 speak of a savage beast and of barbarous usage. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 civilized, cultured, clcgaut, humane, polite, tender, 
 
 courtly, delicate, graceful, nice, relined, urbane. 
 
 BARRIER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bar, bulwark, obstruction, rampart, 
 
 barricade, hindrance, parapet, restraint, 
 
 breastw^ork, obstacle, prohibition, restriction. 
 
 A bar is something that is or may be firmly fixed, ordinarily 
 with intent to prevent enti'ance or egress ; as, the bars of a prison 
 cell ; the bars of a wood=lot. A barrier obstrvicts, but is not nec- 
 essarily impassable. Barrier is used of objects more extensive 
 than those to which bar is ordinarily applied. A mountain range 
 may be a barrier to exploration ; but a mass of sand across the 
 entrance to a harbor is called a bar. Discovered falsehood is a 
 bar to confidence. Barricade has become practically a technical 
 name for an improvised street fortification, and, unless in some 
 way modified, is usually so understood. A parapet is a low or 
 breast=high wall, as about the edge of a roof , terrace, etc., espe- 
 cially, in military use, such a wall for the protection of troops ; a 
 rampart is the embankment surrounding a fort, on which the 
 parapet is raised ; the word rampart is often used as including 
 the jJcirajJet. Bulioark is a general word for any defensive wall 
 or rampart; its only technical use at present is in nautical lan- 
 guage, where it signifies the raised side of a ship above the upper 
 deck, topped by the rail. Compare boundary; impediment. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 admittance, opening, road, transit, 
 
 entrance, passage, thoroughfare, way. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A barrier to progress, agai?ist invasion; a barrier between 
 
 nations. 
 
 BATTLE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 action, combat, encounter, passage of arms, 
 
 affair, conflict. engagement, skirmish, 
 
 bout, contest, fight, strife. 
 
 Conflict is a general word which describes opponents, whether 
 
 individuals or hosts, as dashed together. One continuous conflict 
 
 between entire armies is a battle. Another battle may be fought 
 
 upon the same field after a considerable interval; or a new battle
 
 75 
 
 beat 
 
 may follow immediately, the armies meeting upon a new field. 
 An action is brief and partial; a battle may last for days. En- 
 gagement is a somewhat formal expression for battle; as, it was 
 the commander's purpose to avoid a general engagement. A pi'o- 
 tracted war, including many battles, may be a stubborn contest. 
 Combat, originally a hostile encounter between individuals, is 
 now used also for extensive engagements. A skirmish is between 
 small detachments or scattered troops. An encounter may be 
 either purposed or accidental, between individuals or armed forces. 
 Fight is a word of less dignity than battle; we should not ordi- 
 narily speak of Waterloo as a fight, unless where the word is used 
 in the sense of fighting; as, I was in the thick of the fight. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 armistice, concord, peace, Buspension of liostilities, trace. • 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A battle of giants ; battle between armies ; a battle for life, 
 against invaders ; a battle to the death ; the battle of (more rarely 
 at) Marathon. 
 
 BEAT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bastinado, 
 
 batter, 
 
 belabor, 
 
 bruise. 
 
 castigate, 
 
 chastise. 
 
 conquer, 
 
 cudgel, 
 
 defeat, 
 
 flog. 
 
 overcome, 
 
 pommel, 
 
 pound, 
 
 scourge, 
 
 smite. 
 
 spank, 
 strike, 
 surpass, 
 sw^itch. 
 
 thrash, 
 vanquish, 
 w^hip, 
 worst. 
 
 Strike is the word for a single blow ; to beat is to strike repeat- 
 edly, as a bird beats the air with its wings. Others of the above 
 words describe the manner of beating, as bastinado, to beat on 
 the soles of the feet ; belabor, to inflict a comprehensive and ex- 
 haustive beating; cudgel, to beat with a stick ; thrash, as wheat 
 was beaten out with the old hand=flail ; to pound (akin to L. pon- 
 dus, a weight) is to beat with a heavy, and p>ommel with a blunt, 
 instrument. To batter and to bruise refer to the results of beat- 
 ing ; that is battered which is broken or defaced by repeated blows 
 on the surface (compare synonyms for shatter) ; that is bruised 
 which has suffered even one severe contusion. The metaphorical 
 sense of beat, however, so far preponderates that one may be very 
 badly bruised and battered, and yet not be said to be beaten, un- 
 less he has got the worst of the beating. To beat a combatant is 
 to disable or dishearten him for further fighting. Hence beat be-
 
 beantlfal ''6 
 
 comes the synonym for every word which impUes getting the ad- 
 vantage of another. Compare conquer. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 fail, fall, get the worst of, go down, go under, surrender. 
 
 Almost all antonyms in this class are passive, and can be formed 
 indefinitely from the conquering words by the use of the auxiliary 
 be ; as, be beaten, be 'defeated, be conquered, etc. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Beat ivitli a stick over the head ; beat by a trick ; out of town ; 
 beat to the ground ; into submission. 
 
 BEAUTIFUI.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 attractive, 
 beauteous, 
 Ijew^itching, 
 bonny, 
 
 charming, 
 comely, 
 delightful, 
 elegant. 
 
 exquisite, 
 fair, 
 fine, 
 graceful, 
 
 handsome, 
 lovely, 
 picturesque, 
 pretty. 
 
 The definition of beauty, ''perfection of form," is a good key 
 to the meaning of beautiful, if we understand '' form "' in its widest 
 sense. There must also be harmony and unity, and in human be- 
 ings spiritual loveliness, to constitute an object or a jjerson really 
 beautiful. Thus, we speak of a beautiful landscape, a beautiful 
 poem. But beautiful implies also, in concrete objects, softness of 
 outline and delicacy of mold; it is opposed to all that is hard and 
 rugged, hence we say a beautiful woman, but not a beautiful man. 
 Beautiful has the further limit of not transcending our powers of 
 appreciation. Pretty expresses in a far less degi'ee that which is 
 pleasing to a refined taste in objects comparatively small, slight, 
 and dainty ; as, a pretty bonnet ; a pretty girl. That is handsome 
 which is not only superficially pleasing, but well and harmoniously 
 proportioned, with usually the added idea that it is made so by 
 art, breeding, or training ; as, a handsome horse ; a handsome 
 house. Handsome is a term far inferior to beautiful; we may 
 even say a handsome villain^^J^air denotes what is bright, smooth, 
 clear, and without blemish ; as, a fair face. The word applies 
 wholly to what is superficial ; we can say "■fair, yet false." In a 
 specific sense, fair has the sense of blond, as opposed to dark or bru- 
 nette. One who possesses vivacity, wit, good nature, or other 
 pleasing qualities may be attractive without beauty. Comely de- 
 notes an aspect that is smooth, genial, and wholesome, with a cer- 
 tain fulness of contour and pleasing symmetry, tho falling
 
 _,_, because 
 
 « • becoiniii$£ 
 
 * 
 
 short of the heautiful ; as, a comely matron. Tliat is picturesque 
 
 which would iBake a striking picture. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 awkward, 
 
 friglitful, 
 
 grotesque, 
 
 repulsive. 
 
 uncouth. 
 
 clumsy, 
 
 ghastly, 
 
 hideous. 
 
 shoclcing. 
 
 ungainly, 
 unlovely. 
 
 deformed. 
 
 grim, 
 
 horrid, 
 
 "gl-Yi 
 
 disgusting. 
 
 grisly. 
 
 odious. 
 
 unattractive, 
 
 unpleasant. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Beautiful to the eye ; beautiful in appearance, in spirit ; 
 " beautiful /o7' situation," Ps. xlviii, 2 ; beautiful o/ aspect, of its 
 kind. 
 
 BECAUSE. 
 
 Synonyms ; 
 
 as, for, inasmuch as, since. 
 
 Because, literally 6?/«cause, is the most direct and complete 
 word for giving the reason of a thing. Since, originally denoting 
 succession in time, signifies a succession in a chain of reasoning, a 
 natural inference or result. As indicates something like, coordi- 
 nate, parallel. Since is weaker than because ; as is weaker than 
 since ; either may introduce the reason before the main state- 
 ment; thus, since or as you are going, I will accompany you. 
 Often the weaker word is the more courteous, imi^lying less con- 
 straint; for example, as you request it, I will come, rather than I 
 will come because you request it. Inasmuch as is a formal and 
 qualified expression, implying by just so much, and no more; 
 thus, inasmuch as the debtor has no pi-operty, I abandon the 
 claim. For is a loose connective, giving often mere suggestion or 
 indication rather than reason or cause ; as, it is morning, for (not 
 beccmse) the birds are singing. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 altho, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding. yet. 
 
 Compare synonyms for but ; notwithstanding. 
 
 BECOMING. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 befitting, congruous, fit, meet. seemly, 
 
 beseeming, decent. fitting. neat, suitable, 
 
 comely, decorous, , graceful, proper, w^ortby. 
 
 That is becoming in dress which suits the complexion, figure, 
 and other qualities of the wearer, so as to produce on the whole a 
 pleasing effect. That is decent which does not offend modesty or 
 propriety. That is suitable which is adapted to the age, station, 
 situation, and other circumstances of the wearer; coarse, heavy
 
 begiiiulug 7S 
 
 boots are suitable for farm^work ; a juvenile style of dress is not 
 suitable for an old lady. In conduct much the same rules apply. 
 The dignity and gravity of a patriarch would not be becoming to 
 a child ; at a funeral lively, cheery sociability would not be deco- 
 rous, while noisy hilarity would not be decent ; sumptuous display 
 would not be suitable for a poor person. Fit is a compendious 
 term for whatever fits the person, time, place, occasion, etc. ; as, 
 a, /?f person; a_/?f abode; a, /?f place. Fitti7ig,'or befitting, is some- 
 what more elegant, implying a nicer adaptation. Meet, a some- 
 what archaic word, expresses a moral fitness ; as, meet for 
 heaven. Compare beautiful . 
 Autonyms: 
 
 awkward, ill=fltting, indecent, unbecoming, unseemly, 
 
 ill=becoming, improper, indecorous, unfit, unsuitatjle. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The dress was becoming to the wearer. Such conduct was be- 
 coming in him. 
 
 BEIOINI^IXO. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 arising, inauguration, origin, source, 
 
 commencement, inception, outset, spring, 
 
 fount, initiation, rise, start, 
 
 fountain, opening, 
 
 The Latin commencement is more formal than the Saxon begin- 
 ning, as the verb commeyice, is more formal than begin. Com- 
 mencement is for the most part restricted to some form of action, 
 while beginning has no restriction, but may be applied to action, 
 state, material, extent, enumeration, or to whatever else may be 
 conceived of as having a first part, jjoint, degree, etc. The letter 
 A is at the beginning (not the commencement) of every alphabet. 
 If we were to speak of the commencement of the Pacific Railroad, 
 we should be understood to refer to the enterprise and its initiatory 
 act ; if we were to refer to the roadway we should say " Here is 
 the beginning of the Pacific Eaihoad." In the great majority of 
 cases begin and beginning are preferable to commence and com- 
 mencement as the simple, idiomatic English words, always accurate 
 and expressive. "In the beginning was the word," 1 John 1. An 
 origin is the point from which something starts or sets out, often 
 involving, and always suggesting causal connection ; as, the oin- 
 gin of evil ; the origin of a nation, a government, or a family. A 
 source is that which furnishes a first and continuous supply, that 
 which flows forth freely or may be readily recurred to ; as, the 
 source of a river ; a source of knowledge ; a source of inspiration ;
 
 i»,Q bcliavlor 
 
 •" bend 
 
 fertile land is a source (not an origin) of wealth. A rise is thought 
 of as in an action ; we say that a lake is the source of a certain 
 river, or that the river takes its rise from the lake. Motley wrote 
 of "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." Fount, fountain, and 
 spring, in their figurative senses, keep close to their literal mean- 
 ing. Compare cause. 
 Aiitonynis: 
 
 See synonyms for end. 
 
 BEHAVIOR. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 action, breeding, conduct, deportment, manner, 
 bearing, carriage, demeanor, life, manners. 
 
 Behavior is our action in the presence of others ; conduct in- 
 cludes also that which is known only to ourselves and our Maker. 
 Carriage expresses simply the manner of holding the body, espe- 
 cially in sitting or walking, as when it is said of a lady " she has a 
 fine carriage.'' Bearing refers to the bodily expression of feeling 
 or disposition; as, a haughty hearing; a noble bearhig. Demeanor 
 is the bodily expression, not only of feelings, but of moral states ; 
 as, a devout demeanor. Breeding, unless with some adverse lim- 
 itation, denotes that manner and conduct which result from good 
 birth and training. Deportment is behavior as related to a set of 
 rules ; as, the pupil's deportment was faultless. A person's man- 
 ner may be that of a moment, or toward a single person ; his man- 
 ners are his habitual style of behavior toward or before others, 
 especially in matters of etiquette and politeness ; as, good manners 
 are always pleasing. 
 Prepositions ; 
 
 The behavior of the pastor to or toward his people, on or upon 
 the streets, before the multitude, or in the church, with the godly, 
 or ivith the worldly, was alike faultless. 
 
 BE^VO. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bias, curve, diverge, mold, submit, twist, 
 
 bow^, deflect, incline, persuade, turn, warp, 
 
 crook, deviate, influence, stoop, twine, yield. 
 
 In some cases a thing is spoken of as bent where the parts 
 
 make an angle ; but oftener to bend is understood to be to draw 
 
 to or throiigh a curve ; as, to bend a bow. To submit or yield is to 
 
 bend the mind humbly to another's wishes. To incline or influence 
 
 is to bend another's wishes toward our own ; to persuade is to
 
 benevolence 80 
 
 draw them quite over. To loavp is to hend silently through the 
 whole fiber, as a board in the sun. To crook is to hend irregu- 
 larly, as a crooked stick. Deflect, deviate, and diver-ge are said of 
 any turning away ; deviate commonly of a slight and gi-adual 
 movement, diverge of a more sharp and decided one. To bias is 
 to cut across the texture, or incline to one side ; in figui-ative use 
 always with an unfavorable import. Mold is a stronger word 
 than hend ; we may hend by a superior force that which still re- 
 sists the constraint ; as, a hent bow ; we mold something plastic 
 entirely to some desired form. 
 
 BE««EVOLEX€E. 
 
 Synonj-ms : 
 
 almsgiving, charity, kind=heartedness, munificence, 
 
 beneficence, generosity, kindliness, philanthropy, 
 
 benignity, good w^ill, kindness, sympathy, 
 
 bounty, humanity, liberality, unselfishness. 
 
 According to the etymology and original usage, heneficence is 
 the doing well, benevolence the wishing or willing well to others ; 
 but benevolence has come to include beneficence, and to displace 
 it. We should not now sj^eak of benevolence which did not help, 
 unless where there was no power to help ; even then we should 
 rather say good ivill or sympathy. Charity, which originally 
 meant the piu-est love for God and man (as in 1 Cor. xiii), is now 
 almost universally applied to some form of almsgiving, and is 
 much more limited in meaning than benevolence. Benignity sug- 
 gests some occult power of blessing, such as was formerly ascribed 
 to the stars ; we may say a good man has an air of benignity. 
 Kindness and tenderness are personal ; benevolence and charity 
 are general. Kindness extends to all sentient beings, whether men 
 or animals, in prosperity or in disti'ess. Tenderness especially 
 goes out toward the young, feeble, and needy, or even to the dead. 
 Humanity is so much kindness and tenderness toward man or beast 
 as it would be inhuman not to have ; we say of some act of care or 
 kindness, " common humanity requires it." Generosity is self= 
 forgetful kindness in disposition or action ; it includes much be- 
 sides giving ; as, the generosity of forgiveness. Bounty applies to 
 ample giving, which on a larger scale is expressed by munificence. 
 Liberality indicates broad, genial, kindly views, whether mani- 
 fested in gifts or otherwise. "We speak of the bounty of a gener- 
 ous host, the liberality or munificence of the founder of a college, 
 or of the liberality of a theologian toward the holders of conflict-
 
 bind 
 §1 bluer 
 
 ing beliefs. Philanthropy applies to wide schemes for human 
 welfare, often, but not always, involving large expenditures in 
 charity or benevolence. Compare mercy. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 barbarity, greediness, ill=will, malifrnitjr, self»seeking, 
 
 brutality, harshness, inhumanity, niggardliness, stinginess, 
 
 churlishness, illiberality, malevolence, selfishness, unkindness. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Benevolence of, on the part of, or from the wealthy, to or 
 
 toivard the poor. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 compel, fetter, oblige, restrict, shackle, 
 
 engage, fix, restrain, secure, tie. 
 
 fasten. 
 
 Binding is primarily by sometliing flexible, as a cord or band- 
 age drawn closely around an object or group of objects, as when 
 we hind up a woimded limb. We hind a sheaf of wheat with a 
 cord ; we tie the cord in a knot ; we fasten by any means that 
 will make things hold together, as a board by nails, or a door by a 
 lock. The verbs tie and fasten are scarcely used in the figurative 
 sense, tho, iising the noun, we speak of the ties of affection. 
 Bind has an extensive figurative use. One is bound by conscience 
 or honor ; he is obliged hj some imperious necessity ; engaged by 
 his own promise ; compelled by physical force or its moral equiv- 
 alent. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 free, loose, set free, unbind, unfasten, unloose, untie. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Bind to a pillar ; unto an altar ; to a service ; bind one ivith 
 chains or in chains ; one is bound by a contract ; a splint is bound 
 iipon a limb ; the arms may be bound to the sides or behind the 
 back ; bind a wreath aboiit, around, or round the head ; twigs 
 are bound in or into fagots ; for military purposes, they are bound 
 at both ends and in the middle ; one is bound by a contract, or 
 bound under a penalty to fulfil a contract. 
 
 BITTER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 acerb, acidulous, caustic, pungent, stinging, 
 
 acetous, acrid, cutting, savage, tart. 
 
 acid, acrimonious, harsb, sharp, vinegarish, 
 
 acidulated, biting, irate, sour. virulent. 
 
 Acid, sour, and bitter agree in being contrasted with s^veet, but 
 
 6
 
 bleach, v. „jj 
 
 the two former are sharply distinguished from the latter. Acid 
 or sour is the taste of vinegar or lemon=juice ; hitter that of quas- 
 sia, quinin, or strychnin. Acrid is nearly allied to hitter. Pun- 
 gent suggests the effect of pepper or snuff on the organs of taste 
 or smell ; as, a pungent odor. Caustic indicates the corroding 
 effect of some strong chemical, as nitrate of silver. In a figurative 
 sense, as applied to language or character, these words are very 
 closely allied. We say a sour face, sharp w^ords, hitter complaints, 
 eaustic wdt, cutting irony, hiting sarcasm, a stinging taunt, harsh 
 judgment, a tart reply. Harsh carries the idea of intentional and 
 severe unkindness, hitter of a severity that arises from real or sup- 
 posed ill treatment. The hitter speech springs from the sore heart. 
 Tart and sharp utterances may not proceed from an intention to 
 wound, but merely from a wit recklessly keen ; cutting, stinging, 
 and hiting speech indicates more or less of hostile intent, the latter 
 being the more deeply malicious. The caustic utterance is meant 
 to burn, perhaps wholesomely, as in the satire of Juvenal or Cer- 
 vantes. Compare morose. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 dulcet, honeyed, luscious, nectared, saccharine, sweet. 
 
 BLEACH, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blancli, make w^Mte, whiten, wMtewasli. 
 
 To irliiten is to make white in general, but commonly it means 
 to overspread with white coloring=matter. Bleach and hlanch 
 both signify to whiten by depriving of color, the former perma- 
 nently, as linen ; the latter either permanently (as, to hlanch cel- 
 ery) or temporarily (as, to hlanch the cheek with fear). To white- 
 wash is to ivhiten superficially, especially by false approval. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 blacken, color, darken, dye, soil, stain. 
 
 BLEmiSH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 Ijlot, defacement, disgrace, injury, spot, 
 
 blur, defect, dishonor, reproach, stain, 
 
 brand, deformity, fault, smirch, stigma, 
 
 crack, dent, fla%v, soil, taint, 
 
 daub, disfigurement, imperfection, speck, tarnish. 
 
 Whatever mars the beauty or completeness of an object is a 
 blemish, whether original, as squinting eyes, or the result of acci- 
 dent or disease, etc., as the pits of smallpox. A hlemish is super- 
 ficial ; a, flaw or taint is in structure or substance. In the moral
 
 c» Wow 
 
 §3 bluff 
 
 sense, we speak of a blot or stain upon reputation; a flaw or taint 
 in character. A defect is the want or lack of something ; fault, 
 ]:)rimarily a failing, is something that fails of an apparent intent 
 or disappoints a natural expectation ; thus a sudden dislocation or 
 displacement of geological strata is called a fault. Figuratively, 
 a blemish comes from one's own ill=doing ; a brand or stigma is 
 inflicted by others ; as, the brand of infamy. 
 
 BLOW. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 box. concussion, disaster, misfortune, stripe, 
 
 buffet, cuflf, knock, rap, stroke, 
 
 calamity, cut, lasb, shock, thump. 
 
 A bloiv is a sudden impact, as of a fist or a club ; a stroke is a 
 sweeping movement ; as, the stroke of a sword, of an oar, of the 
 arm in swimming. A sliock is the sudden encounter with some 
 heavy body ; as, colliding railway =trains meet ^^•ith a shock ; the 
 sliock of battle. A slap is given with the open hand, a lash with 
 a wliip, thong, or the like ; we speak also of the cut of a whip. A 
 buffet ox cuff is given only with the hand ; a blow either with hand 
 or weapon. A cuff is a somewhat sidelong blow, generally with 
 the open hand ; as, a cuff or box on the ear. A stripe is the effect 
 or mark of a stroke. In the metaphorical sense, blow is used for 
 sudden, stunning, staggering calamity or sorrow ; stroke for 
 sweeping disaster, and also for sweeping achievement and success. 
 We say a stroke of paralysis, or a stroke of genius. We speak of 
 the buffets of adverse fortune. Shock is used of that which is at 
 once sudden, violent, and prostrating ; we speak of a shock of 
 electricity, the shock of an amputation, a shock of surprise. Com- 
 pare BEAT. 
 
 BL.UFF. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abrupt, brusk, impolite, rough, 
 
 blunt, coarse, inconsiderate, rude, 
 
 blustering, discourteous, open, uncivil, 
 
 bold, frank, plain:spoken, unmannerly. 
 
 Bluff is a word of good meaning, as axe frank and ope7i. The 
 bluff man talks and laughs loudly and freely, says and does what- 
 ever he pleases with fearless good nature, and with no thought of 
 annoying or giving pain to others. Tlie bhmt man says things 
 which he is perfectly aware are disagreeable, either from a defiant 
 indifference to other's feelings, or from the pleasure of tormenting. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bland, courteous, geniial, polished, polite, refined, reserved, urbane.
 
 body 
 boundary 
 
 
 
 
 S4 
 
 
 
 BODY. 
 
 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ashes, 
 carcass, 
 
 clay, 
 corpse. 
 
 dust, 
 form. 
 
 frame, 
 remains. 
 
 system, 
 trunk. 
 
 Body denotes the entire physical structure, considered as a 
 whole, of man or animal ; form looks upon it as a thing of shape 
 and outline, perhaps of beauty ; frame regards it as supported by 
 its bony framework ; system views it as an assemblage of many 
 related and harmonious organs. Body, form, frame, and system 
 may be either dead or living ; clay and dust are sometimes so used 
 in religious or poetic style, tho ordinarily these words are used 
 only of the dead. Corpse and remains are used only of the dead. 
 Corpse is the plain technical word for a dead body still retaining 
 its unity ; remains may be used after any lapse of time ; the lat- 
 ter is also the more refined and less ghastly term ; as, friends are 
 invited to view the remains. Carcass applies only to the body of 
 an animal, or of a human being regarded with contempt and 
 loathing. Compare company. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 intellect, intelligence, mind, soul, spirit. 
 
 BOTH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 tw^ain, tw^o. 
 
 Both refers to ttvo objects previously mentioned, or had in 
 mind, viewed or acting in connection ; as, both men fired at once ; 
 '^tico men fii-ed" might mean any two, out of any number, and 
 without reference to any previous thought or mention. Twain is 
 a nearly obsolete form of fwo. The two, or the twain, is practi- 
 cally equivalent to both ; both, however, expresses a closer unity. 
 We would say both men rushed against the enemy ; the two men 
 flew at each other. Compare every. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 each, either, every, neither, none, no one, not any. 
 
 BOU]^DARY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 barrier, confines, limit, margin, 
 
 border, edge, line, term, 
 
 bound, enclosure, marches, termination, 
 
 bourn, frontier, marge, verge, 
 
 bourne, landmark. 
 
 The boundary was originally the layidmark, that which 
 
 marked off one piece of territory from another. The bound is the
 
 ®^ brave 
 
 limit, marked or unmarked. Now, however, the ditference be- 
 tween the two words has come to be simply one of usage. As 
 regards territory, we speak of the boundaries of a nation or of an 
 estate ; the hounds of a college, a ball=ground, etc. Bounds may 
 be used for all within the limits, houndary for the limiting line 
 only. Boundary looks to that which is without ; hound only to 
 that which is within. Hence we speak of the hounds, not the 
 boundaries, of a subject, of the universe, etc. ; we say the stu- 
 dents were forbidden to go beyond the bounds. A barrier is some- 
 thing that bars ingress or egress. A barrier n_ay be a boundary, 
 as was the Great Wall of Cliina. Bourn, or bourne, is a poetical 
 expression for bound or houndary. A border is a strip of land 
 along tlie houndary. Edge is a sharp terminal line, as where 
 river or ocean meets the land. Limit is now used almost wholly 
 in the figurative sense ; as, the limit of discussion, of time, of 
 jurisdiction. Line is a military term ; as, within the lines, or 
 through the lines, of an army. Compare barrier ; end. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 center, citadel, estate, inside, interior, land, region, territory. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The boundaries of an estate ; the boundaiy between neighbor- 
 ing territories. 
 
 BKAVE, 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adventurous, courageous. fearless, undaunted, 
 
 l>old. daring. gallant, undismayed, 
 
 ehivalric. dauntless, heroic. valiant, 
 
 chivalrous, doughty, intrepid, venturesome. 
 
 The adventurous man goes in quest of danger ; the bold man 
 stands out and faces danger or censure ; the hrai^e man combines 
 confidence with resolution in presenceof danger ; the cJtivalrousmnn 
 puts himself in peril for others' protection. The daring step out 
 to defy danger ; the dauntless will not flinch before anything that 
 may come to them ; the doughty vrill give and take limitless hard 
 knocks. The adventurous find something romantic in dangerous 
 enterprises ; the venturesome may be simply heedless, reckless, or 
 ignorant. All great explorers have been adrenturons ; children, 
 fools, and criminals are venturesome. The fearless and intrepid 
 possess unshaken nerves in any place of danger. Courageous 
 is more than brave, adding a moral element : the courageous man 
 steadily encounters perils to which he may be keenly sensitive, at 
 the call of duty ; the gallant are brcive in a dashing, showy, and
 
 break 86 
 
 splendid way ; the valiant not only dare great dangers, but 
 achieve great results ; the heroic are nobly daring and dauntless, 
 truly chivalrous, sublimely courageous. Compare fortitude. 
 Autonym^): 
 
 afraid, cringing, fearful, pusillanimous, timid, 
 
 cowardly, faint«hearted, frightened, shrinking, timorous. 
 
 BREAK. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bankrupt, crack, destroy, rive, shatter, split, 
 
 burst, crusb, fracture, rupture, shiver, sunder, 
 
 cashier, demolish, rend, sever, smash, transgress. 
 
 To break is to divide sharply, with severance of particles, as by 
 ablow or strain. To hurst is to break by pressure from within, as a 
 bombshell, but it is used also for the result of violent force other- 
 wise exerted ; as, to burst in a door, where the door yields as if 
 to an explosion. To crush is to break by pressure from without, 
 as an egg=shell. To crack is to break without complete severance 
 of parts ; a cracked cup or mirror may still hold together. Frac- 
 ture has a somewhat similar sense. In a fractured limb, the ends 
 of the broken bone may be separated, tho both portions are 
 still retained ■within the common muscular tissue. A shattered 
 object is broken suddenly and in numerous directions ; as, a vase 
 is shattered by a blow, a building by an earthquake. A shivered 
 glass is broken into numerous minute, needleslike fragments. To 
 smash is to break thoroughly to pieces with a crashing sound by 
 some sudden act of violence ; a watch once smashed will scarcely 
 be wortli repair. To split is to cause wood to crack or part in the 
 way of the grain, and is applied to any other case where a natural 
 tendency to separation is enforced by an external cause ; as, to 
 split a convention or a party. To demolish is to beat down, as a 
 mound, building, fortress, etc.; to destroy is to put by any process 
 beyond restoration physically, mentally, or morally ; to destroy 
 an army is so to shatter and scatter it that it can not be rallied or 
 reassembled as a fighting force. Compare rend. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 attach, bind, fasten, join, mend, secure, solder, unite, weld. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Break to i^ieces, or in pieces, into several pieces (when the ob- 
 ject is thought of as divided rather than shattered ) ; break vrith a 
 friend ; from or away from a suppliant ; break ijito a house ; out 
 of prison ; break across one's knee ; break through a hedge ; break 
 in upon one's retirement ; break over the rules ; break on or iipon 
 the shore, against the rocks.
 
 87 
 
 brutltih 
 burn 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 animal, 
 base, 
 beastly, 
 bestial. 
 
 BRUTISH. 
 
 brutal, 
 brute, 
 carnal, 
 coarse. 
 
 ignorant, 
 imbruted, 
 insensible, 
 lascivious, 
 
 sensual, 
 sottish, 
 stolid, 
 stupid, 
 
 swinish, 
 unintellectual, 
 unspiritual, 
 vile. 
 
 A brutish man simply follows his animal instincts, without 
 special inclination to do harm ; the brutal have always a spirit of 
 malice and cruelty. Brute has no special character, except as in- 
 dicating what a brute might possess ; much the same is ti"ue of 
 animal, except that animal leans more to the side of sensuality, 
 hrute to that of force, as appears in the familiar phrase " brute 
 force." Hunger is an animal appetite ; a brute impulse suddenly 
 prompts one to strike a blow in anger. Bestial, in modern usage, 
 implies an intensified and degrading animalism. Any supremacy 
 of the animal or brute instincts over the intellectual and spiritual 
 in man is base and vile. Beastly refers largely to the outward 
 and visible consequences of excess ; as, beastly drunkenness. 
 Compare animal. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 elevated, 
 enlightened, 
 
 exalted, 
 grand. 
 
 great, 
 humane, 
 
 intellectual, 
 intelligent. 
 
 noble, 
 refined. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blaze, 
 brand, 
 cauterize. 
 
 BURBf. 
 
 char, 
 
 consume, 
 
 cremate. 
 
 flame, 
 
 flash, 
 
 ignite. 
 
 incinerate, 
 
 kindle, 
 
 scorch. 
 
 set flre to, 
 set on flre, 
 singe. 
 
 To burn is to subject to the action of lire, or of intense heat so 
 as to effect either partial cha^nge or complete combustion ; as, to 
 burn wood in the fire ; to burn one's hand on a hot stove ; the sun 
 burns the face. One brands with a hot iron, but cauterizes with 
 some corrosive substance, as silver nitrate. Cremate is now used 
 specifically for consuming a dead body by intense heat. To incin- 
 erate is to reduce to ashes ; the sense differs little from that of 
 cremate, but it is in less popular use. To kindle is to set on fire, 
 as if with a candle ; ignite is the more learned and scientific word 
 for the same thing, extending even to the heating of metals to a 
 state of incandescence without burning. To scorch and to singe 
 are superficial, and to char usually so. Both kindle and burn 
 have an extensive figurative use ; as, to kindle strife ; to burn 
 with wrath, love, devotion, curiosity. Compare light. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cool, extinguish, put out, smother, stifle, subdue.
 
 business 88 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To burn in the fire ; burn until fire ; burn to the ground ; bum 
 to ashes ; burn through the skin, or tlie roof ; burn into the soil, etc. 
 
 BUSINESS. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affair, commerce, handicraft, trading, 
 
 art, concern, job, traflBc, 
 
 avocation, craft, occupation, transaction, 
 
 toarter, duty, profession, vocation, 
 
 calling, employment, trade, work. 
 
 A business is what one follows regularly ; an occupation is 
 what he happens at any time to be engaged in ; trout=fishing may 
 be one's occupation for a time, as a relief from business ; busi?iess 
 is ordinarily for profit, while the occupation may be a matter of 
 learning, philanthropy, or religion. A profession implies schol- 
 arship ; as, the learned professions. Pursuit is an occupation 
 which one follows with ardor. An avocation is what calls one 
 away from other work ; a vocation or calling, that to which one 
 is called by some special fitness or sense of duty ; thus, we speak 
 of the gospel ministry as a vocation or calling, rather than a 
 business. Trade or trading is, in general, the exchanging of one 
 thing for another ; in the special sense, a trade is an occupation 
 involving manual training and skilled labor ; as, the ancient Jews 
 held that every boy should learn a trade. A transaction is a 
 single action, whether in business, diplomacy, or otherwise ; affair 
 has a similar, but lighter meaning ; as, this little affair ; an im- 
 portant transaction. The plural affairs has a distinctive mean- 
 ing, including all activities where men deal with one another on 
 any considerable scale ; as, a man of affairs. A job is a piece of 
 work viewed as a single undertaking, and ordinarily paid for as 
 such. Trade and commerce may be used as equivalents, but trade 
 is capable of a more limited application ; we speak of the trade of 
 a village, the commerce of a nation. Barter is the direct ex- 
 change of commodities ; business, trade, and commerce are chiefly 
 transacted by means of money, bills of exchange, etc. Business, 
 occupation, etc. , may be what one does independently ; employment 
 may be in the service of another. Work is any application of 
 energy to secure a result, or the resvilt thus secured ; thus, we 
 speak of the ivork of God. Art in the industrial sense is a system 
 of rules and accepted methods for the accomplishment of some 
 practical result ; as, the ai-t of printing ; collectively, the arts. A 
 craft is some occupation requiring technical skill or manual dex-
 
 89 by 
 
 terity, or the persons, collectively, engaged in its exercise ; as, 
 
 the weaver's craft. 
 
 Propositions: 
 
 The business of a druggist ; in business toitli his father ; doing 
 business for his father ; have you business with me ? business in 
 New York ; business about, concerning, or in regard to certain 
 property. 
 
 BUT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 and. however, notw^ithstanding, that, 
 
 barely, just, only. tho, 
 
 besides, merely, provided, unless, 
 
 except, moreover, save, yet. 
 
 further, nevertheless, still, 
 
 But ranges from the faintest contrast to absolute negation ; as, 
 I am willing to go, but (on the other hand) content to stay ; he is 
 not an honest man, biit (on the contrary) a villain. The contrast 
 may be with a silent thought ; as, but let us go (it being under- 
 stood that we might stay longer). In restrictive use, except and 
 excepting are slightly more emphatic than but ; we say, no injury 
 but a scratch ; or, no injury except some painful bruises. Such 
 expressions as "words are but breath" (nothing but) may be 
 referred to the restrictive use by ellipsis. So may the use of but 
 in the sense of unless ; as, " it never rains but it pours." To the 
 same head must be referred the conditional use ; as, " you may go, 
 but with your father's consent" {i. e., "'provided you have," 
 "except that you must have," etc.). "Doubt but'' is now less 
 used than the more logical " doubt that." But never becomes a 
 full synonym for and ; and adds something like, but adds some- 
 thing different; "brave and tender" implies that tenderness is 
 natural to the brave; "brave but tender" implies that bravery 
 and tenderness are rarely combined. For the concessive use, com- 
 pare NOTWITHSTANDING. 
 
 BY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 by dint of, by means of, through, with. 
 
 By refers to the agent ; through, to the means, cause, or con- 
 dition ; with, to the instrument. By commonly refers to persons ; 
 loith, to things ; through may refer to either. The road having 
 become impassable through long disuse, a way was opened by 
 pioneers with axes. By may, however, be applied to any object 
 which is viewed as partaking of action and agency ; as, the metal
 
 cabal f^>v 
 
 calculate "" 
 
 was corroded hy the acid ; skill is gained hy practise. We speak 
 of communicating with a person hy letter. Through implies a 
 more distant connection than hy or loith, and more intervening 
 elements. Material objects are perceived hy the mind through 
 the senses. 
 
 CABAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 combination, confederacy, crew, gang, 
 
 conclave, conspiracy, faction, junto. 
 
 A conspiracy is Si combination of persons for an evil pm-pose, or 
 the act of so combining. Conspiracy is a distinct crime under 
 common, and generally under statutory, law. A faction is more 
 extensive than a conspiracy, less formal in organization, less defi- 
 nite in plan. Faction and its adjective, factious, have always an 
 unfavorable sense. Cabal commonly denotes a conspiracy of lead- 
 ers. A gang is a company of workmen all doing the same work 
 under one leader ; the word is used figuratively only of combina- 
 tions which it is meant to stigmatize as rude and mercenary ; creio 
 is used in a closely similar sense. A conclave is secret, but of 
 larger numbers, ordinarily, than a cabal, and may have honorable 
 use ; as, the conclave of cardinals. 
 
 CALCULATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 account, consider, enumerate, rate, 
 
 cast, count, estimate, reckon, 
 
 compute, deem, number, sum up. 
 
 Number is the generic term. To count is to number one hj 
 one. To calculate is to use more complicated processes, as multi- 
 plication, division, etc., more rapid but not less exact. Compute 
 allows more of the element of probability, which is still more 
 strongly expressed by estimate. We compute the slain in a great 
 war from the number known to have fallen in certain great bat- 
 tles ; compute refers to the present or the past, estimate more fre- 
 quently to the future ; as. to estimate the cost of a proposed build- 
 ing. To enumerate is to mention item by item ; as. to enimierate 
 one's gi-ievances. To 7-ate is to estimate by comparison, as if the 
 object were one of a series. We count upon a desired future ; we 
 do not coimt upon the undesired. As applied to the present, we 
 reckon or count a thing precious or worthless. Compare esteem. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 It is vain to calculate on or upon an uncertain result.
 
 call, V. 
 91 calm 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bawl, cry (out), roar, sliriek, 
 
 bellow, ejaculate, scream, vociferate, 
 
 clamor, exclaim, shout, yell. 
 
 To call is to send out the voice iu order to attract another's at- 
 tention, either by word or by inarticulate utterance. Animals 
 call their mates, or their young ; a man calls his dog, his horse, 
 etc. The sense is extended to include summons by bell, or any 
 signal. To shout is to call or exclaim with the fullest volume of 
 sustained voice ; to scream, is to utter a shriller cry ; to shriek or 
 to yell refers to that which is louder and wilder still. We shout 
 words ; in screaming, shrieking, or yelling there is often no at- 
 tempt at articulation. To hawl is to utter senseless, noisy cries, as 
 of a child in pain or anger. Bellow and roar are applied to the 
 utterances of animals, and only contemptuously to those of per- 
 sons. To clamor is to utter with noisy iteration ; it applies also 
 to the confused cries of a multitude. To vociferate is commonly 
 applied to loud and excited speech where there is little besides the 
 exertion of voice. In exclaiming, the utterance may not be stri- 
 kingly, tho somewhat, above the ordinary tone and pitch ; we 
 may exclaim by mere interjections, or by connected words, but 
 always by some articulate utterance. To ejaculate is to throw out 
 brief, disconnected, but coherent utterances of joy, regret, and 
 especially of appeal, petition, prayer; the use of such devotional 
 utterances has received the special name of " ejaculatory prayer." 
 To cry out is to give forth a louder and more excited utterance 
 than in exclaiming or calling ; one often exclaims with sudden 
 joy as well as sorrow ; if he cries out, it is oftener in grief or 
 agony. In the most common colloquial usage, to cry is to express 
 grief or pain by weeping or sobbing. One may exclaim, cry out. 
 or ejaculate with no thought of others' presence ; when he calls, it 
 is to attract another's attention. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 be silent, be still, hark, hearken, hush, list, listen. 
 
 CALM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 collected, imperturbable, sedate, still, 
 
 composed. peaceful, selfpossessed, tranquil, 
 
 cool, placid, serene. undisturbed, 
 
 dispassionate, quiet, smooth, unruflaed. 
 
 That is caZju which is free from disturbance or agitation; in the 
 physical sense, free from violent motion or action ; in the mental
 
 cancel 
 
 92 
 
 or spiritual realm, free from excited or disturbing emotion or 
 passion. We speak of a calm sea, a placid lake, a serene sky, a 
 still night, a quiet day, a qiiiet home. We speak, also, of "still 
 waters," "smooth sailing," which are different modes of express- 
 ing freedom from manifest agitation. Of mental conditions, one 
 is calm who triumphs over a tendency to excitement ; cool, if he 
 scarcely feels the tendency. One may be calm by the very re- 
 action from excitement, or by the oppression of overpowering 
 emotion, as we speak of the calmness of despair. One is com- 
 posecl who has subdued excited feeling ; he is collected when he 
 has every thought, feeling, or perception awake and at command. 
 Tranqiiil refers to a present state, pZacic?, to a prevailing tendency. 
 We speak of a tranquil mind, a j>7oo;V? disposition. The se?'ene 
 spirit dwells as if in the clear upper air, above all storm and 
 
 shadow. 
 
 The star of the unconqiiered will, 
 
 He rises in my breast, 
 Serene, and resolute, and still. 
 
 And calm, and self 'possessed. 
 
 Longfellow Light of Stars st. 7. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 agitated, 
 
 boisterous, 
 
 disturbed, 
 
 excited, 
 
 fierce, 
 frantic, 
 
 frenzied, 
 
 furious, 
 
 heated, 
 
 passionate, 
 
 raging, 
 
 roused. 
 
 ruffled, 
 
 stormy, 
 turbulent. 
 
 violent, 
 
 wild, 
 
 wrathful. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abolish, 
 abrogate, 
 annul, 
 blot out, 
 cross off or out. 
 
 CAWCEIi. 
 
 discharge, 
 efface, 
 erase, 
 expunge, 
 make void, 
 
 nullify, 
 
 obliterate, 
 
 quash, 
 
 remove, 
 
 repeal. 
 
 rescind, 
 
 revoke, 
 
 rub off or out, 
 
 scratch out, 
 
 vacate. 
 
 Cancel, efface, erase, expunge, and obliterate have as their 
 first meaning the removal of written characters or other forms of 
 record. To cancel is, literally, to make a lattice by cross=lines, 
 exactly our English cros.s out ; to efface is to rub off, smooth away 
 the face, as of an inscription ; to erase is to scratch out, commonly 
 for the purpose of writing something else in the same space ; to 
 expunge, is to punch out with some sharp instrument, so as to 
 show that the words are no longer part of the writing ; to obliter- 
 ate is to cover over or remove, as a letter, as was done by revers- 
 ing the Eoman stylus, and rubbing oid with the rounded end what 
 had been written with the point on the waxen tablet. What has 
 been canceled, erased, expunged, may perhaps still be traced ; 
 what is obliterated is gone forever, as if it had never been. In
 
 Qo eaudid 
 
 "'» capari!!ion 
 
 many establishments, when a debt is discharged by payment, the 
 
 record is cancelled. The figurative use of the words keeps close 
 
 to the primary sense. Compare abolish. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 approve, enact, establish, perpetuate, reenact, uphold, 
 
 confirm, enforce, maintain, record, sustain, write. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aboveboard, honest, open, truthful, 
 
 artless, impartial, simple, unbiased, 
 
 fair, ingenuous, sincere, unprejudiced, 
 
 frank, innocent, straightforw^ard, unreserved, 
 
 guileless, naive, transparent, unsophisticated. 
 
 A candid statement is meant to be true to the real facts and 
 just to all parties ; a fair statement is really so. Fair is applied 
 to the conduct ; candid is not ; as, fair treatment, "a fair field, 
 and no favor." One who is frank has a fearless and unconstrained 
 truthfulness. Honest and ingenuous unite in expressing con- 
 tempt for deceit. On the other hand, artless, guileless, naive, 
 simjjle:, and iinsopliistieaied express the goodness which comes 
 from want of the knowledge or thought of evil. As truth is not 
 always agreeable or timely, candid and frank have often an 
 objectionable sense; "to be candid with you," " to be perfectly 
 frank," are regarded as sure preludes to something disagi-eeable. 
 OjJen and unreserved may imply unstudied truthfulness or defiant 
 recklessness ; as, oi^en admiration, ojje^i robbery. There may be 
 transparent integrity or transparent fraud. Sincere applies to 
 the feelings, as being all that one's words would imply. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adroit, cunning, 
 
 artful, deceitful, 
 
 crafty, designing, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Candid in debate ; candid to or toward opponents ; candid with 
 friend or foe ; to be candid about or in regard to the mattero 
 
 diplomatic. 
 
 intriguing. 
 
 sharp. 
 
 subtle. 
 
 foxy. 
 
 knowing. 
 
 shrewd, 
 
 tricky, 
 
 msmcere. 
 
 maneuvermg. 
 
 sly, 
 
 wily. 
 
 CAPARISON. 
 
 Synonyms 
 
 accouterments, harness, housings, trappings. 
 
 Harness was formerly used of the armor of a knight as well as 
 of a horse ; it is now used almost exclusively of the straps and 
 appurtenances worn by a horse when attached to a vehicle ; the 
 animal is said to be " kind in harness.'" The other words apply to 
 the ornamental outfit of a horse, especially under saddle. We
 
 capital 
 
 care »* 
 
 speak also of the accouterments of a soldier. Caparison is used 
 rarely and somewhat slightingly, and trappings quite contemp- 
 tuously, for showy himian apparel. Compare arms ; dress. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 chief city, metropolis, seat of government. 
 
 The metropolis is the chief city in the commercial, the capital 
 in the political sense. The capital of an American State is rarely 
 its metropolis. 
 
 CARE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 anxiety, concern, oversight, trouble, 
 
 attention, direction, perplexity, vigilance, 
 
 caution, forethought, precaution, wariness, 
 
 charge, heed, prudence, w^atchfulness, 
 
 circumspection, management, solicitude, worry. 
 
 Care concerns what we possess ; anxiety, often, what we do 
 not ; riches bring many cares ; poverty brings many anxieties. 
 Care also signifies watchful attention, in view of joossible harm ; 
 as, " This side up with care ; " " Take care of yourself ; " or, as a 
 sharp warning, ' ' Take care ! " Caution has a sense of possible 
 harm and risk only to be escaped, if at all, by careful deliberation 
 and observation. Care inclines to the positive, caution to the 
 negative ; care is shown in doing, caution largely in not doing. 
 Precaution is allied with care, prudence with caution ; a man 
 rides a dangerous horse with care ; caution will keep him from 
 mounting the horse ; precaution looks to the saddle=girths, bit 
 and bridle, and all that may make the rider secure. Circumspec- 
 tion is watchful observation and calculation, but without the 
 timidity implied in caution. Concern denotes a serious interest, 
 milder than anxiety ; as, concern for the safety of a ship at sea. 
 Heed implies attention without disquiet ; it is now largely dis- 
 placed by attention and care. Solicitude involves especially the 
 element of desire, not expressed in anxiety, and of hopefulness, 
 not implied in care. A parent feels constant solicitude for his 
 children's welfare, anxiety as to dangers that threaten it, with 
 care to guard against them. Watchfulness recognizes the possi- 
 bility of danger, u-ariness the probability. A man avIio is not 
 influenced by caution to keep out of danger may display great 
 wariness in the midst of it. Care has also the sense of responsi- 
 bility, with possible control, as expressed in charge, management,
 
 career 
 "w caricature 
 
 oversight ; as, these children are under my care ; send the money 
 
 to me in care of the firm. Compare alarm ; anxiety ; prudence. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 carelessness, heedlessness. Indifference, negligence, oversight, remissness, 
 disregard, inattention, neglect, omission, recklessness, slight. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Take care of the house ; for the future ; about the matter. 
 
 CAREER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 charge, flight, passage. race, 
 
 course, line of achievement, public life, rush. 
 
 A career was originally the ground for a race, or, especially, 
 for a knight's charge in tournament or battle ; whence career w^as 
 early applied to the charge itself. 
 
 If you will use the" lance, take ground for your career. . . . The four horsemen 
 met in full career. Scott Qnentin Durward ch. 14, p. 194.   [n. f. & co.] 
 
 In its figurative use career signifies some continuous and con- 
 spicuous work, usually a life=work, and most frequently one of 
 honorable achievement. Compare business. 
 
 CARESS. 
 Synonyms t 
 
 coddle, embrace, fondle, pamper, 
 
 court, flatter, kiss, pet. 
 
 To caress is less than to embrace ; more dignified and less famil- 
 iar than to fondle. A visitor caresses a friend's child ; a mother 
 fondles her babe. Fondling is always by touch ; caressing may 
 be also by words, or other tender and pleasing attentions. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for affront. 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Caressed by or zvith the hand ; caressed by admirers, at court 
 
 CARICATURE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 burlesque, extravaganza, mimicry, take=off, 
 
 exaggeration, imitation, parody, travesty. 
 
 A caricature is a grotesque exaggeration of striking features 
 or peculiarities, generally of a person ; a burlesque treats any sub- 
 ject in an absurd or incongruous manner, A bm^lesque is written 
 or acted ; a caricature is more commonly in sketch or picture. A 
 parody changes the subject, but keeps the style ; a travesty keeps
 
 carry 
 
 96 
 
 the subject, but changes the style ; a burlesqite does not hold itself 
 to either subject or style ; but is content -with a general resem- 
 blance to what it may imitate. A caricature, parody, or travesty 
 must have an original ; a burlesque may be an independent com- 
 position. An account of a schoolboys" quarrel after the general 
 manner of Homer's Hiad -vrould be a burlesque ; the real story of 
 the niad told in newspaper style would be a travesty. An extrav- 
 aganza is a fantastic composition, musical, dramatic, or narrative. 
 Imitation is serious; mimicry is either intentionally or uninten- 
 tionallv comicaL 
 
 CARRY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bear. convey. move. sustain. transmit. 
 
 bring. lift, remove. take, transport. 
 
 A person may bear a load either when in motion or at rest ; he 
 carries it only when in motion. The stooping Atlas bears the 
 Avorld on his shoulders : swiftly moving Time carries the hour= 
 glass and scythe ; a person may be said either to bear or to carry 
 a scar, since it is upon him whether in motion or at rest. If an 
 object is to be moved from the place we occupy, \re say carry ; if 
 to the place we occupy, we say bring. A messenger carries a let- 
 ter to a correspondent, and brings an answer. Tal:e is often used 
 in this sense in place of carry ; as, take that letter to the office. 
 Carry often signifies to transport by personal strength, without 
 reference to the direction : as, that is more than he can can y ; 
 yet, even so, it would not be admissible to say carry it to me, or 
 carry it here ; in such case we must say bring. To lift is simply 
 to raise from the ground, tho but for an instant, with no refer- 
 ence to holding or moving : one may be able to lift what he could 
 not carry. The figurative uses of carry are very numerous ; as, 
 to carry an election, carry the country, carry (in. the sense of cap- 
 ture) a fort, carry an audience, ca.rry a stock of goods, etc. Com- 
 pare COXYEY ; KEEP : SCPPOET, 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 drop, fan under, give Tip, let go, £bake off, throw down, throw off. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To carry coals to Newcastle : carry nothing from, or out of, 
 this house : he carried these qualities intoaW. he did ; carry across 
 the street, over the bridge, through the woods, around or round 
 the comer ; beyond the river ; the cable was carried under the 
 sea.
 
 ^-, catastrophe 
 
 97 catch 
 
 CATASTROPHE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 calamity. denouement. miscliance, misliap. 
 
 cataclysm. disaster. misfortune. sequel. 
 
 A cataclysm or cata.^trophe is some great convulsion or mo- 
 mentoiis event that may or may not be a cause of misery to man. 
 In calamity, or disaster, the thought of human suffering is always 
 present. It has been held by many geologists that numerous cat- 
 astroj^hes or cataclysms antedated the existence of man. In lit- 
 erature, the final event of a drama is the catastrophe, or denoue- 
 ment. Misfortune ordinarily suggests less of suddenness and vio- 
 lence than calamity or disaster, and is especially appHed to that 
 which is lingering or enduring in its effects. In history, the end 
 of every great war or the fall of a nation is a catastrophe, tho 
 it may not be a calamity. Yet such an event, if not a calamity to 
 the race, will always involve mucli individual disaster and mis- 
 fortune. Pestilence is a ccdamity: a defeat in battle, a shipwreck, 
 or a failure in business is a disaster: sickness or loss of property is 
 a viisfortune : failure to meet a friend is a mischance ; the break- 
 ing of a teacup is a mishap. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 benefit, boon, favor, pleasure, prosperity, 
 
 blessing, comfort, help, privilege, success. 
 
 Preposition: 
 
 The catastrophe of a play ; of a siege : rarely, to a person, etc. 
 
 CATCH. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 apprehend, compreliend. gfrasp. overtake, snatch., 
 
 capture. discover. grip. secure. take, 
 
 clasp. ensnare. gripe. seize. take hold of. 
 
 clutch, entrap. lay hold of on. upon , 
 
 To catch is to come up Avith or take possession of something 
 departing, fugitive, or illusive. We catch a runaway horse, a fly- 
 ing ball, a mouse in a trap. "We clutch with a swift, tenacious 
 movement of the fingers : we grasp> with a firm but moderate clo- 
 stire of the wliole hand : we griji or grijie with the strongest muscu- 
 lar closure of the whole hand possible to exert. "We clasp in the 
 arms. We sfiatch ^th a quick, siidden. and usually a surprising 
 motion. In the figtu-ative sense, catch is used of any act that 
 brings a person or thing into our power or possession : as, to catch 
 a criminal in the act ; to catch an idea, in the sense of apprehend 
 or comprehend. Compare akrest.
 
 cause 
 cease 
 
 9S 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 fail of, give np, lose, release, throw aside, , 
 
 fall short of, let go, miss, restore, throw away. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To catch at a straw ; to catch a fugitive hy the collar ; to catch 
 a ball iciih the left hand ; he caught the disease /j'oiji the patient ; 
 the thief was caught in the act ; the bird in the snare. 
 
 CAUSE. 
 Synonyms •. 
 
 actor, causality, designer, occasion, precedent, 
 
 agent, causation, former. origin. reason, 
 
 antecedent, condition, fountain, originator, source, 
 
 author, creator, motive, power, spring. 
 
 The efficient caiise, that which makes anything to be or be 
 done, is the common meaning of the word, as in the saying 
 "There is no effect without a cause." Every man instinctively 
 recognizes himself acting through will as the cause of his own 
 actions. The Creator is the Great First Cause of all things. A 
 conditioji is something that necessarily precedes a result, but does 
 not produce it. An antecedent simply precedes a result, with or 
 without any agency in producing it ; as, Monday is the invariable 
 antecedent of Tuesday, but not the cause of it. The direct anto- 
 nym of cause is effect, while that of antecedent is consequent. An 
 occasion is some event which brings a cause into action at a par- 
 ticular moment ; gravitation and heat are the causes of an ava- 
 lanche ; the steep incline of the mountain=side is a necessary condi- 
 tion, and the shout of the traveler may be the occasion of its fall. 
 Causality is the doctrine or principle of causes, causation the 
 action or working of causes. Compare design ; reason. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 conseqeunce, development, end, fruit, outcome, product 
 
 creation, effect, event issue, outgrowth, result. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The cause of the disaster ; cause for interference. 
 
 CEASE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abstain, desist. give over, quit, 
 
 bring to an end, discontinue, intermit. refrain, 
 
 come to an end, end, leave off, stop, 
 
 conclude, finisb, pause, terminate. 
 
 Strains of music may gi'adually or suddenly cease. A man 
 quits work on the instant ; he may discontinue a practise grad-
 
 __ celebrate 
 
 "" center 
 
 ually ; he quits suddenly and completely ; he stojjs short in what 
 he may or may not resume ; he XKiuses in what he will probably 
 resume. What intermits or is intermitted returns again, as a 
 fever that intermits. Compare abandon ; die ; end ; RESTo 
 Autonyms: 
 
 begin, enter upon, initiate, originate, set going, set on foot, 
 
 commence, inaugurate, institute, set about, set m operation, start. 
 Preposition : 
 
 Cease from anger. 
 
 CELEBRATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 coimneinorate, keep, observe, solemnize. 
 
 To celebrate any event or occasion is to make some demonstra- 
 tion of respect or rejoicing because of or in memory of it, or to 
 perform such public rites or ceremonies as it properly demands. 
 We celebrate the birth, commemorate the death of one beloved or 
 honored. We celebrate a national anniversary with music and 
 song, with firing of guns and ringing of bells ; w^e commemorate 
 by any solemn and thoughtful service, or by a monument or other 
 enduring memorial. We keep the Sabbath, solemnize a marriage, 
 observe an anniversary ; we celebrate or observe the Lord's Supper 
 in which believers com7nemorate the sufferings and death of Christ. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 contemn, disliouor, forget, neglect, profane, 
 
 despise, disregard, ignore, overloolc, violate. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 We celebrate the day ivith appropriate ceremonies ; the victory 
 was celebrated by the people, ivith rejoicing. 
 
 CEMTER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 middle, midst. 
 
 We speak of the center of a circle,- the middle of a room, the 
 middle of the street, the midst of a forest. The center is equally 
 distant from every point of the circumference of a circle, or from 
 the opposite boundaries on each axis of a parallelogram, etc.; the 
 middle is more genei'al and less definite. The' center is a point ; 
 the middle may be a line or a space. We say at the center ; in 
 the viiddle. Midst commonly implies a group or multitude of 
 surrounding objects. Compare synonyms for amid. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bound, boundary, circumference, perimeter, rim.
 
 chagrin m^v 
 
 cbange, v. m.w 
 
 CIIAORIIV. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 confusion, discomposure, humiliation. shame, 
 
 disappointment, dismay, mortification, vexation. 
 
 Chagrin unites disaiJpointment with some degree of humilia- 
 tion. A rainy day may bring disapxMintment ; needless failure 
 in some enterprise brings chagrin. Shame involves the conscious- 
 ness of fault, guilt, or impropriety ; chagrin of failure of judg- 
 ment, or harm to reputation. A consciousness that one has dis- 
 played his own ignorance will cause him mortification, however 
 worthy his intent ; if there was a design to deceive, the exposure 
 will cover him with shame. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 delight, exultation, glory, rejoicing, triumph. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 He felt deep chagrin at (because of, on account of) failure. 
 
 CHABfOE, V. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 alter, exchange, shift. transmute, 
 
 commute, metamorphose, substitute, turn, 
 
 convert, modify, transfigure, vary, 
 
 diversify, qualify, transform, veer. 
 
 To change is distinctively to make a thing other than it has 
 been, in some respect at least ; to exchange to put or take some- 
 thing else in its place ; to alter is ordinarily to change partially, to 
 make different in one or more particulars. To exchange is often 
 to transfer ownership ; as, to exchange city for country property. 
 Change is often used in the sense of exchange ; as, to change 
 horses. To transmute is to change the quahties while the sub- 
 stance remains the same ; as, to transmute the baser metals into 
 gold. To transform is to change form or appearance, with or 
 without deeper and more essential change ; it is less absolute than 
 transmute, tho sometimes used for that word, and is often used 
 in a spiritual sense as transmute could not be; "Be ye trans- 
 formed by the renewing of your mind," Eom. xii, 2. Transfigure 
 is, as in its Scriptural use, to change in an exalted and glorious 
 spiritual w-ay ; "Jesus . . . was transfigured before them, and 
 his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the 
 light," Matt, xvii, 1, 2. To metamorphose is to make some 
 remarkable change, ordinarily in external quahties, but often in 
 structure, use, or chemical constitution, as of a caterpillar into a
 
 101 change, n. 
 
 butterfly, of the stamens of a plant into petals, or of the crystal- 
 Une structure of rocks, hence called " metamorphic rocks,"' as 
 when a limestone is metamorphosed into a marble. To vary is to 
 change from time to time, often capriciously. To commute is to 
 pvit something easier, lighter, milder, or in some way more favor- 
 able in place of that which is commuted ; as, to commute capital 
 punishment to imprisonment for life ; to comiinde daily fares on a 
 railway to a monthly payment. To convert (L. con, ivith, and 
 verto, turn) is to primarily turn about, and signifies to change in 
 form, character, use, etc., through a wide range of relations ; 
 iron is converted into steel, joy into grief, a sinner into a saint. 
 To turn is a popular word for change in any sense short of the 
 meaning of exchange, being often equivalent to alter, convert, 
 transform, transmute, etc. We modify or qualify a statement 
 which might seem too strong ; we modify it by some limitation, 
 qualify it by some addition. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abide, continue, hold, persist, retain, 
 
 bide, endure, keep, remain, stay. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To change a home toilet for a street dress ; to change from a 
 caterpillar to or into a butterfly ; to change clothes ivith a beggar. 
 
 CHAIVOE, n. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 alteration, mutation, renew^ing, transmutation, 
 
 conversion, novelty, revolution, variation, 
 
 diversity, regeneration, transformation, variety, 
 
 innovation, renewal, transition, vicissitude. 
 
 A change is a passing from one state or form to another, any 
 act or process by which a thing becomes unlike what it was 
 before, or the unlikeness so produced ; we say a cliange was ta- 
 king place, or the change that had taken place was manifest. 
 Mutation is a more formal word for change, often suggesting 
 repeated or continual change; as, the mutations of fortune. 
 Novelty is a change to what is new, or the newness of that to 
 which a change is made ; as, he was perpetually desirous of nov- 
 elty. Revolution is specifically and most commonly a change of 
 government. Variation is a partial change in form, qualities, 
 etc., but especially in position or action ; as, the variation of the 
 magnetic needle or of the pulse. Variety is a succession of 
 changes or an intermixture of different things, and is always
 
 cliaracter 102 
 
 thought of as agreeable. Vicissitude is sharp, sudden, or violent 
 change, always thought of as surprising and often as disturbing or 
 distressing ; as, the vicissitudes of politics. Transition is change 
 by passing from one place or state to another, especially in a natu- 
 ral, regular, or orderly way ; as, the transition from spring to 
 summer, or from youth to manhood. An innovation is a change 
 that breaks in upon an established order or custom ; as, an innova- 
 tion in religion or politics. For the distinctions between the other 
 words compare the synonyms for change, v. In the religious 
 sense regeneration is the vital renewing of the soul by the power 
 of the divine Spirit ; conversion is the conscious and manifest 
 change from evil to good, or from a lower to a higher spiritual 
 state ; as, in Luke xxii, 32, " when thou art converted, strengthen 
 thy brethren." In popular use conversion is the most common 
 word to express the idea of regeneration. 
 
 Liitonynii!!: 
 
 
 
 
 , constancy, 
 
 fixedness. 
 
 invariability, 
 
 steadiness, 
 
 continuance, 
 
 fixity. 
 
 permanence, 
 
 unchangeableness. 
 
 firmness, 
 
 identity, 
 
 persistence, 
 
 uniformity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 We have made a change for the better ; the change from 
 winter to spring ; the change of a liquid to or into a gas ; a change 
 in quality ; a change hy absorption or oxidation. 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 constitution, genius, personality, reputation, temper, 
 disposition, nature, record, spirit, temperament. 
 
 Character is what one is ; reputation, what he is thought to 
 be ; his record is the total of his known action or inaction. As a 
 rule, a man's record will substantially express his character ; his 
 rejnitation may be higher or lower than his character or record 
 will justify. Reptde is a somewhat formal word, with the same 
 general sense as reputation. One's nature includes all his origi- 
 nal endowments or propensities ; cliaracter includes both natural 
 and acquired ti'aits. We speak of one's physical constitution as 
 strong or weak, etc., and figuratively, always with the adjective, 
 of his mental or moral constitution. Compare characteristic. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The witness has a character for veracity ; his character is above 
 suspicion ; the character of the applicant.
 
 characteristic 
 IvJ cliasten 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC. 
 
 Syiioiiyiii»« : 
 
 attribute. feature. peculiarity, sign, trace, 
 
 character. indication. property, singularity, trait, 
 
 distinction, mark, quality, 
 
 A characteristic belongs to the nature or character of the per- 
 son, thing, or class, and serves to identify an object ; as, a copper^ 
 colored skin, high cheek=bones, and straight, black hair are chai'- 
 acteristics of the American Indian. A sign is manifest to an 
 observer ; a mark or a characteristic may be more difficult to dis- 
 cover ; an insensible person may show signs of life, while some- 
 times only close examination will disclose viarks of violence. 
 Pallor is ordinarily a mark of fear ; but in some brave natures it 
 is simply a characteristic of intense earnestness. Mark is some' 
 times used in a good, but often in a bad sense ; we speak of the 
 characteristic of a gentleman, the mark of a villain. Compare 
 
 ATTRIBUTE ; CHARACTER. 
 
 CHARIIIIVG. 
 
 Synoiiynis: 
 
 bew^itching, delightful, enrapturing, fascinating, 
 captivating, enchanting, entrancing, winning. 
 
 That is charming or bewitcliing which is adapted to win others 
 as by a magic spell. Enchanting, enrapturing, etitrancing repre- 
 sent the influence as not only supernatural, but irresistible and 
 delightful. That which is fascinating may win without delight- 
 ing, drawing by some unseen power, as a serpent its prey ; we can 
 speak of horrible fascination. Charming applies only to what is 
 external to oneself ; deligh tful may apply to personal experiences 
 or emotions as well ; we speak of a charming manner, a charming 
 dress, but of delightful anticipations. Compare amiable ; beau- 
 tiful. 
 
 CHASTEN. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 af&ict. chastise, discipline, punish, refine, subdue, 
 
 castigate, correct. humble. purify, soften, try. 
 
 Castigate and chastise refer strictly to corjioral punishment, tho 
 both are somewliat archaic ; correct and punish are often used as 
 euphemisms in preference to either. Punish is distinctly retribu- 
 tive in sense ; chastise, partly retributive, and partly corrective ; 
 chasten, wholly corrective. Chasten is used exclusively in the 
 spiritual sense, and chiefly of the visitation of God. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 "We are chastened of the Lord," 1 Cor. xi, 32; "they , . .
 
 clierish - « . 
 
 choose 1U4 
 
 chastened us after their own pleasure, but He /or our profit," JJe&. 
 xii, 10 ; "chasten in thy hot displeasure," Ps. iv, 7 ; chasten with 
 pain ; hy trials and sorrows. 
 
 €he:ri§h. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cheer, encourage, harbor, nurse, shelter, 
 
 cling to, entertain, hold dear, nurture, treasure, 
 
 comfort, foster. nourish, protect, value. 
 
 To cherish is both to liold dear and to treat as dear. Mere un- 
 expressed esteem would not be cherishing. In the marriage vow, 
 "to love, honor, and cherish" the word cherish implies all that 
 each can do by love and tenderness for the welfare and happiness 
 of the other, as by support, protection, care in sickness, comfort 
 in sorrow, sympathy, and help of every kind. To nurse is to tend 
 the helpless or feeble, as infants, or the sick or wounded. To 
 nourish is strictly to sustain and build up by food ; to nurture in- 
 cludes careful mental and s]iiritual training, with something of 
 love and tenderness ; to foster is simply to maintain and care for, 
 to bring up ; a /osier=child will be nourished, but may not be as 
 tenderly tmrtured or as lovingly cherished as if one's own. In the 
 figurative sense, the opinion one cherishes he holds, not with mere 
 cold conviction, but with loving devotion. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for abandon ; CHASTEN. 
 
 CHOOSE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 cull, elect, pick, pick out, prefer, select. 
 
 Prefer indicates a state of desire and ajjproval ; choose, an act 
 of will. Prudence or generosity may lead one to choose what he 
 does not 2^>^^f^^'- Select implies a careful consideration of the 
 reasons for preference and choice. Among objects so nearly alike 
 that we have no reason to prefer any one to another we may sim- 
 ply choose the nearest, but we could not be said to select it. Aside 
 from theology, elect is popularly confined to the political sense ; 
 as, a free people elect their own rulers. Cidl, from the Latin col- 
 ligere, commonly means to collect, as well as to select. In a gar- 
 den we ctdl the choicest flowers. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, repudiate, 
 
 cast out, disclaim, leave, reject, tlirow aside. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Choose from or from among the number ; choose out of the
 
 clrc'iiinlociilioii 
 105 clrcuiiiiiitaiicc 
 
 army ; choose hettmen (o^ bettinxf) two ; mnoiig many ; choose for 
 the purpose. 
 
 CIRCUMLOCUTION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 diflfuseness, prolixity, surplusage, verbiage, 
 
 periphrasis, redundance, tautology. verbosity, 
 
 pleonasm, redundancy, tediousness, -wordiness. 
 
 Circumlocution and perijjJirasis are roundabout ways of ex- 
 pressing thought ; circumlocution is the more common, periphra- 
 sis the more technical word. Constant circumlocution produces 
 an affected and heavy style ; occasionally, skilful periphrasis con- 
 duces both to beauty and to simplicity. Etymologically, diffuse- 
 ness is a scattering, both of words and thought ; redundancy is an 
 overflow. Prolixity goes into endless petty details, without selec- 
 tion or perspective. Pleonasm is the expression of an idea already 
 plainly implied ; tautology is the restatement in other words of an 
 idea already stated, or a: useless repetition of a word or words. 
 Pleonasm may add emphasis; tautology is always a fault. "I 
 saw it with my eyes " is a pleonasm ; " all the members agreed 
 unanimously '" is tautology. Verbiage is the use of mere words 
 without thought. Verbosity and wordiness denote an excess of 
 words in proportion to the thought. Tediousness is the sure result 
 of any of these faults of style. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 brevity, compression, condensation, plainness, succinctness, 
 
 compactness, conciseness, directness, sliortnese, terseness. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accompaniment, fact, item. point, 
 
 concomitant, feature, occurrence, position, 
 
 detail, incident, particular, situation, 
 
 event, 
 
 A circumstance (L. circum, around, and sto, stand), is some- 
 thing existing or occurring in connection with or relation to some 
 other fact or event, modifying or throwing light upon the princi- 
 pal matter without affecting its essential character ; an accompa- 
 niment is sometlung that unites with the principal matter, tho 
 not necessary to it ; as, the piano accompaniment to a song ; a 
 concomitant goes with a thing in natural connection, but in a sub- 
 ordinate capacity, or perhaps in contrast ; as, cheerfulness is a 
 concomitant of virtue. A circumstance is not strictly, nor usually, 
 an occasion, condition, effect, or result. (See these words under
 
 class 106 
 
 CAUSE.) Nor is the circumstance properly an incident. (See under 
 ACCIDENT.) We say, "My decision will depend upon circum- 
 stances " — not " upon incidents." That a man wore a blue necktie 
 would not probably be the cause, occasion, condition, or concomi- 
 tant of his committing murder ; but it might be a very important 
 circumstance in identifying him as the murderer. All the circum- 
 stances make up the situation. A certain disease is the cause of a 
 man's death ; his suffering is an incident ; that he is in his own 
 home, that he has good medical attendance, careful nursing, etc., 
 are consolatoiy circumstances. With the same idea of subordi- 
 nation, we often say, " This is not a circumstance to that." So a 
 person is said to be in easy circumstances. Compare event. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 "Mere situation is expressed by ' in the circumstances ' • action 
 affected is performed ' under the circumstances.' " [M.] 
 
 CLASS. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 association, circle, clique, company, grade, rank, 
 caste, clan, club, coterie, order, set. 
 
 A class is a number or body of persons or objects having com- 
 mon pursuits, purposes, attributes, or characteristics. A caste is 
 hereditary ; a class may be independent of lineage or descent ; 
 membership in a caste is supposed to be for life ; membership in a 
 class may be very transient ; a religious and ceremonial sacred- 
 ness attaches to the caste, as not to the class. The rich and the 
 poor form separate classes ; yet individuals are constantly passing 
 from each to the other ; the classes in a college remain the same, 
 but their membership changes every year. We speak of rank 
 among hereditary nobility or military officers ; of various orders 
 of the priesthood ; by accommodation, we may refer in a general 
 way to the higher ranks, the lower orders of any society. Grade 
 implies some regular scale of valuation, and some inherent quali- 
 ties for which a person or thing is placed higher or lower in the 
 scale ; as, the coarser and finer grades of wool ; a man of an infe- 
 rior grade. A coterie is a small company of persons of similar 
 tastes, who meet frequently in an informal way, rather for social 
 enjoyment than for any serious purpose. Clique has always an 
 unfavorable meaning. A clique is always fractional, implying 
 some greater gathering of which it is a ])art ; the association breaks 
 up into cliques. Persons unite in a coterie through simple liking
 
 lOT 
 
 cleanse 
 clear 
 
 for one another ; they withdraw into a clique largely through aver- 
 sion to outsiders. A set, while exclusive, is more extensive than 
 a clique, and chiefly of persons who are united by common social 
 station, etc. Circle is similar in meaning to set, but of wider ap- 
 plication ; we speak of scientific and religious as well as of social 
 circles. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A class of merchants ; the senior class at (sometimes of) Har- 
 vard : the classes in college. 
 
 CLEANSE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 brush, 
 clean, 
 disinfect, 
 
 dust, 
 lave, 
 mop, 
 
 purify, 
 rinse. 
 
 scour, 
 scrub. 
 
 sponge, 
 sweep, 
 
 w^ash, 
 w^ipe. 
 
 To clean is to make clean by removing dirt, impurities, or soil 
 of any kind. Cleanse implies a worse condition to start from, 
 and more to do, than clean. Hercules cleansed the Augean stables. 
 Cleanse is especially applied to purifying processes where liquid is 
 used, as in the flushing of a street, etc. We brush clothing if 
 dusty, sponge it, or sponge it off, if soiled ; or sponge off a spot. 
 Furniture, books, etc., are dusted ; floors are mopped or scrubbed ; 
 metallic utensils are scoured ; a room is sxo.ept ; soiled garments 
 are washed ; foul air or water is jmrified. Cleanse and purify 
 are used extensively in a moral sense ; wash in that sense is archaic. 
 Compare amend. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 befoul, besmirch, contaminate, debase, deprave, soil, stain, taint, 
 besmear, bespatter, corrupt, defile, pollute, spoil, sully, vitiate. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Cleanse of or from physical or moral defilement ; cleanse trith 
 an instrument ; by an agent ; the room was cleansed by the attend- 
 ants with soap and water. 
 
 CLEAR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apparent, 
 
 diaphanous, 
 
 distinct, 
 
 evident, 
 
 explicit. 
 
 intelligible, 
 
 limpid, 
 
 lucid, 
 
 manifest, 
 
 obvious, 
 
 Clear (L. clarus, bright, 
 which shines, and impresses 
 
 pellucid, transparent, 
 
 perspicuous, unadorned, 
 
 plain, unambiguous, 
 
 straightforw^ard, unequivocal, 
 
 translucent, unmistakable. 
 
 brilliaiit) primarily refers to that 
 the mind through the eye with a
 
 clear 108 
 
 sense of luster or splendor. A substance is said to be clear that 
 offers no imijediment to vision — is not dim, dark, or obscure. 
 Transparent refers to the medium through wliich a substance is 
 seen, clear to the substance itself, without reference to anything 
 to be seen through it ; we speak of a stream as clear when we 
 think of the water itself ; we speak of it as transparent with ref- 
 erence to the ease with which we see the pebbles at the bottom. 
 Clear is also said of that wliich comes to the senses without 
 dimness, dulness, obstruction, or obscurity, so that there is 
 no uncertainty as to its exact form, character, or meaning, with 
 something of the brightness or brilliancy implied in the primary 
 meaning of the word clear ; as, the outlines of the sliip were clear 
 against the sky ; a clear view ; a clear note ; " clear as a bell" ; a 
 clear, frosty air ; a clear sky ; a clear statement ; hence, the word 
 is used for that which is free from any kind of obstruction ; as, a 
 clear field. Lucid and pellucid refer to a shining clearness, as of 
 crystal. A transparent body allows tlie forms and colors of ob- 
 jects beyond to be seen through it ; a translucent body allow^s 
 light to pass through, but may not permit forms and colors to be 
 distinguished ; plate glass is transparent, ground glass is translu- 
 cent. Limpid refers to a liquid clearness, or that which suggests 
 it ; as, limpid streams. That which is distinct is well defined, 
 especially in outline, each part or object standing or seeming 
 apart from any other, not confused, indefinite, or blurred : distinct 
 enunciation enables the hearer to catch every word or vocal sound 
 without perplexity or confusion ; a distinct statement is free from 
 indefiniteness or ambiguity ; a distinct apprehension of a thought 
 leaves the mind in no doubt or uncertainty regarding it. That is 
 X>lain, in the sense here considered, which is, as it were, level to 
 the thought, so that one goes sti-aight on Avithout difficulty or 
 hindrance ; as, plain language ; a plain statement ; a clear ex- 
 planation. Perspicuous is often equivalent to ijlain, but plain 
 never wholly loses the meaning of unadorned, so that we can say 
 the style is perspicuous tho highly ornate, when we could not call 
 it at once ornate and pZa^«. Compare evident. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 ambiguous, dim, foggy, mysterious, opaque, unintelligible, 
 
 cloudy, dubious, indistinct, obscure, turbid, vague. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Clear to the mind ; clear in argument ; clear of or from annoy- 
 ances.
 
 lAtk clever 
 
 !*>» eolll!«ioii 
 
 CLEVER. 
 
 Syiioiiyiii!>>: 
 
 able, capable, happy, keen, sharp, 
 
 adroit, dexterous, ingenious, knowing, skilful, 
 
 apt. expert, intellectual, quick, smart, 
 
 bright, gifted, intelligent, quick=witted, talented. 
 
 Clever, as used in England, especially implies an aptitude for 
 study or learning, and for excellent tlio not preeminent mental 
 achievement. The early New England usage as implying simple 
 and weak good nature has largely affected the use of the word 
 throughout the United States, where it has never been much in 
 favor. Smart, indicating dashing ability, is now coming to have a 
 suggestion of unscrupulousness, similar to that of the word sharp, 
 which makes its use a doubtful compliment. The discriminating 
 use of such words as able, gifted, talented, etc., is greatly prefer- 
 able to an excessive use of the word clever. Compare acumen ; 
 
 ASTUTE ; POWER. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 awkward, clumsy, foolish, ignorant, slow, thick=headed, 
 
 bungling, dull, idiotic, senseless, stupid, witless. 
 
 COEEISIO]^. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 clash, concussion, contact, impact. opposition, 
 
 clashing, conflict, encounter, meeting, shock. 
 
 Collision, the act or fact of striking violently together, is the 
 result of motion or action, and is sudden and momentary ; contact 
 may be a condition of rest, and be continuous and permanent ; col- 
 lision is sudden and violent contact. Concussion is often by trans- 
 mitted force rather than by direct impact; two railway=trains 
 come into coZ7?.s"/on; an explosion of dynamite shatters neighbor- 
 ing windows by concussion. Impact is the blow given by the 
 striking body ; as, the impact of the cannon=shot upon the target. 
 An encounter is always violent, and generally hostile. Meeting is 
 neutral, and may be of the dearest friends or of the bitterest foes ; 
 of objects, of persons, or of opinions ; of two or of a multitude. 
 Shock is the result of collision. In the figurative use, we speak of 
 clashing of views, collision of persons. Opposition is used chiefly 
 of persons, more rarely of opinions or interests ; conflict is used in- 
 differently of all. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 agreement, coincidence, concord, conformity, unison, 
 
 amity, concert, concurrence, harmony, unity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Collision of one object loith another : of or between opposing 
 
 objects.
 
 comfortable -b^a 
 
 company HO 
 
 COJUFORTABLiE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 agreeable, cheery, genial, snug, 
 
 at ease, commodious, pleasant, wellsoflf, 
 
 at rest, contented, satisfactory, well:provided, 
 
 cheerful, convenient, satisfied, well^to^do. 
 
 A person is comfortable in mind wlien contented and measura- 
 bly satisfied. A little additional brightness makes him cheerful. 
 He is comfortable in body when free from pain, quiet, at ease, at 
 rest. He is comfortable in circumstances, or in comfortable cir- 
 cumstances, when things about him are generally agreeable and 
 satisfactory, usually with the suggestion of sufficient means to 
 secure that result. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 cheerless, discontented, distressed, foiloiu, uncomfortable, 
 
 disagreeable, dissatisfied, dreary, miserable, wretched. 
 
 COHMIT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 assign, confide, consign, entrust, relegate, trust. 
 
 Commit, in the sense here considered, is to give in charge, put 
 into care or keeping ; to confide or intrust is to commit especially 
 to one's fidelity, confide being used chiefly of mental or spiritual, 
 intrust also of material things ; we assign a duty, confide a secret, 
 intrust a treasure ; we commit thoughts to writing ; commit a pa- 
 per to the flames, a body to the earth ; a prisoner is committed to 
 jail. Consign is a formal word in mercantile use ; as, to consign 
 goods to an agent. Religiously, we consign the body to the grave, 
 commit the soul to God. Compare do. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Commit to a friend for safe=keeping ; in law, commit to prison ; 
 for trial ; withotit bail • in default of bail ; o?i suspicion. 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 assemblage, concourse, convocation, host, 
 
 assembly, conference, crowd, meeting, 
 
 collection, congregation, gathering, multitude, 
 
 conclave, convention, group, throng. 
 
 Company, from the Latin cum, with, and panis, bi-ead, de- 
 notes primarily the association of those who eat at a common 
 table, or the persons so associated, table=companions, messmates, 
 friends, and hence is widely extended to include any association 
 of those united permanently or temporarily, for business, pleasiu'e,
 
 Ill compel 
 
 festivity, travel, etc. , or by sorrow, misfortune, or wrong ; cor/i- 
 pany may denote an indefinite number (ordinarily more than two), 
 but less than a multitude; in the military sense a company is a 
 limited and definite number of men ; company implies more unity 
 of feeling and purpose than croivcl, and is a less formal and more 
 familiar word than assemblage or assembly. An assemblage may 
 be of persons or of objects ; an assembly is always of persons. An 
 assemblage is promiscuous and unorganized ; an assembly is organ- 
 ized and united in some common purpose. A conclave is a secret as- 
 sembly. A convocation is an assembly called by authority for a spe- 
 cial purpose ; the term convention suggests less dependence upon 
 any superior authority or summons. A group is small in number 
 and distinct in outline, clearly marked ofl: from all else in space or 
 time. Collection, crowd, gathering, group, and multitude have 
 the unorganized and promiscuous character of the assemblage ; the 
 other terms come under the general idea of assembly. Congrega- 
 tion is now almost exclusively religious ; meeting is often so used, 
 but is less restricted, as we may speak of a meeting of armed men. 
 Gathering refei's to a coming together, commonly of numbers, 
 from far and near ; as, the gathering of the Scottish clans. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 dispersion, loneliness, privacy, retirement, seclusion, solitude. 
 
 COMPEL,. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 coerce, drive, make, oblige, 
 
 constrain, force, necessitate. 
 
 To compel one to an act is to secure its performance by the use 
 of irresistible physical or moral force. Force implies primarily an 
 actual physical process, absolutely subduing all resistance. Coerce 
 implies the actual or potential use of so much force as may be 
 necessary to secure the surrender of the will ; the American seces- 
 sionists contended that the Federal government had no right to 
 coerce a State. Constrain implies the yielding of judgment and 
 will, and in some cases of inclination or affection, to an overmas- 
 tering power ; as. " the love of Christ constraineth us," 2 Cor. v, 
 14. Compare drive ; influence. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for hinder. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The soldiers were compeUed to desertion : preferably with the 
 infinitive, compelled to desert.
 
 coiiiplaiii tto 
 
 coiiii>lex I.l<« 
 
 COMPLAIN. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 croak, growl, grunt, remonstrate, 
 
 find fault, grumble, murmur, repine. 
 
 To complain is to give utterance to dissatisfaction or objection, 
 express a sense of wrong or ill treatment. One complains of a 
 real or assumed grievance ; he may murmur through mere pee- 
 vishness or ill temper ; he repines, with vain distress, at the irrev- 
 ocable or the inevitable. Complaining is by speech or writing ; 
 murmuring is commonly said of half=repressed utterance ; repi- 
 ning of the mental act alone. One may complain of an offense to 
 the offender or to others ; he remonstrates with the offender only. 
 Compjlain has a formal and legal meaning, which the other words 
 have not, signifying to make a formal accusation, present a spe- 
 cific charge ; the same is true of the noun complaint. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 applaud, approve, commend, eulogize, laud, praise. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Complain of a thing to a person ; of one person to another, of 
 or against a person for an act ; to an officer ; before the court ; 
 about a thing. 
 
 COMPLEX. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abstruse, confused. intricate, mixed, 
 
 complicated, conglomerate, involved, multiform, 
 
 composite, entangled. manifold, obscure, 
 
 compound, heterogeneous, mingled, tangled. 
 
 That is complex which is made up of several connected parts. 
 That is compound in which the parts are not merely connected, 
 but fused, or otherwise combined into a single substance. In a 
 composite object the different parts have less of unity than in that 
 which is comx)lex or compound, but maintain their distinct indi- 
 viduality. In a heterogeneo}(s body unlike parts or particles are 
 intermingled, often without apparent order or plan. Conglomer- 
 ate (literally, globed together) is said of a confused mingling of 
 masses or lumps of various substances. The New England pud- 
 ding-stone is a conglomerate rock. In a complex object the ar- 
 rangement and relation of parts may be perfectly clear ; in a com- 
 plicated mechanism the parts are so numerous, or so combined, 
 that the mind can not readily grasp their mutual relations ; in an 
 intricate arrangement the parts are so intertwined that it is diffi- 
 cult to follow their windings ; things are involved which, are rolled
 
 113 condeiuu 
 
 together so as not to be easily separated, either in thought or in 
 fact ; things which are tangled or entangled mutually hold and 
 dra^v upon each other. The conception of a material object is 
 usually complex, involving form, color, size, and other elements ; 
 a clock is a complicated mechanism ; the Gordian knot was intri- 
 cate ; the twining serpents of the Laocoon are involved. We 
 speak of an abstruse statement, a complex conception, a confused 
 heap, a heterogeneous mass, a tangled skein, an intricate problem ; 
 of composite architecture, an involved sewtewce ; of the complicated 
 or intricate accounts of a great business, the entangled accounts 
 of an incompetent or dishonest bookkeeper. 
 Aiitouyms : 
 
 clear, homogeneous, plain, uncombined, uniform, 
 
 direct, obvious, simple, uncompounded, unraveled. 
 
 Synonymic : 
 
 blame, convict, doom, reprove, 
 
 censure, denounce, reprobate, sentence. 
 
 To condemn is to jiass judicial sentence or render judgment or 
 decision against. We may censure silently ; we condemn ordina- 
 rily by open and formal utterance. Condemn is more final than 
 blame or censure ; a condemned criminal has had his trial ; a con- 
 demned building can not stand ; a condemned ship can not sail. A 
 person is convicted when his guilt is made clearly manifest to 
 others ; in somewhat archaic use, a person is said to be convicted 
 when guilt is brought clearly home to his own conscience {convict 
 in this sense being allied with convince, which see under per- 
 suade); in legal usage one is said to be convicted only by the ver- 
 dict of a jury. In stating the penalty of an offense, the legal 
 word sentence is now more common than condemn ; as, he was 
 sentenced to imprisonment ; but it is good usage to say, he was 
 condemned to imprisonment. To denounce is to make public or 
 official declaration against, especially in a violent and threatening 
 manner. 
 
 From the pulpits in the northern States Burr was denounced as an assassin. 
 
 Coffin Building the Nation ch. 10, p. 137. [h. '83.] 
 
 To doom is to condemn solemnly and consign to evil or destruc- 
 tion or to predetermine to an evil destiny ; an inferior race in 
 presence of a superior is doomed to subjugation or extinction. 
 Compare arraign ; reprove. 
 
 8
 
 confess 
 
 couflrm 114: 
 
 Antouyms: 
 
 absolve, applaud, exonerate, pardon, 
 
 acquit, approve, justify, praise. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The bandit was condemned to death for his crime. 
 
 CONFESS. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accept, allow. concede, grant, 
 
 acknow^ledge, avow^, disclose, ow^n, 
 
 admit, certify, endorse, recognize. 
 
 We accept another's statement ; admit any point made against 
 us i^acknoiclcdge wliat we have said or done, good or bad ; avotc 
 our individual beliefs or feelings ; certify to facts within our 
 knowledge ;* confess our own faults ; endorse a friend's note or 
 statement ; grant a request ; oion our faults or obligations ; recog- 
 nize lawful authority ; concede a claim. Confess has a high and 
 sacred use in the religious sense ; as, to confess Christ before men. 
 It may have also a playful sense (often with to); as, one confesses 
 to a w^eakness for confectionery. The chief present use of the 
 word, however, is in the sense of making known to others one's 
 own wrong=doing ; in this sense confess is stronger than acknowl- 
 edge or admit, and more specific than own ; a person admits a 
 mistake ; acknmdedges a fault ; confesses sin or crime. Compare 
 
 APOLOGY ; AVOW, 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cloak, deny, disown, hide, screen, 
 
 conceal, disavovs', dissemble, mask, secrete, 
 
 cover, disguise, dissimulate, repudiate, veil. 
 
 CONFIRM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 assure, fix, sanction, substantiate, 
 
 corroborate, prove, settle, sustain, 
 
 establish, ratify, strengthen, uphold. 
 
 Confirm (L. con, together, and firmus, firm) is to add firmness 
 or give stability to. Both confirm and corroborate presui)pose 
 something already existing to which the confirmation or corrobo- 
 ration is added. Testimony is corroborated by concurrent testi- 
 mony or by circumstances ; confirmed by established, facts. That 
 which is thoroughly proved is said to be established ; so is that 
 which is official and has adequate power behind it ; as, the estab- 
 lished government ; the established church. The continents are 
 fixed. A treaty is ratified ; an appointment confirmed. An act 
 is sanctioned by any person or authority that passes upon it
 
 «li- congratulate 
 
 ***' conquer 
 
 approvingly. A statement is substantiated ; a report confirmed ; 
 a conti-oversy settled ; the decision of a lower court sustamed by 
 a higher. Just government should be upheld. The beneficent 
 results of Christianity confirm our faith in it as a divine reve- 
 lation. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abrogate, cancel, overthrow, shatter, upset, 
 
 auiiul, destroy, shake, unsettle, weaken. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Confirm a statement by testimony ; confirm a person in a belief. 
 
 CONGRATULATE. 
 
 Synonym : 
 
 felicitate. 
 
 To felicitate is to pronounce one happy or wish one joy ; to 
 congratulate is to express hearty sympathy in his joys or hopes. 
 Felicitate is cold and formal. We say one felicitates himself ; 
 tho to congrattdate oneself, wliich is less natural, is becoming 
 prevalent. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 condole with, console. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Congratulate one on or upon his success. 
 
 CONQUER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 beat, humble, overthrow, subject, 
 
 checkmate, master. prevail over, subjugate, 
 
 crush, overcome, put dow^n, surmount, 
 
 defeat, overmaster, reduce, vanquish, 
 
 discomfit, overmatch, rout, w^in. 
 
 dow^n, overpow^er, subdue, w^orst. 
 
 To defeat an enemy is to gain an advantage for the time ; to 
 vanquish is to win a signal victory ; to conquer is to overcome so 
 effectually that the victory is regarded as final. Conquer, in 
 many cases, carries the idea of possession ; as, to conquer respect, 
 affection, peace, etc. A country is conquered when its armies are 
 defeated and its territory is occupied by the enemy ; it may be 
 subjected to indemnity or to various disabilities ; it is subjugated 
 when it is held helplessly and continuously under military control ; 
 it is subdued when all resistance has died out. An army is de- 
 feated when forcibly driven back ; it is routed when it is converted 
 into a mob of fugitives. Compare beat. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 capitulate, fail, fly, lose, retire, submit, surrender, 
 
 cede, fall, forfeit, resign, retreat, succumb, yield.
 
 conscious 11 A 
 
 consequence a»v 
 
 CONSCIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 advised, assured, certain. cognizant, sensible, 
 
 apprised, aware, certified, informed, sure. 
 
 One is aware of that which exists without him ; he is conscious 
 
 of the inner workings of his own mind. Sensible may be used in 
 
 the exact sense of conscious, or it may partake of both the senses 
 
 mentioned above. One may be sensible of his own or another's 
 
 error ; he is conscious only of his own. A person may feel assured 
 
 or sure of something false or non=existent ; what he is aamre of, 
 
 still more what he is conscious of, must be fact. Sensible has 
 
 often'a reference to the emotions where coiiscions might apply 
 
 only to the intellect ; to say a culprit is sensible of his degradation 
 
 is more forcible than to say he is conscious of it. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cold, dead, deaf, ignorant, insensible, unaware, unconscious. 
 
 Preposition : " 
 
 On the stormy sea, man is conscious of the limitation of human 
 
 power. 
 
 CONSEQUENCE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 consequent, end, issue, outgrowtlx, sectuel, 
 
 effect, event, outcome, result, upsliot. 
 
 Effect is the strongest of these words ; it is that which is di- 
 rectly produced by the action of an efficient cause ; we say, "Every 
 effect must have an adequate cause " (compare cause). In re- 
 gard to human actions, effect commonly relates to intention ; as, 
 the shot took effect, i. e., the effect intended. A consequence is 
 that which follows an act naturally, but less directly than the 
 effect. The motion of the piston is the effect, and the agitation of 
 the water under the paddle=wheels a consequence of the expansion 
 of steam in the cylinder. The result is, Uterally, the rebound of 
 an act, depending on many elements ; the issue is that which 
 flows forth directly ; we say the issue of a battle, the i^esult of a 
 campaign. A consequent commonly is that which follows simply 
 in order of time, or by logical inference. The end is the actual 
 outcome without determination of its relation to what has gone 
 before ; it is ordinarily viewed as either the necessary, natural, or 
 logical outcome, any effect, consequence, or result being termed an 
 end ; as, the end of such a coiirse must be ruin. The event (L. e, 
 out, and venio, come) is primarily exactly the same in meaning as 
 outcome ; but in use it is more nearly equivalent to upsliot
 
 ■m^m' console 
 
 **• coiitiitual 
 
 signifying the sum and substance of all effects, consequences, and 
 results of a course of action. Compare accident ; cause ; cir- 
 cumstance ; END ; EVENT. 
 
 €0]^SOI.E. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 comfort, condole w^ith, encourage, sympathize witli. 
 
 One condoles u-ith another by the expression of kindly sympa- 
 thy in his trouble ; he consoles him by considerations adapted to 
 soothe and sustain the spirit, as by the assurances and promises of 
 the gospel ; he encourages him by the hope of some relief or de- 
 liverance ; he comforts him by whatever act or word tends to 
 bring mind or body to a state of rest and cheer. We sympathize 
 with others, not only in sorrow, but in joy. Compare alleviate ; 
 
 PITY. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 annoy, distress, disturb, grieve, Imrt, sadden, trouble, wound. 
 
 CONTAGIO]^. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 infection. 
 
 Infection is frequently confused with contagion, even by med- 
 ical men. The best usage now limits contagion to diseases that 
 are transmitted by contact with the diseased person, either directly 
 by touch or indirectly by use of the same articles, by breath, 
 effluvia, etc. Infection is apphed to diseases produced by no 
 known or definable influence of one person upon another, but 
 where common climatic, malarious, or other wide=spread condi- 
 tions are believed to be chiefly instrumental. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ceaseless, incessant, regular, uninterrupted, 
 
 constant, invariable, unbroken, unremitting, 
 
 continuous, perpetual, unceasing, unvarying. 
 
 Continuous describes that which is absolutely without pause 
 or break ; continual, that which often intermits, but as regularly 
 begins again. A continuous beach is exposed to the continual 
 beating of the waves. A similar distinction is made between in- 
 cessant and ceaseless. The incessant discharge of firearms makes 
 the ceaseless roar of battle. Constant is sometimes used in the 
 sense of continual ; but its chief uses are mental and moral.
 
 contract 1 1 e 
 
 conversation lis 
 
 COIVTRACT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 agreement, cartel, engagement, pledge, 
 
 arrangement, compact, obligation, promise, 
 
 bargain, covenant, pact, stipulation. 
 
 All these words involve at least two parties, tho an engage- 
 ment or promise may be the act of but one. A contract is a formal 
 agreement between two or more parties for the doing or leaving 
 undone some specified act or acts, and is ordinarily in writing. 
 Mutual promises may have the force of a contract. A considera- 
 tion, or compensation, is essential to convert an agreement into a 
 contract. A contract may be oral or written. A covenant in law 
 is a written contract under seal. Covenant is frequent in religious 
 visage, as contract is in law and business. Compact is essentially 
 the same as contract, but is applied to international agreements, 
 treaties, etc. A bargain is a mutual agreement for an exchange 
 of values, without the formality of a contract. A stipulation is 
 a single item in an agreement or contract. A cartel is a military 
 agreement for the exchange of prisoners or the like. 
 
 CONTRAST. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 compare, differentiate, discriminate, oppose. 
 
 To compare (L. con, together, and par, equal) is to place together 
 in order to show likeness or unlikeness ; to contrast (L. contra, 
 against, and sto, stand) is to set in opposition in order to show 
 unlikeness. We contrast objects that have been already compared. 
 We must compare them, at least momentarilj', even to know that 
 they are different. We contrast them when we observe their un- 
 likeness in a general way; we differentiate them when we note 
 the difference exactly and point by point. We distinguish objects 
 when we note a difference that may fall short of contrast ; we dis- 
 criminate them when we classify or place them according to their 
 differences. 
 Preposition: 
 
 We contrast one object vnth another. 
 
 COXVERSATIOIV. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 chat, communion, converse, intercourse, 
 
 colloquy, confabulation, dialogue, parley, 
 
 communication, conference, discourse, talk. 
 
 Conversation (Latin con, with) is, etymologically, an inter- 
 change of ideas with some other person or persons. Talk may be
 
 convert 
 119 convey 
 
 wholly one=sided. ]\lany brilliant talkers have been incapable of 
 conversation. There may be intercourse without conversation, 
 as by looks, signs, etc. ; communion is of hearts, with or without 
 words ; communication is often by wi-iting, and may be uninvited 
 and unreciprocated. Talk may denote the mere utterance of 
 words with little thougbt ; thus, we say idle talk, empty talk, 
 rather than idle or empty conversation. Discourse is now applied 
 chiefly to public addresses. A conference is more formal than a 
 conversation. Dialog denotes ordinarily an artificial or imagi- 
 nary conversation, genevallj of two persons, but sometimes of more. 
 A colloquy is indefinite as to number, and generally somewhat in- 
 formal. Compax'e behavior. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Conversation Wif/i friends; hetiveen ov among the gaest^; about 
 a matter. 
 
 COIWERT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 disciple, neopliyte, proselyte. 
 
 The name disciple is given to the follower of a certain faith, 
 without reference to any previous belief or allegiance ; a convert 
 is a person who has come to one faith from a different belief or 
 from unbelief. A proselyte is one who has been led to accept a 
 religious system, whether with or without true faith ; a convert is 
 always understood to be a believer. A neophyte is a new convert, 
 not yet fully indoctrinated, or not admitted to full privileges. 
 The antonyms apostate, pervert, and renegade are condemnatory 
 names applied to the convert by those whose faith he forsakes. 
 
 COXVEY. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 carry, give. remove, shift. transmit, 
 
 change, move, sell, transfer, transport. 
 
 Convey, transmit, and transport all imply delivery at a destina- 
 tion ; as, I will convey the information to your friend ; air conveys 
 sound (to a listener) ; carry does not necessarily imply delivery, and 
 often does not admit of it. A man carries an appearance, conveys 
 an impression, the ap2:)earance remaining his own, the impression 
 being given to another ; I will transmit the letter ; transport the 
 goods. A horse carries his mane and tail, but does not convey 
 them. Transfer may or may not imj^ly delivery to another per- 
 son ; as, items may be transferred from one account to another,
 
 convoke lOA 
 
 criminal 1<«W 
 
 or a word transferred to the following line. In law, real estate, 
 wliich can not be moved, is conveyed by simply transferring title 
 and possession. Transport usually refers to material, transfer, 
 transmit, and convey may refer to immaterial objects ; we trans- 
 fer possession, transmit intelligence, convey ideas, but do not 
 transport them. In the case of convey the figurative sense now 
 predominates. Compare carry. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 cling to, hold, keep, possess, preserve, retain. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Convey to a friend, a purchaser, etc. ; convey from the house 
 to the station ; convey hy express, by hand, etc. 
 
 CO^fVOKE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 assemble, call together, convene, muster, 
 
 call, collect, gather, summon. 
 
 A convention is called by some officer or officers, as by its pres- 
 ident, its executive committee, or some eminent leaders ; the del- 
 egates are assembled or convened in a certain place, at a certain 
 hour. Convoke implies an organized body and a superior author- 
 ity ; assemble and C07ivene express more independent action ; Par- 
 liament is convoked ; Congress assembles. Troops are mustered ; 
 witnesses and jurymen are summoned. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adjourn, disband, dismiss, dissolve, scatter. 
 
 break up, discharge, disperse, prorogue, separate. 
 
 CRIMIl^AL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abominable, flagitious, immoral, sinful, vile, 
 
 culpable, guilty, iniquitous, unlaw^ful, w^icked, 
 
 felonious, illegal, nefarious, vicious, wrong. 
 
 Every criminal act is illegal or unlawfid, but illegal or unlaw- 
 ful acts may not be criminal. Offenses against public law are 
 criminal; offenses against private rights are merely illegal or iin- 
 lauful. As a general rule, all acts punishable by fine or imprison- 
 ment or both, are criminal in view of the law. It is illegal for a 
 man to trespass on another's land, but it is not criminal; the 
 trespasser is liable to a civil suit for damages, but not to indict- 
 ment, fine, or imprisonment. A felonious act is a criminal act 
 of an aggi'avated kind, which is punishable by imprisonment in 
 the penitentiary or by death, A flagitious crime is one that brings
 
 1^1^ danger 
 
 public odium. Vicious refers to the indulgence of evil appetites, 
 habits, or passions ; vicious acts are not necessarily criminal, or 
 even illegal; we speak of a incious horse. That which is iniqui- 
 tous, i. e., contrary to equity, may sometimes be done under the 
 forms of law. Ingratitude is sinful, hypocrisy is tvicked, but 
 neither is punishable by human law ; hence, neither is criminal 
 or illegal. Compare sin. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 innocent, lawful, meritorious, right, 
 
 just, legal, moral, vfituouB. 
 
 DAILY. 
 
 Synonym : 
 
 diurnal. 
 
 Daily is the Saxon and popular, diurnal the Latin and scien- 
 tific terna. In strict usage, daily is the antonym of nightly as 
 diurnal is of nocturnal. Daily is not, however, held strictly to 
 this use; a physician makes daily visits if he calls at some time 
 within each period of twenty =four hours. Diurnal is more exact 
 in all its uses ; a diurnal flower opens or blooms only in daylight ; 
 a diurnal bird or animal flies or ranges only by day : in contra- 
 distinction to nocturnal flowers, birds, etc, A diurnal motion 
 exactly fills an astronomical day or the time of one rotation of a 
 planet on its axis, while a daily motion is much less definite. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 nightly, nocturnal. 
 
 DA^fOER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, risk. 
 
 Danger is exposiire to possible evil, which may be either near 
 and probable or remote and doubtful ; ijeril is exposure to immi- 
 nent and sharply threatening evil, especially to such as results from 
 violence. An invalid may be in danger of consumption ; a dis- 
 armed soldier is in peril of death. Jeopardy is nearly the same as 
 peril, but involves, like risk, more of the element of chance or un- 
 certainty ; a man tried upon a capital charge is said to be put in 
 jeopardy of life. Insecurity is a feeble word, but exceedingly 
 broad, apijlying to the placing of a dish, or the possibilities of a 
 life, a fortune, or a government. Compare hazard. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 defense, immunity, protection, safeguard, safety, security, shelter.
 
 decay l».i 
 
 BARK. ^^\ 
 
 Synonyms : ^ 
 
 ■black, dusky, mysterious, saWe, somber, 
 
 dim. gloomy, obscure, shadowy, sw^art. 
 
 dismal, murky, opaque, shady, swarthy. 
 
 Strictly, that which is black is absohitely destitute of color ; 
 that which is dark is absolutely destitute of light. In common 
 speech, however, a coat is black, tho not optically colorless ; 
 the night is dark, tho the stars shine. That is obscure, shad- 
 owy, or shady from which the light is more or less cut off. Dtisky 
 is applied to objects which appear as if viewed in fading light ; 
 the word is often used, as are stcart and swarthy, of the human 
 skin when quite dark, or even verging toward black. Dim refers 
 to imperfection of outline, from distance, darkness, mist, etc., or 
 from some defect of vision. Opaque objects, as smoked glass, are 
 impervious to light. Murky is said of that wliich is at once dark, 
 obscure, and gloomy ; as, a murky den ; a murky sky. Figura- 
 tively, dark is emblematic of sadness, agreeing with somber, dis- 
 mal, gloomy, also of moral evil ; as, a dark deed. Of intellectual 
 matters, dark is now rarely used in the old sense of a dark saying, 
 etc. See mysterious ; obscuee. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bright, crystalline, glowing, lucid, shining, 
 
 brilliant, dazzling, illumined, luminous, transparent, 
 
 clear, gleaming, light, radiant, white. 
 
 Compare synonyms for light. 
 
 DECAY. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 corrupt, decompose, molder, putrefy, rot, spoil. 
 
 Rot is a strong word, ordinarily esteemed coarse, but on occa- 
 sion capable of approved emphatic use; as, "the name of the 
 wicked shall rot,'' Prov. x, 7.; decay and decompose axe now com- 
 mon euphemisms. A substance is decomposed when resolved into 
 its original elements by any process ; it is decayed when resolved 
 into its original elements by natural processes ; it decays gradually, 
 but may be instantly decomposed, as water into oxygen and hydro- 
 gen ; to say that a thing is decayed may denote only a partial re- 
 sult, but to say it is decomposed ordinarily implies that the 
 change is comijlete or nearly so. Putrefy and the adjectives 
 putrid and. putrescent, and the nouns putridity and putrescence, 
 are used almost exclusively of animal matter in a state of decom- 
 position, the more general word decay being used of either animal 
 or vegetable substances.
 
 deception 
 123 dcl'eiii>«e 
 
 DECEPTION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 craft, dissimulation, finesse, lie, 
 
 cunning, double=dealing, fraud, lying, 
 
 deceit, duplicity, guile, prevarication, 
 
 deceitfulness, fabrication, hypocrisy, trickery, 
 
 delusion, falsehood, imposition, untruth. 
 
 Deceit is the habit, deception the act ; guile applies to the 
 disposition out of which deceit and decejMon grow, and also to 
 their actual practise. A. lie, lying, or falsehood, is the uttering of 
 what one knows to be false with intent to deceive. The novel or 
 drama is not a lie, because not meant to deceive ; the ancient 
 teaching that the earth was flat was not a lie, because not then 
 known to be false. Untruth is more than lack of accuracy, im- 
 plying always lack of veracity; but it is a somewhat milder and 
 more dignified word than He. Falsehood and lying are in utterance ; 
 deceit and deception may be merely in act or implication. De- 
 ception may be innocent, and even unintentional, as in the case of 
 an optical illusion ; deceit always involves injurious intent. Craft 
 and cunning have not necessarily any moral quality ; they are 
 common traits of animals, but stand rather low in the human 
 scale. Dupilicity is the habitual speaking or acting with intent to 
 appear to mean what one does not. Dissimulation is rather a 
 concealing of what is than a pretense of what is not. Finesse is 
 simply an adroit and delicate management of a matter for one's 
 own side, not necessarily involving deceit. Compare artifice ; 
 
 FICTION ; FRAUD ; HYPOCRISY. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 candor, frankness, honesty, simplicity, truth, 
 
 fair dealing, guilelessuess, openness, sincerity, veracity. 
 
 DEFEjVSE. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 apology, guard, rampart, shelter, 
 
 bulw^ark, justification, resistance, shield, 
 fortress, protection, safeguard, vindication. 
 
 The weak may speak or act in defense of the strong ; none but 
 the powerful can assure others of xwotection. A defense is ordina- 
 rily against actual attack ; j^rotection is against possible as well 
 as actual dangers. We speak of defense against an assault, x^ro- 
 tection from the cold. Vindication is a triumphant defense of 
 character and conduct against charges of error or wrong. Com- 
 pare APOLOGY. • 
 Antonyms : 
 
 ahandonment, betrayal, capitulation, desertion, flight, surrender.
 
 defile 
 
 definition 1»4 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Defense against assault or assailants ; in law, defense to an 
 action, from the testimony. 
 
 DEFILE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 befoul. corrupt, pollute, spoil, sully, tarnisli, 
 
 contaminate, infect, soil, stain, taint, vitiate. 
 
 The hand may be defiled by a touch of pitch ; swine that have 
 been wallowing in the mud are befouled. Contaminate and in- 
 fect refer to something evil that deeply pervades and permeates, 
 as the human body or mind. Pollute is used chiefly of liquids ; as, 
 water polluted with sewage. Tainted meat is repulsive; infected 
 meat contains germs of disease. A soiled garment may be cleansed 
 by washing ; a spoiled garment is beyond cleansing or repair. 
 Bright metal is tarnished by exposure ; a fair sheet is sidlied by a 
 dirty hand. In figurative use, defile may be used merely in the 
 ceremonial sense ; " they themselves went not into the judgment 
 hall, lest they should be defiled," John xviii, 28 ; contaminatexe- 
 fers to deep spiritual injury. Polhde has also a reference to sac- 
 rilege ; as, to polhde a sanctuary, an altar, or an ordinance. The 
 innocent are often contaminated by association with the wicked; 
 the vicious are more and more corrupted by their own excesses. 
 We speak of a vitiated taste or style ; fraud vitiates a title or a 
 contract. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 clean, cleanse, disinfect, hallow, purify, sanctify, wash. 
 Prepositions: 
 
 The temple was defiled ^cith blood ; defiled hy sacrilegious 
 deeds. 
 
 DEFINITION. 
 
 Synonjins : 
 
 comment, description, exposi.tion, rendering, 
 
 commentary, explanation, interpretation, translation. 
 
 A definition is exact, an cxpkoiation general ; a definition is 
 formal, a description pictorial. A definition must include all that 
 belongs to the object defined, and exclude all tliat does not ; a 
 description may include only some general features ; an explana- 
 tion may simply tlii'ow light upon some point of special difficulty. 
 An exposition undertakes to state more fully what is compactly 
 given or only implied in the text ; as, an exposition of Scripture, 
 Interpretation is ordinarily from one language into anotlier, or 
 from the language of one period into that of another ; it may also
 
 delegate 
 1»0 deliberate 
 
 be a statement giving the doubtful or hidden meaning of that 
 which is recondite or perplexing ; as, the interpretation of a 
 dream, a riddle, or of some difficult passage. Definition, cxpla- 
 iiation, exposition, and interpretation are ordinarily blended in a 
 commentary, which may also include description. A comment is 
 upon a single passage ; a commentary may be the same, but is 
 usually understood to be a volume of comments. 
 
 DELEOATE. 
 
 SyiionyiiiN : 
 
 deputy, legate, proxy, representative, substitute. 
 
 These words agree in designating one who acts in the place of 
 some other or others. The legate is an ecclesiastical officer repre- 
 senting the Pope. In strict visage the deputy or delegate is more 
 limited in functions and more closely bound by instructions than 
 a representative. A single officer may have a deputy ; manj^ per- 
 sons combine to choose a delegate or representative. In the United 
 States informal assemblies send delegates to nominating conven- 
 tions with no legislative authority ; representatives are legally 
 elected to Congress and the various legislatures, with lawmaking 
 power. 
 
 DEL.I BERATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 confer, consult, meditate, reflect, 
 
 consider, debate, ponder. w^eigli. 
 
 An individual considers, meditates, ponders, reflects, by him- 
 self ; he iveiglis a matter in his own mind, and is sometimes said 
 even to debate with himself. Consult and confer always imply 
 two or more persons, as does debate, unless expressly limited as 
 above. Confer suggests the interchange of counsel, advice, or in- 
 formation; consult indicates almost exclusively the receiving of 
 it. A man confers with his associates about a new investment ; 
 he considts his physician about his health ; he inay confer with 
 him on matters of general interest. He consults a dictionary, but 
 does not confer with it. Deliberate, which can be applied to a 
 single individual, is also the word for a great number, while 
 consult is ordinarily limited to a few ; a committee consults ; an 
 assembly deliberates. Deliherating always carries the idea of 
 slowness ; considting is compatible with haste ; we can speak of a 
 hasty consultation, not of a hasty deliberation. Debate implies 
 opposing views ; deliberate, simply a gathering and balancing of
 
 delicious ^n^ 
 
 deliglitful Issto 
 
 all facts and reasons. We consider or deliberate with a view to 
 action, while meditation may be quite purposeless. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 We deliberate on or upon, also about or concerning a matter : 
 the first two are preferable. 
 
 DELICIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 dainty, deliglitful, exctuisite, luscious, savory. 
 
 That is delicious whicli affords a gratification at once vivid and 
 delicate to the senses, especially to those of taste and smell ; as, 
 dcJiciouo fruit ; a delicious odor ; luscious has a kindi'ed but more 
 fulsome meaning, inclining toward a cloying excess of sweetness 
 or richness. Savory is applied chiefly to cooked food made pala- 
 table by spices and condiments. Delightfid maybe applied to the 
 higher gratifications of sense, as delightfid music, but is chiefly 
 used for that which is mental and spiritual. Delicious has a lim- 
 ited use in this way ; as, a delicious bit of poetry ; the word is 
 sometimes used ironically for some pleasing absurdity ; as, this is 
 delicious ! Compare delightful. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 acrid, bitter, loathsome, nauseous, repulsive, unpalatable, unsavory. 
 
 DELIGHTFUL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acceptable, delicious, pleasant, refreshing, 
 
 agreeable, grateful, pleasing, satisfying, 
 
 congenial, gratifying, pleasurable, w^elcome. 
 
 Agreeable refers to whatever gives a mild degree of pleasure ; 
 as, an agreeable perfume. Acceptable indicates a thing to be 
 worthy of acceptance ; as, an acceptable offering. Grateful is 
 stronger than agreeable or gratifying, indicating whatever awakens 
 a feeling akin to gi-atitude. A pleasant face and pleasing man- 
 ners arouse pZea,s?f/'a&Ze sensations, and make the possessor an 
 agreeable companion ; if possessed of intelhgence, vivacity, and 
 goodness, such a person's society will be delightful. Criminals 
 may find each other's company congenial, but scarcely delightful. 
 Satisfying denotes anything that is received with calm acquies- 
 cence, as substantial food, or established truth. That is ivelcome 
 which is received with joyful heartiness ; as, tcelcome tidings. 
 Compare beautiful ; charming ; delicious. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 depressing, distressing, horrible, miserable, painful, woful, 
 
 disappointing, hateful, melancholy, mournful, saddening, wretched.
 
 *'*• dciuonstratloii 
 
 DELUSION. 
 
 Syiioiij'mM : 
 
 error, fallacy, hallucination, illusion, phantasm. 
 
 A delusion is a mistaken conviction, an illusion a mistaken per- 
 ception or inference. An illusion may be wholly of the senses ; a 
 delusion always involves some mental error. In an optical illusion 
 the observer sees either what does not exist, or what exists other- 
 wise than as he sees it, as when in a mirage distant springs and 
 trees appear close at hand. We speak of the illusions of fancy or 
 of hope, but of the delusions of the insane^ A hallucination is a 
 false image or belief which has nothing, outside of the disordered 
 mind, to suggest it ; as, the hallucinations of delirium tremens. 
 Compare deception ; insanity. 
 Aiitouynis : 
 
 actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. 
 
 DEinEOLISH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 destroy, overthrow, overturn, raze, ruin. 
 
 A building, monument, or other structure is demolished when 
 reduced to a shapeless mass ; it is razed when leveled with the 
 ground ; it is destroyed when its structural unity is gone, whether 
 or not its component parts remain. An edifice is destroyed by 
 fire or earthquake ; it is demolished by bombardinent ; it is ruined 
 when, by violence or neglect, it has become unfit for human habi- 
 tation. Compare abolish ; break. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 build, construct, create, make, repair, restore. 
 
 DEmOMSTRATION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 certainty, consequence, evidence, inference, 
 
 conclusion. deduction, induction, proof. 
 
 Demonstration, in the strict and proper sense, is the highest 
 form oi proof , and gives the most absolute certainty, but can not 
 be applied outside of pure mathematics or other strictly deduct- 
 ive reasoning ; there can be proof and certainty, however, in 
 matters that do not admit of demonstration. A conclusion is 
 the absolute and necessary result of the admission of certain pre- 
 mises ; an inference is a probable conclusion toward which known 
 facts, statements, or admissions point, but which they do not ab- 
 solutely establish ; sound premises, together with their necessary 
 conclusion, constitute a demonstration. Evidence is that which
 
 desig;n -.na 
 
 desire *.<«» 
 
 tends to show a thing to be true ; in the widest sense, as including 
 seU'evidence or consciousness, it is the basis of all knowledge. 
 Proof in the strict sense is complete, irresistible evidence ; as, 
 there was much evidence against the accused, but not amounting 
 to proof of guilt. Moral certainty is a conviction resting on such 
 evidence as puts a matter beyond reasonable doubt, while not so 
 irresistible as demonstration. Compare hypothesis ; induction. 
 
 I>ESIG]«. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aim, final cause, object, proposal, 
 
 device, intent, plan, purpose, 
 
 end, intention, project, sclieme. 
 
 Design refers to the adaptation of means to an end, the coire- 
 spondence and coordination of parts, or of separate acts, to produce 
 a result ; intent and jmrpose overleap all particulars, and fasten on 
 the end itself. Intention is simply the more familiar form of the 
 legal and pliilosophical intent. Plan relates to details of form, 
 structure, and action, in themselves ; design considers these same 
 details all as a means to an end. The pZaji of a campaign may be 
 for a series of sharp attacks, with the design of thus surprising and 
 overpowering the enemy. A man comes to a fixed intention to 
 kill his enemy ; he forms a plan to entrap him into his power, 
 with the design of then compassing his death ; as the law can not 
 read the heart, it can only infer the intent from the evidences of 
 design. Intent denotes a straining, stretching forth toward an ob- 
 ject ; purpose simply the placing it before oneself ; hence, we 
 speak of the piirpose rather than the intent or intention of God. 
 We hold that the marks of design in nature prove it the work of 
 a great Designer. Intention contemplates the possibihty of 
 failure ; purpose looks to assured success ; intent or intention re- 
 fers especially to the state of mind of the actor ; purpose to the 
 result of the action. Compare aim ; cause ; idea ; model. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The design of defrauding ; the design of a building : a design 
 for a statue. 
 
 DESIRE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 appetency, concupisence, hankering, proclivity, 
 
 appetite, coveting, inclination, propensity, 
 
 aspiration, craving, longing, w^isli. 
 
 Inclination is the mildest of these terms ; it is a quiet, or even 
 
 a vague or unconscious, tendency. Even when we speak of a
 
 despair 
 129 dexterity 
 
 strong or decided inclination we do not express the intensity of 
 desire. [Desire has a wide range, from the highest objects to the 
 lowest ;/aeSire is for an object near at hand, or near in thought, 
 and viewed as attainable ; a wish may be for what is remote or 
 uncertain, or even for what is recognized as imi^ossible. "^ Craving 
 is stronger than hankering ; hankering may be the result of a fit- 
 ful and capricious appetite ; craving may be the imperious and 
 reasonable demand of the whole nature. Longing is a reaching 
 out with deep and persistent demand for that wiiicli is viewed as 
 now distant but at some time attainable ; as, the captive's longing 
 for release. Coveting ordinarily denotes wi-ong desire for that 
 which is another's. Compare appetite. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for antipathy. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The desire of fame ; a desire for excellence. 
 
 WESPAIR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 desperation, despondency, discouragement, hopelessness. 
 
 Discouragement is the result of so much repulse or failure as 
 wears out courage. Discouragements too frequent and long 
 continued may produce a settled hopielessness. Hopelessness is 
 negative, and may result from simple apathy ; despondency and 
 despair are more emphatic and decided. Desjyondency is an inca- 
 pacity for the present exercise of hope ; despair is the utter aban- 
 donment of hope. Desjjondency relaxes energy and effort and is 
 always attended with sadness or distress ; despair may produce a 
 stony calmness, or it may lead to desperation. Desperation is 
 energized despair, vigorous in action, reckless of consequences. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 anticipation, cheer, courage, encouragement, expectation, hopefulness, 
 
 assurance, confidence, elation, expectancy, hope, trust. 
 
 DEXTERITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adroitness, aptitude, cleverness, expertness, readiness, skill. 
 
 Adroitness (F. d, to, and droit, right) and dexterity (L. dexter, 
 right, right=hand) might each be rendered " right=handedness"; 
 but adroitness carries more of the idea of eluding, parrying, or 
 checking some hostile movement, or taking advantage of another 
 in controversy : dexterity conveys the idea of doing, accomplish- 
 ing something readily and well, without reference to any action 
 9
 
 diction - „~ 
 
 die I'**' 
 
 of others. We speak of adroitness in fencing, boxing, or debate ; 
 of dexterity in horsemanship, in the use of tools, weapons, etc. 
 Aptitude (L. a2)tus, fit, fitted) is a natural readhiess, which by 
 practise may be developed into dexterity. Skill is more exact to 
 line, rule, and method than dexterity. Dexterity can not be com- 
 municated, and, oftentimes can not even be explained by its pos- 
 sessor ; sMll to a very great extent can be imparted; ''skilled 
 workmen" in various trades are numbered by thousands. Com- 
 pare ADDRESS ; CLEVER ; POWER ; SKILFUL. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Dexterity of hand, of movement, of management ; with the 
 pen ; in action, in manipulating men ; at cards. 
 
 DICTIOIV. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 expression, phrase, style, vocabulary, 
 
 language, phraseology, verbiage, -wording. 
 
 An author's diction is strictly his choice and use of words, 
 with no special reference to thought ; expression regards the 
 words simply as the vehicle of the thought. Phrase and phrase- 
 ology apply to words or combinations of words which are some- 
 what technical ; as, in legal phraseology ; in military phrase. 
 Diction is general ; ivording is limited ; we speak of the diction 
 of an author or of a work, the wording of a proposition, of a res- 
 olution, etc. Verbiage never bears this sense (see circumlocu- 
 tion.) The language of a writer or speaker may be the national 
 speech he employs ; as, the English or French language ; or the 
 word may denote his use of that language; as, the author's lan- 
 gttage is well (or ill) chosen. Style includes diction, expression, 
 rhetorical figures such as metaphor and simile, the effect of an 
 author's prevailing tone of thought, of his personal traits — in 
 short, all that makes up the clothing of thought in words ; thus, 
 we speak of a figurative stijle, a frigid or an arguuientative style, 
 etc., or of the style of Macaulay, Prescott, or others. An author's 
 vocahidary is the range of words which he brings into his use. 
 Compare language. 
 
 DIE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 cease, decline, expire, perish, 
 
 decease, depart, fade, wither. 
 
 Die, to go out of life, become destitute of vital power and
 
 131 difference 
 
 action, is figuratively applied to anything which has the appear- 
 ance of life. 
 
 Where the dying night=himp flickers. Tennyson Locksley Hall st. 40. 
 
 An echo, a strain of music, a tempest, a topic, an issue, dies. Ex- 
 pire (literally, to breathe out) is a softer word for die; it is used 
 figuratively of things that cease to exist by reaching a natural 
 limit ; as, a lease expires ; the time has expired. To p)erisli (liter- 
 ally, in Latin, to go through, as in English we say, "the fire 
 goes out '■) is oftenest used of death by privation or exposure ; as, 
 "I perish with hunger," Lulie xv, 17; sometimes, of death by 
 violence. Knowledge and fame, art and empires, may be said to 
 perish; the word denotes utter destruction and decay. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 be born, come into being, flourish, rise again, 
 
 begin, come to life, grow, rise from the dead, 
 
 be immortal, exist, live, survive. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To die of fever ; hy violence ; rarely, loitli the sword, famine, 
 etc. (Ezek. vii, 15) ; to die for one's country ; to die at sea ; in 
 one's bed ; in agony ; die to the world. 
 
 DIFFERENCE. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 contrariety, discrimination, distinction, inequality, 
 
 contrast, disparity, divergence, unlikeness, 
 
 disagreement, dissimilarity, diversity, variation, 
 
 discrepancy, dissimilitude, inconsistency, variety. 
 
 Difference is the state or quality of being unlike or the amount 
 of such unlikeness. A difference is in the things compared ; a 
 discrimination is in our judgment of them ; a distinction is in 
 our definition or description or mental image of them. Careful 
 discrimination of real differences results in clear distinctions. 
 Disparity is stronger than inequality, implying that one thing 
 falls far below another ; as, the disparity of our achievements 
 when compared with our ideals. Dissimilarity is between things 
 sharply contrasted ; there may be a difference between those al- 
 most aUke. There is a discrepancy in accounts that fail to bal- 
 ance. Variety involves more than two objects ; so, in general, 
 does diversity ; variation is a difference in the condition or action 
 of the same object at different times. Disagreement is not merely 
 the lack, but the opposite, of agreement ; it is a mild word for 
 opposition and conflict ; difference is sometimes used in the same 
 sense.
 
 difficult , „^ 
 
 direction 132 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 agreement, harmony, likeness, sameness, uniformity 
 
 consonance, identity, resemblance, similarity, unity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Difference heticeen the old and the new ; differences among 
 men ; a difference in character ; of action ; of style ; (less fre- 
 quently) a difference (controversy) ivith a person ; a difference of 
 one tiling /rowi (incorrectly to) another. 
 
 DIFFICULT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 arduous, hard, onerous, toilsome, 
 
 exliausting, laborious, severe, trying. 
 
 Arduous (L. aixluus, steep) signifies primarily so steep and lofty 
 as to be difficult of ascent, and hence apphes to that which involves 
 great and sustained exertion and ordinarily for a lofty aim ; gi-eat 
 learning can only be won by arduous toil. Hard applies to any- 
 thing that resists our endeavors as a scarcely penetrable mass re- 
 sists our physical force. Anything is hard that involves tax and 
 sti-ain whether of the physical or mental powers. Difficidt is not 
 used of that which merely taxes physical force ; a dead lift is 
 called hard rather than difficult ; breaking stone on the road 
 would be called Juird rather than difficidt work ; that is difficult 
 which involves skill, sagacity, or address, with or without a con- 
 siderable expei}ditui-e of physical force ; a geometrical problem 
 may be difficult to solve, a tangled skein to unravel ; a mountain 
 difficult to ascend. Hard may be active or passive ; a thing may 
 be hard to do or hard to bear. Arduous is always active. That 
 which is laborious or toilsome simply requires the steady applica- 
 tion of labor or toil till accomplished ; toilsome is the stronger 
 word. That which is onerous (L. onus, a burden) is mentally bur- 
 densome or oppressive. Responsibility may be onerous even when 
 it involves no special exertion. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 easy, facOe, light, pleasant, slight, trifling, trivial. 
 
 DIRECTION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aim, bearing, course, inclination, tendency, w^ay. 
 
 The direction of an object is the line of motion or of vision 
 toward it, or the line in which the object is moving, considered 
 from our own actual or mental standpoint. Way, literally the road 
 or path, comes naturally to mean the direction of the road or path;
 
 -_„ discern 
 
 *«»«> discover 
 
 conversationally, icay is almost a perfect synonym of direction ; 
 as, which tvay did he go ? or, in which direction F Bearing is the 
 direction in which an object is seen with reference to another, and 
 especially with reference to the points of the compass. Course 
 is the direction of a moving object ; inclination, that toward which 
 a stationary object leans ; tendency, the direction toward which 
 anything stretches or reaches out ; tendency is stronger and more 
 active than inclination. Compare aim ; care ; order ; over- 
 sight. 
 
 DISCERN. 
 
 Synoiiyiiis : 
 
 behold, discriminate, observe, recognize, 
 
 descry, distinguish, perceive, see. 
 
 What we discerti we see apart from all other objects ; what we 
 
 discriminate we judge apart ; what we distinguish we mark 
 
 apart, or recognize by some special mark or manifest difference. 
 
 We discriminate by real differences ; we distinguish by outward 
 
 signs ; an officer is readily distinguished from a common soldier 
 
 by his uniform. Objects may be dimly discerned at twilight, 
 
 when yet we can not clearly distinguish one from another. We 
 
 descry (originally espy) what is diffi.cult to discover. Compare 
 
 DISCOVER ; LOOK. 
 
 DISCOVER. 
 
 Syuonyiiis : 
 
 ascertain, detect, disclose, ferret out, find out, 
 
 descry, discern, expose, find, invent. 
 
 Of human actions or character, detect is used, almost without 
 exception, in a bad sense ; discover may be used in either the good 
 or the bad sense, oftener in the good ; he was detected in a fraud ; 
 real merit is sure to be discovered. In scientific language, detect 
 is used of dehcate indications that appear in course of careful 
 watching ; as, a slight fluttering of the pulse could be detected. 
 We discover what has existed but has not been known to us ; we 
 invent combinations or arrangements not before in use ; Columbus 
 discovered America ; Morse invented the electric telegraph. Find 
 is the most general word for every means of coming to know what 
 was not before certainly known. A man iinds in the road some 
 stranger's purse, or finds his own which he is searcliing for. The 
 expert discovers or detects an error in an account ; the auditor 
 finds the account to be correct. Compare discern. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for hide.
 
 disparage lo"* 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 affection, disorder, indisposition, sickness, 
 
 ailment, distemper, infirmity, unhealthiness, 
 
 complaint, illness, malady, unsoundness. 
 
 Disease is the general term for any deviation from health ; in 
 a more limited sense it denotes some definite morbid condition ; 
 disorder and affection are rather partial and limited ; as, a ner- 
 vous affecti07i; a disorder of the digestive system. Sickness was 
 generally used in English speech and literature, till the close of 
 the eighteenth century at least, for every form of physical disor- 
 der, as abundantly appears in the English Bible: "Jesus went 
 about . . . healing all manner of siclcness and all manner of dis- 
 ease among the people," 3Iatt. iv, 23 ; " Elisha was fallen sick of 
 his sickness whereof he died," S Kings xiii, 14. There is now, in 
 England, a tendency to restrict the words sick and sickness to 
 nausea, or "sickness at the stomach," and to hold ill and illness as 
 the only proper words to use in a general sense. This distinction 
 has received but a very limited acceptance in the United States, 
 where sick and sickness have the earlier and wider usage. We 
 speak of trifling ailments, a slight indisposition, a serious or a 
 deadly disease ; a slight or severe illness ; a painful sickness. 
 Complaint is a popular term, which may be applied to any de- 
 gree of iU health, sUght or severe. Infirmity denotes a chronic or 
 lingering weakness or disability, as blindness or lameness. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 health, robustness, soundness, strength, sturdiness, vigor. 
 
 DISPARAGE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 belittle, depreciate. discredit, underestimate, 
 
 carp at, derogate from, dishonor, underrate, 
 
 decry, detract from, lower, undervalue. 
 
 To decry is to cry down, in some noisy, public, or conspicuous 
 manner. A witness or a statement is discredited ; the currency is 
 depreciated ; a good name is dishonored by unworthy conduct ; 
 we underestimate in our own minds ; we may underrate or imder- 
 value in statement to others. These words are used, with few ex- 
 ceptions, of things such as qualities, merits, attainments, etc. To 
 disparage is to belittle by damaging comparison or suggestion ; it 
 is used only of things. A man's achievements are disparaged, his 
 motives depreciated, his professions discredited ; he himself is 
 calumniated, slandered, etc. Compare slander. - 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for praise.
 
 135 
 
 displace 
 do 
 
 mislay, 
 misplace, 
 
 remove, 
 unsettle. 
 
 DISPLACE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 confuse, derange, disturb, 
 
 crow^d out, disarrange, jumble, 
 
 Objects are displaced when moved out of the place they have 
 
 occupied ; they are misplaced when jiut into a jilace where they 
 
 should not be. One may know where to find what he has viis- 
 
 placed ; what he has mislaid he can not locate. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adjust, assort, dispose, order, put in order, set in order, 
 
 array, classify, group, place, put in place, sort. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accomplish, 
 achieve , 
 actualize, 
 bring about, 
 bring to pass, 
 
 DO. 
 
 carry out, 
 carry through, 
 commit, 
 complete, 
 consummate. 
 
 discharge, 
 
 eflfect, 
 
 execute, 
 
 finish, 
 
 fulfil. 
 
 perform, 
 perpetrate, 
 realize, 
 transact, 
 w^ork out. 
 
 Do is the one compi-ehensive word which includes this whole 
 class. We may say of the least item of daily work, "It is done" 
 and of the grandest human achievement, " Well done!" Finish 
 and complete signify to bring to an end what was previously begun ; 
 there is frequently the difference in usage that finish is applied to 
 the fme details and is superficial, while comjjlete is comprehensive, 
 being applied to the whole ideal, plan, and execution ; as, to finish 
 a statue ; to complete a scheme of philosophy, To discharge is to 
 do what is given in charge, expected, or required ; as, to discharge 
 the duties of the office. To fulfil is to do or to be what has been 
 promised, expected, hoped, or desired ; as, a son fidfils a father's 
 hopes. Realize, effect, execute, and consummate all signify to em- 
 body in fact what was before in thought. One may realize that 
 which he has done nothing to bring about ; he may realize the 
 dreams of youth by inheriting a fortune ; but he can not effect his 
 early designs except by doing the utmost that is necessary to make 
 them fact. Effect includes all that is done to accomplish the intent ; 
 execute refers rather to the final steps ; consummate is limited 
 quite sharply to the concluding act. An officer executes the law 
 when he proceeds against its violators ; a purchase is consum- 
 mated when the money is paid and the property delivered. Exe- 
 cute refers more commonly to the commands of another, effect 
 and consummate to one's own designs ; as, the commander effected 
 the capture of the fort, because his officers and men promptly exe- 
 cuted his commands. Achieve — to do something worthy of a chief
 
 docile 19A 
 
 doctrine l«»o 
 
 — signifies always to perform some great and generally some wor- 
 thy exploit. Perform and accomplish both imply working toward 
 the end ; hwt perform always allows a possibility of not attaining, 
 while accomplish carries the thought of full completion. In Long- 
 fellow's lines, "Patience; accomplish thy labor," etc., per/onn 
 could not be substituted without great loss. As between complete 
 and accomplish, complete considers rather the thing as done ; ac- 
 complish, the whole process of doing it. Commit, as applied to 
 actions, is used only of those that are bad, whether grave or trivial ; 
 perpetrate is used chiefly of aggravated crimes or, somewhat 
 humorously, of blunders. A man may commit a sin, a trespass, or 
 a murder ; perpetrate an outrage or a felony. We finish a gar- 
 ment or a letter, complete an edifice or a life=work, consununate a 
 bargain or a crime, discharge a duty, effect a purpose, execute a 
 command, fulfil a promise, _per/or»i our daily tasks, realize an 
 ideal, accomplish a design, achieve a victory. Compare trans- 
 act ; TRANSACTION. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 baffle, defeat, fail, mar, miss, ruin, 
 
 come short, destroy, frustrate, miscarry, neglect, spoi]. 
 
 DOCII.E. 
 
 Synonyms*. 
 
 amenal)le, manageable, pliant, teachable, 
 
 compliant, obedient, submissive, tractable, 
 
 gentle, pliable, tame, yielding. 
 
 One who is docile is easily taught ; one who is tractable is 
 easily led ; one who is pliant is easily bent in any direction ; com- 
 pliant represents one as inclined or persuaded to agreement with 
 another's will. Compare duty. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 determined, firm, intractable, opinionated, self=willed, wilful, 
 
 dogged, inflexible, obstinate, resolute, stubborn, unyielding. 
 
 BOCTRIA'E. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 article of belief, belief, precept, teaching, 
 
 article of faith, dogma, principle, tenet. 
 
 Doctrine primarily signifies that which is taught ; principle, 
 the fundamental basis on which the teaching rests. A doctrine is 
 reasoned out, and may be defended by reasoning ; a dogma rests 
 on authority, as of direct revelation, the decision of the church, 
 etc. A doctrine or dogma is a statement of some one item of be- 
 lief ; a creed is a summary of doctrines or dogmas. Dogma has
 
 dogniatlc 
 137 doubt, V. 
 
 commonly, at the present day, an offensive signification, as of a 
 belief arrogantly asserted. Tenet is simply that which is held, 
 and is applied to a single item of belief ; it is a neutral word, 
 neither approving nor condemning ; we speak of the doctrines of 
 our own church ; of the tenets of others. A precept relates not 
 to belief, but to conduct. Compare faith ; law. 
 
 DOOMATIC. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 arrogant, doctrinal, magisterial, positive, 
 
 authoritative, domineering, opinionated, selt=opinionated, 
 dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, systematic. 
 
 Dogmatic is technically applied in a good sense to that which 
 is formally enunciated by adequate authority ; doctrinal to that 
 which is stated in the form of doctrine to be taught or defended. 
 Dogmatic theology, called also "dogmatics," gives definite propo- 
 sitions, which it holds to be dehvered by authority ; systematic 
 theology considers the same propositions in their logical connec- 
 tion and order as parts of a system ; a doctrinal statement is less 
 absolute in its claims than a dogmatic treatise, and may be more 
 partial than the term systematic would imply. Outside of theol- 
 ogy, dogmatic has generally an offensive sense ; a dogmatic state- 
 ment is one for which the author does not trouble himself to give a 
 reason, either because of the strength of his convictions, or because 
 of his contempt for those whom he addresses ; thus dogmatic is, 
 in common use, allied with arrogant and kindred words. 
 
 DOUBT, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 distrust, mistrust, surmise, suspect. 
 
 To doubt is to lack conviction. Incompleteness of evidence 
 may compel one to doubt, or some perverse bias of mind may in- 
 cline him to. Distrust may express simply a lack of confidence ; 
 as, I distrust my own judgment ; or it may be nearly equivalent 
 to suspect ; as, I distrusted that man from the start. Mistrust 
 and suspect imply that one is almost assured of positive evil ; one 
 may distrust himself or others ; he suspects otliers. Mistrust is 
 now rarely, if ever, used of persons, but only of motives, inten- 
 tions, etc. Distrust is always serious ; mistrust is often used 
 playfully. Compare SUPPOSE. Compare synonyms for doubt, n. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 believe, confide in, depend on, depend upon, rely on, rely upon, trust.
 
 doubt, 71. 
 draw 
 
 13§ 
 
 Synonyiu»«: 
 
 disbelief, 
 distrust, 
 hesitancy, 
 hesitation, 
 
 MOIJBT, n. 
 
 incredulity, 
 indecision, 
 irresolution, 
 misgiving, 
 
 perplexity, 
 question, 
 scruple, 
 skepticism. 
 
 suspense, 
 suspicion, 
 unbelief, 
 uncertainty. 
 
 Doubt is a lack of conviction that may refer either to matters 
 of belief or to matters of practise. As regards belief, while 
 doubt is lack of conviction disbelief is conviction, to the contrary ; 
 unbelief refers to a settled state of mind, generally accompanied 
 with opposition of heart. Perplexity is active and painful ; doubt 
 may be quiescent. Perplexity presses toward a solution; do^ibt 
 may be content to linger unresolved. Any improbable statement 
 awakens incredulity. In theological usage unbelief and sTcepti- 
 cism have a condemnatory force, as implying wilful rejection of 
 manifest truth. As regards practical matters, uncertainty ap- 
 plies to the unknown or undecided ; doubt implies some negative 
 evidence. Suspense regards the future, and is eager and anxious ; 
 uncertainty may relate to any period, and be quite indifferent. 
 Misgiving is ordinarily in regard to the outcome of something 
 already done or decided ; hesitation, indecision, and irresolution 
 have reference to something that remains to be decided or done, 
 and are due of tener to infkmity of will than to lack of knowledge. 
 Distrust and suspicion apply especially to the motives, character, 
 etc., of others, and are more decidedly adverse than doubt . 
 Scruple relates to matters of conscience and duty. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 assurance, 
 belief, 
 
 certainty, 
 confidence, 
 
 conviction, 
 decision, 
 
 determination, 
 persuasion. 
 
 resolution, 
 resolve. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 allure, 
 attract, 
 
 drag, 
 entice 
 
 I>RAW. 
 
 haul, 
 incline. 
 
 induce, 
 lead. 
 
 lure, 
 pull. 
 
 to-wr, 
 tug. 
 
 One object draios another when it moves it toward itself or in 
 the direction of its own motion by the exertion of adequate force, 
 whether shght or powerful. To attract is to exert a force that 
 tends to draw, tho it may produce no actual motion ; all ob- 
 jects are attracted toward the earth, tho they may be sustained 
 from falling. To drag is to draw against strong resistance ; as, 
 to drag a sled over bare gi-ound, or a carriage up a steep hill. To 
 pidl is to exert a drau-ing force, whether adequate or inadequate ;
 
 I**' dream 
 
 as, the fish p^^ZZs on the Hne ; a dentist pulls a tooth. To hig is to 
 draw, or try to draiv, a resisting object with a continuous strain- 
 ing motion ; as, to tug at the oar. To haul is to draw somewhat 
 slowly a heavy object ; as, to hard a seine ; to haul logs. One 
 vessel tou-s another. In the figurative sense, attract is more 
 nearly akin to incline, draio to induce. We are attracted by one's 
 appearance, drawn to his side. Compare alluee ; array ; influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Autouynis : 
 
 alienate, estrange, rebuff, reject, repel, repulse. 
 
 See synonyms for drive. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 To draw water from or out of the well ; draw the boat through 
 the water, to the shore ; draw air into the lungs ; draw unth 
 cords of love ; the wagon is drawn hy horses, along the road, 
 across the field, over the stones, through the woods, to the barn. 
 
 DREAM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 day=dream, fantasy, reverie, trance, 
 
 fancy, liallucination, romance, vision. 
 
 A dream is strictly a train of thoughts, fantasies, and images 
 passing through the mind dm-ing sleep ; a vision may occur when 
 one is awake, and in clear exercise of the senses and mental powers ; 
 vision is often applied to something seen by the mind through 
 supernatural agency, whether in sleep or wakefulness, conceived 
 as more real and authoritative than a dream ; a trance is an ab- 
 normal state, which is different from normal sleep or wakefulness. 
 A reverie is a purposeless drifting of the mind when awake, 
 under the influence of mental images ; a day-dream that which 
 passes before the mind in such condition. A fancy is some image 
 presented to the mind, often in the fullest exercise of its powers. 
 Hallucination is the seeming perception of non=existent objects, 
 as in insanity or delirium. In the figurative sense, we speak of 
 dreams of fortune, visions of glory, with little difference of mean- 
 ing except that the vision is thought of as fuller and more vivid. 
 We speak of a trance of delight when the emotion almost sweeps 
 one away from the normal exercise of the faculties. 
 Antonyms; 
 
 certainty, fact, reality, realization, substance, verity.
 
 dress 
 
 drive 140 
 
 DREf^S. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apparel, clothes, garb, habit, uniform, 
 
 array, clothing, garments, raiment, vestments, 
 
 attire, costume, habiliments, robes, vesture. 
 
 Clothing denotes the entire covering of the body, taken as a 
 whole ; clothes and garments view it as composed of separate 
 parts. Clothes, clothing, and garments may be used of inner or 
 outer covering ; all the other words in the hst (with possible rare 
 exceptions in the case of raiment) refer to the outer garments. 
 Array, raiment, and vesture are archaic or poetic ; so, too, is 
 habit, except in technical use to denote a lady's riding=d?'ess. The 
 word vestments is now rare, except in ecclesiastical use. Apparel 
 and attire are most frequently used of somewhat complete and 
 elegant outer clothing, tlio Sliakespeare speaks of ' ' poor and 
 mean attire." Dress may be used, specifically, for a woman's 
 gown, and in that sense may be either rich or shabby ; but in the 
 general sense it denotes outer clothing which is meant to be 
 elegant, complete, and approjDriate to some social or public occa- 
 sion ; as, full dress, court dress, evening dress, etc. Dress has 
 now largely displaced apjiarel and attire. Garb denotes the 
 clothing characteristic of some class, profession, or the like ; as, 
 the garb of a priest. Costume is chiefly used for that which befits 
 an assumed character ; as, a threati'ical costume ; we sometimes 
 speak of a national costume, etc. 
 
 Antonyms; 
 
 bareness, disarray, dishabille, esposnre, nakedness, nudity, nndress. 
 
 DRIVE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 compel, propel, repel, resist, thrust, 
 
 impel, push, repulse, ride, urge on. 
 
 To drive is to move an object with some force or violence be- 
 fore or away from oneself ; it is the direct reverse of drain, lead, 
 etc. A man leads a horse by the halter, drives him with whip 
 and rein. One may be driven to a thing or from it ; hence, drive 
 is a synonym equally for compel or for repel or repulse. Bepulse 
 is stronger and more conclusive than repel ; one may be repelled 
 by the very aspect of the person whose favor he seeks, but is not 
 repidsed except by the direct refusal or ignoring of his suit. A 
 certain conventional modern usage, especially in England, re- 
 quires us to say that we drive in a carriage, ride upon a horse ; 
 tho in Scripture we read of riding in a chariot (2 Kings ix, 16 ; 
 Jer. xvii, 25, etc.) ; good examples of the same usage may be
 
 141 duplicate 
 
 found abundantly in the older English. The propriety of a per- 
 son's saying that he is going to drive when he is simply to be con- 
 veyed in a carriage, where some one else, as the coachman, does 
 all the driving, is exceedingly questionable. Many good author- 
 ities prefer to use ride in the older and broader sense as signifying 
 to be supported and borne along by any means of conveyance. 
 Compare BANISH ; compel ; influence, 
 Aiitoiij'iU!^: 
 
 See synonyms for draw. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Drive to market ; to despair ; drive into exile ; from one's 
 presence ; out of the city ; drive by, with, or under the lash ; drive 
 by or 2Jast beautiful estates ; along the beach ; beside the river ; 
 through the park ; across the field ; around the square ; to the 
 door ; into the barn ; out of the sunshine. 
 
 DUPLICATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 copy, facsimile, likeness, reproduction, 
 
 counterpart, imitation, replica, transcript. 
 
 A cojyy is as nearly like the original as the copyist has pow^er 
 to make it ; a duplicate is exactly like the original ; a carbon cojJ?/ 
 of a typewritten document must be a duplicate ; we may have an 
 inaccurate copy, but never an inaccurate duplicate. A facsimile 
 is like the original in appearance ; a duplicate is the same as the 
 original in substance and effect ; a facsimile of the Declaration of 
 Independence is not a duplicate. A facsimile of a key might be 
 quite useless ; a duplicate will open the lock, A counterpart ex- 
 actly corresponds to another object, but perhaps without design, 
 while a copy is intentional. An imitation is always thought of as 
 infei'ior to the original ; as, an imitation of Milton. A rep>lica is 
 a copy of a work of art by the maker of the original. In law, a 
 copy of an instrument has in itself no authority ; the signatures, 
 as well as other matters, may be copied ; a duplicate is really an 
 original, containing the same provisions and signed by the same 
 persons, so that it may have in all respects the same force and ef- 
 fect ; a transcript is an official copy, authenticated by the signa- 
 ture of the projjer officer, and by the seal of the appropriate court. 
 While strictly there could be but one duplicate, the word is now 
 extended to an indefinite number of exact copies. Reproduction 
 is chiefly applied to living organisms. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 archetype, model, original, pattern, prototype.
 
 duty j^2 
 
 eager a**-* 
 
 I>UTY. 
 
 Synoiiynis : 
 
 accountability, function, office, right, 
 
 business, obligation, responsibility, righteousness. 
 
 Etymologically, duty is that which is owed or (hie ; obligation, 
 that to or by which one is bound ; right, that which is correct, 
 straight, or in the direct line of ti-uth and goodness ; responsi- 
 hility. that for which one mvist answer. Duty and responsibility 
 are thought of as to some person or persons ; right is impersonal. 
 One's duty may be to others or to himself ; his obligations and 
 responsibilities are to others. Duty arises from the nature of 
 things ; obligation and i-esponsibility may be created by circum- 
 stances, as by one's own promise, or by the acceptance of a trust, 
 etc. We speak of a parent's duty, a debtor's obligation ; or of a 
 child's duty of obedience, and a parent's responsibility for the 
 child's welfare. Right is that which accords with the moral sys- 
 tem of the universe. Bighteousness is right incarnated in action. 
 In a more limited sense, right may be used of what one may 
 rightly claim, and so be the converse of duty. It is the creditor's 
 right to demand payment, and the debtor's duty to pay. Compare 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 EAOER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 animated, desirous, glowing, importunate, longing, 
 
 anxious, earnest, hot. intense, vehement, 
 
 ardent, enthusiastic, impatient, intent, yearning, 
 
 burning, fervent, impetuous, keen, zealous. 
 
 One is eager who impatiently desires to accomplish some end ; 
 
 one is earnest with a desire that is less impatient, but more deep, 
 
 resolute, and constant ; one is anxious with a desire that foresees 
 
 rather the pain of disappointment than the delight of attainment. 
 
 One is eager for the gratification of any appetite or passion ; he is 
 
 earnest in conviction, purpose, or character. Eager usually refers 
 
 to some specific and immediate satisfaction, earnest to something 
 
 permanent and enduring ; the pati-iotic soldier is earnest in his 
 
 devotion to his country, eager for a decisive battle. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 apathetic, cool, indifferent, regardless, unconcerned, 
 
 calm, dispassionate, nesjligent, stolid, nninterested, 
 
 careless, frigid, phlegmatic, stony, unmindful, 
 
 cold, heedless, purposeless, stupid, unmoved. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Eager for (more rarely after) favor, honor, etc.; eager in 
 
 pursuit.
 
 143 
 
 education 
 
 EASE. 
 SyiioiiyiiiN : 
 
 easiness, expertness, facility, knack, readiness. 
 
 Ease in the sense liei-e considered denotes freedom from con- 
 scious or apparent effort, tax, or sti'ain. Ease may be either of 
 condition or of action ; faciUtij is always of action ; readiness is of 
 action or of expected action. One lives at ease Avho has no press- 
 ing cares ; one stands at ease, moves or speaks with ease, when 
 wholly without constraint. Facility is always active; readiness 
 may be active or passive ; the speaker has facility of expression, 
 readiness of wit; any appliance is in readiness for use. Ease of 
 action may imply merely the possession of ample power ; facility 
 always implies practise and skill ; any one can press down the 
 keys of a typewriter with ease ; only the skilled operator works 
 the machine with facility. Readiness in the active sense includes 
 much of the meaning of ease with the added idea of promptness 
 or alertness. Easiness applies to the thing done, rather than to 
 the doer. Expertness applies to the more mechanical processes of 
 body and mind ; we speak of the readiness of an orator, but of 
 the expertness of a gymnast. Compare comfortable ; dexter- 
 ity ; POWER. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 annoyance, constraint, discomfort, Irritation, trouble, vexation, 
 
 awliwardness, difficulty, disquiet, perplexity, uneasiness, worry. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 breeding, discipline, learning, study, 
 
 cultivation, information, nurture, teaching, 
 
 culture. instruction, reading, training, 
 
 development, know^ledge, schooling, tuition. 
 
 Education (L. educere, to lead or draw out) is the systematic 
 development and cultivation of the mind and other natural pow- 
 ers. " Education is the harmonious development of all our fac- 
 ulties. It begins in the nursery, and goes on at school, but does 
 not end there. It continues through life, whether we will or not. 
 . . . 'Every person,' says Gibbon, 'has two educations, one 
 which he receives from others, and one more important, which he 
 gives himself.'" John Lubbock The Use of Life ch. vii, p. 111. 
 [Macm, '94.] Instructio?i, the impartation of hnou'ledge by 
 others (L. instruere, to build in or into) is but a part of education, 
 often the smallest part. Teaching is the more familiar and less 
 formal word for instruction. Training refers not merely to the
 
 effrontery 
 
 144 
 
 impartation of knowledge, but to theexercising of one in actions 
 witli the design to form habits. J^ci^UneAs systematic and rig- 
 orous training, with the idea of subjection to avithority and per- 
 haps of punishment. Tuition is the technical term for teaching 
 as the business of an insti-uctor or as in the routine of a school ; 
 -tuition is narrower than teaching, not, hke the latter word, in- 
 cluding training. Study is emphatically what one does for him- 
 self. We speak of the teaching, training, or discipline, but not 
 of the education or tuition of a dog or a horse. Breeding and 
 nurture include teaching and training, especially as directed by 
 and dependent upon home life and personal association ; breeditig 
 having reference largely to manners with such qualities as are 
 deemed distinctively characteristic of high birth ; nurture (liter- 
 ally nourishing) having more direct reference to moral qualities, 
 not overlooking the physical and mental. Knowledge and learn- 
 ing tell nothing of mental development apart from the capacity 
 to acquire and remember, and nothing whatever of that moral 
 development which is included in education in its fullest and 
 noblest sense ; learning, too, may be acquired by one's unaided 
 industry, but any full education must be the result in gi-eat part 
 of instruction, training, and personal association. Study is 
 emphatically what one does for himself, and in which instruction 
 and tuition can only point the way, encourage the student to 
 advance, and remove obstacles ; vigorous, persevering study is 
 one of the best elements of training. Study is also used in the 
 sense of the thing studied, a subject to be mastered by study, a 
 studious pursuit. Compare knowledge ; refinement ; wisdom. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 ignorance, illiteracy. 
 
 Compare synonyms for ignorant. 
 
 EFFROIVTERY. 
 
 Synonyin.s : 
 
 assurance, boldness, hardihood, insolence, 
 
 audacity, brass, impudence, shamelessness. 
 
 Audacity, in the sense here considered, is a reckless defiance of 
 law, decency, public opinion, or personal rights, claims, or views, 
 approaching the meaning of impudence or shamelessness, but 
 always carrying the thought of the personal risk that one disre- 
 gards in such defiance ; the merely impudent or shameless person 
 may take no thought of consequences ; the audacious person
 
 145 egotifeiiu 
 
 recognizes and recklessly braves them. Hardihood defies and 
 disregards the rational judgment of men. Effrontery (L. effrons, 
 barefaced, shameless) adds to audacitij and hardihood the special 
 element of defiance of considerations of propriety, duty, and 
 respect for otliers, yet not to the extent implied in impudence or 
 shamelessness. Impudence disregards what is due to superiors ; 
 shamelessness defies decency. Boldness is forward=stepping cour- 
 age, spoken of with reference to the presence and observation of 
 others ; boldness, in the good sense, is courage viewed from the 
 outside ; but the word is frequently used in an imfavorable sense 
 to indicate a lack of proper sensitiveness and modesty. Compare 
 
 ASSURANCE ; BRAVE . 
 Antonyms: 
 
 bashfulness, diffidence, sensitiveness, shyness, 
 
 coyness, modesty, shrinliing, timidity. 
 
 EGOTISm. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 conceit, self=assertion, self=confidence. self:esteem. 
 
 egoism, self=conceit, self=consciousness, vanity. 
 
 Egoism is giving the " I *' undue supremacy in thought ; ego- 
 tism is giving the " I " undue prominence in speech. Egotism is 
 sometimes used in the sense of egoism, or supreme regard for one- 
 self. Self-assertion is the claim by word, act, or manner of what 
 one believes to be his due ; self-conceit is an overestimate of one's 
 own powers or deserts. Conceit is a briefer expression for sclf= 
 conceit, with always an offensive implication ; self-conceit is ridic- 
 ulous or pitiable ; conceit arouses resentment. There is a worthy 
 self-confidence which springs from consciousness of rectitude and 
 of power equal to demands. Self-assertion at times becomes a 
 duty ; but self-conceit is always a weakness. Self-consciousness 
 is the keeping of one's thoughts upon oneself, with the constant 
 anxious question of what others will think. Vanity is an over- 
 weening admiration of self, craving eqvial admiration from others; 
 self-consciousness is commonly painful to its possessor, vanity 
 always a source of satisfaction, except as it fails to receive its 
 supposed due. Self-esteem is more solid and better founded than 
 self-conceit ; but is ordinarily a weakness, and never has the 
 worthy sense of self-confidence. Compare assurance ; pride. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 baslifulness, diffidence, modesty, self»forgetfulness, unobtrusiveness, 
 
 deference, humility, self^distrust, shyness, unostentatiousness. 
 
 10
 
 emblem 146 
 
 EMBI^EIfl. 
 
 Synoiiyius: 
 
 attribute, figure, image, sign, symbol, token, type. 
 
 Eviblem is the English form of emblema, a Latin word of Greek 
 origin, signifying a figure beaten out on a metaUic vessel by blows 
 from within ; also, a figure inlaid in wood, stone, or other mate- 
 rial as a copy of some natural object. The Greek Avord symbolon 
 denoted a victor's wreath, a check, or any object that might be 
 compared with, or found to correspond with another, whether 
 there was or was not anything in the objects compared to suggest 
 the comijarison. Thus an emblem resembles, a t^i/w.bol represents. 
 An emblem has some natural fitness to suggest that for which it 
 stands ; a symbol has been chosen or agreed upon to suggest some- 
 tliing else, with or without natural fitness ; a sign does actually 
 suggest the thing with or without reason, and with or without in- 
 tention or choice. A symbol may be also an emblem : thus the 
 elements of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are both appro- 
 priate emblems and his own chosen symbols of suffering and death. 
 A statement of doctrines is often called a symbol of faith ; but it 
 is not an emblem. On the other hand, the same thing may be 
 both a sign and a symbol ; a letter of the alphabet is a sign which 
 indicates a sound ; but letters are often used as mathematical, 
 chemical, or astronomical symbols. A tolien is something given 
 or done as a pledge or expression of feeling or intent ; while the 
 sign may be unintentional, the tolceii is voluntary ; kind looks may 
 be signs of regard ; a gift is a tolien ; a ring, which is a natural em- 
 blem of eternity, and also its accepted symbol, is frequently given 
 as a token of friendship or love. A figure in the sense here con- 
 sidered is something that represents an idea to the mind somewhat 
 as a form is represented to the eye, as in drawing, painting, or 
 sculpture ; as representing a future reality, a. figure may be prac- 
 tically the same as a type. An image is a visible representation, 
 especially in sculptm-e, having or supposed to have a close resem- 
 blance to that which it represents. A type is in religion a repre- 
 sentation of a greater reality to come ; we speak of one object as 
 the tijpe of the class whose characteristics it exhibits, as in the 
 case of animal or vegetable ty^jes. An attribute in art is some ac- 
 cessory used to characterize a figure or scene ; the attribute is 
 often an emblem or symbol ; thus the eagle is the attribute of St. 
 John as an emblem of lofty spiritual vision. Compare sign.
 
 ciiii$;ratc 
 147 employ 
 
 EMIGRATE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 immigrate, migrate. 
 
 To viigrate is to change one's dwelling=place, usually with the 
 idea of repeated change, oi- of periodical return ; it applies to 
 wandering tribes of men, and to many birds and animals, Eini- 
 grate and immigrate carry the idea of a permanent change of 
 residence to some other country or some distant region ; the two 
 words are used distinctively of human beings, and apply to the 
 same person and the same act, according to the side from which 
 the action is viewed. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A person emigrates from the land he leaves, and immigrates to 
 the land where he takes up his abode. 
 
 EMPLOY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 call, engage, engross, hire, make use of, use, use up. 
 
 In general terms it may be said that to employ is to devote to 
 one's purpose, to use is to render subservient to one's purpose ; 
 what is used is viewed as more absolutely an instrument than 
 what is employed ; a merchant employs a clerk ; he uses pen and 
 paper ; as a rule, use is not said of persons, except in a degrading 
 sense ; as, the conspirators used him as a go=between. Hence the 
 expression common in some religious circles ' ' that God would 
 use me " is not to be commended ; it has also the fault of repre- 
 senting the human worker as absolutely a passive and helpless in- 
 strument ; the phrase is altogether unscriptural ; the Scripture 
 says, "We are laborers together with (co= workers with) God." 
 That which is used is often consumed in the using, or in familiar 
 phrase used up ; as, we tised twenty tons of coal last winter ; in 
 such cases we could not substitute employ. A person may be em- 
 ployed in his own work or in that of another ; in the latter case 
 the service is always understood to be for pay. In this connection 
 employ is a word of more dignity than hire ; a general is employed 
 in his country's service ; a mercenaiy adventurer is hired to fight 
 a tyrant's battles. It is unsuitable, according to present usage, to 
 speak of hiring a ])astor ; the Scripture, indeed, says of the 
 preacher, "The laborer is worthy of his hire"; but this sense is 
 archaic, and hire now implies that the one hired works directly 
 and primarily for the pay, as expressed in the noun " hireling"; 
 a pastor is i^roperly said to be called, or when the business side
 
 end 
 
 14S 
 
 of the ti-ansaction is referred to, engaged, or possibly employed, 
 at a certain salary. 
 Prenosltlons : 
 
 Employ in, on, upon, or about a work, business, etc. ; for a 
 
 purpose ; at a stipulated salary. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 break off, close, conclude, expire, quit, terminate, 
 
 cease, complete, desist, finish, stop, wind up. 
 
 That ends, or is ended, of which there is no more, whether or 
 not more was intended or needed ; that is closed, comjileted, con- 
 cluded, or finished which has come to an expected or appropriate 
 end. A speech may be ended almost as soon as begun, because of 
 the speaker's illness, or of tumult in the audience ; in such a case, 
 the speech is neither closed, completed, nor finished, nor, in the 
 strict sense, concluded. An argument may be closed with noth- 
 ing proved ; when an argument is concluded all that is deemed 
 necessary lo prove the point has been stated. To finish is to do 
 the last thing there is to do ; as, "I have finished my course," 2 
 Tim. iv, 7. Finish has come to mean, not merely to complete in 
 the essentials, but to perfect in all the minute details, as in the ex- 
 pression "to add t\\e finishing touches." The enumeration is 
 completed; the poem, the picture, the statue is finished. To ter- 
 viinate may be either to bring to an arbiti-ary or to an appropriate 
 end ; as, he terminated his remarks abruptly; the spire terminates 
 in a cross. A thing sfo^JS that comes to rest from motion ; or the 
 motion stops or ceases when the object comes to rest ; stop fre- 
 quently signifies to bring or come to a sudden and decided cessa- 
 tion of motion, progress, or action of any kind. Compare DO ; 
 
 TRANSACT. 
 Antony mis ; 
 
 See synonym ns for begin. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accomplishment, 
 
 achievement, 
 
 bound, 
 
 boundary, 
 
 cessation, 
 
 close. 
 
 completion, 
 
 conclusion, 
 
 consequence, 
 
 consummation, 
 
 design. 
 
 EKD, n. 
 
 effect, 
 
 expiration, 
 
 extent, 
 
 extremity, 
 
 finale, 
 
 finis, 
 
 finish, 
 
 fulfilment, 
 
 goal, 
 
 intent, 
 
 issue. 
 
 limit, 
 
 outcome, 
 
 period, 
 
 point, 
 
 purpose, 
 
 result, 
 
 termination, 
 
 terminus, 
 
 tip, 
 
 utmost. 
 
 uttermost.
 
 14" endeavor, v. 
 
 The end is the terminal part of a material object that has 
 length ; the extremity is distinctively the terminal point, and may 
 thus be but part of the end in the general sense of that word ; the 
 extremity is viewed as that which is most remote from some cen- 
 ter, or some mean or standard position; the southern end of 
 South America includes all Patagonia , the southern extremity or 
 point is Cape Horn. Tip has nearly the same meaning as ex- 
 tremity, but is said of small or slight and tapering objects ; as, the 
 tip of the finger ; point in such connections is said of that which 
 is drawn out to exceeding fineness or sharpness, as the point of a 
 needle, a fork, or a sword ; extremity is said of something consid- 
 erable ; we do not speak of the extremity of a needle. Terminus is 
 chiefly used to designate the end of a line of travel or transporta- 
 tion : specifically, the furthermost station in any direction on a 
 railway, or by extension the town or village where it is situated. 
 Termination is the Latin and more formal word for the Saxon 
 end, but is chiefly used of time, words, undertakings, or abstrac- 
 tions of any kind. Expiration signifies the coming to an end in 
 the natural course of things ; as, the expiration of a year, or of a 
 lease ; it is used of things of some consequence ; we do not ordi- 
 narily speak of the expiration of an hour or of a day. Limit im- 
 phes some check to or restraint upon further advance, right, or 
 privilege ; as, the limits of an estate (compare boundary). A 
 goal is an end sought or striven for, as in a race. For the figura- 
 tive senses of end and its associated words, compare the synonyms 
 for the verb end; also for aim ; conseqence; design. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for beginning. 
 
 ENDEAVOR, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 attempt, essay, strive, try, undertake. 
 
 To attempt is to take action somewhat experimentally with the 
 hope and purpose of accomplishing a certain result ; to endeavor 
 is to attempt sh-enuously and with firm and enduring purpose. 
 To attempt expresses a single act ; to endeavor, a continuous 
 exertion ; we say I will endeavor (not I will attempt) while I live. 
 To attempt is with the view of accomplishing ; to essay, with a 
 view of testing our own powers. To undertake is to accept or 
 take upon oneself as an obligation, as some business, labor, or 
 trust ; the word often imphes complete assurance of success ; as.
 
 endeavor, n. _ _ _ 
 
 endure loW 
 
 I will tindertake to produce the witness. To strive suggests little 
 of the result, much of toil, strain, and contest, in seeking it ; I 
 will .strive to fulfil your wishes, i. e., I will spare no labor and 
 exertion to do it. Try is the most comprehensive of these words. 
 The original idea of testing or experimenting is not thought of 
 when a man says " I will try." To attempt suggests giving up, if 
 the thing is not accomplished at a stroke ; to try implies using 
 other means and studying out other ways if not at first successful. 
 Endeavor is more mild and formal ; the pilot in the burning pilot= 
 house does not say " I will endeavor" or "I will attempt to hold 
 the ship to her course," but " I'll try, sir ! " 
 Antonyms^: 
 
 abandon, give up, omit, throw away, 
 
 dismiss, let go, overlook, tlirow over, 
 
 drop, neglect, pass by, throw up. 
 
 ENDEAVOR, n. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 attempt, effort, essay, exertion, struggle, trial. 
 
 Effort denotes the voluntary putting forth of power to attain 
 or accomplish some specific thing ; it reaches toward a definite 
 end ; exertion is a putting forth of power without special refer- 
 ence to an object. Every effort is an exertion, but not every 
 exertion is an effort. Attemjot is more experimental than effort, 
 endeavor less strenuous but more continuous. An effort is a sin- 
 gle act, an endeavor a continued series of acts ; an endeavor is 
 sustained and enduring, and may be lifelong ; we do not have a 
 society of Christian Attempt, or of Christian Effort, but of Chi-is- 
 tian Endeavor. A struggle is a violent effort or sti-enuous exer- 
 tion. An essay is an attempt, effort, or endeavor made as a test 
 of the powers of the one who makes it. Compare ekdeavor, v. 
 
 EIVDURE. 
 
 Synonyms : ' 
 
 abide, bear, brook, submit to, sustain, 
 
 afford, bear up under, permit, suffer, tolerate, 
 
 allow, bear with, put up w^itb, support, undergo. 
 
 Bear is the most general of these words ; it is metaphorically 
 to hold up or keep up a burden of care, pain, grief, annoyance, or 
 the like, without sinking, lamenting, or repining. Alloiv and per- 
 mit involve large concession of the will ; put up tvith and tolerate 
 imply decided aversion and reluctant withholding of opposition or
 
 151 enemy 
 
 interference ; whispering is alloived by the school-teacher who 
 does not forbid nor censure it ; one 'puts up with the presence of a 
 disagreeable visitor ; a state tolerates a religion which it would be 
 glad to suppress. To endure is to hear with strain and resist- 
 ance, but with conscious power ; endure conveys a fuller suggestion 
 of contest and conquest than hear. One may clioose to endure 
 the pain of a surgical operation rather than take anesthetics ; he 
 permits the thing to come which he must brace himself to endure 
 when it comes. To afford is to be equal to a pecuniary demand, 
 *. e., to be able to hear it. To hrook is quietly to put vp with 
 provocation or insult. Abide combines the senses of await and 
 endure ; as, I will abide the result. Compare abide ; support. 
 AntoiiyniM: 
 
 break, despair fail, fall, give out, sink, surrender, 
 
 break down, droop, faint, falter, give up, succumb, yield. 
 
 EXEMY. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adversary, antagonist, competitor, foe, opponent, rival. 
 
 An enemy in private life is one who is moved by hostile feeling 
 with active disposition to injure ; but in military language all who 
 fight on the opposite side are called enemies or collectively "the 
 enemy," where no personal animosity may be implied ; foe, which 
 is rather a poetical and literary word, implies intensely hostile 
 spirit and pm-pose. An antagonist is one who opposes and is 
 opposed actively and with intensity of effort ; an opxwnent, one 
 in whom the attitude of resistance is the more prominent ; a com- 
 petitor, one who seeks the saine object for which another is stri- 
 ving ; antagonists in A\T.'estling, competitors in business, opponents 
 in debate may contend with no personal ill will ; rivals in love, 
 ambition, etc., rarely avoid inimical feeling. Adversary was 
 formei'ly much used in the general sense of antagonist or oppo- 
 nent, but is now less common, and largely restricted to the hostile 
 sense ; an adversary is ordinarily one who not only opposes an- 
 other in fact, but does so with hostile spirit, or perhaps out of pure 
 malignity ; as, the gi'eat Adversary. Compare synonyms for 
 
 AMBITION. 
 
 Antonymi^ ; 
 
 abettor, accessory, accomplice, ally, friend, helper, supporter. 
 
 Prepositions . 
 
 He was the enemy of my friend in the contest.
 
 enmity -a «-« 
 
 entertain *«*.« 
 
 ENMITY. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acrimony, bitterness, iUwiU, malignity, 
 
 animosity, hatred, malevolence, rancor, 
 
 antagonism, hostility, malice, spite. 
 
 Enmity is the state of being an enemy or the feehngand dispo- 
 sition characterizing an enemy (compare enemy). Animosity de- 
 notes a feeling more active and vehement, but often less enduring 
 and determined, than enmity. Enmity distinctly recognizes its 
 object as an enemy, to be met or dealt with accordingly. Hostil- 
 ity is enmity in action ; the term hostilities between nations de- 
 notes actual armed coUision. Bitterness is a resentful feeling 
 arising from a belief that one has been wronged ; acrimony is a 
 kindred feeling, but deeper and more persistent, and may arise 
 from the crossing of one's wishes or plans by another, where no 
 injustice or wrong is felt. Antagonism, as between two competing 
 authors or merchants, does not necessarily imply enmity, but or- 
 dinarily suggests a shade, at least, of hostile feeling. Malice is a 
 disposition or intent to injure others, for the gratification of some 
 evil passion ; malignity is intense and violent enmity, hatred, or 
 malice. Compare synonyms for ACRIMONY ; angee ; hatred. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 agreement, amity, friendship, Kindliness, regard, 
 
 alliance, concord, harmony, kindness, sympathy. 
 
 ENTERTAIN. 
 SypiOnynis: 
 
 amuse. cheer. disport, enliven, interest, please, 
 beguile, delight, divert, gratify, occupy, recreate. 
 
 To entertain, in the sense here considered, is to engage and 
 pleasantly occupy the attention ; to amuse is to occupy the atten- 
 tion in an especially bright and cheerful way, often with that 
 which excites merriment or laughter ; as, he entertained us with 
 an amusing story. To divert is to turn from serious thoughts 
 or laborious pursuits to something that lightly and agi-eeably oc- 
 cupies the mind ; one may be entertained or amused who has 
 nothing serious or laborious from which to be diverted. To recre- 
 ate, literally to re=create, is to engage mind or body in some pleas- 
 ing activity that restores sti-ength and energy for serious work. 
 To beguile is, as it were, to cheat into cheer and comfort by some- 
 thing that insensibly draws thought or feeling away from pain or 
 disquiet. We beguile a weary hour, cheer the despondent, divert 
 the preoccupied, enliven a dull evening or company, gratify our
 
 eiitortainineut 
 lo3 eutltUMlatiiiii 
 
 friends' wishes, entertain, interest, please a listening audience, 
 occupy idle time, disport ourselves when merry, recreate when 
 worn with toil ; we amuse ourselves or others with whatever 
 pleasantly passes the time without special exertion, each according 
 
 to his taste. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 auiioy, bore, busy, disquiet, distract, disturb, tire, weary. 
 
 ElVTERTAlafMERJT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 amusement, diversion, fun, pleasure, 
 
 cheer, enjoyment, merriment, recreation, 
 
 delight, frolic, pastime, sport. 
 
 Entertainment and recreation imply thought and mental occu- 
 pation, tho in an agreeable, refreshing way ; they are there- 
 fore words of a high order. Entertainment, apart from its special 
 senses of a public performance or a social party, and predom- 
 inantly even there, is used of somewhat mirthful mental delight ; 
 recreation may, and usually does, combine the mental with the 
 physical. Aviusement and pastime are nearly equivalent, the 
 latter probably the lighter word ; many slight things may be 
 pastimes which we should hardly dignify by the name of amuse- 
 ments. Sports are almost wholly on the physical plane, tho 
 involving a certain grade of mental action ; fox=liunting, liorse= 
 racing, and baseball are spoi'ts. Certain sports may afford enter- 
 tainment or recreation to certain persons, according to their indi- 
 vidual tastes ; but entertainment and recreation are capable of a 
 meaning so high as never to be approached by any meaning of 
 sport. Cheer may be very quiet, as the cheer of a bright fire to 
 an aged traveler ; merriment is with liveliness and laughter ; fun 
 and frolic are apt to be boisterous. Amusement is a form of enjoy- 
 ment, but enjoyment may be too keen to be called amusement. 
 Compare synonoyms for entertain. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 ennui, fatigue, labor, lassitude, toil, weariness, work. 
 
 ENTHUSIASM. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ardor, excitement, frenzy, transport, 
 
 devotion, extravagance, inspiration, vehemence, 
 
 eagerness, fanaticism, intensity warmth, 
 
 earnestness, fervency, passion, zeal, 
 
 ecstacy, fervor, rapture. 
 
 The old meaning of enthusiasm implies a pseudo=wsj3irah'o?z,
 
 154 
 
 entrance »"■-«: 
 
 an almost frantic extravagance in behalf of something supposed 
 to be an expression of the divine will. This sense remains as the 
 controlling one in the kindred noun enthusiast. Enthusiasm has 
 now chiefly the meaning of an earnest and commendable devotion, 
 an intense and eager interest. Against the hindrances of the 
 world, nothing great and good can be carried without a certain 
 fervor, interisitij, andvehemence ; these joined with faith, courage, 
 and hopefulness make enthusiasm. Zeal is burning earnestness, 
 always tending to vigorous action with all the devotion of enthu- 
 siasm, tho often without its hopefulness. Compare eager. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 calculation, caution, deadness, indMerence, policy, timidity, 
 
 calmness, coldness, dulness, lukewarmness, prudence, warmess. 
 
 ENTRANCE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 access, approacH, gate, introduction, 
 
 accession, door, gateway, opening, 
 
 adit, doorway, ingress, penetration, 
 
 admission, entree inlet, portal, 
 
 admittance, entry, 
 
 Entrance, the act of entering, refers merely to the fact of pass- 
 ing from without to within some enclosure ; admission and ad- 
 mittance refer to entering by or with some one's consent, or at 
 least to opportunity afforded by some one's act or neglect. We 
 may effect or force an entratice, but not admittanceor admission; 
 those we gain, procm-e, obtain, secure, win. Admitta7icerefevsto 
 place, admission refers also to position, privilege, favor, friend- 
 sliip, etc. An intruder may gain admittance to the hall of a soci- 
 ety who would not be allowed admission to its membership. Ap- 
 proach is a movement toward another ; access is coming all the 
 way to his presence, recognition, and consideration. An unworthy 
 favorite may prevent even those who gain admittance to a kings 
 audience from obtaining any real access to the king. Entrance 
 is also used figuratively for setting out upon some career, or be- 
 coming a member of some organization ; as, we speak of one's 
 entrance upon college life, or of entrance into the ministry. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 departure, ejection, exit, refusal, withdrawal. 
 
 egress, exclusion, expulsion, rejection, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Entrance into a place ; on or upon a work or course of action ; 
 into or upon office ; into battle ; hy or through the door ; unthin 
 the gates ; into or among the company.
 
 t'livious 
 155 equivocal 
 
 EKVIOUS. 
 Synoiijins: 
 
 jealous, suspicious. 
 
 One is envious who cherishes selfish ill will toward another be- 
 cause of his superior success, endowments, possessions, or the 
 like. A person is envious of that which is another's, and to which 
 lie himself has no right or claim ; he is jealous of intrusion vipon 
 that which is his own, or to which he maintains a right or claim. 
 An envious spirit is always bad ; a jealous spirit may be good or 
 bad, according to its object and tendency. A free people must be 
 jealous of their liberties if they would retain them. One is sus- 
 picious of another from unfavorable indications or from a knowl- 
 edge of wrong in his previous conduct, or even without reason. 
 Compare doubt, 
 Antonyius : 
 
 contented, friendly, kindly, satisfied, trustful, well=disposed. 
 Prepositions': 
 
 Envious of (formerly at or against) a person ; envious of his 
 wealth or power ; envious of him for, because of, on account of 
 his wealth or powder, 
 
 E<tUIVOCAI.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ambiguous enigmatical, indistinct, questionable, 
 doubtful, indefinite, obscure. suspicious, 
 
 dubious. indeterminate, perplexing, uncertain, 
 
 enigmatic. 
 
 Equivocal (L. equus, equal, and vox, voice, word) denotes that 
 which may equally well be understood in either of two or more 
 ways. Ambiguous (L. amhi, around, and ago, di-ive, lead) signi- 
 fies lacking in distinctness or certainty, obsciire or doubtful 
 through indefiniteness of expression. Ambiguous is applied only 
 to spoken or written statements ; equivocal has other applications. 
 A statement is ambiguous when it leaves the mind of the reader 
 or hearer to fluctuate between two meanings, which would fit the 
 language equally well ; it is equivocal when it would naturally be 
 understood in one way, but is capable of a different interpretation ; 
 an equivocal expression is, as a rule, intentionally deceptive, 
 while an ambiguous utterance may be simply the result of a want 
 either of clear thought or of adequate expression. That which is 
 enigmatical must be guessed like a riddle ; a statement may be 
 purposely made enigmatical in order to provoke thought and 
 study. That is doubtful which is fairly open to doubt ; that is 
 dubious which has become the subject of doubts so gi-ave as
 
 esteem, v. 156 
 
 scarcely to fall short of condemnation ; as. a dubious reputation. 
 Questionable may be used nearly in the sense either of clnbious or 
 of doubtful ; a questionable statement is one that must be proved 
 before it can be accepted. To say that one's honesty is questionable 
 is a mild way of saying that in the opinion of the speaker he is 
 likely to prove dishonest. Equivocal is sometimes, tho more 
 rarely, used in this sense. A suspicious character gives manifest 
 reason to be suspected ; a suspicious temper is inclined to suspect 
 the motives and intentions of others, with or without reason. 
 Compare clear. 
 
 Antoiiyius: 
 
 certain, evident, lucid, perspicuous, unequivocal, 
 
 clear, indisputable, manifest, plain, unquestionable, 
 
 distinct, indubitable, obvious, unambiguous, unquestioned. 
 
 ESTEEM, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 appreciate, consider, estimate, prize, think, 
 
 calculate, deem, hold, regard, value. 
 
 Esteem and estimate alike imply to set a certain mental value 
 upon, but esteem is less precise and mercantile than calculate or 
 estimate. We esteem, a jewel precious ; we estimate it to be worth 
 so much money. This sense of esteem is now chiefly found in lit- 
 erary or oratorical style, and in certain conventional phrases ; as, 
 I esteem it an honor, a favor. In popular usage esteem, as said of 
 persons, denotes a union of respect and kindly feeling and, in the 
 highest sense, of moral approbation ; as, one whom I highly 
 esteem ; the word may be used in a similar sense of material 
 things or abstractions ; as, one whose friendship I esteem, ; a shell 
 greatly esteemed for inlaid work. To appreciate anything is to 
 be deeply or keenly sensible of or sensitive to its qualities or in- 
 fluence, to see its full import, be alive to its value, importance, or 
 worth ; as, to apx>reciaie beauty or harmony ; to appreciate one's 
 services in a cause ; the word is similarly, tho rarely, used of 
 persons. To prize is to set a high value on for something more 
 than merely commercial reasons. One may value some object, as 
 a picture, beyond all price, as a family heirloom, or may prize it 
 as the gift of an esteemed friend, without at all appreciating its 
 artistic merit or commercial value. To regard (F. regarder, look 
 at, observe) is to have a certain mental view favorable or unfavor- 
 able ; as, I regard him as a friend ; or, I regard him as a villain ; 
 regard has a distinctively favorable sense as applied to institutions
 
 1^ esteem,??. 
 
 It** eternal 
 
 proprieties, duties, etc., but does not share the use of the noun re- 
 gard as apphed to persons ; we regard the Sabbatli ; we regard a 
 person's feelings ; "we have a regard for the person. Compare 
 ESTEEM, n. 
 
 ESTEEH, n. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 estimate, estimatioii, favor, regard, respect. 
 
 Esteem for a person is a favorable oj^inion on the basis of 
 A\'ortli, esj)ecially of moral worth, joined with a feeling of interest 
 in and attraction toward the person. Regard for a person is the 
 mental view or feeling that springs from a sense of his value, ex- 
 cellence, or superiority, with a cordial and hearty friendliness. 
 Regard is more personal and less distant than esteem, and adds a 
 special kindliness ; respeet is a more distant word than esteem. 
 Respect may be wholly on one side, while regard is more often 
 mutual ; respect in the fullest sense is given to wdiat is lofty, 
 worthy, and honorable, or to a person of such qualities ; we may 
 pay an external respect to one of lofty station, regardless of i^er- 
 sonal qualities, showing respect for the office. Estimate has more 
 of calculation ; as, my estimate of the man, or of his abilities, is 
 very high. Estimation iiavolves the idea of calculation or ap- 
 praisal with that of esteem or regard, and is especially used of the 
 feeling entertained by numbers of people ; as, he stood high in 
 ■pvihlic estimation. Compare esteem, i;. ; friendship; love. 
 Antonyms; 
 
 abhorrence, aversion, dislike, loatliing, 
 
 antipathy, contempt, hatred, repugnance. 
 
 ETERNAE. 
 
 Synonyms! 
 
 deathless, fadeless, never=failing, undying, 
 
 endless, immortal, perennial, unending, 
 
 eonian. imperishable, perpetual, unfading, 
 
 everlasting, interminable, timeless. unfailing, 
 
 ever=living, never-ending, unceasing, without end. 
 
 Eternal strictly signilies without beginning or end, in which 
 sense it applies to God alone ; everlasting applies to that which 
 may or may not have beginning, but wiU never cease ; eternal is 
 also used in this more limited sense ; endless, without end, in its 
 utmost I'each, is not distingviishable from everlasting ; but endless 
 is constantly used in inferior senses, especially in mechanics, as in 
 the phrases an endless screw, an endless chain. Everlasting and 
 endless are both used in a limited sense of protracted, indefinite,
 
 event , _« 
 
 every Rt»a 
 
 but not infinite duration ; as, the everlasting hills ; endless de- 
 bates ; so we speak of interminable quarrels. Eternal holds quite 
 strictly to the vast and sacred meaning in -which it is applied to 
 the Divine Being and the future state. Everlasting, endless, and 
 eternal may be applied to that which has no Ufe ; as, everlasting 
 chains, endless night, eternal death; immortal applies to that 
 which now has hfe, and is forever exempt from death. Timeless 
 carries, perhaps, the fullest idea of eternal, as above and beyond 
 time, and not to be measured by it. 
 
 EVENT. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 case, contingency, fortune, outcome, 
 
 chance, end, incident, possibility, 
 
 circumstance, episode, issue, result, 
 
 consequence, fact, occurrence, sequel. 
 
 Etymologically, the incident is that which falls in, the event 
 that which comes out ; event is thus greater and more signal than 
 incident ; we speak of trifling incidents, great events ; incidents 
 of daily life, events of liistory. Circumstance agi-ees with inci- 
 dent in denoting a matter of relatively slight importance, but im- 
 plies a more direct connection with the j)rincipal matter ; " circimi- 
 stantial evidence" is evidence from seemingly minor matters 
 directly connected with a case: "incidental evidence " would be 
 some evidence that happened imexpectedly to touch it. An occur- 
 rence is, etymologically, that wliich we run against, without 
 thought of its origin, connection or tendency. An episode is con- 
 nected with the main course of events, like an incident or circum- 
 stance, but is of more independent interest and importance. Out- 
 come is the Saxon, and event the Latin for expressing the same 
 original idea. Consequence or residt would express more of logic- 
 al connection, and be more comprehensive. The end may be 
 simple cessation ; the event is what has been accomplished ; the 
 event of a war is victory or defeat ; the end of the war is reached 
 when a treaty of peace is signed. Since the future is contingent, 
 eveyit comes to have the meaning of a contingency ; as, in the event 
 of his death, the policy will at once fall due. Compare circum- 
 stance ; CONSEQUENCE ; END. 
 
 EVERY. 
 
 Synonyms r 
 
 all, any, tooth, each, either. 
 
 All and both are collective ; any, each, and every are disti-ibu-
 
 159 
 
 evident 
 
 tive. Any makes no selection and may not reach to the full limits 
 of all ; each and every make no exception or omission, and must 
 extend to all ; all sweeps in the units as part of a total, each and 
 every proceed through the units to the total. A promise made to 
 all omits none ; a promise made to any may not reach all ; a 
 promise made to every one is so made that no individual shall fail 
 to be aware of it ; a promise made to each is made to the individ- 
 uals personally, one by one. Each is thus more individual and 
 specific than every ; every classifies, each individuahzes. Each 
 divides, both unites ; if a certain sum is given to each of two per- 
 sons, both (together) must receive twice the amount ; both must 
 be aware of what has been separately communicated to each ; a 
 man may fire both barrels of a gun by a single movement ; if he 
 fires each barrel, he discharges them separately. Either properly 
 denotes one of two, indefinitely, to the exclusion of the other. 
 The use of either in the sense of each or both, tho sustained by 
 good authority, is objectionable because ambiguous. His friends 
 sat on either side of the room would naturally mean on one side 
 or the other ; if the meaning is on both sides, it would be better to 
 say so. 
 
 EVIDEIVT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apparent, glaring;, overt, tangible, 
 
 clear, indubitable, palpable, transparent, 
 
 conspicuous, manifest, patent, unmistakable, 
 
 discernible, obvious, perceptible, visible, 
 
 distinct, open, plain. 
 
 That is apparent which clearly appears to the senses or to the 
 mind as soon as the attention is directed toward it ; that is evident 
 of which the mind is made sure by some inference that supple- 
 ments the facts of perception ; the marks of a struggle were appar- 
 ent in broken slirubbery and trampled ground, and the finding of 
 a mutilated body and a rifled purse made it evident that robbery 
 and murder had been committed. That is manifest which we can 
 lay the hand upon; manifest is thus stronger than evident, as 
 touch is more absolute than sight ; that the picture was a modern 
 copy of an ancient work was evident, and on comparison with the 
 original its inferiority was manifest. That is obvious which is 
 directly in the way so that it can not be missed ; as, the applica- 
 tion of the remark was obvious. Visible applies to all that can be 
 perceived by the sense of sight, whether the noonday sun, a ship 
 on the horizon, or a microscopic object. Discernible applies to
 
 example 160 
 
 excess 
 
 that which is dimly or faintly visible, requiring strain and effort in 
 order to be seen ; as, the ship was discernible thi-ough the mist. 
 That is conspicuous which stands out so as necessarily or strikingly 
 to attract the attention. Palpable and tangible express more 
 emphatically the thought of manifest. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 concealed, impalpable, latent, secret, unknown, 
 
 covert, impenetrable, obscure, undiscovered, unseen, 
 
 dark, imperceptible, occult, unimagmed, unthougbt of. 
 
 hidden, invisible, 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 archetype, ideal. prototype, type, 
 
 ensample, model, sample, warning, 
 
 exemplar, pattern, specimen, 
 
 exemplification, precedent, standard, 
 
 From its original sense of sample or specimen (L. exemplum) 
 example derives the seemingly contradictory meanings, on the one 
 hand ofsiimttern or model, and on the other hand of a umrning— 
 a sample or specimen of what is to be followed, or of what is to 
 be shunned. An exampile, however, may be more than a sample 
 or specimen of any class ; it may be the very archetype or proto- 
 type to which the whole class must conform, as when Clu-ist is 
 spoken of as being an example or leaving an example for his dis- 
 ciples. Example comes nearer to the possible freedom of the 
 model than to the necessary exactness of the pattern ; often we 
 can not, in a given case, exactly imitate the best example, but 
 only adapt its teachings to altered circumstances. In its applica- 
 tion to a person or thing, exempilar can scarcely be distinguished 
 from example ; but example is most frequently used for an act, or 
 course of action, for which exemplar is not used ; as, one sets a 
 good (or a bad) example. An exemplification is an illustrative 
 working out in action of a principle or law, without any reference 
 to its being copied or repeated ; an example guides, an exemplifi- 
 cation illustrates or explains. Ensample is the same as example, 
 but is practically obsolete outside of Scriptural or theological lan- 
 guage. Compare model ; sample. 
 
 EXCESS. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 dissipation. lavishness, redundance, surplus, 
 
 exorbitance, overplus, redundancy, w^aste, 
 
 extravagance, prodigality, superabundance, wastefulness, 
 intemperance, profusion, superfluity. 
 Excess is more than enough of anytiiing, and, since this in
 
 ■"* execute 
 
 very many cases indicates a lack either of judgment or of self= 
 control, the word is used frequently in an unfavorable sense. 
 Careless expenditure in excess of income is extravagance ; we 
 may have also extravagance of language, professions, etc. As 
 extravagance is excess in outlay, exorbitance is excess in demands, 
 and especially in pecuniary demands upon others. Overplus and 
 stiperabundance denote in the main a satisfactory, and superflu- 
 ity an undesirable, excess ; lavisliness and profusion, a generous, 
 bountiful, or amiable excess ; as, ^profusion of fair hair ; lavisli- 
 ness of hospitality. Surplus is neutral, having none of the unfa- 
 vorable meaning that often attaches to excess ; a surplus is that 
 which remains over after all demands are met. Redundance or 
 redundancy refers chiefly to literary style, denoting an excess of 
 words or matter. Excess in the moral sense is exjiressed by dissi- 
 pation, prodigality, intemperance, etc. 
 Aiitoiiyms; 
 
 dearth, destitution, frugality, lack, scantiness, 
 
 defect, economy, inadequacy, need, shortcoming, 
 
 deficiency, failure, insufficiency, poverty, want. 
 
 EXECUTE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 administer, carry out, do, enforce, perform. 
 
 To execute is to follow through to the end, put into absolute 
 and final efl'ect in action ; to administer is to conduct as one hold- 
 ing a trust, as a minister and not an originator ; the sheriff 
 executes a ^^Tit ; the trustee administers an estate, a charity, etc.; 
 to enforce is to put into effect by force, actual or potential. To 
 administer the laws is the province of a court of justice ; to exe- 
 cute the laws is the province of a sheriff, marshal, constable, or 
 other executive officer ; to administer the law is to declare or 
 apply it ; to execute the law is to put it in force ; for this enforce 
 is the more general word, execute the more specific. From signi- 
 fying to superintend officially some application or infliction, ad- 
 minister passes by a natural transition to signify inflict, mete out, 
 dispense, and blows, medicine, etc., are said to be administered : 
 a usage thoroughly established and reputable in spite of pedantic 
 objections. Enforce signifies also to present and urge home by 
 intellectual and moral force ; as, to enforce a precept or a duty. 
 Compare do ; kill ; ]vl\ke. 
 11
 
 exercise l«o 
 
 explicit M.V* 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 act. application. exertion. performance, 
 
 action. drill, occupation, practise, 
 
 activity, employment, operation, use. 
 
 Kvercise, in the ordinary sense, is the easy natiu-al action of 
 any power ; exertion is the putting of any power to sti-ain and 
 tax. An exercise'drive for a horse is so much as will develop 
 strength and health and not appreciably weary. But by qualify- 
 ing adjectives we may bring exercise up to the full sense of exer- 
 tion ; as, violent exercise. Exercise is action taken at any time 
 with a view to employing, maintaining, or increasing power, or 
 merely for enjopnent ; practise is systematic exercise with a view 
 to the acquirement of facility and skiU in some pursuit ; a person 
 takes a walk for exercise, or takes time for jjroc^/se on the piano. 
 Practise is also used of putting into action and effect what one 
 has learned or holds as a theory ; as, the _prac//se of law or medi- 
 cine ; a profession of religion is good, but the jj/'(U'f fse of it is bet- 
 ter. Drill is systematic, rigorous, and commonly enforced prac- 
 tise under a teacher or commander. Compare habit. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 idleness, iaaction, inactivity, relaxation, rest. 
 
 EXPEXSE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cost, expenditure, outgo, outlay. 
 
 The cost of a thing is whatever one surrenders or gives up for 
 it, intentionally or imintentionally, or even unconsciously ; ex- 
 pense is what is laid out by calculation or intention. We say, 
 "he won his fame at the cost of his life ; " "I know it to my cost ; " 
 we speak of a joke at another's expense ; at another's cost would 
 seem to make it a more serious matter. There is a tendency to 
 use cost of what we pay for a possession, expense of what we pay 
 for a service ; we speak of the cost of goods, the expense of ma- 
 king up. Outlcnj is used of some definite expenditure, as for the 
 purchase of supplies ; outgo of a steady drain or of incidental ex- 
 penses. See PRICE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 gain, proceeds, profit, receipt, return, 
 
 income, product, profits, receipts, returns. 
 
 EXPLICIT. 
 
 Synonym; 
 
 express. 
 
 Both explicit and express are opposed to what is merely im-
 
 , extemporaneous 
 
 loJ exterminate 
 
 plicit or implied. That which is explicit is unfolded, so that it 
 may not be obscure, doubtful, or ambiguous ; that which is ex- 
 press is uttered or stated so decidedly that it may not be forgotten 
 nor overlooked. An exxMcit statement is too clear to be misun- 
 derstood ; an express command is too emphatic to be disregarded 
 Compare cleae. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 ambiguous, implicit, indefinite, uncertain, 
 
 doubtful, implied, indeterminate, vague. 
 
 EXTE H FOR AA E OUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 extemporary, impromptu, offhand, 
 
 extempore, improvised, unpremeditated. 
 
 Extemporaneous, originally signifying of ov from the time or 
 occasion, has come to mean done or made with but little (if any) 
 prejjaration, and is now chiefly applied to addi-esses of which the 
 thought has been jjrepared, and only the language and incidental 
 treatment left to the suggestion of the moment, so that an ex- 
 temporaneous speech is understood to be any one that is not read 
 or recited ; imxoromptu keei:)s its original sense, denoting something 
 that springs from the instant ; the impromptu utterance is gen- 
 erally brief, direct, and vigorous ; the extemp)oraneous speech 
 may chance to be prosy. Offhand is still more emphatic as to 
 the readiness and freedom of the utterance. Unpremeditated is 
 gi-aver and more formal, denoting absolute want of f)reparation, 
 but is rather too heavy a word to be applied to such apt, ready 
 utterance as is generally designated by impromptu. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 elaborated, premeditated, prepared, read, recited, studied, written. 
 
 EXTERMINATE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 annihilate, eradicate, overthrow, uproot, 
 
 banish, expel, remove, wipe out. 
 
 destroy, extirpate, root out, 
 
 Exterminate (L. ex, out, and terminus, a boundary) signified 
 primarily to di'ive beyond the bounds or hmits of a country ; the 
 word is apphed to races of men or animals, anb is now almost ex- 
 clusively used for removal by death •, individuals are now said to be 
 banished or expelled. Eradicate (L. e, out, and radix, root) is 
 primarily applied to numbers or groups of plants which it is de- 
 sired to remove effectually from the soil ; a single tree may be up- 
 rooted, but is not said to be eradicated; we labor to eradicate
 
 fafiit 
 faith 
 
 164 
 
 or roof out noxious weeds. To extirpate (L. ex, out, and stirps, 
 stem, stock) is not only to destroy the individuals of any race of 
 plants or animals, but the very stock, so that the race can never 
 be restored ; we speak of eradicating a disease, of extirpating a 
 cancer, exterminating wild beasts or hostile tribes ; we seek to 
 eradicate or extirpate all vices and evils. Compare ABOLISH. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aiic;ment, breed, cherish, develop, increase, populate, replenish, 
 
 beget, build up, colonize, foster, plant, propagate, settle. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 dim, 
 
 exhausted, 
 
 faded, 
 
 faint=hearted, 
 
 faltering. 
 
 FAIl^T. 
 
 fatigued, 
 
 feeble, 
 
 half-hearted, 
 
 ill=defined, 
 
 indistinct, 
 
 irresolute, 
 
 languid 
 
 listless, 
 
 purposeless, 
 
 timid, 
 
 •weak, 
 w^earied, 
 w^orn, 
 
 worn dOAvn, 
 w^orn out. 
 
 Faint, with the general senso of lacking strength or effective- 
 ness, covers a wide range of meaning, signifying overcome with 
 physical weakness or exhaustion, or lacking in purpose, courage, 
 or energy, as said of persons ; or lacking definiteness or distinct- 
 ness of color or sound, as said of written characters, voices, or 
 musical notes. A person may be faint when physically wearied, 
 or when overcome with fear ; he may be a faint adherent because 
 naturally feeble or purposeless, or because Jialf-hearted in the 
 cause ; he may be a faltering supporter because naturally irreso- 
 lute or because faint-hearted and timid in view of perils that 
 threaten, a listless worker, thi'ough want of mental energy and 
 purpose. Written characters may he faint or dim, either because 
 originally written with poor ink, or because they have become 
 faded by time and exposure. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 bright, clear, daring, fresh, resolute, sturdy, 
 
 brilliant, conspicuous, energetic, hearty, strong, vigorous. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Faint with hunger ; faint in color. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 assent, 
 
 assurance 
 
 belief. 
 
 FAITH. 
 
 confidence, 
 conviction, 
 credence, 
 
 credit, 
 creed, 
 doctrine. 
 
 opinion, 
 
 reliance, 
 
 trust. 
 
 Belief, as an intellectual process, is the acceptance of some-
 
 165 faltUful 
 
 thing as true on other grounds than personal observation and ex- 
 perience. We give credence to a report, asseid to a proposition or 
 to a proposal. Belief is stronger than credence ; credence might be 
 described as a prima facie belief ; credence is a more formal word 
 than belief, and seems to imply somewhat more of volition ; we 
 speak of giving credence to a report, but not of giving belief. 
 Goods are sold on credit ; we give one credit for good intentions. 
 Conviction is a belief established by argument or evidence ; assur- 
 ance is belief beyond the reach of argument ; as, the Cliristian's 
 a,s'.sv/vo/(.ec' of salvation. An opinioii is a general conclusion held 
 as probable, tho without full certainty ; a persuasion is a more 
 confident opinion, involving the heart as well as the intellect. In 
 religion, a doctrine is a statement of belief regarding a single 
 point ; a creed is a summary statement of doctrines. Confidence 
 is a firm dependence upon a statement as true, or upon a person as 
 worthy. Reliance is confiden ce on which we act or are ready to act 
 unquestioningly ; we have a calm reliance upon the uniformity of 
 nature. Trnst is a practical and tranquil resting of the mind upon 
 the integrity, kindness, friendship, or promises of a person ; we 
 have trust in God. Faith is a union of belief and trust. Faith 
 is chiefly personal ; belief may be quite impersonal ; we speak; of 
 belief of a proposition, faith in a promise, because the promise em- 
 anates from a person. But belief in a person is often used with 
 no appreciable difference from faith. In religion it is common to 
 distinguish between intellectual belief of rehgious truth, as any 
 other truth might be believed, and belief of the heart, or saving 
 faith. 
 Aiitoiiyms: 
 
 denial, dissent, doubt, infidelity, rejection, suspicion, 
 
 disbelief, distrust, incredulity, misgiving, skepticism, unbelief. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Have faith in God ; the faith of the gospel. 
 
 FAITHFUL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 devoted, incorruptible, stanch, true, trusty, 
 
 firm, loyal, sure, trustworthy, unwavering. 
 
 A person is faithfid who will keep faith, whether with or with- 
 out power to aid or serve ; a person or tiling is trusty that pos- 
 sesses such qualities as to justify the fullest confidence and de-
 
 fame 
 fanaticism 
 
 166 
 
 pendence. We may speak of a faithful but feeble friend ; we say 
 
 a trusty agent, a trusty steed, a trusty sword. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 capricious, false, unfaithful, untrustworthy, 
 
 faithless, fickle, untrue, wavering. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Faithful in service ; to duty ; to comrade or commander ; 
 faithful among the faithless. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 celebrity, 
 
 credit, 
 
 distinction, 
 
 eminence, 
 glory, 
 
 FAME. 
 
 honor, 
 laurels. 
 
 notoriety, 
 renown. 
 
 reputation, 
 repute. 
 
 Fame is the widely disseminated report of a person's character, 
 
 deeds, or abilities, and is oftenest used in the favorable sense. 
 
 Reputation and repute are more limited than fame, and may be 
 
 either good or bad. Notoriety is evil repute or a dishonorable 
 
 counterfeit of fame. Eminence and distinction may result from 
 
 rank, station, or character. Celebrity is limited in range ; we 
 
 speak of local celebrity, or world=wide fame. Fame in its best 
 
 sense may be defined as the applause of numbers ; renown, as such 
 
 applause worthily won ; we speak of the conqueror's fame, the 
 
 patriot's renown. Glory and Jwnor are of good import ; honor 
 
 may be given for qualities or acts that should not win it, but it is 
 
 always given as something good and worthy ; we can speak of an 
 
 evil fame, but not of evil honor ; glory has a more exalted and 
 
 often a sacred sense. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 discredit, dishonor, humiliation, 
 disgrace, disrepute, ignominy, 
 
 contempt, 
 contumely. 
 
 infamy, 
 oblivion, 
 
 obscurity, 
 shame. 
 
 FAIVATICISM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bigotry, credulity, intolerance, superstition. 
 
 Fanaticism is exti-avagant or even frenzied zeal; bigotry is 
 obstinate and unreasoning attachment to a cause or creed ; fanat- 
 icism and bigotry usually include intolerance, which is unwilling- 
 ness to tolerate behefs or opinions contrary to one's own ; super- 
 stition is ignorant and irrational religious belief. Credulity is not 
 distinctively religious, but is a general readiness to believe with- 
 out sufficient evidence, with a proneness to accept the marvellous. 
 Bigotry is narrow, fanaticism is fierce, superstition is ignorant, 
 credulity is weak, intolerance is severe. Bigotry has not the
 
 167 
 
 fanciful 
 fancy 
 
 capacity to reason fairly, fanaticism has not the patience, super- 
 stition has not the knowledge and mental discipline, intolerance 
 has not the disposition. Bigotry, fanaticism, and superstition 
 are perversions of the religious sentiment ; credulity and intoler- 
 ance often accompany skepticism or atheism. 
 Antonj'nis : 
 
 cynicism, free»thinking, indifference, latitndinarianism. 
 
 FAI\fCIFlTL,. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 chimerical, fantastic, grotesque, imaginative, visionary. 
 
 That is fanciful which is dictated or suggested by fancy inde- 
 pendently of more serious considerations ; the fantastic is the fan- 
 ciful with the added elements of whimsicalness and extravagance. 
 The fanciful swings away from the real or the ordinary lightly 
 and pleasantly, the fantastic extravagantly, the grotesque ridicu- 
 lously. A fanciful arangement of objects is commonly pleasing, 
 a fantastic arrangement is striking, a grotesque arrangement 
 is laughable. A fanciful theory or suggestion may be clearly 
 recognized as such ; a visionary scheme is erroneously supposed 
 to have a basis in fact. Compare synonyms for dream ; idea ; 
 
 IMAGINATION. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 accurate, commonplace, prosaic, regular, sound, 
 
 calculable, literal, real, sensible, sure, 
 
 calculated, ordinary, reasonable, solid, true. 
 
 Imagination, 
 inclination, 
 liking, 
 mood, 
 
 predilection, 
 supposition, 
 vagary, 
 whim. 
 
 FA^CY. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 belief, desire, 
 
 caprice, humor, 
 
 conceit. idea, 
 
 conception, image. 
 
 An intellectual fancy is a mental image or picture founded 
 upon slight or whimsical association or resemblance ; a conceit 
 has less of the picturesque and more of the theoretic than a/a?ic?/ ; 
 a conceit is somewhat aside from the common laws of reasoning, 
 as a fancy is lighter and more airy than the common mode of 
 thought. A conceit ov fancy may be wholly unfounded, while a 
 conception always has, or is believed to have, some answering re- 
 ality. (Compare reason.) An intellectual fancy or conceit may 
 be pleasing or amusing, but is never worth serious discussion ; we 
 speak of a mere fancy, a droll or odd conceit. An emotional or 
 personal /anca/ is a capricious liking formed with slight reason and
 
 fare w^ ell ■• ^^ 
 
 fear *"* 
 
 no exercise of judgment, and liable to fade as lightly as it was 
 formed. In a broader sense, the fancy signifies the faculty by 
 which fancies or mental images are formed, associated, or com- 
 bined. Compare synonyms for dream ; idea ; imagination. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To have a fancy for or take a fancy to a person or thing. 
 
 ( 
 
 FARE^VEI^L.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adieu, good.:by, parting salutation, valedictory, 
 
 conge, leave=taking, valediction, 
 
 Good'-by is the homely and hearty, farewell the formal English 
 word at parting. Adieu, from the French, is still more ceremo- 
 nious than farewell ; conge, also from the French, is commonly 
 contemptuous or supercilious, and equivalent to dismissal. Vale- 
 diction is a learned word never in popular use. A valedictory is 
 a public farewell to a company or assembly. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 I bade farewell to my comrades, or (without preposition) I bade 
 my comrades farewell ; I took a sad farewell of my friends. 
 
 FEAR. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 affright, dismay. horror, timidity, 
 
 apprehension, disquietude, misgiving, trembling, 
 
 aw^e, dread, panic, tremor, 
 
 consternation, fright, terror, trepidation. 
 
 Fear is the genei'ic term denoting an emotion excited by threat- 
 ening evil with a desire to avoid or escape it ; fear may be sudden 
 or lingering, in view of present, of imminent, or of distant and 
 only possible danger ; in the latter sense dread is oftener used. 
 Horror (etymologically a shivering or shuddering) denotes a 
 shuddering fear accompanied witli abhorrence or such a shock to 
 the feelings and sensibilities as may exist without fear, as when 
 one suddenly encounters some ghastly spectacle ; we say of a des- 
 perate but fettered criminal, "I looked upon him with horror." 
 Where horror includes fear, it is fear mingled with abhorrence. 
 (See ABHOR.) Affi'ight, fright, and terror are always sudden, and 
 in actual presence of that which is terrible, i^ear may overwhelm, 
 or may nerve one to desperate defense ; fright and terror ren- 
 der one incapable of defense ; fear may be controlled by force of
 
 feminine 
 169 fetter 
 
 will ; fright and terror overwhelm the will ; terror paralyzes; 
 frigid may cause one to fly, to scream, or to swoon. Fright 
 is largely a matter of the nerves ; fear of the intellect and the 
 imagination ; terror of all the faculties, bodily and mental. Panic 
 is a sudden fear or fright, affecting numbers at once ; vast armies 
 or crowded audiences are liable to panic upon slight occasion. In 
 a like sense we speak of a financial panic. Dismay is a helpless 
 sinking of heart in view of some overwhelming peril or sorrow. 
 Dismay is more reflective, enduring, and des]3airing than fright; 
 a horse is subject to fright or terror, but not to dismay. Awe is 
 a reverential fear. Compare alarm. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for fortitude. 
 
 FEMIXINE. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 effeminate, female, w^omanisli, w^omanly. 
 
 We apply /emaZe to the se:si, feminine to the qualities, especially 
 the finer physical or mental qualities that distinguish the female 
 sex in the human family, or to the objects appropriate for or es- 
 pecially employed by them. A female voice is the voice of a wom- 
 an ; a feminine voice may belong to a man. Womanish denotes 
 the undesirable, womanly the admirable or lovely qualities of wom- 
 an. Womanly tears would suggest respect and sympathy, icoman- 
 ish tears a touch of contempt. The word effeminate is always 
 used reproachfully, and only of men as possessing womanly traits 
 such as are inconsistent with true manliness. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for masculine. 
 
 FETTER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bondage, custody, gyves, irons, 
 
 bonds, durance, handcuffs, manacles, 
 
 chains, duress, imprisonment, shackles. 
 
 Bonds may be of cord, leather, or any other substance that can 
 bind ; chains are of linked metal. Manacles and handcuffs are for 
 the hands, fetters are primarily chains or jointed iron fastenings 
 for the feet ; gyves may be for either. A shacMe is a metallic ring, 
 clasp, or bracelet=like fastening for encircling and restraining a 
 limb : commonly one of a pair, used either for hands or feet. 
 Bonds, fetters, and chains are used in a general way for almost
 
 feud 
 
 fiction 170 
 
 any form of restraint. Gyves is now wholly poetic, and the other 
 words are mostly restricted to the literary style ; handcuffs is the 
 specific and irons the general term in popular usage ; as, the pris- 
 oner was put in irons. Bonds, chains, and shackles are frequently 
 used in the metaphorical sense. 
 
 FEUD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affray, Tirawl, contest, dissension, hostility, 
 
 animosity, broil, controversy, enmity, quarrel, 
 
 bitterness, contention, dispute, fray, strife. 
 
 A feud is enmity between families, clans, or parties, with acts 
 of hostility mutually retaliated and avenged ; feud is rarely used 
 of individuals, never of nations. Wliile all the other words of the 
 group may refer to that which is transient, a feud is long=endur- 
 ing, and often hereditary. Dissension is used of a number of per- 
 sons, of a party or other organization. Bitterness is in feeling 
 only ; enmity and hostility involve will and purpose to oppose or 
 injure. A qiiarrel is in word or act, or both, and is commonly 
 slight and transient, as we speak of cliildish quarrels ; contention 
 and strife may be in word or deed ; contest ordinarily involves 
 some form of action. Contest is often used in a good sense, con- 
 tention and strife very rarely so. Controversy is commonly in 
 words ; strife extends from verbal controversy to the contests of 
 armies. Affray, braivl, and broil, like quarrel, are words of infe- 
 rior dignity. An affray or broil may arise at a street corner ; the 
 affray always involves physical force ; the braid or broil may be 
 confined to violent language. 
 
 FICTION. 
 
 Synonyms 
 
 allegory, fabrication, invention, myth, romance, 
 apologue, falsehood, legend, novel, story, 
 
 fable. figment, 
 
 Fiction is now chiefly used of a prose work in narrative form 
 in which the characters are partly or wholly imaginary, and 
 which is designed to portray human life, with or without a prac- 
 tical lesson ; a romance portrays what is pictm-esque or striking, 
 as a mere fiction may not do ; 7iovel is a general name for any con- 
 timious fictitious narrative, especially a love-story ; fiction and 
 novel are used with little difference of meaning, except that novel 
 characterizes a work in which the emotional element is especially
 
 171, fierce 
 
 prominent. The moral of the fable is expressed formally ; the 
 lesson of the fiction, if any, is inwrought. K fiction is studied ; a 
 myth grows up without intent. A legend may be true, but can 
 not be historically verified ; a myth has been received as ti-ue at 
 some time, but is now known to be false. A fabrication is de- 
 signed to deceive ; it is a less odious word than falsehood, but is 
 really stronger, as a falsehood may be a sudden unpremeditated 
 statement, while a fabrication is a series of statements carefully 
 studied and fitted together in order to deceive ; the falsehood is all 
 false ; the fabrication may mingle the true with the false. A fig- 
 ment is something imaginary which the one who utters it may or 
 may not beheve to be true ; we say, "That statement is a figment 
 of his imagination." The story may be either true or false, and 
 covers the various senses of all the words in the group. Apologue, 
 a word simply transferred from Greek into English, is the same 
 as fable. Compare allegory. 
 
 Antoiiyiu^: 
 
 certainty, fact, history, literaluess, reality, truth, verity. 
 
 FIERCE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ferocious, furious, raging, uncultivated, violent, 
 
 fiery, impetuous, savage, untrained, wild. 
 
 Fierce signifies having a furious and cruel nature, or being in 
 a furious and cruel mood, more commonly the latter. It applies 
 to that which is now intensely excited, or liable to intense and 
 sudden excitement. Ferocious refers to a state or disposition ; that 
 which is ^erce flashes or blazes; that which is ferocious steadily 
 burns ; we speak of a ferocious animal, a fierce passion. A fiery 
 spirit with a good disposition is quickly excitable in a good cause, 
 but may not he fierce or ferocious. Savage signifies untrained, un- 
 cultivated. Ferocious always denotes a tendency to violence ; it 
 is more distinctly bloodthirsty than the other words ; a person 
 maybe deeply, intensely cruel, and not at all ferocious; a ferocious 
 countenance expresses habitual ferocity ; a fierce countenance 
 may express habitual fierceness, or only the sudden anger of the 
 moment. That which is ivild is simply unrestrained ; the word 
 may imply no anger or harshness ; as, wild delight, wild alarm. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 nffec-tionate, gentle, kind, patient, submissive, tame, 
 
 ilocile, harmless, mild, peaceful, sweet, tender.
 
 financial ^«,^ 
 
 fine 172 
 
 FIBTANCIAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 fiscal, monetary pecuniary. 
 
 These words all relate to money, receipts, or exi^enditures. 
 Monetary relates to actual money, coin, currency ; as, the mone- 
 tary system ; a monetary transaction is one in which money is 
 ti'ansferred. Pecuniary refers to that in which money is in- 
 volved, but less directly ; we speak of one's x>ecuniary affairs or 
 interests, with no special reference to the handling of cash. Fi- 
 nancial applies especially to governmental revenues or expendi- 
 tures, or to private transactions of considerable moment ; we 
 speak of a xjecuniary reward, a financial enterprise ; we give a 
 needy person pecuniary (not financial) assistance. It is com- 
 mon to speak of the fiscal rather than the financial year. 
 
 
 FIXE. 
 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 
 
 
 beautiful. 
 
 excellent. 
 
 polished. 
 
 small. 
 
 clarified. 
 
 exquisite. 
 
 pure. 
 
 smooth. 
 
 clear. 
 
 gauzy. 
 
 refined. 
 
 splendid. 
 
 comminuted. 
 
 handsome. 
 
 sensitive, 
 
 subtile. 
 
 dainty. 
 
 keen. 
 
 sharp. 
 
 subtle. 
 
 delicate, 
 
 minute. 
 
 slender, 
 
 tenuous, 
 
 elegant, 
 
 nice. 
 
 slight. 
 
 thin. 
 
 Fine (L. finis, end) denotes that which has been brought to a 
 full end, finished. From this root^sense many derived meanings 
 branch out, causing words quite remote from each other to be 
 alike synonyms of fine. That which is truly finished, brought to 
 an ideal end, is excellent of its kind, and beautiful, if a thing that- 
 admits of beauty ; as, a fine house, fine trees, a fine woman, a fine 
 morning ; if a thing that admits of the removal of impurities, it 
 is not finished till these are removed, and hence ^ne signifies clar-~ 
 ified, clear, pure, refined ; as, fiAie gold. That which is finished 
 is apt to be polished, smooth to the touch, minutely exact in ovit- 
 line ; hence fine comes to be a synonym for all words like dainty, 
 delicate, exquisite : as, fine manners, a fine touch, fine percep- 
 tions. As that which is delicate is apt to be small, by an easy ex- 
 tension of meaning fine becomes a synonym for slender, .flight, 
 minute, comminuted : as, a fine thread, fine sand ; or for filmy, 
 tenuous, thin ; as, a. fine lace, fine wire ; and as a //rmedgeis Tceen, 
 sharj), fine becomes also a synonym for these words ; as, a fine 
 point, a fine edge. Compare beautiful ; minute. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 V\g. clumsy, great, huge, large, stout, 
 
 bluut, coarse, heavy, immense, rude, thick.
 
 *««* fluctuate 
 
 FIRE. 
 
 Syiiuiiyiiiix : 
 
 blaze, burning, combustion, conflagration, flame. 
 
 Combustion is the essential fact which is at the basis of that 
 assemblage of visible phenomenon which we calibre; combustion 
 being the continuous chemical combination of a substance with 
 some element, as oxygen, evolving heat, and extending from slow 
 processes, such as those by which the heat of the human body 
 is maintained, to the processes prodvicing the most intense light 
 also, as in a blast-furnace, or on the surface of the siui. Fire is 
 always attended with light, as well as heat; blaze, flame, etc., 
 designate the mingled light and heat of a fire. Combustion is the 
 scientific, fire the popular term. A conflagration is an extensive 
 fire. Compare light. 
 
 FI^OCK. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bevy, covey, group, herd, lot, set, 
 
 brood, drove, batch, litter, pack, sw^arm. 
 
 Group is the general word for any gathering of a small num- 
 ber of objects, whether of persons, animals, or inanimate things. 
 The individuals in a brood or litter are related to each other ; 
 those in the other groups may not be. Brood is used chiefly of 
 fowls and birds, litter of certain quadrupeds which bring forth 
 many young at a birth ; we speak of a brood of chickens, a litter 
 of pupiiies ; brood is sometimes applied to a family of young chil- 
 dren. Bevy is used of birds, and figuratively of any bright and 
 lively grot(23 of women or children, but rarely of men. Flock 
 is applied to birds and to some of the smaller animals ; herd is 
 confined to the larger animals ; we speak of a bevy of quail, a 
 covey of partridges, a flock of blackbirds, or a flock of sheep, a 
 herd of cattle, horses, bufi'aloes, or elephants, a j^ack of wolves, 
 a pack of hounds, a swarm of bees. A collection of animals 
 driven or gathered for driving is called a drove. 
 
 FLUCTUATE. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 hesitate, swerve, vacillate, veer, 
 
 oscillate, undulate, vary, w^aver. 
 
 To fluctuate (L. fluctus, a wave) is to move like a wave with 
 alternate rise and fall. A pendulum oscillates; waves fluctuate 
 or undulate ; a light or a flame leavers ; a frightened steed' stt'erve.s
 
 fluid ■.»,. 
 
 follow 1~4 
 
 from his course ; a tool or weapon stverves from the mark or line ; 
 the temperature varies ; the wind veers when it suddenly changes 
 its direction. That which veers may steadily hold the new direc- 
 tion ; that which oscillates, fluctuates, undulates, or iravers re- 
 turns upon its way. As regards mental states, he who hesitates 
 sticks (L. hcerere) on the verge of decision ; he who leavers does 
 not stick to a decision ; he who vacillates decides now one way, 
 and now another ; one vacillates between contrasted decisions or 
 actions ; he may leaver between decision and indecision, or be- 
 tween action and inaction. Persons hesitate, vacillate, waver ; 
 feelings fluctuate or vai'y. Compare shake. 
 A^ntoiiyius: 
 
 abide, adhere, hold fast, persist, stand fast, stay, sticli. 
 
 FUJIB. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 gas, licLuid. 
 
 A fluid is a substance that, like air or water, yields to any 
 force that tends to change its form ; a liquid is a body in that 
 state in which the particles niove freely among themselves, but 
 remain in one mass, keeping the same volume, but taking always 
 the form of the containing vessel ; a liquid is an inelastic fluid ; 
 a gas is an elastic fluid that tends to expand to the utmost limits 
 of the containing space. All liquids are fluids, but not all fluids 
 are liquids ; air and all the gases are fluids, but they are not 
 liquids under ordinary circumstances, tho capable of being re- 
 duced to a liquid form by special means, as by cold and pressm^e. 
 Water at the ordinary temperature is at once a fluid and a liquid. 
 
 FOI.I.OAV. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accompany, come after, go after, obey, pursue, 
 
 attend, copy, heed. observe, result, 
 
 cbase, ensue, imitate, practise, succeed. 
 
 Anything that comes after or goes after another, either in space 
 or in time, is said to follow it. A servant follows or attends his 
 master ; a victorious general may follow the retiring enemy 
 merely to watch and hold him in check ; he chases or pursues 
 Avith intent to overtake and attack ; the chase is closer and hotter 
 than the pursuit. (Compare synonyms for HUNT.) One event may 
 follow another either with or without special connection ; if it
 
 175 
 
 food 
 
 ensues, there is some orderly connection ; as, the ensuing year ; 
 if it results from another, there is some relation of effect, conse- 
 quence, or inference. A clerk observes his employer's directions. 
 A child obeys his parent's commands, follows or copies his exam- 
 ple, imitates liis speech and manners. The compositor follows 
 copy ; the incoming succeeds the outgoing official. 
 
 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 iionynis : 
 
 
 
 aliment, 
 
 diet, 
 
 fare, 
 
 feed, 
 
 fodder, 
 
 forage. 
 
 nourishment, 
 
 nutriment, 
 
 nutrition. 
 
 paljulum, sustenance, 
 
 provender, viands, 
 regimen, victuals. 
 
 Food is, in the popular sense, whatever one eats in contradis- 
 tinction to what one drinks. Thus, we speak of food and drink, of 
 wholesome, unwholesome, or indigestible food; but in a more 
 scientific sense whatever, when taken into the digestive organs, 
 serves to build up structure or supply waste may be termed food ; 
 the word is extended to plants to signify whatever taken in any 
 way into the organism serves similar purposes ; thus, we speak of 
 liquid food, plant food, etc. ; in this wider sense food is closely 
 synonymous with nutrinient, nourishment, and sustenance. Diet 
 refers to the quantity and quality of food habitually taken, with 
 reference to preservation of health. Victuals is a plain, homely 
 word for whatever may be eaten ; we speak of choice viands, cold 
 victuals. Nourishment and :::;stcnance apply to whatever can be 
 introduced into the system as a means of sustaining life ; we say 
 of a convalescent, he is taking nourishment. Nidriment and 
 nutrition have more of scientific reference to the vitalizing 
 principles of various foods ; thus, wheat is said to contain a great 
 amount of nutriment. Regimen considers food as taken by strict 
 rule, but applies more widely to the whole ordering of life. Fare 
 is a general word for all table supplies, good or bad ; as, sumptu- 
 ous/are; wretched fare. Feed, fodder, and provender are used 
 only of the food of the lower animals, feed denoting anything 
 consumed, but more commonly grain, fodder denoting hay, corn- 
 stalks, or the like, sometimes called "long feed" ; provender is 
 dry feed, whether gi-ain or hay, straw, etc. Forage denotes any 
 kind of food suitable for horses and cattle, primarily as obtained 
 by a military force in scouring tlie country, especially an enemy's 
 country.
 
 formidable ^ 
 
 fortitude 1«<> 
 
 FORTniDABLE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 dangerous, redoubted, terrible, tremendous. 
 
 That which is formidable is worthy of fear if encountered or 
 opposed ; as, a, formidable array of troops, or of evidence. For- 
 Tnidable is a word of more dignity than dangerous, and suggests 
 more calm and collected power than terrible ; formidable is less 
 overwhelming than tremendous. A loaded gun is dangerous ; a 
 park of artillery is formidable ; a charge of cavalry is terrible ; 
 the full shock of gi-eat armies is tremendous. A dangerous man 
 is likely to do mischief, and needs watching ; a formidable man 
 may not be dangerous if not attacked ; an enraged maniac is ter- 
 rible ; the force of ocean waves in a storm, and the silent pressure 
 in the ocean depths, are tremendous. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 contemptible, despicable, feeble, harmless, helpless, powerless, weak. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Formidable by or in numbers ; in strength ; formidable to the 
 enemy. 
 
 FORTIFICATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 castle, citadel, fastness, fort, fortress, stronghold. 
 
 Fortification is the general word for any artificial defensive 
 work ; a fortress is a fortification of especial size and strength ; a 
 fortress is regarded as permanent, and is ordinarily an independ- 
 ent work; a fort or fortification may be temporary ; a fortifica- 
 tion may be but part of a defensive system ; we speak of the forti- 
 fications of a city. A citadel is a fortification within a city, or the 
 fortified inner part of a city or fortress, within which a garrison 
 may be placed to overawe the citizens, or to which the defenders 
 may retire if the outer works are captured ; the medieval castle 
 was the fortified residence of a king or baron. Fort is the com- 
 mon military term for a detached fortified building or enclosure of 
 moderate size occupied or designed to be occupied by troops. The 
 fortifications of a modern city usually consist of a chain of forts. 
 Any defensible place, whether made so by nature or by art, is a 
 fastness or stronghold. 
 
 FORTITUDE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 courage, endurance, heroism, resolution. 
 
 Fortitude (L. fort is, strong) is the strength or firmness of mind
 
 , _,_, fortunate 
 
 177 fraud 
 
 or soul to endure pain or adversity patiently and determinedly. 
 Fortitude has been defined as " passive courage,'''' which is a good 
 definition, but not complete. Fortitude might be termed "still 
 courage,'''' or " enduring courage " ; it is that quality which is able 
 not merely to endure pain or trial, but steadily to confront dan- 
 gers that can not be actively opposed, or against which one lias no 
 adequate defense ; it ta^es courage to charge a, hsitiexj, fortitude 
 to stand still under an enemy's fire. Resolution is of the mind ; 
 endurance is partly physical ; it requires resolution to resist temp- 
 tation, endurance to resist hunger and cold. Compare brave ; 
 
 PATIENCE. 
 
 FORTUNATE. 
 
 SyiionyiHs: 
 
 favored, lucky, prospered, prosperous, successful, 
 happy, 
 
 A man is successful in any case if he achieves or gains what he 
 seeks ; he is known as a successfid man if he has achieved or 
 gained worthy objects of endeavor ; he is fortunate or lucky if 
 advantages have come to him without or beyond his direct plan- 
 ning or achieving. Lucky is the more common and colloquial, /or- 
 tunate the more elegant word ; fortunate is more naturally applied 
 to the graver matters, as we speak of the fortunate, rather than 
 the lucky, issue of a gi-eat battle ; lucJcy more strongly emphasizes 
 the element of chance, as when we speak of a lucky liit, a lucky 
 guess, or of one as ' ' born under a lucky star.'" Favored is used in 
 a religious sense, implying that one is the object of divine favor. 
 Happy, in this connection, signifies possessed of the means of hap- 
 piness. One is said to be happy or prosperous whether liis pros- 
 perity be the result of fortune or of achievement ; prospered 
 rather denotes the action of a superintending Providence. 
 Antouyius: 
 
 broken, fallen, miserable, unhappy, woful, 
 
 crushed, ill»starred, unfortunate, unlucky, wretched. 
 
 FRAUD. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 artifice, deceit. duplicity, swindle. treason, 
 
 cheat, deception, imposition, sw^indling, trick, 
 
 cheating, dishonesty, imposture, treachery, 
 
 A fraud is an act of deliberate deceptioyi with the design of 
 securing something by taking unfair advantage of another. A de- 
 ceit or deception may be designed merely to gain some end of one's 
 own, with no intent of harming another ; an imposition, to take 
 
 13
 
 friendly l'^® 
 
 some small advantage of another, or simply to make another 
 ridiculous. An imposture is designed to obtain money, credit, or 
 position to which one is not entitled, and may be practised by a 
 street beggar or by the pretender to a thi-one. All action that is 
 not honest is dishonesty, but the term dishonesty is generally ap- 
 plied in business, politics, etc., to deceitful practises which are 
 not directly criminal. Fraud includes deceit, but deceit may not 
 reach the gravity of fraud ; a cheat is of the nature of fraud, but 
 of a petty sort ; a swindle is more serious than a cheat, involving 
 larger values and more flagrant dishonesty. Fraud is commonly 
 actionable at law ; cheating and su-indling are for the most part 
 out of the reach of legal i^roceedings. Treachery is chiefly used 
 of dishonesty in matters of friendship, social relations, govern- 
 ment, or war; treachery may be more harmfu^l than fraud, but is 
 not so gi-oss, and is not ordinarily open to legal redress. Treason 
 is a specific form of treachery of a subject to the government to 
 which he owes allegiance, and is definable and punishable at law. 
 Compare artifice ; deception. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 fairness, good faith, honesty, integrity, truth, uprightness. 
 
 FRIENDLY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accessible, companionable, genial, neighborly, 
 
 affable, complaisant, hearty, sociable, 
 
 affectionate, cordial. kind. social, 
 
 amicable, favorable, kindly, tender, 
 
 brotherly, fond, loving, well=disposed. 
 
 Friendly, as said of persons, signifies having the disposition of 
 a friend ; as said of acts, it signifies befitting or worthy of a friend. 
 The adjective friendly does not reach the full significance of the 
 nouns " friend" and "friendship"; one may be friendly to those 
 who are not his friends, and to be in frieyidly relations often 
 signifies little more than not to be hostile. In its application to 
 persons, accessible is used of public and eminent persons, who 
 might, if disposed, hold themselves at a distance from others. 
 Companionable and sociable refer to manner and behavior, cordial 
 and genial express genuine kindliness of heart. We speak of a 
 cordial gi-eeting, a favorable reception, a neighborly call, a socia- 
 ble visitor, an amicable settlement, a hind interest, a friendly 
 regard, a hearty welcome. The Saxon friendly is stronger than 
 the Latin amicable ; the amicable may be merely foi-mal ; the 
 friendly is from the heart. Fond is commonly applied to an
 
 1'^ frieudslifp 
 
 affection that becomes, or at least appears, excessive. Affectionate, 
 
 devoted, and tender are almost always used in a high and good 
 
 sense; as, an affectionate son; a devoted friend; "the tender 
 
 mercy of our God," Luke i, 78. Compare friendship. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adverse, bellicose, contentious, estranged, in=di8posed, unfriendly, 
 
 alienated, belligerent, disallected, frigid, indill'erent, unkind, 
 
 antagonistic, cold, distant, hostile, inimical, warlike. 
 
 Synonyms 
 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 affection, comity, esteem, good will, 
 
 amity, consideration, favor, love, 
 
 attachment, devotion, friendliness, regard. 
 
 Friendship is a deep, quiet, enduring affection, founded upon 
 mutual respect and esteem. Friendship is always mutual ; there 
 may be unreciprocated affectioji or attachment, unrequited love, 
 or even unrecognized and unappreciated devotion, but never un- 
 reciprocated or unrequited friendship; one may have friendly 
 feelings toward an enemy, but while there is hostility or coldness 
 on one side there can not be friendship between the two. Friend- 
 liness is a quality of friendly feeUng, without the deep and settled 
 attachment implied in the state of friendship. Comity is mutual 
 kindly courtesy, with care of each other's right, and amity a 
 friendly feeling and relation, not necessarily implying special 
 friendliness ; as, the comity of nations, or amity between neigh- 
 boring countries. Affection may be purely natural ; friendship 
 is a growth. Friendship is more intellectual and less emotional 
 than love ; it is easier to give reasons for friendship than for 
 love ; friendship is more calm and quiet, love more fervent ; love 
 often rises to intensest i^assion ; we can not speak of the jaassion 
 oi friendship. Friendship implies some degree of equality, while 
 love does not ; we can speak of man's love toward God, not of his 
 friendship for God. (There is more latitude in the use of the con- 
 crete noun friend; Abraham was called "the friend of God"; 
 Christ was called " the friend of sinners.") Compare acquaint- 
 ance; LOVE. 
 
 Autonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for battle ; enmity ; feud ; hatred. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 ^ The friendship of one person for or toward another, or the 
 friendship betireen them.
 
 frigliten „ 
 
 frugality *»u 
 
 IRKSHTEX. 
 
 Sj'iionyins: 
 
 affright, appal, cow, dismay, scare, 
 
 alarin, browbeat, daunt, intimidate, terrify. 
 
 One is frightened by a cause of fear addressed directly and 
 suddenly to the senses ; he is intimidated by an apprehension of 
 contingent consequences dependent on some act of his own to be 
 done or forborne ; the means of intimidation may act through the 
 senses, or may appeal only to the intellect or the sensibilities. The 
 sudden rush of an armed madman may frighten ; the quiet level- 
 ing of a highwayman's pistol intimidates. A savage beast is in- 
 timidated by the keeper's Avhip. Employers may intimidate their 
 employees from voting contrary to their will by tlireat of dis- 
 charge ; a mother may be intimidated through fear for her child. 
 To hroivbeat or coiv is to bring into a state of submissive fear ; to 
 daunt is to give pause or check to a violent, threatening, or even 
 a brave spirit. To scare is to cause sudden, unnerving fear ; to 
 terrify is to awaken fear that is overwhelming. Compare alarm. 
 
 FRITGAI^ITY. 
 
 Synonyms ; 
 
 economy, parsimony, saving, sparing, 
 
 miserliness, providence, scrimping, thrift, 
 
 parsimoniousness, prudence. 
 
 Economy is a wise and careful administration of the means at 
 one's disposal ; frugality is a withholding of expenditure, or spar- 
 ing of supplies or f)rovision, to a noticeable and often to a painful 
 degi'ee ; parsimony is excessive and unreasonable saving for the 
 sake of saving. Frugality exalted into a virtue to be practised 
 for its own sake, instead of as a means to an end, becomes the 
 vice of p)arsimony. Miserliness is the denying oneself and others 
 the ordinary comforts or even necessaries of Ufe, for the mere 
 sake of hoarding money. Prudence and providence look far 
 ahead, and sacrifice the present to the future, saving as much as 
 may be necessary for that end. (See prudence.) Thrift seeks 
 not merely to save, but to earn. Economy manages, frugality 
 saves, providence plans, thrift at once earns and saves, with a 
 view to wholesome and profitable expenditure at a fitting time. 
 
 See ABSTINENCE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 alDundance, bounty, liberality, opulence, waste, 
 
 affluence, extravagance, iuxuiy, riches, wealth.
 
 ' garrulous 
 
 181 jjeneral 
 
 GARRUI.OUS. 
 
 Sjnonynis : 
 
 cliattering, loquacious, talkative, verbose. 
 
 Oarruloiis signifies given to constant ti'ivial talking. (Jliatter- 
 ing signifies uttering rapid, noisy, and unintelligible, or scarcely 
 intelligible, sounds, whetlier articulate words or such as resemble 
 them ; cJiattering is often used of vocal sovmds that may be in- 
 telligible by themselves but are ill understood owing to confusion 
 of many voices or other cause. The talkative person has a strong 
 disposition to talk, with or without an abundance of words, or 
 many ideas ; the loquacious person has an abundant flow of 
 language and much to say on any subject suggested ; either may 
 be lively and for a time entertaining ; the garrulous person is 
 tedious, repetitious, petty, and self=absorbed. Verbose is applied 
 to utterances more formal than conversation, as to writings or 
 public addresses. We speak of a chattering monkey or a chatter- 
 ing idiot, a talkative child, a talkative or loquacious woman, a 
 garrulous old man, a verbose writer. Compare circumlocution. 
 Autouyius : 
 
 laconic, reserved, reticent, silent, speecliless, taciturn. 
 
 OEXDER. 
 
 Synonym : 
 
 sex. 
 
 Sex is a distinction among living beings : it is also the charac- 
 teristic by which most living beings are distinguished from inani- 
 mate things, which are of no sex ; gender is a distinction in 
 language partially corresponding to this distinction in nature ; 
 while there are but two sexes, there are in sojne languages, as in 
 English and German, three genders. The French language has 
 but two genders and makes the names of all inanimate objects 
 either masculine or feminine ; some languages are without the 
 distinction of gender, and those that maintain it are often quite 
 arbitrary in its application. We speak of the masculine or femi- 
 nine gender, the male or female sex. 
 
 OEIVERAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 common, familiar, ordinary, universal, 
 
 commonplace, frequent, popular, usual, 
 
 customary, habitual. prevalent, 
 
 everyday, normal, public, 
 
 Common signifies frequently occurring, not out of the regular
 
 generous 182 
 
 course, not exceptional ; hence, not above the average, not excel- 
 lent or distinguished, inferior, or even low ; common also signi- 
 fies pertaining to or participated in by two or more persons or 
 things ; as, sorrow is common to the race. General may signify 
 pertaining equally to all of a class, race, etc., but very commonly 
 signifies pertaining to tlie greater number, but not necessarily to 
 aU. Universal appUes to all without exception ; general applies to 
 all with possible or comparatively slight exceptions ; common ap- 
 plies to very many without deciding whether they are even a 
 majority. A common remark is one we often hear ; a general ex- 
 jDerience is one that comes to the majority of people ; a universal 
 experience is one from which no human being is exempt. It is 
 dangerous for a debater to affu-m a universal proposition, since 
 that can be negatived by a single exception, wliile a general state- 
 ment is not invalidated even by adducing many exceptions. We 
 say a common opinion, common experience, a general rule, gen- 
 eral truth, a universal law. Compare synonyms for normal ; 
 
 USUAL. 
 
 Antonyms; 
 
 exceptional, infrequent, rare, singular, uncommon, unknown, unusual. 
 
 GENEROUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bountiful, free, liberal, noble, 
 
 chivalrous, free=handed, magnanimous, open=Iianded, 
 disinterested, free=hearted. munificent, open-hearted. 
 
 Generous (L. genus, a race) primarily signifies having the 
 quaUties worthy of noble or honorable birth ; hence, free and 
 abundant in giving, giving freely, heartily, and selfssacrificingly. 
 As regards giving, generous refers rather to the self-sacrificing 
 heartiness of the giver, liberal to the amount of the gift ; a child 
 may show himself generous in the gift of an apple, a millionaire 
 makes a liberal donation ; a generous gift, however, is commonly 
 thought of as both ample and hearty. A numificent gift is vast 
 in amount, whatever the motive of its bestowal. One may be 
 free with another's money ; he can be generous only with his 
 own. Disinterested suggests rather the thought of one's own 
 self=denial ; generous, of one's hearty interest in another's wel- 
 fare or happiness. One is magnanimous by a greatness of soul 
 (L. magnus, great, and animus, soul) that rises above all that is 
 poor, mean, or weak, especially above every petty or ignoble 
 motive or feeling pertaining to one's self, and thus above resent-
 
 -e« genius 
 
 IS* set 
 
 ment of injury or insult ; one is generous by a kindness of heart 
 
 that would rejoice in the welfare rather than in the punishment 
 
 of the offender. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 avaricious, covetous, ignoble, " mean, niggardly, penurious, rapacious, 
 
 close, greedy, illiberal, migerly, parsimonious, petty, stingy. 
 
 GEXIfJS. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 talent, talents. 
 
 Genius is exalted intellectual power capable of operating inde- 
 pendently of tuition and training, and marked by an extraordinary 
 faculty for original creation, invention, discovery, expression, etc. 
 Talent is marked mental ability, and in a special sense, a particu- 
 lar and uncommon aptitude for some special mental work or at- 
 tainment. Genius is higher than talent, more spontaneous, less 
 dependent upon instruction, less amenable to training ; talent is 
 largely the capacity to learn, acquire, appropriate, adapt oneself 
 to demand. Yet the genius that has won the largest and most 
 enduring success has been joined with tireless industiy and pains- 
 taking. Compare synonyms for mind ; power. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 dulness, folly, imbecility, obtuseness, senselessness, stupidity. 
 
 OET. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 achieve, attain, gain, procure, secure, 
 
 acquire, earn, obtain, receive, w^in. 
 
 Get is a most comprehensive word. A person gets whatever 
 he comes to possess or experience, whether with or without en- 
 deavor, expectation, or desire ; he gets a. bargain, a blow, a fall, 
 a fever ; he gains what he comes to by effort or striving ; the 
 swimmer gains the shore ; a man acquires by continuous and or- 
 dinarily by slow process ; as, one acquires a foreign language. A 
 person is sometimes said to gain and often to acquire what has 
 not been an object of direct endeavor ; in the piu-suits of trade, he 
 incidentally gains some knowledge of foreign countries ; he ac- 
 quires by association with others a correct or incorrect accent ; he 
 acquires a bronzed complexion by exposure to a tropical sun; in 
 such use, what he gains is viewed as desirable, what he acquires 
 as slowly and gradually resulting. A person earns what he gives 
 an equivalent of labor for, tho he may not get it. On the other 
 hand, he may get what he has not earned ; the temptation
 
 gift 184 
 
 to all dishonesty is the desire to get a living or a fortune without 
 earning it. When one gets the object of his desire, he is said to 
 obtain it, whether he has gained or earned it or not. Win denotes 
 contest, with a suggestion of chance or hazard ; in popular lan- 
 guage, a person is often said to ivin a lawsuit, or to u'in in a suit 
 at law, but in legal phrase he is said to gain his suit, case, or cause. 
 In receiving, one is strictly passive ; he may get an estate by his 
 own exertions or by inheritance ; in the latter case he is said to 
 receive it. One obtains a thing commonly by some direct effort 
 of his own ; he procures it commonly by the intervention of some 
 one else ; he 2)rocures a dinner or an interview ; he secures w^hat 
 has seemed uncertain or elusive, when he gets it firmly into his 
 possession or under his control. Compare synonyms for attain ; 
 
 MAKE ; REACH. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for abandon. 
 
 GIFT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 benefaction, boon, bribe, grant, largess, 
 
 bectuest, bounty, donation, gratuity, present. 
 
 A gift is in tlie popular, and also in the legal sense that wliich 
 is voluntarily bestowed without expectation of return or compen- 
 sation. Gift is now almost always used in the good sense, bribe 
 always in the evil sense to signify payment for a dishonor- 
 able service under the semblance of a gift. In Scriptural language 
 gift is often used for bribe. " The king by judgment establisheth 
 the land ; but he that receiveth gifts overthroweth it." Prov. 
 xxix, 4. A benefaction is a charitable gift, generally of large 
 amount, and viewed as of enduring value, as an endowment for a 
 college. A donation is something, perhaps of great, never of triv- 
 ial value, given usually on some pubUc ground, as to a cause or to a 
 person representing a cause, but not necessarily of value beyond 
 the immediate present ; as, a donation to a pastor. A gratuity is 
 usually something of moderate value and is always given as to an 
 inferior, and as of favor, not of right ; as, a gratuity to a waiter. 
 Largess is archaic for a bountiful gratuity, usually to be distrib- 
 uted among many, as among the heralds at ancient tournaments. 
 A present is a gift of friendship, or conciliation, and given as 
 to an equal or a superior ; no one's pride is hurt by accepting 
 what is viewed as strictly a present. A boon is a gift that has
 
 ISO govern 
 
 been desired or craved or perhaps asked, or something freely given 
 that meets some great desire. A grant is commonly considerable 
 in amount and given by public authority ; as, a grant of public 
 lands for a college. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 compensation, earnings, guerdon, penalty, remuneration, wages. 
 
 GIVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bestow, communicate, deliver, grant, supply, 
 
 cede, confer, furnish, impart. 
 
 To give is primarily to transfer to another's possession or owner- 
 ship without comjiensation ; in its secondary sense in popular use, 
 it is to put into another's possession by any means and on any 
 terms whatever; a buyer may say " Give me the goods, and I 
 will give you the money " ; we speak of giving answers, informa- 
 tion, etc. , and often of giving what is not agreeable to the recip- 
 ient, as blows, medicine, reproof; but when there is nothing in the 
 context to indicate the contrary, give is always understood in its 
 primary sense ; as, this book was given me. Give thus becomes, 
 like get, a term of such general import as to be a synonym for a 
 wide variety of words. To grant is to put into one's possession in 
 some formal way, or by authoritative act ; as. Congress gra?? is lands 
 to a railroad corporation. To speak of granting a favor carries a 
 claim or concession of superiority on the part of the one by whom 
 the grant may be made ; to confer has a similar sense ; as, to con- 
 fer a degree or an honor ; we grant a request or petition, but do 
 not confer it. To impart is to give of that which one still, to a 
 greater or less degree, retains ; the teacher imparts instruction. 
 To bestow is to give that of which the receiver stands in especial 
 need ; we bestow alms. 
 Prepositions: " 
 
 We give money to a person for a thing, for a purpose, etc. (or 
 without proposition, give a person a sum of money) ; we give a 
 thing to or into one's care or keeping ; the weary fugitive gave 
 himself up to his pursuers. 
 
 GOVERN. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 command, curb, influence, mold, reign over, rule, 
 control, direct, manage, reign, restrain, sw^ay. 
 
 Govern carries the idea of authoritative administration or some 
 exercise of authority that is at once effective and continuous ; con-
 
 graceful 186 
 
 trol is effective, but may be momentary or occasional. One con- 
 trols what he holds or can hold at will absolutely in check ; as, a 
 skilful horseman controls a spirited horse ; a person controls his 
 temper ; we say to one who is excited, " control yonrself." A per- 
 son commands another when he has, or claims, the right to make 
 that other do his vrill, with power of inflicting penalty if not 
 obeyed ; he controls another whom he can effectually prevent from 
 doing anything contrary to his will ; he governs one whom he 
 actually does cause, regularly or constantly, to obey his wiU ; a 
 parent may command a child whom he can not govern or control. 
 The best teachers are not gi-eatly prone to command, but govern 
 or control their pupils largely by other means. Command is, 
 however, often used in the sense of securing, as weU as requiring, 
 submission or obedience, as when we speak of a commanding in- 
 fluence ; a man commands the situation when he can shape 
 events as he pleases ; a fortress commands the region when no 
 enemy can pass against its resistance. Govern implies the exer- 
 cise of knowledge and judgment as well as power. To mde is 
 more absolute and autocratic than to govern ; to swa?/ is to move 
 by quiet but effectual influence ; to mold is not only to influ- 
 ence feeling and action, but to shape character ; to manage is 
 to secui-e by skilful conti'ivance the doing of one's will by those 
 whom one can not directly control ; a wise mother, by gentle 
 means, sivays the feelings and molds the lives of her children ; 
 to be able to manage servants is an important element of good 
 housekeeping. The Avord reign, once so absolute, now simply de- 
 notes that one holds the official station of sovereign in a mon- 
 archy, with or without effective power ; the Queen of England 
 reigns ; the Czar of Eussia both reigns and rules. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 be in subjection, be subject, comply, obey, submit, yield. 
 
 GRACEFUL. 
 
 Synonym : 
 
 beautiful. 
 
 That wliich is graceful is marked by elegance and harmony, 
 with ease of action, attitude, or posture, or delicacy of form. 
 Gracefid commonly suggests motion or the possibility of motion ; 
 heaidifid may apply to absolute fixity ; a landscape or a blue sky 
 is beautiful, but neither is graceful. Graceful commonly applies
 
 ffriof 
 1S7 bablt 
 
 to beauty as addressed to the eye, tho we often speak of a graceful 
 poem or a graceful compliment. Graceful applies to the perfec- 
 tion of motion, especially of the lighter motions, which convey no 
 suggestion of stress or strain, and are in harmonious curves. 
 Apart from the thought of motion, graceful denotes a pleasing 
 harmony of outline, proportion, etc. , with a certain degree of del- 
 icacy ; a Hercules is massive, an Apollo is graceful. We speak of 
 a graceful attitude, graceful drapery. Compare beautiful ; ElE- 
 
 COMING. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for awkward. 
 
 ORIEF. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 affliction, melancholy, regret, sorrow, trouble, 
 
 distress, mourning, sadness, tribulation, w^o. 
 
 Grief is acute mental pain resulting from loss, misfortune, or 
 deep disappointment. Grief is more acute and less enduring than 
 sorrow. Sorrow and grief are for definite cause ; sadness and 
 melancJioly may arise from a vague sense of want or loss, from a 
 low state of health, or other ill=defined cause ; sadness may be 
 momentary ; melancholy is more enduring, and may become 
 chronic. Affliction expresses a deej) heart=sorrovv and is applied 
 also to the misfortune producing such sorroiv ; mourning most 
 frequently denotes sorrow pubhcly expressed, or the public ex- 
 pression of such sorrotv as may reasonably be expected; as, it is 
 common to observe thirty days of mourning on the death of an 
 officer of state. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for happiness. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Grief at a loss ; for a friend. 
 
 HABIT. 
 
 Synonyms J 
 
 custom, habitude, routine, system, use, 
 
 fashion, practise, rule, usage, wont. 
 
 Habit is a tendency or inclination toward an action or con- 
 dition, which by repetition has become easy, spontaneous, or even 
 unconscious, or an action or regular series of actions, or a con- 
 dition so induced. Custom is the uniform doing of the same act
 
 Iiappen ISft 
 
 in the same circumstance for a definite reason; routine is the doing 
 of customary acts in a regular and uniform sequence and is more 
 mechanical than custom. It is the custom of tradesmen to open 
 at a uniform hour, and to follow a. regular routine of business 
 until closing=time. Habit idwajs includes an invohmtary tend- 
 ency, natural or acquired, gi-eatly strengthened by frequent 
 repetition of the act, and may be uncontrollable, or even uncon- 
 scious. Habitude is habitual relation or association. Custom is 
 chiefly used of the action of many; habit of the action of one ; 
 we speak of the customs of society, the habits of an individual. 
 Fash ion is the generally recognized custom in the smaller matters, 
 especially in dress. A rule is prescribed either by some external 
 authority or by one's own will ; as, it is the rule of the house ; or, 
 I make it my invariable rule. Systeui is the coordination of many 
 acts or things into a unity, and is more and better than routine. 
 Use and usage denote the manner of using something ; we speak 
 of one person's use of language, but of the usage of many ; a use 
 or usage is almost always a Jiabit. Practise is the active doing of 
 something in a systematic way ; we do not speak of the practise, 
 but of the habit of going to sleep ; we speak of a tradesman's cus- 
 tom, a lawyer's or a physician's practise. Educationally, practise 
 is the voluntary and persistent attempt to make skill a habit ; as, 
 piractise in penmanship. Wont is blind and instinctive habit like 
 that which attaches an animal to a locality : the word is now 
 almost wholly poetic. Compare dress. 
 
 HAPPEN. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bechance, chance, faU out, supervene, 
 
 hefall, come to pass, occur, take place, 
 
 betide, fall, 
 
 A thing is said to happen when no design is manifest, or none 
 
 especially thought of ; it is said to chance when it appears to be 
 
 the result of accident (compare synonyms for accident). An 
 
 incident happens or occurs ; something external or actual 7; ojjpe^is 
 
 to one ; a thought or fancy occurs to him. Befall and betide are 
 
 transitive ; hc(p)pen is intransitive ; sometliing befcdls or betides a 
 
 person or hap)pens to him. Beh'de is especially used for anticipated 
 
 evil, thought of as waiting and coming at its appointed time ; as, 
 
 wo betide him ! One event supervenes upon another event, one 
 
 disease upon another, etc. [" Transpire," in the sense of haptpen.
 
 189 Iiappiness 
 
 is not authorized by good usage : a thing that has happened is 
 properly said to transpire when it becomes known.] 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 An event happens to a person ; a person happens on or upon a 
 fact, discovery, etc. 
 
 HAPPINESS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blessedness, delight, gladness, pleasure, 
 
 bliss, ecstasy, gratification, rapture, 
 
 cheer, enjoyment, joy, rejoicing, 
 
 comfort, felicity, merriment, satisfaction, 
 
 contentment, gaiety, mirth, triumph. 
 
 Gratification is the giving any mental or physical desire some- 
 thing that it craves ; satisfaction is the giving such a desire all 
 that it craves. Happiness is the jsositively agi'eeable experience 
 that springs from the possession of good, the gratification or sat- 
 isfaction of the desires or the relief from pain and evil. Comfort 
 may be almost wholly negative, being found in security or relief 
 from that which pains or annoys ; there is comfort by a warm 
 fireside on a wintry night ; the sympathy of a true friend affords 
 comfort in sorrow. Enjoyment is more positive, always implying 
 something to be definitely and consciously delighted in ; a sick 
 person finds comfort in relief from pain, while he may be far from 
 a state of enjoyment. Pleasure is still more vivid, being an arous- 
 ing of the faculties to an intensely agreeable activity ; satisfaction 
 is more tranquil than pleasure, being the agi-eeable consciousness 
 of having all that our faculties demand or crave ; when a worthy 
 pleasure is past, a worthy satisfaction remains. As referring to a 
 mental state, gratification is used to denote a mild form of happi- 
 ness resulting from some incident not of very great importance ; 
 satisfaction should properly express a happiness deeper, more 
 complete, and more abiding : but as intellect or sensibilities of a 
 low order may find satisfaction in that which is very poor or un- 
 worthy, the word has come to be feeble and tame in ordinary use. 
 Happiness is more positive than comfort, enjoyment, or satisfac- 
 tion, more serene and rational than pyleasure ; 2}lc<-isure is of ne- 
 cessity ti-ansient ; happiness is abiding, and may be eternal ; 
 thus, we speak of pleasures, but the plural of happinessis, scarcely 
 used. Happiness, in the full sense, is mental or spiritual or both, 
 and is viewed as resulting from some worthy gratification or sat- 
 isfaction ; we may speak of a brute as experiencing comfort or 
 pleasure, but scarcely as in possession of happiness ; we speak of
 
 liappy 
 
 190 
 
 vicious pleasure, delight, or joy, but not of vicious happiness. 
 Felicity is a pliilosophical term, colder and more formal than hap- 
 piness. Gladness is happiness that overflows, expressing itself in 
 countenance, voice, manner, and action. Joy is more intense than 
 happiness, deeper than gladness, to which it is akin, nobler and 
 more enduring than pleasure. Gaiety is more superficial than 
 joy, more demonstrative than gladness. Rejoicing ishapjnness or 
 joy that finds utterance in word, song, festivity, etc. Delight is 
 vivid, overflowing happiness of a somewhat transient kind ; ec- 
 stasy is a state of extreme or extravagant delight so that the one 
 affected by it seems almost beside himself w-ith joy ; rapture is 
 closely alUed to ecstasy, but is more serene, exalted, and enduring. 
 Triumph is su-ch. joy as results from victory, success, achievement. 
 Blessedness is at once the state and the sense of being divinely 
 blessed ; as, the blessedness of the righteous. Bliss is ecstatic, per- 
 fected happiness ; as, the bliss of heaven. Compare comfort. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for grief. 
 
 
 HAPPY 
 
 • 
 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 blessed, 
 
 blissful, 
 
 blithe, 
 
 blithesome, 
 
 bright, 
 
 buoyant, 
 
 cheerful, 
 
 cheering, gay, 
 cheery, glad, 
 delighted, jocund, 
 delightful, jolly, 
 dexterous, joyful, 
 felicitous, joyous, 
 fortunate. 
 
 lucky, 
 
 merry, 
 
 mirthful, 
 
 pleased. 
 
 prosperous, 
 
 rapturous. 
 
 rejoiced, 
 
 rejoicing, 
 
 smiling. 
 
 sprightly. 
 
 successful, 
 
 sunny. 
 
 Happy primarily refers to something that comes "by good 
 hap," a chance that brings prosperity, benefit, or success. 
 
 And grasps the skirts of haiwy chance. Tennyson In Memm-iam Ixiii, st. 2. 
 
 In this sense happy is closely allied to fortunate and lucky. (See 
 FORTUNATE.) Happy has, however, so far diverged from this orig- 
 inal sense as to apply to advantages where chance is not recognized, 
 or is even excluded by direct reference to the divine will, when it 
 becomes almost equivalent to blessed. 
 
 Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth. Job v, 17. 
 
 Happy is also applied to the ready dexterity or skill by wliich 
 favorable results (usually in minor matters) are secured, when it 
 becomes a synonym for dexterous, felicitous, and the associated 
 words ; as, he has a happy wit ; hapjjy at retort (compare clever). 
 In its most frequent present use, happy is applied to the state of 
 one enjoying happiness, or to that by which happiness is expressed ;
 
 191 harmony 
 
 as, a liappy heart ; a happy face ; happy laughter ; happy tears 
 (compare synonyms for happiness). Cheerful applies to the pos- 
 session or expression of a moderate and tranquil happiness. A 
 cheery word spontaneously gives cheer to others ; a cheering word 
 is more distinctly planned to cheer and encourage. Gay applies 
 to an effusive and superficial happiness (often not really worthy of 
 that name) perhaps resulting largely from abundant animal spirits ; 
 we speak of gay revelers or a gay horse. A buoyant spirit is, as 
 it were, borne uj) by joy and hope. A sunny disposition has a con- 
 stant tranquil brightness that irradiates all who come within its 
 influence. 
 Aiitoiiynis' 
 
 Compare synonyms for grief. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A happy event /or him ; happy at a reply ; liappy in his home, 
 with his friends, among his children ; happy at the discovery, over 
 his success. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 accord, concurrence, consistency, uniformity, 
 
 accordance, conformity, consonance, union, 
 
 agreement, congruity, symmetry, unison, 
 
 amity, consent, unanimity, unity, 
 concord, 
 
 When tones, thoughts, or feelings, individually different, com- 
 bine to form a consistent and pleasing whole, there is harmony. 
 Harmony is deeper and more essential than agreement ; we may 
 have a superficial, forced, or patched=up agreement, but never a 
 superficial, forced, or patched=up harmony. Concord is less full 
 and spiritual than harmony. Concord implies more volition than 
 accord ; as, their views were found to be in perfect accord ; or, 
 by conference concord was secured ; we do not secure accord, but 
 discover it. We may speak of being in accord with a person on 
 one point, but harmony is wider in range. Conformity is corre- 
 spondence in form, manner, or use ; the word often signifies sub- 
 mission to authority or necessity, and may be as far as possible 
 from harmony ; as, the attempt to secure conformity to an estab- 
 lished religion. Congruity involves the element of suitableness ; 
 consistency implies the absence of conflict or contradiction in 
 views, statements, or acts which are brought into comparison, as 
 in the different statements of the same person or the different 
 periods of one man's Uf e ; unanimity is the complete hearty agree-
 
 harvest 
 
 192 
 
 ment of many ; consent and concurrence refer to decision or action, 
 but consent is more passive than concurrence ; one speaks by gen- 
 eral consent when no one in the assembly cares to make formal 
 objection ; a decision of the Supreme Court depends upon the con- 
 currence of a majority of the judges. Compare ageee ; friend- 
 ship : MELODY. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 antagonism, 
 battle, 
 conflict, 
 contention, 
 
 contest, 
 controversy, 
 difference, 
 disagreement. 
 
 discord, 
 disproportion, 
 
 dissension, 
 disunion. 
 
 hostility, 
 Incongi'uity, 
 inconsistency, 
 opposition. 
 
 schism, 
 separation, 
 variance, 
 warfare. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 crop, 
 
 fruit, 
 
 g;rowtli, 
 
 liarvest=feast, 
 
 liarvest=festival. 
 
 HARVEST. 
 
 liarvest=honie, 
 
 harvesting, 
 
 harvest^tide, 
 
 harvesttime, 
 
 increase. 
 
 ingathering, 
 
 proceeds, 
 
 produce, 
 
 product, 
 
 reaping. 
 
 result, 
 
 return, 
 
 yield. 
 
 Harvest, from the Anglo=Saxon, signified originally "autumn," 
 and as that is the usual season of gathering ripened crops in North- 
 ern lands, the word came to its present meaning of the season of 
 gathering ripened grain or fruits, whether summer or autumn, 
 and hence a crop gathered or ready for gathering ; also, the act 
 or process of gathering a crop or crops. "The harvest truly is 
 gTeat, but the laborers are few," Luhe x, 2. "Lift up your eyes 
 and look on the fields, for they are white already to harvest," 
 John iv, 35. Harvest is the elegant and literary word ; croj) is 
 the common and commercial expression ; we say a man sells his 
 crop, but we should not speak of his selling his harvest ; we speak 
 of an ample or abundant harvest, a good crop). Harvest is apphed 
 almost wholly to grain ; crojn applies to almost anything that is 
 gathered in ; we speak of the potato=crqp, not the potaiO'harvest ; 
 we may say either the wheat^crop or the wheat=7m?'res^. Ppiduce 
 is a collective word for all that is produced in farming or garden- 
 ing, and is, in modern usage, almost wholly restricted to this sense ; 
 we speak of jjro(/7fec collectively , but of a 2:>rocZMc^ or various prod- 
 ucts; vegetables, fruits, eggs, butter, etcTTTHay " be termed farm* 
 produce, or the products of the farm. Product is a word of wider 
 application than iwoduce : we speak of the products of manufac- 
 turing, the x)roducts of thought, or the product obtained by mul- 
 tiplying one number by another. The word proceeds is chiefly 
 used of the return from an investment ; we speak of the 2>i'oduce 
 of a farm, but of the proceeds of the money invested in farming.
 
 193 hatred 
 
 The yield is what the land gives up to the farmer's demand ; we 
 speak of the return from an expenditure of money or labor, but 
 of the yield of corn or oats. Harvest lias also a figurative use, 
 such as crop more rarely permits ; we term a religious revival a 
 harvest of souls ; the result of lax enforcement of law is a harvest 
 of crime. As regards time, harvest, harvest-tide, and harvest' 
 time alike denote the period or season when the crops are or should 
 be gathered {tide being simply the old Saxon word for time). Har- 
 vest-home ordinarily denotes the festival of harvest, and when 
 used to denote simply the season always gives a suggestion of fes- 
 tivity and rejoicing, such as harvest and harvest-time by them- 
 selves do not express. 
 
 HATRED. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abhorrence, detestation, hostility, rancor, 
 
 anger, dislike, ill w^ill, repugnance, 
 
 animosity, enmity, malevolence, resentment, 
 
 antipathy, grudge, malice, revenge, 
 
 aversion, hate, malignity, spite. 
 
 Repugnance applies to that which one feels himself summoned 
 or impelled to do or to endure, and from which he instinctively 
 draws back. Aversion is the turning away of the mind or feel- 
 ings from some person or thing, or from some course of action, 
 etc. Hate, or hatred, as applied to persons, is intense and con- 
 tinued aversion, usually with disposition to injure ; anger is sud- 
 den and brief , hatred is lingering and enduring'; "' Her wrath be- 
 came a hate,'' Tennyson Pelleas and Ettarre st. 16. As applied 
 to things, hatred is intense aversion, with desire to destroy or re- 
 move ; hatred of evil is a righteous passion, akin to abhorrence, 
 but more vehement. Malice involves the active intent to injure ; 
 in the legal sense, malice is the intent to injure, even tho with 
 no personal ill icill ; as, a highwayman would be said to entertain 
 malice toward the unknown traveler whom he attacks. Malice is 
 direct, pressing toward a result ; malignity is deep, lingering, and 
 venomous, tho often impotent to act ; rancor (akin to rancid) 
 is cherished malignity that has soured and festered and is virulent 
 and implacable. Spite is petty malice that delights to inflict sting- 
 ing pain ; grudge is deeper than spite ; it is sinister and bitter ; 
 grudge, resentment, and revenge are all retaliatory, grudge being 
 the disposition, revenge the determination to repay real or supposed 
 offense with injury ; revenge may denote also the retaliatory act ; 
 resentment, the best word of the three, always holds itself to be 
 13
 
 have -mnm 
 
 bazard 194 
 
 justifiable, but looks less certainly to action than grudge or revenge. 
 Simple goodness may arouse the hatred of the wicked ; they wiU 
 be moved to revenge only by what they deem an injury or affront. 
 Compare abomination ; anger ; antipathy ; enmity. 
 Antony ni»« : 
 
 See synonyms for friendship ; love. 
 
 HAVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 be in possession of, hold, occupy, own, possess, 
 be possessed of, 
 
 Have is the most general Avord, and is applied to whatever be- 
 longs to or is connected with one ; a man has a head or a head- 
 ache, a fortune or an opinion, a friend or an enemy ; he has time, 
 or has need ; he may be said to have what is his own, what he has 
 borrowed, what has been entrusted to him, or what he has stolen. 
 To possess a thing is to have the ownership with control and en- 
 joyment of it. To hold is to have in one's hand, or securely in 
 one's control ; a man holds his friend's coat for a moment, or he 
 holds a struggling horse ; he holds a promissory note, or holds an 
 office. To oivn is to have the right of property in ; to possess is to 
 have that right in actual exercise ; to occupy is to have possession 
 and use, with some degree of permanency, with or without own- 
 ership. A man occupies his own house or a room in a hotel ; a 
 man may own a farm of which he is not in possession because a 
 tenant occupies it and is determined to hold it ; the proprietor owns 
 the property, but the tenant is in possession. To he in possession 
 differs from possess in that to possess denotes both right and 
 fact, while to be in p>ossession denotes simply the fact with no 
 affirmation as to the right. To have reason is to be endowed 
 with the faculty ; to he in possession of one's reason denotes that 
 the faculty is in actual present exercise. 
 
 HAZARD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accident, chance, danger, jeopardy, risk, 
 
 casualty, contingency, fortuity, peril, venture. 
 
 Hazard is the incurring the possibility of loss or harm for the 
 possibility of benefit ; danger may have no compensating alterna- 
 tive. In hazard the possibilities of gain or loss are nearly bal- 
 anced ; in risk the possibility of loss is the chief thought ; the fool- 
 hardy take great risks in mere wantonness ; in chance and venture
 
 195 
 
 Iiealtliy 
 help 
 
 the hope of good predominates ; we speak of a merchant's venture, 
 but of an insurance company's risk ; one may be driven by cir- 
 cumstances to run a risk ; he freely seeks a venture ; we speak of 
 the chance of winning, the hazard or risk of losing. Accidents 
 are incalculable; casttalties may be to a certain extent antici- 
 pated ; death and wounds are casualties of battle, certain to hap- 
 pen to some, but uncertain as to whom or how many. A contin- 
 gency is simply an indeterminable future event, which may or may 
 not be attended with danger or risk. See accident ; danger. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 surety. 
 
 assurance, 
 certainty, 
 
 necessity, 
 plan, 
 
 protection, 
 safeguard. 
 
 safety, 
 security. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 hale. 
 
 healthful, 
 
 hearty. 
 
 HEALTHY. 
 
 hygienic, 
 
 salubrious, 
 
 salutary, 
 
 sanitary, 
 
 sound, 
 
 strong, 
 
 vigorous, 
 
 well, 
 
 wholesome. 
 
 Healthy is most correctly used to signify possessing or enjoying 
 health or its results ; as, a healthy person ; a healthy condition. 
 Healthful signifies promotive of health, tending or adapted to con- 
 fer, preserve, or promote health ; as, a healthful climate. Whole- 
 some food in a healthful climate makes a healthy man. With 
 healthful ai-e ranged the words 7; v/gfenfc, salubrious, salutary, san- 
 itary, and u-holesome, while the other words are associated with 
 healthy. Salubrious is always used in the physical sense, and is 
 chiefly applied to air or climate. Salutary is now chiefly used in 
 the moral sense ; as, a salutary lesson. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 delicate, failing, ill, 
 
 diseased, fainting, sick, 
 
 fragile, uniiealtliy, 
 
 emaciated, 
 exhausted. 
 
 frail, 
 
 unsound, 
 
 wasted, 
 
 weak. 
 
 worn, 
 
 worn down, 
 worn out. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abet, befriend, 
 
 aid. cooperate, 
 
 assist, encourage. 
 
 HELP. 
 
 foster, 
 second, 
 stand by. 
 
 succor, 
 
 support, 
 
 sustain. 
 
 uphold. 
 
 Help expresses greater dependence and deeper need than aid. 
 In extremity we say " God /(cZp me ! " rather than " God aid me ! " 
 In time of danger we cry " help ! help ! " rather than " aid ! aid .'" 
 To aid is to second another's own exertions. We can speak of 
 helping the helpless, but not of aiding them. Help includes aid, 
 but aid may fall short of the meaning of help. In law to aid or 
 abet makes one a principal. (Compare synonyms for accessory.)
 
 heretic ■» aa 
 
 Iieterogeneous *»o 
 
 To cooperate is to aid as an equal ; to assist implies a subordinate 
 and secondary relation. One assists a fallen friend to rise ; he co- 
 operates with him in helping others. Encourage refers to men- 
 tal aid, as upliold now usually does ; siiccor and support, oftenest 
 to material assistance. We encourage the timid or despondent, 
 succor the endangered, support the weak, uphold those who else 
 might be shaken or cast down. Compare abet; promote. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 counteract, discourage, oppose, resist, tliwart, withstand. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Help in an enterprise ivith money ; help to success ; against 
 
 the enemy,   
 
 HEltETIC. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 dissenter, heresiarcli, nonconforniist, schismatic. 
 
 Etymologically, a heretic is one who takes or chooses his own 
 belief, instead of the belief of his church ; hence, a heretic is one 
 who denies commonly accepted views, or who holds opinions con- 
 trary to the recognized standard or tenets of any established re- 
 ligious, philosophical, or other system, school, or party ; the re- 
 ligious sense of the word is the predominant one ; a schismatic is 
 primarily one who produces a split or rent in the church. A heretic 
 differs in doctrine from the religious body with which he is con- 
 nected ; a schismatic differs in doctrine or practise, or in botli. A 
 heretic may be reticent, or even silent ; a schismatic introduces 
 divisions. A heresiarch is the author of a heresy or the leader of 
 a heretical party, and is thus at once a heretic and a schismatic. 
 "With advancing ideas of religious liberty, the odious sense once 
 attached to these words is largely modified, and heretic is often 
 used playfully. Dissenter and nonconformist are terms specific- 
 ally applied to English subjects who hold themselves aloof from 
 the Church of England ; the former term is extended to non=ad- 
 herents of the established church in some other countries, as 
 Russia. 
 
 HETEROGENEOUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 confused, mingled, unhomogeneous, 
 
 conglomerate, miscellaneous, unlilie, 
 
 discordant, mixed, variant, 
 
 dissimilar, non=liomogeneous, various. 
 
 Substances quite unlike are heterogeneous asvegards each other. 
 A heterogeneous mixture is one whose constituents are not only
 
 197 
 
 bide 
 
 unlike in kind, but unevenly distributed ; cement is composed of 
 substances such as lime, sand, and clay, which are heterogeneous 
 as regards each other, but the cement is said to be homogeneous 
 if the different constituents are evenly mixed throughout, so that 
 any one portion of the mixture is exactly like any other. A sub- 
 stance may fail of being homogeneous and yet not be heterogene- 
 ous, in which case it is said to be non=homogeneous or unhomo- 
 ge7ieous ; a bar of iron that contains flaws, air^bubbles, etc., or for 
 any other reason is not of uniform structure and density through- 
 out, tho no foreign substance be mixed with the iron, is said 
 to be non-homogeneous. A miscellaneous mixture may or may 
 not be heterogeneous ; if the objects are alike in kind, but different 
 in size, form, quality, use, etc., and without special order or rela- 
 tion, the collection is miscellaneous ; if the objects differ in kind, 
 such a mixture is also, and moi-e strictly, heterogeneous ; a pile of 
 unassorted lumber is miscellaneous ; the contents of a school=boy's 
 pocket are commonly miscellaneous and might usually be termed 
 heterogeneous as well. See complex. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 alike, homogeneous, identical, like, pure, same, similar, uniform. 
 
 H1D£. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bury, cover. entomb, overwhelm, suppress, 
 
 cloak, disguise. inter, screen, veil, 
 
 conceal, dissemble, mask, secrete. 
 
 Hide is the general term, including all the rest, signifying to 
 put out of sight or beyond ready observation or approach ; a 
 thing may be hidden by intention, by accident, or by the im- 
 perfection of the faculties of the one from whom it is hidden; 
 in their games, children hide the slipper, or hide themselves from 
 each other ; a man ixnconsciously hides a picture from another by 
 standing before it, or hides a thing from himself by laying soiue- 
 thing else over it. Even an unconscious object may Zw'de another ; 
 as, a cloud hides the sun, or a building hides some part of the 
 prospect by intervening between it and the observer's position. 
 As an act of persons, to conceal is always intentional ; one may 
 hide his face in anger, gxief, or abstraction ; he conceals his face 
 when he fears recognition. A house is h iddcn by foliage ; the 
 bird's nest is artfully concealed. Secrete is a stronger word than 
 conceal, and is used chiefly of such material objects as may be 
 separated from the person, or from their ordinary surroundings.
 
 liigh 
 
 19S 
 
 and put in unlooked=for places ; a man conceals a scar on his face, 
 but does not secrete it ; a thief secretes stolen goods ; an officer 
 may also be said to secrete himself to watch the thief. A thing is 
 cover'id by putting something over or around it, whether by ac- 
 cident or design ; it is screened by putting something before it, 
 always with some purpose of protection from observation, incon- 
 venience, attack, censure, etc. In the figurative use, a person 
 may hide honorable feelings ; he conceals an evil or hostile intent. 
 Anything which is effectually covered and hidden under any 
 mass or accumulation is buried. Money is hii^Hed in the ground ; 
 a body is buried in the sea ; a paper is buried under other docu- 
 ments. Whatever is buried is hidden or concealed; but there 
 are many ways of hiding or concealing a thing without burying 
 it. So a person may be covered with wraps, and not buried under 
 them. Biiry may be used of any object, entomb and inter only of 
 a dead body. Figuratively, one may be said to be buried in busi- 
 ness, in study, etc. Compare immerse ; palliate. 
 
 Antonyms ; 
 
 admit, 
 
 advertise, 
 
 avow, 
 
 betray, 
 
 confess. 
 
 disclose, 
 
 discover, 
 
 disinter, 
 
 divulge, 
 
 exhibit, 
 
 exhume, 
 expose, 
 lay bare, 
 lay open, 
 make knowiij 
 
 manifest, 
 
 promulgate, 
 
 publish, 
 
 raise, 
 
 reveal, 
 
 show, 
 
 tell, 
 
 uncover, 
 
 unmask, 
 
 unveil. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 elevated, 
 emlneut, 
 
 exalted, 
 lofty, 
 
 HIOH. 
 
 noble, 
 proud. 
 
 steep, 
 tall, 
 
 towering, 
 uplifted. 
 
 Deep, while an antonym of high in usage, may apply to the 
 very same distance simply measured in an opposite direction, high 
 applying to vertical distance measured from below upward, and 
 deejy to vertical distance measured from above downward ; as, a 
 deep valley nestling between high movmtains. High is a relative 
 term signifying greatly raised above any object, base, or surface, 
 in comparison with what is usual, or with some standard ; a table 
 is liigli if it exceeds tliirty inches ; a hill is not high at a hundred 
 feet. That is tall whose height is greatly in excess of its breadth 
 or diameter, and whose actual height is gi-eat for an object of its 
 kind ; as, a tall ti-ee ; a tall man ; tall grass. That is lofty which 
 is imposing or majestic in height ; we term a spire tall with refer- 
 ence to its altitude, or lofty with reference to its majestic appear- 
 ance. That is elevated which is raised somewhat above its surround- 
 ings ; that is eminent which is far above them ; as, an elevated
 
 i99 hinder 
 
 platform ; an eminent iwomontory. In the figurative sense, elevated 
 is less than eminent, and this less than exalted ; we speak of high, 
 lofty, or elevated thonglits, aims, etc., in the good sense, but some- 
 times of high feelings, looks, words, etc., in the invidious sense 
 of haughty or arrogant. A high ambition may be merely selfish ; 
 a lofty ambition is worthy and nohle. Toimring, in the literal 
 sense compares with lofty and majestic ; but in the figurative 
 sense, its use is almost always invidious ; as, a towering passion; 
 a toivering ambition disregards and crushes all opposing consider- 
 ations, however rational, lovely, or holy. Compare steep. 
 
 Antouyins : 
 
 base, deep, degraded, depressed, dwarfed, inferior, low, mean, short, stunted. 
 
 HIIVDER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 baffle, clog, foil, obstruct, retard, 
 
 balk, counteract, frustrate, oppose, stay, 
 
 bar, delay, hamper. prevent, stop, 
 
 block, embarrass, impede, resist, thw^art. 
 
 check, encumber, interrupt, 
 
 To hinder is to keep from action, progress, motion, or growth, 
 or to make such action, progress, motion, or gi-owth later in be- 
 ginning or completion than it would otherwise have been. An 
 action is prevented by anything that comes in before it to make it 
 impossible ; it is hindered by anything that keeps it from either 
 beginning or ending so soon as it otherwise would, or as expected 
 or intended. It is more common, however, to say that the start is 
 delayed, the progress hindered. An action that is hindered does 
 not take place at the appointed or appropriate time ; that which is 
 prevented does not take place at all ; to 7ii«der athing long enough 
 may amount to jireventing it. A railroad=train may be hindered 
 by a snow-storm from arriving on time ; it may by special order 
 be prevented from starting. To retard is simply to make slow by 
 any means whatever. To obstruct is to hinder, or possibly to pre- 
 vent advance or passage by putting something in the way ; to op- 
 pose or resist is to hinder, or possibly to prevent by directly con- 
 trary or hostile action, resist being the stronger term and having 
 more suggestion of physical force ; obstructed roads hinder the 
 march of an enemy, tho there may be no force strong enough 
 to oppose it ; one opposes a measure, a motion, an amendment, or 
 the like ; it is a criminal ofl'ense to resist an officer in the discharge 
 of liis duty ; the physical system may resist the attack of dis-
 
 history 
 holy 
 
 200 
 
 ease or the action of a remedy. Compare conquer 
 
 ; IMPEDIMENT 
 
 OBSTRUCT. 
 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 
 See synonyms for quicken. 
 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Hinder one in his progress ; from acting 
 
 promptly ; bi 
 
 opposition. 
 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 account, biography, muniment, 
 annals, chronicle, narration, 
 archives, memoir, narrative, 
 autobiography, memorial, recital, 
 
 record, 
 
 register, 
 
 story. 
 
 History is a systematic record of past events. Annals and 
 chronicles relate events with Uttle regard to their relative impor- 
 tance, and with complete subserviency to their succession in time. 
 Annals are yearly records ; chronicles follow the order of time. 
 Both necessarily lack emphasis, selection, and perspective. Ar- 
 chives are pubHc records, which may be annals, or chronicles, or 
 deeds of property, etc. Memoirs generally record the hves of in- 
 dividuals or facts pertaining to individual lives. A biography is 
 distinctively a written account of one person's life and actions ; an 
 autohiography is a biography written by the person whose life it 
 records. Annals, archives, chronicles, biographies, and memoirs 
 and other records furnish the materials of history. History re- 
 counts events with careful attention to their importance, their 
 mutual relations, their causes and consequences, selecting and 
 grouping events on the ground of interest or importance. History 
 is usually applied to such an account of events affecting commu- 
 nities and nations, tho sometimes we speak of the history of a 
 single eminent life. Compare RECORD. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for fiction. 
 
 HOI.Y. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blessed, devoted, hallowed, saintly, 
 
 consecrated, divine, sacred, set apart. 
 
 Sacred is applied to that which is to be regarded as inviolable 
 on any account, and so is not restricted to divine things ; therefore 
 in its lower apphcations it is less than holy. That which is sacred
 
 •201 bomc 
 
 may be made so by institution, decree, or association ; that which 
 
 is holy is so by its own nature, possessing intrinsic moral ])urity, 
 
 and, in the highest sense, absohite moral perfection. God is hohj ; 
 
 his commands are sacred. Holy may be applied also to that which 
 
 is hallowed ; as, "the place whereon thou standest is holy ground," 
 
 Ex. iii, 5. In such use holy is more than sacred, as if the very 
 
 qualities of a spiritual or divine presence were imparted to the 
 
 place or object. Divine has been used with great looseness, as 
 
 applying to anything eminent or admirable, in the line either of 
 
 goodness or of mere power, as to eloquence, music, etc., but there 
 
 is a commendable tendency to restrict the word to its higher 
 
 sense, as designating that which belongs to or is worthy of the 
 
 Divine Being. Compare perfect ; pure. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abominable, cursed, polluted, unconsecrated, unholy, wicked, 
 
 cominon, impure, secular, unhallowed, unsauctifled, worldly. 
 
 HOME. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aTjode. dwelling, habitation, hearthstone, ingleside, 
 domicil, fireside, hearth, house, residence. 
 
 Abode, dwelling, and habitation are used with little difference 
 of meaning to denote the place where one habitually lives ; abode 
 and habitation belong to the poetic or elevated style. Even 
 dwelling is not used in familiar speech; a person says "my 
 house,'" "my home,'' ov more formally " my residence." Home, 
 from the Anglo=Saxon, denoting originally a dicelling, came to 
 mean an endeared dwelling as the scene of domestic love and 
 happy and cherished family life, a sense to which there is an in- 
 creasing tendency to restrict the word — desirably so, since we 
 have other words to denote the mere dwelling=place ; we say 
 "The wretched tenement could not be called home," or "The 
 humble cabin was dear to him as the home of his childhood." 
 
 Hotne'^ not merely four square walls, 
 
 Tho with pictures hung and gilded; 
 Home is where affection calls — 
 
 Where its shrine the heart has builded. 
 
 Thus the word comes to signify any place of rest and peace, and 
 especially heaven, as the soul's peaceful and eternal dwellings 
 place.
 
 honest 
 horizontal 
 
 202 
 
 HONEST. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 candid, frank, ingenuous, true, 
 
 equitable, genuine, just, trustwortny, 
 
 fair, good, sincere. trusty, 
 
 faithful, honorable, straightforward, upright. 
 
 One who is honest in the ordinary sense acts or is always dis- 
 posed to act with careful regard for the rights of others, especially 
 in matters of business or property ; one who is honorable scrupu- 
 lously observes the dictates of a personal honor that is liigher than 
 any demands of mercantile law or pubUc opinion, and will do 
 nothing unworthy of his own inherent nobihty of soul. The hon- 
 est man does not steal, cheat, or defraud ; the honorable man wiU 
 not take an unfair advantage that would be allowed him, or will 
 make a sacrifice which no one could require of him, when his own 
 sense of right demands it. One who is honest in the highest and 
 fullest sense is scrupulously careful to adhere to all known truth 
 and right even in thought. In this sense honest differs from hon- 
 orable as having regard rather to absolute truth and right than to 
 even the highest personal honor. Compare candid ; justice. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 deceitful, faithless, hypocritical, perfidious, unfaitliful, 
 
 dishonest, false, lying, traitorous, unscrupulous, 
 
 disingenuous, fradulent, mendacious, treacherous, untrue. 
 
 HORIZONTAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 even, flat, level, plain, plane. 
 
 Horizontal signifies in the direction of or parallel to the hori- 
 zon. For practical piu-poses level and horizontal are identical, 
 tho level, as the more popular word, is more loosely used of that 
 which has no especially noticeable elevations or inequalities ; as, 
 a level road. Flat, according to its derivation from the Anglo= 
 Saxon Jlet, a floor, applies to a surface only, and, in the first and 
 most usual sense, to a surface that is hoiHzontal or level in all di- 
 rections ; a line may be level, a floor is flat ; flat is also applied in 
 a derived sense to any plane surface without irregularities or ele- 
 vations, as a pictm-e may be painted on the^a^ surface of a per- 
 pendicular wall. Plane applies only to a surface, and is used 
 with more mathematical exactness than flat. The adjective 
 plain, originally the same word as xjlane, is now rarely used ex- 
 cept in the figurative senses, but the original sense appears in the 
 noun, as we speak of "a wide pZom." We speak of a horizontal 
 line, a, flat morass, a level road, a, plain country, a plane surface
 
 hii inane 
 203 Iiuut 
 
 (especially in the scientific sense). That which is level may not 
 be even, and that which is even may not be level ; a ZeveZroad may 
 be very I'ovigh ; a slope may be even. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 broken, incliued, rolling, rugged, sloping, 
 
 hilly, irregular, rough, slanting, uneven. 
 
 I1IIMA1\E. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 Tjenevolent, compassionate, human, pitying, 
 
 iDenignant, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, 
 
 charitahle, gentle, kind=hearted, tender, 
 
 clement, gracious, merciful, tender=hearted. 
 
 Human denotes what pertains to mankind, with no suggestion 
 as to its being good or evil ; as, the human race ; human qnalities ; 
 we speak of human achievements, virtues, or excellences, human 
 folhes, vices, or crimes. Humane denotes what may rightly be 
 expected of mankind at its best in the treatment of sentient beings ; 
 a humane enterprise or endeavor is one that is intended to prevent 
 or relieve suffering. The Immane man will not needlessly inflict 
 pain upon the meanest thing that lives ; a merciful man is disposed 
 to withhold or mitigate the suffering even of the guilty. The com- 
 passionate man sympathizes with and desires to relieve actual 
 suffering, while one who is humane would forestall and prevent 
 the suffering which he sees to be possible. Compare mercy ; piti- 
 ful ; PITY. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for barbarous. 
 
 HUMT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 chase, hunting, inquisition, pursuit, search. 
 
 A hunt may be either the act of pursuing or the act of seeking, 
 or a combination of the two. A chase or pursuit is after that 
 which is fleeing or departing ; a search is for that which is hidden ; 
 a hunt may be for that which is either hidden or fleeing ; a search 
 is a minute and careful seeking, and is especially applied to a lo- 
 cality ; we make a search of or through a house, for an object, in 
 which connection it would be colloquial to say a hunt. Hunt 
 never quite loses its association with field=sports, where it in- 
 cludes both search and chase ; the search till the game is hunted 
 out, and the chase till it is hunted down. Figuratively, we speak 
 of literary pursuits, or of the pursuit of knowledge ; a search for
 
 hypocrisy 
 
 hypocrite ^vt 
 
 reasons ; the chase of fame or honor ; Itmit, in figurative use, in- 
 chnes to the vmfavorable sense of inquisition, but with more of 
 dash and aggi-essiveness ; as, a hunt for heresy. 
 
 HYPOCRISY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aflfectation, formalism, pretense, sanctimony, 
 
 cant, Pharisaism, sanctimoniousness, sham, 
 
 dissim.ulation, pietism, 
 
 Pretense (L. proitendo) primarily signifies tlie holding some- 
 thing forward as having certain rights or claims, whether truly or 
 falsely ; in the good sense, it is now rarely used except with a neg- 
 ative ; as, there can be no pretense that this is due ; a false pre- 
 tense imphes the possibility of a true pretense ; but, alone and 
 unlimited, pretense commonly sig-nifies the offering of something 
 for what it is not. Hypocrisy is the false pretense of moral excel- 
 lence, either as a cover for actual wrong, or for the sake of the 
 credit and advantage attaching to virtue. Cant (L. cantus, a song), 
 primarily the singsong iteration of the language of any party, 
 school, or sect, denotes the mechanical and pretentious use of reUg- 
 ious phraseology, without corresponding feeling or character ; 
 sanctimoniousness is the assumption of a saintly manner without a 
 saintly character. As cant is hypocrisy in utterance, so sanctimo- 
 niousness is hypocrisy in appearance, as in looks, tones, etc. Piet- 
 ism, originally a word of good import, is now chiefly used for an 
 vmregulated emotionalism : formalism is an exaggerated devotion 
 to forms, rites, and ceremonies, without corresponding earnest- 
 ness of heart ; sham, (identical in origin with shame) is a trick or 
 device that puts one to shame, or that shamefully disappoints ex- 
 pectation or falsifies appearance. Affectation is in matters of 
 intellect, taste, etc., much what hypocrisy is in morals and relig- 
 ion ; affectation might be termed petty hy2)0crisy. Compare 
 
 DECEPTION. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 candor, genuineness, ingennousneep, sincerity, truth, 
 
 frankness, honesty, openness, transparency, truthfulness. 
 
 HYPOCRITE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cheat, deceiver, dissembler, impostor. pretender. 
 
 A hypocrite (Gr. hypokrites, one who answers on the stage, an 
 actor, especially a mimic actor) is one who acts a false part, or 
 assumes a character other than the real. Deceiver is the most
 
 "**«> bypotlietiils 
 
 comprehensive term, including all the other words of the group. 
 The deceiver seeks to give false impressions of any matter where 
 he has an end to gain ; the dissemhler or hijpocrite seeks to give 
 false impressions in regard to himself. The dissembler is content 
 if he can keep some base conduct or evil purpose from being dis- 
 covered ; the hypocrite seeks not merely to cover Ms vices, but to 
 gain credit for virtue. The cheat and imptostor endeavor to make 
 something out of those they may deceive. The cheat is the infe- 
 rior and more mercenary, as the thimblesrig gambler ; the impos- 
 tor may aspire to a fortune or a tlu'one. Compare hypocrisy. 
 Antonyiuis: 
 
 The antonyms of hypocrite are to be found only in phrases em- 
 bodying the adjectives candid, honest, ingenuous, sincere, true, etc. 
 
 HYPOTHESIS. 
 
 Synonym !« : 
 
 conjecture, scheme, supposition, system, 
 
 guess, speculation, surmise, theory. 
 
 A hypothesis is a statement of what is deemed possibly true, 
 assumed and reasoned upon as if certainly true, with a view of 
 reaching truth not yet surely known ; especially, in the sciences, 
 a hypothesis is a comprehensive tentative explanation of certain 
 phenomena, which is meant to include all other facts of the same 
 class, and which is assumed as ti'ue till there has been opportunity 
 to bring all related facts into comparison ; if the hypothesis ex- 
 plains all the facts, it is regarded as verified ; till then it is re- 
 garded as a working hrjpothesis, that is, one that may answer for 
 present practical purposes. A hypothesis may be termed a com- 
 prehensive guess. A guess is a swift conclusion from data directly 
 at hand, and held as probable or tentative, while one confessedly 
 lacks material for absolute certainty. A conjecture is more meth- 
 odical than a guess, while a supposition is still slower and more 
 settled ; a conjecture, like a guess, is preliminary and tentative ; a 
 siiptposition is more nearly final : a surmise is more floating and 
 visionary, and often sinister ; as, a surmise that a stranger may 
 be a pickpocket. Tlieory is used of the mental coordination of 
 facts and iirinciples. that may or may not prove correct ; a ma- 
 chine may be perfect in theory, but useless in fact. Scheme may 
 be used as nearly equivalent to theory, but is more frequently 
 applied to proposed action, and in the sense of a somewhat vision- 
 ary plan. A specidation may be wholly of the brain, resting upon
 
 idea 
 ideal, n. 
 
 206 
 
 no facts worthy of consideration ; system is the highest of these 
 terms, having most of assurance and fixity ; a system unites many 
 facts, phenomena, or doctrines into an orderly and consistent 
 whole ; we speak of a system of theology, of the Copernican sys- 
 tem of the imiverse. Compare system. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 certainty, demoustration, discovery, evidence, fact, proof. 
 
 IDEA. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apprehension . 
 
 archetype, 
 
 belief. 
 
 conceit, 
 
 concept, 
 
 conception, 
 
 design, 
 
 fancy, 
 
 fantasy, 
 
 ideal, 
 
 image, 
 
 imagination. 
 
 impression, 
 
 judgment, 
 
 model. 
 
 notion, 
 
 opinion, 
 
 pattern, 
 
 plan. 
 
 purpose, 
 
 sentiment, 
 
 supposition, 
 
 theory, 
 
 thought. 
 
 Idea is in Greek a foDii or an image. The word signified in 
 early philosophical use the archetype or primal image which the 
 Platonic philosophy supposed to be the viodel or pattern that 
 existing objects imperfectly embody. This high sense has nearly 
 disappeared fiom the word idea, and has been largely appropri- 
 ated by ideal, tho something of the original meaning still appears 
 when in theological or philosophical language we speak of the ideas 
 of God. The present popular use of idea makes it to signify any 
 product of mental appreliensio7i or activity, considered as an ob- 
 ject of knowledge or thought ; this coincides with the primitive 
 sense at but a single point — that an idea is mental as opposed to 
 anything substantial or physical ; thus, almost any mental prod- 
 uct, as a belief, conception, design, opinion, etc., may now be 
 called an idea. Compare fancy ; ideal. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 actuality, fact, reality, substance. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 archetype, 
 idea. 
 
 model, 
 original, 
 
 IDEAL.. 
 
 pattern, prototype, standard. 
 
 An ideal is that which is conceived or taken as the highest type 
 of excellence or ultimate object of attainment. The archetype is 
 the primal form, actual or imaginary, according to which any ex- 
 isting thing is consti'ucted ; the prototype has or has had actual ex- 
 istence ; in the derived sense, as in metrology, a prototype may not 
 be the original form, but one having equal authority with that as a
 
 207 
 
 idiocy 
 
 standard. An ideal may be primal,, or may be slowly developed 
 even from failures and by negations ; an ideal is meant to be per- 
 fect, not merely the thing that has been attained or is to be 
 attained, but the best conceivable thing that could by possibility 
 be attained. The artist's ideal is his own mental image, of which 
 his finished work is but an imperfect expression. The original is the 
 first specimen, good or bad ; the original of a master is superior to 
 all cojjies. The standard may be below the ideal. The ideal is 
 imaginary, and ordinarily unattainable ; the standard is concrete, 
 and ordinarily attainable, being a measure to which all else of its 
 kind must conform ; as, the standard of weights and measures, of 
 corn, or of cotton. The idea of virtue is the mental concept or 
 image of virtue in general ; the ideal of virtue is the mental con- 
 cept or image of virtue in its highest conceivable perfection. Com- 
 pare EXAMPLE ; IDEA. 
 
 Antoiiyius: 
 
 accomplishment, action, doing, 
 
 achievement, attainment, embodiment, 
 
 act development, execution, 
 
 fact, practise, 
 
 incarnation, reality, 
 performance, realization. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 fatuity, 
 foUy, 
 
 IDIOCY. 
 
 foolisliness, 
 imbecility, 
 
 incapacity, 
 senselessness, 
 
 stupidity. 
 
 Idiocy is a state of mental unsoundness amounting almost or 
 quite to total absence of vmderstanding. Imbecility is a condition 
 of mental weakness, which may or may not be as complete as that 
 of idiocy, but is at least such as to incapacitate for the serious 
 duties of life. Incapacity, or lack of legal qualification for certain 
 acts, necessarily results from inibecility, but may also result from 
 other causes, as from insanity or from age, sex, etc. ; as, the inca- 
 pacity of a minor to make a contract. Idiocy or imbecility is 
 weakness of mind, while insanity is disorder or abnormal action 
 of mind. Folly and foolisliness denote a want of mental and 
 often of moral balance. Fattdty is sometimes used as equivalent 
 to idiocy, but more frequently signifies conceited and excessive 
 foolishness or folly. Stupidity is dulness and slowness of mental 
 action which inay range all the way from lack of normal readiness 
 to absolute imbecility. Compare insanity. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 brilliancy, common sense, sagacity, 
 capacity, intelligence, sense. 
 
 acutonesB, 
 astuteness, 
 
 soundness, 
 wisdom.
 
 Idle 
 ignorant 
 
 20S 
 
 ii>l,e:. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 inactive, inert, slothful, trifling, unoccupied, 
 
 indolent, lazy, sluggish, unemployed, vacant. 
 
 Idle in all uses rests upon its root meaning, as derived from 
 the Anglo=Saxon idel, which signifies vain, empty, useless. Idle 
 thus denotes not primarily the absence of action, but vain action 
 — the absence of usefvil, effective action ; the idle schoolboy may 
 be very actively whittling his desk or tormenting his neighbors. 
 Doing nothing whatever is the secondary meaning of idle. One 
 may be temporarily idle of necessity ; if he is habitually idle, it is 
 his owTi fault. Lazy signifies indisposed to exertion, averse to 
 labor ; idleness is in fact ; laziness is in disposition or inclination. 
 A lazy person may chance to be employed in useful work, but he 
 acts without energy or impetus. We speak figuratively of a lazy 
 stream. The inert person seems like dead matter (characterized 
 by inertia), powerless to move ; the shiggish moves heavily and 
 toilsomely ; the most active person may sometimes find the bodily 
 or mental powers sluggish. Slothfid belongs in the moral realm, 
 denoting a self=indulgent aversion to exertion. "The slothfid 
 hideth his hand in his bosom : it grieveth him to bring it again to 
 his mouth," Prov. xxvi, 15. Indolent is a milder term for the 
 same quality ; the slothful man hates action ; the indolent man 
 loves inaction. Compare vain. 
 Antonyni!!«: 
 
 active, busy, diligent, employed, industrious, occupied, working. 
 
 ICJMORA^fT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 illdnformed, unenlightened, unlearned, untaught, 
 illiterate. uninformed, unlettered, untutored, 
 
 uneducated, uninstructed, unskilled. 
 
 Ignorant signifies destitute of education or knowledge, or 
 lacking knowledge or information ; it is thvis a relative term. 
 The most learned man is still ignorant of many things ; persons 
 are spoken of as ignorant who have not the knowledge that has 
 become generally diffused in the world ; the ignorant savage may 
 be well instructed in matters of the field and the chase, and is thus 
 more properly untutored than ignorant. Illiterate is without 
 letters and the knowledge that comes through reading. Unlettered 
 is similar in meaning to illiterate, but less absolute ; the unlettered 
 man may have acquired the art of reading and writing and some 
 elementary knowledge ; the uneducated man has never taken any
 
 209 iiuagluation 
 
 systematic course of mental training. Ignorawce is relative ; illit- 
 eracy is absolute ; we have statistics of illiteracy ; no statistics of 
 ignorance are possible. 
 Antony ins : 
 
 educated, instructed, learned, sage, skilled, trained, welUinformed, wise. 
 
 IMAOINATIOaJ. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 fancy, fantasy, phantasy. 
 
 The old psychology treated of the Reproductive Imagination, 
 which simply reproduces the images that the mind has in any way 
 acquired, and the Productive Imagination which modifies and 
 combines mental images so as to produce what is virtually new. 
 To this Reproductive Imagination President Noah Porter and 
 others have given the name of phantasy or fantasy (many psy- 
 chologists preferring the former spelling). Phantasy or fantasy, 
 so understood, presents numerous and varied images, often com- 
 bining them into new forms with exceeding vividness, yet without 
 any ti'ue constructive power, but with the mind adrift, blindly 
 and passively following the laws of association, and with reason 
 and will in torpor ; the mental images being perhaps as varied and 
 as vivid, but also as purposeless and unsystematized as the visual 
 images in a kaleidoscope ; such fantasy (often loosely called im- 
 agination) appears in dreaming, revery, somnambulism, and in- 
 toxication. Fantasy in ordinary usage simply denotes capricious 
 or erratic fancy, as appears in the adjective /ou^os^i'c. Imagina- 
 tion and fancy differ from /cnzias// in bringing the images and 
 their combinations under the control of the will ; imagination is 
 the broader and higher term, including /«/?c?/; imagination is the 
 act or power of imaging or of reimaging objects of perception 
 or thought, of combining the products of knowledge in mod- 
 ified, new, or ideal forms— the creative or constructive power 
 of the mind ; while fancy is the act or power of forming pleas- 
 ing, graceful, whimsical, or odd mental images, or of combining 
 them with httle regard to rational processes of construction; 
 imagination in its lower form. Both fancy and imagination 
 recombine and modify mental images ; either may work with the 
 other's materials ; imagination may glorify the tiniest flower ; 
 fancy may play around a mountain or a star ; the one gi-eat dis- 
 tinction between them is th.a.t fancy is superficial, while imagina- 
 tion is deep, essential, spiritual. Wordsworth, who was the first 
 
 14
 
 imagination <«1M 
 
 clearly to draw the distinction between the fancy and the imag- 
 ination, states it as follows : 
 
 To aggregate and to associate, to evoke and to combine, belong as well to the 
 imagination as to t\\efanaj ; but either the materials evoked and combined are dif- 
 ferent; or they are brought together under a different law, and for a different pur- 
 pose. Fancy does not require that the materials which she makes use of should be 
 susceptible of changes in then- constitution from her touch; and where they admit of 
 modification, it is enough for her purpose if it be slight, limited, and evanescent. 
 Directly the reverse of these are the desires and demands of the imagination. She 
 recoils from everything but the plastic, the pliant, and the indefinite. She leaves it 
 to fancy to describe Queen Mab as coming: 
 
 ' In shape no bigger than an agate stone 
 On the forefinger of an alderman.' 
 
 Having to speak of stature, she does not tell you that her gigantic angel was as tall 
 as Pompey's Pillar; much less that he was twelve cubits or twelve hundred cubits 
 high; or that his dimensions equalled those of Tenerifife or Atlas; because these, and 
 if they were a million times as high, it would be the same, are bounded. The expres- 
 sion is, ' His stature reached the sky! the illimitable firmament! —When the i^nagi- 
 nation frames a comparison, ... a sense of the truth of the likeness from the 
 moment that it is perceived grows — and continues to grow — upon the mind ; the re- 
 semblance depending less upon outline of form and feature than upon expression 
 and effect, less upon casual and outstanding than upon inherent and internal prop- 
 erties.* Poetical Works, Pref. to Ed. of IS 15, p. 646, app. [t. & h. '51.] 
 
 So far as actual images are concerned, both fancy and imagina- 
 tion are limited to the inaterials furnished by the external world ; 
 it is remarkable that among all the representations of gods or 
 demigods, fiends and demons, griflins and chimeeras, the human 
 mind has never invented one organ or attribute that is not pre- 
 sented in human or animal life ; the lion may have a human head 
 and an eagle's wings and claws, but in the various features, 
 individually, there is absolutely nothing new. But imagination 
 can transcend the work of fancy, and compare an image drawn 
 from the external world with some spiritual truth born in the 
 mind itself, or infuse a series of images with such a spiritual 
 truth, molding them as needed for its more vivid expression. 
 
 The imagination modifies images, and gives unity to variety; it sees all things in 
 one. . . . There is the epic imagination, the perfection of which is in Milton; and 
 the dramatic, of which Shakspeare is the absolute master. 
 
 CoLBKiDGE Table Talk June 23, '34. 
 
 Fancy keeps the material image prominent and clear, and 
 works not only with it, but for it ; imagination always uses the 
 material object as the minister of something greater than itself, 
 
 *The whole discussion from which the quotation is taken is worthy of, and will 
 well repay careful study.
 
 211 immediately 
 
 and often almost loses the object in the spiritual idea with wliich 
 she has associated it, and for which alone she values it. Fancy 
 flits about the surface, and is airy and playful, sometimes petty 
 and sometimes false ; imagination goes to the lieart of things, and 
 is deep, earnest, serious, and seeks always and everywhere for es- 
 sential truth. Fancy sets off, variegates, and decorates ; imagina- 
 tion transforms and exalts. Fancy delights and entertains ; im- 
 agination moves and thrills. Imagination is not only poetic or 
 literary, but scientific, philosophical, and practical. By imagina- 
 tion the architect sees the unity of a building not yet begun, and 
 the inventor sees the unity and varied interactions of a machine 
 never yet constiaicted, even a unity that no human eye ever can 
 see, since when the machine is in actual motion, one part may 
 hide the connecting parts, and yet all keep the vmity of the inven- 
 toi''s thought. By imagination a Newton sweeps sun, planets, 
 and stars into unity with the earth and the apple that is drawn ir- 
 resistibly to its surface, and sees them all within the circle of one 
 grand law. Science, philosophy, and mechanical invention have 
 little use for fancy, but the creative, penetrative power of imagi- 
 nation is to them the breath of life, and the condition of all ad- 
 vance and success. See also fancy ; idea. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 at once, instanter, presently, straightw^ay, 
 
 directly, instantly, right aw^ay, this instant, 
 
 forthw^ith, now^, right off, w^ithout delay. 
 
 The strong and general human tendency to procrastination is 
 shown in the progi'essive weakening of the various words in this 
 group. Immediately primarily signifies without the intervention 
 of anything as a medium, hence without the intervention of any, 
 even the briefest, interval or lapse of time. By and by, which was 
 once a synonym, has become an antonym of immediately, mean- 
 ing at some (perhaps remote) f utui'e time. Directly, which once 
 meant with no intervening time, now means after some little 
 while ; presently no longer means in this very present, but before 
 very long. Even immediately is sliding from its instantaneous- 
 ness, so that we are fain to substitute at once, instantly, etc., 
 when we would make promptness emphatic. Right away and 
 right off are vigorous conversational expressions in the United 
 States. 
 Antonyms-. 
 
 after a while, by and by, hereafter, in the future, some time.
 
 iiunierse «2I'> 
 
 liniiitiieut JiVZi 
 
 OIMERSE. 
 
 Syiioiiynis: 
 
 bury, dip, douse, duck, immerge, plunge, sink, submerge. 
 
 Dili is Saxon, while immerse is Latin for the same initial act ; 
 dip is accordingly the more popular and commonplace, immerse 
 the more elegant and dignified expression in many cases. To 
 speak of baptism by immersion as dipping now seems rude; 
 tho entirely proper and usual in early English. Baptists now 
 universally use the word immerse. To dip and to immerse alike 
 signify to Iniry or submerge some object in a liquid ; but dip im- 
 plies that the object dipped is at once removed from the liquid, 
 while immerse is wholly silent as to the removal. Immerse also 
 suggests more absolute completeness of the action ; one may dip 
 his sleeve or dip a sponge in a liqm'd, if he but touches the edge ; 
 if he immerses it, he completely sinks it under, and covers it with 
 the liquid. Submerge implies that the object can not readily be 
 removed, if at all ; as, a submerged wreck. To plunge is to 
 immerse suddenly and violently, for which douse and duck are 
 colloquial terms. Dip is used, also, uuhke the other words, to 
 denote the putting of a hollow vessel into a liquid in order to 
 remove a portion of it; in this sense we say dip up, dip out. 
 Compare synonyms for bury. 
 Preposition : 
 
 The object is immersed in water. 
 
 IMimXENT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 impending, threatening. 
 
 Imminent, from the Latin,withthe sense of projecting over, sig- 
 nifies liable to happen at once, as some calamity, dangerous and 
 close at hand. Impending, also from the Latin, with the sense of 
 hanging over, is closely akin to imminent, but somewhat less 
 emphatic. Imminent is more immediate, impending more re- 
 mote, threatening more contingent. An impending evil is al- 
 most sure to happen at some uncertain time, perhaps very near ; 
 an imminent peril is one liable to befall very speedily ; a threaten- 
 ing peril may be near or remote, but always with hope that it 
 may be averted. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 chimerical, contingent, doubtful, improbable, problematical, unexpected, unlikely.
 
 213 
 
 inipediiiient 
 liiil>ud.eii(;c 
 
 |]»IPEI>II?IE]\T. 
 
 Syiioiiyins : 
 
 l)ar, clog, encumbrance, obstacle, 
 
 barrier, difficulty, hindrance, obstruction. 
 
 Difficulty makes au undertaking otherwise than easy. That 
 wliich rests vipou one as a bui'den is an encumbrance. ( An impedi- 
 ment is primarily sometliing that checks the foot or in any way 
 makes advance slow or difficult ; an obstacle is something that 
 stands across the way, an obstruction something that is built or 
 placed across the way. An obstruction is always an obstacle, but 
 an obstacle may not always be properly termed an obstruction ; 
 boxes and bales placed on the sidewalk are obstructions to travel ; 
 an ice=floe is an obstacle to navigation, and may become an ob- 
 struction if it closes an inlet or channel A hindrance (kindred 
 with hind, behind) is anything that makes one come behind or 
 short of his purpose. ( An impediment may be either what one 
 finds in his way or what he carries with hina ; impedimenta was 
 the Latin name for the baggage of a soldier or of an army. The 
 tendency is to view an impediment as something constant or, at 
 least for a time, continuous ; as, an impediment in one's speech. 
 A difficulty or a hindrance may be either within one or without ; 
 a si^eaker may find difficulty in expressing himself, or difficulty in 
 holding the attention of restless children. An encumbrance is 
 always what one carries with him ; an obstacle or an obstruction 
 is always without. To a marching soldier the steepness of a moun- 
 tain path is a difficulty /loose stones are impediments, a fence is an 
 obstruction, a cliff or a boulder across the way is an obstacle ; a 
 knapsack is an encumbrance. 
 Antouyiii8: 
 
 advantage, aid, assistance, beuefit, lielp, relief, succor. 
 
 IMPIDEACE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 assurance, impertinence, intrusiveness, presumption, 
 
 boldness, incivility, officiousness, rudeness, 
 
 effrontery, insolence, pertness, sauciness. 
 forw^ardness. 
 
 Impertinence primarily denotes what does not pertain or belong- 
 to the occasion or the person, and hence comes to signify interfer- 
 ence by word or act not consistent with the age, position, or rela- 
 tion of the person interfered with or of the one who interferes ; 
 especially, forward, presumptuous, or meddlesome speech. Imj)u- 
 dence is shameless impertinence. What would be arrogance in a
 
 214 
 
 incongruous -«*'« 
 
 superior becomes impertinence or impudence in an inferior. 
 Impertinence lias less of intent and determination than impudence. 
 We speak of thoughtless impertinence, shameless impudence. In- 
 solence is literally that which is against custom, i. e. , the violation 
 of customary respect and courtesy. Offlciousness is thrusting upon 
 others unasked and undesired service, and is often as well=meant 
 as it is annoying. Rudoiess is the behavior that might be ex- 
 pected from a thoroughly uncultured person, and may be either 
 deliberate and insulting or unintentional and even unconscious. 
 Compare arrogance ; assurance ; effrontery ; pertness. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bashfulness, diffidence, lowliness, modesty, 
 
 coyness, liuiiiility, meekness, submissiveness. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The impudence of, or impudence from, a subordinate to a 
 superior. 
 
 IXCOXCiRUOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 absurd, ill=niatclied, inharmonious, 
 
 conflicting, inapposite. irreconcilable, 
 
 contradictory, inappropriate, mismatched, 
 
 contrary, incommensurable, mismated, 
 
 discordant, incompatible, repugnant, 
 
 discrepant, inconsistent, unsuitable. 
 
 Two or more things that do not fit well together, or are not 
 adapted to each other, are said to be incongruoiis ; a thing is said 
 to be incongruous that is not adapted to the time, place, or occa- 
 sion ; the term is also applied to a thing made up of illsassorted 
 parts or inharmonious elements. Discordant is a]Dplied to all 
 things that jar in association like musical notes that are not in ac- 
 cord ; inharmonious has the same original sense, but is a milder 
 term. Incompatible primarily signifies unable to sympatliize or 
 feel alike ; inconsistent means unable to stand together. Things 
 are incompatible which can not exist togetlier in harmonious re- 
 lations, and whose action when associated tends to ultimate ex- 
 tinction of one by the other. Inconsistent applies to tilings that 
 can not be made to agree in thought with each other, or with 
 some standard of truth or right ; slavery and freedom are incon- 
 sistent with each other in theory, and incompatible in fact. In- 
 congruous appHes to relations, unsuitcdde to purpose or use ; two 
 colors are incongruous which can not be agreeably associated; 
 either may be unsuitable for a person, a room, or an occasion.
 
 nm\ induction 
 
 ••*'* industrious 
 
 Incommensurable is a mathematical term, applying to two or 
 more quantities that have no common measure or aliquot part. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 accordant, agreeing, compatible, consistent, harmonious, suitable. 
 Proposition : 
 
 The illustrations were incongruous with the theme. 
 
 IlVDtJCTIOW. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 deduction, inference. 
 
 Deduction is reasoning from the general to the particular ; iii- 
 duction is reasoning from the particular to the general. Deduc- 
 tion proceeds from a general principle through an admitted in- 
 stance to a conclusion. Induction, on the other hand, proceeds 
 from a number of collated instances, through some attribute 
 common to them all, to a general principle. The proof of an in- 
 duction is by using its conclusion as the premise of a new deduc- 
 tion. Thus what is ordinarily known as scientific induction is a 
 constant interchange of induction and deduction. In deduction, 
 if the general rule is ti'ue, and the special case falls under the 
 rule, the conclusion is certain ; induction can ordinarily give no 
 more than a probable conclusion, because we can never be sure 
 that we have collated all instances. An induction is of the nature 
 of an inference, but while an inference may be partial and hasty, 
 an induction is careful, and aims to be complete. Compare dem- 
 onstration ; HYPOTHESIS. 
 
 IKl>USTRIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 active, busy, employed, occupied, 
 
 assiduous, diligent, engaged, sedulous. 
 
 Industrious signifies zealously or habitually applying oneself to 
 any work or business. Busy applies to an activity which may be 
 temporary, industrious to a habit of hf e. We say a man is busy just 
 now ; that is, occupied at the moment with something that 
 takes his full attention. It would be ridiculous or satirical to say, 
 he is industrious just now. But busy can be used in the sense of 
 industrious, as when we say he is a busy man. Diligent indicates 
 also a disposition, which is ordinarily habitual, and suggests more 
 of heartiness and volition than industrious. We say one is a dili- 
 gent, rather than an industrious, reader of the Bible. In the use
 
 industry 
 infinite 
 
 216 
 
 of the nouns, we speak of plodding industry, but not of plodding 
 diligence. Compare active ; industry. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for idle. 
 
 IBfDUSTRY. 
 
 diligence, 
 effort, 
 exertion, 
 intentness, 
 
 labor, 
 pains, 
 patience, 
 perseverance, 
 
 persistence, 
 sedulousness. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 application, 
 assiduity, 
 attention, 
 constancy. 
 
 Industry is the quality, action, or habit of earnest, steady, and 
 continued attention or devotion to any usefvil or productive 
 work or task, manual or mental. Assiduity (L. ad, to, and 
 sedeo, sit), as the etymology suggests, sits down to a task 
 until it is done. Diligence (L. diligo, love, choose) invests 
 more effort and exertion, with love of the work or deep 
 interest in its accomplishment ; application (L. ad, to, and 
 plico, fold) bends to its work and concentrates all one's powers 
 upon it with utmost intensity ; hence, application can hardly be 
 as unremitting as assiduity. Constancy is a steady devotion of 
 heart and principle. Patience works on in spite of annoyances ; 
 perseverance overcomes hindrances and difficulties ; persistence 
 strives relentlessly against opposition ; persistence has very fre- 
 quently an unfavorable meaning, implying that one persists in spite 
 of considerations that should induce him to desist. Industry is 
 diligence appHed to some avocation, business, or profession. 
 Labor and pains refer to the exertions of the worker and the tax 
 upon him, while assiduity, perseverance, etc., refer to his continu- 
 ance in the work. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 changeableness, 
 fickleness. 
 
 idleness, 
 Inattention, 
 
 inconstancy, 
 indolence. 
 
 neglect, 
 negligence, 
 
 remissness, 
 sloth. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 absolute, 
 boundless, 
 countless, 
 eternal, 
 
 INFIl^ITE. 
 
 illimitable, 
 immeasurable , 
 innumerable, 
 interminable , 
 
 limitless, 
 measureless, 
 numberless, 
 unbounded, 
 
 unconditioned, 
 unfathomable, 
 unlimited, 
 unmeasured. 
 
 Infinite (L. in, not, scn.^ finis, limit) signifies without bounds or 
 limits in any way, and may be applied to space, time, quantity, or 
 number. Countless, innumerable, and numberless, which should
 
 217 
 
 Influence 
 
 be the same as infinite, are in common usage vaguely employed to 
 denote what it is difficult or practically impossible to count or 
 number, tho perhaps falling far short of infinite ; as, countless 
 leaves, the countless sands on the seashore, numberless battles, in- 
 numerable delays. So, too, boundless, illimitable, limitless, meas- 
 ureless, and tmlimited are loosely used in reference to what has no 
 apparent or readily determinable limits in space or time ; as, we 
 speak of the boundless ocean. Infinite space is without bounds, 
 not only in fact, but in thought ; infinite time is truly eternal. 
 Compare synonyms for eternal. 
 Antonymis: 
 
 bounded, 
 brief, 
 
 circumscribed, 
 evanescent, 
 
 finite, 
 
 limited, 
 
 little, 
 
 measurable, 
 
 moderate, 
 
 narrow, 
 
 restricted, 
 
 shallow, 
 
 short. 
 
 small, 
 
 transient, 
 
 transitory. 
 
 impel. 
 
 induce. 
 
 move. 
 
 stir. 
 
 incite. 
 
 instigate, 
 
 persuade, 
 
 sway. 
 
 incline, 
 
 lead. 
 
 prompt, 
 
 urge. 
 
 INFLUENCE. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 actuate, draw, 
 compel, drive, 
 dispose, excite, 
 
 To infiu,ence (L. in, in or into, and fluo, flow) is to affect, mod- 
 ify, or act upon by physical, mental, or moral power, especially in 
 some gentle, subtle, and gradual way ; as, vegetation is iiifluenced 
 by light ; every one is influenced to some extent by public opinion ; 
 influence is chiefly used of power acting from without, tho it may 
 be used of motives regarded as forces acting upon the will. Actu- 
 ate refers solely to mental or moral power impelling one from 
 within. One may influence, but can not directly actuate another ; 
 but one may be actuated to cruelty by hatred which another's mis- 
 representation has aroused. Prompt and stir are words of mere 
 suggestion toward some course of action ; dispose, drau\ incline, 
 influence, and lead refer to the use of mild means to awaken in 
 another a purpose or disposition to act. To excite is to arouse one 
 from lethargy or indifference to action. Incite and instigate, to 
 spur or goad one to action, differ in the fact that incite may be to 
 good, while instigate is always to evil (compare abet). To urge 
 and impel signify to produce strong excitation toward some act. 
 We are urged from without, impelled from within. Drive and 
 compel imply irresistible influence accomplishing its object. One 
 may be driven either by his own passions or by external force or 
 urgency ; one is compelled only by some external power : as, the
 
 Inherent 318 
 
 owner was compelled by his misfortunes to sell his estate Com- 
 pare COIIPEL ; DRIVE. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 deter, dissuade, impede, prevent, restrain, retard, 
 
 discourage, hinder, inhibit. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Actuated to crime by revenge. 
 
 INHERENT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 congenital, indispensable, innate, native, 
 
 essential, indwelling, inseparable, natural. 
 
 Immanent, infixed, internal, subjective, 
 
 inborn, ingrained, intrinsic, 
 
 inbred, inhering, inw^rought. 
 
 Inherent signifies permanently united as an element or original 
 quality, naturally existent or incorporated in something so as to 
 have become an integral part. Immanent is a philosophic word, 
 to denote that which dwells in or pervades any substance or spirit 
 without necessarily being a part of it, and without reference to 
 any working out (compare subjective). That which is inherent is 
 an inseparable part of that in which it inheres, and is usually 
 thought of with reference to some outworking or effect ; as, an 
 inherent difficulty. God is said to be immanent (not inherent) in 
 the vmiverse. Frequently intrinsic and inherent can be inter- 
 changed, but inherent applies to qualities, while intrinsic applies 
 to essence, so that to speak of intrinsic excellence conveys higher 
 praise than if we say inherent excellence. Inherent and intrinsic 
 may be said of persons or things ; congenital, inborn, inbred, in- 
 nate, apply to Hving beings. Congenital is frequent in medical 
 and legal use with special application to defects ; as, congenital 
 idiocy. Innate and inborn are almost identical, but innate is pre- 
 ferred in philosophic use, as when we speak of innate ideas ; that 
 which is inborji, congenital, or innate may be original with the 
 individual, but that which is inbred is inlierited. Ingrained sig- 
 nifies dyed in the grain, and denotes that which is deeply wrought 
 into substance or character, 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 accidental, extrinsic, outward, superficial, supplemental, 
 
 casual, fortuitous, subsidiary, superfluous, transient, 
 
 external, incidental, superadded, superimposed, unconnected.
 
 219 Injury 
 
 IIVJURY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 blemish, disadvantage, hurt, loss, prejudice, 
 
 damage, evil, impairment, mischief, wrong, 
 
 detriment, harm, injustice, outrage, 
 
 Injury (L. in, not, and jus, juris, right, law) signifies primarily 
 something done contrary to law or right ; hence, something con- 
 trary to some standard of riglit or good ; whatever reduces the 
 value, utility, beauty, or desirableness of anything is an injury to 
 that thing ; of persons, whatever is so done as to operate adversely 
 to one in his person, rights, property, or reputation is an injury ; 
 the word is especially used of whatever mars the integi'ity of the 
 body or causes pain ; as, when rescued from the wreck his injuries 
 were found to be very slight. Injury is the general term inclu- 
 ding all the rest. Damage (L. damnum, loss) is that which occa- 
 sions loss to the possessor ; hence, any impairment of value, often 
 with the suggestion of fault on the part of the one causing it ; 
 damage reduces value, utility, or beauty ; detriment (L. deterere, 
 to rub or wear away) is similar in meaning, but far milder. Det- 
 riment may affect value only ; damage always affects real worth 
 or utility ; as a rule, the slightest use of an article by a purchaser 
 operates to its detriment if again offered for sale, tho the article 
 may have received not the slightest damage. Damage is partial ; 
 loss is properly absolute as far as it is predicated at all ; the loss of 
 a ship implies that it is gone beyond recovery ; the loss of the rud- 
 der is a damage to the ship ; but since the loss of a part still leaves 
 a part, we may speak of a partial or a total loss. Evil commonly 
 suggests suffering or sin, or both ; as, the evils of poverty, the so- 
 cial evil. Harm is closely synonymous with injury ; it may apply 
 to body, mind, or estate, but always affects real worth, while i)i- 
 jury may concern only estimated value. A hurt is an injury that 
 causes pain, physical or mental ; a slight hurt may be no real 
 harm. Mischief is disarrangement, trouble, or harm usually 
 caused by some voluntary agent, with or without injurious intent ; 
 a child's thoughtless sport may do great mischief ; tvvong is harm 
 done with evil intent. An outrage combines insult and injury. 
 Compare synonyms for blemish ; criminal ; injustice. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 advantage, benefit, boon, improvement, service, 
 
 amelioration, blessing, help, remedy, utility. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The injury of the cause ; an injury to the structure ; injury by 
 
 fire ; hy or from collision, interference, etc.
 
 injustice 
 innocent 
 
 220 
 
 IIVJIJSTICE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 grievance, injury, unfairness, unrighteousness, wrong, 
 inictuity, 
 
 Injustice is a violation or denial of justice, an act or omission 
 that is contrary to equity or justice ; as, the injustice of unequal 
 taxes. In legal usage a «'ro?i(/ involves injury to person, property, 
 or reputation, as the result of evil intent ; injustice applies to civil 
 damage or loss, not necessarily involving injury to person or prop- 
 erty, as by misrepresentation of goods which does not amount to 
 a legal warranty. In popular usage, injustice may involve no di- 
 rect injury to person, property, interest, or character, and no 
 harmful intent, while wrong always involves both ; one who attrib- 
 utes another's truly generous act to a selfish motive does him an 
 injustice. Iniquity, in the original sense, is a want of or a devia- 
 tion from eqviity ; but it is now applied in the widest sense to any 
 foi-m of ill=doing. Compare synonyms for criminal ; sin. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 equity, faithfulness, impartiality, lawfulness, righteousness, 
 
 fairness, honesty, integrity, rectitude, uprightness, 
 
 fair play, honor, justice, right, 
 
 IXXOCENT. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blameless, guiltless, inofifensive, spotless, 
 
 clean, harmless, pure, stainless, 
 
 clear, immaculate, right, upright, 
 
 faultless, innocuous, righteous, virtuous, 
 
 guileless, innoxious, sinless, 
 
 Innocent, in the full sense, signifies not tainted with sin ; not 
 having done wrong or violated legal or moral precept or duty ; as, 
 an innocent babe. Innocent is a negative word, expressing less 
 than righteous, upright, or virtuous, which imply knowledge of 
 good and evil, with free choice of the good. A little child or a 
 lamb is innocent ; a tried and faithful man is righteous-, upright, 
 virtuous. Immaculate, pure, and sinless may be used either of 
 one who has never known the possibility of evil or of one wlio has 
 perfectly and triumphantly resisted it. Innocent is used of inani- 
 mate substances in the sense of harmless ; as, an innocent remedy, 
 that is, one not dangerous, even if not helpful. Innocent, in a 
 specific case, signifies free from the guilt of a particular act, even 
 tho the total character may be very evil ; as, the thief was found 
 to be innocent of the murder. See candid ; pure. 
 Antonyms : 
 Compare synonyms for criminal.
 
 221 
 
 liiquimitlvc 
 lu8anlty 
 
 ISKJIJISITIVE. 
 
 Synonyms- 
 
 curious, meddlesome, peeping, scrutinizing, 
 
 inquiring, meddling, prying, searcMng. 
 
 intrusive, 
 
 An inquisitive person is one who is bent on finding out all that 
 can be found out by inquiry, especially of little and personal mat- 
 ters, and hence is generally meddlesome and prying. Inquisitive 
 may be used in a good sense, tho in such connection inquiring is 
 to be preferred ; as, an inquiring mind. As applied to a state of 
 mind, curious denotes a keen and rather pleasurable desire to know 
 fully something to which one's attention has been called, but with- 
 out the active tendency that inquisitive implies; a well=bred per- 
 son raay be curious to know, but will not be inquisitive in trying 
 to ascertain, what is of interest in the affairs of another. 
 
 Antonyms ; 
 
 apathetic, heedless, indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested, 
 
 careless, inattentive, 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Inquisitive about, concerning, in regard to, regarding trifles. 
 
 INSANITY. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aberration, delirivim, frenzy, madness, 
 
 alienation. dementia, hallucination, mania, 
 
 craziness, derangement, lunacy, monomania. 
 
 Of these terms insanity is the most exact and comjirehensive, 
 including in its widest sense all morbid conditions of mind due to 
 diseased action of the brain or nervous system, but in its more fre- 
 quent restricted use ai^plied to those forms in wliich the mental 
 disorder is persistent, as distinguished from those in which it is 
 temporary or transient. Craziness is a vague popular term for 
 any sort of disordered mental action, or for conduct suggesting it. 
 Lunacy originally denoted intermittent insanity, supposed to be 
 dependent on the changes of the moon (L. luna) : the term is now 
 applied in general and legal use to any form of mental unsound- 
 ness except idiocy. Madness is the old popular term, now less 
 common, for insanity in its widest sense, but with suggestion of 
 excitement, akin to mania. In the derived sense, lunacy denotes 
 what is insanely foolish, madness what is insanely desperate. De- 
 rangement is a common euphemism for insanity. Delirium is al- 
 ways temporary, and is specifically the insanity of disease, as in 
 acute fevers. Dementia is a general weakening of the mental
 
 interpose 
 
 222 
 
 powers : the word is specifically applied to senile insanity, dotage. 
 Aberration is eccentricity of mental action due to an abnormal 
 sfate of the perceptive faculties, and is manifested by error in per- 
 ceptions and rambling thought. Hallucination is the apparent 
 perception of that which does not exist or is not present to the 
 senses, as the seeing of specters or of reptiles in delirium tremens. 
 Monomania is mental derangement as to one subject or object. 
 Frenzy and mania are forms of raving and furious insanity. 
 Compare synonyms for delusion ; idiocy. 
 
 Aiitouyms: 
 
 clearness, good, sense, lucidity, rationality, sanity. 
 
 IMTERPOSE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 arbitrate, intercept, intermeddle, meddle, 
 
 intercede, interfere, interrupt, mediate. 
 
 To interpose is to place or come between other things or per- 
 sons, usually as a means of obstruction or prevention of some 
 effect or result that would otherwise occur, or be expected to take 
 place. Intercede and interpose are used in a good sense ; inter- 
 meddle always in a bad sense, and interfere frequently so. To in- 
 tercede is to come between persons who are at variance, and plead 
 with the stronger in behalf of the weaker. One may interpose 
 with authority ; he intercedes by petition. To intermeddle is to 
 thrust oneself into the concerns of others with a petty oflSciousness; 
 meddling commonly arises from idle curiosity ; " every fool will 
 be meddling" Prov. xx, 3 ; to interfere is to intrude into others' 
 affairs with more serious purpose, with or without acknowledged 
 right or propriety. Intercept is applied to an object that may be 
 seized or stopped while in transit ; as, to intercept a letter or a 
 messenger ; interrupt is applied to an action which might or should 
 be continuous, but is broken in upon (L. rumpere, to break) by 
 some disturbing power ; as, the conversation was interrupted. 
 One who arbitrates or mediates must do so by the request or at 
 least with the consent of the contending parties ; the other words 
 of the gi'oup imply that he steps in of his own accord. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 avoid, keep aloof, keep out, retire, stand back, 
 
 hold aloof, keep away, let alone, stand aside, stand off, 
 
 hold off, keep clear, let be, stand away, withdraw. 
 
 Prepositions: ' 
 
 Interpose between the combatants ; in the matter.
 
 rtrt« involve 
 
 '*'««» journey 
 
 INVOLVE. 
 
 Synonyms ; 
 
 complicate, embroil, implicate, include 
 
 embarrass, entangle, imply, over-whelm. 
 
 To involve (L. in, in, and volvo, roll) is to roll or wind up with 
 or in so as to combine inexti'icably or inseparably, or nearly so ; 
 as, the nation is involved in war ; the bookkeeper's accounts, or 
 the writer's sentences are involved. Involve is a stronger word 
 than implicate, denoting more complete entanglement. As ap- 
 plied to persons, implicate is always used in an unfavorable sense, 
 and involve ordinarily so ; but implicate applies only to that which 
 is wrong, while involve is more commonly used of that which is 
 unfortunate : one is implicated in a crime, involved in embarrass- 
 ments, misfortunes, or perplexities. As regards logical connec- 
 tion that which is included is usually expressly stated ; that which 
 is implied is not stated, but is naturally to be inferred ; that which 
 is involved is necessarily to be inferred ; as, a slate roof is in- 
 cluded in the contract ; that the roof shall be water=tight is 
 implied; the contrary supposition involves an absurdity. See 
 
 COMPLEX. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disconnect, disentangle, distinguish, explicate, extricate, remove, separate. 
 
 JOURNEY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 excursion, pilgrimage, transit, • trip, 
 
 expedition, tour, travel, voyage. 
 
 A journey (F. journee, fi'om L. diurnus, daily) was primarily 
 a day's -work ; hence, a movement from place to place within one 
 day, which we now describe as "a day's jonrjie?/" ; in its ex- 
 tended modern use a journey is a direct going from a stai'ting* 
 point to a destination, ordinarily over a considerable distance ; 
 we speak of a day's journey, or the journey of life. Travel is a 
 passing from place to place, not necessarily in a direct line or with 
 fixed destination ; a journey through Europe would be a passage 
 to some destination beyond or at the farther boundary ; travel in 
 Europe may be in no direct course, but may include many jour- 
 neys in different directions. A voyage, which was formerly a 
 journey of any kind, is now a going to a considerable distance by 
 water, especially by sea ; as, a voyage to India. A trip is a short 
 and direct journey. A tour is a journey that returns to the 
 starting=point, generally over a considerable distance ; as, a bridal
 
 tour, or business tour. An excursion is a brief tour or journey, 
 taken for pleasure, often by many persons at once ; as, an excur- 
 sion to Chautauqua. Passage is a general word for a journey by 
 any conveyance, especially by water; as, a rough passage across 
 the Atlantic ; transit, literally the act of passing over or through, 
 is used specifically of the conveyance of passengers or merchandise ; 
 rapid transit is demanded for suburban residents or perishable 
 goods. Pilgrimage, once always of a sacred character, retains in 
 derived uses something of that sense ; as, a pilgrimage to Strat- 
 ford=on=Avon. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A journey from Naples to Rome ; through Mexico ; across the 
 continent ; over the sea ; a journey into Asia ; among savages ; hy 
 land, hy rail, /or health, on foot, on the cars, etc. 
 
 JITI>GE. 
 
 Synonymw : 
 
 arbiter, arbitrator, justice, referee, umpire. 
 
 A judge, in the legal sense, is a judicial officer appointed oi 
 elected to preside in courts of law, and to decide legal questions 
 duly brought before him ; the name is sometimes given to other 
 legally constituted officers ; as, the judges of election ; in other re- 
 lations, any person duly ap^winted to pass upon the merits of con- 
 testants or of competing articles may be called a judge ; as, the 
 judges at an agricultural fair, or _at a race=track ; in the ■widest 
 sense, any person who has good capacity for judging is called a 
 judge ; as. a person is said to be a, judge of pictures, or a good judge 
 of a horse, etc. In most games the judge is called an umpire ; as, the 
 umpire of a game of ball or cricket. A referee is appointed by a 
 court to decide disputed matters between litigants ; an arbitrator 
 is chosen by the contending parties to decide matters in dispute 
 without action by a court. In certain cases an umpire is appointed 
 by a court to decide where arbitrators disagi-ee. Arbiter, with its 
 suggestion of final and absolute decision, has come to be used only 
 in a high or sacred sense ; as, war must now be the arbiter ; the 
 Supreme Arbiter of our destinies. The judges of certain courts, 
 as the United States Supreme Court, are technically known as 
 justices.
 
 225 justice 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 equity, impartiality, legality, rightfulness, 
 
 fairness, integrity, rectitude, truth, 
 
 fair play, justness, right, uprightness, 
 
 faithfulness, law, righteousness, virtue, 
 
 honor, lawfulness. 
 
 In its governmental relations, human or divine, justice is the 
 giving to every person exactly what he deserves, not necessarily 
 involving any consideration of what any other may deserve; equity 
 (the quality of being equal) is giving every one as much advan- 
 tage, privilege, or consideration as is given to any other ; it is that 
 which is equally right or just to all concerned ; equity is equal 
 justice and is thus a close synonym ior fairness and impartiality, 
 but it has a philosophical and legal precision that those words have 
 not. In legal proceedings cases arise for which the latv has not 
 adequately provided, or in which general provisions, just in the 
 main, would work individual hardship. The system of equity, de- 
 vised to supply the insufficiencies of laic, deals with cases "to 
 which the Zc«(' by reason of its universality can not apply." ^'■Equity, 
 then, ... is the soul and spirit of all laio ; positive law is con- 
 strued and rational laui is made by it." Blackstone bk. iii, ch. 
 27, p. 429. In personal and social relations /(f.s-^fce is the render- 
 ing to every one what is due or merited, whether in act, word, or 
 thought ; in matters of reasoning, or literary work of any kind, 
 justice is close, faithful, unprejudiced, and unbiased adherence to 
 essential truth or fact : we speak of the justice of a statement, or 
 of doing justice to a subject. Integrity, rectitude, right, right- 
 eousness and virtue denote conformity of personal conduct to the 
 moral law, and thus necessarily include justice, which is giving 
 others that which is their due. Laivfulness is an ambigvious word, 
 meaning in its narrower sense mere legality, which may be very 
 far frovQ. justice, but in its higher sense signifying accordance with 
 the supreme law of right, and thus including -pevfect justice. Just- 
 ness refers rather to logical relations than to jsractical matters ; as, 
 we speak of the justness of a statement or of a criticism. See 
 JUDGE, n. 
 
 ntonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 
 dishonesty, 
 favoritism. 
 
 inequity, 
 injustice. 
 
 partiality, 
 unfairness, 
 
 unlawfulness, 
 unreasonableness. 
 
 untruth, 
 wrong. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The justice of the king ; to or for the oppressed.
 
 keep 
 kill 
 
 226 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 carry, 
 carry on, 
 celebrate, 
 conduct, 
 
 defend, 
 detain, 
 fulfil, 
 guard, 
 
 KEEP, 
 
 hold, 
 
 maintain, 
 obey, 
 observe. 
 
 preserve, 
 protect, 
 refrain, 
 restrain. 
 
 retain, 
 support, 
 sustain, 
 withbold. 
 
 Keep, signifying generally to have and retain in possession, is 
 the terse, sti"ong Saxon term for many acts which are more ex- 
 actly discriminated by other words. We keep, observe, or cele- 
 brate a festival ; we heep or liold a prisoner in custody ; we keep 
 or preserve silence, keep the peace, ^yreserve order — preserve being' 
 the more formal w^ord ; we keep) or maintain a horse, a servant, 
 etc. ; a man siipports his family ; we keep or obey a command- 
 ment ; keep or fulfil a promise. In the expressions to keep a secret, 
 keep one's own counsel, keep faith, or keep the faith, such words 
 as preserve or maintain could not be substituted without loss. A 
 person keeps a shop or store, eonducts or carries on a business ; he 
 keeps or carries a certain line of goods ; we may keep or restrain 
 one from folly, crime, or violence ; we keep from or refrain from 
 evil, ourselves. Keep in the sense of guard or defend implies that 
 the defense is effectual. Compare celebrate ; restrain. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Keep in hand, in mind, in or ivithin the house ; from evil ; out 
 of mischief ; keep to the subject ; keep for a person, an occasion, 
 etc. 
 
 KILL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 assassinate, despatch, massacre, put to death, slay, 
 butcher, execute, murder, slaughter, 
 
 To kill is simply to deprive of life, human, animal, or vegetable, 
 with no suggestion of how or why. Assassinate, execute, imirder, 
 apply only to the taking of human life ; to murder is to kill 
 with premeditation and malicious intent ; to execute is to kill in 
 fulfilment of a legal sentence ; to assassinate is to kill by assault ; 
 this word is cliiefly apphed to the killing of public or eminent per- 
 sons through alleged political motives, whether secretly or openly. 
 To slay is to kill by a blow, or by a w^eapon. Butcher and 
 slaugliter apply primarily to the killing of cattle ; massacre is 
 applied primarily and almost exclusively to human beings, signify- 
 ing to kill them indiscriminately in large numbers ; to massacre 
 is said when there is no chance of successful resistance ; to butcher 
 when the kiUing is especially brutal ; soldiers mown down in a
 
 ^x7 kuowledge 
 
 hopeless charge are said to be slaughtered when no brutality on 
 the enemy's part is implied. To despatch is to Mil swiftly and in 
 general quietly, always with intention, with or without right. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To kill uiith or by sword, famine, pestilence, care, grief, etc. ; 
 killed for his money, hy a robber, ivith a dagger. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affinity, blood, descent, kind, race, 
 
 alliance, consanguinity, family, kindred, relationship. 
 Ijirth, 
 
 Kind is broader than kin, denoting the most general- relation- 
 ship, as of the whole human species in mankind, humankind, etc. ; 
 kin and kindred denote direct relationship that can be traced 
 through either blood or marriage, preferably the former; either of 
 these words may signify collectively all persons of the same 
 blood or members of the same family, relatives or relations. Affin- 
 ity is relationship by marriage, consanguinity is relationship by 
 blood. There are no true antonyms of kin or kindred, except those 
 made by negatives, since sti-angers, aliens, foreigners, and foes 
 may still be kin or kindred. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acquaintance, erudition, learning, recognition, 
 
 apprehension, experience, light, scholarship, 
 
 cognition, information, lore, science, 
 
 cognizance, intelligence, perception, w^isdom. 
 
 comprehension, intuition. 
 
 Knowledge is aU that the mind knows, from whatever source 
 derived or obtained, or by whatever process ; the aggregate of 
 facts, truths, or principles acquired or retained by the mind, in- 
 cluding alike the intuitions native to the mind and all that has 
 been learned respecting phenomena, causes, laws, principles, liter- 
 ature, etc. There is a tendency to regard knouiedge as accurate 
 and systematic, and to a certain degree complete. Information is 
 knowledge of fact, real or supposed, derived from persons, books, 
 or observation, and is regarded as casual and haphazard. We say 
 of a studious man that he has a great store of knowledge, or of an 
 intelligent man of the world, that he has a fund of varied informa- 
 tion. Lore is used only in poetic or elevated style, for accumu- 
 lated knoidledge, as of a people or age, or in a more limited sense 
 for learning or erudition. We speak of perception of external
 
 language 
 
 22§ 
 
 objects, apprehension of intellectual truth. Simple perception 
 gives a limited Jcnowledge of external objects, merely as such ; the 
 cognition of the same objects is a knmvledge of them in some 
 relation ; cognizance is the formal or official recognition of some- 
 thing as an object of knowledge ; we take cognizance of it. 
 Intuition is primary hnoicledge antecedent to all teaching or rea- 
 soning , experience is knoivledgethsA has entered directly into one's 
 own life ; as, a child's experience that fire will burn. Learning is 
 much liigher than information, being preeminently wide and sys- 
 tematic Tcnotvledge, the result of long, assiduous study ; erudition 
 is recondite learning secured only by extraordinary industry, op- 
 portunity, and ability. Compare acquaintance ; education ; 
 
 SCIENCE ; WISDOM. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 ij:iiorance, inexperience, misconception, rudeness, 
 
 illiteracy, misapprehension, misunderstanding, unfamiliarity. 
 
 Syuonynis: 
 
 barbarism, expression, patois, vernacular, 
 
 dialect, idiom, speech, vocabulary, 
 
 diction, mother tongue, tongue. 
 
 Language (F. langage < L, lingua, the tongue) signified 
 originally expression of thought by spoken words, but now in its 
 widest sense it signifies expression of thought by any means ; as, 
 the language of the eyes, the language of flowers. As regards 
 the use of words, language in its broadest sense denotes all the ut- 
 tered sounds and their combinations into words and sentences that 
 human beings employ for the communication of tliought, and, in 
 a more limited sense, the words or combinations forming a means 
 of communication among the members of a single nation, people, 
 or race. Speech involves always the power of articulate utter- 
 ance ; we can speak of the language of animals, but not of their 
 speech. A tongue is the speech or language of some one people, 
 covmtry, or race. A dialect is a special mode of speaking a lan- 
 guage peculiar to some locality or class, not recognized as in ac- 
 cordance with the best usage • a barbarism is a perversion of a 
 language by ignorant foreigners, or some usage akin to that. 
 Idiom refers to the construction of phrases and sentences, and the 
 way of forming or using words ; it is the peculiar mold in which 
 each language casts its thought. The gi-eat difficulty of ti-ansla- 
 tion is to give the thought expressed in one language in the idiom 
 of another. A dialect may be used by the highest as well as the
 
 229 
 
 large 
 la^v 
 
 lowest within its range ; a patois is distinctly illiterate, belonging 
 to the lower classes ; those who speak a patois vmderstand the 
 cultui-ed form of their own language, but speak only the degraded 
 form, as in the case of the Italian lazzaroni or the former negro 
 slaves in the United States. Vernacular, from the Latin, has the 
 same general sense as the Saxon mother tongue, of one's native 
 language, or that of a people ; as, the Scriptures were translated 
 into the vernacular. Compare diction. 
 
 LAROE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abundant, coarse, gigantic, long, 
 
 ample, colossal, grand, massive, 
 
 big, commodious, great, spacious, 
 
 broad, considerable, huge, vast, 
 
 bulky. enormous, immense, w^ide. 
 
 capacious, extensive. 
 
 Large denotes extension in more than one direction, and be- 
 yond the average of the class to which the object belongs ; we 
 speak of a large surface or a large soUd, but of a long Une ; a 
 large field, a large room, a large apple, etc. A large man is a 
 man of more than ordinary size ; a great man is a man of remark- 
 able mental power. Big is a more emphatic word than large, but 
 of less dignity. "We do not say that George Washington was a 
 hig man. 
 Aiitonyni»$ ; 
 
 brief, infiniteBimal, little, minute, petty, 
 
 diminutive, insignificant, mean, narrow, scanty, 
 
 inconsiderable, limited, microscopic, paltry, short, 
 
 slender, tiny, 
 slight, trifling, 
 small, trivial. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 canon, 
 
 code, 
 
 command, 
 
 commandment, 
 
 decree. 
 
 I.ATV. 
 
 economy, 
 
 edict, 
 
 enactment, 
 
 formula, 
 
 j urisprudence , 
 
 legislation, 
 
 mandate, 
 
 order, 
 
 ordinance, 
 
 polity, 
 
 principle, 
 regulation, 
 rule, 
 statute. 
 
 Lau\ in its ideal, is the statement of a i)rinciple of right in man- 
 datory form, by competent authority, with adequate penalty for 
 disobedience ; in common use, the term is appHed to any legisla- 
 tive act, however imperfect or unjust. Command and command- 
 ment are personal and particular ; as, the commands of a parent ; 
 the ten commandments. An edict is the act of an absolute 
 sovereign or other authority ; we speak of the edict of an emperor, 
 the decree of a court. A mandate is specific, for an occasion or a 
 purpose ; a supeiior court issues its mandate to an inferior court
 
 liberty 
 
 330 
 
 to send up its records. Statute is the recognized legal term for a 
 specific laio ; enactment is the more vague and general expression. 
 We speak of algebraic or cliemical formulas, municipal ordi- 
 nances, military orders, army regidations, ecclesiastical canons, 
 the rtdes of a business house. Laiv is often used, also, for a rec- 
 ognized principle, whose violation is attended with injury or loss 
 that acts like a penalty ; as, the laws of business ; the laws of 
 nature. In more strictly scientific use, a natural law is simply a 
 recognized system of sequences or relations ; as, Kepler's laics of 
 planetary distances. A code is a system of laios ; jurisprudence 
 is the science of law, or a system of laws scientifically considered, 
 classed, and interpreted ; legislation, primarily the act of legisla- 
 ting, denotes also the body of stattdes enacted by a legislative body. 
 An economy (Gr. oikonomia, primarily the management of a 
 house) is any comprehensive system of administration ; as, domes- 
 tic economy ; but the word is extended to the administi-ation or 
 government of a state or people, signifying a body of laios and 
 regidations, with the entire system, political or religious, especial- 
 ly the latter, of which they form a part ; as, the code of Draco, 
 Roman jurisprudence, British legislation, the Mosaic economy. 
 Law is also used as a collective noun for a system of laics or rec- 
 ognized rules or regulations, including not only all special laws, 
 but the principles on which they are based. The Mosaic economy 
 is known also as the Mosaic law, and we speak of the English 
 common law, or the law of nations. Polity (Gr. politeia, from 
 polis, a city) signifies the form, constitution, or method of govern- 
 ment of a nation, state, church, or other institution ; in usage it 
 differs from economy as applying rather to the system, while 
 economy applies especially to method, or to the system as admin- 
 istered ; an economy might be termed a polity considered witli es- 
 pecial reference to its jiractical administration, hence commonly 
 with special reference to details or particulars, while polity has 
 more reference to broad principles. 
 
 a^IBERTY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 emancipation, freedom, independence, license. 
 
 In general terms, it may be said that freedom is absolute, lib- 
 erty relative ; freedom is the absence of restraint, liberty is 
 primarily the removal or avoidance of restraint ; in its broadest 
 sense, it is the state of being exempt from the domination of others
 
 231 
 
 ligiit 
 
 or from restricting circumstances. Freedom and liberty are con- 
 stantly interchanged ; the slave is set at liberty, or gains his free- 
 dom ; but freedom is the nobler word. Independence is said of 
 states or nations, freedom and liberty of individuals ; the inde- 
 pendence of tlie United States did not secure liberty or freedom to 
 its slaves. Liberty keeps quite strictly to the thought of being 
 clear of resti-aint or compulsion ; freedom takes a wider range, 
 applying to other oppressive influences ; thus, we speak of freedom 
 from annoyance or intrusion. License is, in its limited sense, a 
 permission or privilege granted by adequate authority, a bounded 
 liberty ; in the wider sense, license is an ignoring and defiance of 
 all that should restrain, and a reckless doing of all that individual 
 caprice or passion may choose to do — a base and dangerous coun- 
 terfeit of. freedom. Compare allow ; permission. 
 
 Antoiiynis: 
 
 captivity, imprisonment, oppreBsion, slavery. 
 
 compulsion, 
 constraint, 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blaze, 
 
 flame, 
 
 flare, 
 
 flash. 
 
 flicker, 
 
 glare, 
 
 necessity, 
 obligation, 
 
 serfdom, 
 servitude, 
 
 gleam, 
 
 gleaming, 
 
 glimmer, 
 
 glistening, 
 
 glistering, 
 
 glitter. 
 
 LIGHT. 
 
 glow, 
 
 illumination. 
 
 incandescence, 
 
 luster. 
 
 scintillation, 
 
 sheen. 
 
 superstition, 
 thraldom. 
 
 shimmer, 
 
 shine, 
 
 shining, 
 
 sparkle, 
 
 twinkle, 
 
 twinkling. 
 
 Light, strictly denoting a form of radiant energy, is used as a 
 general term for any luminous effect discernible by the eye, from 
 the faintest phosphorescence to the blaze of the noonday sun. A 
 flame is both hot and luminous ; if it contains few solid particles 
 it will yield little ligM, tho it may afl'ord intense heat, as in 
 the case of a hydrogen=_/?o?/ie. A blaze is an extensive, bril- 
 liant flame. A flare is a wavering /a?/ie or blaze; a flash is 
 a light that appears and disappears in an instant; as, a 
 flash of lightning; the flash of gunpowder. The glare and 
 gloui are steady, the glare painfully bright, the gloiv subdued ; as, 
 the glare of torches ; the gloiv of dying embers. Shine and shining 
 refer to a steady or continuous emission of light ; sheen is a faint 
 shining, usually by reflection. Glimmer, glitter, and shimmer 
 denote wavering light. We speak of the glimmer of distant lamps 
 through the mist ; of the shimmer of waves in sxmlight or moon- 
 light. A gleam is not wavering, but transient or intermittent ; a 
 sudden glea7n of light came through the half =open door ; a glitter
 
 likely 
 
 listen 232 
 
 is a hard light ; as, the glitter of burnished arms. A sparkle is a 
 
 sudden light, as of sparks thrown out ; scintillation is the more 
 
 exact and scientific term for the actual emission of sparks, also 
 
 tlie figurative term for what suggests such emission ; as, scifitilla- 
 
 tions of wit or of genius. Tivitikle and twinkling are used of the 
 
 intermittent light of the fixed stars. Glistening is a shining as 
 
 from a wet surface. Illmnination is a wide=spread, brilliant light, 
 
 as when all the windows of a house or of a street are lighted. 
 
 The light of incandesceitce is intense and white like that from 
 
 metal at a white heat. 
 
 AiitoiiyiUK : 
 
 blackness, darkness, dusk, gloominess, shade, 
 
 dark, dimness, gloom, obscurity, shadow. 
 
 LIKELY. 
 
 Syiioiiyins : 
 
 apt, conceivable, liable. probable, 
 
 credible, conjectural, presumable, reasonable. 
 
 Apt implies a natiual fitness or tendency ; an impetuous per- 
 son is apt to speak hastily. Liable refers to a contingency re- 
 garded as unfavorable ; as, the ship was liable to founder at any 
 moment. Likely refers to a contingent event regarded as very 
 probable, and usually, tho not always, favorable ; as, an in- 
 dustrious worker is likely to succeed. Credible signifies readily 
 to be believed ; as, a credible narrative ; likely in such connection 
 is used ironically to signify the reverse ; as, a likely story ! A 
 thing is conceivable of which the mind can entertain the possibility ; 
 a thing is conjectural which is conjectured as possible or probable 
 without other support than a conjecture, or tentative judgment ; 
 a thing is xxretiuma'ble which, from what is antecedently known, 
 may betaken for granted in advance of proof. Reasonable in this 
 connection signifies such as the reason can be satisfied with, inde- 
 pendently of external grounds for belief or disbelief ; as, that 
 seems a reasonable supposition. Compare apparent. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 doubtful, improbable, questionable, unreasonable, 
 
 dubious, incredible, unlikely, 
 
 LISTED. 
 Synonynss : 
 
 attend, liark, barken, hear, beed, list. 
 
 Between listen and hear is a difference like that between the 
 words look and see. (Compare synonyms for look.) To hear is
 
   _„ literature 
 
 233 load 
 
 simply to become conscious of sound, to IMeii is to make a con- 
 scious effort or endeavor to hear. We may heai- without listen- 
 ing, as words suddenly uttered in an adjoining room ; or we may 
 listen without hearing, as to a distant speaker. In listening the 
 ear is intent upon the sound ; in attending the mind is intent 
 upon the thought, tho listening implies some attention to the 
 meaning or import of the soimd. To heed is not only to attend, 
 but to remember and observe. HarJccn is nearly obsolete. 
 Autonyius : 
 
 be deaf to, ignore, neglect, scorn, slight. 
 
 Prepo$>ltlous : 
 
 We listen for what we expect or desire to hear ; we listen to 
 what we actually do hear ; listen /or a step, a signal, a train ; lis- 
 ten to the debate. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 belles=lettres, literary productions, publications, 
 
 books, literary w^orks, w^ritings. 
 
 Literature is collective, including in the most general sense all 
 the written or printed productions of the human mind in all lands 
 and ages, or in a more limited sense, referring to all that has been 
 published in some land or age, or in some department of human 
 knowledge ; as, the literature of Greece ; the literature of the 
 Augustan age ; the literature of politics or of art. Literature, used 
 absolutely, denotes what has been called "polite literature'" or 
 belles4ettres, i. e. , the works collectively that embody taste, feel- 
 ing, loftiness of thought, and purity and beauty of style, as poetry, 
 history, fiction, and dramatic compositions, including also much 
 of philosophical writing, as the "Republic" of Plato, and orator- 
 ical productions, as the orations of Demosthenes. In the broad 
 sense, we can speak of the literature of science ; in the narrower 
 sense, we speak of literature and science as distinct departments 
 of knowledge. Literature is also used to signify literary pursuits 
 or occupations ; as, to devote one's life to literature. Compare 
 knowledge; science. 
 
 EOAD, n. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 burden, charge, encumbrance, incubus, pack, 
 
 cargo, clog, freight, lading, w^eight. 
 
 A burden (from the Anglo-Saxon hyrthen, from the verb beran, 
 
 bear) is what one has to bear, and the word is used always of that 
 
 which is borne by a living agent. A load (from the Anglo=Saxon
 
 look 234 
 
 lad, a way, course, carrying, or carriage) is what is laid upon a 
 person, animal, or vehicle for conveyance, or what is customarily 
 so imposed ; as, a two=horse load. Weight measures the pressure 
 due to gravity ; the same tveight that one finds a moderate load 
 when in his full strength becomes a heavy burden in weariness or 
 weakness. A ship's load is called distinctively a cargo, or it may 
 be known as freight or lading. Freight denotes merchandise in or 
 for transportation and is used largely of transportation or of mer- 
 chandise transjjorted by rail, which is, in commercial language, 
 said to be "shipped." A load to be fastened upon a horse or 
 mule is caUed a pack, and the animal is known as a packshorse or 
 pack=mule. 
 
 LOCK. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bar, catch, fastening, hook, 
 
 bolt, clasp, hasp, latch. 
 
 A bar is a piece of wood or metal, usually of considerable size, 
 by which an opening is obstructed, a door held fast, etc. A bar 
 may be movable or permanent ; a bolt is a movable rod or pin of 
 metal, sUding in a socket and adapted for securing a door or win- 
 dow. A lock is an arrangement by which an enclosed bolt is shot 
 forward or backward by a key, or other device ; the bolt is the es- 
 sential part of the lock. A latch or catch is an accessible fasten- 
 mg designed to be easily movable, and simply to secure against 
 accidental opening of the door, cover, etc. A hasj) is a metallic 
 strap that fits over a staple, calculated to be secured by a padlock ; 
 a simple hook that fits into a staple is also called a hasp. A clasp 
 is a fastening that can be sprung into place, to draw and hold the 
 parts of some enclosing object firmly together, as the clasp of a 
 book. 
 
 LOOK. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 behold, discern, inspect, see, view, 
 
 contemplate, gaze, regard, stare, watch, 
 
 descry, glance, scan, survey. 
 
 To see is simply to become conscious of an object of vision ; to 
 look is to make a conscious and direct endeavor to see. To behold 
 is to fix the sight and the mind with distinctness and consideration 
 upon something that has come to be clearly before the eyes. We 
 may look without .seeing, as in pitch=darkness, and we may see 
 without looking, as in case of a flash of lightning. To gaze is to
 
 235 love 
 
 look intently, long, and steadily upon an object. To glance is to 
 look casually or momentarily. To stare is to look with a fixed in- 
 tensity such as is the effect of surprise, alarm, or rudeness. To 
 scan is to look at minutely, to note every visible feature. Tow- 
 spect is to go below the surface, uncover, study item by item. 
 View and survey are comprehensive, s«f?-t'e?/ expressing the gi-eater 
 exactness of measurement or estimate. Watch brings in the ele- 
 ment of time and often of wariness ; we ivatcli for a movement 
 or change, a signal, the approach of an enemy, etc. Compare 
 
 APPEAR. 
 
 LOVE. ^ 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aflfection. charity, friendship, regard, 
 
 attachment, devotion, liking, tenderness, 
 
 attraction, fondness, 
 
 Affection is kindly feeling, deep, tender, and constant, going out 
 to some person or object, being less fervent and ardent than love, 
 whether applied to persons or things. Love is an intense and 
 absorbing emotion, drawing one toward a person or object and 
 causing one to appreciate, delight in, and crave the presence or 
 possession of the person or object loved, and to desire to please and 
 benefit the person, or to advance the cause, truth, or other object 
 of affection ; it is the yearning or outgoing of soul toward some- 
 tliing that is regarded as excellent, beautiful, or desirable ; love 
 may be briefly defined as strong and absorbing affection for and 
 attraction toward a person or object. Love may denote the sublim- 
 est and holiest spiritual affection as when we are taught that " God 
 is love." Charity has so far swung aside from this original mean- 
 ing that probably it never can be recalled (compare benevo- 
 lence). The Revised Version uses tore in place of charity in 1 Cor. 
 xiii, and elsewhere. Love is more intense, absorbing, and tender 
 than friendship, more intense, impulsive, and perhaps passionate 
 than affection ; we speak of fervent loi'ie, but of deep or tender 
 affection, or of close, firm, strong friendship. Love is used spe- 
 cifically for personal affection between the sexes in the highest 
 sense, the love that normally leads to marriage, and subsists 
 throughout all happy wedded life. Love can never properly denote 
 mere animal passion, which is expressed by svich words as appetite, 
 desire, lust. One may properly be said to have love for animals, 
 for inanimate objects, or for abstract qualities that enlist the 
 affections, as we speak of love for a horse or a dog, for mountains,
 
 make 
 
 marriage 236 
 
 woods, ocean, or of love of nature, and love of virtue. Love of 
 articles of food is better expressed by liking, as love, in its full 
 sense, expresses something spiritual and reciprocal, such as can 
 have no place in connection with objects that minister merely to 
 the senses. Compare attachment ; friendship. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for antipathy ; enmity ; hatred. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Love of country ; for humanity ; love to God and man. 
 
 HAKE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 become, constrain, fabricate, manufacture, 
 
 bring about, construct, fashion, occasion, 
 
 bring into being, create, force, perform, 
 
 bring to pass, do, frame, reach, 
 
 cause, effect, get, render, 
 
 compel, establish, make out, require, 
 
 compose, execute, make up, shape, 
 constitute. 
 
 Make is essentially causative ; to the idea of cause all its vari- 
 ous senses may be traced (compare synonyms for cause). To 
 make is to cause to exist, or to cause to exist in a certain form or 
 in certain relations ; the word thus includes the idea of create, as 
 in Gen. i, 31, "And God saw every thing that he had made, and. 
 behold, it was very good." Make includes also the idea of com- 
 pose, constitute ; as, the parts make up the whole. Similarly, to 
 cause a voluntary agent to do a certain act is to make liim do it, 
 or compel him to do it, compel fixing the attention more on the 
 process, make on the accomplished fact. Compare compel ; DO ; 
 INFLUENCE ; (make better) amend ; (make haste) quicken ; (make 
 known) ANNOUNCE ; avow ; CONFESS ; (make prisoner) arrest ; 
 (make up) add ; (make void) cancel. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for abolish ; break ; demolish. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Make of, out of, or from certain materials, into a certain form. 
 for a certain purpose or person ; made with hands, hy hand ; made 
 hy a prisoner, with a jack=knife. 
 
 MARRIAOE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 conjugal union, espousals, nuptials, spousals, wedding, 
 espousal, matrimony, spousal, union, w^edlock. 
 
 Matrimony denotes the state of those who are united in the
 
 nnw masculine 
 
 '*•*• massacre 
 
 T-elation of husband and wife ; marriage denotes primarily the act 
 of so uniting, but is extensively used for the state as well. Wed- 
 lock, a word of specific legal use, is the Saxon term for the state 
 or relation denoted by matrimony. Wedding denotes the cere- 
 mony, with any attendant festivities, by which two persons are 
 united as husband and w^ife, nuptials being the more formal and 
 stately term to express the same idea. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bachelorhood, celibacy, divorce, maidenhood, virginity, widowhood. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Marriage of or between two persons ; of one person to or with 
 another ; among the Greeks. 
 
 MASCULIXE. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 male, manful, manlike, manly, mannish, virile. 
 
 We apply male to the sex, mascidine to the qualities, especially 
 to the stronger, hardier, and more imperious qualities that dis- 
 tinguish the male sex ; as apiDlied to women, mascidine has often 
 the depreciatory sense of unwomanly, rude, or harsh ; as, a mascu- 
 line face or voice, or the like ; tho one may say in a commend- 
 atory way, she acted with mascidine courage or decision. 
 Manlike may mean only having the outward appearance or 
 semblance of a man, or may be closely equivalent to manly. 
 Manly refers to all the qualities and traits worthy of a man ; 
 manful, especially to the valor and prowess that become a man ; 
 we speak of a manful struggle, manly decision ; we say manly 
 gentleness or tenderness ; we could not say manful tenderness. 
 Mannish is a depreciatory word referring to the mimicry or pa- 
 rade of some superficial quahties of manhood ; as, a mannish boy 
 or woman. Masculine may apply to the distinctive qualities of 
 the male sex at any age ; virile applies to the distinctive qualities 
 of mature manhood only, as opposed not only to feminine or wom- 
 anly but to childish, and is thus an emphatic word for sturdy, 
 intrepid, etc. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for feminine. 
 
 MASSACRE. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 toutcliery, carnage, havoc, slaughter. 
 
 A massacre is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of the un-
 
 meddlesome <>•>« 
 
 melody ^t>9 
 
 resisting or defenseless ; butchery is the killing of men rudely and 
 ruthlessly as cattle are killed in the shambles. Havoc may not be 
 so complete as massacre, nor so coldly brutal as butcliery, but is 
 more widely spread and furious ; it is destruction let loose, and 
 may be applied to organizations, interests, etc., as well as to hu- 
 man life ; " as for Saul, he made havoc of the church," Acts viii, 
 3, Carnage (Latin caro, carnis, flesh) refers to widely scattered 
 or heaped up corpses of the slain ; sJaughter is similar in meaning, 
 but refers more to the process, as carnage does to the result ; these 
 two words only of the group may be used of great destruction of 
 life in open and honorable battle, as when we say the enemy was 
 repulsed with great slaxightcr, or the carnage was terrible. 
 
 MEI>I>LES01»IE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 impertinent, intrusive, meddling, obtrusive, officious. 
 
 The meddlesome person interferes unasked in the affairs of 
 others ; the intrusive person thrusts himself uninvited into their 
 company or conversation ; the obtrusive person thrusts himself or 
 his opinions conceitedly and undesirably upon their notice ; the 
 officious person thrusts his services, unasked and undesired, upon 
 others. Obtrusive is oftener applied to words, qualities, actions, 
 etc. , than to persons ; intrusive is used chiefly of persons, as is 
 officious, tho we speak of officious attentions, intrusive remarks ; 
 Tneddlesome is used indifferently of persons, or of words, qualities, 
 actions, etc. Compare inquisitive ; interpose. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 modest, reserved, retiring, sbj-, unassuming, unobtrusive. 
 
 ]?IEEO»Y. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 harmony, music, symphony, unison. 
 
 Harmony is simultaneous ; melody is successive ; harmony is 
 the pleasing correspondence of two or more notes sounded at once, 
 melody the pleasing succession of a number of notes continuously 
 following one another. A melody may be wholly in one part ; 
 harmony must be of two or more parts. Accordant notes of dif- 
 ferent pitch sounded simultaneously produce harmony ; unison is 
 the simultaneous sou.nding of two or more notes of the same pitch. 
 When the pitch is the same, there may be unison between sounds 
 of very different volume and quality, as a voice and a bell may
 
 aiQ memory 
 
 ^<iv mercy 
 
 sound in unison. Tones sounded at the interval of an octave are 
 also said to be in unison, altho this is not litei'ally exact ; this 
 usage arises from the fact that bass and tenor voices in attempting 
 to sound the same note as the soprano and alto will in fact sound 
 a note an octave below. Music may denote the simplest melody 
 or the most complex and perfect harmony. A symphony (apart 
 from its technical orchestral sense) is any pleasing consonance of 
 musical sounds, vocal or instrumental, as of many accordant voices 
 or instruments. 
 
 MEMORY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 recoUection, reminiscence, retrospect, retrospection, 
 remembrance , 
 
 Memory is the faculty by which knowledge is retained or 
 recalled ; in a more general sense, memory is a retention of 
 knowledge within the grasp of the mind, while remembrance is the 
 having what is known consciously before the mind. Remembrance 
 may be voluntary or involuntary ; a thing is brought to remem- 
 brance or we call it to remembrance ; the same is true of memory. 
 RecoUection involves volition, the mind making a distinct effort to 
 recall something, or fixing the attention actively upon it when 
 recalled. Reminiscence is a half=dreamy memory of scenes or 
 events long past ; retrosjyection is a distinct turning of the mind 
 back upon the past, bringing long periods under survey. 
 Retrospection is to reminiscence much what recollection is to 
 remevibrance. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 forgetfnlness, oblivion, obliviousness, oversiglit, unconsciousness. 
 
 MERCY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 benevolence, favor, kindness, mildness, 
 
 benignity, forbearance. lenience, pardon, 
 
 blessing, forgiveness, leniency, pity, 
 
 clemency, gentleness, lenity, tenderness, 
 
 compassion, grace, 
 
 Mercy is the exercise of less severity than one deserves, or in a 
 more extended sense, the granting of kindness or favor beyond 
 what one may rightly claim. Grace is favor, kindness, or blessing 
 shown to the undeserving ; forgiveness, mercy, and pardo7i are 
 exercised toward the ill=deserving. Pardon remits the outward 
 penalty which the offender deserves ; forgiveness dismisses re- 
 sentment or displeasure from the heart of the one offended ;
 
 meter 240 
 
 mercy seeks the highest possible good of the offender. There may- 
 be mercy without pardon, as in the mitigation of sentence, or in 
 all possible alleviation of necessary severity ; there may be cases 
 where pardon would not be mercy, since it would encourage to 
 repetition of the offense, from which timely punishment might 
 have saved. Mercy is also used in the wider sense of refraining 
 from harshness or cruelty toward those who are in one's power 
 without fault of their own ; as, they besought the robber to have 
 mercy. Clemency is a colder word than mercy, and without its 
 rehgious associations, signifying mildness and moderation in the 
 use of power where severity would have legal or military, 
 rather than moral sanction ; it often denotes a habitual mildness 
 of disposition on the part of the powerful, and is matter rather of 
 good nature or poUcy than of principle. Leniency or lenity de- 
 notes an easy=going avoidance of severity ; these words are more 
 general and less magisterial than clemency ; we should speak of 
 the leniency of a parent, the clemency of a conqueror. Compare 
 
 PITY. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cruelty, implacability, punishment, rigor, sternness, 
 
 hardness, justice, revenge, severity, vengeance. 
 
 harshness, penalty, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The mercy of God to or toivard sinners ; have mercy on or 
 
 upon one. 
 
 METER. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 euphony, measure, rhytliin, verse. 
 Euphony is agreeable linguistic sound, however produced; 
 meter, measure, and rhythm denote agreeable succession of sounds 
 in the utterance of connected words ; evphony may apply to a 
 single word or even a single syllable ; the other words apply to 
 lines, sentences, paragraphs, etc. ; rhythm and meter may be pro- 
 duced by accent only, as in English, or by accent and quantity 
 combined, as in Greek or Italian ; rhythm or measure may apply 
 either to prose or to poetry, or to music, dancing, etc. ; meter is 
 more precise than rhythm, applies only to poetry, and denotes 
 a measured rhythm with regular divisions into verses, stanzas, 
 strophes, etc. A verse is strictly a metrical line, but the word is 
 often used as synonymous with stanza. Verse, in the general 
 sense, denotes meti'ical writing without reference to the thought 
 involved ; as, prose and verse. Compare melody ; poetry.
 
 241 miiiA 
 
 Syuonyiiis : 
 
 brain. instinct, reason, spirit, 
 
 consciousness, intellect, sense, thought, 
 
 disposition, intelligence, soul, understanding. 
 
 Mind, in a general sense, includes all the powers of sentient 
 being apart from the physical factors in bodily faculties and activ- 
 ities ; in a limited sense, mind is nearly synonymous with intdlect, 
 but includes disposition, or the tendency toward action, as appears 
 in the phrase "to have a mind to work." As the seat of mental 
 activity, hrain (colloquially brains) is often used as a synonym for 
 mind, intellect, intelligence. Thought, the act, process, or power 
 of thinking, is often used to denote the thinking faculty, and espe- 
 cially the reason. The instinct of animals is now held by many 
 philosophers to be of the same nature as the intellect of man, but 
 inferior and limited ; yet the apparent difference is very great. 
 
 All i/mtiiict is a propensity prior to experience and independent of instruction. 
 
 Paley Natural Philosophy ch. 18. 
 
 In this sense we speak of human instincts, thus denoting tenden- 
 cies independent of reasoning or instruction. The soul includes 
 the intellect, sensibilities, and will ; beyond what is expressed by 
 the word mind, the soid denotes esijecially the moral, the immortal 
 nature ; we say of a dead body, the soul (not the mind) has fled. 
 Spirit is used especially in contradistinction from matter ; it may 
 in many cases be substituted for soul, but soid has commonly a 
 fuller and more determinate meaning ; we can conceive of sjiirits 
 as having no moral nature ; the fairies, elves, and brownies of 
 mythology might be termed spirits, but not sotds. In the figura- 
 tive sense, spirit denotes animation, excitability, perhaps impa- 
 tience ; as, a lad of spirit ; he sang with spirit ; he replied with 
 spirit. Soul denotes energy and depth of feeling, as when we 
 speak of soulful eyes ; or it may denote the very life of anything ; 
 as, "the hidden soid of harmony," Milton V Allegro 1. 144. 
 Sense may be an antonym of inteUeei, as when we speak of the 
 sense of hearing ; but sense is used also as denoting clear mental 
 action, good judgment, acumen ; as, he is a man of sense, or, he 
 showed good sense ; sense, even in its material signification, must 
 be reckoned among the activities of mind, tho dependent on bod- 
 ily functions ; the mind, not the eye, really sees ; the mind, not 
 the ear, really hears. Consciousness includes all that a sentient 
 being perceives, knows, thinks, or feels, from whatever source 
 arising and of whatever character, kind, or degree, whether with 
 
 10
 
 minute 
 misfortune 
 
 242 
 
 or without distinct thinking, feeling, or willing ; we speak of the 
 consciousness of the brute, of the savage, or of the sage. The in- 
 tellect is that assemblage of faculties which is concerned with 
 knowledge, as distinguished from emotion and volition. Under- 
 standing is the Saxon word of the same general import, but is 
 chiefly used of the reasoning powers ; the binder standing, which 
 Sir Wm. Hamilton has called " the facvilty of relations and com- 
 parisons," is distinguished by many philosophers from reason in 
 that ''reason is the faculty of the higher cognitions or a priori 
 truth." 
 Antonyms : 
 
 body, brawn, brute force, material substance, matter. 
 
 MIEfUTE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 circumstantial, diminutive, little, slender, 
 
 comminuted, exact, particular, small, 
 
 critical, fine, precise, tiny, 
 
 detailed. 
 
 That is minute which is of exceedingly limited dimensions, as a 
 grain of dust, or which attends to matters of exceedingly slight 
 amount or apparent importance ; as, a minute account ; minute 
 observation. That which is broken up into minute particles is said 
 to be comminuted ; things may be termed fine which would not be 
 termed comminuted ; as, fine sand ; fine gravel ; but, in using the 
 adverb, we say a substance is finely comminuted, comminuted re- 
 ferring more to the process, fine to the result. An account ex- 
 tended to very minute particulars is circumstantial, detailed, par- 
 ticidar ; an examination so extended is critical, exact, precisj^ 
 Compare fine. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for large. 
 
 MISFORTIJ^JE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adversity, 
 
 affliction, 
 
 bereavement, 
 
 blow^, 
 
 calamity, 
 
 cliastening, 
 
 chastisement. 
 
 disappointment, 
 
 disaster, 
 
 distress, 
 
 failure, 
 
 hardship, 
 
 harm, 
 
 ill, 
 
 ill fortune, 
 
 ill luck, 
 
 misadventure , 
 
 mischance, 
 
 misery, 
 
 mishap, 
 
 reverse. 
 
 rum, 
 
 sorrow, 
 
 stroke, 
 
 trial, 
 
 tribulation, 
 
 trouble, 
 
 visitation. 
 
 Misfortune is adverse fortune or any instance thereof, any un- 
 toward event, usually of lingering character or consequences, and 
 such as the sufferer is not deemed directly responsible for ; as, he
 
 243 
 
 mob 
 model 
 
 had the misfortune to be born bhnd. Any considerable disappoint- 
 ment, failure, or misforttme, as regards outward circumstances, 
 as loss of fortune, position, and the like, when long continued or 
 attended with enduring consequences, constitutes adversity. For 
 the loss of friends by death we commonly use affliction or bereave- 
 ment. Calamity and disaster are used of sudden and severe mis- 
 fortunes, often overwhelming ; ill fortune and ill lucJc, of lighter 
 troubles and failures. We speak of the misery of the poor, the 
 hardships of the soldier. Affliction, chastening, trial, and tribu- 
 lation have all an especially religious bearing, suggesting some 
 disciplinary purpcjse of God with beneficent design. Affliction 
 may be keen and bitter, but brief ; tribulation is long and wear- 
 ing. We speak of an affliction, but rarely of a tribulation, since 
 tribulation is viewed as a continuous process, which may endure 
 for years or for a lifetime ; but we speak of our daily trials. Com- 
 pare CATASTROPHE. 
 
 Autonyms : 
 
 blessing, consolation, 
 
 boon, 
 comfort, 
 
 good fortune, 
 good luck, 
 
 gratification, 
 
 happiness, 
 
 Joy, 
 
 pleasure, 
 
 prosperity, 
 
 relief, 
 
 success, 
 triumph. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 canaille, 
 crow^d, 
 
 moB. 
 
 dregs of the people, 
 lower classes, 
 
 masses, 
 populace. 
 
 rabble, 
 the vulgar. 
 
 The popidace are poor and ignorant, but may be law=abiding ; 
 a mob is disorderly and lawless, but may be rich and influential. 
 The rabble is despicable, worthless, purposeless ; a mob may have 
 effective desperate purpose. A croivd may be drawn by mere 
 curiosity ; some strong, pervading excitement is needed to make 
 it a mob. Compare people. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 archetype, 
 copy, 
 design, 
 example. 
 
 MODEL. 
 
 facsimile, 
 image, 
 imitation, 
 mold. 
 
 original, 
 
 pattern, 
 
 prototype, 
 
 representation, 
 
 standard, 
 
 type. 
 
 Apatterti is always, in modern use, that which is to be copied ; 
 a model may be either the thing to be copied or the copy that has 
 been made from it ; as, the models in the Patent Office. A pat- 
 tern is commonly superficial ; a model is usually in relief. A 
 pattern must be closely followed in its minutest particulars by a
 
 modesty „-. 
 
 uioncy *''»'• 
 
 faithful copyist ; a model may allow a gi-eat degree of freedom. 
 A sculptor may idealize his living model : his workmen must ex- 
 actly copy in marble or metal the model he has made in clay. 
 Compare example ; idea ; ideal. 
 
 MOI>ESTY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 backwardness, constraint, reserve, timidity, 
 bashfulness, coyness, shyness, unobtrusiveness. 
 
 coldness, diffidence, 
 
 Bashf Illness is a shrinking from notice without assignable rea- 
 son. Coyness is a half encouragement, half avoidance of otfered 
 attention, and may be real or affected. Diffidence is self=distrust ; 
 modesty, a humble estimate of oneself in comparison with others, 
 or with the demands of some undertaking. Modesty has also the 
 specific meaning of a sensitive shrinking from anything indelicate. 
 Shyness is a tendency to shrink from observation ; timidity, a dis- 
 tinct fear of ci'iticism, error, or failure. Reserve is the holding 
 oneself aloof from others, or holding back one's feelings from ex- 
 pression, or one's affairs from communication to others. Reserve 
 may be the retreat of shyness, or, on the other hand, the contemp- 
 tuous withdrawal of pride and haughtiness. Compare abash ; 
 
 PRIDE ; TACITURN. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 abandon, boldness, forwardness, impudence, pertness, sociability. 
 
 arrogance, conceit, frankness, indiscretion, sauciness, 
 
 assumption, confidence, freedom, loquaciousness, self-conceit, 
 
 assurance, egotism, haughtiness, loquacity, self»sufficiency, 
 
 MOXEY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bills, cash, funds, property, 
 
 bullion, coin. gold, silver, 
 
 capital, currency, notes, specie. 
 
 Money is the authorized medium of exchange ; coined money 
 is called coin or specie. What are termed in England bank=jioies 
 are in the United States commonly called hiJls ; as, a five=dollar 
 hill. The notes of responsible men are readily transferable in com- 
 mercial circles, but they are not money ; as, the stock was sold for 
 $500 in money and the balance in merchantable paper. Cash is 
 specie or money in hand, or paid in hand ; as, the cash account ; 
 the cash price. In the legal sense, property is not money, and 
 money is not property : for property is that which has inherent 
 value, while money, as such, has but representative value, and
 
 ghMK. morose 
 
 ■^'*«* motion 
 
 may or may not have intrinsic value. Bullion is either gold or 
 silver iincoined, or the coined metal considered without reference 
 to its coinage, but simply as merchandise, when its value as bul- 
 lion may be very cUiTerent from its value as money. The word 
 capital is used chiefly of accumulated property or money invested 
 in productive enterprises or available for such investment. 
 
 IWOROSE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acrimonious, dogged, ill=natured, splenetic, 
 
 churlish, gloomy, severe, sulky, 
 
 crabbed, gruflf, snappish, sullen, 
 
 crusty, ill=humored, sour, surly. 
 
 The sullen and sidky are discontented and resentful in regard 
 to that against which they are too proud to protest, or consider all 
 protest vain ; sidlen denotes more of pride, sulky more of resentful 
 obstinacy. The morose are bitterly dissatisfied with the w^orld in 
 general, and disposed to vent their iU nature upon others. The 
 sidlen and sidky are for the most part silent ; the morose growl 
 out bitter speeches. A surly person is in a state of latent anger, 
 resenting approach as intrusion, and ready to take offense at any- 
 thing ; thus we speak of a surly dog. Sullen and sulky moods may 
 be transitory ; one who is morose or surly is commonly so by dis- 
 position or habit. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 amiable, complaisant, gentle, kind, pleasant, 
 
 benimant, friendly, good=natured, loving, sympathetic, 
 
 bland, genial, indulgent, mild, tender. 
 
 MOTION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 act, change, movement, process, transition, 
 
 action, move, passage, transit. 
 
 Motion is change of place or position in space ; transition is a 
 passing from one point or position in space to another. Motion 
 may be either absti-act or concrete, more frequently the former ; 
 movement is always concrete, that is, considered in connection 
 with the thing that moves or is moved ; thus, we speak of the 
 movements of the planets, but of the laws of planetary motion ; 
 of military movements, but of perpetual motion. Move is used 
 chiefly of contests or competition, as in chess or pohtics ; as, it is 
 your move ; a shrewd move of the opposition. Action is a more 
 comprehensive word than motion. We now rarely speak of men-
 
 mourn 
 
 mutual 5440 
 
 tal or spiritual motions, but rather of mental or spiritual acts or 
 processes, or of the laws of mental action, but a formal proposal 
 of action in a deliberative assembly is termed a motion. Compare 
 
 ACT. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 immobility, quiescence, quiet, repose, rest, stUlness. 
 
 MOlJR^f. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bemoan, deplore, lament, regret, rue, sorroAV. 
 t)e-wail, grieve, 
 
 To mourn is to feel or express sadness or distress because of 
 some loss, affliction, or misfortune ; mourning is thought of as 
 prolonged, gi-ief or regret may be transient. One may grieve or 
 mourn, regret, rue, or sorrow without a sound ; he bemoans with 
 suppressed and often inarticulate sounds of giief ; he bewails with 
 passionate utterance, whether of inarticulate ci'ies or of spoken 
 words. He laments in plaintive or pathetic words, as the prophet 
 Jeremiah in his "Lamentations." One dejilores with, settled sor- 
 row which may or may not find relief in words. One is made to 
 rue an act by some misfortune resulting, or by some penalty or 
 vengeance inflicted because of it. One regrets a slight misfortune 
 or a hasty word ; he sorrows over the death of a friend. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 be joyful, exult, joy, make merry, rejoice, triumph. 
 
 MIJTUAI.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 common, correlative, interchangeable, joint, reciprocal. 
 
 That is common to which two or more persons have the same 
 or equal cla'ims, or in which they have equal interest or participa- 
 tion ; in the strictest sense, that is mutual (Latin mutare, to 
 change) which is freely interchanged A that is reciprocal in respect 
 to which one act or movement is met by a corresponding act or 
 movement in return ; we speak of our common countiy, mutual 
 affection, reciprocal obligations, the reciprocal action of cause 
 and effect, where the effect becomes in tvu-n a cause. Many 
 good wi-iters hold it incorrect to say " a mutual friend," and insist 
 that ' ' a common friend " would be more accurate ; but ' ' common 
 friend " is practically never used, because of the disagreeable sug- 
 gestion that attaches to common, of ordinary or inferior. " Mii- 
 tual friend " has high literary authority (of Burke, Scott, Dickens, 
 and others), and a considerable usage of good society in its favor,
 
 mysterious 
 247 name 
 
 the expression being quite naturally derived from the thoroughly 
 correct phrase mutual friendship. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 detacliud, distinct, separate, severed, unconnected, unrequited, 
 
 disconnected, disunited, separated, sundered, unreciprocated, unshared, 
 dissociated. 
 
 MYSTERIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 abstruse, inexplicable, recondite, 
 
 cabalistic, inscrutable, secret, 
 
 dark, mystic, transcendental, 
 
 enigmatical, mystical, unfathomable, 
 
 hidden, obscure, unfathomed, 
 
 incomprehensible, occult, unknown. 
 
 That is mysterious in the true sense which is beyond human 
 comprehension, as the decrees of God or the origin of life. That 
 is mystic or mystical which has associated with it some hidden or 
 recondite meaning, especially of a religious kind ; as, the mystic 
 Babylon of the Apocalypse. That is dark w^iicli we can not per- 
 sonally see through, especially if sadly perplexing ; as, a dark 
 providence. That is secret which is intentionally hidden. Com- 
 pare DARK. • 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for clear. 
 
 WAME. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 agnomen, denomination, prenomen, surname, 
 
 appellation, designation, style, title, 
 
 cognomen, epithet, 
 
 Name in the most general sense, signifying the word by which 
 a person or thing is called or known, includes all other words of 
 this group ; in this sense every noun is a name ; in the more lim- 
 ited sense a 7iame is personal, an appellation is descriptive, a title 
 is official. In the phrase WilUam the Conqueror, King of Eng- 
 land, William is the man's name, which belongs to him personally, 
 independently of any rank or achievement ; Conqueror is the ap- 
 pellation which he won by his acquisition of England ; King is 
 the title denoting his royal rank. An ejnthet (Gr. epitheton, 
 something added, from epi, on, and tithemi, put) is something 
 placed upon a person or thing ; the epithet does not strictly be- 
 long to an object like a name, but is given to mark some assumed 
 characteristic, good or bad ; an epitliet is always an adjective, or 
 a word or phrase used as an adjective, and is properly used to em- 
 phasize a characteristic but not to add information, as in the
 
 native nmo 
 
 nautical 24S 
 
 phrase "the sounding sea"; the idea that an epithet is always 
 opprobrious, and that any word used opprobriously is an epithet is 
 a popular error. Designation may be used much in the sense of 
 appellation, but is more distinctive or specific in meaning ; a des- 
 ignation properly so called rests upon some inherent quaUty, wliile 
 an appellation may be fanciful. Among the Romans the pre- 
 nomen was the individual part of a man's name, the "nomen" 
 designated the gens to which he belonged, the cognomen showed 
 liis family and was borne by all patricians, and the agnomen was 
 added to refer to his acliievements or character. When scientists 
 7iame an animal or a plant, they give it a binary or binomial tech- 
 nical name comprising a generic and a specific appellation. In 
 modern use, a personal name, as John or Mary, is given in infancy, 
 and is often called the given name or Christian name, or simply 
 the fii'st name (rarely the ptrenomen) ; the cognomen or surname 
 is the family name which belongs to one by right of birth or mar- 
 riage. Style is the legal designation by which a person or house 
 is known in official or business relations ; as, the name and style 
 of Baring Brothers. The term denomination is applied to a sep- 
 arate religious organization, without the opprobrious meaning 
 attaching to the word "sect" ; also, to designate any class of Uke ob- 
 jects collectively, especially money or notes of a certain value ; as, 
 the sum was in notes of the denomination of one thousand dollars. 
 Compare term. 
 
 IVATIVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 indigenous, innate, natal, natural, original. 
 
 Native denotes that which belongs to one by birth ; natal that 
 which pertains to the event of birth ; natural denotes that which 
 rests upon inlierent qualities of cliaracter or being. We speak of 
 one's native country, or of his natal day ; of natural ability, native 
 genius. Compare inherent ; primeval ; radical. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 acquired, alien, artificial, assumed, foreign, unnatural. 
 
 BfAlJTlCAI.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 marine, maritime, naval, ocean, oceanic. 
 
 Marine (L. mare, sea) signifies belonging to the ocean, mari- 
 time, a secondary derivative from the same root, bordering on or
 
 249 neat 
 
 connected with the ocean ; as, marine products ; marine animals ; 
 maritime nations ; maritime laws. Nautical (Gr. nautes, a sailor) 
 denotes primarily anything connected with sailors, and hence 
 with ships or navigation ; naval (L. nam's, Gr. naus, a ship) refers 
 to the armed force of a nation on tlie sea, and, by extension, to 
 similar forces on lakes and rivers ; as, a naval force ; a nautical 
 almanac. Ocean, used adjectively, is applied to that which be- 
 longs to or is part of the ocean ; oceanic may be used in the same 
 sense, but is especially applied to that which bordei'S on (or upon) 
 or is connected with, or which is similar to or suggestive of an 
 ocean : we speak of ocean currents, oceanic islands, or, perhaps, 
 of an oceanic intellect. 
 
 MEAT. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 clean, dapper, nice, prim, tidy, 
 
 cleanly, natty, orderly, spruce, trim. 
 
 That which is clean is simply free from soil or defilement of 
 any kind. Things are orderly when in due relation to other things ; 
 a room or desk is orderly when every article is in place ; a person 
 is orderly who habitually keeps things so. Tidy denotes that 
 which conforms to propriety in general ; an unlaced shoe may be 
 perfectly clean, but is not tidy. Neat refers to that which is clean 
 and tidy with nothing superfluous, conspicuous, or showy, as when 
 we speak of plain but neat attire ; the same idea of freedom from 
 the superfluous appears in the phrases "a?ieai speech," ''a neat 
 turn," "a neat reply," etc. A clean cut has no ragged edges ; a 
 7ieat stroke just does what is intended. Nice is stronger than neat, 
 implying value and beauty ; a cheap, coarse dress may be perfectly 
 neat, but would not be termed nice. Spruce is appHed to the show 
 and afi'ectation of neatness with a touch of smartness, and is al- 
 ways a term of mild contempt ; as, a spruce serving man. Trim 
 denotes a certain shapely and elegant firmness, often with supple- 
 ness and grace ; as, a trim suit ; a trim figure. Prim applies to a 
 precise, formal, affected nicety. Dapper is spruce with the sug- 
 gestion of smallness and slightness ; natty, a diminutive of neat, 
 suggests minute elegance, with a tendency toward the exquisite ; 
 as, a dapper little fellow in a natty business suit. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 dirty negligent, slouchy, uncared for, 
 
 disorderly, rough, slovenly, unkempt, 
 
 dowdy, rude, soiled, untidy.
 
 necessary 
 
 necessity 350 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 NECESSARY. 
 
 essential, infallible, required, unavoidable, 
 
 indispensable, needed, requisite, undeniable, 
 
 inevitable, needful, 
 
 That is necessary which must exist, occur, or be true ; which 
 in the nature of things can not be otherwise. That which is essen- 
 tial belongs to the essence of a thing, so tliat the thing can not ex- 
 ist in its completeness without it ; that which is indispensable msij 
 be only an adjunct, but it is one that can not be spared ; vigorous 
 health is essential to an arctic explorer ; warm clothing is indis- 
 pensable. That which is requisite (or required) is so in the judg- 
 ment of the person requiring it, but may not be so absolutely ; thus, 
 the requisite is more a matter of personal feeling than the indis- 
 pensable. Inevitable (L. in, not, and evito, shun) is primarily the 
 exact equivalent of the Saxon unavoidable ; both words are ap- 
 plied to things which some at least would escape or prevent, while 
 that which is necessary may meet with no objection ; food is nec- 
 essary, death is inevitable ; a necessary conclusion satisfies a 
 thinker ; an inevitable conclusion silences opposition. An infalli- 
 ble proof is one that necessarily leads the mind to a sound conclu- 
 sion. Needed and needftd are more concrete than necessary, and 
 respect an end to be attained ; we speak of a necessary inference ; 
 necessary food is what one can not live without, while needful 
 food is that without which he can not enjoy comfort, health, and 
 strength. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 casual, needless, optional, useless, 
 
 contingent, non=essential, unnecessary, worthless. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Necessary to a sequence or a total ; for or to a result or a per- 
 son ; unity is necessary to (to constitute) completeness ; decision 
 is necessary /or command, or for a commander. 
 
 BfECESSITY. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 compulsion, fatality, requisite, 
 
 destiny, fate, sine qua non, 
 
 emergency, indispensability, unavoidableness, 
 
 essential, indispensableness urgency, 
 
 exigency, need, want, 
 
 extremity, requirement, 
 
 Necessity is the quality of being necessary, or the quality of that 
 which can not but be, become, or be true, or be accepted as true. 
 Need and ivant always imply a lack ; necessity may be used
 
 251 neglect 
 
 in this sense, but in the highei- philosophical sense necessity simply 
 denotes the exclusion of any alternative either in thought or fact ; 
 righteousness is a necessity (not a need) of the divine nature. 
 Need suggests the possibility of supplying the deficiency which 
 leant expresses ; to speak of a person's ivant of decision merely 
 points out a weakness in his character ; to say that he has need of 
 decision implies that he can exercise or attain it. As applied to a 
 deficiency, necessity is more imperative than need ; a weary per- 
 son is in need of rest ; when rest becomes a necessity he has no 
 choice but to stop work. An essential is something, as a quality, 
 or element, that belongs to the essence of something else so as to 
 be inseparable from it in its normal condition, or in any complete 
 idea or statement of it. Compare necessary ; predestination. 
 Antonym!!) : 
 
 choice, doubt, dubiousness, freedom, possibility, 
 
 contingency, doubtfulness, fortuity, option, uncertainty. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The necessity of surrender ; a necessity for action ; this is a 
 necessity to me. 
 
 WEGLECT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 carelessness, heedlessness, negligence, scorn, 
 default, inadvertence, omission slackness, 
 
 disregard, inattention, oversight, slight, 
 disrespect, indifference, remissness, thoughtlessness, 
 failure, neglectfulness. 
 
 Neglect (L. nee, not, and lego, gather) is the failing to take such 
 care, show such attention, pay such courtesy, etc., as may be right- 
 fully or reasonably expected. Negligence, which is the same in 
 origin, may be used in almost the same sense, but with a slighter 
 force, as when Whittier speaks of ' ' the negligence which friend- 
 ship loves " ; but negligence is often used to denote the quality or 
 trait of character of which the act is a manifestation, or to denote 
 the habit of neglecting that which ought to be done. Neglect is 
 transitive, negligence is intransitive ; we speak of neglect of his 
 books, friends, or duties, in which cases we could not use negli- 
 gence ; negligence in dress implies want of care as to its arrange- 
 ment, tidiness, etc. ; neglect of one's garments would imply leaving 
 them exposed to defacement or injury, as by dust, moths, etc. 
 Neglect has a passive sense which negligence has not ; the child 
 was suffering from neglect, i. e. , from being neglected by others ; 
 the child was suffering from negligence would imply that he him-
 
 new 252 
 
 self Avas neglectful. The distinction sometimes made that neglect 
 
 denotes the act, and negligence the habit, is but partially true ; one 
 
 may be guilty of habitual neglect of duty ; the wife may suffer 
 
 from her husband's constant neglect, while the negligence which 
 
 causes a railroad accident may be that of a moment, and on the 
 
 part of one ordinarily careful and attentive ; in such cases the law 
 
 provides punishment for criminal negligence. 
 Antoiiyius : 
 
 See synonyms for care. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Neglect of duty, of the child hy the parent ; there was neglect 
 on the part of the teacher. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 fresh, modern, new=rriade, upstart, 
 
 juvenile, new^:fangled, novel, young, 
 
 late, new^=fasliioned, recent, youthful. 
 
 That which is new has lately come into existence, possession, 
 or use ; a new house is just built, or in a more general sense is one 
 that has just come into the possession of the present owner or 
 occupant, j Modern denotes that which has begun to exist in the 
 present age, and is still existing ; recent denotes that which has 
 come into existence within a comparatively brief period, and niay 
 or may not be existing still. Modern history pertains to any period 
 since the middle ages ; modern literature, modern arcliitecture, 
 etc. , are not strikingly remote f x'om the styles and types prevalent 
 to=day. That which is late is somewhat removed from the present, 
 but not far enough to be called old. That Avliich is recent is 
 not quite so sharply distinguished from the past as that which 
 is new ; recent publications range over a longer time than 
 neio books. That which is novel is either absolutely or rela- 
 tively unprecedented in kind ; a novel contrivance is one that has 
 never before been known ; a novel experience is one that has 
 never before occurred to the same person ; that which is new may 
 be of a familiar or even of an ancient sort, as a neiv copy of an old 
 book. ' Young and yoidhful are applied to that which has life ; 
 that which is young is possessed of a comparatively neiv existence 
 as a living thing, possessing actual youth ; that which is youth- 
 fid manifests the attributes of youth. (Compare youthful.) 
 Fresh applies to that which has the characteristics of newness or 
 youth, wliile capable of deterioration by lapse of time ; that which
 
 „_„ nimble 
 
 '*<''» normal 
 
 is unworn, unsijoiled, or unfaded ; as, a fresh countenance, fresh 
 eggs, fresh flowers. New is opposed to old, viodern to ancient, 
 recent to remote, young to old, aged, etc. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for old. 
 
 IVIMBI^E. 
 
 Syiionyin)!< : 
 
 active, alert, bustling, prompt, speedy, spry, 
 
 agile, brisk, lively, quick, sprightly, sw^ift. 
 
 Nimble refers to lightness, freedom, and quickness of motion 
 within a somewhat narrow range, with readiness to turn suddenly 
 to any point ; swift applies commonly to more sustained motion 
 over greater distances ; a pickpocket is nimhle-Q.ngexed, a dancer 
 nitiihle-iooied ; an arrow, a race=horse, or an ocean steamer is 
 swift; Shakespeare's "■'nimble lightnings" is said of the visual ap- 
 IJearance in sudden zigzag flash across tlie sky. Figuratively, we 
 speak of nimble wit, sivift intelligence, sinft destruction. Alert, 
 which is strictly a synonym for ready, comes sometimes near the 
 meaning of nimble or quich, from the fact that the ready, wide= 
 awake person is likely to be lively, quick, speedy. Compare act- 
 ive ; ALERT. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 clumsy, dilatory, dull, heavy, inactive, inert, slow, sluggish, unready. 
 
 WORM A L. 
 
 Synonyinsii : 
 
 common, natural, ordinary, regular, typical, usual. 
 
 That which is natural is according to nature ; that which is 
 normal is according to the standard or rule which is observed or 
 claimed to prevail in nature ; a deformity may be natural, sym- 
 metry is normal ; the normal color of the crow is black, while the 
 normal color of the sparrow is gray, but one is as natural as the 
 other. Tyincal refers to such an assemblage of qualities as makes 
 the specimen, genus, etc., a type of some more comprehensive 
 group, while normal is more commonly applied to the parts of a 
 single object ; the specimen was typical ; color, size, and other 
 characteristics, normal. The regular is etymologically that which 
 is according to rule, hence that which is steady and constant, as 
 opposed to that which is fitful and changeable ; the normal action 
 of the heart is regular. That which is common is shared by a
 
 notwitlistanding, <;o»7. ^_ 
 
 oath 254 
 
 great number of persons or things ; disease is common, a normal 
 
 state of health is rare. Compare general ; usual. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 abnormal, irregular, peculiar, singular, unprecedented, 
 
 exceptional, monstrous, rare, uncommon, unusual. 
 
 :RfOTWITHSTAMI>I^O, conj. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 altho(ugli), hoAvbeit, nevertheless, thotugli), 
 
 tout, however, still, yet. 
 
 However simj)ly waives discussion, and (like the archaic hoic- 
 beit) says ' ' be that as it may, this is true " ; nevertheless concedes 
 the truth of what precedes, but claims that what follows is none 
 the less true ; notwithstanding marshals the two statements face 
 to face, admits the one and its seeming contradiction to the other, 
 while insisting that it can not, after all, withstand the other ; as, 
 notwithstanding the force of the enemy is superior, we shall con- 
 quer. Yet and still are weaker than notwitlistanding , while 
 stronger than hut. TJio and altho make as little as possible of 
 the concession, dropping it, as it were, incidentally ; as, " tlio we 
 are guilty, thou art good " ; to say ' ' we are guilty, hut thou art 
 good," would make the concession of guilt more emphatic. 
 Compare but ; yet. 
 
 :^OTWITHSTA]«DINCJ, prep. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 despite, in spite of. 
 
 Notwitlistanding simply states that circumstances shall not be 
 or have not been allowed to withstand ; despite and in spite of refer 
 primarily to personal and perhaps spiteful opposition ; as, he failed 
 notu'ithstanding his good intentions ; or, he persevered in spite of 
 the most bitter hostility. Wlien desjnte and in sjiite of are applied 
 to inanimate things, it is with something of personification ; ''in 
 spite of the storm " is said as if the storm had a hostile purpose to 
 oppose the undertaking. 
 
 OATH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adjuration, curse, profane sw^earing, 
 
 affidavit, cursing, profanity, 
 
 anathema, denunciation, reprobation, 
 
 toan, execration. swearing, 
 
 blaspheming, imprecation, sworn statement, 
 
 blasphemy, malediction, vow^. 
 
 In the highest sense, as in a court of justice, " an oath is a rev-
 
 <255 obscure 
 
 erent appeal to God in corroboration of what one says," Abbott 
 Law Diet. ; an affidavit is a sicorn statement made in writing in 
 the presence of a competent officer ; an adjuration is a solemn 
 appeal to a person in the name of God to speak the truth. An 
 oatJi is made to man in the name of God ; a vow, to God without 
 the intervention, often without the knowledge, of man. In the 
 lower sense, an oath may be mere blasphemy or prof ane swearing. 
 Anathema, curse, execration, and imprecation are modes of in- 
 voking vengeance or retribution from a superhuman power upon 
 the person against whom they are uttered. Anathema is a solemn 
 ecclesiastical condemnation of a person or of a proposition. Curse 
 may be just and authoritative ; as, the curse of God ; or, it may 
 be wanton and powerless : " so the curse causeless shall not come," 
 Prov. xxvi, 2. Execration expresses most of personal bitterness 
 and hatred ; imprecation refers especially to the coming of the 
 desired evil upon the person against whom it is uttered. Maledic- 
 tion is a general wish of evil, a less usual but very expressive 
 word. Compare testimony. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 benediction, benison, blessing. 
 
 OBSCURE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abstruse, darksome, dusky, involved, 
 
 ambiguous, deep, enigmatical, muddy, 
 
 cloudy, dense. Mdden, mysterious, 
 
 complex, difficult, incomprehensible, profound, 
 
 complicated, dim, indistinct, turbid, 
 
 dark, doubtful, intricate, unintelligible. 
 
 That is obscure which the eye or the mind can not clearly dis- 
 cern or see through, whether because of its own want of transpar- 
 ency, its depth or intricacy, or because of mere defect of light. 
 That which is complicated is likely to be obscure, but that may be 
 obscure which is not at all complicated and scarcely complex, as a 
 nmddy pool. In that which is abstruse (L. abs, from, and trudo, 
 push) as if removed from the usual course of thought or out of the 
 Avay of apprehension or discovery, the thought is remote, hidden ; 
 in that which is obscure there may be notlaing to hide ; it is hard 
 to see to the bottom of the joro/owncZ, because of its depth, but the 
 most shallow turbidness is obscure. Compare complex ; dark ; 
 
 DIFFICULT ; MYSTERIOUS. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for clear.
 
 obsolete »^^ 
 
 obstinate 2oo 
 
 OBSOI.ETE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ancient, archaic, obsolescent, out of date, 
 
 antiquated, disused, old, rare. 
 
 Some of the oldest or most ancien t words are not obsolete, as 
 father, mother, etc. A word is obsolete which has quite gone out 
 of reputable use ; a word is archaic which is falling out of reputa- 
 ble use, or, on the other hand, having been obsolete, is taken up 
 tentatively by writers or speakers of influence, so that it may per- 
 haps regain its position as a living word ; a word is rare if there 
 are few present instances of its reputable use. Compare old. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for new. 
 
 OBSTITVATE. 
 
 Synonyms t 
 
 contumacious, headstrong, mulish, resolute, 
 
 decided, heady, obdurate, resolved, 
 
 determined, immovable, opinionated, stubborn, 
 dogged, indomitable, persistent, unconciuerable, 
 
 firm, inflexible, pertinacious, unflinching, 
 
 fixed, intractable, refractory, unyielding. 
 
 The headstrong person is not to be stopped in his own course of 
 action, while the obstinate and stubborn is not to be driven to an- 
 other's way. The headstrong act; the obstinate and sttibbornmaj 
 simply refuse to stir. The most amiable person may be obstinate 
 on some one point ; the stubborn person is for the most part ha- 
 bitvially so ; we speak of obstinate determination, stubborn resist- 
 ance. Stubborn is the term most frequently applied to the lower 
 animals and inanimate things. Refractory implies more activity 
 of resistance ; the stubborn horse balks ; the refractory animal 
 plunges, rears, and kicks ; metals that resist ordinary processes of 
 reduction are termed refractory. One is obdurate who adheres to 
 his purpose in spite of appeals that would move any tender=hearted 
 or right=minded person. Contumacious refers to a proud and in- 
 solent defiance of authority, as of the summons of a court. Perti- 
 nacious demand is contrasted with obstinate refusal. The unyield- 
 ing conduct which we approve we call decided, firm, inflexible, 
 resohde ; that wliich we condemn we are apt to term headstrong, 
 obstinate, stubboi'n. Compare perverse. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 amenable, 
 complaisant, 
 compliant, 
 docile, 
 
 dutiful. 
 
 pliable. 
 
 tractable, 
 
 gentle, 
 
 pliant, 
 
 undecided, 
 
 irresolute. 
 
 submissive. 
 
 wavering. 
 
 obedient, 
 
 teachable, 
 
 yielding.
 
 obstruct 
 257 old 
 
 OBSTRUCT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 arrest, check, embarrass, interrupt, stay, 
 
 bar, choke, hinder, oppose, stop, 
 
 barricade, clog, impede, retard. 
 
 To obstruct is literally to build up against ; the road is ob- 
 structed by fallen trees ; the passage of liquid tlu'ough a tube is 
 obstructed by solid deposits. We may hinder one's advance by 
 following and clinging to him ; we obstruct his course by stand- 
 ing in his way or putting a barrier across his path. Anything 
 that makes one's progress slower, whether from within or from 
 without, impedes ; an obstruction is always from without. To 
 arrest is to cause to stop suddenly ; obstructing the way may have 
 the effect of m^resting progress. Compare hinder ; impediment. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 accelerate, aid, facilitate, free, open, promote. 
 
 advance, clear, forward, further, pave the way for. 
 
 OLD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 aged, decrepit, immemorial, senile, 
 
 ancient, elderly, olden, time-honored, 
 
 antiquated, gray, patriarchal, time=w^orn, 
 
 antique, hoary, remote, venerable. 
 
 That is termed old which has existed long, or which existed 
 long ago. Ancient, from the Latin, through the French, is the 
 more stately, old, from the Saxon, the more familiar word. Fa- 
 miliarity, on one side, is near to contempt ; thus we say, an old 
 coat, an old hat. On the other hand, familiarity is akin to tender- 
 ness, and thus old is a word of endearment ; as, •' the old home- 
 stead," the " old oaken bucket," "Tell me the old, old story ! " 
 has been sung feelingly by millions : " tell me that ancient story " 
 would remove it out of all touch of human sympathy. Olderi is a 
 statelier form of old, and is applied almost exclusively to time, 
 not to places, buildings, persons, etc. As regards periods of time, 
 the famiUar are also the near ; thus, the old times are not too far 
 away for familiar thought and reference ; the olden times are more 
 remote, ancient times still further removed. Gray, hoary, and 
 moldering refer to outward and visible tokens of age. Aged ap- 
 plies chiefly to long=extended human life. Decrepit, gray, and 
 hoary refer to the effects of age on the body exclusively ; senile 
 upon the mind also ; as, a decrejnt frame, senile garrulousness. 
 One may be aged and neither decrepit nor senile. Elderly is ap- 
 plied to those who have passed middle life, but scarcely reached 
 
 17
 
 operation 
 
 order x09 
 
 old age. Remote (L. re, back or away, and moveo, move), prima- 
 rily refers to space, but is extended to that which is far off in 
 time ; as, at some remote period. Venerable expresses the invol- 
 untary reverence that we yield to the majestic and long=enduring, 
 whether in the material world or in human life and character. 
 
 Compare antique ; obsolete ; primeval. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 Compare synonyms for new; youthful. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 action, effect, force, performance, result, 
 
 agency, execution, influence, procedure. 
 
 Operation is action considered with reference to the thing 
 acted upon, and may apply to the action of an intelligent agent or 
 of a material substance or force ; as, the 02)eration of a medicine, 
 Pe7'formance and execution denote intelligent action, considered 
 with reference to the actor or to that which he accomplishes ; per- 
 formance accomplisliing the will of the actor, execution often the 
 will of another ; we speak of the performance of a duty, the exe- 
 cution of a sentence. Compare act. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 failure, - ineffectiveness, inutility, powerlessness, iiselessness. 
 inaction, inefficiency. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 command, injunction, mandate, requirement, 
 
 direction, instruction, prohibition. 
 
 Instruction implies superiority of knowledge, direction of au- 
 thority on the part of the giver ; a teacher gives instructions to 
 his pupils, an employer gives directions to his workmen. Order is 
 still more authoritative than direction ; soldiers, sailors, and rail- 
 road employees have simply to obey the orders of their superiors, 
 without explanation or question ; an order in the commercial sense 
 has the authority of the money which the one ordering the goods 
 pays or is to pay. Command is a loftier word, as well as highly 
 authoritative, less frequent in common life ; we speak of the com- 
 mands of God, or sometimes, by polite hyperbole, ask of a friend, 
 "Have you any commands for me?" A. requirement is impera- 
 tive, but not always formal, nor made by a personal agent ; it may 
 be in the nature of tilings ; as, the requirements of the position.
 
 259 0!«tcutation 
 
 Prohibition is wholly negative ; it is a command not to do ; injimc- 
 tion is now oftenest so used, especially as the requiremejit by legal 
 authority that certain action be suspended or refrained from, 
 pending final legal decision. Compare array ; class ; law ; 
 
 PROHIBIT ; SYSTEM. 
 
 Antonyms . 
 
 allowance, consent, leave, liberty, license, permission, permit. 
 
 OSTENTATION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 boast. flourish, parade, pompousness, vaunt, 
 
 Ijoasting, pageant, pomp, show, vaunting, 
 
 display, pageantry, pomposity, 
 
 Ostentation is an ambitious showing forth of whatever is 
 thought adapted to win admiration or praise ; ostentation may be 
 without words ; as, the ostentation of wealth in fine residences, 
 rich clothing, costly equipage, or the like ; when in words, osten- 
 tation is rather in manner than in direct statement ; as, the osten- 
 tation of learning. Boasting is in direct statement, and is louder 
 and more vulgar than ostentation. There may be great dispZa?/ 
 or shoiv with little substance ; ostentation suggests something 
 substantial to be shown. Pageant, pageantry, parade, and 
 pomp refer principally to affairs of arms or state ; as, a royal 
 pageant ; a military parade. Pomp is some material demonstra- 
 tion of wealth and power, as in gi-and and stately ceremonial, rich 
 furnishings, processions, etc., considered as worthy of the person 
 or occasion in whose behalf it is manifested ; pomp is the noble side 
 of that which as ostentation is considered as ari'ogant and vain. 
 Pageant Sindi pageantry are inferior to jjomp, denoting spectacu- 
 lar display designed to impress the public mind, and since the 
 multitude is largely ignorant and thoughtless, the words pag- 
 eant and pageantry have a suggestion of the transient and unsub- 
 stantial. Parade (L. paro, prepare) is an exliibition as of troops 
 in camp going through the evolutions that are to be used in battle, 
 and suggests a lack of earnestness and direct or immediate occa- 
 sion or demand ; hence, in the more general sense, a parade is an 
 uncalled for exhibition, and so used is a more disparaging word 
 than ostentation ; ostentation, may spring mei-ely from undue 
 self=gratulation, parade implies a desire to impress others with a 
 sense of one's abilities or resources, and is always offensive and
 
 oversislit ^OU 
 
 somewhat contemptible ; as, a parade of wealth oi* learning. 
 Pomposity and pompousness are the affectation of pomp. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 diffidence, quietness, retirement, timidity, 
 
 modesty, reserve, shrinking, unobtrusiveness. 
 
 OUGHT. 
 
 Synonym : 
 
 sliould. 
 
 One ought to do that which he is vmder moral obligation or in duty 
 bound to do. Ought is the stronger word, holding most closely to 
 the sense of moral obligation, or sometimes of imperative logical 
 necessity ; sliould may have the sense of moral obligation or may 
 apply merely to propriety or expediency, as in the proverb, "The 
 liar should have a good memory," i. e., he will need it. Ought is 
 sometimes used of abstractions or inanimate things as indicating 
 what the mind deems to be imperative or logically necessary in 
 view of all the conditions ; as, these goods ought to go into that 
 space ; these arguments ought to convince him ; should in such 
 connections would be correct, but less emphatic. Compare duty. 
 
 OVERSIGHT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 care, control, management, surveillance, 
 
 charge, direction, superintendence, w^atch, 
 
 command, inspection, supervision, watchfulness. 
 
 A person may look over a matter in order to survey it carefully 
 in its entirety, or he may look over it with no attention to the thing 
 itself because his gaze and thought are concenti-ated on something 
 beyond ; oversight has thus two contrasted senses, in the latter 
 sense denoting inadvertent error or omission, and in the former de- 
 noting watchful sux>ervision, commonly implying constant per- 
 sonal presence ; superintendence requires only so much of presence 
 or communication as to know that the superintendent's wishes are 
 carried out ; the superintendent of a railroad will personally over- 
 see very few of its operations ; the railroad company has supreme 
 direction of all its affairs without superinteyidence or oversight. 
 Control is used chiefly with reference to restraint or the power of 
 restraint ; a good horseman has a restless horse under perfect con- 
 trol ; there is no high character without self-control. Surveil- 
 lance is an invidious term signifying watching with something of 
 suspicion. Compare care ; neglect.
 
 pain 
 261 palliate 
 
 PAIBf. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ache, distress, suffering, torture, 
 
 agony, pang, throe, twinge, 
 
 anguish, paroxysm, torment, Avo(e. 
 
 Pain is the most general term of this group, including all the 
 others ; pain is a disturbing sensation from which nature revolts, 
 resulting from some injurious external interference (as from a 
 wound, a bruise, a harsh word, etc.), or from some lack of what 
 one needs, craves, or cherishes (as, the pain of hunger or bereave- 
 ment), or from some abnormal action of bodily or mental functions 
 (as, the pains of disease, envy, or discontent). Suffering is one of 
 the severer forms of pain. The prick of a needle causes pain, but 
 we should scarcely speak of it as suffering. Distress is too strong 
 a word for little hurts, too feeble for the intensest suffering, but 
 commonly applied to some continuous or prolonged trouble or 
 need ; as, the distre.ss of a shipwi-ecked crew, or of a destitute family. 
 Ache is lingering pain, more or less severe ; pang, a pain short, 
 sharp, intense, and perhaps repeated. We speak of the pangs of 
 hunger or of remorse. Throe is a violent and thrilling paw?. Par- 
 oxysm applies to an alternately recurring and receding pain, which 
 comes as it were in waves ; the paroxysm is the rising of the 
 wave. Torment and torture are intense and terrible sufferings. 
 Agony and anguish express the utmost pain or suffering of body 
 or mind. Agony of body is that with which the system struggles ; 
 anguish that by which it is crushed. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 comfort, delight, ease, eujoyment, peace, rapture, relief, solace. 
 
 PALLIATE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apologize for, conceal, extenuate, hide, screen, 
 
 cloak, cover, gloss over, mitigate, veil. 
 
 CloaJc, from the French, and palliate, from the Latin, are the' 
 same in original signification, but have diverged in meaning ; a 
 cloak may be used to hide completely the person or some object 
 carried about the person, or it may but partly veil the figure, 
 making the outlines less distinct ; cloak is used in the former, 
 palliate, in the latter sense ; to cloak a sin is to attempt to hide it 
 from discovery ; to palliate it is to attempt to hide some part of 
 its blameworthiness. ""When we paUi(de our own or others' 
 faults we do not seek to cloke them altogether, but only to extenu- 
 ate the guilt of them in part.'" Trench Study of Words lect. vi, p.
 
 pardon 262 
 
 266. Either to palliate or to extenuate is to admit the fault ; but 
 to extenuate is rather to apologize for the offender, while to 
 palliate is to disguise the fault ; hence, we speak of extenuating 
 but not of palliating circumstances, since circumstances can not 
 change the inherent wrong of an act, tho they may lessen the 
 blameworthiness of him who does it ; palliating a bad thing by 
 giving it a mild name does not make it less evil. In reference to 
 diseases, to palliate is really to diminish their violence, or partly 
 to relieve the sufferer. Comi^are alleviate ; hide. 
 
 PARDON, V. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 absolve, condone, forgive, pass by. remit, 
 
 acquit, excuse, overlook, pass over, 
 
 To pardon is to let pass, as a fault or sin, without resentment, 
 blame, or punishment Forgive has reference to feelings, _2Jardo?i 
 to consequences ; hence, the executive may pardon, but has noth- 
 ing to do officially with forgiving. Personal injmy may be for- 
 given by the person wronged ; thus, God at once forgives and 
 pardons; the jyardoned shiner is exempt from punishment; the 
 forgiven sinner is restored to the divine favor. To pardon is the 
 act of a superior, implying the right to punish ; to forgive is the 
 privilege of the humblest person who has been ^^Tonged or 
 offended. In law, to remit the whole penalty is equivalent to 
 pardoning the offender ; but a part of a penalty may be remitted 
 and the remainder inflicted, as where the penalty includes both 
 fine and imprisonment. To condone is to put aside a recognized 
 offense by some act which restores the offender to forfeited right 
 or privilege, and is the act of a private individual, without legal 
 formalities. To excuse is to overlook some sUght offense, error, or 
 breach of etiqviette ; pardon is often used by courtesy in nearly 
 the same sense. A person may speak of excusing or forgiving 
 himself, but not of pardoning himself. Compare absolve ; 
 
 PARDON, n. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 castigate, chastise, convict, doom, recompense, sentence, 
 
 chasten, condemn, correct, punish, scourge, visit. 
 
 PARDON, n. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 absolution, amnesty, forgiveness, oblivion, 
 
 acquittal, forbearance, mercy, remission. 
 
 Acquittiil is a release from a charge, after trial, as not guilty.
 
 263 part, V. 
 
 Pardon is a removal of penalty from one who has been adjudged 
 guilty. Acquittal is by the decision of a court, commonly of a 
 j ury ; pardon is the act of the executive. An innocent man may 
 demand acquittal, and need not plead for 2^(i^"don. Pardon sup- 
 poses an offense ; yet, as our laws stand, to grant a pardon is 
 sometimes the only way to release one who has been wrongly con- 
 victed. Oblivion, from the Latin, signifies overlooking and vir- 
 tually forgetting an offense, so that the offender stands before the 
 law in all respects as if it had never been committed. Amnesty 
 brings the same idea through the Greek. Pardon affects individ- 
 uals ; amnesty and oblivion are said of great numbers. Pardon 
 is oftenest applied to the ordinary administration of law ; amnesty, 
 to national and military affairs. An amnesty is issued after war, 
 insurrection, or rebellion ; it is often gi'anted by " an act of obliv- 
 ion,'" and includes a full pardon of all offenders who come within 
 its provisions. Absolution is a religious word (compare synonyms 
 for ABSOLVE). Remission is a discharge from penalty ; as, the re- 
 mission of a fine. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 penalty, punieliment, retaliation, -retribution, vengeance. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 A pardon to or for the offenders ; for all offenses ; the pardon 
 of offenders or offenses. 
 
 PART, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 Compare synonyms for part, n. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Part into shares ; part in the middle ; part one from another ; 
 part among the claimants °, part between contestants (archaic) ; in 
 general, to part from is to relinquish companionship ; to part with 
 is to relinquish possession ; we part from a person or from some- 
 thing thought of with some sense of companionship ; a traveler 
 parts from his friends ; he may be said also to part from his native 
 shore ; a man parts with an estate, a horse, a copyright ; part 
 with may be applied to a person thought of in any sense as a pos- 
 session ; an employer parts ivith a clerk or servant ; but part 
 with is sometimes used by good writers as meaning simply to 
 separate from-
 
 part, n. 
 particle 
 
 
 264 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 atom. 
 
 component, 
 
 constituent, 
 
 division, 
 
 element, 
 
 PART, n. 
 
 fraction, member, 
 fragment, particle, 
 ingredient, piece, 
 instalment, portion. 
 
 section, 
 segment, 
 share, 
 subdivision. 
 
 Part, a substance, quantity, or amount that is the result of the 
 division of something greater, is the general word, including all 
 the others of this gi-oup. A fragment is the result of breaking, 
 rending, or disruption of some kind, while a xnece may be smoothly 
 or evenly separated and have a certain completeness in itself. 
 A piece is often taken for a sample ; a fragment scarcely would 
 be. Division and fraction are always regarded as in connection 
 with the total ; divisions may be equal or unequal ; a fraction is 
 one of several equal parts into which the whole is supposed to be 
 divided. A portion is a porf viewed with reference to some one 
 who is to receive it or some special purpose to which it is to be 
 applied ; in a restaurant one portion {i.e., the amount designed for 
 one person) is sometimes, by special order, served to two ; a share 
 is a 2Mrt to which one has or may acquire a right in connection 
 with others ; an instalment is one of a series of proportionate pay- 
 ments that are to be continued till the entire claim is discharged ; 
 a imrticle is an exceedingly small pai4. A comp>onent, constitu- 
 ent, ingredient, or element is a pai-t of some compound or mix- 
 ture ; an element is necessary to the existence, as a component or 
 constituent is necessary to the completeness of that which it helps 
 to compose ; an ingredient may be foreign or accidental. A mh- 
 division is a division of a division. We speak of a segment of a 
 circle. Compare particle ; portion. 
 
 PARTICLE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 atom, grain, mite, scrap, -wliit 
 
 corpuscle, iota, molecule, shred, 
 
 element, jot, scintiUa, tittle, 
 
 A particle is a very smaU part of any material substance ; as, 
 a particle of sand or of dust ; it is a general term, not accurately de- 
 terminate in meaning. Atom (Gr. a- privative, not, and temno, 
 cut) etymologically signifies that which can not be cut or 
 divided, and is the smallest conceivable particle of matter, re- 
 garded as absolutely homogeneous and as having but one set of 
 properties; a ^oms are the ultimate ^^ar^ic/es of matter. A mole-
 
 265 
 
 patience 
 
 cule is made up of atoms, and is regarded as separable into its con- 
 stituent parts ; as used by physicists, a molecule is the smallest 
 conceivable part which retains all the characteristics of the sub- 
 stance ; thus, a violecule of water is made up of two atoms of hy- 
 drogen and one atom of oxygen. Element in chemistry denotes, 
 without reference to quantity, a substance regarded as simple, 
 i. c, one incapable of being resolved by any known process into 
 simpler substances ; the element gold may be represented by an 
 ingot or by a. particle of gold=dust. In popular language, an ele- 
 ment is any essential constituent ; the ancients believed that the 
 universe was made up of the four elements, earth, air, fij-e, and 
 water ; a storm is spoken of as a manifestation of the fury of the 
 elements. We speak of corpuscles of blood. Compare part. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, sum, sum total, total, whole. 
 
 PATIENCE, 
 
 Synonyms-. 
 
 calmness, forbearance, long=suflfering, suflFerance. 
 
 composure, fortitude, resignation, 
 
 endurance, leniency, submission. 
 
 Patience is the quality or habit of mind shown in bearing pas- 
 sively and uncomplainingly any pain, evil, or hardship that may 
 fall to one's lot. Endurance hardens itself against suffering, and 
 may be merely stubborn ; fortitude is endurance animated by 
 courage ; endurance may by modifiers be made to have a passive 
 force, as when we speak of ' ' passive endurance " ; patience is not so 
 hard as endurance nor so self =eif acing as submission. Submission 
 is ordinarily and resignation always applied to matters of gi'eat 
 moment, wliile patience may apply to slight worries and annoy- 
 ances. As regards our relations to our fellow men, forbearance 
 is abstaining from retaliation or revenge ; patience is keeping 
 kindliness of heart under vexatious conduct ; long-suffering is 
 continued xtatience. Patience may also have an active force de- 
 noting uncomplaining steadiness in doing, as in tilling the soil. 
 Compare industry. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for anger. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Patience in or amid sufferings ; patience ivith (rarely toward) 
 opposers or offenders ; patience under afflictions ; (rarely) patience 
 of heat or cold, etc.
 
 people 266 
 
 PAY, n. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 allowance, hire, recompense, salary, 
 
 compensation, honorarium, remuneration, stipend, 
 
 earnings, payment, requital, -wages, 
 fee, 
 
 An allotcance is a stipulated amount furnished at regular in- 
 tervals as a matter of discretion or gi-atuity, as of food to besieged 
 soldiers, or of money to a child or ward. Covipensation is a com- 
 prehensive word signifying a return for a service done. Remu- 
 neration is applied to matters of great amount or importance. 
 Recompense is a still wider and loftier word, with less suggestion 
 of calculation and market value ; there are services for which af- 
 fection and gi'atitude are the sole and sufficient recompense ; earn- 
 ings, fees, hire, pay, salary, and icages are forms of compensation 
 and may be included in compensation, remuneration, or recom- 
 pense. Pay is commercial and strictly signifies an exact pecuniary 
 equivalent for a thing or service, except when the contrary is ex- 
 pressly stated, as when we speak of "high pay" or "poor pay." 
 Wages denotes what a worker receives. Earnings is often used as 
 exactly equivalent to wages, but may be used with reference to the 
 real value of work done or service rendered, and even appUed to 
 inanimate things ; as, the earnings of capital. Hire is distinctly 
 mercenary or menial, but as a noun has gone out of j)opular use, 
 tho the verb to hire is common. Salary is for literary or pro- 
 fessional work, iragcs for handicraft or other comparatively infe- 
 rior service ; a salary is regarded as more permanent than icages ; 
 an editor receives a salary, a compositor receives ivages. Stipend 
 has become exclusively a hterary word. A fee is given for a sin- 
 gle service or privilege, and is sometimes in the nature of a 
 gratuity. Comj^are requite. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 commonwealth, nation, race, state, tribe, 
 
 community, population, 
 
 A community is in general terms the aggregate of persons in- 
 habiting any ten-itory in common and viewed as having common 
 interests ; a commonwealth is such a body of persons having a 
 common government, especially a republican government ; as, the 
 commomcealth of Massachusetts. A community may be very 
 small ; a commoriwealth is ordinarily of considerable extent. A 
 people is the aggregate of any public community, either in distinc-
 
 267 
 
 perceive 
 
 tion from their rulers or as including them ; a i^ace is a division of 
 mankind in the line of origin and ancestry ; the jj&oi^^e of the 
 United States includes members of almost every race. The use of 
 people as signifying persons collectively, as in the statement " The 
 hall was full oi people," has been severely criticized, but is old and 
 accepted English, and may fitly be classed as idiomatic, and often 
 better than persons, by reason of its collectivism. As Dean Alford 
 suggests, it would make a strange transformation of the old hymn 
 "All i)eople that on earth do dwell " to sing "All persons that on 
 earth do dwell " A state is an organized political community con- 
 sidered in its corporate capacity as "a body politic and corpo- 
 rate " ; as, a legislative act is the act of the state ; every citizen is 
 entitled to the protection of the state. A nation is an organized 
 political community considered with reference to the persons com- 
 posing it as having certain definite boundaries, a definite number 
 of citizens, etc. The members of a people are referred to as per- 
 sons or individuals ; the individual members of a state or nation 
 are called citizens or subjects. The population of a country is 
 simply the aggregate of persons residing within its borders, with- 
 out reference to race, organization, or allegiance ; unnaturaUzed 
 residents form part of the pojynlation,, but not of the nation, pos- 
 sessing none of the rights and being subject to none of the duties 
 of citizens. In American iisage State signifies one commonwealth 
 of the federal union known as the United States. Tribe is now 
 almost wholly applied to rude peoples with very imperfect polit- 
 ical organization ; as, the Indian tribes ; nomadic tribes. Compare 
 
 MOB. 
 
 PERCEIVE. 
 
 Syiiuiiyms: 
 
 apprehend, comprehend, conceive, understand. 
 
 We perceive what is presented through the senses. We ap- 
 prehend what is presented to the mind, whether through the 
 senses or by any other means. Yet perceive is used in the figura- 
 tive sense of seeing through to a conclusion, in a way for which 
 usage would not allow us to substitute apprehend; as, "Sir, I 
 perceive that thou art a prophet," JoJuiiv, 19. That which we 
 apprehend we catch, as with the hand ; that which we conceive 
 we are able to analyze and recompose in our mind ; that which we 
 comprehend, we, as it were, gi-asp around, take together, seize, 
 embrace wholly within the mind. Many things may be appre-
 
 perfect 26§ 
 
 hended which can not be comprehended ; a child can apprehend 
 the distinction between right and wrc)ng, yet the philosopher can 
 not comprehend it in its fulness. We can apprehend the will of 
 God as revealed in conscience or the Scriptures ; we can conceive 
 of certain attributes of Deity, as his truth and justice ; but no 
 finite intelligence can comprehend the Divine Nature, in its maj- 
 esty, powder, and perfection. Compare anticipate ; arrest ; 
 
 CATCH ; KNOWLEDGE. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 fail of, ignore, lose, misapprehend, misconceive, miss, overlook. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 absolute, consummate, lioly, spotless, 
 
 accurate. correct, ideal, stainless, 
 
 blameless, entire, immaculate, unblemished, 
 
 complete, faultless, sinless, uudefiled. 
 
 completed, finished. 
 
 That is perfect to which nothing can be added, and from 
 which nothing can be taken without impairing its excellence, 
 marring its symmetry, or detracting from its worth ; in this fullest 
 sense God alone is perfect, but in a limited sense anything may be 
 perfect in its kind ; as a perfect flower ; a copy of a document is 
 perfect when it is accurate in every particular ; a vase may be 
 called perfect when entire and unblemished, even tho not ar- 
 tistically /ait ?^/ess; the best judges never pronounce a work of art 
 2Je)fect, because they see always ideal possibilities not yet attained ; 
 even the ideal is not perfect, by reason of the imperfection 
 of the human mind ; a human character faultlessly holy would be 
 morally perfect tho finite. That which is absolute is free from 
 admixture (as absolute alcohol) and in the highest and fullest 
 sense free from imperfection or limitation ; as, absolute holiness 
 and love are attributes of God alone. In philosophical language, 
 absohde signifies free from all necessary, or even from all possible 
 relations, not dependent or limited, unrelated and unconditioned ; 
 truth immediately known, as intuitive truth, is absolute ; God, as 
 selfsexistent and free from all limitation or dependence, is called 
 the absolute Being, or simply the Absolute. Compare innocent ; 
 
 INFINITE ; RADICAL. 
 
 ntonyms: 
 
 
 bad, 
 
 defective. 
 
 blemished, 
 
 deficient, 
 
 corrupt, 
 
 deformed, 
 
 corrupted, 
 
 fallible. 
 
 defaced, 
 
 faulty. 
 
 imperfect. 
 
 meager, 
 
 scant, 
 
 incomplete. 
 
 perverted, 
 
 short, 
 
 inferior, 
 
 poor. 
 
 spoiled. 
 
 insufficient. 
 
 ruined. 
 
 worthless. 
 
 marred. 
 

 
 permanoiit 
 269 pernili>$sion 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abiding. enduring, lasting, steadfast, 
 
 changeless, fixed, perpetual, unchangeable, 
 
 constant, immutable, persistent, unchanging, 
 
 durable, invariable, stable, 
 
 Durable (L. durus, hard) is said almost wholly of material 
 substances that resist wear ; lasting is said of either material or im- 
 material things. Permanent is a word of wider meaning ; a thing 
 is permanent which is not liable to change : as, ^permanent color ; 
 buildings upon a farm are called permanent improvements. En- 
 during is a higher word, applied to that which resists both time 
 and change ; as, enduring fame. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for transient. 
 
 PERMISSION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 
 
 
 allowance. 
 
 authorization. 
 
 leave. 
 
 license 
 
 authority. 
 
 consent. 
 
 liberty. 
 
 permit. 
 
 Authority unites the right and power of control; age, wisdom, 
 and character give autliority to their possessor ; «.book of learned 
 research has authority, and is even called an autliority. Permis- 
 sion justifies another in acting without interference or censure, 
 and usually implies some degree of ajjproval. Author'ity gives a 
 certain right of control over all that may be affected by the ac- 
 tion. There may be a failure to object, which constitutes an im- 
 plied permission, tho this is more properly expressed by allow- 
 ance ; we allow what we do not oppose, permit what we ex- 
 pressly authorize. The noun permit implies a formal written 
 permission. License is a formal permission granted by compe- 
 tent authority to an individual to do some act or pursue some 
 bvisiness which would be or is made to be unlawful without such 
 permission ; as, a license to preach, to solemnize marriages, or to 
 sell intoxicating liquors. A license is permission granted rather 
 than authority conferred ; the sheriff has authority (not permis- 
 sion nor license) to make an arrest. Consent is permission by 
 the concurrence of wills in two or more persons, a mutual ap- 
 proval or acceptance of something proposed. Compare allow. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 denial, objection, prevention, refusal, resistance. 
 
 hindrance, opposition, prohibition,
 
 pernicious 
 perplexity 
 
 270 
 
 PERNICIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bad, 
 
 baneful, 
 
 deadly, 
 
 deleterious, 
 
 destructive, 
 
 detrimental, 
 
 evil, 
 
 foul, 
 
 harmful, 
 
 hurtful. 
 
 injurious, 
 
 insalubrious, 
 
 mischievous, 
 
 noisome, 
 
 noxious, 
 
 perverting, 
 
 pestiferous. 
 
 pestilential, 
 
 poisonous, 
 
 ruinous, 
 
 unhealthful, 
 
 unwholesome. 
 
 Pernicious (L. ^Je;', through, and neco, kill) signifies having the 
 power of destroying or injui-ing, tending to hurt or kill. Perni- 
 cious is sti-onger than injurious ; that which is injurious is capable 
 of doing harm ; that which is jjernicious is likely to be destructive. 
 Noxious (L. noceo, hurt) is a stronger word than noisome, as refer- 
 ring to that which is injurious or destructive. Noisome now always 
 denotes that which is extremely disagreeable or disgusting, espe- 
 cially to the sense of smell ; as, the noisome stench proclaimed the 
 presence of noxious gases. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 advantageous, favorable, helpful, profitable, serviceable, 
 
 beneficent, 
 beneficial. 
 
 good, 
 healthful, 
 
 nivigorating, 
 life»giving, 
 
 rejuvenating, 
 salutary, 
 
 useful, 
 wholesome. 
 
 PERPLEXITY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 amazement. bewilderment 
 astonishment, confusion, 
 
 distraction, doubt, 
 disturbance, embarrassment. 
 
 Perplexity (L. per, through, and pjlecto, plait) is the drawing or 
 tiurning of the thoughts or faculties by turns in different directions 
 or toward contrasted or contradictory conclusions ; confusion (L. 
 confusus, from confundo, pour together) is a state in which the 
 mental faculties are, as it were, tin-own into chaos, so that the 
 clear and distinct action of the different powers, as of perception, 
 memory, reason, and will is lost ; heivilderment is akin to confu- 
 sion, but is less overwhelming, and more readily recovered from ; 
 ■perplexity, accordingly, has not the unsettling of the faculties 
 implied in confusion, nor the overwhelming of the faculties im- 
 plied in amazement or astonishment ; it is not the magnitude of 
 tlie things to be known, but the want of full and definite knowl- 
 edge, that causes perplexity. The dividing of a woodland path 
 may cause the traveler the greatest perplexity, which may become 
 beivilderment when he has tried one path after anotlier and lost 
 his bearings completely. With an excitable person beivilderment 
 may deepen into confusion that will make him unable to think 
 clearly or even to see or hear distinctly. Amazement results from 
 the sudden and unimagined occurrence of great good or evil or
 
 j^^j persuade 
 
 <*«* pertuess 
 
 the sudden awakening of the mind to unthought=of truth. Aston- 
 ishment often produces bewilderment, which the word was for- 
 merly understood to imply. Compare amazement ; anxiety ; 
 
 DOUBT. 
 
 PERSUAOE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 allure, dispose, incline, move, 
 
 bring over, entice, induce, prevail on or upon, 
 
 coax, impel, influence, urge, 
 
 convince, incite, lead, w^in over. 
 
 Of these words convince alone has no direct reference to mov- 
 ing the will, denoting an effect upon the understanding only ; one 
 may be convinced of his duty without doing it, or he may be con- 
 vincedoi truth that has no manifest connection with duty or action, 
 as of a mathematical proposition. To persuade is to bring the will 
 of another to a desired decision by some influence exerted upon it 
 short of compulsion ; one may be convinced that the earth is round ; 
 he may be persuaded to ti-avel round it ; but persuasion is so largely 
 dependent upon conviction that it is commonly held to be the ora- 
 tor's work first to convince in order that he may p>ersuade. Coax 
 is a slighter word than persuade, seeking the same end by shal- 
 lower methods, largely by appeal to personal feeling, with or with- 
 out success ; as, a child coaxes a parent to buy him a toy. One. 
 may be brought over, induced, or prevailed upon by means not 
 properly included in persuasion, as by bribery or intimidation ; he 
 is icon over chiefly by personal influence. Compare influence. 
 
 Antouyius: 
 
 deter, discourage, dissuade, hinder, hold back, repel, restrain. 
 
 PERTBJESS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 boldness, forw^ardness, liveliness, spriglitliness. 
 briskness, impertinence, sauciness, 
 flippancy, impudence, smartness, 
 
 Liveliness and spriglitliness are pleasant and commendable ; 
 smartness is a limited and showy acuteness or shrewdness, usually 
 with unfavorable suggestion ; pertness and sauciness are these 
 qualities overdone, and regardless of the respect due to superiors. 
 Impertinence and impudence may be gross and stupid ; pertness 
 and sauciness are always vivid and keen. Compare impudence. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bashfulness, demureness, diffidence, humility, modesty, shyness.
 
 perverse 
 pique 
 
 272 
 
 PERVERSE. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 contrary, ftroward, petulant, unto'ward, 
 
 factious, intractable, stubborn, wayw^ard, 
 
 fractious, obstinate, ungovernable, ^vilful. 
 
 Perverse (L. perversus, turned the wrong way) signifies wil- 
 fully wrong or eiTing, unreasonably set against right, reason, or 
 authority. The stubborn or obstinate person will not do what 
 anotlier desires or requires ; the perverse person will do anything 
 contrary to what is desired or required of him. The petulant per- 
 son frets, but may comply ; the xierverse individual may be smooth 
 or silent, but is wilfully intractable. Wayward refers to a per- 
 verse disregard of moraUty and duty ; froward is practically ob- 
 solete; untoivard is rarely heard except in certain phrases; as, 
 untoivard circumstances. Compare obstinate. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 accommodating, complaisant, genial, kind, 
 
 amenable, compliant, governable, obliging. 
 
 PHYSICAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bodily, corporeal, natural, tangible, 
 
 corporal, material, sensible, visible. 
 
 Whatever is composed of or pertains to matter may be termed 
 material ; physical (Gr. piJiysis, nature) applies to material things 
 considered as parts of a system or organic whole ; hence, we speak 
 of material substances, piliysical forces, physical laws. Bodily, 
 corporal, and corporeal apply primarily to the human body ; bod- 
 ily and corporal both denote pertaining or relating to the body ; 
 corporeal signifies of the nature of or like the body ; corporal is 
 now almost wholly resti'icted to signify applied to or inflicted 
 upon the body ; we speak of bodily sufferings, bodily presence, 
 corporal punishment, the corporeal frame. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 hyperphysical, intangible, invisible, moral, nnreal, 
 
 immaterial, intellectual, mental, spiritual, unsubstantial. 
 
 piquE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 displeasure, irritation, offense, resentment, umbrage, 
 grudge. 
 
 Pique, from the French, signifies primarily a prick or a sting, 
 as of a nettle ; the word denotes a sudden feeling of mingled pain 
 and anger, but slight and usually transient, arising from some neg- 
 lect or offense, real or imaginary. Umbrage is a deeper and more
 
 273 
 
 pitiful 
 
 pity 
 
 persistent displeasure at being overshadowed (L. tinibra, a 
 
 shadow) or subjected to any treatment that one deems unworthy 
 
 of him. It may be said, as a general statement, that pique arises 
 
 from wounded vanity or sensitiveness, umbrage from wounded 
 
 pride or sometimes from suspicion. Resentment rests on more 
 
 soHd grounds, and is deep and persistent. Compare anger. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 approval, contentment, delight, gratification, pleasure, satisfaction, 
 
 complacency. 
 
 Synonyms": 
 
 abject, 
 base, 
 
 contemptible, 
 despicable. 
 
 PITIFUL. 
 
 lamentable, 
 miserable, 
 mournful, 
 moving, 
 
 paltry, 
 pathetic, 
 piteous, 
 pitiable. 
 
 sorrow^ful, 
 touching, 
 w^oful, 
 w^retched. 
 
 Pitiful originally signified full of pity ; as, "the Lord is very 
 pitiful and of tender mercy," James v, 11 ; but this usage is now 
 archaic, and the meaning in question is appropriated by such words 
 as merciful and compassionate. Pitiful and jntiable now refer to 
 what may be deserving of pity, pitiful being used chiefly for that 
 which is merely an object of thought, pitiable for that which is 
 brought directly before the senses ; as, a pitiful story ; a pitiable 
 object ; a pitiable condition. Since pity, however, always implies 
 weakness or inferiority in that which is pitied, pitiful and xntia- 
 ble are often used, by an easy transition, for what might awaken 
 pity, but does awaken contempt ; as, a pitiful excuse ; he pre- 
 sented a pitiable appearance. Piteous is now rarely used in its 
 earlier sense of feeling pity, but in its derived sense applies to 
 what really excites the emotion ; as, a piteous cry. Compare 
 
 HUMANE ; MERCY ; PITY. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 august, dignified, grand, 
 
 great, 
 helpful. 
 
 beueflcent, 
 commanding. 
 
 exalted, 
 glorious, 
 
 lofty, 
 
 mighty, 
 
 noble. 
 
 sublime, 
 
 superb, 
 
 superior. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 commiseration, 
 compassion, 
 
 PITY. 
 
 condolence, 
 mercy, 
 
 sympathy, tenderness. 
 
 Pity is a feeling of grief or pain aroused by the weakness, mis- 
 fortunes, or distresses of others, joined with a desire to help or re- 
 lieve. Syvipathij {ieeYmg or suSevin^ \\it\\) implies some degree 
 of equality, kindred, or union ; pity is for what is weak or unfor- 
 tunate, and so far, at least, inferior to ourselves ; hence, pity is 
 
 IS
 
 plant 
 plead 
 
 274 
 
 often resented where sympatluj would be welcome. We have 
 sympathy with one in joy or grief, iu pleasure or pain, pity only 
 for those in suffering or need ; we may have sympathy with the 
 sti-uggles of a giant or the triumphs of a conqueror ; we are moved 
 with, pity for the captive or the slave. Pity may be only in the 
 mind, but mercy does something for those who are its objects. 
 Compassion, like pity, is exercised only with respect to the suffer- 
 ing or unfortunate, but combines with the tenderness of pity the 
 dignity of sympatliy and the active quality of mercy. ^ Commiser- 
 ation is as tender as compassion, but more remote and hopeless ; 
 we have commiseration for sufferers whom we can not reach or 
 can not relieve. Condolence is the expression of sympathy. Com- 
 pare MERCY. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 barbarity, 
 brutality, 
 cruelty. 
 
 ferocity, 
 
 hard'heartedness, 
 
 liardness. 
 
 harshness, 
 inliumauity, 
 
 mercilessness 
 
 severity, 
 
 sternness, 
 
 truculence. 
 
 pitilessness, 
 
 rigor, 
 
 riUhlessness, 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Pity on or iipon that which we help or spare ; pity for that 
 wliich we merely contemplate ; "have pity ujton me, O ye my 
 friends," Job xix, 21 ; "pity/o?- a horse o'er=di-iven," Tennyson 
 In Memoriam Ixii, st. 1. 
 
 pi.A:RfT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 seed, seed down, set, set out, sow. 
 
 "We set or set out slips, cuttings, young trees, etc., tho we 
 may also be said to jilant them ; we p?oH^ corn, potatoes, etc., 
 which we put in definite places, as in hills, with some care ; we 
 sow wheat or other small grains and seeds which are scattered in 
 the process. Tho by modern agricultural machinery the smaller 
 gi-ains are almost as precisely planted as corn, the old word for 
 broadcast scattering is retained. Land is seeded or seeded down 
 to grass. 
 Antonyms 
 
 eradicate, extirpate, root up, uproot, weed out. 
 
 PLEAD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advocate, ask, "beseech, implore, solicit, 
 
 argue, beg, entreat, press, urge. 
 
 To plead for one is to employ argument or persuasion . or both 
 
 in his behalf, usually with earnestness or importunity ; similarly
 
 275 pleasant 
 
 one may be said to plead for himself or for a cause, etc., or with 
 direct object, to plead a case ; in legal usage, pleading is argu- 
 mentative, but in popular usage, pleading always implies some 
 appeal to the feelings. One argues a case solely on rational 
 gi-ounds and supposably with fair consideration of both sides ; he 
 advocates one side for the purpose of carrying it, and under the 
 influence of motives that may range all the way from cold self= 
 interest to the highest and noblest impulses ; he pleads a cause, or 
 pleads for a person with still more intense feeling. Beseech, en- 
 treat, and implore imply impassioned earnestness, with direct and 
 tender appeal to personal considerations. Press and urge imply 
 more deteruiined or perhaps authoritative insistence. Solicit is a 
 weak word denoting merely an attempt to secure one's consent or 
 cooperation, sometimes by sordid or corrupt motives. 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Plead tcith the tyrant /or the captive; plead afjainst the oppres- 
 sion or the oppressor ; plead to the indictment ; at the bar ; before 
 the court ; in open court. 
 
 PLEASANT, 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 agreeable, good.=natured, kindly, pleasing, 
 
 attractive, kind, obliging, pleasurable. 
 
 That is pileasing from which pleasure is received, or may read- 
 ily be received, without reference to any action or intent in that 
 which confers it ; as, a pleasing picture ; a pleasing landscape. 
 Whatever has active qualities adapted to give pleasure is pleasant ; 
 as, a pleasant breeze ; a pleasant (not a pleasing) day. As applied 
 to persons, pleasant always refers to a disposition ready and desir- 
 ous to please ; one is pleasant, or in a pleasant mood, when in- 
 clined to make happy those with whom he is deahng, to show 
 kindness and do any reasonable favor. In this sense pleasant is 
 nearly akin to Mnd, but hind refers to act or intent, while pleasant 
 stops with the disposition ; many persons are no longer in a pleas- 
 ant mood if asked to do a troublesome kindness. Pleasant keeps 
 always something of the sense of actually giving pleasvire, and 
 thus surpasses the meaning of good-natured; there are good' 
 natured people who by reason of rudeness and ill=breeding are 
 not pileasant companions. A pleasing face has good features, 
 complexion, expression, etc.; a pleasant face indicates a hind 
 heart and an obliging disposition, as well as hindly feelings in 
 actual exercise ; we can say of one usually good-natured, " on
 
 plentiful 276 
 
 that occasion he did not meet me with a pleasant face." Pleasant, 
 in the sense of gay, merry, jocose (the sense still retained in 
 XAeasantry), is now rare, and would not be understood outside of 
 literary circles. Compare amiable ; comfortable ; delightful. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 arrogant, displeasing, glum, ill»humored, repelling, 
 
 austere, dreary, grim, i!l=-natured, repulsive, 
 
 crabbed, forbidding, harsh, oflEensive, unliind, 
 
 disagreeable, gloomy, hateful, repellent, unpleasant. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Pleasant to, with, or toward persons ; about a matter. 
 
 PLENTIFUL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abounding, bountiful, generous, plenteous, 
 
 abundant, complete, large, profuse, 
 
 adequate, copious, lavish, replete, 
 
 affluent, enough, liberal, rich, 
 
 ample, exuberant, luxuriant. sufficient, 
 
 bounteous, full, overflow^ing, teeming. 
 
 Enough is relative, denoting a supply equal to a given demand. 
 A temperature of 70° Fahrenheit is enough for a living=room ; of 
 212° enough to boil water ; neither is enough to melt iron. Suffi- 
 cient, from the Latin, is an equivalent of the Saxon enough, with 
 no perceptible difference of meaning, but only of usage, enough 
 being the more blunt, homely, and forcible word, ^^h\\e sufficient is, 
 in many cases the more elegant or polite. Sufficient usually pre- 
 cedes its noun ; enoiigh usually and preferably follows. That is 
 ample which gives a safe, but not a large, margin beyond a given 
 demand ; that is abundant, affluent, bountifid, liberal, plentiful, 
 which is largely in excess of manifest need. Plentiful is used of 
 supplies, as of food, water, etc.; as, " a, plentifid rain," Ps. Ixviii, 
 9. We may also say a copious rain ; but co2nous can be applied to 
 thought, language, etc., where p)leniifid can not well be used. 
 Affluent and liberal both apply to riches, resources ; liberal, with 
 especial reference to giving or expending. (Compare synonyms 
 especial reference to giving or expending. Affluent, referring 
 especially to riches, may be used of thought, feeling, etc. 
 time or space ; a field is sometimes called x>lentiful, not with ref- 
 erence to its extent, but to its productiveness. Complete expresses 
 not excess or overplus, and yet not mere sufficiency, but har- 
 mony, proportion, fitness to a design, or ideal. Ample ajxd. abun- 
 dant may be applied to any subject. We have time enough, means 
 that we can reach our destination without haste, but also without 
 delay ; if we have ample time, we may move leisurely, aaid note
 
 277 
 
 poetry 
 polite 
 
 what is by the way ; if we have abundant time, we may pause to 
 converse with a friend, to view the scenery, or to rest when weary. 
 Lavish and profuse imply a decided excess, oftenest in the ill 
 sense. We rejoice in abundant resources, and honor generous 
 hospitality ; lavish or profuse expenditure suggests extravagance 
 and ^vastefulness. Ltixuriant is used especially of that which is 
 abundant in growth ; as, a luxuriant crop. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 deficient, inadequate, 
 drained, insufficient, 
 exhausted, mean, 
 impoverished, miserly, 
 
 narrow, 
 niggardly, 
 poor, 
 scant. 
 
 scanty, 
 scarce, 
 scrimped, 
 short, 
 
 small, 
 sparing, 
 stingy, 
 straitened. 
 
 Preposition: 
 
 
 
 
 Plentiful in resources. 
 
 
 
 
 
 POETRY. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 meter. 
 
 metrical composition, 
 
 numbers, 
 poem. 
 
 poesy, 
 rime, 
 
 song, 
 verse 
 
 Poetry is that form of literature that embodies beautiful 
 thought, feeling, or action in melodious, rhythmical, and (usually) 
 metrical language, in imaginative and artistic conr-tructions. 
 Poetry in a very wide sense may be anything that pleasingly 
 addresses the imagination ; as, the poetry of motion. In ordinary 
 usage, poetry is both imaginative and metrical. There may be po- 
 etry without rime, but hardly without meter, or what in some lan- 
 guages takes its place, as the Hebrew parallelism ; but poetry in- 
 volves, besides the artistic form, the exercise of the fancy or 
 imagination in a way always beautiful, often lofty or even sub- 
 lime. Failing this, there may be verse, rime, and meter, but not 
 poetry. There is much in literature that is beautiful and sublime 
 in thought and artistic in construction, which is yet not poetry, 
 because quite devoid of the element of song, whereby poetry 
 differs from the most lofty, beautiful, or impassioned prose. 
 Compare meter. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 prosaic speech, prosaic writing, prose. 
 
 POLITE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accomplished, courtly, genteel, 
 
 civil, cultivated, gracious, 
 
 complaisant, cultured, obliging, 
 
 courteous, elegant, polished. 
 
 urbane, 
 w^ell=behaved, 
 well:bred, 
 w^ell=mannered. 
 
 A civil person observes si^ch propriety of speech and manner as
 
 polity 2''* 
 
 to avoid being rude ; one who is polite (literally polisliecl) observes 
 more than the necessary proprieties, conforming to all that is 
 graceful, becoming, and thoughtful in the intercourse of refined 
 society, A man may be civil with no consideration for others, 
 simply because self=respect forbids him to be rude ; but one who 
 is polite has at least some care for the opinions of others, and if 
 polite in the highest and tiaiest sense, which is coming to be the 
 prevailing one, he cares for the comfort and happiness of others in 
 the smallest matters. Civil is a colder and more distant word than 
 polite ; courteous is fuller and richer, dealing often with greater 
 matters, and is used only in the good sense. Courihj suggests 
 that which befits a royal court, and is used of external grace and 
 stateliness without reference to the prompting feeling ; as, the 
 courtly manners of the ambassador. Genteel refers to an external 
 elegance, which may be showy and superficial, and the word is 
 thus inferior to pjolite or courteous. Urbane refers to a politeness 
 that is genial and successful in giving others a sense of ease and 
 cheer. Polished refers to external elegancies of speech and man- 
 ner without reference to spirit or purpose ; as, a polished gentle- 
 man or a polished scoundrel ; cultured refers to a real and high 
 devolopment of mind and soul, of which the external manifesta- 
 tion is the smallest part. Complaisant denotes a disposition to 
 please or favor beyond what politeness would necessarily require. 
 Autouyins : 
 
 awkward, clownish, ill»mannered, insulting, uncouth, 
 
 bluff, coarse, impertinent, raw, unmannerly, 
 
 hlunt, discourteous, impolite, rude, unpolished, 
 
 boorish, ill=behaved, impudent, rustic, untaught, 
 
 brusk, ill-bred, insolent, uncivil, untutored. 
 
 POLITY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 constitution, policy, form or system of government. 
 
 Polity is the permanent system of government of a state, a 
 church, or a society ; policy is the method of management with 
 reference to the attainment of certain ends ; the national polity of 
 the United States is republican ; each administration has a, policy 
 of its own. Policy is often used as equivalent to expediency ; as, 
 many think honesty to be good policy. Polity used in ecclesiasti- 
 cal use serves a valuable purpose in distinguishing that which re- 
 lates to administration and government from that which relates 
 to faith and doctrine; two churches identical in faith may differ 
 in polity, or those agreeing in polity may differ in faith. Com- 
 pare LAW.
 
 portion 
 379 power 
 
 PORTIO^f. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 lot, parcel, part, proportion, share. 
 
 When any whole is divided into parts, any part that is allotted 
 to some person, thing, subject, or purpose is called a portion, tlio 
 the division may be by no fixed rule or relation ; a father may 
 divide his estate by will among his children so as to make their 
 several portions great or small, according to his arbitrary and 
 unreasonable caprice. When we speak of a jmrt as a proportion, 
 we think of the whole as divided according to some rule or scale, 
 so that the different parts bear a contemplated and intended rela- 
 tion or ratio to one another ; thus, the portion allotted to a child 
 by will may not be a fair proportion of the estate. Proportion is 
 often used where part or portion would be more appropriate. 
 Compare part. 
 
 POVERTY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 beggary, distress, mendicancy, pauperism, privation, 
 destitution, indigence, need, penury, want. 
 
 Poverty denotes strictly lack of property or adequate means of 
 support, but in common use is a relative term denoting any con- 
 dition below that of easy, comfortable living ; privation denotes 
 a condition of painful lack of what is useful or desirable, tho not 
 to the extent of absolute distress ; indigence is lack of ordinary 
 means of subsistence ; destitution is lack of the comforts, and in 
 part even of the necessaries of life ; penury is especially cramping 
 poverty, possibly not so sharp as destitution, but continuous, while 
 that may be temporary ; pauperism is such destitution as tlirows 
 one upon organized public charity for support ; beggary and men- 
 dicancy denote poverty that appeals for indiscriminate private 
 charity. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ability, competency, expertness, readiness, 
 
 aptitude, dexterity, faculty, skill, 
 
 capability, efficacy, force, strength, 
 
 capacity. efficiency, might. susceptibility, 
 
 cleverness, energy, qualiflcation, talent, 
 
 cogency, 
 
 Power is the most general term of this gi'oup, including every 
 quality, property, or facility by wliich any change, effect, or result 
 is, or may be, produced ; as, the power of the legislature to enact 
 laws, or of the executive to enforce them ; the power of an acid to
 
 praise 280 
 
 corrode a metal ; the power of a polished surface to reflect light. 
 Ability is nearly coextensive with power, but does not reach the 
 positiveness and vigor that may be included in the meaning of 
 power, ability often implying latent, as distinguished from active 
 power ; we speak of an exertion of poicer, but not of an exertion 
 of ability. Pou-er and ability include capjacity, which isp>ower to 
 receive ; but ability is often distinguished from capacity, as power 
 that may be manifested in doing, as capacity is in receiving ; one 
 may have great capacity for acquiring knowledge, and yet not 
 possess ability to teach. Efficiency is active p)oioer to effect a defi- 
 nite result, the power that actually does, as distinguished from 
 that which may do. Covipetency is equal to the occasion, readi- 
 ness prompt for the occasion. Faculty is an inlierent quality of 
 mind or body ; talent, some special mental ability. Dexterity and 
 skill are readiness and facility in action, having a special end ; 
 talent is innate, dexterity and skill are largely acquired. Our 
 abilities include our natural cap)acity, faculties, and talents, with 
 all the dexterity, skill, and readiness that can be acquired. Effi- 
 cacy is the power to produce an intended effect as shown in the 
 production of it ; as, the efficacy of a drug. Efficiency is effectual 
 agency, competent pyoiver ; efficiency is applied in mechanics as 
 denoting the ratio of the effect produced to t\\e power expended in 
 producing it ; but this word is chiefly used of intelligent agents as 
 denoting the quality that brings all one's power to bear promptly 
 and to the best purpose on the thing to be done. Compare ad- 
 dress ; DEXTERITY ; SKILFUL. 
 
 Aiitonyinis : 
 
 awkwardness, helplessness, inability, incompetence, stupidity, 
 
 dulnesB, imbecility, inaptitude, inefficiency, unskilfulness, 
 
 feebleness, impotence, incapacity, maladroitness. weakness. 
 
 PRAISE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acclaim, approbation, compliment, laudation, 
 
 acclamation, approval, encomium, panegyric, 
 
 adulation, cheering, eulogy, plaudit, 
 
 applause, cheers, flattery, sycophancy. 
 
 Praise is the hearty approval of an individual, or of a num- 
 ber of multitude considered individually, and is expressed by 
 spoken or written words ; applause, the spontaneous outburst of 
 many at once. Applause is expressed in any way, by stamping of 
 feet, clapping of hands, waving of handkerchiefs, etc. , as well as 
 by the voice ; acclamation is the spontaneous and hearty approval
 
 2S1 
 
 pray 
 
 of many at once, and strictly by the voice alone. Thus one is 
 chosen moderator by acdaviation when he receives a unanimous 
 viva voce vote ; we could not say he was nominated by applause. 
 Acclaim is the more poetic term for acclamation, commonly un- 
 derstood in a loftier sense ; as, a nation's acclaim. Plaudit is a 
 shout of applause, and is commonly used in the plural ; as, the 
 plaudits of a throng. Applause is also used in the general sense 
 ot praise. Approbation is a milder and more qualified word than 
 jjraise ; while praise is always uttered, approbation may be 
 silent. '■'Approbation speaks of the tiling or action. . . , Praise 
 is always personal." A. W. and J. C. Hahe Guesses at Triith 
 first series, p. 549. [macm. '66.] Acceptance refers to an object or 
 action ; approbation may refer to character or natural traits. 
 Approval always supposes a testing or careful examination, and 
 frequently implies official sanction ; approbation may be upon a 
 general view. The industry and intelligence of a clerk win his 
 employer's ap)probation ; his decision in a special instance 
 receives his approval. Praise is always understood as genuine 
 and sincere, unless the contrary is expressly stated ; comxMment is 
 a light form oi praise that may or may not be sincere ; flattery is 
 insincere and ordinarily fulsome praise. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 abuse, 
 
 animadversion, 
 blame, 
 censure, 
 
 condemnation, 
 contempt, 
 denunciation, 
 disapprobation. 
 
 disapproval, 
 disparagement, 
 hissing, 
 ignominy, 
 
 obloquy, 
 reproacli, 
 rejjroof, 
 repudiation, 
 
 scorn, 
 slander, 
 vilification, 
 vituperation. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 ask, bid, 
 
 beg, call upon, 
 
 beseech, conjure. 
 
 PRAY. 
 
 entreat, 
 implore, 
 importune. 
 
 invoke, 
 
 petition, 
 
 plead, 
 
 request, 
 supplicate. 
 
 To pray, in the religious sense, is devoutly to address the Su- 
 preme Being with reverent petition for divine grace or any favor 
 or blessing, and in the fullest sense with thanksgiving and praise 
 for the divine goodness and mercy ; the once common use of the 
 word to express any earnest request, as " I pray you to come in," 
 is now rare, unless in wTitings molded on older literature, or in 
 certain phrases, as "Pray sit down" ; even in these "please" is 
 more common ; " I beg you " is also f reqviently used, as expressing 
 a polite humility of request. Beseech and entreat express great 
 earnestness of petition ; implore and supjilicate denote the utmost
 
 precarious 
 
 predestination 2§2 
 
 fervency and intensity, supplicate implying also humility. Com- 
 pare ASK ; PLEAD. 
 
 PRECARIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 doubtful, hazardous, risky, unsettled, 
 
 dubious, insecure, unassured, unstable, 
 
 equivocal, perilous, uncertain, unsteady. 
 
 Uncertain is applied to tilings that human knowledge can not 
 certainly determine or that human power can not certainly con- 
 ti-ol ; precarious originally meant dependent on the will of another, 
 and now, by extension of meaning, dependent on chance or hazard, 
 with manifest unfavorable possibihty verging toward probability ; 
 as, one holds office by a. i^recarious tenure, or land by ajirecari- 
 ous title ; the strong man's hold on life is uncertain, the invalid's 
 is precarious. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 actual, firm, infallible, stable, sure, undoubted, 
 
 assured, immutable, real, steady, undeniable, imquestionable. 
 
 certain, incontestable, settled, stroma, 
 
 PRECEOEIVT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 antecedent, case, instance, pattern, 
 
 authority, example, obiter dictum, warrant. 
 
 A precedent is an authoritative case, example, or instance. The 
 communism of the early Christians in Jerusalem is a wonderful 
 example or instance of Christian liberahty, but not a. precedent for 
 the universal church thi-ough all time. Cases decided by irregu- 
 lar or unauthorized ti'ibunals are not precedents for the regular ad- 
 ministration of law. An obiter dictum is an opinion outside of 
 the case in hand, which can not be quoted as an authoritative prec- 
 edent. Compare cause ; example. 
 
 PRE »E STI»f ATION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 fate, foreknowledge, foreordination, necessity. 
 
 Predestination is a previous determination or decision, which, 
 in the divine action, reaches on from eternity. Fate is heathen, 
 an irresistible, irrational power determining all events with no 
 manifest connection with reason or righteousness; necessity is 
 philosophical, a blind something in the nature of things binding 
 the slightest action or motion in the chain of inevitable, eternal 
 sequence ; foreordination and x^redestination are Clmstian, de- 
 noting the rational and righteous order or decree of the supreme
 
 283 
 
 prejudice 
 pretense 
 
 and allswise God. Foreknowledge is simply God's antecedent 
 knowledge of all events, which some hold to be entirely separable 
 from his foreordination, while others hold foreordination to be 
 inseparably involved in foreknowledge. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 accident, 
 chauce, 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Predestination of believers to eternal life. 
 
 choice, 
 free agency, 
 
 freeilom, 
 free will, 
 
 independence, 
 uncertainty. 
 
 preconception, 
 prepossession, 
 
 presumption, 
 unfairness. 
 
 PREJUDICE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bias, 
 partiality, 
 
 A presumption (literally, a taking beforehand) is a partial 
 decision formed in advance of argument or evidence, usually 
 grounded on some general principle, and always held subject to 
 revision upon fuller information. A prejudice or prepossession is 
 grounded often on feeling, fancy, associations, etc. A prejudice 
 against foreigners is very common in retired communities. There 
 is always a presumption in favor of what exists, so that the bur- 
 den of proof is upon one who advocates a change. A preposses- 
 sion is always favorable, a prejudice always unfavorable, unless 
 the contrary is expressly stated. Compare injury. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 certainty, conviction, evidence, reason, 
 
 conclusion, demonstration, jjroof. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Against ; rarely, in favor of, in one's favor. 
 
 reasoning. 
 
 PRETEI^SE. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 affectation, 
 
 air, 
 
 assumption, 
 
 cloak, 
 
 color. 
 
 disguise, 
 
 dissimulation, 
 
 excuse, 
 
 mask, 
 
 pretension. 
 
 pretext, 
 
 ruse, 
 
 seeming. 
 
 semblance, 
 
 show. 
 
 simulation, 
 subterfuge, 
 trick, 
 w^ile. 
 
 A pretense, in the unfavorable, which is also the usual sense, 
 is something advanced or displayed for the purpose of concealing 
 the reality. A person makes a pretense of something for the 
 credit or advantage to be gained by it ; he makes what is allowed 
 or approved a pretext for doing what would be opposed or con- 
 demned ; a tricky schoolboy makes a. pretense of doing an errand 
 which he does not do, or he makes the actual doing of an errand a 
 pretext for playing truant. A ruse is something (especially some-
 
 prevent 284 
 
 thing slight or petty) employed to blind or deceive so as to mask 
 an ulterior design, and enable a person to gain some end that he 
 would not be allowed to approach directly. A pretension is a 
 claim that is or may be contested ; the word is now commonly 
 used in an unfavorable sense. Compare artifice ; hypocrisy. 
 
 Antonyiui^ : 
 
 actuality, fact, guilelessness, ingenuousness, reality, sincerity, 
 
 candor,' frankness, Eonesty, openness, simplicity, truth. 
 
 PREVEI^T. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 anticipate, forestall, obviate, preclude. 
 
 The original sense oi prevent, to come before, act in advance of, 
 which is now practically obsolete, was still in good use when the 
 authorized version of the Bible was made, as appears in such pas- 
 sages as, " "When Peter was come into the house, Sesns prevented 
 liim " (i. e., addressed him first). Matt, xvii, 25 ; "Thou preventest 
 him with the blessings of goodness " {i. e. , by sending the blessings 
 before the desire is formulated or expressed), Ps. xxi, 3. Antici- 
 pate is now the only single word usable in this sense ; io forestall 
 is to take or act in advance in one's own behalf and to the preju- 
 dice of another or others, as in the phrase " to forestall the mar- 
 ket." But to anticip)ate is very fi'equently used in the favorable 
 sense ; as, his thoughtful kindness anticipated my wish (/. e., met 
 the wish before it was expressed): or we say, "I was about to 
 accost him when he anticipated me" (by speaking first); or one 
 anticipates a payment (by making it before the time); in neither 
 of these cases could we use forestall or prevent. To obviate (lit- 
 erally, to stop the way of or remove from the way), is to prevent 
 by interception, so that something that would naturally withstand 
 or disturb may be kept from doing so ; to preclude, (literally, to 
 close or shut in advance) is to prevent by anticipation or by logical 
 necessity; walls and bars precluded the possibility of escape ; a 
 supposition is precluded ; a necessity or difficulty is obviated. Pre- 
 vent, which at first had only the anticipatory meaning, has come 
 to apply to the stopping of an action at any stage, the completion 
 or conclusion only being thought of as negatived by anticipation ; 
 the enemy passed the outworks and were barely prevented from 
 capturing the fortress. Compare hinder ; prohibit. 
 Preposition: 
 
 He was prevented by illness from joining the expedition.
 
 previous 
 2§5 price 
 
 PREVIOrS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 antecedent, foregoing, front. preceding, 
 
 anterior, former, introductory, preliminary, 
 
 earlier, forward, precedent, prior. 
 
 Antecedent may denote simple priority in time, implying no 
 direct connection between that which goes before and that which 
 follows ; as, the striking of one clock may be always antecedent 
 to the striking of another with no causal connection between them. 
 Antecedent and previous may refer to that which goes or happens at 
 any distance in advance, preceding is limited to that which is imme- 
 diately or next before ; an antecedent event may have happened 
 at any time before ; the preceding transaction is the one com- 
 pleted just before the one with which it is compared ; a previous 
 statement or chapter may be in any part of the book that has gone 
 before ; the preceding statement or chapter comes next before 
 without an interval. Previous often signifies first by right ; as, a 
 jtrevious engagement. Foregoing is used only oi that which is 
 spoken or written ; as, the foregoing statements. Anterior, while 
 it can be used of time, is coming to be employed chiefly with ref- 
 erence to place ; as the anterior lobes of the brain. Prior bears 
 exclusive reference to time, and commonlj^ where that which is 
 first in time is first also in right ; as, a prior demand. Former is 
 used of time, or of position in written or printed matter, not of 
 space in general. "We can say former times, a former chapter, 
 etc. , but not the former part of a garden ; we should say the front 
 part of the garden, the forward car of a train. Former has a close 
 relation, or sharp contrast, with something following ; the former 
 always implies the latter, even when not fully expressed, as in 
 Acts i, 1, and Eccles. vii, 10. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 after, consequent, hiurl, hindmost, latter, subsequent, 
 
 concluding, following, hinder, liiter, posterior, succeeding. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 Such was the state of things previous to the revolution. [Pre- 
 vious to is often used adverbially, in constructions where previ- 
 ously to would be more strictly correct ; as, these arrangements 
 were made previous to my departure.] 
 
 PRICE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 charge, cost, expenditure, expense, outlay, value, worth. 
 
 The cost of a thing is all that has been expended upon it,
 
 pride ^*® 
 
 whether in discoveiy, production, refinement, decoration, transpor- 
 tation, or otherwise, to bring it to its present condition in the hands 
 of its present possessor ; the j)rice of a thing is what the seller 
 asks for it. In regular business, as a rule, the seller's piHce on 
 his wares must be more than their cost to him ; when goods are 
 sold, the price the buyer has paid becomes their cost to himself. 
 In exceptional cases, when goods are sold at cost, the seller's pWce 
 is made the same as the cost of the goods to him, the cost to the 
 seller and the cost to the buyer becoming then identical. Price 
 always implies that an article is for sale ; what a man will not 
 sell he declines to put a pWce on ; hence the significance of the 
 taunting proverb that " every man has his price." Value is the 
 estimated equivalent for an article, whether the article is for sale 
 or not ; the market vahie is what it would bring if exposed for sale 
 in the open market ; the intrinsic value is the inherent utility of 
 the article considered by itself alone ; the market value of an old 
 and rare volume may be very great, while its intrinsic value may 
 be practically nothing. Value has always more reference to 
 others' estimation (literally, what the thing will avail with others) 
 than worth, which regards the tiling in and by itself ; thus, intrinsic 
 value is a weaker expression than intrinsic worth. Charge has 
 especial reference to services, expense to minor outlays ; as, the 
 ch^irges of. a lawyer or physician ; traveling expenses; household 
 expenses. 
 
 PRIDE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 arrogance, ostentation, self=exaltation, 
 
 assumption, presumption, selfrespect, 
 
 conceit, reserve, superciliousness, 
 
 disdain, self=complacency, vainglory, 
 
 haughtiness, - selfconceit, vanity. 
 
 insolence, self=esteem, 
 
 JHaughtiness thinks highly of itself and poorly cf others. Ar- 
 rogance claims much for itself and concedes little toothers. , Pride 
 is an absorbing sense of one's own greatness ; haughtiness feels 
 one's own superiority to others \\clisclain sees contemptuously the 
 inferiority of others to oneself. Presumption claims place or 
 privilege above one's right ; pride deems nothing too high. Inso- 
 lence is open and rude expression of contempt and hostility, gen- 
 erally from an inferior to a superior, as from a servant to a master 
 or mistress. In the presence of superiors overweening pride 
 manifests itself in presumpjiion or insolence ; in the presence of
 
 SSy KPrimeval 
 
 inferiors, or those supposed to be inferior, pride manifests itself 
 by arrogance, disdain, haughtiness, superciliousness, or in either 
 case often by cold reserve.) (See reserve under modesty.) Pride 
 is too self=satisfied to care for praise ; vanity intensely craves ad- 
 miration and applause. ,' Superciliousness, as if by the uplifted 
 eyebrow, as its etymology suggests (L. superciliiim, eyebrow, from 
 suj^er, over and cilium, eyelid), silently manifests mingled 
 haughtiness and disdain. Assumption quietly takes for granted 
 superiority and privilege which others would be slow to concede. 
 Conceit and vanity are associated with weakness, pride with 
 strength. Conceit may be founded upon nothing ; pride is 
 founded upon something that one is, or has, or has done ; vanity, 
 too, is commonly founded on something real, tho far slighter than 
 would afford foundation for pride. Vanity is eager for admira- 
 tion and praise, is elated if they are rendered, and pained if they 
 are withheld, and seeks them ; pride could never solicit admira- 
 tion or praise.j Conceit is somewhat stronger than self-conceit. 
 Self-conceit is ridiculous ; conceit is offensive. Self-respect is a 
 thoroughly worthy feeling; self-esteem is a more generous esti- 
 mate of one's own character and abilities than the rest of the 
 world are ready to allow. Vainglory is more pompous and boast- 
 ful than vanity. Compare egotism ; ostentation. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 humility, lowliness, meekness, modesty, self=abasement, self^distrust. 
 
 PRIMEVAI.. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aboriginal, indigenous, patriarclial, primitive, 
 
 ancient, native, primal, primordial, 
 
 autochtlionic, old. primary, pristine, 
 
 immemorial, original, prime, uncreated. 
 
 Aboriginal (L. ab, front, origo, origin) signifies pertaining to 
 the aborigines or earliest known inhabitants of a country in the 
 widest sense, inckiding not merely human beings but inferior ani- 
 mals and plants as well. Autochtlionic (Gr. autos, self, and chthbn, 
 earth) signifies sprung from the earth, especially from the soil of 
 one's native land. Primeval (L. primum, first, and oivuni, age), 
 signifies strictly belonging to the first ages, earliest in time, but often 
 only the earliest of which man knows or conceives, immemorial. 
 Aboriginal, autochtlionic, and 2yrimeval combine the meanings of 
 ancient and original ; aboriginal inhabitants, autochtlionic races,
 
 profit 3S8 
 
 primeval forests. Prime and primary may signify either first in 
 time, or more frequently first in importance ; 2Jrimary has also the 
 sense of elementary or preparatory ; we speak of aprime minister, 
 a primary school. Primal is chiefly poetic, in the sense ofjjrime ; 
 as, the primal curse. Primordial is first in an order of succession or 
 development; as, a. jjriiJior dial leaf. Primitive frequently signi- 
 fies having the original characteristics of that which it represents, 
 as well as standing first in time ; as, the primitive church. Priin- 
 itive also very frequently signifies having the original or early 
 characteristics without remoteness in time. Primeval simplicity 
 is the simplicity of the earliest ages ; primitive simplicity may be 
 found in retired villages now. Pristine is an elegant word, used 
 almost exclusively in a good sense of that which is original and 
 perhaps ancient ; as, pristine purity, innocence, vigor. That 
 which is both an original and natural product of a soil or country 
 is said to be indigenous ; that which is actually produced there is 
 said to be native, though it may be of foreign extraction ; hum- 
 ming-birds are indigenous to America ; canaries may be native, 
 but are not indigenous. Immemorial refers solely to time, inde- 
 pendently of quality, denoting, in legal phrase, " that whereof the 
 memory of man runneth not to the contrary " ; as, an immemorial 
 custom ; an immemorial abuse. Compare old, 
 Aiitoiiyius : 
 
 adventitious, foreign, late, new, recent. 
 
 exotic, fresh, modern, novel, 
 
 Compare synonyms for new. 
 
 PROFIT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 advantage, expediency, proceeds, service, 
 
 avail, gain, receipts, usefulness, 
 
 benefit. good, return, utility, 
 
 emolument, improvement, returns, value. 
 
 The returns or receipts include all that is received from an out- 
 lay or investment ; the jprofit is the excess (if any) of the receipts 
 over the outlay ; hence, in government, morals, etc., the profit is 
 what is really good, helpful, useful, valuable. Utility is chiefly 
 used in the sense of some immediate or personal and generally 
 some material good. Advantage is that which gives one a van- 
 tage=ground, either for coping with competitors or with diffi- 
 culties, needs, or demands ; as to have the advantage of a 
 good education ; it is frequently used of what one has beyond
 
 289 
 
 progress 
 
 another or secures at the expense of another ; as, to have the advan- 
 tage of another in an argument, or to take advantage of another 
 in a bargain. Gain is what one secures beyond what he pre- 
 viously possessed. Benefit is anything that does one good. Emol- 
 ument is profit, return, or value accruing through official position. 
 Expediency has respect to profit or advantage, real or supposed, 
 considered apart from or perliaps in opposition to right, in actions 
 liaving a moral character. Compare utility. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 damage, detriment, harm, injury, ruin, 
 
 destruction, disadvantage, hurt, loss, waste. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The profit of labor ; on capital ; in business. 
 
 PROGRESS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advance, development, improvement, proficiency, 
 
 advancement, growth., increase, progression, 
 
 attainment, 
 
 Progress (L. pro, forward, gradior, go) is a moving onward or 
 forward, whether in space or in the mental or moral realm, and 
 may be either mechanical, individual, or social. Attainment, de- 
 velopment, and proficiency are more absolute'than the other words 
 of the group, denoting some point of advantage or of comparative 
 j)erfection reached by forward or onward movement ; we speak 
 of attainments in virtue or scholarship, proficiency in music or 
 languages, the development of new powers or organs ; proficiency 
 includes the idea of skill. Advance may denote either a forward 
 movement or the point gained by forward movement, but always 
 relatively with reference to the point from which the movement 
 started ; as, this is a great advance. Advance admits the possibil- 
 ity of retreat ; progress (L. progredi, to walk forward) is steady 
 and constant forward movement, admitting of pause, but not of 
 retreat ; advance suggests more clearly a point to be reached, 
 while progress lays the emphasis upon the forward movement ; 
 we may speak of slow or rapid progress, but more naturally of 
 swift advance. Progress is more frequently used of abstractions ; 
 as, the progress of ideas ; p>rogression fixes the attention cliiefly 
 upon the act of moving forward. In a thing good in itself all ad- 
 vance or progress is improvement ; there is a growing tendency to 
 restrict the words to this favorable sense, using increase indiffer- 
 ently of good or evil ; one may say without Umitation, " I am an 
 advocate of progress." 
 
 19
 
 prohibit 290 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 check, delay, falling off, retrogression, stop, 
 
 decline, falling back, relapse, stay, stoppage. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The progress of truth ; progress in virtue ; toward perfection 
 from a lower to a higher state. 
 
 PROHIBIT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 debar, forbid, inhibit, preclude, 
 
 disallow, hinder, interdict, prevent. 
 
 To prohibit is to give some formal command against, and espe- 
 cially to make some authoritative legal enactment against. Debar 
 is said of persons, disallow of acts ; one is debarred from anything 
 when shut off, as by some irresistible authority or necessity ; one 
 is prohibited from an act in express terms ; he may be debarred 
 by silent necessity. An act is disalloioed by the authority that 
 might have allowed it ; the word is especially applied to acts which 
 are done before they are pronounced upon ; thus, a government 
 may disallow the act of its commander in the field or its admiral 
 on the high seas. Inhibit and interdict are chiefly known by 
 their ecclesiastical use. As between forbid and prohibit, forbid 
 is less formal and more personal, prohibit more official and judi- 
 cial, with the implication of readiness to use such force as may be 
 needed to give effect to the enactment ; a parent forbids a child to 
 take part in some game or to associate with certain companions ; 
 the slave=trade is now prohibited by the leading nations of the 
 world. Many things are prohibited by law which can not be 
 wholly jirevented, as gambling and prostitution ; on the other 
 hand, things may be prevented which are not prohibited, as the 
 services of religion, the payment of debts, or military conquest. 
 That which is precluded need not be prohibited. Compare abol- 
 ish ; HINDER ; PREVENT. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 allow, empower, let, require, 
 
 authorize, enjoin, license, sanction, 
 
 command, give consent, order, suffer, 
 
 consent to, give leave, permit, tolerate, 
 
 direct, give permission, put up with, warrant. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 An act is prohibited by law ; a person is prohibited by law from 
 doing a certain act. Prohibit was formerly construed, as forbid 
 still is, with the infinitive, but the construction with from and the 
 verbal noun has now entirely superseded the older usage.
 
 291 
 
 promote 
 propitious 
 
 PROMOTE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advance, encourage, forward, prefer, raise, 
 
 aid, exalt, foster, push, urge forward, 
 
 assist, excite, further, push on, urge on. 
 
 elevate, foment, help. 
 
 To promote (L. pro, forward, and moveo, move) is to cause to 
 move forward toward some desired end or to raise to some higher 
 position, rank, or dignity. We promote a person by advancing, 
 elevating, or exalting him to a higher position or dignity. A per- 
 son prowio^es a scheme or an enterprise which others have projected 
 or begun, and which he encourages, forwards, furthers, pushes, 
 or urges on, especially when he acts as the agent of the prime mov- 
 ers and supporters of the enterj)rise. One who excites a quarrel 
 originates it ; to promote a quarrel is strictly to fovient and urge 
 it on, the one who promotes keeping liimself in the backgi-ound. 
 Compare abet ; quicken. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 See synonyms for abase ; allay. 
 
 PROPITIATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 atonement, expiation, reconciliation, satisfaction. 
 
 Atonement (at=oue=ment), originally denoting reconciliation, or 
 the bringing into agi-eement of those who have been estranged, is 
 now chiefly used, as in theology, in the sense of some offering, sac- 
 rifice, or suffering sufficient to win forgiveness or make up for an 
 offense ; especially and distinctively of the sacrificial work of 
 Christ in his humiliation, suffering and death. Expiation is the 
 enduring of the full penalty of a wrong or crime. Propitiation is 
 an offering, action, or sacrifice that makes the governing power 
 propitious toward the offender. Satisfaction in this connection 
 denotes the rendering a full legal equivalent for the wrong done. 
 Propitiation appeases the lawgiver ; satisfaction meets the require- 
 ments of the law. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 alienation, curse, penalty, reprobation, 
 
 chastisement, esjtrangement, punishment, retribution, 
 condemnation, 
 
 curse, 
 
 estrangement, 
 
 offense, 
 
 vengeance, 
 wrath. 
 
 PROPITIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 auspicious, benignant, favorable, gracious, kindly, 
 benign, clement, friendly, kind, merciful. 
 
 That wlrich is auspicious is of favorable omen ; that which is 
 propitious is of favoring influence or tendency ; as, an auspicious
 
 proposal 
 
 propose ^w^ 
 
 raorning ; a propitious breeze. Propitious applies to persons, im- 
 plying Mnd disposition and favorable inclinations, especially to- 
 ward the suppliant ; auspicious is not used of persons. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 adverse, forbidding, ill-disposed, repellent, unfriendly, 
 
 antagonistic, hostile, inauspicious, unfavorable, unpropitiouB. 
 
 Prejjositlon : 
 
 May heaven be propitious to the enterprise. 
 
 PROPOSAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bid, offer, overture, proposition. 
 
 An offer or proposal puts something before one for acceptance 
 or rejection, projiosal being the more formal word ; a proposition 
 sets forth truth (or what is claimed to be truth) in formal state- 
 ment. Ihe proposition is for consideration, the proposaZ for ac- 
 tion ; as, a proposition in geometry, a proposal of marriage ; but 
 proposition is often used nearly in the sense of proimsal when it 
 concerns a matter for deliberation ; as, a proposition for the sur- 
 render of a fort. A hid is commercial and often verbal ; as, a 
 hid at an auction ; proposal is used in nearly the same sense, but 
 is more formal. An overtiirc opens negotiation or conference, 
 and the word is especially used of some movement toward recon- 
 ciliation ; as, overtures of peace. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 acceptance, denial, disapproval, refusal, rejection, repulse. 
 
 PROPOSE. 
 
 Synonym-. 
 
 purpose. 
 
 In its most frequent use, propose differs from purpose in that 
 what we purpose lies in our own mind, as a decisive act of will, a 
 determination ; what we propose is offered or stated to others. In 
 this use of the word, what we jyropose is open to deliberation, as 
 what we purpose is not. In another use of the word, one proposes 
 something to or by himself which may or may not be stated to 
 others. In this latter sense propose is nearly identical with pur- 
 pose, and the two words have often been used interchangeably. 
 But in the majority of cases what we j)^i^fpose is more general, 
 what we projiose more formal and definite ; I x)urpose to do right ; 
 I propose to do this specific thing because it is right. In the his- 
 toric sentence, " I propose to move immediately on your works," 
 purpose would not have the same sharp directness.
 
 protract 
 '•«'•* proverb 
 
 PROTRACT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 continue, delay, elongate, lengthen, procrastinate, 
 
 defer, draw out, extend, postpone, prolong. 
 
 To protract is to cause to occupy a longer time than is usual, 
 expected, or desirable. We defer a negotiation which we are slow 
 to enter upon ; we protract a negotiation which we are slow to 
 conclude ; delay may be used of any stage in the proceedings ; we 
 may delay a person as well as an action, but defer and protract 
 are not used of persons. Elongate is not used of actions or ab- 
 stractions, but only of material objects or extension in space ; pro- 
 tract is very rarely used of concrete objects or extension in space ; 
 we elongate a line, protract a discussion. Protract has usually 
 an unfavorable sense, implying that the matter referred to is al- 
 ready unduly long, or would be so if longer continued ; continue 
 is neutral, applying equally to the desirable or the undesirable. 
 Postpone implies a definite intention to resume, as defer also does, 
 though less decidedly ; both are often used with some definite 
 limitation of time ; as, to postpone till, until, or to a certain day 
 or hour. One may defer, delay, or postpone a matter intelligently 
 and for good reason ; he procrastinates through indolence and 
 irresolution. Compare hinder. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 abbreviate, conclude, curtail, hurry, reduce, 
 
 abridge, contract, hasten, limit, shorten. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To protract a speech hy verbosity, through an unreasonable 
 time, to, till, or until a late hour. 
 
 PROVERB. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adage, axiom, maxim, saw, 
 
 aphorism, byw^ord, motto, saying, 
 
 apothegm, dictum, precept, truism. 
 
 The proverb or adage gives homely truth in condensed, prac- 
 tical form, the adage often pictorial. "Hope deferred maketh 
 the heai't sick" is a proverb ; "The cat loves fish, but dares not 
 wet her feet," is an adage. Both the proverb and the adage, but 
 especially the latter, are thought of as ancient and widely 
 known. An aphorism partakes of the character of a definition ; 
 it is a summary statement of what the author sees and believes to 
 be true. An apothegm is a terse statement of what is plain or, 
 easily proved. The aphorism is philosophical, the apothegm pi'ac-
 
 pro*vess 
 prudence 
 
 294 
 
 tical. A dictum is a statement of some person or school, on whom 
 it depends for authority ; as, a dictum of Ai-istotle. A saying is 
 impersonal, current among the common people, deriving its au- 
 thority from its manifest truth or good sense ; as, it is an old 
 saying, "the more haste, the worse speed." A saio is a. saying 
 that is old, but soiuewhat worn and tiresome. Precept is a com- 
 mand to duty ; motto or maxim is a brief statement of cherished 
 truth, the maxim being more uniformly and directly practical ; 
 "God is love" may be a inotto, "Fear God and fear naught," a 
 maxim. The preeejjts of the Sermon on the Mount will furnish 
 the Christian with invaluable maxims or mottoes. A hyii-ord is a 
 phrase or saying used reproachfully or contemptuously. 
 
 intrepidity, 
 valor. 
 
 PROTVESS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bravery, gallantry, 
 
 courage, heroism, 
 
 Bravery, courage, heroism, and intrepidity may be silent, 
 spiritual, or passive ; they may be exhibited by a martyr at the 
 stake. Proivess and valor imply both daring and doing ; we do 
 not speak of the prowess of a martyr, a child, or a passive suf- 
 ferer. Valor meets odds or perils with courageous action, doing 
 its utmost to conquer at any risk or cost ; prowess has power 
 adapted to the need ; dauntless vcdor is often vain against superior 
 proivess. Courage is a nobler word than bravery, involving more 
 of the deep, spiritual, and enduring elements of character ; such 
 an appreciation of peril as would extinguish bravery may only 
 intensify courage, which is resistant and self=conquering ; courage 
 applies to matters in regard to which valor and jJ^'oicess can have 
 no place, as submission to a surgical operation, or the facing of 
 censure or detraction for conscience' sake. Compare brave ; 
 
 FORTITUDE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cowardice, cowardliness, effeminacy, fear, pusillanimity, timidity. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 care. 
 
 carefulness, 
 
 caution, 
 
 circumspection, 
 
 consideration, 
 
 PRUDEXCE. 
 
 discretion, 
 
 forecast, 
 
 foresight, 
 
 forethought, 
 
 frugality, 
 
 judgment, 
 judiciousness, 
 providence, 
 wisdom. 
 
 Prudence may be briefly defined as good judgment and fore-
 
 295 purcliase 
 
 sight, inclining to caution and frugality in practical affairs. Care 
 may respect only thepresent ; prudence and providence look far 
 ahead and sacrifice the present to the future, prudence watching, 
 saving, guarding, providence planning, doing, preparing, and per- 
 haps expending largely to meet the future demand. Frugality is 
 in many cases one form of prudence. In a besieged city 2ii^udence 
 will reduce the rations, providence will sti'ain every nerve to intro- 
 duce supplies and to raise the siege. Foresight merely sees the 
 future, and may even lead to the recklessness and desperation to 
 which prudence and providence are so strongly opposed. Fore- 
 thought is thinking in accordance with wise views of the future, 
 and is nearly equivalent to providence, but it is a more popular 
 and less comprehensive term ; we speak of man's forethought, 
 God's providence. Compare care ; frugality ; wisdom. 
 
 Autonyms : 
 
 folly, improvidence, indiscretion, rashness, tlioughtlessness, 
 
 heedlessness, imprudence, prodigality, recklessness, wastefulness. 
 
 PURCHASE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 acquire, barter for, get, procure, secure, 
 
 bargain for, buy, obtain. 
 
 Buy and xyurchase are close synonyms, signifying to obtain or 
 secure as one's own by paying or promising to pay a price ; in numer- 
 ous cases the two words are freely interchangeable, but with the dif- 
 ference usually found between words of Saxon and those of French 
 or Latin origin. The Saxon buy is used for all the homely and 
 petty concerns of common life, the French p)urchase is often re- 
 stricted to ti'ansactions of more dignity ; yet the Saxon word buy 
 is commonly more emphatic, and in the higher ranges of thought 
 appeals more strongly to the feelings. One may either buy or 
 purchase fame, favor, honor, pleasure, etc., but when our feelings 
 are stirred we speak of victory or freedom as dearly bought. ''Buy 
 the truth, and sell it not " {Prov. xxiii, 23) would be greatly weak- 
 ened by the rendering ''Purchase the truth, and do not dispose of 
 it." Compare business ; get ; price ; sale. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 barter, dispose of, exchange, put to sale, sell. 
 
 Prepositions.- 
 
 Purchase at a price ; at a public saje ; of or from a person ; for 
 cash ; with money ; on time.
 
 pure 
 put 
 
 
 
 296 
 
 
 
 PURE. 
 
 
 Syuouyins: 
 
 
 
 
 absolute, 
 
 guiltless, 
 
 simple. 
 
 unmixed. 
 
 chaste, 
 
 lioly. 
 
 spotless. 
 
 iinpolluted. 
 
 classic. 
 
 immaculate, stainless. 
 
 unspotted. 
 
 classical. 
 
 incorrupt. 
 
 true. 
 
 unstained, 
 
 clean, 
 
 innocent. 
 
 unadulterated, 
 
 unsullied. 
 
 clear. 
 
 mere. 
 
 unblemished. 
 
 untainted. 
 
 continent. 
 
 perfect, 
 
 uncorrupted. 
 
 untarnished, 
 
 genuine. 
 
 real. 
 
 undefiled. 
 
 upright. 
 
 guileless. 
 
 sheer. 
 
 unmingled. 
 
 virtuous. 
 
 That is pure which is free from mixture or contact with any- 
 thing that weakens, impairs, or pollutes. Material substances are 
 called x>ure in the strict sense when free from foreign admixture 
 of any kind ; as, pure oxygen ; the word is often used to signify 
 free from any defiling or objectionable admixture (the original 
 sense) ; we speak of water as pure when it is bright, clear, and re- 
 freshing, tho it may contain mineral salts in solution ; in the med- 
 ical and chemical sense, only distilled water {aqua pmra) is pure. 
 In moral and religious u&epure is a strong word, denoting positive 
 excellence of a high order ; one is innocent who knows nothing of 
 evil, and has experienced no touch of temptation ; one is pure 
 who, with knowledge of evil and exposure to temptation, keeps 
 heart and soul unstained. Virtuous refers primarily to right slc- 
 tion;pif?'eto riglit feeling and motives ; as, " Blessed are t\\epure 
 in heart : for they shall see God," Matt, v, 8. Compare fine ; in- 
 nocent . 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 adulterated, foul, 
 
 defiled, gross, 
 
 dirty, immodest, 
 
 filthy, impure. 
 
 indecent, 
 indelicate, 
 lewd, 
 mixed, 
 
 obscene, 
 polluted, 
 stained, 
 sullied, 
 
 tainted, 
 tarnished, 
 unchaste, 
 unclean. 
 
 PUT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 deposit, lay, place, set. 
 
 Put is the most general term for bringing an object to some 
 point or within some space, however exactly or loosely ; we may 
 put a horse in a pasture, or put a bullet in a rifle or into an enemy. 
 Place denotes more careful movement and more exact location ; 
 as, to place a crown on one's head, or a garrison in a city. To 
 lay is to place in a horizontal position ; to set is to place in an up- 
 right position ; we lay a cloth, and set a dish upon a table. To 
 deposit is to putin a place of security for futui'e use ; as, to deposit 
 money in a bank ; the original sense, to lay down or let down 
 (quietly), is also common ; as, the stream deposits sediment.
 
 297 
 
 queer 
 quicken 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 anomalous, 
 
 bizarre, 
 
 comical, 
 
 crotchety, 
 
 curious, 
 
 droll, 
 
 eccentric, 
 
 qiJEER. 
 
 odd, 
 
 peculiar, 
 
 preposterous, 
 
 quaint. 
 
 ridiculous, 
 
 singular. 
 
 strange, 
 
 uncommon, 
 
 unique, 
 
 unmatched, 
 
 unusual, 
 
 ■whimsical. 
 
 erratic, 
 
 extraordinary, 
 
 fantastic, 
 
 funny, 
 
 grotesque, 
 
 laughable, 
 
 ludicrous, 
 
 Odd is unniated, as an odd shoe, and so uneven, an an odd 
 number. Singular is alone of its kind ; as, the singidar number. 
 What is singular is odd, but what is odd may not be singidar ; as, 
 a drawerful of odd gloves. A strange thing is sometliing hitherto 
 unknown in fact or in cause. A singular coincidence is one the 
 happening of which is unusual ; a strange coincidence is one the 
 cause of which is hard to explain. That which is peculiar belongs 
 especially to a person as his own ; as, Israel was called Jehovah's 
 "^ peculiar people," i. e., especially chosen and cherished by liim ; 
 in its ordinary use there is the implication that the thing peculiar 
 to one is not common to the majority nor quite approved by them, 
 though it may be shared by many ; as, the Shakers are peculiar. 
 Eccentric is off or aside from the center, and so off or aside from 
 the ordinary and what is considered the normal course ; as, genius 
 is commonly eccentric. Eccentric is a higher and more respectful 
 word than odd or queer. Erratic signifies wandering, a stronger 
 and more censorious term than eccentric. Queer is ti-ansverse or 
 oblique, aside from the common in away that is comical or perhaps 
 slightly ridiculous. Quaint denotes that which is pleasingly odd 
 and fanciful, often with something of the antiqixe ; as, the quaint 
 architecture of medieval towns. That which is funny is calcu- 
 lated to provoke laughter ; that which is droll is more quietly 
 amusing. That which is grotesque in the material sense is irregu- 
 lar or misshapen in form or outline or ill^proportioned so as to be 
 somewhat ridiculous ; the French bizarre is practically equivalent 
 to grotesque. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 common, familiar, normal, regular, 
 
 customary, natural, ordinary, usual. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accelerate, 
 advance, 
 despatch, 
 drive, 
 
 qUICKEX. 
 
 drive on, 
 expedite, 
 facilitate, 
 further. 
 
 hasten, 
 hurry, 
 make haste, 
 press forw^ard. 
 
 promote, 
 speed, 
 urge, 
 urge on. 
 
 To quicken, in the sense here considered, is to increase speed,
 
 quote 298 
 
 move or cause to move more rapidly, as tlu-ough more space or with, 
 a greater number of motions in the same time. To accelerate is to 
 increase the speed of action or of motion. A motion whose speed 
 increases upon itself is said to be accelerated, as the motion of a 
 falling body, which becomes swifter with every second of time. 
 To accelerate any work is to hasten it toward a finish, commonly 
 by qiiiclcening all its operations in orderly unity toward the result. 
 To desjjatch is to do and be done with, to get a tiling off one's 
 hands. To despatch an enemy is to kill him outi'ight and quickly ; 
 to despatch a messenger is to send him in haste ; to despmtch a bus- 
 iness is to bring it quickly to an end. Despatch is commonly used 
 of single items. To promote a cause is in any way to bring it for- 
 ward, advance it in power, prominence, etc. To speed is really to 
 secure swiftness ; to hasten is to attempt it, whether successfully or 
 unsuccessfully. Hurry always indicates something of confusion. 
 The hurried man forgets dignity, appearance, comfort, courtesy, 
 everything but speed ; he may forget something vital to the mat- 
 ter in hand ; yet, because reckless haste may attain the great ob- 
 ject of speed, hurry has come to be the colloquial and popular 
 word for acting quickly. To facilitate is to quicTcen by making 
 easy ; to expedite is to quicken by removing hindrances. A good 
 general will improve roads to facilitate the movements of troops, 
 hasten supplies and perfect discipline to promote the general effi- 
 ciency of the force, despatch details of business, expedite all pre- 
 parations, in order to accelerate the advance and victory of his 
 army. 
 Antonymis: 
 
 check, clog, delay, drag, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard. 
 
 QUOTE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cite, extract, plagiarize, repeat, 
 
 excerpt. paraphrase, recite, 
 
 To quote is to give an author's words, either exactly, as in direct 
 quotation, or in substance, as in indirect quotation ; to cite is, ety- 
 mologicaUy, to call up a passage, as a witness is summoned. In 
 citing a passage its exact location by chapter, page, or otherwise, 
 must be given, so that it can be promptly called into evidence ; in 
 quoting, the location may or may not be given, but the words or 
 substance of the passage must be given. In citing, neither the 
 author's words nor his thought may be given, but simply the ref- 
 erence to the location where they may be found. To quote, in the
 
 ^^^ racy 
 
 299 radical 
 
 proper sense, is to give credit to the author whose words are era- 
 ployed. To paraphrase is to state an author's thought more freely 
 than in indirect quotation, keeping tlie substance of thought and 
 the order of statement, but changing the language, and commonly 
 interweaving more or less explanatory matter as if part of the orig- 
 inal writing. One may paraphrase a work with worthy motive for 
 homiletic, devotional, or other purposes (as in the metrical versions 
 of the Psalms), or he may plagiarize atrociously in the form of 
 paraphr^, se, appropriating all that is valuable in another's thought, 
 with the hope of escaping detection by change of phrase. To 
 plagiarize is to quote without credit, appropriating another's 
 words or thovight as one's own. To recite or repeat is usually to 
 quote orally, tho recite is applied in legal phrase to a particular 
 statement of facts which is not a quotation ; a kindi'ed use obtains 
 in ordinary speech ; as, to recite one's misfortunes. 
 
 RACY. 
 
 Synonyms-. 
 
 flavorous, lively, pungent, spicy, 
 
 forcible, piq.uant, rich, spirited. 
 
 Racy applies in the first instance to the pleasing flavor charac- 
 teristic of certain wines, often attributed to the soil from which 
 they come. Pungent denotes something sharply irritating to the 
 organs of taste or smell, as pepper, vinegar, ammonia ; piquant 
 denotes a quality similar in kind to pungent but less in degree, 
 stimulating and agreeable ; pungent spices may be deftly com- 
 pounded into a piquant sauce. As applied to hterary products, 
 racy refers to that which has a striking, vigorous, pleasing orig- 
 inality : spicy to that which is stimulating to the mental taste, as 
 spice is to the physical ; piquant and pungent in their figurative 
 use keep very close to their literal sense. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 cold, flat, insipid, stale, tasteless, 
 
 dull, flavorless, prosy, stupid, vapid. 
 
 RADICAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 complete, ingrained, perfect, 
 
 constitutional, Innate, positive, 
 
 entire, native, primitive, 
 
 essential, natural, thorough, 
 
 extreme, organic, thoroughgoing, 
 
 fundamental, original, total. 
 
 The widely divergent senses in which the word radical is used,
 
 reacli 300 
 
 by which it can be at some time interchanged with any word in 
 the above list, are all formed upon the one primary sense of hav- 
 ing to do with or proceeding from the root (L. radix); a radical 
 difference is one that springs from the root, and is thus constitu- 
 tional, essential, fundamental, organic, original; a rodicaZ change 
 is one that does not stop at the surface, but reaches down to the 
 very root, and is entire. tJiorough, toted ; since the majority find 
 superficial treatment of any matter the easiest and most comfort- 
 able, radiccd measures, which strike at the root of evil or need, 
 are apt to be looked upon as extreme. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 conservative, incomplete, palliative, slight, tentative, 
 
 inadequate, moderate, partial, superficial, trial. 
 
 RARE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 curious, odd, scarce, unique, 
 
 extraordinary, peculiar, singular, unparalleled, 
 
 incomparable, precious, strange, unprecedented, 
 
 infrequent, remarkable, uncommon, unusual. 
 
 Unique is alone of its kind ; rare is infrequent of its kind : 
 great poems are rare; " Paradise Lost " is unique. To say of a 
 thing that it is rare is simply to affirm that it is now seldom 
 found, whether previously common or not ; as, a rare old book ; 
 a rare word ; to call a thing scarce implies that it was at some 
 time more plenty, as when we say food or money is scarce. A 
 particular fruit or coin may be rare ; scarce applies to demand 
 and use, and almost always to concrete things ; to speak of virtue, 
 genius, or heroism as scarce would be somewhat ludicrous. Rare 
 has the added sense of precious, which is sometimes, but not 
 necessarily, blended with that above given ; as, a rare gem. Ex- 
 traordinary, signifying greatly beyond the ordinary, is a neutral 
 word, capable of a high and good sense or of an invidious, oppro- 
 brious, or contemptuous signification ; as, extraordinary genius ; 
 extraordinary wickedness ; an extraordinary assumption of 
 power ; extraordinary antics ; an extraordinary statement is in- 
 
 ci'edible without overwhelming proof. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for general ; normal ; usual. 
 
 REACH. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 arrive, attain, come to, enter, gain, get to, land. 
 
 To reach, in the sense here considered, is to come to by motion
 
 30i real 
 
 oi* progress. Attain is now oftenest used of abstract relations ; as, 
 to attain success. When ajiplied to concrete matters, it commonly 
 signifies the overcoming of hindrance and difficulty ; as, the storm* 
 beaten ship at length attained the harbor. Come is the general 
 word for moving to or toward the place where the speaker or 
 wi-iter is or supposes himself to be. To reach is to covie to from a 
 distance that is actually or relatively considerable ; to stretch the 
 journey, so to speak, across the distance, as, in its original mean- 
 ing, one reaches an object by stretching out the hand. To gain is 
 to reach or attain something eagerly sought ; the Avearied swim- 
 mer reaches or gains the shore. One comes in from his garden ; 
 he reaches home from a journey. To arrive is to come to a des- 
 tination, to reach a point intended or proposed. The European 
 steamer arrives in port, or reaches the harbor ; the dismantled 
 wreck di'ifts ashore, or comes to land. Compare attain. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 depart, embark, go, go away, leave, set out, set sail, start, weigh anchor. 
 
 REAL, 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 actual, demonstrable, genuine, true, 
 
 authentic, developed, positive, unquestionable, 
 
 certain, essential, substantial, veritable. 
 
 Real (L. res, a thing) signifies having existence, not merely in 
 thought, but in fact, or being in fact according to appearance or 
 claim ; denoting the thing as distinguished from the name, or the 
 existent as opposed to the non=existent. Actual has respect to a 
 thing accomplished by doing, real to a thing as existing by what- 
 ever means or from whatever cause, positive to that which is fixed 
 or established, developed to that which has reached completion by 
 a natural process of unfolding. Actual is in opposition to the sup- 
 posed, conceived, or reported, and furnishes the proof of its exist- 
 ence in itself ; real is opposed to feigned or imaginary, and is 
 capable of demonstration ; positive, to the uncertain or doubtfvil ; 
 developed, to that which is undeveloped or incomplete. The de- 
 veloped is susceptible of proof ; the x>ositive precludes the neces- 
 sity for proof. The present condition of a thing is its actual con- 
 dition ; ills are real that have a substantial reason ; proofs are 
 positive when they give the mind certainty ; a plant is developed 
 when it has reached its completed stage. Real estate is land, to- 
 gether with trees, water, minerals, or other natural accomiiani-
 
 reason 
 
 302 
 
 ments, and any permanent structures that man has built upon it. 
 
 Compare authentic. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 conceived, feigned, illusory, supposed, unreal, 
 
 "-"-"' — imaginary, supposititious, untrue. 
 
 fabulous, 
 fanciful, 
 
 iictitious, imaginary, supposititioi 
 
 hypothetical, reported, theoretical, 
 
 visionary. 
 
 debate, discuss, establisb., 
 
 demonstrate, dispute, prove, 
 
 question, 
 wrangle. 
 
 REASON, V. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 argue, 
 
 contend, 
 
 controvert, 
 
 To reason is to examine by means of the reason, to prove by 
 reasoning, or to influence or seek to influence others by reasoning 
 or reasons. Persons may contend either from mere ill will or self* 
 interest, or from the highest motives ; "That ye should earnestly 
 contend for the faith wliicli was once delivered to the saints," Jude 
 3. To argue (L. argue, show) is to make a matter clear by reason- 
 ing ; to discuss (L. dis, apart, and quatio, shake) is, etymologically, 
 to shake it apart for examination and analysis. Demonstrate 
 strictly applies to mathematical or exact reasoning ; prove may be 
 used in the same sense, but is often applied to reasoning upon mat- 
 ters of fact by what is called probable evidence, which can give 
 only moral and not absolute or mathematical certainty. To demon- 
 strate is to force the mind to a conclusion by irresistible reason- 
 ing ; to prove is rather to establish a fact by evidence ; as, to prove 
 one innocent or guilty. That which has been either demonstrated 
 or proved so as to secure general acceptance is said to be estab- 
 lished. Reason is a neutral word, not, like argue, debate, dis- 
 cuss, etc., naturally or necessarily implying contest. We reason 
 about a matter by' bringing up all that reason can give us on any 
 side. A dispute may be personal, fractious, and petty ; a debate 
 is formal and orderly ; if otherwise, it becomes a mere wrangle. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 "VVe reason ivith a person about a subject, for or against an 
 opinion ; we reason a person i7ito or out of a course of action ; or 
 we may reason doivn an opponent or opposition ; one reasons from 
 a cause to an effect. 
 
 REASON, n. 
 
 Synonyms . 
 
 account, cause. end, 
 
 aim, consideration, ground, 
 
 argument, design, 
 
 While the cause of any event, act, or fact, as commonly under- 
 
 motive', 
 object, 
 
 principle, 
 purpose,—
 
 303 reasoning 
 
 stood, is the power that makes it to be, the reason of or for it is the 
 explanation given by the human mind ; but reason is, in popular 
 language, often used as equivalent to cause, especially in the sense 
 of final cause. j In the statement of any reasoning, the argument 
 may be an entire syllogism, or the premises considered together 
 apart from the conclusion, or in logical strictness the middle term 
 only by which the particular conclusion is connected with the gen- 
 eral statement. But when the reasoning is not in strict logical 
 fordi, the middle term following the conclusion is called the reason ; 
 thus in the statement "All tyrants deserve death ; Caesar was a 
 tyrant; Therefore Csesar deserved death," "Caesar was a tyrant" 
 would in the strictest sense be called the argument ; but if we say 
 " Csesar deserved death because he was a tyrant," the latter clause 
 would be termed the reason. Compare cause ; reason, v. ; mind ; 
 
 REASONING. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The reason of a thing that is to be explained ; the reason for a 
 thing that is to be done. 
 
 REASONll^fG. 
 
 Synonyms . 
 
 argument, argumentation, debate, ratiocination. 
 
 Argumentation and debate, in the ordinary use of the words, 
 suppose two parties alleging reasons for and against a proposi- 
 tion ; the same idea a^ipears figuratively when we speak of a 
 debate or an argument with oneself, or of a debate between reason 
 and conscience. Reasoning may be the act of one alone, as it is 
 simply the orderly setting forth of reasons, whether for the in- 
 struction of inquirers, the confuting of opponents, or the clear 
 establishment of truth for oneself. Reasoning may be either 
 deductive or inductive. Argument or argumentation was for- 
 merly used of deductive reasoning only. With the rise of the 
 inductive philosophy these words have come to be applied to 
 inductive i^rocesses also ; but while reasoning may be informal or 
 even (as far as tracing its processes is concerned) unconscious, 
 argument and argumentation strictly imply logical form. Rea- 
 soning, as denoting a process, is a broader term than reason or 
 argument ; many argmnents or reasons may be included in a 
 single chain of reasoning.
 
 rebellious 
 record 
 
 304 
 
 mutinous, 
 
 refractory, 
 
 seditious, 
 
 uncontrollable, 
 
 ungovernable, 
 
 unmanageable. 
 
 REBELLIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 contumacious, 
 disobedient, 
 insubordinate, 
 intractable, 
 
 Rebellious signifies being in a state of rebellion (see- rebellion 
 under REVOLUTION), and is even extended to inanimate things that 
 resist conti-ol or adaptation to human use. Ungovernable applies 
 to that which successfully defies authority and power ; unman- 
 ageable to that which resists the utmost exercise of skill or of 
 skill and power combined ; rebellious, to that which is defiant of 
 authority, whether successfully or unsuccessfully ; seditious, to 
 that which partakes of or tends to excite a rehellious spirit, sedi- 
 tious suggesting more of covert plan, scheming, or conspiracy, 
 rebellious more of overt act or open violence. While the un- 
 manageable or ungovernable defies control, the rebellious or 
 seditious may be forced to submission; as, the man has an un 
 governable temper ; the horses became unmanageable ; he tamed 
 his rebellious spirit. Insubordinate applies to the disposition to 
 resist and resent control as such ; nmtinous, to open defiance of 
 authority, especially in the army, navy, or merchant marine. A 
 contumacious act or spirit is contemptuous as well as defiant. 
 Compare obstinate; revolution. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 compliant, docile. manageable, Bubservieut, 
 
 controllable, dutiful, obedient, tractable, 
 
 deferential, gentle, submissive, yielding. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Rebellious to or against lawful authority. 
 
 enrolment, 
 
 entry, 
 
 enumeration, 
 
 history, 
 
 inscription. 
 
 instrument, 
 
 inventory, 
 
 memorandum, 
 
 memorial, 
 
 muniment, 
 
 register, 
 roll, 
 
 schedule, 
 scroll. 
 
 RECORD. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 account, 
 archive, 
 catalog! ue, 
 chronicle, 
 document, 
 
 A memorial is any object, whether a writing, a monument, or 
 other permanent thing that is designed or adapted to keep some- 
 thing in remembrance. Record is a word of wide signification, 
 applying to any writing, mark, or trace that serves as a memorial 
 giving enduring attestation of an event or fact ; an extended ac- 
 count, chronicle, or history is a record ; so, too, may be a brief 
 inventory or memorandum ; the inscription on a tombstone is a 
 record of the dead ; the striae on a rock=surface are the record of
 
 recover 
 t>WO reliiieineiit 
 
 a glacier's passage. A register is a formal or official written record, 
 especially a series of entries made for preservation or reference ; 
 as, a register of births and deaths. Archives, in the sense here 
 considered, are documents or records, often legal records, pre- 
 served in a public or official deposito ; the word archives is also 
 applied to the place where such docunienis are regularly deposited 
 and preserved. Muniments (L. munio, fortify) are records that 
 enable one to defend his title. Compare history ; STORY. 
 
 RECOVER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 be cured or healed, heal, recuperate, restore, 
 
 be restored, reanimate, regain, resume, 
 
 cure, recruit, repossess, retrieve. 
 
 The transitive use of recover in the sense of cure, heal, etc., as 
 in 2 Kings v, 6, " That thou mayest recover him of his leprosy," is 
 now practically obsolete. The chief transitive use of recover is 
 in the sense to obtain again after leasing, regain, repossess, etc. ; 
 as, to recover stolen goods ; to recover health. The intransitive 
 sense, be cured, be restored, etc., is very common ; as, to recover 
 fi'om sickness, terror, or misfortune. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 die, fail, grow worse, relapse, sink. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 From ; rarely of ; {Laif) to recover judgment against, to re- 
 cover damages of or from a person. 
 
 REFIXEME^IT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 civilization, cultivation, culture, elegance, politeness. 
 
 Civilization applies to nations, denoting the sum of those civil, 
 social, economic, and political attainments by which a community 
 is removed from barbarism ; a people may be civilized while still 
 far from refinement or culture, but civilization is susceptible of 
 various degrees and of continued progress. Refinement applies 
 either to nations or individuals, denoting the removal of what is 
 coarse and rude, and a corresponding attainment of what is deli- 
 cate, elegant, and beautiful. Cultivation, denoting primarily the 
 process of cultivating the soil or growing crops, then the improved 
 condition of either which is the result, is applied in similar sense 
 to the human mind and character, but in this usage is now largely 
 superseded by the term cidture, which denotes a high develop- 
 
 20
 
 refute o^^ 
 
 reliable '**'*» 
 
 ment of the best qualities of man's mental and spiritual nature, 
 with especial reference to the esthetic faculties and to graces of 
 speech and manner, regarded as the expression of a refined nature. 
 Culture in the fullest sense denotes that degree of refinement and 
 development which results from continued cultivation through suc- 
 cessive generations ; a man's faculties may be brought to a high 
 degree of cultivation in some specialty, while he himself remains 
 uncultured even to the extent of coarseness and rudeness. Com- 
 pare HUMANE ; POLITE. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 barbarism, brutality, coarseness, rudeness, savagery, 
 
 boorishness, clownishness, grossness, rusticity, vulgarity. 
 
 REFUTE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 confound, confute, disprove, overthrow, repel. 
 
 To refute and to confute are to answer so as to admit of no 
 reply. To refute a statement is to demonstrate its falsity by ar- 
 gument or countervailing proof ; confute is substantially the same 
 in meaning, tho differing in usage. Refute applies either to argu- 
 ments and opinions or to accusations ; confute is not applied to 
 accusations and charges, but to arguments or opinions. Refute is 
 not now applied to persons, but confute is in good use in this appli- 
 cation ; a person is confuted when his arguments are refuted. 
 
 RELIABLE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 trustw^orthy, trusty. 
 
 The word reliable has been sharply challenged, but seems to 
 have established its place in the language. The objection to its 
 use on the ground that the suffix -able can not properly be added 
 to an intransitive verb is answered by the citation of such words as 
 "available," "conversable," " laughable," and the like, while, in the 
 matter of usage, reliable has the authority of Coleridge, Martineau, 
 Mill, Irving, Newman, Gladstone, and others of the foremost of 
 recent English writers. The objection to the application of relia- 
 ble to persons is not sustained by the use of the verb "rely," which 
 is applied to persons in the authorized version of the Scriptures, in 
 the writings of Shakespeare and Bacon, and in the usage of good 
 speakers and writers. Trusty and trustworthy refer to inherent 
 qualities of a high oi'der, trustworthy being especially appHed to 
 persons, and denoting moral integrity and truthfulness ; we speak
 
 307 religion 
 
 of a trusty sword, a trusty servant ; we say the man is thoroughly 
 trustworthy. Reliable is inferior in meaning, denoting merely 
 the possession of such qualities as are needed for safe reliance ; as, 
 a reliable pledge ; reliable information. A man is said to be reli- 
 able with reference not only to moral qualities, but to judgment, 
 knowledge, skill, habit, or perhaps pecuniary ability ; a thoroughly 
 trustworthy person might not be reliable as a witness on account 
 of unconscious sympathy, or as a security by reason of insufficient 
 means. A reliable messenger is one who may be depended on to 
 do his errand correctly and promptly ; a trusty or trustworthy 
 messenger is one who may be admitted to knowledge of the views 
 and pvirposes of those who employ him, and who will be faithful 
 beyond the mere letter of his commission. We can speak of a 
 railroad=train as reliable when it can be depended on to arrive on 
 time ; but to speak of a reliable friend would be cold, and to speak 
 of a warrior girding on his reliable sword would be ludicrous. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 devotion, godliness, morality, piety, theology, 
 
 faith, holiness, pietism, righteousness, w^orship. 
 
 Piety is primarily filial duty, as of children to parents, and 
 hence, in its highest sense, a loving obedience and service to God 
 as the Heavenly Father ; pietism often denotes a mystical, some- 
 times an affected piety ; religion is the reverent acknowledgment 
 both in heart and in act of a divine being. Religion, in the fullest 
 and highest sense, includes all the other words of this gi-oup. Wor- 
 ship may be external and formal, or it may be the adoring rever- 
 ence of the human spirit for the divine, seeking outward expres- 
 sion. Devotion, which in its fullest sense is self=consecration, is 
 often used to denote an act of worship, especially prayer or adora- 
 tion ; as, he is engaged in his devotions. Morality is the system 
 and practise of duty as required by the moral law, consisting 
 chiefly in outward acts, and thus may be observed without spirit- 
 ual rectitude of heart ; morality is of necessity included in all 
 true religion, which involves both outward act and spiritual serv- 
 ice. Godliness (primarily godlikeness) is a character and spirit 
 like that of God. Holiness is the highest, sinless perfection of 
 any spirit, whether divine or human, tho often used for purity or 
 for consecration. Theology is the science of religion, or the study 
 and scientific statement of all that the human mind can know of
 
 reluctant n^a 
 
 remark 308 
 
 God. Faith, strictly the belief and trust which the soul exercises 
 toward God, is often used as a comprehensive word for a whole 
 system of religion considered as the object of faith ; as, the Chris- 
 tian faith ; the Mohammedan faith. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 atheism, godlessness, irreligion, sacrOege, ungodliness, 
 
 blasphemy, impiety, profanity, unbelief, wickedness. 
 
 RELUCTANT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 averse. disinclined, loath, slow, 
 
 backw^ard, indisposed, opposed, unw^illing. 
 
 Reluctant (L. re, back, and lucto, strive, struggle) signifies 
 struggling against what one is urged or impelled to do, or is actu- 
 ally doing ; averse (L, a, from, and verto, turn) signifies turned 
 away as with dislike or repugnance ; loath (AS. lath, evil, hate- 
 ful) signifies having a repugnance, disgust, or loathing for, tho the 
 adjective loath is not so strong as the verb loathe. A dunce is al- 
 ways averse to study ; a good student is disinclined to it when a 
 fine morning tempts him out ; he is indisposed to it in some hour 
 of weariness. A man may be sloiv or backu-ard in entering upon 
 that to wliich he is by no means a verse. A man is loatli to beUeve 
 evil of his friend, reluctant to speak of it, absolutely unwilling to 
 use it to his injury. A legislator may be opposed to a certain 
 measure, while not averse to what it aims to accomplish. Com- 
 pare ANTIPATHY. 
 Antonyms: 
 desirous, disposed, eager, favorable, inclined, willing. 
 
 KEinARK. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 annotation, comment, note, observation, utterance. 
 
 A remark is a saying or brief statement, oral or wi-itten, 
 commonly made witliout much premeditation ; a comment 
 is an explanatory or critical remark, as upon some passage 
 in a literary work or some act or speech in common life. A 
 note is something to call attention, hence a brief written 
 statement ; in corresjjondence, a note is briefer than a letter. A 
 note upon some passage in a book is briefer and less elaborate than 
 a comment. Annotations are especially brief notes, commonly 
 marginal, and closely following the text. Comments, observations, 
 or remarks may be oral or written, comments being oftenest writ- 
 ten, and remarks oftenest oral. An observation is properly the
 
 lend 
 «*09 renounce 
 
 result of fixed attention and reflection ; a remarJc may be the sug- 
 gestion of the instant. Beinarks are niore informal than a speech. 
 
 Synonynts: 
 
 break, cleave, mangle, rive, sever, sunder, 
 
 burst, lacerate, rip, rupture, slit, tear. 
 
 Rend and tear are applied to the separatingof textile substances 
 into parts by force violently applied {rend also to frangible sub- 
 stances), tear being the milder, rend the stronger word. Rive is a 
 wood=workers' word for parting wood in the way of the grain 
 without a clean cut. To lacerate is to tear roughly the flesh or 
 animal tissue, as by the teeth of a wild beast ; a lacerated wound 
 is distinguished from a wound made by a clean cut or incision. 
 Mangle is a stronger word than lacerate ; lacerate is more super- 
 ficial, mangle more complete. To burst or mqiture is to tear or 
 rend by force from within, burst denoting the greater violence ; 
 as, to burst a gun ; to r'uptm'e a blood=vessel ; a steam=boiler may 
 be ruptured when its substance is made to divide by internal pres- 
 sure without explosion. To rij), as usually applied to garments or 
 other articles made by sewing or stitching, is to divide along the 
 line of a seam by cutting or breaking the stitches ; the other senses 
 bear some resemblance or analogy to this ; as, to rip open a wound. 
 Compare break. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 heal, join, mend, reunite, secure, sew, solder, stitch, unite, weld. 
 
 REIVOIJ^CE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abandon, disavow, disow^n, recant, repudiate, 
 
 abjure, discard, forsw^ear, refuse, retract, 
 
 deny, disclaim, recall, reject, revoke. 
 
 Abjure, discard, forsimar, recall, recant, renounce, retract, 
 and revoke, hke abandon, imply some previous connection. Re- 
 nounce (L. re, back, and nuntio, bear a message) is to declare 
 against and give up formally and definitively ; as, to renounce the 
 pomps and vanities of the world. Recant (L. re, back, and canto, 
 sing) is to take back or deny formally and publicly, as a belief that 
 one has held or professed. Retract (L. re, back, and traho, draw) 
 is to take back something that one has said as not true or as what 
 one is not ready to maintain ; as, to retract a charge or accusation; 
 one recants what was especially his OAvn, he retracts what was di-
 
 repentance 310 
 
 rected against another. Repudiate (L. re, back, or away, and 
 pudeo, feel shame) is primarily to renounce as shameful, hence to 
 divorce, as a wife; thus in general to put away with emphatic and 
 determined repulsion ; as, to repudiate a debt. To deiuj is to affirm 
 to be not true or not binding ; as, to deny a statement or a rela- 
 tionship ; or to refuse to grant as something requested ; as, his 
 mother could not deny him what he desired. To discard is to cast 
 away as useless or worthless ; thus, one discards a worn garment ; 
 a coquette discards a lover. Revoke (L. re, back, and voco, call), 
 etymologically the exact equivalent of the English recall, is to 
 take back something given or granted ; as, to revoke a command, 
 a will, or a grant ; recall may be vised in the exact sense of revoke, 
 but is often applied to persons, as revoke is not ; we recall a mes- 
 senger and revoke the order with which he was charged. Abjure 
 (L. ab, away, and jni^o, swear) is etymologically the exact equiva- 
 lent of the Saxon forswear, signifying to j^ut away formally and 
 under oath, as an error, heresy, or evil practise, or a condemned 
 and detested person. A man abjures his religion, recants his 
 belief, abjures or renounces his allegiance, repudiates another's 
 claim, renounces his own, retracts a false statement. A person 
 may deny, disavoio, disclaim, disoum what has been truly or 
 falsely imputed to him or supposed to be his. He may deny his 
 signatiu-e, disavow the act of his agent, disoivn his child ; he may 
 repudiate a just claim or a base suggestion. A native of the 
 United States can not abjure or renounce allegiance to the Queen 
 of England, but will promptly deny or rep^idiate it. Compare 
 
 ABANDON. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 acknowledge, assert, cherish, defend, maintain, proclaim, uphold, 
 advocate, avow, claim, hold, own, retain, vindicate. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 compunction, contriteness, regret, self-condemnation, 
 contrition, penitence, remorse, sorrow. 
 
 Regret is sorroiv for any painful or annoying matter. One is 
 
 moved with penitence for wi'ong=doing. To speak of regret for a 
 
 fault of our own marks it as slighter than one regarding which we 
 
 should express penitence. Repentance is sorroiv for sin with self' 
 
 condemnation, and complete turning from the sin. Penitence is 
 
 transient, and may involve no change of character or conduct, 
 
 There may be sorroiv without repentance, as for consequences
 
 report 
 «»** reproof 
 
 only, but not repentance without sorrow. Compunction is a mo- 
 mentaiy sting of conscience, in view either of a past or of a con- 
 templated act. Contrition is a svibduing sorrow for sin, as against 
 the divine holiness and love. Remorse is, as its derivation indi- 
 cates, a biting or gnawing back of guilt upon the heart, with no 
 turning of heart from the sin, and no suggestion of divine forgive- 
 ness. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 approval, content, obduracy, self=eomp]acency, 
 
 comfort, hardness, obstinacy, self=congratulation, 
 
 complacency, impenitence, self=approval, stubbornness. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Repentance of or in heart, or from the heart ; rej)entance for 
 sins ; hefore or totcard God ; tinto life. 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 account, narrative, rehearsal, rumor, story, 
 
 description, recital, relation, statement, tale, 
 
 narration, record, 
 
 Account carries the idea of a commercial summary. A state- 
 ment is definite, confined to essentials and properly to matters 
 within the personal knowledge of the one v/ho states them ; as,, an 
 ante=mortem statement. A narrative is a somewhat extended 
 and embellished account of events in order of time, ordinarily with 
 a view to please or entertain. A description gives especial scope 
 to the pictorial element. A report (L. re. back, and porto, faring), 
 as its etymology implies, is something brought back, as by one 
 sent to obtain information, and may be concise and formal or 
 highly descriptive and dramatic. Compare allegory ; history ; 
 
 RECORD. 
 
 REPROOF. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 admonition, chiding, disapproval, reprimand, 
 
 animadversion, comment. objurgation, reproach, 
 
 blame, condemnation, rebuke, reproval, 
 
 censure, criticism, reflection, upbraiding, 
 
 check, denunciation, reprehension, 
 
 Blame, censure, and disapproval may either be felt or uttered ; 
 comment, criticism, rebuke, reflection, reprehension, and reproof 
 are always expressed. The same is true of admonition and ani- 
 madversion. Comment and criticism may be favorable as well as 
 censorious ; they imply no superiority or authority on the part of 
 him who utters them ; nor do reflection or repreliension, wliich
 
 reprove 312 
 
 are simply turning the mind back upon what is disapproved. Rep- 
 7'eliension is supjjosed to be calm and just, and with good intent ; 
 it is therefore a serious matter, however mild, and is capable of 
 great force, as expressed in the phrase severe reprehension. Re- 
 flection is often from mere ill feeling, and is likely to be more per- 
 sonal and less impartial than reprehension ; we often speak of 
 unkind or unjust reflections. Rebuke, literally a stopping of the 
 mouth, is administered to a forward or hasty jjerson ; reproof is 
 administered to one intentionally or deliberately ^\Tong ; both 
 words imply authority in the reprover, and direct expression of 
 disapp7'oval to the face of the person rebuked or reproved. Rep- 
 rimand is official censure formally administered by a superior to 
 one under his command. Animadversion is censure of a high, 
 authoritative, and somewhat formal kind. Rebuke may be given 
 at the outset, or in the midst of an action ; animadversion, reflec- 
 tion, reprehension, reproof, always follow the act ; admonition is 
 anticipatory, and meant to be preventive. Check is alhed to re- 
 buke, and given before or during action ; chiding is nearer to re- 
 proof, but with more of personal bitterness and less of authority. 
 Compare condemn ; reprove. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 applause, approval, encomium, eulogy, panegyric, praise, 
 
 approbation, commendation, 
 
 REPROVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 admonisli, condemn, reprimand, 
 
 blame, expostulate w^ith, reproach, 
 
 censure, find fault with, take to task, 
 
 chasten, rebuke. upbraid, 
 
 check, remonstrate with, warn, 
 
 chide, reprehend, 
 
 To censure is to pronounce an adverse judgment that may or 
 may not be expressed to the person censured ; to reprove is to 
 censure authoritatively, openly, and directly to the face of the per- 
 son reproved ; to rebuke is to reprove with sharpness, and often with 
 abruptness, usually in the midst of some action or course of action 
 deemed censurable ; to reprimand is to reprove officially ; to 
 blame is a familiar word signifying to pass censure upon, make 
 answerable, as for a fault ; blame and censure apply either to per- 
 sons or acts ; reprove and rebuke are apphed chiefly, and rejiri- 
 mand exclusively to persons. To reproach is to censure openly an d 
 vehemently, and with intense personal feeling as of gi-ief or anger ; 
 as, to reproach one for ingi-atitude ; reproach knows no distinc-
 
 requite 
 313 rest 
 
 tion of rank or character ; a subject may rejyroach a king or a 
 criminal a judge. To expostulate or remonstrate with is to mingle 
 reasoning and appeal with censure in the hope of winning one from 
 his evil way, expostulate being the gentler, remonstrate the se- 
 verer word. Admonish is the mildest of reproving words, and may 
 even be used of giving a caution or warning where no wrong is im- 
 plied, or of sim^jly reminding of duty which might be forgotten. 
 Censure, rebuke, and reprove apply to wrong that has been done ; 
 ivarn and admonish refer to anticipated error or fault. When 
 one is admonished because of wrong ah-eady done, the view is still 
 future, that he may not repeat or continue in the wi-ong. Com- 
 pare CONDEMN ; REPROOF. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 abet, approve, countenance, impel, instigate, 
 
 applaud, ctieer, encourage, incite, urge on. 
 
 REQUITE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 avenge. punisli, remunerate, revenge, 
 
 compensate, quit. repay, rew^ard, 
 
 pay, reciprocate, retaliate, satisfy, 
 
 pay off, recompense, return, settle with.. 
 
 To repay or to retaliate, to punish or to reward, may be to 
 make some return very inadequate to the benefit or injury re- 
 ceived, or the right or wrong done ; but to requite (according to 
 its etymology) is to make so full and adequate a return as to quit 
 oneself of all obligation of favor or hostility, of punishment or re- 
 icard. Requite is often used in the more general sense of recom- 
 pense or repay, but always with the suggestion, at least, of the 
 original idea of full equivalent ; when one speaks of requiting 
 kindness with ingi-atitude, the expression gains force from the 
 comparison of the actual with the proper and appropriate return. 
 Compare pay. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 absolve, excuse, forgive, overlook, pass over, 
 
 acquit, forget, neglect, pardon, slight. 
 
 Preposition : 
 
 To requite injury with injury is human, but not Christian. 
 
 REST. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 calm, pause, quietness, slumber, 
 
 calmness, peace, quietude, stay, 
 
 cessation, peacefulness, recreation, stillness, 
 
 ease, quiescence, repose, stop, 
 
 intermission, quiet, sleep, tranquillity. 
 
 Ease denotes freedom from cause of disturbance, whether
 
 restive 
 
 314 
 
 external or internal. Quiet denotes freedom from agitation, or 
 especially from annoying sounds. Rest is a cessation of activity, 
 especially of wearying or painful activity. Recreation is some 
 pleasing activity of certain organs or faculties that affords rest to 
 other parts of our nature that have become weary. Repose is 
 a laying down, primarily of the body, and figuratively a similar 
 freedom from toil or strain of mind. Repose is more complete 
 than rest ; a pause is a momentary cessation of activity ; a black- 
 smith finds a temporary rest while the iron is heating, but he does 
 not yield to repose ; in a pause of battle a soldier rests on his arms ; 
 after the battle the victor reposes on his laurels. Sleep is the per- 
 fection of repose, tlie most complete rest ; slumber is a light and 
 ordinarily pleasant form of sleep. In the figurative sense, rest 
 of mind, soul, conscience, is not mere cessation of activity, but a 
 pleasing, tranquil relief from all painful and wearying activity ; 
 repose is even more deep, tranquil, and complete. 
 
 Aiitoiiynis : 
 
 agitation, disturbance, movement, stir, tumult, 
 
 commotion, excitement, restlessness, strain, unrest, 
 
 disquiet, motion, rush, toil, work. 
 
 RESTIVE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 balky, 
 
 fidgety, 
 
 fractious, 
 
 fretful, 
 
 frisky, 
 
 impatient, 
 
 intractable, 
 
 mulish, 
 
 mutinous, 
 
 obstinate. 
 
 rebellious, 
 
 recalcitrant, 
 
 refractory, 
 
 resentful, 
 
 restiflf, 
 
 restless, 
 
 skittish. 
 
 stubborn, 
 
 unruly, 
 
 vicious. 
 
 Balky, mulish, obstinate, and stubborn are synonyms of restive 
 only in an infrequent if not obsolete use ; the supposed sense of 
 " tending to rest," " standing stubbornly still," is scarcely supported 
 by any examples, and those cited to support that meaning often 
 fail to do so. The disposition to offer active resistance to control 
 by any means whatever is what is commonly indicated by restive 
 in the best English speech and literature. Dryden speaks of '" the 
 pampered colt" as " restiff to the rein "; but the rein is not used 
 to propel a horse forward, but to hold him in, and it is against this 
 that he is " restiff." A horse may be made restless by flies or by 
 martial music, but with no refractoriness ; the restive animal im- 
 patiently resists or struggles to break from control, as by bolting, 
 flinging his rider, or otherwise. With this the metaphorical use 
 of the word agrees, which is always in the sense of such terms as 
 impatient, intractable, rebellious, and the like ; a people restive
 
 „- _ restrain. 
 
 «**" retirement 
 
 under despotism are not disposed to " rest " under it. but to resist 
 it and fling it off. 
 
 Antonym!;! : 
 
 docile, manageable, passive, quiet, tractable, 
 
 gentle, obedient, peaceable, submissive, yielding. 
 
 RESTRAIN. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 abridge, constrain. bold in, keep under, 
 
 bridle, curb, keep, repress, 
 
 check, binder, keep back, restrict, 
 
 circumscribe, hold, keep down, suppress, 
 
 confine, hold back, keep in, withhold. 
 
 To restrain is to liold hack from acting, proceeding, or advan- 
 cing, either by physical or moral force. Constrain is positive ; 
 restrain is negative ; one is constrained to an action ; he is re- 
 strained from an action. Constrain refers almost exclusively to 
 moral force, restrain frequently to physical force, as when we 
 speak of putting one under restraint. To restrain an action is to 
 hold it partially or wholly in check, so that it is under pressure 
 even while it acts ; to restrict an action is to fix a limit or bound- 
 ary which it may not pass, but within which it is free. To repress, 
 literally to press back, is to hold in check, and perhaps only tem- 
 porarily, that which is still very active ; it is a feebler word than 
 restrain ; to suppress is finally and effectually to put down ; sup- 
 press is a much stronger word than restrain ; as, to suppress a 
 rebellion. Compare arrest ; bind ; keep. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 aid, arouse, encourage, free, incite. release, 
 
 animate, emancipate, excite, impel, let loose, set free. 
 
 RETIREMENT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 loneliness, privacy, seclusion, solitude. 
 
 In retirement one withdraws from association he has had with 
 others ; we speak of the retirement of a public man to private 
 life, tho he may still be much in company. In seclusion one 
 shuts himself away from the society of all except intimate friends 
 or attendants ; in solitude no other person is present. While se- 
 clusion is ordinarily voluntary, solitude may   be enforced ; we 
 speak of the solitude rather than the seclusion of a prisoner. As 
 "private" denotes what concerns ourselves individually, przt'oey 
 denotes freedom from the presence or observation of those not 
 concerned or whom we desire not to have concerned in our affairs ;
 
 revelation o«^ 
 
 revense «»lo 
 
 privacy is more commonly temporary than seclusion ; we speak 
 of a moment's privacy. There may be loneliness without solitude, 
 as amid an unsympatliizing crowd, and solitude without loneliness, 
 as when one is glad to be alone. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 association, companionship, company, converse, fellowship, society. 
 
 REVELATION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apocalypse, disclosure, manifestation. 
 
 Revelation (L. re, back, and velum, veil), literally an unveiling, 
 is the act or process of making known what was before secret or 
 hidden, or what may still be future. Apocalypse (Gr. apo, from, 
 and kalypto, cover), literally an uncovering, comes into English 
 as the name of the closing book of the Bible. The Apocalypse 
 unveils the future, as if to the very gaze of the seer ; the whole 
 gospel is a disclosure of the mercy of God ; the character of Clirist 
 is a manifestation of the divine holiness and love ; all Scripture is 
 a revelation of the divine will. Or we might say that nature is a 
 manifestation of the divine character and will, of which Scripture 
 is the fuller and more express revelation. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 cloud, concealment, mistery, shrouding, 
 
 cloudiness, hiding, obscuration, veiling. 
 
 REVEXGE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 avenging, retaliation, retribution, vengeance, 
 requital. 
 
 Revenge is the act of making return for an injury done to one- 
 self by doing injury to another person. Retaliation and revenge 
 are personal and often bitter. Retaliation may be partial ; re- 
 venge is meant to be complete, and may be excessive. Vengeance, 
 which once meant an indignant vindication of justice, now signi- 
 fies the most furious and unsparing revenge. Revenge emphasizes 
 more the personal injury in return for which it is inflicted, venge- 
 ance the ill desert of those upon whom it is inflicted. A requital 
 is strictly an even return, such as to quit one of obligation for 
 what has been received, and even if poor or unworthy is given as 
 complete and adequate. Avenging and retrihution give a solemn 
 sense of exact justice, avenging being more personal in its inflic- 
 tion, whether by God or man, and retrihution the impersonal vis-
 
 317 revolution 
 
 itation of the doom of righteous law. Compare avenge ; hatred ; 
 
 REQUITE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 compassion, forgiveness, mercy, pardon, pity, reconciliation, 
 excuse, grace. 
 
 Prepositions: 
 
 To take revenge upon the enemy, for the injury. 
 
 REVOLlJTIOBf. 
 
 Synonyms . 
 
 anarchy, insurrection, revolt, 
 
 confusion. law^lessness, riot, 
 
 disintegration, mutiny, sedition, 
 
 disorder, rebellion, tumult, 
 
 insubordination, 
 
 Tlie essential idea of revolution is a change in the form of gov- 
 ernment or constitution, or a change of rulers, otherwise than as 
 provided by the laws of succession, election, etc. ; while such 
 change is apt to involve armed hostilities, these make no necessary 
 part of the revolution. The revolution by which Dom Pedro was 
 dethroned, and Brazil changed from an empire to a republic, was 
 accomplished without a battle, and almost without a shot. An- 
 archy refers to the condition of a state when human government 
 is superseded or destroyed by factions or other causes. Lauiess- 
 ness is a temper of mind or condition of the community which 
 may result in anarchy. Confusion, disorder, riot, and tumult are 
 incidental and temj)orary ovitbreaks of laivlessness, but may not be 
 anarchy. Insuhordination is individual disobedience. Sedition 
 is the plotting, rehellion the fighting, against the existing govern^ 
 ment. but always with the purpose of establishing some other 
 government in its place. When rebellion is successful it is called 
 revolution ; but there may be revolution without rebellion ; as, 
 the English Revolution of 1688. A revolt is an uprising against 
 existing authority without the comprehensive views of change in 
 the form or administration of government that are involved in 
 revohition. Anarchy, when more than temporary disorder, is a 
 proposed disintegration of society, in which it is imagined that 
 social order might exist without government. Slaves make in- 
 surrection ; soldiers or sailors break out in mutiny ; subject prov- 
 inces rise in revolt. Compare socialism. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 auttiority, 
 command, 
 control, 
 
 domination, 
 
 government, 
 
 obedience. 
 
 , sovereignty, 
 
 dominion, 
 
 law. 
 
 order, 
 
 submission, 
 
 empire. 
 
 loyalty, 
 
 rule. 
 
 supremacy.
 
 revolve fgie 
 
 riddle, n. '**® 
 
 REVOLVE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 roll, rotate, turn. 
 
 Any round body rolls which continuously touches with succes- 
 sive portions of its surface successive portions of another surface ; 
 a wagon=\vheel rolls along the ground. To rotate is said of a body 
 that has a circular motion about its own center or axis ; to revolve 
 is said of a body that moves in a curving path, as a circle or an 
 ellipse, about a center outside of itself, so as to return periodically 
 to the same relative position that it held at some previous 
 time. A revolving body may also either rotate or roll at the same 
 time ; the earth revolves around the sun, and rotates on its own 
 axis ; in popular usage, the earth is often said to revolve about its 
 own axis, or to have a daily "revolution," but rotate and "rotation" 
 are the more accurate terms. A cylinder over which an endless 
 belt is drawn is said to roll as regards the belt, tho it rotates as 
 regards its own axis. Any object that is in contact with or con- 
 nected with a rolling body is often said to roll ; as, the car rolls 
 smoothly along the track. Objects whose motion approximates or 
 suggests a rotary motion along a supporting surface are also said 
 to roll ; as, ocean waves roll in upon the shore, or the ship rolls in 
 the trough of the sea. Turn is a conversational and popular 
 word often used vaguely for rotate or revolve, or for any motion 
 about a fixed point, especially for a motion less than a complete 
 " rotation "' or "revolution "; a man turns his head or turns on his 
 heel ; the gate turns on its hinges. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 bind, chafe, grind, slide, slip, stand, stick. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 conundrum, enigma, paradox, problem, puzzle. 
 
 Conundrum, a word of unknown origin, signifies some ques- 
 tion or statement in which some hidden and fanciful resemblance 
 is involved, the answer often depending upon a pun ; an enigma 
 is a dark saying, a xjaradox is a true statement that at first 
 appears absurd or contradictory ; a j^rohlem is something thrown 
 out for solution ; puzzle (from oppose) referred originally to the 
 intricate arguments by which disputants opposed each other in 
 the old philosophic schools. The riddle is an ambiguous or para- 
 doxical statement with a hidden meaning to be guessed by the 
 mental acuteness of the one to whom it is proposed ; the riddle is
 
 01A riglit, w. 
 
 319 rise 
 
 not so petty as the conundrum, and may require much acuteness 
 for its answer ; a, problem may require simply study and scholar- 
 ship, as a problem in mathematics ; a puzzle may be in something 
 other than verbal statement, as a dissected map or any perplexing 
 mechanical contrivance. Both enigma and puzzle may be applied 
 to any matter difficult of answer or solution, enigma conveying 
 an idea of greater dignity, puzzle applying to something more 
 commonplace and meclianical ; there are many dark enigmas in 
 human life and in the course of providence ; the location of a 
 missing object is often a piizzle. 
 Antoiiyuis : 
 
 answer, axiom, explanation, proposition, solution. 
 
 RIOHT, n. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 claim, franchise, liberty, prerogative, 
 
 exemption, immunity, license, privilege. 
 
 A righ t is that wliich one may properly demand upon consider- 
 ations of justice, morality, equity, or of natural or positive law, A 
 right may be either general or special, natural or artificial. "Life, 
 liberty, and the pursuit of happiness " are the natural and inalien- 
 able rights of all men; rights of property, inheritance, etc., are 
 individual and special, and often artificial, as the rigid of inherit- 
 ance by primogeniture. Aprivilege is always special, exceptional, 
 and artificial ; it is something not enjoyed by all, or only to be 
 enjoyed on certain special conditions, a jjeculiar benefit, favor, 
 advantage, etc. A privilege may be of doing or avoiding ; in the 
 latter case it is an exemjition or immunity ; as, a privilege of 
 hunting or fishing ; exemption from military sei'vice ; immunity 
 from arrest. A franchise is a specific right or privilege granted 
 by the government or established as such by governmental author- 
 ity ; as, the elective franchise ; a railroad franchise. A prerog- 
 ative is an official right or privilege, especially one inherent in the 
 royal or sovereign power ; in a wider sense it is an exclusive and 
 peculiar privilege which one possesses by reason of being what he 
 is ; as, reason is the prerogative of man ; kings and nobles have 
 often clsdvaedL jjrerogatives and privileges opposed to the inherent 
 rights of the people. Compare duty ; justice. 
 
 RI^E. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 arise, ascend, emanate, flloAv, issue, proceed, spring. 
 To inse is to move up or upward whether slowly or quickly.
 
 robber 
 
 royal 320 
 
 whether through the least or greatest distance ; the waves rise ; 
 the mists rise ; the river rises after heavy rains ; as said of persons, 
 to rise is to come to an erect position after kneehng, sitting, recU- 
 ning, or lying down ; as, to rise from a sick=bed ; my friend rose 
 as I entered ; the guests rose to depart ; so a deliberative assembly 
 or a committee is said to rise when it breaks up a session ; a sun 
 or star rises when to our apprehension it comes above the horizon 
 and begins to go up the sky. To ascend is to go far upward, and 
 is often used in a stately sense ; as, Chi-ist ascended to heaven. 
 The shorter form rise is now generally preferred to the longer 
 form arise, except in poetic or elevated style. The sun rises or 
 arises ; the river springs at a bound from the foot of the glacier 
 and flows through the lands to the ocean. Smoke issues from a 
 chimney and ascends toward the sky. Light and heat emanate 
 from the sun. 
 
 Antonyins: 
 
 decline, descend, drop, fall, go down, set, settle, sink. 
 Prepositions: 
 
 Rise from slumber ; rise to duty ; rise at the summons ; we 
 rose with the lark. 
 
 ROBBER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bandit, depredator, freebooter, pirate, 
 
 brigand, despoiler, bighwayman, plunderer, 
 
 buccaneer, footpad, marauder, raider, 
 
 burglar, forager, pillager, thief. 
 
 A rohher seeks to obtain the property of others by force or in- 
 timidation ; a thief by stealth and secrecy. In early English thixf 
 was freely used in both senses, as in Shakespeare and the Author- 
 ized Version of tlie English Bible, which has " two thieves " {Matt. 
 xxvii, 38), where the Revised Version more correctly substitutes 
 " two robbers." 
 
 ROYAL.. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 august, kingly, majestic, princely, 
 
 Hinglike, magnificent, munificent, regal. 
 
 Eoyal denotes that which actually belongs or pertains to a 
 monarch ; the roijal residence is that which the king occupies, 
 royal raiment that which the king wears. Begal denotes that 
 which in outward state is appropriate for a king ; a subject may 
 assume regal magnificence in residence, dress, and equipage. 
 Kingly denotes that which is worthy of a king in personal quali-
 
 321 
 
 rustic 
 sacrament 
 
 ties, especially of character and conduct ; as, a kingly bearing ; a 
 kingly resolve. Princely is especially used of treasure, expendi- 
 ture, gifts, etc., as princely munificence, a princely fortune, 
 where regctl could not so well be used and royal would change the 
 sense. The distinctions between these words are not absolute, but 
 the tendency of the best usage is as here suggested. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 beggarly, contemptible, mean, poor, servile, slavish, vile. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 agricultural, 
 
 artless, 
 
 awkw^ard, 
 
 boorish. 
 
 bucolic, 
 
 clow^nish. 
 
 RUSTIC. 
 
 coarse, pastoral, 
 countrified, plain, 
 country, rude, 
 hoidenish, rural, 
 inelegant, sylvan, 
 outlandish, 
 
 uncouth, 
 
 unpolished. 
 
 unsophisticated, 
 
 untaught, 
 
 verdant. 
 
 Rural and rustic are alike derived from the Latin rus, coun- 
 try, and may be alike defined as pertaining to, characteristic of, 
 or dwelling in the country ; but in usage rural refers especially 
 to scenes or objects in the country, considered as the work of 
 nature ; rustic refers to their effect upon man or to their condi- 
 tion as affected by human agency ; as, a rural scene ; a rustic 
 party ; a rustic lass. We speak, however, of the rural popula- 
 tion, rural simplicity, etc. Rural has always a favorable sense ; 
 rustic frequently an unfavorable one, as denoting a lack of culture 
 and refinement ; thus, rustic politeness expresses that which is 
 well=meant. but awkward ; similar ideas are suggested by a rustic 
 feast, rustic garb, etc. Rustic is, however, often used of a studied 
 simplicity, an artistic rudeness, which is pleasing and perhaps 
 beautiful ; as, a rustic cottage ; a rustic chair. Pastoral refers 
 to the care of flocks, and to the shepherd's life with the pleasing 
 associations suggested by the old poetic ideal of that life ; as, 
 pastoral poetiy. Bucolic is kindred to pastoral, but is a less 
 elevated term, and sometimes slightly contemptuous. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 accomplished, cultured, polished, refined, urbane, 
 
 citylike, 
 
 elegant. 
 
 polite, 
 
 urban. 
 
 well'bred. 
 
 SACRAMEBJT. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 ceremony, eucharist, observance, rite, solemnity, 
 
 communion. Lords Supper, ordinance, service. 
 
 Any religious act, especially a public act, viewed as a means 
 
 21
 
 sagacious 
 
 322 
 
 of serving God is called a service ; the word commonly includes 
 the entire series of exercises of a single occasion of public worship. 
 A religious service ordained as an outward and visible sign of an 
 inward and spiritvial grace is called a sacrament. Ceremony is 
 a form expressing reverence, or at least respect ; we may speak of 
 religious ceremonies, the ceremonies of polite society, the cere- 
 monies of a coi'onation, an inauguration, etc. An observance has 
 more than a formal obligation, reaching or approaching a relig- 
 ious sacredness ; a stated religious observance, viewed as estab- 
 lished by authority, is called an ordinance ; viewed as an estab- 
 lished custom, it is a rite. The terms sacrament and ordinance, 
 in the religious sense, are often used interchangeably ; the ordi- 
 nance derives its sacredness from the authority that ordained it, 
 while the sacrament possesses a sacredness due to something in 
 itself, even when view^ed simply as a representation or memorial. 
 The Lord's Supi^er is the Scriptural name for the observance com- 
 memorating the death of Christ ; the word communion is once 
 applied to it {1 Cor. x, 16), but not as a distinctive name ; at an 
 early period, however, the name communion was so applied, as 
 denoting the communing of Clu'istians with their Lord, or with 
 one another. The term eucharist describes the Lord's Supper as a 
 thanksgiving service ; it is also called by preeminence the sacra- 
 ment, as the ratifying of a solemn vow of consecration to Christ. 
 
 SAOACIOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 able, 
 
 acute, 
 
 apt, 
 
 clear=sighted, 
 
 discerning. 
 
 intelligent, 
 
 keen. 
 
 keen=siglited, 
 
 keen=w^itted, 
 
 judicious, 
 
 perspicacious, 
 quick of scent, 
 q.uick:scented, 
 rational, 
 sage. 
 
 sensible, 
 sharp, 
 
 sharp =w^itted, 
 shrew^d, 
 wise. 
 
 Sagacious refers to a power of tracing the hidden or recondite 
 by slight indications, as by instinct or intuition ; it is not now ap- 
 plied to mere keenness of sense^perception. We do not call a 
 hound sagacious in following a clear trail ; but if he loses the 
 scent, as at the edge of a stream, and circles around till he strikes 
 it again, his conduct is said to be sagacious. In human affairs 
 sagacious refers to a power of ready, far=reaching, and accurate 
 inference from observed facts perhaps in themselves very slight, 
 that seems like a special sense ; or to a similar readiness to foresee 
 the results of any action, especially upon human motives or con- 
 duct — a kind of prophetic common sense. Sagacious is a broader
 
 sale 
 323 sample 
 
 and nobler word than shreicd, and not capable of the invidious 
 sense which the latter word often bears ; on the other hand, saga- 
 cious is less lofty and comprehensive than wise in its full sense, 
 and more limited to matters of direct practical moment. Com- 
 pare ASTUTE ; WISDOM. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 absurd, foolish, ignorant, obtuse, silly, sottish, undiscerning, 
 
 dull, futile, irrational, senseless, simple, stupid, unintelligent. 
 
 SAI.E. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 bargain, barter, change, deal, excbange, trade. 
 
 A bargain is strictly an agreement or contract to buy and sell, 
 tho the word is often used to denote the entire transaction and also 
 as a designation for the thing sold or purchased. Change and 
 exchange are words of wider signification, applying only inciden- 
 tally to the transfer of property or value ; a change secures some- 
 thing different in any way or by any means ; an exchange secures 
 something as an equivalent or return, tho not necessarily as pay- 
 ment for what is given. Barter is the exchange of one commodity 
 for another, the word being used generally with reference to port- 
 able commodities. Trade in the broad sense may apply to vast 
 businesses (as the ho6k4rade), but as denoting a single transac- 
 tion is used cliiefly in regard to things of moderate value, when it 
 becomes nearly synonymous with barter. Sale is commonly, and 
 with increasing strictness, limited to the transfer of property for 
 money, or for something estimated at a money value or considered 
 as equivalent to so much money in hand or to be paid. A deal 
 in the political sense is a bargain, substitution, or transfer for the 
 benefit of certain persons or parties against all others ; as, the 
 nomination was the result of a deal ; in business it may have a 
 similar meaning, but it frequently signifies simply a sale or ex- 
 change, a dealing ; as, a heavy deal in stocks. 
 
 SAMPLE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 case, exemplification, instance, 
 
 example, illustration, specimen. 
 
 A sample is a portion taken at random out of a quantity sui3- 
 
 posed to be homogeneous, so that the qualities found in the sample 
 
 may reasonably be expected to be found in the whole ; as, a sample 
 
 of sugar ; a sample of cloth. A specimen is one unit of a series,
 
 satisfy 
 
 scliolar 324 
 
 or a fragment of a mass, all of which is supposed to possess the 
 same essential qualities : as, a sjMcimen of coinage, or of architec- 
 ture, or a specimen of quartz. No other unit or portion may be 
 exactly like the sjjecimoi, while all the rest is supposed to be ex- 
 actly like the samjile. An instance is a sample or specimen of 
 action. Compare example. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 abnormality, aggregate, exception, monstrosity, total, wliole. 
 
 SATISFY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cloy, fill, sate, suffice, 
 
 content, glut, satiate, surfeit. 
 
 To satisfy is to furnish just enough to meet physical, mental, 
 or spiritual desire. To sate or satiate is to gratify desire so 
 fully as for a time to extinguish it. To cloy or surfeit is to 
 gratify to the point of revulsion or disgust. Glut is a sti'ong 
 but somewhat coarse word applied to the utmost satisfaction of 
 vehement appetites and passions : as, to glut a vengeful spirit 
 with slaughter ; we speak of glutting the market with a sujjply 
 so excessive as to extinguish the demand. Much less than is 
 needed to satisfy may siiffice a frugal or abstemious person ; 
 less than a sufficiency may content one of a patient and -sub- 
 missive spirit. Compare pay ; requite. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 ctieck, disappoint, restrain, starve, straiten, 
 
 deny, refuse, restrict, stint, tantalize. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Satisfy in'th food, tcith gifts, etc.; satisfy one (in the sense 
 of make satisfaction) for labors and sacrifices ; satisfy oneself hy 
 or upon inquiry. 
 
 SCHOLAR. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 disciple, learner, pupil, savant, student. 
 
 The primary sense of a scholar is one who is being schooled ; 
 thence the word passes to denote one who is apt in school work, 
 and finally one who is thoroughly schooled, master of what the 
 schools can teach, an erudite, accomplished person : when used 
 without qualification, the word is generally understood in this lat- 
 ter sense; as, he is manifestly a scholar. Pupil signifies one 
 under the close personal supervision or insti-uction of a teacher or 
 tutor. Tliose under instruction in schools below the academic
 
 325 
 
 science 
 
 grade are technically and officially termed pupils. The word 
 Xnipil is uniformly so used in the Reports of the Commissioner of 
 Education of the United States, but po^jular American usage pre- 
 fers scholar in the original sense ; as, teachers and scholars en- 
 joyed a holiday. Those under instruction in Sunday ^schools are 
 uniformly designated as Sunday=school scholars. Studetit is ap- 
 plied to those in the higher grades or courses of study, as the aca- 
 demic, collegiate, scientific, etc. Student suggests less proficiency 
 than scholar in the highest sense, the student being one who is 
 learning, the scholar one who has learned. On the other hand, 
 student suggests less of personal supervision than xmpil ; thus, the 
 college student often becomes the private pupil of some instructor 
 in special studies. For disciple, etc., compare synonyms for ad- 
 herent. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 dunce, fool, idiot, idler, ignoramus, illiterate person. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 art, knowledge. 
 
 Knowledge of a single fact, not known as related to any other, 
 or of many facts not known as having any mutual relations or as 
 comprehended under any general law, does not reach the mean- 
 ing of science ; science is knoivledge reduced to law and embodied 
 in system. The Jcnoicledge of various countries gathered by an 
 observant traveler may be a heterogeneous medley of facts, which 
 gain real value only when coordinated and arranged by the man of 
 science. Art always relates to something to be done, science to 
 something to be known. Not only must art be discriminated 
 from science, but art in the industrial or mechanical sense must 
 be distinguished from art in the esthetic sense ; the former aims 
 chiefly at utility, the latter at beauty. The mechanic arts are the 
 province of the artisan, the esthetic or fine arts are the province 
 of the artist ; all the industrial arts, as of weaving or printing, 
 arithmetic or navigation, are governed by exact rules. Art in 
 the highest esthetic sense, while it makes use of rules, transcends 
 all rule ; no rules can be given for the production of a painting 
 like Raffael's "Transfiguration," a statue like the Apollo Bel- 
 vedere, or a poem like the Iliad. Science does not, like the 
 mechanic arts, make i^roduction its direct aim, yet its possible 
 productive application in the arts is a constant stimulus to scien-
 
 security 
 
 self-abnegation fiZit 
 
 tific investigation ; the science, as in the case of chemistry or elec- 
 tricity, is urged on to higher development by the demands of the 
 art, while the art is perfected by the advance of the science. 
 Creative art seeking beauty for its own sake is closely akin to 
 pure science seeking knowledge for its own sake. Compare 
 
 KNOWLEDGE ; LITERATURE. 
 
 SECURITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bail, earnest, gage, pledge, surety. 
 
 The first four words agree in denoting something given or de- 
 posited as an assurance of something to be given, paid, or done. 
 An earnest is of the same kind as that to be given, a portion of it 
 delivered in advance, as when part of the purchase=money is paid, 
 according to the common expression, "to bind the bargain." A 
 pledge or security may be wholly different in kind from that to be 
 given or paid, and may greatly exceed it in value. Security may 
 be of real or personal property — anything of sufficient value to 
 make the creditor secure ; a pledge is always of personal property 
 or chattels. Every pawnshop contains unredeemed 2^l^dges ; 
 land, merchandise, bonds, etc., are frequently offered and accepted 
 as secwity. A person may become security or surety tov another's 
 payment of a debt, appearance in court, etc. ; in the latter case, he 
 is said to become hail for that person : the j^erson accused gives 
 hail for himself. Gage survives only as a literary word, chiefly 
 in certain phrases ; as, " the gage of battle." 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Security for the payment of a debt ; security to the state, for 
 the prisoner, in the sum of a thousand dollars. 
 
 SEL,F=ABXEGATIO]V. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 self=control, self=devotion, self-renunciation, 
 
 self=denial, self-immolation, self-sacrifice. 
 
 Self-control is holding oneself within due limits in pleasures 
 and duties, as in all things else ; self-denial, the giving up of 
 pleasures for the sake of duty. Self-renunciation surrenders con- 
 scious rights and claims ; self-abnegation forgets that there is 
 anything to surrender. There have been devotees who jiractised 
 very little self-denial with very much self-renunciation. A 
 motlier will care for a sick child with complete self-abnegation, 
 but without a thought of self-denial. Self-devotion is heart=con-
 
 327 send 
 
 secration of self to a person or cause with readiness for any needed 
 sacrifice. Self-sacrifice is the strongest and completest term of 
 all, and contemplates the gift of self as actually made. "We speak 
 of the selpsacrifice of Christ, where any other of the above terms 
 would be feeble or inappropriate. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 self'gratification, self=indulgence, selfishness, self=seeklng, self-will. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cast, 
 dart, 
 delegate, 
 depute. 
 
 despatch. emit, 
 discharge, fling, 
 dismiss, forw^ard, 
 drive, liurl. 
 
 impel, propel, 
 lance, sling, 
 launch, throw, 
 project, transmit 
 
 To send is to cause to go or pass from one place to another, and 
 always in fact or thought away from the agent or agency that con- 
 trols the act. Send in its most common use involves personal 
 agency witliout personal presence ; according to the adage, " If 
 you want your business done, go ; if not, send "; one sends a let- 
 ter or a bullet, a messenger or a message. In all the derived uses 
 this same idea controls ; if one sends a ball into his own heart, the 
 action is away from the directing hand, and he is viewed as the 
 passive recipient of his own act ; it is with an approach to j)erson- 
 ification that we speak of the bow sending the arrow, or the gun 
 the shot. To despatch is to send hastily or very promptly, ordi- 
 narily with a destination in view ; to dismiss is to send away from 
 oneself without reference to a destination ; as, to dismiss a clerk, 
 an application, or an annoying subject. To discharge is to send 
 away so as to relieve a person or tiling of a load ; we discharge a 
 gun or discharge the contents ; as applied to persons, discharge is 
 a harsher term than dismiss. To emit is to send forth from within, 
 with no reference to a destination ; as, the sun emits light and 
 heat. Transmit, from the Latin, is a dignified term, often less 
 vigorous than the Saxon send, but preferable at times in literary 
 or scientific use ; as, to transmit the crown, or the feud, from gen- 
 eration to generation ; to transmit a cliarge of electricity. Trans- 
 mit fixes the attention more on the intervening agency, as send 
 does upon the points of departure and destination. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 bring, convey, give, hold, receive, 
 
 carry, get, hand, keep, retain. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 To send from the hand to or toward (rarely at) a mark ; send
 
 sensation n£%a 
 
 sensibility SSS 
 
 to a friend by a messenger or by mail ; send a person i7ito banish- 
 ment ; send a shell among the enemy. 
 
 SEIVSATIOIV. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 emotion, feeling, perception, sense. 
 
 Sensation is the mind's consciousness due to a bodily affection, 
 as of heat or cold ; perception is the cognition of some external 
 object which is the cause or occasion of the sensation ; the sensa- 
 tion of heat may be connected with the perception of a fire. While 
 sensations are connected with the body, emotions, as joy, grief, 
 etc., are wholly of the mind. " As the most of them [the sensa- 
 tions] are positively agi-eeable or the opposite, they are nearly akin 
 to those emotions, as hope or terror, or those passions, as anger 
 and envy, which are acknowledged by all to belong exclusively to 
 the spirit, and to involve no relation whatever to matter or the 
 bodily organism. Snch feelings are not infrequently styled sensa- 
 tions, though improperly." Porter Human Intellect § 112, jj. 
 138. [s. '90.] Feeling is a general term popularly denoting what 
 is felt, whether through the body or by the mind alone, and in- 
 cludes both sensation and emotion. Asense is an organ or faculty 
 of sensatio7i or of perception. 
 
 SEEfSIBILITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 feeling, impressibility, sensitiveness, susceptibility. 
 
 Sensibility in the philosophical sense, denotes the capacity of 
 emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the 
 w-ill. (Compare synonyms for sensation.) In popular use se^isi- 
 bility denotes sometimes capacity of feeling of any kind ; as, scji- 
 sibility to heat or cold ; sometimes, a peculiar readiness to be the 
 subject of feeling, especially of the higher feelings ; as, the se7isi- 
 bility of the artist or the poet ; a person of gi-eat or fine sensibility. 
 Sensitiveness denotes an especial delicacy of sensibility, ready to 
 be excited by the slightest cause, as displayed, for instance, in the 
 "sensitive=plant." Susceptibility is rather a capacity to take up, 
 receive, and, as it were, to contain feeling, so that a person of great 
 susceptibility is capable of being not only readily but deeply 
 moved ; sensitiveness is more superficial, susceptibility more per- 
 vading. Thus, in physics, the sensitiveness of a magnetic needle 
 is the ease with which it may be deflected, as by another magnet ; 
 its susceptibility is the degree to v^^hich it can be magnetized by a
 
 329 
 
 severe 
 
 given magnetic force or the amount of magnetism it will hold. So 
 a person of great sensitiveness is quickly and keenly affected by 
 any external influence, as by music, pathos, or ridicule, while a 
 person of gi-eat susceptibility is not only touched, but moved to 
 his inmost soul. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 coldness, deadness, hardness, insensibility, numbness, unconsciousness. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The sensibility of the organism to atmospheric changes. 
 
 SEVERE. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 austere, infleKible, rigorous, uncompromising, 
 
 hard, morose, stern, unmitigated, 
 
 harsh, relentless, stiff, unrelenting, 
 
 inexorable, rigid, strict, unyielding. 
 
 That is severe which is devoid of all softness, mildness, tender- 
 ness, indulgence or levity, or (in literature and art) devoid of unnec- 
 essary ornament, amplification, or embellishment of any kind ; as, 
 a severe style ; as said of anything painful, severe signifies such as 
 heavily taxes endurance or resisting power ; as, a severe pain, 
 fever, or winter. Rigid signifies primarily stiff, resisting any effort 
 to change its shape ; a corpse is said to be rigid in death ; hence, 
 in metaphorical sense, a rigid person or character is one that resists 
 all efliorts to change the will or course of conduct ; a rigid rule or 
 statement is one that admits of no deviation. Rigorous is nearly 
 akin to rigid, but is a stronger word, having reference to action or 
 active qualities, as rigid does to state or character ; a rigid rule 
 may be rigorously enforced. Strict (L. stringo, bind) signifies 
 bound or stretched tight, tense, strenuously exact. Stern unites 
 harshness and authority with strictness or severity ; stern, as said 
 even of inanimate objects, suggests something authoritative or 
 forbidding. Austere signifies severely simple or temperate, strict 
 in self=restraint or discipline, and similarly unrelenting toward 
 others. We speak of austere morality, rigid I'ules, rigorous dis- 
 cipline, ste7^n commands, severe punishment, harsh speech or a 
 harsh voice, hard requirements, strict injunctions, and strict obe- 
 dience. Strict discipline holds one exactly and unflinchingly to 
 the rule ; rigorous discipline punishes severely any infraction of 
 it. The austere character is seldont lovely, but it is always strong, 
 and may be grand, commanding, and estimable. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 afEable, easy, 
 bland, genial, 
 
 gentle, 
 indulgent. 
 
 lenient, 
 mild, 
 
 pliable, 
 
 soft, 
 
 sweet, 
 tender, 
 
 tractable, 
 yielding.
 
 sliake 
 
 330 
 
 
 
 SHAKE. 
 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 
 agitate, 
 
 brandish, 
 
 flap, 
 
 fluctuate, 
 
 flutter, 
 
 jar, 
 
 joggle, 
 
 jolt, 
 
 jounce, 
 
 oscillate, 
 
 quake, 
 
 quaver, 
 
 quiver, 
 
 reel, 
 
 rock, 
 
 shiver, 
 
 shudder, 
 
 sw^ay, 
 
 swing, 
 
 thrill, 
 
 totter, 
 
 tremble, 
 
 vibrate, 
 
 w^ave, 
 
 waver. 
 
 A thing is shaken wliich is subjected to short and abruptly 
 checked movements, as forward and backward, up and down, 
 from side to side, etc. A tree is " shaken with a mighty wind ; " 
 a inan slowly shakes his head. A thing rocJas that is sustained 
 from below ; it swings if suspended from above, as a pendulum, or 
 pivoted at the side, as a crane or a bridge=draw ; to oscillate is to 
 swing with a smooth and regular returning motion ; a vibrating 
 motion maybe tremulous or jarring. The pendulum of a clock 
 may be said to string, vibrate, or oscillate ; a steel bridge vibrates 
 under the passage of a heavy train ; the term vibrate is also ap- 
 plied to molecular movements. Jolting is a lifting from and let- 
 ting down suddenly upon an unyielding surface ; as, a carriage 
 jolts over a rough road. A jarring motion is abruptly and very 
 rapidly repeated through an exceedingly limited space ; the jolting 
 of the carriage jars the windows. Rattling refers directly to the 
 sound produced by shaking . Ho joggle is to shake slightly; as, a 
 liassing touch joggles the desk on which one is writing. A thing 
 trembles that shakes f)erceptibly and with an appearance of uncer- 
 tainty and instability, as a person under the influence of fear ; a 
 tiling shivers when all its particles are stirred with a slight but 
 pervading tremulous motion, as a human body under the influence 
 of cold ; shuddering is a more pronounced movement of a similar 
 kind, in human beings often the effect of emotional or moral 
 recoil ; hence, the word is applied by extension to such feelings 
 even when they have no such outward manifestation ; as, one says, 
 " I shudder at the thought." To quiver is to have slight and often 
 spasmodic contractile motions, as the flesh under the surgeon's 
 knife. Thrill is applied to a pervasive movement felt rather than 
 seen ; as, the nerves thrill with delight ; quiver is similarly used, 
 but suggests somewhat more of outward manifestation. To agi- 
 tate in its literal use is nearly the same as to shake, tho we speak 
 of the sea as agitated when yve could not say it is shaken; the 
 Latin agitate is preferred in scientific or technical use to the Saxon 
 shake, and especially as applied to the action of mechanical con- 
 trivances ; in the metaphorical use agitate is more transitory and 
 superficial, shake more fundamental and enduring ; a person's
 
 331 tiilicltei' 
 
 feelings are agitated by distressing news ; his courage, his faith, 
 his credit, or his testimony is shaken. Sway applies to the move- 
 ment of a body suspended from above or not firmly sustained from 
 below, and the motion of which is less pronounced than sicinging, 
 smoother than vibrating, and not necessarily constant as oscilla- 
 ting ; as, the swaying of a reed in the wind. Sway used transi- 
 tively especially applies to motions of gi*ace or dignity ; hrandish 
 denotes a threatening or hostile motion ; a monarch sivays the 
 scepter ; the ruffian brandishes a club. To reel or totter always 
 implies liability to fall ; reeling is more violent than sivaying, tot- 
 tering more irregular ; a drunken man reels ; we speak of the tot- 
 tering step of age or infancy. An extended mass which seems to 
 lack solidity or cohesion is said to quake ; as, a quaking bog. 
 Quaver is applied almost exclusively to tremulous sounds of the 
 human voice. Flap, flutter, and fluctuate refer to wave=like 
 movements, fla2J generally to such as produce a sharp sound ; a 
 cock flaps his wings ; flutter applies to a less pronounced and more 
 irregular motion ; a captive bird or a feeble pulse flutters. Com- 
 pare FLUCTUATE. 
 
 Syiioiiyins : 
 
 cover, guard, protect, shield, 
 
 defend, harbor, screen, ward. 
 
 Anything is covered over which something is completely 
 extended ; a vessel is covered with a lid ; the head is covered with 
 a hat. That which covers may also defend or proteci : thus, troops 
 interposed between some portion of their own army and the enemy 
 are often called a covering party. To shelter is to cover so as to 
 protect from injury or annoyance ; as, the roof shelters from the 
 storm ; woods shelter from the heat. To defend (L. defendere, 
 to strike away) implies tlio actual, protect (L. protegere, to 
 cover before) implies the po&sible use of force or resisting power ; 
 guard implies sustained vigilance with readiness for conflict ; we 
 defend a person or thing against actual attack ; we guard or pro- 
 tect against possible assavilt or injury. A powerful person may 
 protect one who is weak by simply declaring himself his friend ; 
 he defends hiiu by some form of active championship. An inani- 
 mate object may protect, as a garment from cold ; defend is used 
 but rarely, and by somewhat violent metaphor, in such connec- 
 tion. Protect is more complete than guard or defend ; an object 
 may be faithfvxlly guarded or bravely defended in vain, but that 
 wliich is protected is secure. To shield is to interpose something
 
 sign 
 
 sin 332 
 
 over or before that whicli is assailed, so as to save from harm, and 
 has a comparatively passive sense ; one may guard another by 
 standing armed at his side, defend him by fighting for him, or 
 shield him from a missile or a blow by interposing his own person. 
 Harbor is generally used in an unfavorable sense ; confederates or 
 sympathizers harbor a criminal ; a j^erson harbors evil thoughts 
 or designs. See cherish. Compare synonyms for hide ; defense. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 betray, cast out, expel, expose, give up, refuse, reject, surrender. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Shelter tinder a roof from the storm ; in the fortress, behind 
 or within the walls, from attack. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 emblem, mark, presage, symbol, token, 
 
 indication, note, prognostic, symptom, type, 
 
 manifestation, omen, signal, 
 
 A sign, (L. signum) is any distinctive inarTc by which a tiling 
 may be recognized or its presence known, and may be intentional 
 or accidental, natural or artificial, suggestive, descriptive, or wholly 
 arbitrary ; thus, a blush may be a sign of shame ; the footprint of 
 an animal is a sign that it has passed ; the sign of a business 
 house now usually declares what is done or kept within, but for- 
 merly might be an object having no connection with the busi- 
 ness, as ' ' the sign of the trout " ; the letters of the alphabet are 
 signs of cei-tain sounds. While a sign may be involuntary, and 
 even unconscious, a signal is always voluntary, and is usually 
 concerted ; a ship may show signs of distress to the casual ob- 
 server, but sig^ials of distress are a distinct appeal for aid. A 
 symptom is a vital phenomenoii resulting from a diseased condi- 
 tion ; in medical language a sign is an indication of any physical 
 condition, whether niorbid or healthy ; thus, a hot skin and rapid 
 pulse are symptoms of pneumonia ; dulness of some portion of the 
 lungs under percussion is one of the physical signs. Compare 
 
 AUGUR : characteristic ; emblem. 
 
 SIN. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 crime. fault, misdeed, vice, 
 
 criminality. guilt, offense, viciousness, 
 
 delinquency, ill^doing, transgression, wickedness, 
 
 depravity, immorality, ungodliness, wrong, 
 
 evil, iniquity, unrighteousness, w^rong:doing. 
 
 Sin is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity and 
 
 y
 
 333 sliijs: 
 
 truth, whether in heart or hf e, whether of commission or omission. 
 "All unrighteousness is sin," 1 John v, 17. Transgression, as its 
 etymology indicates, is the stepping over a specific enactment, 
 whether of God or man, ordinarily by overt act, but in the broad- 
 est sense, in volition or desire. Sin may be either act or state ; 
 transgression is always an act, mental or physical. Crime is often 
 used for a fiagi-ant violation of right, but in the technical sense 
 denotes specific violation of human law. Guilt is desert of and 
 exposure to punishment because of sin. Depravity denotes not any 
 action, but a perverted moral condition from which any act of sin 
 may proceed. Sin in the generic sense, as denoting a state of 
 heart, is synonymous with depravity ; in the specific sense, as in 
 the expression a sin, the term may be synonymous with trans- 
 gression, crime, offense, misdeed, etc., or may denote some moral 
 activity that could not be characterized by terms so positive. Im- 
 morality denotes outward violation of the moral law. Sin is thus 
 the broadest word, and immorality next in scope ; all crimes, 
 properly so called, and all immoralities, are sins ; but there may 
 be sin, as ingratitude, which is neither crime, transgression, nor 
 immorality ; and there may be immorality which is not crime, as 
 falsehood. Compare criminal. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 blcamelessness, goodness, integrity, rectitude, sinlessness, 
 
 excellence, holiness, morality, right, uprightness, 
 
 godliness, innocence, purity, righteousness, vn-tue. 
 
 Compare synonyms for virtue. 
 
 SIXCJ. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, w^artale. 
 
 To sing is primarily and ordinarily to utter a succession of 
 articulate musical sounds with the human voice. The word has 
 come to include any succession of musical sounds ; we say the 
 bird or the rivulet sings ; we speak of ''the singing quality " of an 
 instrument, and by still wider extension of meaning we say the 
 teakettle or the cricket sings. To chant is to sing in solemn and 
 somewhat uniform cadence ; chant is ordinarily applied to non= 
 metrical religious compositions. To carol is to sing joyously, and 
 to warhle (kindred with u-hirl) is to sing with trills or quavers, 
 usually also with the idea of joy. Carol and warble are especially 
 apphed to the singi)ig of birds. To chirp is to utter a brief musi- 
 cal sound, perhaps often repeated in the same key, as by certain
 
 sketcli 334 
 
 small birds, insects, etc. To chirrup is to utter a somewhat simi- 
 lar sound ; the word is often used of a brief, sharp sound uttered 
 as a signal to animate or rovise a horse or other animal. To hum 
 is to utter murmuring soiuids with somewhat monotonous musical 
 cadence, usually with closed lips ; we speak also of the hum of 
 machinery, etc. 
 
 SKETCH. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 brief, draft, outline, plan, 
 
 design, draw^ing, picture, skeleton. 
 
 A sketch is a rough, suggestive presentation of anything, 
 whether grapliic or literary, commonly intended to be prehminary 
 to a more complete or extended treatment. An outline gives only 
 the bounding or determining lines of a figure or a scene ; a sketch 
 may give not only lines, but shading and color, but is hasty and 
 incomplete. The lines of a sketch are seldom so full and continu- 
 ous as those of an outline, being, Uke the shading or color, Uttle 
 more than indications or suggestions according to which a finished 
 picture may be made ; the artist's fii-st representation of a sunset, 
 the hues of which change so rapidly, must of necessity be a sketch. 
 Draft and plan apply especially to mechanical drawing, of which 
 outline, sketch, and clraicing are also used : a plan is sti'ictly a 
 view from above, as of a building or machine, giving the lines of 
 a horizontal section, originally at the level of the gi'ound, now in 
 a wider sense at any height ; as, apian of the cellar ; apian of 
 the attic. A mechanical drawing is always understood to be in 
 full detail ; a draft is an incomplete or unfinished drawing ; a 
 design is such a preliminary sketch as indicates the object to be 
 accomplished or the result to be attained, and is understood to be 
 original. One may make a drawing of any well=known mechan- 
 ism, or a drawing from another man's design ; but if he says, ' ' The 
 design is mine," he claims it as his own invention or composi- 
 tion. In written composition an outline gives simply the main 
 divisions, and in the case of a sermon is often called a skeleton ; a 
 somewhat fuller suggestion of illustration, treatment, and style is 
 given in a sketch. A lawyer's brief is a succinct statement of the 
 main facts involved in a case, and of the main heads of his argu- 
 ment on points of law, with reference to authorities cited ; the 
 brief has none of the vagueness of a sketch, being sufficiently exact 
 and complete to form, on occasion, the basis for the decision of
 
 ^, skeptic 
 
 335 skilful 
 
 the court witliout oral argument, when the case is said to be "sub- 
 mitted on brief" Compare design. 
 
 SKEPTIC. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 agnostic, deist, doubter, infidel, unbeliever, 
 
 atheist, disbeliever, freethinker. 
 
 The skeptic doubts divine revelation ; the disbeliever and the 
 unbeliever reject it, the disbeliever with more of intellectual dis- 
 sent, the unbeliever (in the common acceptation) with indifiference 
 or with opposition of heart as well as of intellect. Infidel is an 
 opprobrious term that might once almost have been said to be 
 geographical in its range. The Crusaders called all Mohammedans 
 infidels, and were so called by them in return ; the word is com- 
 monly apijlied to any decided opponent of an accepted religion. 
 The atheist denies that there is a God ; the deist admits the exis- 
 tence of God, but denies that the Christian Scriptures are a reve- 
 lation from him ; the agnostic denies either that we do know 
 or that we can know whether there is a God. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 believer, Christian. 
 
 SKILFUL.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accomplished, apt, dexterous, happy, proficient, 
 
 adept. clever, expert, ingenious, skilled, 
 
 adroit, deft, handy, practised, trained. 
 
 Skilful signifies possessing and using readily practical knowl- 
 edge and ability, having alert and well=trained faculties with ref- 
 erence to a given work. One is adept in that for which he has a 
 natural gift improved by practise ; he is expert in that of which 
 ti-aining, experience, and study have given him a thorough mas- 
 tery ; he is dexterous in that which he can do effectively, with or 
 without training, especially in work of the hand or bodily activi- 
 ties. In the case of the noun, "an expert" denotes one who is 
 ' ' experienced " in the fullest sense, a master of his branch of knowl- 
 edge. A skilled workman is one who has thoroughly learned his 
 trade, though he may be naturally quite dull ; a skilful workman 
 has some natural brightness, ability, and power of adaptation, in 
 addition to his acquired knowledge and dexterity. Compare 
 
 CLEVER ; DEXTERITY ; POWER.
 
 e«Iander 
 
 slang 336 
 
 Antouyiiis: 
 
 awkward, clumsy, inesptTt, shiftless, unskilled, untrained, 
 
 bungling, helpless, maladroit, unhandy, untaught, 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Skilful at or in a work, tvith a pen or tool of any kind. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 asperse, decry, disparage, revile, 
 
 backbite, defame, libel, traduce, 
 
 calumniate, depreciate, malign, vilify. 
 
 To slander a person is to utter a false and injurious report con- 
 cerning him ; to defame is specifically and directly to attack one's 
 reputation ; to defame by sjioken words is to slander, by wi-it- 
 ten words, to libel. To asperse is, as it were, to bespatter 
 with injurious charges ; to malign is to circulate studied and 
 malicious attacks upon character ; to traduce is to exhibit one's 
 real or assumed traits in an odious light ; to revile or vilify is to 
 attack with vile abuse. To disparage is to represent one's ad- 
 mitted good traits or acts as less i^raiseworthy than they would 
 naturally be thought to be, as for instance, by ascribing a man's 
 benevolence to a desire for popularity or display. To lihel or 
 slander is to make an assault vipon character and repute that 
 comes within the scope of law ; the slander is uttered, the libel 
 written, printed, or pictured. To backbite is to speak something 
 secretly to one's injury ; to calunmiate is to invent as well as utter 
 the injurious charge. One may "abuse," "assail," or vilify an- 
 other to his face ; he asperses, calumniates, slanders, or traduces 
 him behind his back. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 defend. eulogize, extol, laud, praise, vindicate. 
 
 SLANG. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 cant, colloquialism, vulgarism, vulgarity. 
 
 A colloquialism is an expression not coarse or low, and perhaps 
 not incorrect, but below the literary grade ; educated persons are 
 apt to allow themselves some colloquialisms in familiar conversa- 
 tion, which they would avoid in writing or public speaking. 
 Slang, in the primary sense, denotes expressions that are either 
 coarse and rude in themselves or chiefly current among the coarser 
 and ruder part of the community ; there are also many expressions 
 current in special senses in certain communities that may be char-
 
 slow 
 337 sneer 
 
 acterized as slang ; as, college slang ; club slang ; racing slang. 
 In the evolution of language many words originally slang are 
 adopted by good writers and speakers, and ultimately take their 
 ^ilace as accepted English. A vulgarism is an expression decidedly 
 incorrect, and the use of which is a mark of ignorance or low 
 breeding. Cant, as used in this connection, denotes the barbarous 
 jargon used as a secret language by thieves, tramps, etc. Compare 
 
 DICTION : LANGUAGE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 dawdling, dilatory, gradual, lingering;, slack, 
 
 delaying, drow^sy, inactive, moderate. sluggish, 
 
 deliberate, dull, inert, procrastinating, tardy. 
 
 Slow signifies moving through a relatively short distance, or 
 with a relatively small number of motions in a given time ; slow 
 also applies to that which is a relatively long while in beginning 
 or accomplishing something ; a watch or a clock is said to be slow 
 when its indications are behind those of the standard time. Tardy 
 is applied to that which is behind the proper or desired time, 
 especially in doing a work or arriving at a place. Deliberate and 
 dilatonj are used of persons, tho the latter may be used also of 
 things, as of a stream ; a person is deliberate who takes a notice- 
 ably long time to consider and decide before acting or who acts or 
 speaks as if he were deliberating at every point ; a person is dilatory 
 who lays aside, or puts off as long as possible, necessary or required 
 action ; both words may be apphed either to undertaking or to 
 doing. Gradual (L. gradiis, a step) signifies advancing by steps, 
 and refers to sloiv but regular and sure progression. Slack refers 
 to action that seems to indicate a lack of tension, as of muscle or 
 of wiU, sluggish to action that seems as if reluctant to advance. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 See synonyms for nimble. 
 
 SNEER. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 fling, gibe, jeer, mock, sco£f, taunt. 
 
 A sneer may be simply a contemptuous facial contortion, or 
 it may be some brief satirical utterance that throws a contemp- 
 tuous side=light on what it attacks without attempting to prove or 
 disprove ; a depreciatory imj)lication may be given in a sneer such 
 
 22
 
 socialism o«>c 
 
 sound 338 
 
 as could only be answei'ed by elaborate argument or proof, which 
 would seem to give the attack undue importance : 
 
 Who can refute a sneer? Palet Moral Philosophy bk. v, ch. ix. 
 
 A. fling is careless and commonly pettish ; a taunt is intentionally 
 insulting and provoking ; the sneer is superciHous ; the taunt is 
 defiant. The jeer and gibe are uttered ; the gihe is bitter, and 
 often sly or covert ; the jeer is rude and open. A scoff may be in 
 act or word, and is commonly directed against that which claims 
 honor, reverence, or worship. Compare banter. 
 Preposition : 
 
 Only an essentially vicious mind is capable of a sneer at virtue. 
 
 SOCIAI^ISM. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 anarchism, collectivism, communism, fabianism. 
 
 Socialism, as defined by its advocates, is a theory of civil polity 
 that aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase of 
 wealth, and a more equal distribution of the products of labor 
 through the public collective ownership of land and capital (as 
 distinguished from property), and the public collective management 
 of all industries. Its motto is, "Every one according to his deeds " ; 
 socialism is a purely economic term, applying to landownership and 
 productive capital. Many socialists caU themselves collectivists, and 
 their system collectivism. Communism would divide all things, 
 including the profits of individual labor, among members of tlie 
 community ; many of its advocates would abolish marriage and 
 the family relation. Anarchism would destroy, by violence if 
 necessary, all existing government and social order, leaving the 
 future to determine what, if anything, should be raised upon 
 their ruins. 
 
 SOUMI>. 
 
 Synonyms; 
 
 noise, note, tone. 
 
 Sound is the sensation produced through the organs of hearing 
 or the physical cause of this sensation. Sound is the most com- 
 prehensive word of this gi'oup, applying to anything that is audi- 
 ble. Tone is sound considered as having some musical quality or 
 as expressive of some feeling ; noise is sound considered witliout 
 reference to musical quality or as distinctly unmusical or discord- 
 ant. Thus, in the most general sense noise and sotnid scarcely 
 differ, and we say almost indifferently, "I heard a sound," or " I
 
 speak 
 339 speech 
 
 heard a noise.'' We speak of a fine, musical, or pleasing sound, 
 but never thus of a noise. In music, tone may denote either a 
 musical sound or the interval between two such sounds, but in the 
 most careful usage the latter is now distinguished as the "interval," 
 leaving tone to stand only for the sound. Note in music strictly 
 denotes the character representing a sound, but in loose popular 
 usage it denotes the sound also, and becomes practically equiva- 
 lent to tone. Aside from its musical use, tone is chiefly applied to 
 that quality of the human voice by which feeling is expressed ; as, 
 he spoke in a cheery tone ; the word is similarly applied to the 
 voices of birds and other animals, and sometimes to inanimate 
 objects. As iised of a musical instrument, tone denotes the gen- 
 eral quality of its sounds collectively considered. 
 
 SPEAK. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 announce, converse, discourse, say, 
 
 articulate, declaim, enunciate, talk, 
 
 chat, declare, express, tell, 
 
 chatter, deliver, pronounce, utter. 
 
 To utter is to give forth as an audible sound, articulate or not. 
 To talk is to utter a succession of connected words, ordinarily 
 with the expectation of being listened to. To specik is to give 
 articulate utterance even to a single word ; the officer speaks the 
 word of command, but does not talk it. To speak is also to utter 
 words with the ordinary intonation, as distinguished from singing. 
 To chat is ordinarily to tdter in a familiar, conversational way ; to 
 chatter is to talk in an empty, ceaseless way like a magpie. 
 Prepositions : 
 
 Speak to (address) a person ; speak ivith a person (converse with 
 him); speak of or aboid a thing (make it the subject of remark); 
 speak on or upo7i a subject ; in parliamentary language, speak to 
 the question. 
 
 SPEECH. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 address, dissertation, oration, speaking, 
 
 discourse, harangue. oratory. talk, 
 
 disquisition, language, sermon, utterance. 
 
 Speech is the general word for utterance of thought in lan- 
 guage. A speech may be the delivering of one's sentiments in the 
 simplest way ; an oration is an elaborate and prepared speech ; a 
 harangue is a vehement appeal to passion, or a speech that has
 
 spontaneons nmA 
 
 spy 340 
 
 something disputatious and combative in it. A discourse is a set 
 speech on a definite subject, intended to convey instruction. Com- 
 pare CONVERSATION ; DICTION ; LANGUAGE. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 hush, silence, speechlessness, stillness, taciturnity. 
 
 SPOILT AXEOUS. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 automatic, impulsive, involuntary, voluntary, 
 free, instinctive, unbidden, -willing. 
 
 That is spontaneous which is freely done, with no external 
 compulsion and, in human actions, without special premeditation 
 or distinct determination of the will ; that is voluntary which is 
 freely done with distinct act of will ; that is involuntary which is 
 independent of the will, and perhaps in opposition to it ; a vnlling 
 act is not only in accordance Avith will, but with desire. Thus 
 voluntary and involuntary, which are antonyms of each other, 
 are both partial synonyms of spontaneous. We speak of sponta- 
 neous generation, spontaneous combustion, spontaneous sym- 
 pathy, an involuntary start, an unhidden tear, voluntary agree- 
 ment, ivilling submission. A babe's smile in answer to that of its 
 mother is spontaneous ; the smile of a pouting child wheedled into 
 good humor is involuntary. In physiology the action of the heart 
 and lungs is called involuntary ; the growth of the hair and nails 
 is spontaneous ; the action of swallowing is voluntary up to a 
 certain point, beyond which it becomes involuntary or automatic. 
 In the fullest sense of that which is not only without the will but 
 distinctly in opposition to it, or compulsory, involuntary becomes 
 an antonym, not only of voluntary but of spontaneous ; as, in- 
 voluntary servitude. A spontaneous outburst of applause is of 
 necessity an act of vohtion, but so completely dependent on sym- 
 pathetic impulse that it would seem frigid to call it voluntary, 
 while to call it involuntary would imply some previous purpose 
 or inclination not to applaud. 
 
 SPY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 detective, emissary, scout. 
 
 The scout and the sx^y are both employed to obtain information 
 of the numbers, movements, etc., of an enemy. The scoid lurks on 
 the outskirts of the hostile army with such concealment as the 
 case admits of, but without disguise ; a spy enters in disguise
 
 341 
 
 statn 
 »itate 
 
 within the enemy's lines. A scout, if captured, has tlie rights of 
 a prisoner of war ; a spy is held to have forfeited all rights, and is 
 liable, in case of capture, to capital punishment. An emissary is 
 rather political than military ; sent rather to secretly influence 
 opponents than to bring information concerning them ; so far as 
 he does the latter, he is not only an emissary, but a sjiy. 
 
 STAIW. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 blot, discolor, dishonor, soil, sully, tinge, 
 
 color, disgrace, dye, spot, tarnish, tint. 
 
 To color is to impart a color desired or undesired, temporary or 
 permanent, or, in the intransitive use, to assume a color in any way ; 
 as, he colored with shame and vexation. To dye is to impart a 
 color intentionally and with a view to permanence, and especially so 
 as to pervade the substance or fiber of that to which it is applied. 
 To stain is primarily to discolor, to impart a color undesired and 
 perhaps unintended, and which may or may not be permanent. 
 Thus, a character "dyed in the wool" is one that has received 
 some early, permanent, and pervading influence ; a character 
 stained with crime or guilt is debased and perverted. Stain is, 
 however, used of giving an intended and perhaps pleasing color 
 to wood, glass, etc., by an application of coloring=matter which 
 enters the substance a little below the sm-face, in distinction 
 from painting, in which coloring=matter is spread uj)on the sur- 
 face ; dyeing is generally said of wool, yarn, cloth, or similar 
 materials which are dipped into the coloring liquid. Figuratively, 
 a standard or a garment may be dyed with blood in honorable 
 warfare ; an assassin's weapon is stained with the blood of his 
 victim. To tinge is to color slightly, and may also be used of 
 giving a slight flavor, or a slight admixture of one ingi-edient or 
 quality with another that is more pronounced. 
 
 / 
 
 
 STATE. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affirm, 
 
 allege, 
 
 assert, 
 
 asseverate, 
 
 assure, 
 
 aver, 
 
 avouch, 
 
 avow^, 
 
 certify, 
 
 claim, 
 
 declare, 
 
 depose, 
 
 express, 
 
 inform, 
 
 maintain. 
 
 predicate, 
 
 pronounce 
 
 propound, 
 
 protest, 
 
 say. 
 
 set forth, 
 
 specify, 
 
 swear, 
 
 tell. 
 
 testify. 
 
 To state (L. sto, stand) is to set forth explicitly, formally, or 
 particularly in speech or writing. Assert (L. ad, to, and sero, bind) 
 is strongly personal, signifying to state boldly and positively what
 
 steep 342 
 
 the one making the statement has not attempted and may not at- 
 tempt to prove. Affirm has less of egotism than assert (as seen in 
 the word self-assertion), coming nearer to aver. It has more 
 solemnity than declare, and more composure and dignity than 
 asseverate, which is to assert excitedly. In legal usage, affirm has 
 a general agreement with depose and testify ; it differs from sioear 
 in not invoking the name of God. To assure is to state with such 
 authority and confidence as the speaker feels ought to make the 
 hearer sure. Certify is more formal, and applies rather to written 
 documents or legal jjrocesses. Assure, certify, inform, apply to 
 the person ; affirm, etc. , to the tiling. Assert is combative ; assure 
 is conciliatory, I assert my right to cross the river ; I assure my 
 friend it is perfectly safe. To aver is to state positively what is 
 witliin one's own knowledge or matter of deep conviction. One may 
 assert liimself , or assert his right to what he is willing to contend 
 for ; or he may assert in discussion what he is ready to maintain 
 by argument or evidence. To assert without proof is always to 
 lay oneself open to the suspicion of having no proof to offer, and 
 seems to arrogate too much to one's personal authority, and hence 
 in such cases both the verb assert and its noun assertion have an 
 unfavorable sense ; we say a mere assertion, a bare assertion, his 
 unsupported assertion ; he asserted his innocence has less force 
 than he affirmed or viaintained his innocence. Affirm, state, and 
 tell have not the controversial sense of assert, but are simply 
 declarative. To vindicate is to defend successfully what is 
 assailed. Almost every criminal will assert his innocence ; the 
 honest man will seldom lack means to vindicate his integi-ity. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 contradict, controvert, disprove, gainsay, refute, retract, 
 
 contravene, deny, dispute, oppose, repudiate, waive. 
 
 STEEP. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abrupt, higli, precipitous, sharp, sheer. 
 
 High is used of simple elevation ; steep is said only of an in- 
 cline where the vertical measurement is sufficiently great in pro- 
 portion to the horizontal to make it difficult of ascent. Steep is 
 relative ; an ascent of 100 feet to the mile on a railway is a steep 
 grade ; a rise of 500 feet to the mile makes a steep wagon=road ; a 
 roof is steep when it makes with the horizontal line an angle of 
 more than 45° , A Jiigh movmtain may be climbed by a winding 
 road nowhere steep, while a little hill may be accessible only by a
 
 343 
 
 storm 
 story 
 
 steep path. A sharp ascent or descent is one that makes a sudden, 
 decided angle with the plane from which it starts ; a sheer ascent 
 or descent is perpendicular, or nearly so ; precipitous applies to 
 that which is of the nature of a precipice, and is used especially of 
 a descent ; ahrupt is as if broken sharply off, and applies to either 
 acclivity or declivity. Compare high. 
 
 Antouyiiis: 
 
 easy, flat, gentle, gradual, horizontal, level, low, slight. 
 
 STORM. 
 
 Syiionyins : 
 
 agitation, disturbance, tempest. 
 
 A storm is properly a disturbance of the atmosphere, with or 
 without rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. Thus we have 
 xabin-storm, snowsstorm, etc., and by extension, magnetic storm. 
 A tempest is a storm of extareme violence, always attended with 
 some precipitation, as of rain, from the atmosphere. In the moral 
 and figurative use, storm and tempest are not closely discriminated, 
 except that tempest commonly implies greater intensity. We speak 
 of agitation of feeling, disturba?ice of mind, a storm of passion, a 
 tempest of rage. 
 
 Antonyms : 
 
 calm, fair weather, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 account, 
 
 anecdote, 
 
 incident, 
 
 legend, 
 
 myth, 
 
 narration. 
 
 STORY. 
 
 narrative, 
 novel, 
 
 recital, 
 record, 
 
 relation, 
 tale. 
 
 A story is the telling of some series of connected incidents or 
 events, whether real or fictitious, in prose or verse, orally or in 
 writing ; or the series of incidents or events thus related may be 
 termed a story. In children's talk, a story is a common euphe- 
 mism for a falsehood. Tale is nearly synonymous with story, but 
 is somewhat archaic ; it is used for an imaginative, legendary, or 
 fictitious recital, especially if of ancient date ; as, a fairy tale ; 
 also, for an idle or malicious report ; as, do not tell tales ; " where 
 there is no faZe=bearer, the strife ceaseth." Prov. xxvi, 20. Ajo. anec- 
 dote tells briefly some incident, assumed to be fact. If it passes 
 close limits of brevity, it ceases to be an anecdote, and becomes a 
 narrative or nmTation. A traditional or mytliical story of an- 
 cient times is a legend. A history is often somewhat poetically
 
 stupidity 
 stupor 
 
 344 
 
 called a story ; as, the story of the American civil war. Compare 
 
 ALLEGORY ; FICTION ; HISTORY. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 annals, biography, chronicle, history, memoir. 
 
 STUPIDITY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 apathy, insensibility, slowness, stupefaction, 
 
 dulness, obtuseness, sluggishness, stupor. 
 
 Stupidity is sometimes loosely used for temporary dulness or 
 partial stupor, but chiefly for innate and chronic dulness and 
 sluggishness of mental action, obtuseness of apprehension, etc. 
 Apathy may be temporary, and be disi^elled by appeal to the feel- 
 ings or by the presentation of an adequate motive, but stupidity 
 
 is inveterate 
 
 and commonly incurable. 
 
 Compare apathy ; 
 
 IDIOCY ; STUPOR. 
 
 
 
 Antonyms 
 
 
 
 
 acuteness, 
 alertness, 
 animation, 
 
 brilliancy, 
 cleverness, 
 intelligence. 
 
 keenness, 
 quickness, 
 , readiness, 
 
 sagacity, 
 
 sense, 
 
 sensibility. 
 
 
 STUPOR. 
 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 
 
 
 apathy, 
 
 asphyxia, 
 
 coma. 
 
 fainting, 
 
 insensibility, 
 
 lethargy, 
 
 stupefaction, 
 
 swoon, 
 
 sw^ooning, 
 
 syncope, 
 
 torpor, 
 
 unconsciousness. 
 
 Stup)or is a condition of the body in which the action of the 
 senses and faculties is suspended or gi-eatly dulled — weakness or 
 loss of sensibility. The apathy of disease is a mental affection, a 
 state of morbid indifference ; lethargy is a morbid tendency to 
 heavy and continued sleep, from which the patient may perhaps 
 be momentarily aroused. Coma is a deep, abnormal sleep, from 
 which the patient can not be aroused, or is aroused only with diffi- 
 culty, a state of profound insensibility, perhaps with full pulse and 
 deep, stertorous breathing, and is due to bi'ain=oppression. Syn- 
 cope or swooning is a sudden loss of sensation and of power of 
 motion, with suspension of pulse and of respiration, and is due to 
 failure of heart=action, as from sudden nervous shock or intense 
 mental emotion. Insensibility is a general term denoting loss of 
 feeling from any cause, as from cold, intoxication, or injury. 
 Stupor is especially profound and confirmed insensibility, prop- 
 erly comatose. Asphyxia is a special form of sijncope resulting 
 from partial or total suspension of respiration, as in strangulation, 
 drowning, or inhalation of noxious gases.
 
 subjective 
 «»4D sub8ld}r 
 
 SUBJECTIVE. 
 
 Synonym: 
 
 objective. 
 
 Subjective and objective are synonyms in but one point of view, 
 being, for the most part, strictly antonyms. Subjective signifies 
 relating to the subject of mental states, that is, to the person who 
 experiences them ; objective signifies relating to the object of men- 
 tal states, that is, to something outside the perceiving mind ; in 
 brief phrase it may be said that subjective relates to something 
 within the mind, objective to something without. A mountain, as a 
 mass of a certain size, contour, color, etc., is an objective fact ; the 
 impression our mind receives, the mental picture it forms of the 
 mountain, is subjective. But this subjective impression may be- 
 come itself the object of thought (called " subject=object " ), as 
 when we compare our mental picture of the mountain with our 
 idea of a plain or river. The direct experiences of the soul, as joy, 
 grief, hope, fear, are purely subjective ; the outward causes of 
 these experiences, as prosperity, bereavement, disappointment, 
 are objective. That which has independent existence or authority 
 apart from our experience or thought is said to have objective ex- 
 istence or authority ; thus we speak of the objective authority of 
 the moral law. Different individuals may receive different siib- 
 jective impressions from the same objective fact, that which to one 
 is a cause of hope being to another a cause of fear, etc. The style 
 of a writer is called objective when it derives its materials mainly 
 from or reaches out toward external objects ; it is called subjec- 
 tive when it derives its materials mainly from or constantly tends 
 to revert to the personal experience of the author. Compare 
 
 INHERENT 
 
 SUBSIDY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 aid, bounty, inderanity, reward, support, 
 
 allowance, gift, pension, subvention, tribute, 
 
 bonus, grant, premium, 
 
 A subsidy is pecuniary aid directly granted by government to 
 an individual or commercial enterprise, or money furnished by 
 one nation to another to aid it in carrying on war against a common 
 enemy. A nation grants a subsidy to an ally, pays a tribute to a 
 conqueror. An indemnity is in the nature of things limited and 
 temporary, while a tribute might be exacted indefinitely. A
 
 subvert 
 
 succeed 346 
 
 nation may also grant a subsidy to its own citizens as a means of 
 promoting the public welfare ; as, a si(bsidy to a steamship com- 
 pany. The somewhat rare term subvention is especially appUed 
 to a grant of governmental aid to a literary or artistic enterprise. 
 Governmental aid to a commercial or industrial enterprise other 
 than a transportation company is more frequently called a bounty 
 than a subsidy ; as, the sugar bounty. The word bounty may be 
 applied to almost any regular or stipulated allowance by a gov- 
 ernment to a citizen or citizens ; as, a bounty for enlisting in the 
 army ; a bounty for killing wolves. A bounty is offered for some- 
 thing to be done ; a x)ension is granted for something that has 
 been done. 
 
 SUBVERT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 destroy, overthrow^, ruin, supplant, 
 
 extinguisli, overturn, supersede, suppress. 
 
 To subvert is to overthrow from or as from the very founda- 
 tion ; utterly destroy ; bring to ruin. The word is now generally 
 figurative, as of moral or political ruin. To supersede implies 
 the putting of something that is wisely or unwisely preferred in 
 the place of that which is removed ; to subvert does not imply 
 substitution. To supplant is more often personal, signifying to 
 take the place of another, usually by underhanded means ; one is 
 superseded by authority, supplanted by a rival. Compare abolish. 
 Autonyms : 
 
 conserve, keep, perpetuate, preserve, sustain, uphold. 
 
 SUCCEED. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 achieve, attain, flourish, prevail, prosper, thrive, win. 
 
 A person succeeds when he accomplishes what he attempts, or 
 attains a desired object or result ; an enterprise or undertaking 
 succeeds that has a prosperous result. To u-in implies that some 
 one loses, but one may succeed where no one fails. A solitary 
 swimmer succeeds in reaching the shore ; if we say he unjis the 
 shore we contrast him with himself as a possible loser. Many 
 students may succeed in study ; a few win the special prizes, for 
 which all compete. Compare follow. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 be defeated, come short, fail, fall short, lose, miss, miscarry.
 
 suggestion 
 t>47 supernatural 
 
 SUGGESTION. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 hint, implication. Innuendo, insinuation, intimation. 
 
 A suggestion (L. SMb, under, and gero, bring) brings something 
 before the mind less directly than by formal or explicit statement, 
 as by a partial statement, an incidental allusion, an illustratioii, a 
 question, or the like. Suggestion is often used of an unobtrusive 
 slatementof one's views or wishes to another, leaving consideration 
 iuid any consequent action entirely to his judgment, and is hence, 
 in many cases, the most respectful way in which one can convey 
 his views to a superior or a stranger. A suggestion may be given 
 unintentionally, and even unconsciously, as when we say an author 
 has " a suggestive style." An intimation is a suggestion in brief 
 utterance, or sometimes by significant act, gesture, or token, of 
 one's meaning or wishes ; in the latter case it is often the act of a 
 superior ; as, God in his providence gives us intimations of his will. 
 A hint is still more limited in expression, and is always covert, but 
 frequently with good intent ; as, to give one a hint of danger or 
 of opportunity. Insimiation and innuendo are used in the bad 
 sense ; an insinuation is a covert or partly veiled injurious utter- 
 ance, sometimes to the very person attacked ; an innuendo is com- 
 monly secret as well as sly, as if pointing one out by a signifi- 
 cant nod (L. in, in, to, and nuo, nod). 
 
 SUPERIVATURAL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 miraculous, preternatural, superhuman. 
 
 The supernatural {super, above) is above or sviperior to the 
 recognized powers of nature ; the preternatural {preter, beyond) 
 is aside from or beyond the recognized results or operations of 
 natural law, often in the sense of inauspicious ; as, a preternat- 
 ural gloom. Miraculous is more emphatic and specific than super- 
 natural, as referring to the direct personal intervention of divine 
 power. Some hold that a miracle, as the raising of the dead, is a 
 direct suspension and even violation of natural laws by the fiat of 
 the Creator, and hence is, in the strictest sense, supernatural ; 
 others hold that the miracle is simply the calling forth of a power 
 residing in the laws of nature, but not within their ordinary oper- 
 ation, and dependent on a distinct act of God, so that the mir'acu- 
 Zo?(S might be termed " extranatural," rather than sujicrnaturfd. 
 All that is beyond human power is superhuman ; as, prophecy
 
 support 
 
 suppose <»4S 
 
 gives evidence of superhuman knowledge ; the word is sometimes 
 applied to remarkable manifestations of human power, surpassing 
 all that is ordinary. 
 Antouyiiis : 
 
 common, commonplace, everyday, natural, ordinary, nsaal. 
 
 SUPPORT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 bear, cherisli, keep, maintain, sustain, 
 
 carry, liold up, keep up, prop, upliold. 
 
 Support and sustain alike signify to hold up or keep uji, to 
 prevent from falling or sinking ; but sustain has a special sense of 
 continuous exertion or of great strength continuously exerted, as 
 when we speak of sustained endeavor or a sustained note ; a 
 flower is supported by the stem or a temple=roof by arches ; the 
 foundations of a great building sustain an enormous pressure ; to 
 sustain life implies a gi-eater exigency and need than to support 
 life ; to say one is sustained under affliction is to say more both 
 of tlie severity of the trial and the completeness of the upholding 
 than if we say he is supported. To hear is the most general word, 
 denoting all holding up or keeping up of any object, whether in 
 rest or motion ; in the derived senses it refers to something that 
 is a tax upon strength or endurance ; as, to hear a strain ; to hear 
 pain or grief. To maintain is to keep in a state or condition, 
 especially in an excellent and desirable condition ; as, to maintain 
 health or reputation ; to maintain one's position ; to maintain a 
 cause or proposition is to hold it against opposition or difiiculty. 
 To sujjport may be partial, to maintain is complete ; maintain is 
 a word of more dignity than sup)port ; a man supports his family ; 
 a state maintains an army or navy. To prop is always partial, 
 signifying to add supjport to something that is insecure. Compare 
 
 ABET ; ENDURE ; KEEP. 
 
 Autonyms: 
 
 abandon, break down, demolish, destroy, let go, throw down, 
 
 betray, cast down, desert, drop, overthrow, wreck. 
 
 Prepositions : 
 
 The roof is supported hy, on, or upon pillars ; the family was 
 supported on or upo7i a pittance, or hy charity. 
 
 SUPPOSE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 conjecture, deem, guess, imagine, surmise, tMnk. 
 
 To suppose is temporarily to assume a thing as ti'ue, either
 
 surrender 
 349 synonymous 
 
 with the expectation of finding it so or for the purpose of ascer- 
 taining what would follow if it were so. To suppose is also to 
 think a thing to be true while aware or conceding that the belief 
 does not rest vipon any sui-e ground, and may not accord with 
 fact ; or yet again, to suppose is to imply as true or involved as a 
 necessary inference ; as, design supposes the existence of a de- 
 signer. To conjecture is to put together the nearest available 
 materials for a provisional opinion, always with some expectation 
 of finding the facts to be as conjectured. To imagine is to form a 
 mental image of something as existing, tho its actual existence 
 may be unknown, or even impossible. To think, in this applica- 
 tion, is to liold as the result of thought what is admitted not to be 
 matter of exact or certain knowledge ; as, I do not know, but I 
 think this to be the fact : a more conclusive statement than would 
 be made by the use of conjecture or suppose. Compare doubt ; 
 
 HYPOTHESIS. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 ascertain, be sure, conclude, discover, know, prove. 
 
 SURRENDER. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abandon, cede, give over, relinquish, 
 
 alienate, give, give up, . sacrifice, 
 
 capitulate, give oneself up, let go, yield. 
 
 To surrender is to give up upon compulsion, as to an enemy in 
 war, hence to give up to any person, passion, influence, or power. 
 To yield is to give place or give way under pressure, and hence 
 under compulsion. Yield impUes more softness or concession than 
 surrender ; the most determined men may surrender to overwhelm- 
 ing force ; when one yields, his spirit is at least somewhat sub- 
 dued. A monarch or a state cedes territory perhaps for a consid- 
 eration ; surrenders an army, a navy, or a fortified place to a 
 conqueror ; a military commander abandons an untenable position 
 or unavailable stores. We sacrifice something precious through 
 error, friendship, or duty, yield to convincing reasons, a sti'onger 
 will, winsome persuasion, or superior force. Compare abandon. 
 
 SYXO^YMOUS. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 alike, equivalent, like, similar, 
 
 correspondent, identical, same, synonymic, 
 
 corresponding, interchangeable. 
 
 Synonymous (Gr. syn, together, and onyma, name) strictly sig- 
 nifies being interchangeahlenames for the same thing, or being one
 
 system 350 
 
 of two or more interchangeable names for the same thing ; to say 
 that two words are synonymous is strictly to say they are alike, 
 equivalent, identical, or the same in meaning ; but the use of syn- 
 onymous in this strict sense is somewhat rare, and rather with 
 reference to statements than to words. 
 
 To say that we are morally developed is synonymous with saying that we have 
 reaped what some one has suffered for us. 
 
 H. W. Beecher Boyal Truths p. 294. [t. & r. '66.] 
 
 In the strictest sense, synonymous words scarcely exist ; rarely, 
 if ever, are any two words in any language equivalent or identical in 
 meaning ; where a difference in meaning can not easily be shown, 
 a difference in usage commonly exists, so that the words are not 
 interchangeable. By synonymous words (or synonyms) we usually 
 understand words that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of 
 their meaning, and may hence within certain limits be used in- 
 terchangeably, while outside of those limits they may differ very 
 greatly in meaning and use. It is the office of a work on syn- 
 onyms to point out these correspondences and differences, that 
 language may have the flexibility that comes from freedom of 
 selection within the common limits, with the perspicuity and pre- 
 cision that result from exact choice of the fittest words to express 
 each shade of meaning outside of the common limits. To consider 
 synonymous words identical is fatal to acciu-acy ; to forget that 
 they are similar, to some extent equivalent, and sometimes inter- 
 changeable, is destructive of freedom and variety. 
 
 SYSTEM. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 manner, method, mode, order, regularity, rule. 
 
 Order in this connection denotes the fact or result of proper 
 arrangement according to the dvie relation or sequence of the 
 matters arranged ; as, these papers are in order ; in alphabetical 
 order. Method denotes a process, a general or established way of 
 doing or proceeding in anything ; rule, an authoritative requii-e- 
 ment or an established course of things ; system, not merely a law 
 of action or procedure, but a comprehensive plan in which aU the 
 parts are related to each other and to the whole ; as, a system of 
 theology ; a railroad system; the digestive system ; manner refers 
 to the external qualities of actions, and to those often as settled 
 and characteristic ; we speak of a system of taxation, a method of 
 collecting taxes, the rules by which assessments are made ; or we
 
 351 taciturn 
 
 say, as a rnile the payments are heaviest at a certain time of year ; a 
 just tax may be made odious by the manner of its collection. 
 Regularity applies to the even disposition of objects or uniform 
 recurrence of acts in a series. There may be regularity without 
 order, as in the recurrence of paroxysms of disease or insanity ; 
 there may be order without regidarity, as in the arrangement of 
 furniture in a room, where the objects are placed at varying dis- 
 tances. Order commonly implies the design of an intelligent 
 agent or the appearance or suggestion of such design : regularity 
 applies to an actual uniform disposition or recurrence with no 
 suggestion of purpose, and as apphed to human affairs is less 
 intelligent and more mechanical than order. The most perfect 
 order is often secured with least regidarity, as in a fine essay or 
 oration. The same may be said of system. There is a regularity 
 of dividing a treatise into topics, paragraphs, and sentences, 
 that is destructive of true rhetorical system. Compare HABIT ; 
 
 HYPOTHESIS. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 chaos, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, irregularity, 
 
 confusion. 
 
 TACITURN. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 close, mute, reticent, speechless, 
 
 dumb, reserved, silent, uncommunicative. 
 
 Dumb, vmte, sdent, and speechless refer to fact or state ; taci- 
 turn refers to habit and disposition. The talkative person may be 
 stricken dumb with surprise or terror ; the obstinate may remain 
 miite ; one may be silent througla preoccupation of mind or of set pur- 
 pose ; but the taciturn person is averse to the utterance of thought 
 or feeling and to communication with others, either from natural 
 disposition or for the occasion. One who is silent does not speak 
 at all ; one who is taciturn speaks when compelled, but in a grud- 
 ging way that repels further approach. Reserved suggests more 
 of method and intention than taciturn, applying often to some 
 special time or topic ; one who is communicative regarding all 
 else may be reserved about his business. Reserved is thus closely 
 equivalent to imcommunicative, but is a somewhat stronger word, 
 often suggesting pride or haughtiness, as when we say one is re- 
 served toward inferiors. Compare pride. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative, unreserved.
 
 tasteful 352 
 
 TASTEFUL.. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 artistic, delicate, esthetic, fastidious, nice, 
 
 chaste, delicious, esthetical, fine, tasty. 
 
 dainty, elegant, exquisite, 
 
 Elegant (L. elegans, select) refers to that assemblage of 
 qualities which makes anything choice to persons of culture and 
 refinement ; it refers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty in 
 form or motion, especially denoting that which exhibits faultless 
 taste and perfection of finish. That which is elegant is made so 
 not merely by nature, but by art and culture ; a woodland dell 
 may be beautiful or picturesque, but would not ordinarily be 
 termed elegant. Tasteful refers to that in which the element of 
 taste is more prominent, standing, as it were, more by itself, while 
 in elegant it is blended as part of the whole. Tasty is an inferior 
 word, used colloquially in a similar sense. Chaste (primarily 
 pure), denotes in literature and art that which is true to the higher 
 and finer feelings and free from all excess or meretricious orna- 
 ment. Dainty and delicate refer to the lighter and finer elements 
 of taste and beauty, dainty tending in personal use to an excessive 
 scrupulousness which is more fully expressed by fastidious. Nice 
 and delicate both refer to exact adaptation to some standard ; the 
 bar of a balance can be said to be nicely or delicately poised ; as 
 regards matters of taste and beauty, delicate is a higher and more 
 discriminating word than 7iice, and is always used in a favorable 
 sense ; a delicate distinction is one worth observing ; a nice dis- 
 tinction may be so, or may be overstrained and unduly subtle ; fine 
 in such use, is closely similar to delicate and nice, but (tho capable 
 of an unfavorable sense) has commonly a suggestion of positive 
 excellence or admirableness ; a fine touch does something ; fine 
 perceptions are to some purpose ; delicate is capable of the single 
 imfavorable sense of frail or fragile ; as, a delicate constitution. 
 Esthetic or esthetical refers to beauty or the appreciation of the 
 beautiful, especially from the philosophic point of view. Exquisite 
 denotes the utmost perfection of the elegant in minute details ; 
 we speak of an elegant garment, an exquisite lace. Exquisite is 
 also applied to intense keenness of any feeling ; as, exquisite 
 delight ; exquisite pain. See beautiful ; delicious ; fine. 
 
 inartistic, rough, 
 
 inharmonious, rude, 
 
 meretricious, rugged, 
 
 oilensive, tawdry. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 
 
 clumsy, 
 
 displeasing, 
 
 3:roteBqne, 
 
 coarse. 
 
 distasteful. 
 
 aarsh. 
 
 deformed, 
 
 fulsome, 
 
 hideous. 
 
 disgusting, 
 
 gaudy, 
 
 horrid,
 
 teacb 
 35J temerity 
 
 TEACH. 
 
 Syiioiiyms: 
 
 discipline, give instruction, inform, nurture, 
 
 drill, give lessons, initiate, school, 
 
 educate, inculcate, instill, train, 
 
 enlighten, indoctrinate, instruct, tutor. 
 
 To teach is simply to communicate knowledge ; to instruct 
 (originally, to build in or into, put in order) is to impart knowl- 
 edge with special method and completeness ; instruct has also an 
 authoritative sense nearly equivalent to command. To educate 
 is to di-aw out or develop harmoniously the mental powers, and, 
 in the fullest sense, the moral powers as well. To train is to 
 direct to a certain resvilt powers already existing. Train is used 
 in preference to educate when the reference is to the inferior ani- 
 mals or to the physical powers of man ; as, to train a horse ; to 
 train the hand or eye. To discipline is to bring into habitual and 
 complete subjection to authority ; discipline is a severe word, and 
 is often used as a euphemism for pninisli ; to be thorouglily effect- 
 ive in war, soldiers must be disciplined as well as trained. To 
 nurture is to furnish the care and sustenance necessary for phys- 
 ical, mental, and moral growth ; nurture is a more tender and 
 homelike word than educate. Compare education. 
 
 TEHERITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 audacity, heedlessness, presumption, 
 
 foolhardiness, over:confidence, rashness, 
 
 hardihood, precipitancy, recklessness, 
 
 hastiness, precipitation, venturesomeness. 
 
 llashness applies to the actual rushing into danger without 
 counting the cost ; tenierity denotes the needless exposure of 
 oneself to peril which is or might be clearly seen to be such 
 Rashness is used chiefly of bodily acts, temerity often of mental 
 or social matters ; there may be a noble rashness, but temerity is 
 always used in a bad sense. We say it is amazing that one should 
 have had the temerity to make a statement which could be readily 
 proved a falsehood, or to make an unworthy proposal to one sure 
 to resent it ; in such use temerity is often closely allied to hardi- 
 hood, audacity, or presumption. Venturesomeness dallies on the 
 edge of danger and experiments with it ; foolhardiness rushes in 
 for want of sense, heedlessness for want of attention, rashness for 
 want of reflection, recklessness from disregard of consequences. 
 Audacity, in the sense here considered, denotes a dashing and 
 somewhat reckless courage, in defiance of conventionalities, or of 
 23
 
 term 
 
 terse 354 
 
 other men's opinions, or of what would be deemed probable con- 
 sequences ; as, the audacity of a successful financier. Compare, 
 
 EFFRONTERY. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 care, caution, circumspection, cowardice, hesitation, timidity, wariness 
 
 TERM. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 article, denomination, member, phrase, 
 
 condition, expression, name, word. 
 
 Term in its figurative uses always retains something of its literal 
 sense of a boundary or limit. The articles of a conti-act or other 
 instrument are simply the portions into which it is divided for 
 convenience ; the terms are the essential statements on which its 
 validity depends — as it were, the landmarks of its meaning or 
 power ; a condition is a contingent term wliicli may become fixed 
 upon the happening of some contemplated event. In logic a term 
 is one of the essential members of a proposition, the boundary of 
 statement in some one direction. Thus, in general use term is more 
 restricted than word, expression, or phrase ; a term is a word that 
 limits meaning to a fixed point of statement or to a special class of 
 subjects, as when we speak of the definition of terms, that is of 
 the 'kej'words in any discussion ; or we say, that is a legal or scien- 
 tific term. Compare boundary ; diction. 
 
 TERSE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 brief, concise. neat, short, 
 
 compact, condensed, pithy, succinct, 
 
 compendious, laconic, sententious. 
 
 Anything short or hricf is of relatively small extent. That 
 which is concise (L. con-, with, together, and ccedo, cut) is trimmed 
 down, and that which is condensed (L. con-, with, together, and 
 densus, thick) is, as it were, pressed together, so as to include as 
 much as possible within a small space. That which is compendi- 
 ous (L. com-, together, andpendo, weigh) gathers the substance of 
 a matter into a few words, weighty and effective. The succinct 
 (L. succinctus, from sid)-, under, and cingo, gird ; girded from 
 below) has an alert effectiveness as if girded for action. The sum- 
 mary is compacted to the utmost, often to the point of abruptness ; 
 as, we speak of a summary statement or a summary dismissal. 
 That which is terse (L. tersus, from tergo, rub off) has an elegant 
 and finished completeness within the smallest possible compass, as
 
 ni-s testimony 
 
 '»«>& tlierefore 
 
 if rubbed or polished down to the utmost. A sententious style is 
 one abounding in sentences that are singly striking or memorable, 
 apart from the context ; the word may be used invidiously of that 
 which is jjretentiously oracular. A. pithy utterance gives the gist 
 of a matter effectively, whether in rude or elegant style. 
 Autonyms: 
 
 diffuse, lengthy, long, prolix, tedious, verljose, wordy. 
 
 TESTIMOIXY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 affidavit, attestation, deposition, proof, 
 
 affirmation, certification, evidence, w^itness. 
 
 Testimony, in legal as well as in common use, signifies the 
 statements of witnesses. Dejyosition and affidavit denote testi- 
 mony reduced to writing ; tlie deposition differs from the affidavit 
 in that the latter is voluntary and without cross-examination, 
 while the former is made under interrogatories and subject to 
 cross-examination. Evidence is a broader term, including the tes- 
 timony of witnesses and all facts of every kind that tend to j^rove 
 a thing true ; we have the testimoiiy of a traveler that a fugitive 
 passed this way ; his footprints in the sand are additional evidence 
 of the fact. Compare demonstration ; oath. 
 
 therefore:. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accordingly, consequently, then, "whence, 
 
 because, hence, thence, w^herefore. 
 
 Tlierefore, signifying for that (or this) reason, is the most pre- 
 cise and formal word for expressing the direct conclusion of a 
 chain of reasoning ; then carries a similar but slighter sense of 
 inference, which it gives incidentally rather than formally ; as, 
 "All men are mortal ; Caesar is a man ; therefore Caesar is mor- 
 tal ;" or, "The contract is awarded ; then there is no more to be 
 said." Consequently denotes a direct result, but more frequently 
 of a practical than a theoretic kind ; as, " Important matters 
 demand my attention ; consequently I shall not sail to=day. ■' Con- 
 sequently is rarely used in the formal conclusions of logic or 
 mathematics, but marks rather the freer and looser style of rhe- 
 torical argument. Accordingly denotes correspondence, which 
 may or may not be consequence ; it is often used in narration ; as, 
 ' ' The soldiers were eager and confident ; accordingly they sprang 
 forward at the word of command." Thence is a word of more
 
 tlirong 
 
 time tSOO 
 
 sweeping inference than therefore, applying not merely to a 
 single set of premises, but often to all that has gone before, inclu- 
 ding the reasonable inferences that have not been formally stated. 
 Wlierefore is the correlative of therefore, and iclience of hence or 
 thence, appending the inference or conclusion to the previous 
 statement without a break. Compare synonyms for because. 
 
 THRONG. 
 
 Syiioiiyiiis: 
 
 concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press. 
 
 A crowd is a company of persons filling to excess the space 
 they occupy and pressing inconveniently upon one another ; the 
 total number in a croicd may be great or small. Throng is a word 
 of vastness and dignity, always implying that the persons are 
 numerous as well as pressed or pressing closely together ; there 
 may be a dense crated in a small room, but there can not be a 
 throng. Host and multitude both imply vast numbers, but a niid- 
 titude may be diffused over a great space so as to be nowhere a 
 crowd ; host is a military term, and properly denotes an assembly 
 too orderly for crowding. Concourse signifies a spontaneous gath- 
 ering of many persons moved by a common impulse, and has a 
 suggestion of stateliness not found in the word croivd, while sug- 
 gesting less massing and pressure than is indicated by the word 
 throng. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 age, duration, epocli, period, sectuence, term, 
 date, eon, era, season, succession, w^hile. 
 
 Sequence and succession apply to events viewed as following 
 one another ; time and duration denote something conceived of as 
 enduring while events take place and acts are done. According 
 to the necessary conditions of human thought, events are contained 
 in time as objects are in space, time existing before the event, meas- 
 uring it as it passes, and still existing when the event is past. 
 Duration and succession are more general words than time ; we 
 can speak of infinite or eternal duration or succession, but time is 
 commonly contrasted with eternity. Time is measured or meas- 
 iirable duration.
 
 35 f tire 
 
 TIP. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 cant, dip, incline, list, slope, 
 
 careen, heel over, lean, slant, tilt. 
 
 To tilt or tij) is to throw out of a horizontal position by raising 
 one side or end or lowering the other; the words are closely similar, 
 but tilt suggests more of fluctuation or instability. Slant and 
 slope are said of things somewhat fixed or permanent in a position 
 out of the horizontal or perpendicular ; the roof slants, the hill 
 slojjes. Incline is a more formal word for tip, and also for slant 
 or slope. To cant is to set slantingly ; in many cases tip and caiit 
 might be interchanged, but ti2) is more temporary, often momen- 
 tary ; one tijJS a pail so that the water flows over the edge ; a 
 mechanic cants a table by making or setting one side higher than 
 the other. A vessel careens in the wind ; lists, visually, from 
 shifting of cargo, from water in the hold, etc. Careening is 
 always toward one side or the other ; listing may be forward or 
 astern as well. To heel over is the same as to careen, and must be 
 distinguished from "keel over," which is to capsize. 
 
 TIRE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 exhaust, fatigue, harass, jade, wear out, w^eary. 
 fag. 
 
 To tire is to reduce strength in any degree by exertion ; one 
 may be tired just enough to make rest pleasant, or even uncon- 
 sciously tired, becoming aware of the fact only when he ceases 
 the exertion ; or, on the other hand, he may be, according to the 
 common phrase, "too tired to stir" ; bvit for this extreme condi- 
 tion the stronger words are commonly used. One who is fatigued 
 suffers from a conscious and painful lack of strength as the result 
 of some overtaxing ; an invalid may be fatigued with very slight 
 exertion ; when one is wearied, the painful lack of strength is the 
 result of long=continued demand or strain ; one is exhausted when 
 the strain has been so severe and continuous as utterly to con- 
 sume the strength, so that further exertion is for the time impos- 
 sible. One is fagged by drudgery ; he is jaded by incessant repe- 
 tition of the same act until it becomes increasingly difficult or 
 well=nigh impossible ; as, a horse is jaded by a long and unbroken 
 journey. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 invigorate, recreate, refresli, relax, relieve, repose, rest, restore.
 
 tool 358 
 
 TOOL. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 apparatus, implement, machine, utensil, 
 
 appliance, instrument, mechanism, wreapon. 
 
 A tool is something that is botli contrived and used for extend- 
 ing the force of an intelligent agent to something that is to be 
 operated upon. Those things by which pacific and industrial 
 oj)erations are performed are alone properly called tools, those 
 designed for warlike purposes being designated tveapons. An 
 instrument is anything tln-ough which power is applied and a 
 result produced ; in general usage, the word is of considerably 
 wider meaning than tool ; as, a piano is a musical instrument, 
 histrmnent is the word usually applied to tools used in scientific 
 pursuits ; as, we speak of a surgeon's or an optician's instruments. 
 An implement is a mechanical agency considered with reference 
 to some specific purpose to which it is adapted ; as, an agricultural 
 implement ; implements of war. Implement is a less technical and 
 artificial term than tool. The paw of a tiger might be termed a 
 terrible implement, but not a tool. A utensil is that which may 
 be used for some special purpose ; the word is especially applied 
 to articles used for domestic or agricultural purposes ; as, kitchen 
 iitensils ; farming utensils. An appliance is that which is or may 
 be applied to the accomplishment of a result, either independently 
 or as subordinate to something more extensive or important ; eveiy 
 mechanical tool is an appliance, but not every appliance is a tool ; 
 the traces of a harness are appliances for traction, but they are 
 not tools. Mechanism is a word of wide meaning, denoting any 
 combination of mechanical devices for united action. A machine 
 in the most general sense is any mechanical instrument for the 
 conversion of motion ; in this sense a lever is a machine ; but in 
 more commonly accepted usage a machine is distinguished from a 
 tool by its complexity, and by the combination and coordination 
 of powers and mov^ements for the production of a result. A chisel 
 by itself is a tool ; when it is set so as to be operated by a crank 
 and pitman, the entire mechanism is called a machine ; as, a mor- 
 tising=?Hac/;/«e. An apparatus may be a machine, but the word 
 is commonly used for a collection of distinct articles to be used in 
 connection or combination for a certain purpose — a mechanical 
 equipment ; as, the apparatus of a gymnasium ; especially, for a 
 collection of apjpliances for some scientific purpose ; as, a chemical 
 or surgical apparatus ; an apparatus may include many tools, 
 ■instruments, or implements. Implement is for the most part and
 
 topic 
 c»o9 trace 
 
 utensil is altogethei* restricted to the literal sense ; instrument, 
 machine, and tool have figurative use, instrument being used 
 largely in a good, tool always in a bad sense ; machine inclines to 
 the vmfavorable sense, as implying that human agents are made 
 mechanically subservient to some controlling will ; as, an instru- 
 ment of Providence ; the tool of a tyrant ; a political machine. 
 
 TOPIC. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 division, issue, motion, proposition, subject, 
 
 head, matter, point, question, theme. 
 
 A topic (Gr. topos, place) is a head of discourse. Since a tojyic 
 for discussion is often stated in the form of a question, question 
 has come to be extensively used to denote a debatable topic, espe- 
 cially of a practical nature — an issue ; as, the labor question ; the 
 temperance question. In deliberative assemblies a proposition 
 presented or moved for acceptance is called a motion, and such a 
 motion or other matter for consideration is known as the question, 
 since it is or may be stated in interrogative form to be answered 
 by each member with a vote of "aye" or "no"; a member is 
 required to speak to the question ; the chairman puts the question. 
 In speaking or writing the general subject or theme may be termed 
 the topic, tho it is more usual to apply the latter term to the 
 subordinate divisions, 2)oints, or heads of discourse ; as, to 
 enlarge on this topic would carry me too far from my subject ; a 
 pleasant drive will suggest many topics for conversation. 
 
 TRACE. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 footmark, impression, remains, token, trail, 
 footprint, mark, remnant, track, vestige, 
 
 footstep, mem.orial, sign, 
 
 A memorial is that which is intended or fitted to bring to 
 remembrance something that has passed away ; it may be vast 
 and stately. On the other hand, a slight token of regard may be 
 a cherished memorial of a friend ; either a concrete object or an 
 observance may be a memorial. A vestige is always slight com- 
 pared with that whose existence it recalls ; as, scattered mounds 
 containing implements, weapons, etc., are vestiges of a former civ- 
 ilization. A vestige is always a part of that which has passed away ; 
 a trace may be merely the mark made by something that has 
 been j)resent or passed by, and that is still existing, or some slight
 
 trausact 
 
 transaction 360 
 
 evidence of its presence or of the effect it has produced; as, traces 
 of game were observed by the hunter. Compare characteristic. 
 
 TRANSACT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 accomplisli, carry on, do, perform, 
 
 act, conduct, negotiate, treatX 
 
 There are many acts that one may do, accomplish, or perform 
 unaided ; what he transacts is by means of or in association with 
 others ; one may do a duty, perform a vow, accomplish a task, but 
 he transacts business, since that always involves the agency of 
 others. To negotiate and to treat are likewise collective acts, but 
 both these words lay stress upon deliberation with adjustment of 
 mutual claims and interests ; transact, while it may depend upon 
 previous deliberation, states execution only. Notes, bills of ex- 
 change, loans, and treaties are said to be negotiated, the word so 
 used covering not merely the preliminary consideration, but the 
 final settlement. Negotiate has more reference to execution than 
 treat ; nations may treat of peace without result, but when a 
 treaty is negotiated, peace is secured ; the citizens of the two 
 nations are then free to transact business with one another. 
 Compare DO. 
 
 TRANSACTION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, proceeding. 
 
 One's acts or deeds may be exclusively his own ; his transac- 
 tions involve the agency or participation of others. A transaction 
 is something completed ; a proceeding is or is viewed as some- 
 thing in progress ; but since transaction is often used to include 
 the steps leading to the conclusion, while proceedings may result 
 in action, the dividing line between the two words becomes some- 
 times quite faint, tho transaction often emphasizes the fact of 
 sometliing done, or brought to a conclusion. Both transactions 
 and xoroceedings are used of the records of a deliberative body, 
 especially when published ; strictly used, the two are distin- 
 guished ; as, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 
 of London give in full the papers read ; the Proceedings of the 
 American Philological Association give in full the business done, 
 with mere abstracts of or extracts from the papers read. Compare 
 act; business.
 
 ntit transcendental 
 
 «•*»* transient 
 
 TRAXSCE^DEXTAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, transcendent. 
 
 Intuitive truths are those which are in the mind independently 
 of all exjierience, not being derived from experience nor limited 
 by it, as that the whole is greater than a part, or that things which 
 are equal to the same thing are equal to one another. All intui- 
 tive truths or beliefs are transcendental. But transcendental is a 
 wider term than intuitive, including all within the limits of 
 thought that is not derived from experience, as the ideas of space 
 and time. "Being is transcendental .... As being can not be 
 included under any genus, but transcends them all, so the proper- 
 ties or affections of being have also been called transcendental.''' 
 K.=F. Vocdb. Philos. p. 580. " Transcendent he [Kant] employed 
 to denote what is wholly beyond experience, being neither given 
 as an a posteriori nor a priori element of cognition — what there- 
 fore transcends every category of thought." K.=F, Vocab, Philos. 
 p. 531. Transcendental has been applied in the language of the 
 Emersonian school to the soul's supposed intuitive knowledge of 
 things divine and human, so far as they are capable of being known 
 to man. Compare mysterious. 
 
 TRABfSIE^fT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 brief, fleeting, fugitive, short, 
 
 ephemeral. flitting, momentary, temporary, 
 
 evanescent, flying, passing, transitory. 
 
 Traiisient and transitory are both derived from the same orig- 
 inal source (L. trans, over, and eo, go), denoting that which quickly 
 passes or is passing away, but there is between them a fine shade 
 of difference. A thing is transient which in fact is not lasting ; a 
 thing is transitory which by its very nature must soon pass away ; 
 a thing is temporary (L. tempus, time) which is intended to last or 
 be made use of but a little while ; as, a transient joy ; this transi- 
 tory life ; a temporary chairman. Ephemeral (Gr. epi, on, and 
 hemera, day) literally lasting but for a day, often marks more 
 strongly than transient exceeding brevity of duration ; it agrees 
 with transitory in denoting that its object is destined to pass away, 
 but is stronger, as denoting not only its certain but its speedy 
 extinction ; thus that which is ephemeral is looked upon as at once 
 slight and perishable, and the word carries often a suggestion of 
 contempt ; man's life is transitory, a butterfly's existence is 
 ephemeral ; with no solid qualities or worthy achievements a pre-
 
 auioii 
 
 usual 362 
 
 tender may sometimes gain an ephemeral popularity. That which 
 
 is fleeting is viewed as in the act of passing swiftly by, and that 
 
 which is fugitive (L. fugio, flee) as eluding attempts to detain it; 
 
 that which is evanescent (L. evanesco, from e, out, and vanus, 
 
 empty, vain) as in the act of vanishing even while we gaze, as the 
 
 hues of the sunset. 
 
 Antouyuis: 
 
 abiding, eternal, immortal, lasting, perpetual, undying, 
 
 enduring, everlasting, imperishable, permanent, persistent, unfading. 
 
 UNION. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 coalition, conjunction, juncture, unification, 
 
 combination, junction, oneness, unity. 
 
 Unity is oneness, the state of being one, especially of that 
 which never has been divided or of that which can not be con- 
 ceived of as resolved into parts ; as, the unity of God or the unity 
 of the human soul. Union is a bringing together of things that 
 have been distinct, so that they combine or coalesce to form a new 
 whole, or the state or condition of things thus brought together ; 
 in a union the separate individuality of the things united is never 
 lost sight of ; we speak of the tmion of the parts of a fractured 
 bone or of the union of hearts in marriage. But unity can be 
 said of that which is manifestly or even conspicuously made up 
 of parts, when a single jnirpose or ideal is so subserved by all 
 that their possible separateness is lost sight of ; as, we speak of 
 the unity of the human body, or of the tinity of the church. 
 Compare alliance ; association ; attachment ; harmony ; 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 analysis, decomposition, disjunction, disunion, divorce, separation, 
 
 contrariety, disconnection, dissociation, division, schism, severance. 
 
 USUAL. 
 Synonyms: 
 
 accustomed, every=day, general, ordinary, public, 
 common, familiar, habitual, prevailing, regular, 
 
 customary, frequent, normal, prevalent, wonted. 
 
 Usual (L. usus, use, habit, wont) signifies such as regularly or 
 often recurs in the ordinary course of events, or is habitually re- 
 peated in the life of the same person. Ordinary (L. ordo, order) 
 signifies according to an established order, hence of every^day oc- 
 currencCo In strictness, covimon and general apply to the greater 
 number of individuals in a class ; but both words are in good use as
 
 tat ntllity 
 
 «>Ot> vacant 
 
 applying to the greater number of instances in a series, so that it 
 is possible to speak of one person's common practise or general 
 custom, tho ordinary or usual would in such case be preferable. 
 Compare general ; normal. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 exceptional, infrequent, rare, strange, unparalleled, 
 
 extraordinary, out=of»the=way, singular, uncommou, unusual. 
 
 UTILITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 advantage, expediency, serviceableness, 
 
 avail. profit, use, 
 
 benefit, service, usefulness. 
 
 Utility (L. utilis, useful) signifies primarily the quality of being 
 useful, but is somewhat more abstract and philosophical than use- 
 fulness or ^lse, and is often employed to denote adaptation to pro- 
 duce a valuable result, while usefulness denotes the actual pro- 
 duction of such result. We contrast beauty and utility. We say 
 of an invention, its utility is questionable, or, on the other hand, 
 its usefulness has been proved by ample trial, or I have found it 
 of use ; still, utility and usefulness are frequently interchanged. 
 Expediency (L. ex, out, and pes, foot ; literally, the getting the foot 
 out) refers primarily to escape from or avoidance of some diffi- 
 culty or trouble ; either expediency or utility may be used to sig- 
 nifj^ profit or advantage considered apart from right as the 
 ground of moral obligation, or of actions that have a moral char- 
 acter, expediency denoting immediate advantage on a contracted 
 view, and especially with reference to avoiding danger, difficulty, 
 or loss, wliile utility may be so broadened as to cover all exist- 
 ence tlu'ough all time, as in the utilitarian theory of morals. 
 Policy is often used in a kinch-ed sense, more positive than expe- 
 diency but narrower than utility, as in the proverb, " Honesty is 
 the hest policy.''' Compare profit. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disadvantage, futility, inadequacy, inutility, uselessuese, 
 
 folly, impolicy, inexpediency, unprofitableness, worthlessness. 
 
 VACANT. 
 Synonyms : 
 
 blank, leisure, unfilled, untenanted, void, 
 
 empty, unemployed, unoccupied, vacuous, waste. 
 
 That is empty which contains nothing ; that is vacant which 
 is .without that which has filled or might be expected to fill it ; 
 vacant has extensive reference to rights or possibilities of occu-
 
 rain 
 
 364 
 
 pancy. A vacant room may not be empty, and an empty house 
 may not be vacant. Vacant, as derived from the Latin, is ap- 
 phed to tilings of some dignity ; emjjty, from the Saxon, is pre- 
 ferred in speaking of shght, common, or homely matters, tho 
 it may be apphed with special force to the highest ; we speak of 
 empty space, a vacant lot, an empty dish, an empty sleeve, a vacant 
 mind, an empty heart, an empty boast, a vacant office, a vacant or 
 leisure hour. Void and devoid are rarely used in the Uteral sense, 
 but for the most part confined to absti-act relations, devoid being 
 followed by of, and having with that addition the effect of a 
 prepositional phrase ; as, the article is devoid of sense ; the con- 
 tract is void for want of consideration. Waste, in this connec- 
 tion, applies to that which is made so by devastation or ruin, or 
 gives an impression of desolation, esiDecially as combined with 
 vastness, probably from association of the words icaste and vast : 
 waste is applied also to uncultivated or unproductive land, if of 
 considerable extent ; we speak of a waste ti-ack or region, but not 
 of a tcaste city lot. Vacuous refers to the condition of being 
 empty or vacant, regarded as continuous or characteristic. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 brimful, busy, filled, inhabited, overflowing, 
 
 brimmed, crammed, full, jammed, packed, 
 
 brimming, crowded, gorged, occupied, replete. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 abortive, 
 
 baseless, 
 
 bootless. 
 
 deceitful, 
 
 delusive, 
 
 empty, 
 
 fruitless. 
 
 futile, 
 
 idle, 
 
 inconstant, 
 
 ineffectual, 
 
 nugatory, 
 
 null, 
 
 profitless, 
 
 VAIN. 
 
 shadowy, 
 
 trifling, 
 
 trivial, 
 
 unavailing, 
 
 unimp ortant , 
 
 unprofitable. 
 
 unreal, 
 
 unsatisfying, 
 
 unserviceable, 
 
 unsubstantial, 
 
 useless, 
 
 vapid, 
 
 visionary, 
 
 worthless. 
 
 Vain (L. vanus, empty) keeps the etymological idea through all 
 changes of meaning ; a vain endeavor is empty of result, or of 
 adequate power to produce a result, a vain pretension is emjjty or 
 destitute of support, a vain person has a conceit that is empty or 
 destitute of adequate cause or reason. That which is bootless, 
 fruitless, or profitless fails to accomplish any valuable result ; that 
 which is abortive, ineffectual, or unavailing fails to accomplish a 
 restdt that it was, or was supposed to be, adapted to accomplish. 
 That which is tiseless, futile, or vain is inherently incapable of 
 accomplishing a specified result. Useless, in the widest sense.
 
 365 venal 
 
 signifies not of use for any valuable purpose, and is thus closely 
 similar to valueless and ivorthless. Fruitless is more final than 
 ineffectual, as applying to the sum or harvest of endeavor. That 
 which is useless lacks actual fitness for a purpose ; that which is 
 vain lacks imaginable fitness. Compare vacant ; ostentation ; 
 
 PRIDE. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 adequate, effective, powerful, solid, useful, 
 
 advantageous, efficient, profitable, sound, valid, 
 
 beneficial, expedient, real, substantial, valuable, 
 
 competent, potent, serviceable, sufficient, worthy. 
 
 Compare synonyms for utility. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 hireling, mercenary, purchasable, salable. 
 
 Venal (L. venalis, from venum, sale) signifies ready to sell one's 
 influence, vote, or efforts for money or other consideration ; mer- 
 cenary (L. mercenarius, from merces, pay, reward) signifies influ- 
 enced chiefly or only by desire for gain or reward ; thus, etymo- 
 logically, the mercenary can be hii'ed, while the venal are openly 
 or actually for sale ; hireling (AS. liyrling, from liyr) signifies 
 serving for hire or pay, or having the spirit or character of one 
 who works or of that which is done directly for hire or pay. Mer- 
 cenary has especial application to character or disposition ; as, a 
 mercenary spirit ; mercenary motives — i. e., a spirit or motives to 
 which money is the chief consideration or the moving principle. 
 The hireling, the mercenary, and the venal are alike in making 
 principle, conscience, and honor of less account than gold or sor- 
 did considerations ; but the mercenary and venal may be simply 
 open to the bargain and sale which the hireling lias akeady con- 
 summated ; a clergyman may be mercenary in making place and 
 pay of undue importance while not venal enough to forsake his 
 own communion for another for any reward that could be offered 
 him. The mercenary may retain much show of independence ; 
 hireling service sacrifices self =respect as well as principle ; a pubhc 
 officer who makes his office tributary to private speculation in 
 which he is interested is mercenary ; if he receives a stipulated rec- 
 ompense for administering his office at the behest of some leader, 
 faction, corporation, or the like, he is both hireling and venal ; if 
 he gives essential advantages for pay, without subjecting himself
 
 venerate 
 
 veneration 366 
 
 to any direct domination, his course is venal, but not hireling. 
 Compare pay ; venial. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 disinterested, honest, incorruptible, publicspirited, unpurchasable. 
 
 generous, honorable, patriotic. 
 
 VEBJERATE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 adore, bonor, respect, revere, reverence. 
 
 In the highest sense, to revere or reverence is to hold in mingled 
 love and honor with something of sacred fear, as for that which 
 while lovely is sublimely exalted and brings upon us by contrast 
 a sense of our unworthiness or inferi(jrity ; to revere is a wholly 
 sjiiritual act ; to reverence is often, tho not necessarily, to give 
 outward expression to the reverential feeling ; we revere or rever- 
 ence the divine majesty. Revere is a stronger word than rever- 
 ence or venerate. To venerate is to hold in exalted honor without 
 fear, and is applied to objects less removed from ourselves than 
 those we revere, being said especially of aged persons, of places 
 or objects having sacred associations, and of abstractions ; we 
 venerate an aged pastor, the dust of heroes or martyrs, lofty virtue 
 or self=sacrifice, or some great cause, as that of civil or religious 
 liberty ; we do not venerate God, but revere or reverence him. 
 We adore with a humble yet free outflowing of soul. Compare 
 
 VENERATION. 
 
 Antonyms   
 
 contemn, detest, dishonor, scoff at, slight, 
 
 despise, disdain, disregard, scorn, spurn. 
 
 VENERATION. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 adoration, awe, dread, reverence. 
 
 Aive is inspired by that in which there is sublimity or majesty 
 so overwhelming as to awaken a feeling akin to fear ; in aire, con- 
 sidered by itself, there is no element of esteem or affection, tho the 
 sense of vastness, power, or grandeur in the object is always 
 present. Dread is a shrinking apprehension or expectation of 
 possible harm awakened by any one of many objects or causes, 
 from that which is overwhelmingly vast and miglity to tliat which 
 is productive of momentary physical pain ; in its higher uses 
 dread approaches the meaning of awe, but witli more of chilliness 
 and cowering, and without that subjection of soul to tlie grandeur
 
 venial 
 367 veracity 
 
 and wortliiness of the object that is involved in awe. Awe is pre- 
 occupied with the object that inspires it ; dread with apprehen- 
 sion of personal consequences. Reverence and veneration are less 
 overwhelming than awe or dread, and suggest something of 
 esteem, affection, and personal nearness. We may feel aweot 
 that which we can not reverence, as a grandly terrible ocean 
 storm ; aice of the divine presence is more distant and less trust- 
 ful than reverence. Veneration is commonly applied to things 
 which are not subjects of awe. Adoration, in its full sense, is 
 loftier than veneration, less resti-ained and awed than reverence, 
 and witli more of the spirit of direct, active, and joyful worship. 
 Compare esteem ; venebate. 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 contempt, disdain, dishonor, disregard, scorn. 
 
 VEMIAL. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 excusable, pardonable, sliglit, trivial. 
 
 Venial (L. venia, pardon) signifies capable of being pardoned, 
 and, in common use, capable of being readily pardoned, easily 
 overlooked. Aside from its technical ecclesiastical use, venial is 
 always understood as marking some fault comparatively slight or 
 trivial. A venial offense is one readily overlooked ; a pardonable 
 offense requires more serious consideration, but on deliberation is 
 found to be susceptible of pardon. Excusable is scarcely applied 
 to offenses, but to matters open to doubt or criticism rather than 
 direct censure ; so used, it often falls little short of justifiable ; 
 as, I think, under those circumstances, his action was excusable. 
 Protestants do not recognize the distinction between venial and 
 mortal sins. Venial must not be confounded with the veiy dif- 
 ferent word VENAL. Compare venal. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 inexcusable, inexpiable, mortal, unpardonable, unjustifiable. 
 
 VERACITY. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 candor. honesty, reality, truthfulness, 
 
 frankness, ingenuousness, truth, verity. 
 
 Truth is primarily and verity is always a quality of thought or 
 speech, especially of speech, as in exact conformity to fact. Ve- 
 racity is properly a quality of a person, the habit of speaking and 
 the disposition to speak the truth ; a habitual liar may on some
 
 verbal 36§ 
 
 occasions speak the truth, but that does not constitute him a man 
 of veracity ; on the other hand, a person of imdoubted veracity 
 may state (through ignorance or misinformation) what is not the 
 truth. Truthfulness is a quality that may inliere either in a per- 
 son or in his statements or beUefs. Candor, fratikness, honesty, 
 and inrjenuousness are allied with veracity, and verity with truth, 
 while truthfulness may accord with either. Truth in a second- 
 ary sense may be applied to intellectual action or moral charac- 
 ter, in the former case becoming a close synonym of veracity ; 
 as, I know him to be a man of truth. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 deceit, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, lie, 
 
 deception, error, falseness, guile, mendacity, 
 
 delusion, fabrication, falsity, imposture, untruth. 
 
 Compare synonyms for deception. 
 
 VERBAL.. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 literal, oral, vocal. 
 
 Oral (L. OS, the mouth) signifies uttered through the mouth or 
 (in common phrase) by word of mouth ; verbal (L. verbum, a 
 word) signifies of, pertaining to, or connected with words, espe- 
 cially with words as distinguished from the ideas they convey ; 
 vocal (L. vox, the voice) signifies of or pertaining to the voice, 
 uttered or modulated by the voice, and especially uttered with or 
 sounding with full, resonant voice ; literal (L. litera, a letter) sig- 
 nifies consisting of or expressed by letters, or according to the 
 letter, in the broader sense of the exact meaning or requirement 
 of the words used; what is called "the letter of the law" is its 
 literal meaning without going behind what is expressed by the 
 letters on the page. Thus oral appHes to that which is given by 
 spoken words in distinction from that which is written or printed ; 
 as, oral tradition ; an oral examination. By this rule we should 
 in strictness speak of an oral contract or an oral message, but 
 verbal contract and verbal message, as indicating that which is by 
 spoken rather than by wi-itten words, have become so fixed in the 
 language that they can probably never be changed ; tliis usage is 
 also in line with other idioms of the language ; as, "I give you 
 my loord,'" "a true man's loord is as good as his bond," " by ivord 
 of mouth," etc. A verbal translation may be oral or written, so 
 that it is word for word ; a literal translation follows the con- 
 struction and idiom of the original as well as the words : a literal
 
 victory 
 369 vigilant 
 
 translation is more than one that is merely verbal ; both verbal 
 and literal are opposed to free. In the same sense, of attending 
 to words only, we speak of verbal criticism, a verbal change. 
 Vocal has primary reference to the human voice ; as, vocal sounds, 
 vocal music ; vocal may be applied within certain limits to inar- 
 ticulate sounds given forth by other animals than man ; as, the 
 woods were vocal with the songs of birds ; oral is never so applied, 
 but is limited to articulate utterance regarded as having a definite 
 meaning ; as, an oral statement. 
 
 VICTORY. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 acMevement, conquest. success, triumph, 
 
 advantage, mastery, supremacy, 
 
 Victory is the state resulting from the overcoming of an oppo- 
 nent or opponents in any contest, or from the overcoming of diffi- 
 culties, obstacles, evils, etc., considered as opponents or enemies. 
 In the latter sense any hard=won acMevement, advantage, or suc- 
 cess may be termed a victory. In conquest and mastery there is 
 implied a permanence of state that is not implied in victory. 
 Triumph, originally denoting the public rejoicing in honor of a 
 victory, has come to signify also a peculiarly exultant, complete, 
 and glorious victory. Compare conquer. 
 
 Autonyms : 
 
 defeat disappointment, failure, miscarriage, retreat, 
 
 destruction, disaster, frustration, overtlirow, rout. 
 
 VIOILAKT. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 alert, cautious, on the lookout, wary, 
 
 awake, circumspect, sleepless, watchful, 
 
 careful, on the alert, wakeful, wide=awake. 
 
 Vigilant implies more sustained activity and more intelligent 
 voUtion than alert ; one may be habitually alert by reason of 
 native quickness of perception and thought, or one may be mo- 
 mentarily alert under some excitement or expectancy ; one who 
 is vigilant is so with thoughtful purpose. One is vigilant against 
 danger or harm ; he may be alert or watchful for good as well as 
 against evil ; he is wary in view of suspected stratagem, ti-ickery, 
 or treachery. A person may be loakefnl because of some merely 
 physical excitement or excitability, as through insomnia ; yet he 
 may be utterly careless and negligent in his wakefulness, the re- 
 verse of watchful ; a person who is truly watchful must keep him- 
 
 24
 
 virtue 
 
 3T0 
 
 self icakefal while on watch, in which case ivakeful has something 
 of mental quality. Watchful, from the Saxon, and vigilant, from 
 the Latin, are almost exact equivalents ; but vigilant has some- 
 what more of sharp definiteness and somewhat more suggestion 
 of volition ; one may be habitually watchful ; one is vigilant of 
 set purpose and for direct cause, as in the presence of an enemy. 
 Compare alert. 
 Antoiiyinis : 
 
 careless, heedless, inconsiderate, oblivious, 
 
 drowsy, inattentive, neglectful, thoughtless, 
 
 dull, incautious, negligent, unwary. 
 
 VIRTUE. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 chastity, honesty, protoity, truth, 
 
 duty, honor, purity, uprightness, 
 
 excellence, integrity, rectitude, virtuousness, 
 
 faithfulness, justice, righteousness, w^orth, 
 
 goodness, morality, Tightness, w^orthiness. 
 
 Virtue (L. virtus, primarily manly strength or courage, from 
 vir, a man, a hero) is, in its full sense, goodness that is victo- 
 rious through trial, perhaps through temptation and conflict. 
 Goodness, the being morally good, may be much less than vir- 
 ttie, as lacking the strength that comes from trial and conflict, 
 or it may be very much more than virtue, as rising sublimely 
 above the possibility of temptation and conflict — the infantile 
 as contrasted with the divine goodness. Virtue is distinctively 
 human ; we do not predicate it of God. Morality is conformity 
 to the moral law in action, whether in matters concerning our- 
 selves or others, whether with or without right principle. Honesty 
 and probity are used especially of one's relations to his fellow men, 
 probity being to honesty much what virtue in some respects is to 
 goodness ; probity is honesty tried and proved, especially in those 
 things that are beyond the reach of legal requirement ; above the 
 commercial sense, honesty may be applied to the highest trvithful- 
 ness of the soul to and with itself and its Maker. Integrity, in the 
 full sense, is moral wholeness without a flaw ; when used, as it 
 often is, of contracts and dealings, it has reference to inherent 
 character and principle, and denotes much more than superficial 
 or conventional honesty. Honor is a lofty honesty that scorns 
 fraud or wrong as base and unworthy of itself. Honor rises far 
 above thought of the motto that '■'honesty is the best policy." 
 Purity is freedom fi-om all admixture, especially of that which 
 debases ; it is chastity both of heart and life, but of the life be-
 
 371 wander 
 
 cause from the heart. Duty, the rendering of what is due to any 
 person or in any relation, is, in this connection, the fulfilment of 
 moral obligation. Rectitude and righteousness denote conformity 
 to the standard of right, whether in heart or act ; righteousness is 
 used especially in the religious sense. Uprightness refers espe- 
 cially to conduct. Virtuousjiess is a quality of the soul or of 
 action ; in the latter sense it is the essence of virtuous action. 
 Compare innocent ; justice ; religion. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 evil, vice, viciousness, wickedness, wrong. 
 
 Compare synonyms for sin. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 deviate, diverge, go astray, range, rove. swerve, 
 digress, err, ramble, roam, stray, veer. 
 
 To wander (AS. windan, wind) is to move in an indefinite or inde- 
 terminate way which may or may not be a departure from a pre- 
 scribed way ; to deviate (L. de, from, and via, a way) is to turn from 
 a prescribed or right way, physically, mentally, or morally, usually 
 in an unfavorable sense ; to diverge (L. di, apart, and vergo, incline, 
 tend) is to turn from a course previously followed or that some- 
 thing else follows, and has no unfavorable implication ; to digress 
 (L. di, apart, aside, and gradior, step) is used only with reference 
 to speaking or wi-iting ; to err is used of intellectual or moral 
 action, and of the moral with primary reference to the intellectual, 
 an error being viewed as in some degree due to ignorance. Range, 
 roam, and rove imply the traversing of considerable, often of vast, 
 distances of land or sea ; range commonly implies a purpose ; as, 
 cattle range for food ; a hunting=dog ranges a field for game. 
 Roam and rove are often purposeless, and always without definite 
 aim. To swerve or veer is to tm*n suddenly from a prescribed or pre- 
 vious course, and often but momentarily ; veer is more capricious 
 and repetitious ; the horse siverves at the flash of a sword ; the wind 
 veers ; the ship veers with the wind. To stray is to go in a somewhat 
 purposeless way aside from the regular path or usual limits or 
 abode, usually with unfavorable implication ; cattle stray from 
 their pastures ; an author strays from his subject ; one strays from 
 the path of virtue. Stray is in most uses a lighter word than 
 ■wander. Ramble, in its literal use, is always a word of pleasant 
 suggestion, but in its figurative use always somewhat contemjDtu- 
 ous ; as, rambling talk.
 
 wisdom ti*^ 
 
 WAY. 
 
 Syiioiiyins: 
 
 alley, course, lane, path, route, 
 
 avenue, drive-way. pass, pathway, street, 
 
 l)ridle=patli, highroad, passage, road, thoroughfare, 
 
 channel, highway, passagew^ay, roadw^ay, track. 
 
 Wherever there is room for one object to pass another there is 
 a ivay. A road (originally a rideifa?/) is a prepared icay for trav- 
 eling with horses or vehicles, always the latter unless the contrary 
 is expressly stated ; a ivay suitable to be traversed only by foot= 
 passengers or by animals is called a jjatli, bridle-path, or track ; 
 as, the roads in that country are mere bridle-paths. A road may 
 be private; a hightcay or highroad is public, Mghivay being a 
 specific name for a road legally set apart for the vise of the public 
 forever ; a highway may be over water as well as over land. A 
 route is a line of travel, and may be over many roads. A street 
 is in some center of habitation, as a city, town, or village ; when 
 it passes between rows of dwellings the country 7'oad becomes the 
 village street. An avenue is a long, broad, and imposing or prin- 
 cipal street. Track is a word of wide signification ; we speak of a 
 goai'track on a mountain=side, a railroad=^raeA', a race=^7'acfc, the 
 track of a comet ; on a traveled road the line worn by regular 
 passing of hoofs and wheels in either direction is called the track. 
 A passage is between any two objects or lines of enclosure, a pass 
 commonly between mountains. A driveway is within enclosed 
 grounds, as of a private residence. A channel is a w&terivay. A 
 thoroughfare is a way through ; a road or street temporarily or 
 permanently closed at any point ceases for such time to be a thor- 
 oughfare. Compare air ; direction. 
 
 WISDOlfl. 
 
 Synonyms s 
 
 attainment, insight, prudence, 
 
 depth, judgment, reason, 
 
 discernment, judiciousness, reasonableness, 
 
 discretion, know^ledge, sagacity, 
 
 enlightenment, learning. sense, 
 
 erudition, prescience, skill, 
 
 foresight, profundity, understanding, 
 information, 
 
 Enlightenment, erudition, information, knou'ledge, learning, 
 and skill are acquired, as by study or practise. Insight, judgment, 
 profundity or depth, reason, sagacity, sense, and understanding 
 are native qvialities of mind, tho capable of increase by cultiva- 
 tion. The other qualities are on the borderline. Wisdom has
 
 373 wit 
 
 been defined as "the right use of knowledge,'" or " the use of the 
 most important means for attaining the best ends," ivisdom thus 
 presupposing knoidedge for its very existence and exercise. Wis- 
 dom is mental power acting upon the materials that fullest linoicl- 
 edge gives in the most effective -way. There may be what is 
 termed " practical tCTsdo?^ " that looks only to material results ; 
 but in its full sense, wisdom implies the highest and noblest exer- 
 cise of all the faculties of the moral nature as well as of the intel- 
 lect J Prudence is a lower and more negative form of the same 
 virtue, respecting outward and practical matters, and largely with 
 a view of avoiding loss and injury ; unsdom transcends prudence, 
 so that while the part of prudence is ordinarily also that of wis- 
 dom, cases arise, as in the exigencies of business or of war, when 
 the liighest icisdom is in the disregard of the maxims oi ijrudence. 
 Judgment, the j)ower of forming decisions, especially correct de- 
 cisions, is broader and more positive than prudence, leading one 
 to do, as readily as to refrain from doing ; but judgment is more 
 limited in range and less exalted in character than wisdom ; to 
 say of one that he displayed good judgment is much less than to 
 say that he manifested wisdom. Skill is far inferior to unsdom, 
 consisting largely in the practical application of acquired knowl- 
 edge, power, and habitual processes, or in the ingenious contri- 
 vance that makes such application possible. In the making of 
 something perfectly useless there may be great skill, but no wis- 
 dom. Compare acumen ; astute ; knowledge ; mind ; prudence; 
 
 SAGACIOUS ; SKILFUL 
 
 Antonyms: 
 
 absurdity, folly, imbecility, miscalcalation, senselessness, 
 
 error, foolishness, imprudence, misjudgment, silliness, 
 
 fatuity, idiocy, indiscretion, nonsense, stupidity. 
 
 Compare synonyms for absurd ; idiocYc 
 
 WIT. 
 
 Synonyms : 
 
 banter. fun, joke waggery, 
 
 burlesque, humor, playfulness, waggisbness, 
 
 drollery. jest, pleasantry, Avitticism. 
 
 facetiousness, jocularity, raillery. 
 
 Wit is the quick perception of unusual or commonly unperceived 
 
 analogies or relations between things apparently unrelated, and 
 
 has been said to depend upon a union of surprise and pleasure ; it 
 
 depends certainly on the production of a diverting, entertaining, 
 
 or merrymaking surprise. The analogies with which tvit plays
 
 Avork 
 
 yet 374 
 
 are often superficial or artificial ; humor deals with real analogies 
 of an amusing or entertaining kind, or with traits of character 
 that are seen to have a comical side as soon as brought to view. 
 Wit is keen, sudden, brief, and sometimes severe ; humor is deep, 
 thoughtful, sustained, and always kindly. Pleasantry is lighter 
 and less vivid than wit. Fun denotes the merry results produced 
 by ^L-U and humor, or by any fortuitous occasion of mirth, and is 
 pronounced and often hilarious. 
 Antonyms : 
 
 dulness, seriousness, sobriety, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity. 
 
 AVORK. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 achievement, doing, labor, product, 
 
 action. drudgery, occupation. production, 
 
 Dusiness, employment, performance, toil, 
 
 deed, exertion. 
 
 Work is the generic term for any continuous application of 
 energy toward an end ; icork may be hard or easy. Labor is hard 
 and wearying work ; toil is straining and exhausting icork. Work 
 is also used for any result of working, physical or mental, and has 
 special senses, as in mechanics, which labor and toil do not share. 
 Drudgery is plodding, irksome, and often menial work. Compare 
 act; business. 
 Antonyms: 
 
 ease, idleness, leisure, recreation, relaxation, repose, rest, vacation. 
 
 YET. 
 
 Synonyms: 
 
 besides, further. hitherto, now, still, thus far^ 
 Yet and still have many closely related senses, and, with verbs 
 of past time, are often interchangeable; we may say "while he 
 was yet a child," or "while he was still a child." Yet, like still, 
 often appUes to past action or state extending to and including the 
 present time, especially when joined with «s; we can say " he is 
 feeble as yet," or "he is still feeble," with scarcely appreciable 
 difference of meaning, except that the former statement implies 
 somewhat more of expectation than the latter. Yet with a nega- 
 tive applies to completed action, often replacing a positive state- 
 ment with still ; "he is not gone yet " is nearly the same as "he 
 is here stilV Yet has a reference to the future which still does 
 not share ; " we may be successful %jet " implies that success may 
 begin at some future time ; " we may be successful stilV implies
 
 »5'5'5 youtlifiil 
 
 that we may continue to enjoy in the future such success as we 
 are winning now. 
 
 YOUTHFUI^. 
 
 Synonyms-. 
 
 adolescent, callow, childlike, immature, puerile, 
 
 tooyish, childish, girlish, juvenile, young. 
 
 Boyish, childish, and girlish are used in a good sense of those 
 to whom they properly belong, but in a bad sense of those from 
 whom more maturity is to be expected ; childish eagerness or glee 
 is pleasing in a cliild, but unbecoming in a ixian ; puerile in mod- 
 ern use is distinctly contemptuous. Juvenile and youthfid are 
 commonly used in a favorable and kindly sense in their applica- 
 tion to those still young ; youthful in the sense of having the char- 
 acteristics of youth, hence fresh, vigorous, light=hearted, buoyant, 
 may have a favorable import as applied to any age, as when we 
 say the old man still retains his youthful ardor, vigor, or hopeful- 
 ness ; juvenile in such use would belittle' the statement. Young 
 is distinctively applied to those in the early stage of life or not 
 arrived at maturity. Compare new. 
 Antonyms s 
 
 Compare synonyms for OLD,
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER, 
 
 The following exercises have been prepared expressly and solely to accompany 
 the preceding text in which the distinctions of synonyms have been carefully pointed 
 out. It is not expected, intended, or desired that the questions should l)e answered 
 or the blanks in the examples supplied ofE«haud. In such study nothing can be 
 worse than guess»work. Hence, leading questions have been avoided, and the order 
 of synonyms given in Part I. has frequently been departed from or reversed in 
 Part II. 
 
 To secure the study of Part I. before coming into class, pupils should not be 
 allowed to open it during recitation, unless on rare occasions to settle doubtful or 
 disputed points. The very best method will be found to be to have the examples in- 
 cluded in the lesson, with any others that may be added, copied on the blackboard 
 before recitation, and no books brought into class. 
 
 The teacher should make a thorough study of the subject, not only mastering 
 what is given in Part I., but g6ing beyond the necessarily brief statements there 
 given, and consulting the ultimate authorities — the best dictionaries and the works 
 of the best speakers and writers. For the latter purpose a good cyclopedia of quota- 
 tions, like the Hoyt, will be found very helpful. The teacher should so study out 
 the subject as to be distinctly in advance of the class and able to speak authorita- 
 tively. Such independent study will be found intensely interesting, and can be made 
 delightful and even fascinating to any intelligent class. 
 
 In answer to questions calling for definitive statement, the teacher should Insist 
 upon the very words of the text, unless the pupil can give in his own words what is 
 manifestly as good. This will often be found not easy to do. Definition by syno- 
 nym should be absolutely forbidden. 
 
 Reasonable questions should be encouraged, but the class should not be allowed 
 to become a debating society. The meaning of English words is not a matter of con- 
 jecture, and all disputed points should be promptly referred to the dictionary — usu- 
 ally to be looked up after the recitation, and considered, if need be, at the next recita- 
 tion.. The majority of them will not need to be referred to again, as the difficulties 
 will simply represent an inferior usage which the dictionary will brush aside. One 
 great advantage of synonym study is ro exterminate colloquialisms. 
 
 The class should be encouraged to brmg quotations from first=class authors with 
 blanks to be filled, such quotations being held authoritative, though not infallible; 
 also quotations from the best newspapers, periodicals, speeches, etc., with words 
 underlined for criticism, sucn quotations being held open to revision upon consulta- 
 tion of authorities. The change of usage, wnereby that may be correct to=day which 
 would not have been so at an earlier period, should be carefully noted, but always 
 upon the authority of an approved aictionary. 
 
 The examnles have been in great part selected from the oest literature, and all 
 others carefully prepared for this work. Hence, an appropriate word to fill each 
 blank can always be found bv careful study of the corresponding group of synonyms. 
 In a few instances, either of two words would appropriately fill a blank and yield a 
 good sense. In such case, either should be accepted as correct, but the resulting 
 difference of meaning should be clearly pointed out.
 
 PART II. 
 QUESTIONS AND EXAMPLES. 
 
 ABAIVDON (page 1). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what objects or classes of objects does abandon apply ? abdicate? cede? 
 quit? resign? surrender? 2. Is abandon used in the favorable or unfavor- 
 able sense ? dese74 favorable or unfavorable ? forsake? 3. What does aban- 
 don commonly denote of previous relationship ? forsake ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The soldiers his standard in such numbers that the commander found it 
 
 necessary to the enterprise. 
 
 France was compelled to Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. 
 
 In the height of his power Charles V. the throne. 
 
 Finding resistance vain, the defenders agreed to the fortress. 
 
 To the surprise of his friends, Senator Conkling suddenly his office. 
 
 At the stroke of the bell, the men instantly work. 
 
 ABASE (page 3). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does abase differ from debase? humble horn hum i: late? degrade from 
 disgrace? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To provide funds, the king resolved to the coinage. 
 
 He came from the scene of his disgrace, haughty and defiant, but no*; 
 
 The officer who had himself by cowardice was to the ranks. 
 
 Only the base in spirit will themselves before wealth, rank, and power. 
 
 The messenger was so that no heed was paid to his message.
 
 abasb 
 
 ablior 378 
 
 ABASH (page 3). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What has the effect to make one abashed? 2. How does confuse differ from 
 abash? 3. What do we mean when we eay that a person is inortijiedf 4. 
 Give an instance of the use of mortified where abashed could not be sub- 
 stituted. Why could not the words be interchanged ? 5 . Can one be rfawnferf 
 who is not abashed f 6. Is embarrass or mc/rtify the stronger word ? Give 
 instances. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The peasant stood in the royal presence. 
 
 The numerous questions the witness. 
 
 The speaker was for a moment, but quickly recovered himself. 
 
 At the revelation of such depravity, I was utterly . 
 
 When sensible of his error, the visitor was deeply . 
 
 ABBREVIATION (page 4). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Ib an abbreviation always a contraction? 2. Is a contraction always an abbj-e- 
 viation? Give instances. 3. Can we have an abbreviation of a book, 
 paragraph, or sentence ? What can be abbreviated ? and what abridged? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The treatise was already so brief that it did not admit of . 
 
 The Dr. is used both for Doctor and Debtor. 
 
 P. K. S. is an of .he title " Fellow of the Royal Society." 
 
 ABET (page 4). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . Abet, incite, instigate : which of these words are used in a good and which in a 
 bad sense ? 2, How does abet differ from incite and instigate as to the time 
 of the action ? 3. Which of the three words apply to persons and which to 
 actions ? Give instances of the use of abet; instigate; incite. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To further his own schemes, he the viceroy to rebel against the king. 
 
 To a crime may be worse than to originate it, as arguing less excitemen 
 
 and more calculation and cowardice. 
 
 The prosecution was evidently malicious, by envy and revenge. 
 
 And you that do him in this kind 
 
 Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all. 
 
 ABHOR (page 5). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Which is the stronger word, abhor or despise? 2. What does abhor denote ? 
 3. How does Archbishop Trench illustrate the difference between abhor axiA. 
 shun? 4. Wliat does detest express ? 5. What does loathe imply ? Ib it
 
 abide 
 379 abollsU 
 
 phybical or moral in its application ? 6. Give illustrations of the appropriate 
 uses of the above words. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He had sunk to snch degradation as to be utterly by all good men. 
 
 Such weakness can only be . 
 
 Talebearers and backbiters are everywhere   
 
 that which is evil ; cleave to that which is good. 
 
 ABIBE: (page 5). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What limit of time is expressed by abide F by lodge? by live, dwell, reside? 
 2. What is the moaning of sojourn? 3. Should we say one is stopping or 
 staying at a hotel ? and why ? 4. Give examples of the extended, and of the 
 limited use of abide. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 One generation passeth away and another generation cometh, but the earth 
 
 forever. 
 
 And there were in the same country shepherds in the field, keeping watch 
 
 over their flock by night. 
 
 So great was the crowd of visitors that many were compelled to in the 
 
 neighboring villages. 
 
 He is at the Albemarle. 
 
 He has for forty years in the same house. 
 
 By faith he in the land of promise, as in a strange country. 
 
 ABOLISH (page 6). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Is abolish used of persons or material objects ? 2. Of what is it used ? Give 
 examples. 3. What does annihilate signify ? Is it stronger or weaker than 
 abolish? 4. What terms do we use for doing away with laivs, and how do 
 those terms differ among themselves ? 5 . What are the differences between 
 overthrow, suppress, and subvert? especially between the last two of those 
 words ? 6. How does prohibit differ from abolish? 7. What word do we 
 especially use of putting an end to a nuisance ? 8 . What other words of this 
 class are especially referred to ? 9. Give some antonyms of abolish? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The one great endeavor of Buddhism is to sorrow. 
 
 Modern science seems to show conclusively that matter is never . 
 
 The law, which had long been by the revolutionists, was at last by 
 
 the legislature. 
 
 The ancient statute was found to have been by later enactments, though 
 
 never formally . 
 
 The Supreme Court the adverse decision of the inferior tribunal. 
 
 Even in a republic, sedition should be promptly , or it may result in the 
 
 of free institutions. 
 
 From the original settlement of Vineland, New Jersey, the sale of intoxicating 
 licLUor has been .
 
 abomination 
 
 absolute 380 
 
 ABOmXATION (page 7). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what was abomination originally applied ? 2. Does it refer to a state of 
 mind or to some act or other object of thought ? 3. How does abomination 
 differ from aversion or disgust? 4. How does an abomination differ from 
 an offense f from crime in general ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 After the ship began to pitch and roll, we could not look upon food without 
 
 It is time that such a should be abated. 
 
 Capital punishment was formerly inflicted in England for trivial 
 
 In spite of their high attainments in learning and art, the foulest 
 prevalent among the Greeks and Eomans of classic antiquity. 
 
 ABRID01I£]VT (page 7). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 , How does an abridgment differ from an outline or a synopsis ? from an abstract 
 or digest? 2. How does an abstract or digest differ from an outline or a 
 synopsis? 3. Does an analysis of a treatise deal with what is expressed, or 
 with what is implied ? 4. What words may we use to express a condensed 
 view of a subject, whether derived from a previous publication or not ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The New Testament may be regarded as an of religion. 
 
 There are several excellent of English literature. 
 
 An of the decision of the court was published in all the leading papers. 
 
 The publishers determined to issue an of their dictionary. 
 
 Such as U. S. for United States should be rarely used, unless in hasty 
 
 writing or technical works. 
 
 ABSOI^UTE (page 8). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does absolute in the strict sense denote ? supreme? 2. To what are these 
 
 words in such sense properly applied ? 3. How are they used in a modified 
 
 sense ? 4. Is arbitrary ever used in a good sense ? Wliat is the chief use ? 
 
 Give examples. 5. How does autoc7'atic differ from arbitrary? both these 
 
 words from despotic? desiJotic from tyrannical? 6. Is irresponsible good ot 
 
 bad in its implication? arbitrary? imjjerative? imperious? peremptory? 
 
 positive? authoritative? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 God alone is and . 
 
 The Czar of Russia is an ruler. 
 
 • power tends always to be in its exercise. 
 
 On all questions of law in the United States the decision of the Court Is 
 
 -^— and final. 
 
 Learning of the attack on our seamen, the government sent an demand 
 
 for apology and indemnity. 
 
 Man's will and mtellect have given him dominion over all other 
 
 creatures on the earth, so that they are either subjugated or exterminated.
 
 absolve 
 3^1 abstract 
 
 ABSOI.VE (page 9). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is tlie original sense of absolve? 2. To what does it apply ? 3. What is 
 
 its special sense when used with reference to sins? 4. How does it differ 
 
 {rom. acquit ? /wgivef justify? imrdonf 5. What are the chief antonyms 
 
 of absolve ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 No power under heaven can a man from his personal responsibility. 
 
 When the facts were known, he was of all blame. 
 
 ABSORB (page 9). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. When is a fluid said to be absorbed? 2. Is the substance of the absorbing body 
 changed by that which it absorbs? Give instances. 3. How does consume 
 differ from absorb? 4. Give instances of the distinctive uses of engross, 
 sivallow, imbibe, and absorb in the figurative sense. 5. What is the difference 
 between absoi'b and emit f absorb and radiate ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Tho the fuel was rapidly within the furnace, very little heat was 
 
 from the outer surface. 
 
 In setting steel rails special provision must be made for their expansion under 
 
 the influence of the heat that they . 
 
 Jip stood on the table and barked at Traddles so persistently that he may be said 
 to have the conversation. 
 
 ABSTIXEXCE (page 10). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does abstinence differ from abstemiousness? from self 'denial ? 2. What is 
 temperance regarding things lawful and worthy ? regarding things vicious and 
 injurious ? 3. What is the more exact term for the proper course regarding 
 
 evil indulgences ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He was so moderate in his desires that his seemed to cost him no . 
 
 Among the Anglo«Saxons the idea of universal and total from all intoxi- 
 cants is little more than a century old. 
 
 ABSTRACT, v.; ABSTRACTED (page 10, 11). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the difference between abstract and separate? between discriminate 
 and distinguish ?* 2. How does abstract, when said of the mind, differ from 
 divert? from distract? 3. How do abstracted, absorbed, anA. preoccupied 
 differ from absent'minded ? 4. Can one who is preoccupied be said to be 
 listless or thoughtless ? one who is absent-minded ? 
 
 *NoTE. See these words under discern as referred to at the end of the para- 
 graph on ABSTRACT in Part I. The pupil should be instructed, in all cases, to look 
 up and read over the synonyms referred to by the words in small capitals at the end 
 of the paragraph in Part I.
 
 absurd 
 
 accessory, n. 3§2 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He was so with these perplexities as to be completely of his sur- 
 roundings. 
 
 The busy student may be excused if ; in the merely or it is 
 
 intolerable. 
 
 The power to one idea from all its associations and view it alone is the 
 
 mark of a philosophical mind. 
 
 Numerous interruptions in the midst of occupations had made him 
 
 almost . 
 
 ABSURD (page 11). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the difference between absurd smA paradoxical ? 2. What are the dis- 
 tinctions between irrational, foolisJi, and silly f 3. What is the especial im- 
 plication in unreasonable? 4. How do jnonstroits and iweposterous compare 
 with absurd f 5. What is the especial element common to the ludicrous, the 
 lidiculous, and the nonsensical ? 6. What are some chief antonyms of absurd f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 A statement may be disproved by deducing logically from it a conclusion that 
 
 18- 
 
 Carlyle delighted in utterances. 
 
 The hatred of the Jews in the Middle Ages led the populace to believe the 
 
 most slanders concerning them. 
 
 I attempted to dissuade him from the plan, but found him altogether 
 
 ; many of his arguments were so as to be positively . 
 
 ABUSE (page 12). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what does abuse apply ? 2. How does abuse differ from damage (as in the 
 case of rented property, e. g.) ? 3. How Aoi^s abuse differ from harm? 4. 
 What words of this group are used in a bad sense ? 5. Is reproach good or 
 bad ? 6. How do persecute and oppress differ ? 7. Do misemploy, misuse, 
 and pervert apply to persons or things ? To which does abuse apply ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The tenant shall not the property beyond reasonable wear. 
 
 intellectual gifts make the dangerous villain. 
 
 In his rage he began to and all who had formerly been his friends. 
 
 To be for doing right can never really a true man. 
 
 In no way has man his fellow man more cruelly than by him for his 
 
 religious belief. 
 
 ACCESSORY, n. (page 13). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Which words of this group are used in a good, and which in a bad sense ? 2. 
 Which are indifferently either good or bad ? 3. To what does ally generally 
 apply ? colleague ? 4 . How does an associate compare in rank with a principal ?
 
 accident 
 383 acrimony 
 
 5. Is assistant or attendant the higher word ? How do both these words com- 
 pare with associate'^ 6. In what sense arefoUoiver, henchman, and retainer 
 used? jMr/iier f 7. What is the legal distinction between abettor a,nd acces- 
 sory f 8 . To what is accomplice nearly equivalent ? Which is the preferred 
 
 legal term ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The Senator differed with his in this matter. 
 
 The baron rode into town with a great array of armed . 
 
 France and Kussia seem to have become firm . 
 
 The called to the for a fresh bandage. 
 
 All persons, but especially the young, should take the greatest care in the choice 
 of their . 
 
 As he was not present at the actual commission of the crime, he was held to be 
 only an and not an . 
 
 ACCIDENT (page 14). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the difference between accident and chance? 2. How does iticident 
 differ from both ? 3. What is the special significance ot fo7'tuneF 4. How 
 does it differ in usage from chance? 5. How are accident, misadventure, and 
 mishap distinguished ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Gambling clings almost inseparably to games oi . 
 
 Bruises and contusions are regarded as ordinary of the cavalry service 
 
 The prudent man is careful not to tempt too far. 
 
 The misplacement of the switch caused a terrible . 
 
 Great thoughts and high purposes keep one from being greatly disturbed by the 
 little of daily life. 
 
 ACqUAIl^TANCE (page 15). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does acquaintance between persons imply ? 2. How does acquaintance 
 differ from companionship ? acquaintance irom friendship ? from intimacy ? 
 3. How does fellowship differ irovafrieridsMi) ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A public speaker becomes known to many persons whom he does not know, but 
 who are ready promptly to claim with him. 
 
 The of life must bring us into with many who can not be admitted 
 
 within the inner circle of . 
 
 The of school and college life often develop into the most beautiful and 
 
 enduring . 
 
 Between those most widely separated by distance of place and time, by language, 
 station, occupation, and creed, there may yet be true of soul. 
 
 ACRIMONY (page 15). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does acerUty differ from asperity? asperity from acrimony? 2. How is
 
 act 
 
 acumeu 3S4 
 
 acri?nony distingaiahed trom malig?ii(i/ f malignity tiom virulence? 3. What 
 is implied in the use of the word seventy? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A certain of speech had become habitual with him. 
 
 To this ill»timed request, he answered with sudden . 
 
 A constant sense of injustice may deepen into a settled . 
 
 This smooth and pleasing address veiled a deep . 
 
 Great will be patiently borne if the sufferer is convinced of its essential 
 
 justice. 
 
 ACT (page 16). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How is act distinguished from action? from deed? 2. Which of the vyords in 
 this group necessarily imply an external effect ? Which may be wholly mental ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He who does the truth will need no instruction as to individual s. 
 
 is the truth of thought. 
 
 The is done. 
 
 ACTIVE (page 17). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. With what two sets of words is active allied ? 2. How does active differ from 
 busy? from industrious? 3. How do active and restless compare? 4. To 
 what sort of activity does officious refer ? 6. What are some chief antonyms 
 of active? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Being of an disposition and without settled purpose or definite occupa- 
 tion, she became as a hornet. 
 
 He had his days and hours, but could never be properly said to be . 
 
 An attendant instantly seized upon my baggage. 
 
 The true student is from the mere love of learning, independently of its 
 
 rewards. 
 
 ACUMEIV (page 18). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How do shai-pness, acuteness, "penetration, and insight compare with acumen ? 
 2. What is the special characteristic of acumen ? To what order of mind does 
 it belong ? 3. What is .sflf/ac^ .? Is it attributed to men or brutes ? 4. What 
 ia perspicacity ? 5. \Yha.t is sht'eindness ? Is it ordinarily good or evil ? 6. 
 Give illustrations of the uses of the above words as regards the possessors of 
 the corresponding qualities. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The treatise displays great critical . 
 
 The Indians had developed a practical that enabled them to follow a trail 
 
 by scarcely perceptible signs almost as unerringly as the hound by scent.
 
 add 
 885 adequate 
 
 ADD (page 18). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How is add related to increase? How does it differ from mtdtiply? 2. What 
 does augnunt signify ? Of what is it ordinarily used ? 3. To what does 
 amplify apply ? 4. In what ways may a discourse or treatise be amplified ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Care to our coffin a nail no doubt; 
 
 And every grin, so merry, draws one out. 
 up at night, what thou hast done by day; 
 
 And in the morning what tnou hast to do. 
 
 ADDRESS, V. (page 19). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What does accost always signify ? greet? hail? 2. How does salute differ from 
 accost or greet ? address ? 3 . What is it to apostrophize ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 The pale snowdrop is springing 
 
 To the glowing sun. 
 
 to the Chief who in triumph advances. 
 
 His faithful dog the smiling guest. 
 
 yc heroes ! heaven=born band I 
 
 Who fought and died in freedom's cause. 
 
 ADDRESS, n. (page 20). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is address in the sense here considered? 2. What is tact? 3. What 
 qualities are included in address ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 And the tear that is wiped with a little 
 
 May be followed perhaps by a smile. 
 
 The of doing doth espresse 
 
 No other but the doer's willingnesse. 
 
 I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking; I could wish would 
 
 invent some other custom of entertainment. 
 
 ADEQUATE (page 21). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What do adequate, cominensurate, and sufficient alike signify ? How does com- 
 mensurate specifically differ from the other two words ? Give examples. 2. 
 To what do adapted^ Jit, stdtable, and qualified refer ? 3. Is satisfactory a 
 very high recommendation of any work ? Why ? 4. Is able or capable the 
 higher word ? Illustrate. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We know not of what we are till the trial comes. 
 
 Indeed, left nothing for your purpose untouched, slightly handled, in dis- 
 course. 
 
 25
 
 adherent 
 
 adorn 3S6 
 
 ADHEREBfT (page 21). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is an adherent? 2. How does an adherent differ from a supporter? from 
 a disciple? 3. How do botli the above words differ from ally ? 4. Has par- 
 tisan a good or a bad sense, and why ? 5 . Is it well to speak of a supporter 
 as a backer ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Also of your own selves shall men arise speaking perverse things to draw away 
 — s after them. 
 
 Woman is woman's natural . 
 
 Self«defense compelled the European nations to be s against Napoleon. 
 
 The deposed monarch was found to have a strong body of s. 
 
 ADJACEXT (page 23). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the difference between adjacent and adjoining ? contiguous? contermi- 
 nous? 2. What distance is implied in near? neighboring? 3. What does 
 next always imply ? 4. Give antonyms of adjacent; near. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Stronger by weakness, wiser men become, 
 As they draw to their eternal home. 
 
 ADIIIRE (page 23). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 In what sense was admire formerly used ? What does it now express ? 2. How 
 does aciwiire compare with ?■€««?•«.? venerate? adoi'e? Give instances of the 
 use of these words. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The beautiful are sure to be . 
 
 Henceforth the majesty of God ; 
 
 Fear him, and you have nothing else to fear. 
 I value Science — none can prize it more, 
 
 It gives ten thousand motives to : 
 
 Be it religious, as it ought to be. 
 
 The heart it humbles, and it bows the knee. 
 
 ADOR^ (page 23). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How does adorn differ from wnament? from garnish? frova deck at bedeck? 
 from decor-ate ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 At church, with meek and unaffected grace. 
 
 His looks the venerable place. 
 
 The red breast oft, at evening hours, 
 
 Shall kindly lend his little aid, 
 With hoary moss, and gathered flowers, 
 
 To the ground where thou art laid.
 
 afTront 
 
 3§7 aim 
 
 AFFRONT (page 24). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to affront? 2. How does affront compare with insult? with tease? 
 
 annoy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is safer to some people than to oblige them ; for the better a man de- 
 serves, the worse they will speak of him. 
 
 Oh, rather give me commentators plain. 
 
 Who with no deep researches the brain. 
 
 The petty desire to is simply a perversion of the human love of power. 
 
 They rushed to meet the foe. 
 
 AGENT (page 24). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How does agent in the philosophical sense compare with mover or doer? 2. 
 What difiEerent sense has it in business usage ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 That morality may mean anything, man must be held to be a free . 
 
 The declined to take the responsibility in the absence of the owner. 
 
 AGREE (page 25). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How do conmr and coincide differ in range of meaning ? How with reference to 
 expression in action ? 2. How does accede compare with consent ? 3. Which 
 is the most general word of this group ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A woman's lot is made for her by the love she . 
 
 My poverty, but not my will, . 
 
 AGRICUETURE (page 25). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What does Cf5r««/tore include ? How does it differ from /an«i«gr .? 2. What is 
 gardening ? floriculture ? horticidture ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Loan oft loses both itself and friend; 
 
 And borrowing dulls the edge of . 
 
 A field becomes exhausted by constant . 
 
 AIH (page 26). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is an aim? How does it differ from mark? from goal? 2. How do end 
 and object compare ? 3 . To what does aspiration apply f How does it differ 
 in general from design, endeavor, orpm^pose? 4. How does purpose compare 
 with intention ? 5. What is design?
 
 air 
 
 alarm 3§S 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 lu deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn 
 
 For misertible tliat end with self. 
 
 O yet we trust that somehow good 
 
 Will be the final of ill. 
 
 How qurckly nature falls into revolt, 
 
 When gold becomes her . 
 
 It is not , but ambition that is the mother Of misery in man 
 
 AIR (page 27). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is air in the sense here considered ? 2. How does air differ from appear- 
 ance? 3. Wliat is the diilerence between CTj5r6s«io?i and too/t.2' 4. Wliat is 
 the sense of hearing? carriage? 5. How does inien differ from air? 6. 
 What does demeanor include ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 I never, with important , 
 
 In conversation overbear. 
 
 Vice is a monster of such hideous , 
 
 As, to be hated, needs but to be seen. 
 Grief fills the room up of my absent child, 
 
 Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, 
 Puts on his pretty , repeats his words. 
 
 AIRY (page 27). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How does airy agree with and differ from aerial ? Give instances of the uses of 
 the two words. 2. What does ethereal signify? sprightly? 3. Are lively 
 and animated used in the favorable or unfavorable sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 • tongues that syllable men's names, on sands and shores and desert wilder- 
 
 nesses. 
 
 The mold 
 
 Incapable of stain, would soon expel 
 Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire. 
 Victorious. 
 Society became my glittering bride. 
 
 And hopes my children. 
 
 Soft o'er the shrouds whispers breathe, 
 
 That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath. 
 
 ALARM (page 28). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the derivation and distinctive meaning of alarm? 2. What do affright 
 and fricfht ex-prcsa? Give an illustration of the contrasted terms. 3. How 
 are apprehension, disquietude, dread, and misgiving related to the danger that
 
 alert 
 389 allay 
 
 excites them ? 4. What are consternation, dismay , and terror, and how are 
 they related to the danger ? 5. What is timidity P 
 
 AI^ERT (page 28). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 To what do alert, icidcaivake, and 7'eady refer? 2. How does ready differ 
 from alert? ivom prepared ? 3. What does i»w«iJ(! signify? 4. What is 
 the secondary meaning of alert ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To be for war is one of the most effectual ways of preserving peace. 
 
 He who is not to=day will be less so to=morrow. 
 
 Thus ending loudly, as he would o'erleap 
 His destiny, he stood. 
 
 ALIEIV, a. & n. (imge 29). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does alien differ ivom foreign? 2. Is a. foreigner by birth necessarUy an 
 alien? 3. Are the people of one country while residing in their own land 
 foreigners or aliens to the people of other lands ? 4. How can one residing in a 
 foreign country cease to be an alien in that country ? 5 . How do foreign and 
 alien differ in their figurative use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 By hands thy dying eyes were closed 
 
 * * * 
 
 By hands thy humble gi-ave adorned 
 
 By strangers honored and by strangers mourned. 
 
 What is religion ? Not a inhabitant, nor something to our nature, 
 
 which comes and takes up its abode in the soul. 
 
 from the commonwealth of Israel and from the covenants of 
 
 promise. 
 
 alike: (page 30). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does alike compare with similar? with identical? 2. What is the distinc- 
 tion often made between equal and eqmvalent ? 3 . What is the sense of analo- 
 gous ? (Compare synonyms for analogy.) 4. In what sense is homogeneous 
 
 used? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes awful; never the , for 
 
 two moments together. 
 
 Fashioned for himself, a bride; 
 An , taken from his side. 
 
 ALLAY (page 31). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the distinction between allay and alleviate ? Which word implies a par-
 
 allege 
 
 alleviate 390 
 
 tial removal of the cause of sufEering, or an actual lightening of the burden ? 
 2. With which of the above words are we to class appease, pacify^ soothe, and 
 the like ? 3 . With what words is alleviate especially to be grouped ? (See syn- 
 onyms for alleviate.) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Such songs have power to 
 
 The restless pulse of care, 
 
 And come like the benediction 
 
 That follows after prayer. 
 Many a word, at random spoken 
 May or wound a heart that's broken ! 
 
 ALLEOE (page 31). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . Which is the primary and which the secondary word, allege or adduce ? Why ? 
 2. IIow much of certainty is implied in allege ? 3. How much does one ad- 
 mit when he speaks of an alleged fact, document, signature, or the like ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In many cases of haunted houses, the spirits have not ventured to face an 
 
 armed man who has passed the night there. 
 
 I can not one thing and mean another. If I can't pray I will not make be- 
 lieve I 
 
 ALLEGORY (page 33). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How does a&gfwy compare with simlfe.? Simile -with metaphor ? 2. What are 
 the distinctions between allegory, fable, and parable ? 3 . Under what general 
 term are all these mcluded ? 4. To what \s fiction now most commonly ap- 
 plied ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In argument 
 • are like songs in love: 
 
 They much describe; they nothing prove. 
 
 And He spake many things unto them in , saying, Behold a sower went 
 
 forth to sow. 
 
 ALLEVIATE (page 33). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does alleviate differ from relieve? from remove ? 2. Is alleviate used of 
 persons ? 3. What are the special significations of abate? assuage? mitigate? 
 moderate? 4. How does a^/mafe compare with aWay.? (Compare synonyms 
 
 for ALLAY.) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To pity distress is but human; to it is Godlike. 
 
 But, O ! what mighty magician can 
 
 A woman's envv ?
 
 ^^^ alliance 
 
 391 allude 
 
 ALLIANCE (page 34). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is an alliance f how does it differ from partnership f from coalition? from 
 league? 2. How does a confederacy or federation differ from a union,? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The two nations formed an offensive and defensive against the common 
 
 enemy. 
 
 Till the war=drnm throbbed no longer, and the battle^flags were furled. 
 
 In the Parliament of man, the of the world. 
 
 Business are the warrant for the existence of trade . 
 
 ALLOT (page 34). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Does allot refer to time, place, or person ? 2. To what does appoi?it refer 1 assign? 
 3. How does destine differ from appoint? 4. How does awai-d differ from 
 alloti appoint, and assign ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Man hath his daily work of body or mind , 
 
 He eth the moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down. 
 
 The king is but as the hind . . . 
 
 Who may not wander from the field 
 
 Before his work be done. 
 
 ALLOW (page 35). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the difference between allow s.nA permit? between a 2?.?rini< and permis- 
 sion ? 2. What instances can you give of the use of these words, also of tole?'- 
 ate and submit ? 3. What does yield imply ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Frederick the Austrians to cross the mountains that he might attack them 
 
 on a field of his own choosing. 
 
 The cruelty and envy of the people 
 
 by our dastard nobles, who 
 
 Have all forsook me, hath devoured the rest. 
 State churches have ever been unwilling to — — dissent. 
 
 ALLUDE (page 36). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the distinctive sense of allude'? of advert? of refer? 2. How do the 
 above words compare with mention as to explicitness ? 3. How do hint and 
 insinuate differ ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Late in the eighteenth century Cowper did not venture to do more than to 
 
 the great allegorist [Bunyan], saying: 
 
 " I name thee not, lest so despised a name 
 Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame."
 
 allure -^a 
 
 amass «»w<* 
 
 ALL.1JRB (page 37). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is it to allure? 2. How does allure differ from attract? from lure? 3, 
 What does coax express ? 4. What is it to cajole? to c^ecoy? to inveigle? 
 5. How does seduce differ from tempt? 6. Is wi/i used in the favorahle or 
 unfavorable sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The ruddy square of comfortable light 
 
 him, as the beacon blaze 
 
 The bird of passage. 
 But Satan now is wiser than of yore, 
 
 And by making rich, not making poor. 
 
 He had a strange gift of friends, and of the love of women. 
 
 ALSO (page 37). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Into what two groups are the synonyms for also naturally divided ? 2. Which 
 words simply add a fact or thought ? 3. Which distinctly imply that what is 
 added is like that to which it is added ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Thine to work to pray, 
 
 Clearing thorny wrongs away ; 
 Plucking up the weeds of sin. 
 Letting heaven's warm sunshine in. 
 
 ALTERI^ATIVE (page 38). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the difference between choice and alternative in the strict use of lan- 
 guage ? 2. Is alternative always so severely restricted by leading writers ? 
 3. What do choice, pick, election, waA preference imply regarding one's wishes ? 
 alternative ? resources ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Homer delights to call Ulysses " the man of many ." 
 
 AHASS (page 38)= 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is it to amass ? 2. How is amass distinguished from accumtdate ? 3. Is 
 interest amassed or accumulated ? 4. How does hoard differ from store ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 By daring and successful speculation, he a prodigious fortune. 
 
 The sura was the savings of an industrious and frugal life. 
 
 O, to what purpose dost thou thy words. 
 
 That thou return'st no greeting to thy friends ?
 
 anibftion 
 393 amateur 
 
 AMATEUR (i^age 39). 
 
 1. What is the difference between amateur and connoisseur? between coimoisseur 
 and critic? 2. Which word carries a natural implication of superflcialness ? 
 3. How do novice and tyro differ from amateur? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He was in Logic a great — 
 
 Profoundly skill'd in Analytic ; 
 He could distinguish, and divide 
 A hair 'twixt south and south=\vest side. 
 The greatest works in poetry, painting, and sculpture have not been done by 
 
 The mere who produces nothing, and whose business is only to judge and 
 
 enjoy. 
 
 AMAZEMEl^T (page 39). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What do amazement and astonishment agree in expressing ? 2. How do the two 
 words differ? 3. What is the meaning of au'e ? of admiration? 4. How 
 does surprise differ from astonishment and amazement? 5. What are the 
 characteristics of wonder ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 'Twas while he toiled him to be freed. 
 And with the rein to raise the steed. 
 
 That, from 's iron trance. 
 
 All Wycklif 's soldiers waked at once. 
 
 Can such things be, 
 And overcome us like a summer's cloud, 
 
 Without our special ? 
 
 The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes 
 And gaping mouth that testified . 
 
 AMBITION (page 40). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What two senses has ambition ? 2. How does ambition differ from aspiration f 
 Which is the higher word ? 3. What is the distinctive sense of emulation? 
 4. Has emulation a good side ? How does it compare with aspiration? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away 
 
 By that sin, fell the angels. 
 Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave. 
 
 Is in the learn'd or brave. 
 
 I have no spur 
 To prick the sides of my intent, but only 
 Vaulting .
 
 amend 
 
 anger 394 
 
 AMEND (page 41)! 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is it to amend? 2. How do advance, better, and improve differ from 
 amend? 3. Are tliese words applied to matters decidedly bad, foul, or evil ? 
 4. What is the difference between amend and emend? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Return ye now every man from his evil way, and your doings. 
 
 The construction here is difficult, and the test at this point has been variously 
 
 Human characters and conditions never reach such perfection that they can not 
 
 be- 
 
 AmiABLE (page 42). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 To what does lovely often apply ? 2. To what does amiable always apply ? 3. 
 How do agreeable, attractive, and charming differ from amiable ? Give ex- 
 amples. 4. Is a good-natured person necessarily agreeable? an amiable 
 person? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 His life was ; and the elements 
 
 So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up 
 And say to all the world. This was a manl 
 The east is blossoming ! Yea a rose, 
 Vast as the heavens, soft as a kiss, 
 as the presence of woman is. 
 
 ANALOGY (page 43). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the specific meaning of analogy? 2. 'Wh.a.i ie affinity ? coincidence? 
 3. Hoes coincidence necessarily involve r«e7«6to!ce or likeness ? 4. What is 
 parity oi reasoniiig ? 5. 'Whsii is a. similitude ? 6. 'Eoyi Ao resemblance a.ndi. 
 similarity differ from analogy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The two boys bore a close to each other. 
 
 It is not difficult to trace the of the home to the state. 
 
 ANOER (page 44). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What are the especial characteristics of anger? How does it differ from indig- 
 nation ? exasperation ? rage ? wrath ? ire ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My enemy has long borne me a feeling of . 
 
 Christ was filled with at the hypocrisy of the Jews. 
 
 I vi'as overcome by a sudden feeling of .
 
 a III 111 al 
 395 answer 
 
 ABJIIIAL (page 45). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is an animal? a brvte? a beast? 2. Is man an ardnud? 3. What is im- 
 plied if we speak of any porticular man as an animal ? a hnite ? a beast? 4. 
 What forms of existence does the word f/eff/?/?e include ? 5. What are the 
 animals of a country or region collectively called ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 It is only within the last half century that societies have been organized for the 
 
 prevention of cruelty to . 
 
 O that men should put an enemy iu their mouths to steal away their brains! that 
 
 we should with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into ! 
 
 Take a out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of under- 
 
 standing. 
 
 Spurning manhood and its joys to loot. 
 To be a lawless, lazy, sensual . 
 
 A]¥MOU»ICE (page 46). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is it to annmnce? 2. Does it apply chiefly to the past or the future ? 3. 
 
 To what is advertise chiefly applied ? propound ? prcmiulgate ? publish? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The Sphinx its riddles with life and death depending on the answer. 
 
 Through the rare felicity of the times you are permitted to think what you please 
 
 and to what you please. 
 
 The songs of birds and the wild flowers in the woodlands the coming of 
 
 spring. 
 
 AXSIVER (page 46). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is a verbal answer? 2. In what wider sense is answer used ? 3. What is 
 a reply? a rejoinder? 4. How does an answer to a charge, an argument, or 
 the like, differ from a reply or rejoinder? 5. What is the special quality of a 
 response? 6. What is a retort? How does it differ from repartee ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I can no other make, but thanks. 
 
 Theirs not to make 
 
 Theirs not to reason why, 
 
 Theirs but to do and die. 
 
 Upon thy princely warrant I descend. 
 
 To give thee of thy just demand. 
 
 He could not be content without finding a in Nature to every mood of his 
 
 mind; and he does find it. 
 
 A man renowned for 
 
 Will seldom scruple to make free 
 With friendship's honest feeling. 
 
 Nothing is so easy and inviting as the of abuse and sarcasm; but it is a 
 
 paltry and unprofitable contest.
 
 anticipate, anticipation 
 
 anxiety 396 
 
 Al^TlCIPATE, AJ^TICIPATIOX (page 47). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What are the two contrasted senses of a/i^idpais? 2. Which is now the more 
 common ? 3 . How does anticipate differ from expect ? from liopte ? from ap- 
 prehend f 4. How does anticipation differ from presenti77ient? from appre- 
 hension? frora foreboding f 5. What special element is involved in foretaste ? 
 How do foresight sjad fwethotight go heyond the meaning of anticipation? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Then some leaped overboard with fearful yell, 
 
 As eager to their grave. 
 
 England every man to do his duty. 
 
 These are portents ; but yet I , I hope, 
 
 They do not point on me. 
 
 If I know your sect, I your argument. 
 
 The happy of a renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just. 
 
 ANTIPATHY (page 48). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How is antipathy to be distinguished from dislike? from antagonism? from 
 aversion? 2. What ia 2/ ncongenialitij? How does it diSer fTom antipathy ? 
 Which is positive ? and which negative ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Christianity is the solvent of all race . 
 
 From my soul I loathe 
 All affectation; 'tis my perfect scorn, object of my implacable . 
 
 AXTiqUE (page 48). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 To what does antique refer ? antiquated ? 2. Is the difference between them a 
 matter of time ? Give examples. 3. Can a modern building be antiquated? 
 Can it be antique f 4. What is the significance of quaint ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My copper lamps, at any rate. 
 
 For being true , I bought. 
 
 I do love these ruins, 
 
 We never tread upon them but we set 
 Our foot upon some reverend history. 
 
 AXXIETY (page 49). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is anxiety in the primary sense ? Is it mental or physical 1 2. How does 
 a?(a;iei;y differ from anguish? 3. What kind of possibility does anxiety al- 
 ways suggest ? 4. How does it differ from apprehension, fear, dread, etc., in 
 this regard? 5. What is wornj? fretfulness? 6. Does perplexity involve 
 anxiety ?
 
 apathy 
 SOT appetite 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Yield not to the future, weep not for the past. 
 
 Superstition invested the slightest incidents of life with needless . 
 
 is harder than work, and far less profitable. 
 
 APATHY (page 50.) 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is apathp ? 2. How does it differ from the Saxon word unfeelmgness ? 
 from indifference? from insensibility f from unconcern? 3. How does stoi- 
 cism differ from apathy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In lazy let stoics boast 
 
 Their virtue fixed: 'tis fixed as in a frost. 
 
 At length the morn and cold came. 
 
 He sank into a from which it was impossible to arouse him. 
 
 APOLOOY (page 51). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What change of meaning has «/)otog'y undergone ? 2. What does an apo/o(7y now 
 always imply ? 3. How does an apology differ from an excuse? 4. Which of 
 these words may refer to the future ? 5. How does confession differ from 
 apology ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 only account for that which they do not alter. 
 
 Beauty is its own for being. 
 
 There is no refuge from but suicide ; and suicide is . 
 
 APPARENT (page 53). 
 qlt;stions. 
 
 1 . What two contrasted senses arise from the root meaning of apparent f 2. What 
 is implied when we speak of apparent kindness or apparent neglect ? 3. How 
 do prenumable and probable differ ? 4. What implication is conveyed in 
 seeming? What do we suggest when we speak of " seeming innocence "? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is not that the students will attempt to break the rules sgain. 
 
 It lis not yet what his motive could have been in committing such an 
 
 offense. 
 
 It is that something has been omitted which was essential to complete the 
 
 construction. 
 
 APPETITE (page 54). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Of what kind of demands or impulses is appetite ordinarily used? 2. What 
 demands or tendencies are included in passion ? 3 . What is implied by pas- 
 sions and appetites when used as contrasted terms ?
 
 apportion lae 
 
 army »W» 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Grovern well thy , lest sin 
 
 Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death. 
 
 Take heed lest sway 
 
 Thy judgment to do aught which else free will 
 Would not admit. 
 
 APPORTION (page 54). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the special significance of apportion by which it is distinguished from 
 allot, assign, distribute, or divide ? 2. What is the significance of dispense in 
 the transitive use ? 3. What is it to appropriate? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Representatives are among the several states accoroing to the population. 
 
 The treasure was and their shares duly among the captors. 
 
 APPROXIMATION (page 55). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is an approvAmatiov in the mathematical sense? 2. How close an 
 approach to exactness and certainty does approximation imply? 3. How 
 does approximation differ from resemhlance and similarity f from approach ? 
 4. How does approodmation, as regards the class of objects to which it is 
 applied, differ from nearness, neighlim^hood, or propinquity f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We have to be content with to a solution. 
 
 Without faith, there is no real to God. 
 
 Wit consists in knowing the of things which differ, and the difference of 
 
 things which are alike. 
 
 ARMS (page 55). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the difference between arms and arnurr ? 2. In what connection is 
 armxyr used in modern warfare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 on clashing brayed 
 
 Horrible discord. 
 There is constant rivalry between irresistible projectiles and impenetrable . 
 
 ARUY (page 56). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What are the essentials of an army? 2. Is an army large or small ? 3,. What 
 term would be applied to a tjivltitnde of armed men without order or organiza- 
 tion ? 4. In what sense is host used ? legion? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For the is a school in which the miser becomes generous, and the generous, 
 
 prodigal; miserly soldiers are like monsters, but very rarely seen. 
 The still«discordant wavering .
 
 399 ^rj^"*^" 
 
 ARRAIGBf (page 56). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 To what kind of proceedings do itidict and arraign apply ? 2. How is one in- 
 dicted? How arraigned P 3. How do tliese words differ from charge? ac- 
 cuse? cenmre? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Tlie criminal was for trial for his offenses. 
 
 Religion does not or exclude unnumbered pleasures, harmlessly pursued. 
 
 ARTIFICE (page 58). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is an artifice ? a dexiice f finesse ? 2. In what sense are cheat, maneuver, 
 and mpo«<?<r« always used ? 3. In what sense is i^ric/fc commonly used ? 4. 
 What is a. fraud? 5. Is wile used in a good or a bad sense? 6. Does the 
 good or the bad sense commonly attach to the words artifice, contrivance, i-use, 
 blind, device, and finesse? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Those who can not gain their ends by force naturally resort to . 
 
 The enemy were decoyed from their defenses by a skilful . 
 
 Quips and cranks and wanton , 
 
 Nods and becks and wreathed smiles. 
 
 Whoever has even once become notorious by base , even if he speaks the 
 
 truth, gains no belief. 
 
 ARTIST (page 58). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is an artist? [an artisan? 2. What is an artificer? How related to 
 artist and artisan ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The powder depends on the depth of the 's insight of that object he contem- 
 plates. 
 
 Infuse into the purpose with which you follow the various employments and 
 professions of life the sense of beauty, and you are transformed at once from an 
 into an . 
 
 If too many turn shopkeepers, the whole natural quantity of that business 
 
 divided among them all may afford too small a share for each. 
 
 ASK (page 59). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 For what class of objects does one asli? For what does he beg? 2. How do 
 entreat and beseech compare with ask? 3. What is the special sense of 
 implore? of supplicate ? 4. Ylow are crave and request distinguished? pmy 
 wxA. petition? 5. What kind of i^m/vh*/ is implied in demand? in require? 
 How do these two words differ from one another?
 
 associate 
 
 assurance 400 
 
 EXAMPLES. , 
 
 We, ignorant of ourselves, 
 
 often our own harms, which the wise powers 
 
 Deny us for our good : so we find profit, 
 By losing of our prayers. 
 
 The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few : ye therefore the 
 
 Lord of the harvest that he would send forth labourers into his harvest. 
 
 Speak with me, pity me, open the door, 
 
 A beggar that never begg'd before. 
 
 Be not afraid to ; to is right. 
 
   , if thou canst, with hope; but ever . 
 
 Though hope be weak or sick with long delay; 
 in the darkness, if there be no light. 
 
 ASSOCIATE (page 60). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What does associate pimply, as used officially ? What when used in popular lan- 
 guage ? 2. Do we speak of associates in crime or wrong ? What words are 
 preferred in such connection? (See synonyms for accessory.) 3. Is coni- 
 panion used in a good or bad sense ? 4. How does it differ in use from asso- 
 ciate? 5. What is the significance of peer ? comrade? consort? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 His best innocence and health, 
 
 And his best riches ignorance of wealth. 
 
 The accepted Napoleon's abdication. 
 
 The leader in the plot was betrayed by his 
 
 ASSUME (page 61) 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Does assume apply to that which is rightfully or wrongfully taken ? 2. In 
 what use does assume correspond with arrogate and usurp? 3. How do arro- 
 gate and usurp differ from each other ? How does asswne differ from postu- 
 late as regards debate or reasoning of any kind ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Wherefore do I 
 
 These royalties, and not refuse to reign. 
 
 a virtue if you have it not. 
 
 For well we know no hand of blood and bono 
 Can gripe the sacred handle of our scepter, 
 Unless he do profane, steal, and . 
 
 ASSURAIVCE (page 61). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is assurance in the good sense ? 2. What is asmrance in the bad sense 
 3. How does assurance compare with impudence? with effrontery?
 
 astute 
 401 attain 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Let us ilraw near with a true heart in full of faith. 
 
 Some wicked wits have libeFd all the fair. 
 
 With matchless they style a wife 
 
 The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life. 
 
 With brazen he denied the most indisputable facts. 
 
 ASTUTE (page 02). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 From what language is acute derived ? What is its distinctive sense ? 2. From 
 
 what language is i-een derived ? What does it distinctively denote ? 3. From 
 
 what language is astute derived, and what was its original meaning ? 4. In 
 
 present use what does astute add to the meaning of acute or keen? 5. What 
 
 does astute imply regarding the ulterior purpose or object of the person who is 
 
 credited with it ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 You statesmen are so in forming schemes ! 
 
 He taketh the wise in their own ness. 
 
 The most reasoner may be deluded, when he practises sophisti-y upon 
 
 himself. 
 
 ATTACHMENT (page 63). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is attachment? How does it differ from adherence or adhesion? from af- 
 fectian ? from inclination ? from regard ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Talk not of wasted , never was wasted. 
 
 You do not weaken your for your family by cultivating s beyond its 
 
 pale, but deepen and intensify it. 
 
 ATTACK, V. & n. (pages 63, 64). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What special element is involved in the meaning of attack? 2. How do assail 
 and assault difEer ? 3. What is it to encounter? how does this word compare 
 with attack ? How does attack differ from aggression ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We see time's furrows on another's brow, 
 
 And death intrench 'd, preparing his ; 
 
 How few themselves in that just mirror see! 
 Who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open   
 
 Roger Williams the spirit of intolerance, the doctrine of persecution, and 
 
 never his persecutors. 
 
 ATTAIX (page 64) 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What kind of a word is attain., and to what does it point ? 2. How does attain 
 differ from obtain? from achieve? 3. How does obtain differ from p7'ocure ^ 
 26
 
 attitude mac^ 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The heights hy great men and kept 
 
 Were not by sudden flight, 
 
 But they, while their companions slept, 
 Were toiling upward in the night. 
 Our doubts are traitors, 
 
 And make us lose the good we oft might — 
 
 By fearing to attempt. 
 
 ATTITUDE (page 65). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 How does position as regards the human body difEer from attiiude, posture, or 
 ■pose? 2. Do the three latter words apply to the living or the dead ? 3. What 
 in the distinctive sense of attitude P Is it conscious or unconscious ? 4. How 
 does posture differ from attitude? 5. What is the distinctive sense of pose? 
 How does it differ from, and how does it agree with attitude and posture ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The assumed indicated great indignation because of the insult implied. 
 
 The was graceful and pleasing. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, v. (page 65). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What suggestion is often involved in attribute? 2. How does attribute differ 
 from refer and ascribe? 3. Is charge (in this connection) used in the favor- 
 able or unfavorable sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
   ye greatness unto our God. 
 
 He unworthy motives which proved a groundless charge. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, n. (page 66). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the derivation and the inherent meaning of qualify? 2. What is an 
 attribute? 3. Which of the above words expresses what necessarily belongs 
 to the subject of which it is said to be an attribute or qualify ? 4. What is the 
 derivation and distinctive sense of projierty ? 5. How does property ordina- 
 rily differ from quality. 6. In what usage do property and quality become 
 exact synonyms, and how are properties then distinguished ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 His scepter shows tlie force of temporal power, 
 
 The to awe and majesty. 
 
 Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings. 
 Nothing endures but personal s. 
 
 AVARICIOUS (page 68). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How do avaricious and covetous differ from miserly, niggardly, parsimonious,
 
 avenge 
 44)3 awkward 
 
 and penurious ? 2. Of what matters are greedy and stingy used? How do 
 they differ from each other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I am not for gold; 
 
 Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; 
 It yearns me not if men my garments wear. 
 
 It is better to he content with such things as ye have than to hecome and 
 
 — in accumulating. 
 
 AVEBfOE (page 64). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is it to avenge? 2. How does avenge differ from revenge? 3. Which 
 word would he used of an act of God? 4. Is retaliate used in the sense of 
 avenge or of revenge f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 O, that the vain remorse, which must chastise 
 Crimes done, had but as loud a voice to warn 
 As its keen sting is mortal to . 
 
 I lost mine eye laying the prize aboard, 
 
 And therefore to it, shalt thou die. 
 
 AVOYT (page 69). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . Which words of this group refer exclusively to one's own knowledge or action ? 
 2. What is the distinctive sense of aver? of avouch? of avow? 3. How do 
 avouch and avow differ from aver in construction ? 4. Is avow used in a good 
 or a bad sense ? What does it imply of others' probable feeling or action? .5 . 
 How does avow compare with confess ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 And, but herself, no parallel. 
 
 The child his fault and was pardoned by his parent. 
 
 AWFUL (page 70). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what matters should awful properly be restricted? 2. Is aivftel always 
 interchangeable with alarming or terrible? with disagreeable cr annoying? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Then must it be an thing to die. 
 
 The silent falling of the snow is to me one of the most things in nature. 
 
 AWKWARD (page 70). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the derivation and original meaning of awkward ? ot clumsy? 2. To 
 what, therefore, does aivkwai'd primarily refer ? and to what clumsy? 3. Is
 
 axiom 
 
 bank 4414 
 
 a draft'horse distinctively awAwarc? ot clumsy? 4. Give some metaphorical 
 uses of awkward? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Tliough he was , he was kindly. 
 
 The apprentice was not only , but , and had to be taught over and 
 
 over again the same methods. 
 
 The young girl stood in a way, looking in at the showy shop«windows. 
 
 AXIOM (page 71). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. In what do axiom and tndsm agree ? 2. In what do they differ ? 3. How do 
 they compare in interest and utility ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is almost an that those who do most for the heathen abroad are most 
 
 liberal for the heathen at home. 
 
 Trifling s clothed in great, swelling words of vanity. 
 
 BABBL.£ (page 71). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what class do most of the words in this group belong ? Why are they so 
 called ? 2. What is the special significance of blab and blurt? How do they 
 differ from each other in use ? 3. What is chat? 4. How does prattling 
 differ from chatting? 5. In what sense is jabber used? How does it com- 
 pare with chatter? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 " The crane," I said, "may of the crane. 
 
 The dove may of the dove." 
 
 Two women sat contentedly ing, one of them amusing a ing babe. 
 
 BA^^ISH (page 72). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. From what land may one be banished? From what expatriated or exiled? 2. 
 By whom may one be said to be banished ? by whom expatriated or exiled ? 
 3 . Which of these words is of widest import ? Give examples of its meta- 
 phorical use. 
 
 BA^'K (page 72). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is a beach? a coast? 2. How does each of the above words differ from 
 bank? 3. What is the distinctive sense of strand? In what style of writing 
 is it most commonly used ? 4. What are the distinctive senses of edge and 
 bi^ink ?
 
 banter 
 ^05 beautlfal 
 
 BA^fTER (page 73). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is banter? 2. How is badinage distinguished from banter? raillery from 
 both ? 3. What is the distinctive sense of irony? 4. Is irony liindly or the 
 reverse? badinage? banter? 5. What words of this group are distinctly 
 hostile ? 6. Is ridicule or derision the stronger word ? What is the distinc- 
 tion between the two ? between satire and sarcasm ? between chaffs jeering, 
 BXI& mockery? 
 
 BARBAROUS (page 73). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning of barbarian? 2. What is the added significance of 
 barbaric? 3. How does barbarous in general use differ from both the above 
 words ? 4. What special element is commonly implied in savage? 5. In 
 what less opprobrious sense may barbarous and savage be used ? Give 
 instances. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A multitude like which the populous North 
 Poured never from her frozen loins, to pass 
 
 Ehene or the Danaw, when her sons 
 
 Came like a deluge on the south. 
 Or when the gorgeous East, with richest hand, 
 
 Showers on her kings pearl and gold. 
 
 It is most true, that a natural and secret hatred and aversation toward society, in 
 
 any man, hath some« hat of the beast. 
 
 Thou art bought and sold among those of any wit like a slave. 
 
 BARRIER (page 74). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a bar? and what is its purpose? 2. What is a Jia7Ti«r .? 3. Which 
 word is ordiuarily applied to objects of great extent.? 4. Would a mountain 
 range be termed a bar or a barrier ? 5. What distinctive name is given to a 
 mass of sand across the mouth of a river or harbor f 
 
 BATTLE (page 74). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the general meaning of conflict? 2. What is a battle? 3. How long 
 may a 2*ai'^;c last ? 4. On how many fields may one 6a«fe be fought ? 5. How 
 does engagement differ from battle? How does combat differ ? action? skir- 
 mish ? fight ? 
 
 BEAUTIFUE (page 76). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is necessary to constitute an object or a person beautiful ? 2. Can beauti- 
 ful be said of that which is harsh and rugged, however grand ? 3 . How is
 
 beeomlng 
 
 bcgluulng' 406 
 
 beautiful related to our powers of appreciation? 4. How does pretty compare 
 with beautiful ? handsome f 5 . What does fair denote ? comely f pictur- 
 esque f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I pray thee, O God, that I may be within. 
 
 A happy youth, and their old age is and free. 
 
 'Twas sung, how they were in their lives 
 
 And in their death had not divided been. 
 
 How has the day been, how bright ^^•aB the sun, 
 
 How lovely and joyful the course that he run. 
 Though he rose m a mist when his race he began 
 And there followed some droppings of rain ! 
 
 BECOMIXO (page 77). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning of becoming f of decent? of suitable? 2. Can that which 
 is worthy or beautiful in itself ever be otherwise than becmninff or suitable? 
 Give instances. 3. What is the meaning ot ft? How does it differ from 
 fitting or befitting ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 A merrier man, 
 
 Within the limit of mirth, 
 
 I never spent an hour's talk withal. 
 Still govern thou my song, 
 
 Urania, and audience find, tho few. 
 
 Indeed, left nothing for your purpose 
 
 Untouched, slightly handled, in discourse. 
 
 In such a time as this, it is not 
 
 That every nice offense should bear his comment. 
 
 How could money be better spent than in erecting a building for the 
 
 greatest library in the country ? 
 
 BEOINIVIXO (page 78). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. From what language is beginning derived? commencement? How do the two 
 words differ in application and use ? Give instances. 2. What is an oHgin? 
 a source ? a 7'ise? 3. How are fount, fountain, and spring used in the figura 
 five sense? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For learning is the pure, 
 
 Out from which all glory springs. 
 
 Truth is the of every good to gods and men. 
 
 Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above, 
 By which those great in war are great in love; 
 
 The of all brave acts is seated here. 
 
 It can not be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor, nor he 
 
 his to her: it was a violent , and thou shalt sec an answerable sequestration. 
 
 In the God created the heaven and the earth.
 
 beliavior 
 407 blcacU 
 
 BEHAVIOR (page 79). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 . How do behavior and conduct differ ? 2. What is the special sense of carriage? 
 ot bearing F demeanor? 3. What ie nimmer ? manners? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Our thoughts and our are our own. 
 
 ood are made up of petty sacrifices. 
 
 BEBfEVOLEWCE (page 80). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the original distinction between benevolence and beneficence? 2. In 
 what sense is benevolence now most commonly used ? 3. What words are 
 commonly used for benevolence in the original sense ? 4. What was the orig- 
 inal sense of charity ? the present popular sense ? 5 . What of Immanity ? 
 generosity? liberality? philanthropy? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
   is a virtue of the heart, and not of the hands. 
 
 The secrets of life are not shown except to and likeness. 
 
 BIND (page 81). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the distinctive sanse of bind ? 2. What is the special meaning of fi« .? 
 3. In how general a sense is fasten used ? 4. Which of the above three words 
 is used in a figurative sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigu'd, I said; 
 
 up the knocker, say I'm sick, I'm dead. 
 
 Adjust our lives to loss, make friends with pain, 
 
 all our shattered hopes and bid them bloom again. 
 
 BITTER (page 81). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How may acid, bitter, and acrid he distingnished H pinigeni ? caustic? 2. In 
 metaphorical use, how are harsh and bitter distinguished? 3. What is the 
 special significance of caustic? 4. Give examples of these words in their 
 various uses. 
 
 BEEACH (page 82). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How do bleach and blanch differ from whiten ? from each other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Tou can behold such sights, 
 And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, 
 When mine is with fear. 
 
 We let the years go : wash them clean with tears, 
 
 Leave them to out in the open day.
 
 brave 408 
 
 BLEMISH (page 83). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 , What is a blemish f 2 . How does it differ from a flaui or tain t? 3 . What is a 
 defect f a. faults' 4. Which words of this group are naturally applied to rep- 
 utation, and whicli to character ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Every page enclosing in the midst 
 
 A square of text that loolis a little . 
 
 Tlie noble Brutus 
 Hath told you Caesar was ambitious : 
 If it were so, it was a grievous . 
 
 BLUFF (page 83). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 In what sense are blvff, frank., and open used . 2. In what sense &xg blunt, 
 brusk, rough, and n/(?e employed ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There are to whom my satire seems too . 
 
 Stout once a month they march, a band 
 
 And ever but in times of need, at hand. 
 
 BOIJXDARY (page 84). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1, What is the original sense of boundary? 2. How does it differ in usage from 
 bound or bounds f 3 . In what style and sense is bourn used ? 4. What is the 
 distinctive meaning otedge ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 So these lives . . . 
 
 Parted by ^ s strong, but drawing nearer and nearer, 
 
 Eushed together at last, and one was lost in the other. 
 
 In worst extremes, and on the perilous 
 
 Of battle. 
 
 BRAVE (page 85). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . How does brave differ from courageous ? 2= What is the special sense of adven- 
 turous ? of liold ? of chivalrous ? 3 . How do these words differ from venture- 
 some f 4. What is especially denoted by /«ar^«M and intrepid f 5. What 
 does valiant tell of results ? 6. What ideas are combined in heroic ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A man is also full of faith. 
 
 Fir'd at first sight with what the Muse imparts, 
 
 In youth we tempt the heights of Arts. 
 
 Thy danger chiefly lies in acting well; 
 No crime's so great as to excel.
 
 business 
 409 calm 
 
 BUSINESS (page 88). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the distinctive meaning of barter? 2. What does business add to the 
 meaning of barter? 3. What is occupation f Is it broader than business? 
 4. \\\\a.t\s a. vocation? 5. What (in the strict sense) is an acocaflion? 6. What 
 is implied in profession ? pvrsiiit ? 7. What is a transaction? 8. How does 
 trade differ from commerce ? 9 . What is work ? 10. What is an art in the 
 industrial sense ? a c7-aft ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 A man must serve his time to every . 
 
 We turn to dust, and all our mightiest s die too. 
 
 CAIiCULATE (page 90). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How do you distinguish between count and calculate ? compute, reckon and esti- 
 mate? 2. Which is used mostly with regard to future probabilities ? 3. Do 
 we use compute or estimate of numbers exactly known ? 4. Of compute, cal- 
 culate, &nA estimate, which is used with especial reference to the future ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 There were 4046 men in the district, by actual . 
 
 The time of the eclipse was to a second. 
 
 We ask them to approximately the cost of the building. 
 
 CAEE (page 91). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the distinctive meaning of call? 2. Do we ever apply beilow and roar 
 to human sounds ? 3. Can you give more than one sense of cry? 4. Are 
 shout and scream more or less expressive than call ? 5 . Which of the words in 
 this group are necessarily and which ordinarily applied to articulate utterance ? 
 Which rarely, if ever, so used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 for the robin redbreast and the wren. 
 
 The pioneers could hear the savages outside. 
 
 I my servant and he came. 
 
 The captain in a voice of thunder to the helmsman, "Put your helm hard 
 
 aport! " 
 
 CALM (page 91). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what classes of objects or states of mind do we apply calm? collected? 
 quiet ? placid? serene ? still? tranquil? 2. Do the antonyms boisterous, ex- 
 cited, ruffled, turbulent, and wild, also apply to the same ? 3. Can you con- 
 trast calm and quiet? 4. How many of the preceding adjectives can be 
 applied to water ? 5. How does comjiosed differ from calm?
 
 cancel ««a 
 
 care 410 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The possession of a conscience is an estimable blessing. 
 
 The water is said to be always in the ocean depths. 
 
 - on the listening ear of night 
 
 Fall heaven's melodious strains. 
 
 CANCEL (page 92). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the difference in method involved in the verbs cancel, efface, era,se, ex- 
 punge, wiA obliterate '^ 2. Which suggest the most complete removal of all 
 trace of a writing ? 3. How do the figurative uses of these words compare 
 with the literal ? 4. Is it possible to obliterate or efface that which has been 
 previously canceled or erased f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is practically impossible to clean a po8tage»stamp that has been properly 
 so that it can be used again. 
 
 With the aid of a sharp penknife the blot was quickly . 
 
 By lapse of time and elemental action, the inscription had become completely 
 
 CASfDID (page 93). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 To what class of things do vie&^^Xs aboveboardf candid ? fair P franlc ? hon- 
 est? sincere? transparent? 2. Can you state the similarity between artless, 
 guileless, naive, simple, mid unsophisticated ? llow do they differ as a class 
 from the words above referred to? 3. How does it happen that " To be 
 frank," or "To be candid" often precedes the utterance of something dis- 
 agreeable. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The sophistry was so as to disgust the assembly. 
 
 A. T. Stewart relied on dealing as the secret of mercantile success. 
 
 An man will not steal or defraud. 
 
 she seems with artful care 
 
 Affecting to be unaffected. 
 
 CARE (page 94). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the special difference between care and anmety? 2. Wherein does care 
 differ from caution f solicitude from anxiety ? watchfulness from wariness ? 
 3. Can you give some of the senses of care? 4. Is concern as strong a term 
 ae anxiety ? 5. \i"h.aX is circumspection ? jjfscaution ? Jieed ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Take her up tenderly, lift her with . 
 
 A military commander should have as much as bravery. 
 
 The invaders fancied themselves so secure against attack that they had not taken 
 the to station sentinels.
 
 -^^ caricature 
 
 411. cauii«e 
 
 CARICATURE (page 95). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the distinctive meaning of caricature f 2. What is the special difference 
 hotvfeen j)arodi/ and travesty ? hetv/oen both and burlesque ? 3. To what is 
 caricature mostly confined ? 4. How do mimicry and imitation differ ? 5. 
 Is an extravaganza an exaggeration? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 The eagle nose of the general was magnified in every artist's . 
 
 His laughable reproduction of the great actor's vagaries was a clever bit 
 
 of 
 
 If it be not lying to say that a fox's tail is four feet long, it is certainly a huge 
 
 CARRY (page 96). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 To what sort of objects do we apply bear? carry? move? take? 2. What 
 
 kinds of force or power do we indicate hy convey, lift., transmit, and transport ? 
 
 3. \7hat is the distinction between bring and carry? between carry and 
 
 bear? 4. What does lift mean ? 5. Can you give some figurative uses of 
 
 carry? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The strong man can 1,000 pounds with apparent ease. 
 
 Napoleon always endeavored to the war into the enemy's territory. 
 
 It was found necessary to • the coal overland for a distance of 500 miles. 
 
 My punishment is greater than I can . 
 
 CATASTROPHE (page 97). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is a catastrophe or cataclysm? 2. Is a catastrophe also necessarily a 
 calamity or a disaster? 3. Which word has the broader meaning, disaster or 
 calamity? 4. Does misfortune suggest as serious a condition as any of the 
 foregoing? 5. How does a mwAfy; compare with a catastrophe, a calamity, 
 or a disaster? 6. Give some chief antonyms of the above. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 War and pestilence are properly , while the loss of a battle may be a 
 
 — , but not a . 
 
 Fortune is not satisfied with inflicting one . 
 
 Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace 
 
 The day's in his morning face. 
 
 The failure of the crops of two successive years proved an irreparable to 
 
 the emigrants. 
 
 CAUSE (page 98). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the central distinction between antecedent and cause ? 2. How are the 
 words cause, condition, and occasion illustrated by the fall of an avalanche ?
 
 chagrin 
 
 choose 413 
 
 3. And the antonyms consequence f effect? outgrowth f result? 4. What 
 are causality and causation ? 5 . How are origin and source related to cause ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Where there is an effect there must be also a . 
 
 It is necessary to know something of the of a man before we can safely 
 
 trust him. 
 
 The of the river was found to be a small lake among the hills. 
 
 What was given as the of the quarrel was really but the . 
 
 CHAORIN (page 100). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What feelings are combined in chagrin? 2. How do you distinguish between 
 chagrin, disappointment, humiliation, mortification, and shame? 3. Which 
 involves a sense of having done wrong ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The king's at the limitations imposed upon him was painfully manifest. 
 
 He is not wholly lost who yet can blush from . 
 
 Hope tells a flattering tale, 
 
 Delusive, vain, and hollow. 
 
 Ah ! let not hope prevail. 
 
 Lest follow. 
 
 CHAIVGE (page 100). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the distinction between change and exchange? Are they ever used as 
 equivalent, and how ? 2. Can you distinguish between rnodify and qualify? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The tailor offered to the armholes of the coat. 
 
 We requested the pianist to his music by iiUroducing a few popular tunes. 
 
 We often fail to recognize the actor who his costume between the acts. 
 
 CHARACTER (page 102). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How do yoa distinguish between character and reputation? constitution and dis- 
 position? 2. Is nature a broader word than any of the preceding ? 3. If so, 
 why ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The phUanthropist's for charity is often a great source of annoyance to 
 
 him. 
 
 Let dogs delight to bark and bite, for 'tis their to. 
 
 Misfortune may cause the loss of friends and reputation, yet if the man has not 
 yielded to wrong, his   is superior to loss or change. 
 
 CHOOSE (page 104). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 What are the shades of difference between chxx>se, cuU, elect, pick, pr^er, and
 
 man clrciiiiistaiice 
 
 '»»■'» clever 
 
 select? 2. Also between the antonyms cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, re- 
 pudiate f 3. Does select imply more care or judgment than choose? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The prettiest flowers had all been . 
 
 Jacob was to Es^au, tho he was the younger. 
 
 When a man deliberately to do wrong, there is little hope for him. 
 
 CIRCUMSTAafCE (page 105). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 To what classes of things do we apply accompaniment? concomitant? cireum- 
 stance? event? fact? incident? occurrence? situation? 2. Can you give 
 some instances of the use of circumstance? 3. Is it a word of broader mean- 
 ing than incident? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The that there had been a fire was proved by the smoke=blackened walls. 
 
 Extreme provocation may be a mitigating in a case of homicide. 
 
 CLASS (page 106). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does a class differ from a caste ? 2. In what connections is 7'anknBed f 
 
 order? S. What is a, coteiie? How docs it diS.er from a. clique ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 An was formed for the relief of the poor and needy of the city. 
 
 A select met at the residence of one of the leading men of the city. 
 
 There is a struggle of the masses against the • 
 
 CLEAR (page 107). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does clear originally signify ? 2. How does clear differ from transparent 
 asregardsasubstance that may be a medium of vision ? 3. With what meaning 
 is clear used of an object apprehended by the senses, as an object of sight or 
 hearing? 4. 'What does distinct signitj 1 5 . What is plain ? 6. What spe- 
 cial sense does this word always retain ? How does transparent differ from 
 translucent? 7. What do lucid and pellucid signify? 8. What is the 
 special force of limpid? 
 
 CLEVER (page 109). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What Is the meaning of clever as used in England ? 2. What was the early New 
 England usage ? 3. What is to be said of the use of stiiart and sharp? 4. 
 What other words of this group are preferable to clever in many of its uses ?
 
 company 
 
 complain 414 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 His brief experience in the department liad made him very in the worli 
 
 now assigned him. 
 
 She was especially in song. 
 
 Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be ; 
 
 Do noble things, not dream them, all day long ; 
 And so make life, death, and the vast forever 
 One grand, sweet song. 
 
 ful- 
 
 COMPAIVY (page 110). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what is cmniiany derived ? What is its primary meaning ? 2. For what 
 are those associated who constitute a company f Is their association tempo- 
 rary or permanent.? 3. What is the difference between assemblage and assem- 
 bly? 4. What is a conclave? a convocation f a convention? 5. Wbat are 
 the characteristics of & group? 6. To what VLse is congregation restricted? 
 How does meeting agree with and differ from it ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Far from the madding 's ignoble strife. 
 
 Their sober wishes never learned to stray. 
 
 The room contained a large of miscellaneous objects. 
 
 A fellow that makes no figure in . 
 
 A great had met, but without organization or officers. 
 
 If ye inquire anything concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a law- 
 
 COMPEL (page 111). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to compel? 2. What does /orce imply? 3. What is the especial 
 significance of coerce ? 4. What does constrain imply ? In what favorable 
 sense is it used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Even if we were not willing, they possessed the power of us to do justice. 
 
 Employers may   their employees into voting as they demand, but for the 
 
 secret ballot. 
 
 These considerations us to aid them to the utmost of our power. 
 
 COMPLAI]^ (page 112). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. By what is complaining prompted? murmunng ? repining? 2. Which finds 
 outward expression, and which is limited to the mental act ? 3. To whom 
 does one complain, in the formal sense of the word ? 4. With whom does one 
 remonstrate ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is not pleasant to live with one who is constantly ing. 
 
 The dog gave a low which frightened the tramp away.
 
 complex 
 413 conversation 
 
 C01IPI.EX (page 112). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. JIow does comjdex iMSev from com poi/n dp from composite? 2. What is lietero- 
 geneovs? conglomerated 3. How does complicated differ froin intricate? 
 from involved? 
 
 CONSCIOUS (page 116). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Of what things w one aware? of what is he conscious? 2. tlow does se7}sible 
 compare witli the above=mentioiied words? 3. What does sensible indicate 
 regarding the emotions, that would not be expressed by conscious? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To be that you are ignorant is a great step to Ivnowledge. 
 
 They are now it would have been better to resist the first temptation. 
 
 He was of a stealthy step and a bulk dimly visible through the darkness. 
 
 €OWSECtlJE»fCE (page 116). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Wow Aocs consequence differ from effect? both from residt? 2. Wow Ao result 
 and issue compare ? 3 . In what sense is consequent used ? 
 
 CONTAGION (page 117). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. To what is contagion now limited by the best medicaJ usage ? 2. To what is the 
 
 term infection applied ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 During the plague in London persons walked in the middle of the streets for fear 
 
 of the from the houses. 
 
 The mob thinks by for the most part, catching an opinion like a cold. 
 
 No pestilence is so much to be dreaded as the of bad example. 
 
 COXTINUAE (page 117). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does continuous differ from continual? incessant from ceaseless? Give ex- 
 amples. 
 
 CONTRAST (page 118). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How is contrast related to compare ? 2. What are the special senses of differen- 
 tiate, discriminate and distinguish? 
 
 CONVERSATION (page 118). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the essential meaning of conversation ? 2. How does conversation difEer
 
 convey_ 
 
 deception 41o 
 
 tiojatalk? 3. How is discourse related to conversation? 4. What are the 
 special senses of dialogue and colloquy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There can be no with a great genins, who does all the ing. 
 
 Nor wanted sweet , the banquet of the mind. 
 
 COXVEY (page 119). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 In what do convey, transmit, and tramport agree ? What is the distinctive sense 
 of convey? 2. To what class of objects does transport refer? 3. To what 
 class of objects do transfer, transmit, and convey apply ? 4. Which is the 
 predominant sense of the latter words ? 
 
 CRIItll^AL (page 120). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the distinctive meaning of criminal f How does it differ from illegal or 
 unlawful? 2. 'Wha.tK felonious? flagitious? 3. What is the primary mean- 
 ing of iniquitous ? 4. Is an iniquitous act necessarily criminal? 
 
 DA^OER (page 121). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the distinctive meaning of danger ? 2 . Does danger or peril suggest the 
 more immediate evil ? 3. How are jeopardy and nsk distinguished from dan- 
 ger and peril ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Delay always breeds — . 
 
 The careful rider avoids running   
 Stir, at your ! 
 
 DECAY (page 122). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What Bort of things decay ? putrefy ? rot? 2. Mliat is the essential difference 
 between decay and decmnpose ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The flowers wither, the tree's trunk . 
 
 The water was by the electric curreut. 
 
 I>ECEPTIO]\^ (page 123). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How is deceit distinguished from deception? from guile? fraud? lying? 
 hypocrisy? 2. Do all of these apply to conduct as well as to speech ? 3. Is 
 deception ever innocent ? 4. Have craft and cunning always a moral element ? 
 5 . How is dissimidation distinguished from duplicity ?
 
 defiultlou 
 417 demonstration 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of his conduct was patent to all. 
 
 It was a matter of self" . 
 
 The judge decided it to be a case of . 
 
 DEFINITION (page 124). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Which is the more exact, a definition or a description ? 2. What must a defini- 
 tion include, and what must it exclude ? 3. What must a description include ? 
 4. In what respect has interpretation a wider meaning than translation .^ 5. 
 How does an explanation compare with an exposition? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A prompt of the difficulty prevented a quarrel. 
 
 The of scenery was admirable. 
 
 The seer gave an of the dream. 
 
 Many a controversy may be instantly ended by a clear of terms. 
 
 deliberate: (page 125). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What are the chief distinctions between deliberate ? consult ? consider? meditate? 
 
 reflect? 2. Do large gatherings of iicople consult, ot meditate, or deliberate ? 
 
 3. Do we reflect on things past or things to come ? 4. How many persons are 
 
 necessarily implied in consult, confer, and debate as commonly used ? in 
 
 deliberate, consider, lender, reflect? in meditate? 5. What idea of time is 
 
 implied in deliberate ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The matter was carefully in all its bearings. 
 
 The legislature for several days. 
 
 DEEUSION (page 127). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the essential difference between illusion and delusion ? How does hallu- 
 cination differ from both ? 2. Which word is used especially of objects of 
 
 sight ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of the sick are sometimes pitiful. 
 
 In the soft light the was complete. 
 
 DEMONSTRATION (page 127). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. To what kind of reasoning does demonstration in the strict sense apply? 2. 
 
 What is evidence? proof? 3. Which is the stronger term ? 4. Which is the 
 
 more comprehensive ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of the witness was so complete that no further was required. 
 
 A mathematical -. must be final and conclusive. 
 
 27
 
 design 
 
 diction 41 S 
 
 DE§IOW (page 128). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Wtat is the distinctive meaning of design f 2. Wliat element is prominent in 
 intention? purpose? plan? 3. Does purpose suggest more power to execute 
 \hsiXi design ? 4. How does intent specifically differ from purpose? Which 
 term do we use with reference to the Divine Being ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The architect's involved much detail. 
 
 Hell is paved with good . 
 
 It is the of the voter that decides how his ballot shall be counted. 
 
 The of the Almighty can not be thwarted. 
 
 The adaption of means to ends in nature clearly indicates a , and so proves 
 
 DESPAIR (page 129). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 In what order might despair, desperation, discouragement, and hopelessness 
 follow, each as the result of the previous condition ? 2. How does despon- 
 dency especially differ from despair ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The utter of their condition was apparent. 
 
 In weak he abandoned all endeavor. 
 
 DEXTERITY (page 129). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what is adroitness derived ? From what dexterity ? How might each be 
 rendered? 2. How does adroitness differ in use from dexterity? 3. From 
 • what is aptitude derived, and what docs it signify ? 4. How does skill differ 
 from dexterity? Which can and which can not be communicated ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He had a natural for scientific investigation, and by long practise gained 
 
 an imimitable of manipulation. 
 
 His in debate enabled him to evade or parry arguments or attacks which he 
 
 could not answer. 
 
 The of the best trained workman can not equal the precision of a machine. 
 
 DICTIOX (page ISO). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Which is the more comprehensive word, diction, language, or phraseology? 2. 
 WTiat is the true meaning of verbiage ? Should it ever be used as the equiva- 
 lent of language or diction? 3. What is style? How does it compare with 
 diction or language ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of the discourse was plain and emphatic. 
 
 The of a written contract should be such as to prevent misunderstandings 
 
 The poetic of Milton is so exquisitely perfect that another word can 
 
 scarcely ever be substituted for the one he has chosen without marring the line.
 
 - ^ _ difference 
 
 419 do 
 
 DIFFERENCE (page 131). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . Whicli pertain mostly to realities, and which are matters of judgment— diffe7'ence, 
 dispanfy, distinction, or inconsistency ? 2. What do we mean by " a distinc- 
 tion without a difference " / 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The proper should be carefully observed in the use of " shall " and " will." 
 
 The between black and white is self-evident. 
 
 The of our representatives' conduct with their promises is unpardonable. 
 
 DISCERN (page 133). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . To what sort of objects do we apply behold, discern, distinguish, observe, and see ? 
 2. What do behold and distinguish suggest in addition to seeing? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 With the aid of a great telescope we may what stars axe double. 
 
 the upright man. 
 
 Let us minutely the color of the goods. 
 
 DISCOTER (page 133). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the distinctive meaning of detect? discover? invent? 2. How Ao dis- 
 cover and invent differ ? 3. Is detect often used in a favorable sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 An experienced policeman acquires wonderful skill in ing criminals. 
 
 Newton the law of gravitation. 
 
 To a machine, one must first understand the laws of mechanics. 
 
 DISEASE (page 134). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Wliat was the early and general meaning of sick and sicJcness in English ? 2. 
 How long did that usage prevail ? 3. What is the present restriction upon the 
 use of these words in England ? What words are there commonly substituted ? 
 4. What is the prevalent usage in the United States ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 spread in the camp and proved deadlier than the sword. 
 
 The was found to be contagious. 
 
 He is just recovering from a slight   
 
 It is not good manners to talk of one's • 
 
 DO (page 135). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the most comprehensive word of this group ? 2. In what sense are fln-
 
 doctrine ,_ 
 
 doubt, n. 420 
 
 ish and complete used, and how are they discriminated from each other ? 3. 
 How do we discriminate between fid/il, realize, effect, and execute f perform 
 and accomplish f accomplish and complete ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A duty has been , a work of gratitude and affection has been . 
 
 It is wonderful how much can be by steady, plodding industry without 
 
 brilliant talents. 
 
 The work is not only grand in design but it is with the most exquisite 
 
 delicacy in every detail. 
 
 It is the duty of the legislators to make laws, of the magistrates to . them. 
 
 Every one should labor to his duties faithfully, and the just expec- 
 tations of those who have committed to him any trust. 
 
 DOCTRIBfE (page 136). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . To what matters do we apply the word creed, f doctrine f dogma ? principle ? 2 . 
 Which is the more inclusive word ? 3. Is dogma used favorably or onfavoi- 
 ably? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The rests either upon the authority of the Scriptures, or upon a decision 
 
 of the Church. 
 
 A man may have upright s even while he disregards commonly received 
 
 DOUBT, V. (page 137). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Do we apply doubt, distrust, surmise, and suspect mostly to persons and things, 
 or to motives and intentions ? 2. Is mistrust used of persons or of things? 
 3. Ib it used in a favorable or an unfavorable sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We do not that the earth moves around the sun. 
 
 Nearly every law of nature was by man first , then proved to be true. 
 
 I my own heart. 
 
 I that man from the outset. 
 
 DOUBT, n. (page 138). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. To what class of objects do we apply disbelief f doubt? hesitation? misgiving? 
 
 2. Which of these words most commonly implies an unfavorable meaning? 
 
 3. What meaning has skepticism as applied to religious matters? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We feel no in giving our approval. 
 
 The jury had s of his guilt. 
 
 We did all we could to further the enterprise, but still had our s as to the 
 
 outcome.
 
 duplicate 
 431 ease 
 
 DUPI.ICATE (page 141). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 . Can you give the distinctiou between a copy and a duplicate? a. facsimile, and an 
 imitatioti ? 2. What sort of a cojiy is a t?'amcripi ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of an organ by the violinist was perfect. 
 
 This key is a , and will open the lock. 
 
 The signature was merely a printed . 
 
 DUTY (page 142). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Do we use duty and right of civU things ? or business and obligation of moral 
 things ? 2. Does responsibiliti/ imply connection with any other person or 
 thing ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I go because it is my   
 
 We recognize a for the good conduct of our own children, but do we not 
 
 also rest under some to society to exercise a good influence over the children 
 
 of others ? 
 
 EAOER (page 143). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the distinction between eage?^ and earnest in the nature of the feeling im- 
 plied ? in the objects toward which it is directed ? 2. How does anxious in 
 this acceptation differ from both eager and earnest? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Hark ! the shrill trumpet sounds to horse 1 away I 
 
 My soul's in arms, and for the fray. 
 
 I am in . I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat a 
 
 single inch; and I will be heard ! 
 
 I am to hear of your welfare, and of the prospects of the enterprise. 
 
 EASE (page 143). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does ease denote, in the sense here considered ? Does it apply to action or 
 condition? 2. Is facility active or passive ? readiness? 3. What does ease 
 imply, and to what may it be limited ? 4. What &oeB facility imply ? readi- 
 ness? 5. To what is eaper^^iess Hmited ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He plays the violin with great , and delights an audience. 
 
 Whatever he did was done with so much , 
 
 In him alone 'twas natural to please. 
 
 It is often said with equal truth that we ought to take advantage of the 
 
 which childien possess of learning.
 
 education Mnn 
 
 EDUCATION (page 143). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the distinctive meaning of e(iMca^io« J" instruction? teaching? 2. How 
 is instruction or teaching related to education? 3. IIow does t?'ai7iing 
 diSer Itoui teaching ? 4. What is discipline? tuition? 5. What are fireec?- 
 ingand nnrture, and how do they differ from each other ? 6. How are knowl- 
 edge and learning related to education ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The true purpose of is to cherish and unfold the seed of immortality already 
 
 sown within us. 
 
 By , we do learn ourselves to know 
 
 And what to man, and what to God we owe. 
 
 maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 
 
 For natural abilities are like natural 'plants that need pruning by ; and 
 
 -s themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded 
 
 in by experience. 
 
 A branch of is often put to an improper use, for fear of its being idle. 
 
 EFFRONTERY (page 144). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1, What is avdadty? hardihood ? 2. What special element does effrontery add to 
 the meaning of audacity and hardihood ? 3 . What is impudence ? shame- 
 lessness? 4. How does f^f'Wfe?'^/ compare with these words ? 5. What is 
 boldness? Is it used in a favorable or an unfavorable sense ? 
 
 EXAJVIPLES. 
 When they saw the of Peter and John, and perceived that they were un- 
 learned and ignorant men they marvelled. 
 
 I ne'er heard yet 
 • That any of these bolder vices wanted 
 
 Less to gainsay what they did, 
 
 Than to perform it first. 
 
 I am not a little surprised at the easy with which political gentlemen in 
 
 and out of Congress take it upon them to say that there are not a thousand men in the 
 North who sympathize with John Brown. 
 
 EGOTISH (page 145). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is egoism and how does it differ from egotism ? 2. What is self'ossertion f 
 
 self 'Conceit ? 3. lioas ccmceit Av&ar iroxa. self-conceit, and how? 4. What is 
 
 self'confidenjce ? Is it worthy or unworthy ? 5 . Is self-assertion ever a duty f 
 
 self-conceit? 6. What is vanity? How does it differ from self-confidence? 
 
 from pride? 7= What is self-esteem? How does ii Ai&&i iiova self -conceit ? 
 
 from self-confidence ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 may puff a man up, but never prop him up. 
 
 is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under the love which it 
 
 can not return.
 
 emblem 
 423 end, v. 
 
 EMBLEM (page 146). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what language Is emhktii derived ? What did it originally signify ? 2. 
 What is the derivation and primary meaning of symbol .^ 3. IIow do the two 
 words compare as now used ? 4. How does a sign suggest something other 
 than itself ? 5. Can the same thing be both an emblem and a symbol ? a sign 
 and a symbol f 6. What is a token ? Sifigure f an image ? a type ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Rose of the desert, thou art to me 
 
 An of stainless purity, 
 
 Of those who, keeping their garments white. 
 Walk on through life with steps aright. 
 
 All things are s : the external shows 
 
 Of nature have their — in the mind 
 
 As flowers and fruits and falling of the leaves. 
 Moses, as Israel's deliverer, was a of Christ. 
 
 EMIGRATE (page 147). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the distinctive meaning of migrate? M^hat is its application? 2. 
 What do emigrate and immigrate signify ? To what do they apply ? Can the 
 two words be used of the same person and the same act ? How 't 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The ship was crowded with mostly from Germany. 
 
 are pouring into the LTnited States often at tlie rate of half a million a 
 
 year. 
 
 EMPEOY (page 147). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What are the distinctive senses of employ and itse ? CJive instances. 2. Wliat 
 
 does use often imply as to materials used? 3. IIow does hire compare with 
 
 employ ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The young man had been by the firm for several months and had proved 
 
 faithful in every respect. 
 
 The church was then ready to a pastor. 
 
 What one has, one ought to : and whatever he does he should do with all 
 
 his might. 
 
 END, V. (page 148). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is it to end^ and what reference does end have to intention or expectation ? 
 2. What do dose^ complete, conclude, a.nd Jinish signify as to expectation or 
 appropriateness ? Give instances. 3. What specially distinctive sense has 
 finish? 4. Does terminate refer to reaching an arbitrary or an appropriate 
 end ? 5. What does stop signify ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The life was suddenly . 
 
 The train long enough for the passengers to get off, then whirled on.
 
 end, n. 
 
 endure 424 
 
 EXD, 71. (page 148). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the end? 2. What is the distinctive meaning of extremity? 3. How 
 does ea-ilrem^y compare with g/i(Z? 4. What reference is implied in extremity .? 
 5. What is the meaning of tip? point? How does exlreinity differ in use 
 from the two latter words ? 6. What is a /«TOim« ? What specific meaning 
 has the word in modern travel ? 7. What is the meaning of termination, and 
 of what is it chiefly used ? expii-ation f limit f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Seeing that death, a necessary will come when it will come. 
 
 All rejoice at the successful of the vast undertaking. 
 
 He that endureth to the shall be saved. 
 
 Do not turn back when you are just at the . 
 
 EXDEAVOR, V. (page 149). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to attempt? to endeavor? To what sort of exertion does endeavor 
 especially apply ? 2. How does essay differ from attempt and endeavor in its 
 view of the results of the action ? 3. What is implied in vndertake? Give an 
 instance. 4. What does sti-ive suggest ? 5. How does ti-y compare with the 
 other words of the group ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 first thyself, and after call on God; 
 
 For to the worker God himself lends aid. 
 
 the end, and never stand to doubt; 
 
 Nothing's so hard but search will find it out 
 • to enter in at the strait gate. 
 
 EBJDEAVOR, n. (page 150). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is an effort? an exertion? Which includes the other ? 2. How does at- 
 tempt differ from effort? 3. What is a struggle? 4. What is an essay, and 
 for what pmpose is it made ? 5. What is an endeavor, and how is it distin- 
 guished from e^forC.? from attempt? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Youth is a blunder; manhood a ; old age a regret. 
 
 So vast an required more capital than he could command at that time. 
 
 Others combining with him enabled him to succeed with it. 
 
 After a few spasmodic , he abandoned all at improvement. 
 
 E]\fDURE (page 150). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning of bear as applied to care, pain, grief, and the like? 2. 
 What does endure add to the meaning of bear? 3. How do allow andpetmit 
 compare with the words just mentioned ? 4. How do put up with and tolerate
 
 enemy 
 425 eiiterlain 
 
 corn-pare with alloivaud permit? 5. What is the special sense of ffjforc?? How 
 does it come into connection with the words of this group ? 6. What is the 
 sense of brook f 7. Of what words does abide combine the meanings ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Charity long and is kind ; charity all things. 
 
 I follow thee, safe guide, the path 
 
 Thou lead'st me, and to the hand of heaven . 
 
 For there was never yet philosopher 
 That could the toothache patiently. 
 
 EKE MY (page 151). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What isanewemy/ an adversai-yf 2. What distinction is there between the 
 two words as to the purpose implied? 3. What is a.n antagonist P an oppo- 
 mnt? a cmnpetitar F a rival? 4. How does/oe compare with enemy? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He makes no friend who never made a . 
 
 This friendship that possesses the whole soul, 
 
 . . . . can admit of no . 
 
 Mountains interposed 
 
 Make of nations who had else, 
 
 Like kindred drops been molded into one. 
 He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our 
 • is our helper. 
 
 EKMITY (page 152). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is enmity? 2. How does aninwsity differ from enmity? 3. What is 
 hostility? What is meant by Aosili^i^fes between nations? 4. What is bitter- 
 ness ? acrimony? 5. How does antagonism compare with the words above 
 
 mentioned ? 
 
 EXAJVIPLES. 
 
 Let all , and \^•rath, and anger, and clamor, and evil speaking, be put away 
 
 from you, with all malice. 
 
 But their , tho smothered for a while, burnt with redoubled violence. 
 
 The carnal mind is against God, for it is not subject to the law of God, 
 
 neither indeed can be. 
 
 EMTERTAIX (page 152). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is it to entertain mentally ? to amvse ? 2. What is the distinctive sense of 
 divert? 3. Can one be amused or entertained who is not diverted? 4. What 
 is it to recreate ? to beguile ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Books can not always ; however good ; 
 
 Minds are not ever craving for their food. 
 Who God doth late and early pray 
 More of his grace than gifts to lend ; 
 
 • ' And the harmless day 
 
 With a religious book or friend.
 
 eutertainment 
 
 euvious 426 
 
 E«ITERTAII\^ME]\^T (page 153). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What do entertainment and recreation imply ? How, accordingly, do they rank 
 among the lighter matters of life ? 2. How &o amusement and pastime differ ? 
 3 . On what plane are sports ? How do they compare with entertainment and 
 recreation f 4. How do amusement and ei}joyment compare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 At Christmas play, and make good , 
 
 For Christmas comes but once a year. 
 
 It is as to fools to do mischief. 
 
 No true heart can find in another's pain or grief. 
 
 The Puritans hated bear=baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but be- 
 cause it gave to the spectators. 
 
 As Tammie glowered, amazed and curious, 
 
 The mirth and grew fast and furious. 
 
 And so, if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent 
 than angling. 
 
 El^THUSIASM (page 153). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . In what sense was enthusiasm formerly used ? 2. What is now its prevalent and 
 controlling meaning ? 3. How does zeal differ from enthusiasm? 
 
 EXAIVIPLES. 
 
 An ardent leads to gi-eat results in exposing certain evils. 
 
 His was contagious and they rushed into battle. 
 
 The precept had its use ; it could make men feel it right to be humane, and 
 desire to be so, but it could never inspire them with an of humanity. 
 
 El^TRANCE (page 154). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. To what does entrance refer? 2. What do admittance and admission add to 
 the meaning of entrance ? 3 . To what does admittance refer ? To what addi- 
 tional matters does admission refer ? Illustrate. 4. What is the figurative use 
 of entrance ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 was obtained by a side=door, and a good position secured in the crowded 
 
 hall. 
 
 No except on business. 
 
 He was never so engrossed with cares of state that the needy could not have 
 to him. 
 
 However carefully church^membership may be guarded, unworthy members 
 will sometimes gain . 
 
 E^fVIOlJS (page 155). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What do we mean when we say that a person is envious f 2. What is the differ- 
 ence between envious and Jealous F 3. Is an envious spirit ever good? 4.
 
 equivocal 
 427 eveut 
 
 Is j'««to/s capable of being used in a good sense? 5. In what sense is san- 
 
 piciaus used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Neitlier be thou against the workers of iniquity. 
 
 " in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel. 
 
 EqiJIVOCAI. (page 155). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the derivation and the original signification of equivocal? of ambiguous f 
 How do the two words compare in present use ? 2. What is the meaning of 
 enigmatical f 3. now do doubtful and dubious compare ? 4. In what sense 
 is questionable used ? suspicious ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 These sentences, to sugar or to gall, 
 
 Being strong on both sides, are . 
 
 An statement may result from the thoughtless use of a single word that is 
 
 capable of more than one meaning. 
 
 ESTEEM, n. (page 157). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the difference between esteem and etZvatef 2. Is esteem now used of 
 concrete valuation '! 3 . What is its chief present use ? 4. What is its meaning 
 in popular use as said of,persou8 ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 They please, are pleas'd; they give to get , 
 
 Till seeming blest, they grow to what they seem. 
 The loss of conscience or honor is one that can not be . 
 
 ETERNAL (page 157). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the meaning of eternal in the fullest sense ? 2. To what being, in that 
 sense, may it be applied ? 3. In what does everlasting fall short of the moan- 
 ing of eternal f 4. How does endless agree with and differ from everlasting? 
 5. In what inferior senses are everlasting and infermiiiable used ? 6. Is eter- 
 nal, in good speech or writing, ever brought down to such inferior use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Truth crushed to earth shall rise again. 
 
 The years of God are hers. 
 
 Whatever may befall thee, it was preordained for thee from . 
 
 It were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with 
 
 motion. 
 
 Here comes the lady ! Oh, so light a foot 
 Will ne'er wear out the flint. 
 
 EVE]\'T (page 158). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How do event and j«ci(?e«< differ etymologically ? 2. Which is the greater and
 
 every 
 
 evident 4!28 
 
 more important ? Give examples. 3. How does circumstance compare with 
 incident? 4. What is the primary meanhig of occurrence? 5. What is an 
 episode? 6. How does eve?it differ from e/id ? 7. What meaning does event 
 often have when applied to the future ? 
 
 EXA3IPLES. 
 Fate shall yield 
 
 To fickle , and Chaos judge the strife. 
 
 Men are the sport of when 
 
 The seem the sport of men. 
 
 Coming cast their shadows before. 
 
 Where an equal poise of hope and fear 
 
 Does arbitrate the , my nature is 
 
 That I incline to hope rather than fear, 
 And gladly banish squint suspicion. 
 
 EVERY (page 158). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. In what are all unA both alike? any, each, and every? 2. How does fflwy dif- 
 fer from «ac/i and ercry .? 3. How do eac/i and ficfr;/ differ from a;;.? 4. How 
 does each compare with every? with hoth? 5. What does either properly de- 
 note ? In what other sense is it often used ? What is the objection to the 
 latter use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 person in the room arose to his feet. 
 
 A free pardon was offered to who should instantly lay down their arms. 
 
 As the garrison marched out, the victorious troops stood in arms on side 
 
 of the way. 
 
 In order to keep his secret inviolate, he revealed it privately to of his most 
 
 intimate friends. 
 
 person giving such information shall be duly rewarded. 
 
 EVIDEXT (page 159). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How do apparent and evident compare ? 2. What is the special sense of mani- 
 fest ? How does it compare in strength with evident? 3. What is the sense 
 of obvious? 4. How wide is the range of visible? 5. How does discernible 
 compare with visible? What does it imply as to the observer's action ? 6. 
 What is the sense of palpable and tangible? conspicums? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A paradox is a real truth in the guise of an absurdity or contradiction. 
 
 The prime minister was by his absence. 
 
 The statement is a absurdity. 
 
 On a comparison of the two works the plagiarism was . 
 
 Yet from those flames 
 
 No light; but only darkness . 
 
 These lies are like the father that begets them; gross as a mountain, open,
 
 example 
 429 execute 
 
 EXAMPLE (page 160). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 I. What is the etymological meaning of example? 2. What two contradictory 
 meanings does examjde derive from this primary sense ? 3. How does exam- 
 ple differ from sample f 4. How does it compare with model? wUh jMttern ? 
 5. How does exemplar agree with, and differ from example? 6. M'^hat is an 
 exempliJicatioTi ? an ensample f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I bid him look into the lives of men as tho himself a mirror, and from others 
 to take an for himself. 
 
 We sleep, but the loom of life never stops and the which was weaving 
 
 when the sun went down is weaving when it comes np to'^morrow. 
 
 History is an of philosophy. 
 
 The commander was resolved to make an to deter others from the like 
 
 offense. 
 
 EXCESS (page 160). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is excess? Is it used in the favorable or unfavorable sense'? 2. What is 
 extravagance? 3. What is exorbitance? 4. What kind of excess Aa over- 
 plus and svpe7'abvndance denote? larislrness s.n(\. profvsion? 5. Is surplus 
 used in the favorable or unfavorable sense ? 6. To what do redundance and 
 redundancy chieflj refer ? 7. What words are used as synonyms of excess in 
 the moral sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Saving requires self-denial, and is the death jf self-denial. 
 
 Where there is great   there usually follows corresponding , 
 
 of wealth is cause of covetousncss. 
 
 Haste brings , and brings want. 
 
 The of the demand caused unfeigned surprise. 
 
 More of the present woes of the world are due to than to any other single 
 
 cause. 
 
 of language often weakens the impression of what would be impressive in 
 
 sober statement. 
 
 EXECUTE (page 161). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What Is the meaning of execute? of administer ? of enforce? 2. How are the 
 words applied in special cases ? Give instances. 3 . What secondary meaning 
 has administer? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is the place of the civil magistrate to the laws. 
 
 The pasha gave a signal and three attendants seized the culprit, and promptly 
 the bastinado. 
 
 I can not illustrate .. moral duty without at the satne time ing a precept of 
 
 our religion.
 
 exercise mia 
 
 extemporaneous ««»V 
 
 EXERCISE (page 162). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the meaning of exercise apart from all qualifying words ? 2. How does 
 exercise in that sense differ from exertion f 3 . How may exercise he brought 
 up to the full meaning of exertion ? 4. What is pradlse ? How does it difEer 
 from exercise? 5. How is praciise discriminated from such theory or profes- 
 sion ? 6. What is drill? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Regular tends to keep body and mind in the best working order. 
 
 in time becomes second nature. 
 
 By constant the most difficult feats may be done with no apparent . 
 
 EXPElfSE (page 163). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is cost f expense? 2. How are these words now commonly differentiated ? 
 3. What is the meaning of outlay? of outgo? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth 
 
 the , whether he have sufficient to finish it. 
 
 The entire receipts have not equaled the . 
 
 When the is more than the income, if the income can not be increased, it 
 
 becomes an absolute necessity to reduce the . 
 
 EXPLICIT (page 162). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what are explicit and express alike opposed? 2. How do the two words 
 differ from each other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I came here at this critical juncture by the order of Sir John St. Clare. 
 
 The language of the proposition was too to admit of doubt. 
 
 Now the Spirit speaketh ly that in the latter times some shall depart from 
 
 the faith. 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS (page 163). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What did extemporaneous originally mean ? 2. What has it now come to signify 
 
 in common use? 3. What is the original meaning of imprmnptu? The 
 
 present meaning ? 4. How does the imprmnptu remark often difEer from the 
 
 extemporaneous? 5. How does unpremeditated compare with the words 
 
 above mentioned ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In prayer, what men most admire, God least regardeth. 
 
 As a speaker, he excelled in address, while his opponent was at a loss to 
 
 answer him because not gifted in the same way. 
 
 No more on prancing palfrey borne. 
 
 He carolled light as lark at morn. 
 
 And poured to lord and lady gay 
 
 The lay.
 
 extermiuate 
 431 faith 
 
 EXTERITDII^ATE (page 163). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the derivation, and what the original meaning of exterminate? erad- 
 icate i^ extirpate? 2. To what are these words severally applied ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Since the building of the Pacific railroads in the United States, the buffalo has 
 been quite . 
 
 The evil of intemperance is one exceedingly difticult to . 
 
 No inveterate improver should ever tempt me to the dandelions from the 
 
 green carpet of my lawn. 
 
 FAINT (page 164). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What are the chief meanings oi faint? 2. How is faint a synonym oi feeble or 
 purposeless? of irresolute or timid? of dim, faded, or indistinct? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Great is the strength of arms combined, 
 
 And we can combat even with the brave. 
 In his right hand a tipped staffe he held, 
 
 With which his steps he stayed still; 
 
 For he was with cold, and weak with eld ; 
 
 That scarce his loosed limbs he liable was to weld. 
 
 FAITH (page 164). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 V^'haX \B belief ? 2. How does cr«(;««ce compare with belief? 3. What is con- 
 viction? assurance? 4. What is an opinion? 5. How does a persuasion 
 compare with im. opinion? 6. What is a doctnne? a creed? 7. What are 
 confidence and reliance? 8. What is trust? 9. M^hat elements are com- 
 bined in /ftj^A/" 10. How is 6e^if/ often used in popular language as a pre- 
 cise equivalent of faith? 1 1 . How is belief discriminated from faith in the 
 Strict religious sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. 
 
 Put not your in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. 
 
 is largely involuntary; a mathematical demonstration can not be doubted 
 
 by a sane mind capable of understanding the terms and following the steps. 
 
 Every one of us, whatever our speculative , knows better than he practises, 
 
 and recognizes a better law than he obeys. 
 
 There are few greater dangers for an army in the face of an enemy than undue
 
 faithfal 
 
 fanciful 432 
 
 FAITHFri. (page 165). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 In what sense may a person be called /ae^/t/z/;/ 2. In what sense may one be 
 called trusty ? 3. 1b faithful commonly said of things as well as persons ? is 
 trusty? 4. What is the special difference of meaning between the two 
 words ? Give examples. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Be thou unto death, and I will give thee a crown of Ufe. 
 
 Thy purpose is equal to the deed : 
 
 Who does the best his circumstance allows 
 Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. 
 
 FAME (page 166). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is fam4 f Is it commonly used in the favorable or unfavorable sense ? 
 2. What are reputation and reimte, and in which sense commonly used ? 3. 
 What is ?;oto?'i«('y.? 4. From what do eminence and clistinction result? 5. 
 How does ce^fSrj^y compare with /awig? 6. How does re/iOifw compare with 
 fame f 7 . What is the import of lityiior ? of glwy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Saying, Amen: Blessing and , and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and , 
 
 and power and might, be unto our God for ever and ever. 
 A good is more valuable than money. 
 
 Great Homer's birthplace seven rival cities claim. 
 
 Too mighty such monopoly of . 
 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it . 
 
 Seeking the bubble 
 
 Even ill the cannon's mouth. 
 
 FANATICISM (page 166). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. '^'a&'i'vs, fanaticism? Ugoti'y? 2. What &o fanaticism and bigotry commonly 
 include? 3. What is intolerance? 4. What is the distinctive meaning of 
 superstition? 5. What is cretZwZi^y .? Is it distinctively religious ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is a senseless fear of God. 
 
 The fierce of the Moslems was the mainspring of their early conquests. 
 
 The that w ill believe nothing contiary to a creed is often joined with a 
 
 blind — that will believe anythmg in favor of it. 
 
 FAXCIFUL Qiage 167). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning oi fanciful? 2. What does fantastic add to the meaning 
 ot fanciful ? 3 . How does grotesque especially differ from Vas fanciful or fan- 
 tastic? 4. YLovi AoBB visionai'y di\S.er fvovo. fanciful ?
 
 fancy 
 433 fear 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Come see the north wind's masonry, 
 .... his wild worlj; 
 
 So , 80 savage, naught cares he 
 
 For number or proportion. 
 
 What tints tlie year puts on, 
 
 When falling leaves falter through motionless air 
 Or numbly cling and shiver to be gone ! 
 
 Plays such tricks before high heaven 
 
 As make the angels weep. 
 
 FAMCY (page 167). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is an intellectual /aMcy .? 2. How does a cmiceit differ from & fancy f a 
 concejMo?}. from both ? 3. What is an emotional or personal /a?icy .? 4. What 
 is fancy as a faculty of the mind ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Tell me where is bred; 
 
 Or in the heart or in the head ? 
 
 Elizabeth united the occasional of her sex with that sense and sound 
 
 policy in which neither man nor woman ever excelled her. 
 
 That fellow seems to me to possess but one , and that is a wrong one. 
 
 If she were to take a to anybody in the house, she would soon settle, but 
 
 not till then. 
 
 FAREWELI. (page 168). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what language do farewell and good'by belong etymologically ? How do they 
 differ ? 2. From what language have adieu and conge been adopted into 
 English ? 3. What is the special significance of conge f 4. What are vale- 
 diction and valedicton f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 my paper's out so nearly 
 
 I've only room for yours sincerely. 
 The train from out the castle drew, 
 
 But Marmion stopped to bid . 
 
 ! a word that must be, and hath been— 
 
 A sound which makes us linger ; — yet   
 
 FEAR (i3age 168). 
 
 QLTISTIONS. 
 What is the generic term of this group ? 2. What \Bfear? Is it sudden or lin- 
 gering ? In view of what class of dangers? 3. What is the etymological 
 meaning of hwrorf What does the word signify in accepted usage? 4. 
 What are the characteristics of affright^ fright, smA terror F 5. How is /ear 
 contrasted with fright and terror in actual or possible effects ? 6. What ii 
 panic P WTiat of the numbers affected by it ? 7. What is dismay? How 
 does it compare with right and terror? 
 28
 
 fe mi nine 
 
 feud 434 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Even the bravest men may be swept along in a sudden . 
 
 With much more 
 
 I view the fight than thou that mak'st the fray. 
 Look in, and see Christ's chosen saint 
 In triumph wear his Christ»like chain ; 
 
 No lest he should swerve or faint. 
 
 The ghastly spectacle filled every beholder with . 
 
 A lingering crept upon him as he waited in the darkness. 
 
 FEmiNINE (page 169). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How axe female ani feminine discriminated? 2, What is the difference be- 
 tween a, female voice and a feminine voice ? 3. How are ivot^ianly and wwn- 
 anlsh discriminated in use f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Notice, too, how precious are these qualities in the sick room. 
 
 The demand for closet-room is no mere fancy, but the good sense of the 
 
 sex. 
 
 FETTER (page 169). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What are fetters in the primary sense ? 2. What are manacles and handeiiffs de- 
 signed to fasten or hold? gyres? 3. What are shackles and what are they 
 intended to fasten or hold ? 4. Of what material are all these restraining 
 devices commonly composed ? By what general name are they popularly 
 known ? 5. What are bonds and of what material composed ? 6. Which of 
 these words are used in the metaphorical sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 But first set my poor heart free, 
 
 Bound in those icy by thee. 
 
 Slaves can not breathe in England 
 
 They touch our country, and their fall. 
 
 FEUD (page 170). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is afeiid? Of what is it used ? 2. Is a quarrel in word or act ? mnten 
 tionf strife? contest f 3. How does quarrel compare in importance with the 
 other words cited ? 4. MTiat does an affray always involve ? To what may a 
 brawl or broil be confined ? 5 . How do these words compare in dignity with 
 contention, contest, controversy, and dissetmon ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Could we forbear and practise love 
 
 We should agree as angels do above. 
 " Between my house and yours," he answered, 
 
 " There is a of five hundred years." 
 
 Beware of entrance to a .
 
 .„_ fiction 
 
 435 fine 
 
 FICTION (page 170). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is aflciion in the most common modern meaning of the word ? 2. How 
 does Si Action differ from a 7iovel f from a. fable ? from a myth ? 3 . How does a 
 myth differ from a legend ? 4. How do falsehood tmA fabrication differ from 
 the words above mentioned ? 5. Is fabtication oy falsehood the more odious 
 term ? Which term is really the stronger ? 6. What is a story? Is it good 
 or bad, true or false ? With what words of the group does it agree ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 O scenes surpassing , and yet true, 
 
 Scenes of accomplished bliss. 
 
 A strange is told of thee. 
 
 I believe the whole account from beginning to end to be a pure • 
 
 A thing sustained by such substantial evidence could not be a mere of the 
 
 imagination. 
 
 FIERCE (page 171). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Wh&t does Jierce signify? 2. To what does ^erociovs refer? How do the two 
 words differ ? 3. What does savage signify ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 was the day; the wintry sea 
 
 Moaned sadly on New England's strand, 
 "V\^len first the thoughtful and the free, 
 Our fathers, trod the desert land. 
 
 Contentions , 
 
 Ardent, and dire, spring from no petty cause. 
 The savages massacred the survivors to the last man. 
 
 FINA:RfCIAE (page 172). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 To what does fnonetary directly refer ? 2. How does ixcuniary agree with and 
 differ from monetary? 3. To what does fi?iaticial especially apply? 4. In 
 what connection is fiscal most commonly used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The year closes with the society out of debt. 
 
 He was rejoiced to receive the aid at a time when it was most needed. 
 
 In a panic, many a sound business house goes down for want of power to 
 
 realize instantly on valuable securities. 
 
 FINE (page 172). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what is Jine derived, and what is its original meaning ? 2. How, from this 
 primary meaning does fne become a synonym of excelle?d and beautiful ? 3.. 
 How does it come into connection with clarified, dear, pure, refined? 4.
 
 fluctuate 436 
 
 How is it connected with dainty, delicate, and exquidte? 5. How AoQsJine 
 come to be a synonym for minute, comminuted? How for JU/my, tenuous? 
 for keen, sharp ? Give instances of the use of tine in its various senses. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Some people are more tlian wise. 
 
 featliers do not always make birds. 
 
 The est balances must be kept under glass, because so ly adjusted as 
 
 to be to a film of dust or a breath of air. 
 
 FIRE Qsage 173). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the essential fact underlying the visible phenomena which we calibre .? 
 2. What is co/w6ws<Wrt.? 3. How wide is its range of meaning ? 4. What it 
 & conflagration? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 He's gone, and who knows how he may report 
 
 Thy words by adding fuel to the ? 
 
 Lo I as he comes, in Heaven's array, 
 And scattering wide the of day. 
 
 FLOCK (page 173). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the most general word of this group ? 2. What is a group, and of what 
 class of objects may it be composed ? 3. To what class of animals does tyrood 
 apply ? to what class does litter apply ? 4. Of what is bevy used ? flock? 5. 
 To what is herd limited ? 6. Of what is pack used f 7. What is a drove? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What is not good for the is not good for the bee. 
 
 He heard the bleating of the s and the twitter of birds among the trees. 
 
 The lowing winds slowly o'er the lea. 
 
 Excited s gathered at the corners discussing the affair. 
 
 A of brightly clad women and children were enjoying a picnic under the 
 
 trees. 
 
 FI.UCTUATE (page 173). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the meaning of fluctuate ? 2. In what one characteristic do sivene and 
 veer diSei iiom oscillate, fluctuate, undulate, and waver? 3. What is the dif- 
 ference in mental action between hesitate and waver ? between vacillate and 
 waver ? 4. Which of the above=mentioned words apply to persons ? which to 
 
 feelings ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Thou almost mak'st me in my faith. 
 
 The surface of the prairies rolls and to the eye. 
 
 It is almost universally true that the human mind at the moment of com- 
 mitting a crime. 
 
 The vessel suddenly from her course.
 
 .„^ fluid 
 
 4J7 fortification 
 
 FLUID (page 174). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is a fluid? 2. Into what two sections are fluids divided ? 3. What is a 
 liquid? a gas? 4. Are all liquids fluids ? 5. Are gases fluids? 6. Are 
 gases ever liquids? 7. What substance is at once a liquid and a fltdd at the 
 ordinary temperature and pressure ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Now nature paints her colors, how the bee 
 
 Sits on the bloom, extracting sweet 
 
 This earth was once a haze of light. 
 
 FOI.I.OW (page 174). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is it to/o^tow.? 2. How does /oWcw compare with cAase and ^wrrae .? 3. 
 As regards succession in time, what is the difference between follow and en- 
 sue ? result ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Say, shall my little bark attendant sail, 
 
 the triumph and partake the gale ? 
 
 When Youth and Pleasure meet 
 
 To the glowing Hours with flying feet. 
 
 " Then me, the Prince " 
 
 I answered; " each be hero in his turn ! 
 Seven and yet one, like shadows in a dream." 
 
 FORMIDABLE (page 176). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the meaning oi formidable ? 2. How does formidable differ from dan- 
 gerous ? terrible ? tremendous ? Give examples. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 All delays are in war. 
 
 as an army with banners. 
 
 The great fleet moved slowly toward the forts, a array. 
 
 FORTIFICATION (page 176). 
 
 QLT^STIONS. 
 
 How does a/or<>'ess specifically differ from a /ori!?^ca<20M .? 2. What is the dis- 
 tmctive meaning of citadel? 3. What is a. fort? 4. What is a fastness ov 
 stronghold? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For a man's house is his . 
 
 A mighty is our God, 
 
 A bulwark never failing; 
 Our helper He amid the flood 
 Of mortal ills prevailing. 
 Alva built a in the heart of Antwerp to overawe the cily.
 
 fortitude 
 
 friendly 43§ 
 
 FORTITUDE (page 176). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Whutie/wtitude? 2. How docs it compare with courage? 3. How do reso- 
 lution and endurance compare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Unbounded and compassion join'd, 
 
 Tempering each other in the victor's mind. 
 Tell thy story ; 
 If thine, consider'd, prove the thousandth part 
 
 Of my , thou art a man, and I 
 
 Have suffer'd like a girl. 
 Thou didst smile, 
 
 Infused with a from heaven, 
 
 When I had decided the sea with drops full salt. 
 
 FORTUl^ATE (page 177). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does f07'(nna(e compare with successful? 2. How are lucky and fortunate 
 discriminated ? 3. In what special sense, and with what reference are/a»ored 
 and prospered used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is not a word this same " impossible " ; no good comes of those that 
 
 have it so often in their mouth. 
 
 Ah, years 1 once more who would not be a boy ? 
 
 I have a mind presages me such thrift 
 
 That I should questionless be 
 
 FRAUD (page 177). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a fraud ? How does it differ from deceit or deception f 2. What is the 
 design of an im^03<Mr« .? Z . y^tisX is dishonesty ?& cheat ? a swindle ? How 
 do all these fall short of the meaning oi fraud? 4. Of what relations is 
 treachery used ? treason ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 doth never prosper : what's the reason ? 
 
 Why, if it prosper none dare call it . 
 
 Whoever has once become notorious by base , even if he speaks truth gains 
 
 no belief. 
 
 The first and the worst of all is to cheat oneself. 
 
 FRIEWDEY (page 178). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does/nenc^^y signify as applied to persons, or as applied to acts ? 2. How 
 does the adjective friendly compare in strength with the noun friend?
 
 .„_ friendsliip 
 
 4»>S# grarrulouis 
 
 3. What is the special meaning of accessible? of companionable and sodahle? 
 of cordial and genial? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He that hath friends must show himself . 
 
 A fellow feeling makes one wondrous . 
 
 FRIENDSHIP (page 179). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is fi-iendshij) f 2. In what one quality does it differ from affection^ attach- 
 ment, devotion, and fnendliness ? 3. What is the meaning of comity and 
 amity f 4. How does friendship differ from lo^ie ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Talk not of wasted , never was wasted; 
 
 If it enrich not the heart of another, its waters returning 
 
 Back to their springs, like the rain, shall fill them full of refreshment. 
 
 , peculiar boon of heaven, 
 
 The noble mind's delight and pride, 
 
 To men and angels only given, 
 
 To all the lower world denied. 
 
 FRIGHTEN (page 180). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 By what is ons, frightened f by what intimidated? 2. What is it to browbeat 
 or cow ? 3 . What is it to scare or terrify ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The child was by the stories the nurse told. 
 
 The loud, loud winds, that o'er the billows sweep — 
 Shake the firm nerve, the bravest soul 1 
 
 FRUGALITY (page 180). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is economy ? 2. What is frugality ? 3 . What is parsimony ? How docs 
 it covajtaie v/ith frugality ? What is the motive of parsimony ? 4. What is 
 miserlijiess ? 5. What is the special characteristic of prudence and provi- 
 dence? of thrift? 6. What is the motive of economy? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 There are but two ways of paying debt: increase of Indus cry in raising, increase 
 
 of in laying out. 
 
 By close the little home was at last paid for and there was a great thanks- 
 giving time. 
 
 GARRULOUS (page 181). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does garrulous signify ? chattering? 2. How do talkative and loquacious
 
 gender 
 
 generous 4'iw 
 
 differ from gairulous, and from each other ? 3. What is the special applica- 
 tion of verbose ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To tame a shrew, and charm her tongue. 
 
 Guard against a feeble fluency, a prosiness, a facility of saying nothing. 
 
 GENDER (page 181). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is sex? 2. To what beings only does sex apply? 3. What is gender? 
 To what does it apply ? Do the distinctions of gender correspond to the dis- 
 tinctions of sex? Give examples of languages containing three 9e«rfe?'«, and 
 of the classification in languages containing but two. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The maternal relation naturally and necessarily divides the work of the s 
 
 giving to woman the indoor life, and to man, the work of the outer world. 
 
 While in French every word is either of the masculine or feminine , the 
 
 language sometimes fails for that very reason to indicate the of some person 
 
 referred to. 
 
 GENERAL (page 181). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does general signify? 2. How does general compare with universal? 
 with cotnmon ? 3. What illustrations of the differences are given in the text ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the 
 
 good humor of that person, . . . and so on. 
 
 A feeling of unrest prevailed. 
 
 Death comes to all by law. 
 
 GEXEROIJS (page 182). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the primary meaning of generous? the common meaning? 2. How 
 does generous differ from liberal? 3. What is the distinctive sense of nmnifl- 
 cent? 4. What does munificent tell of the motive or spirit of the giver? 
 What does generous tell ? 5. How does disintei'ested compare with generous? 
 6. What is the distinctive meaning of rnagnaninwus ? How does it differ 
 from generous as regards dealing with insults or injuries ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. ^ 
 
 To cunning men 
 
 I will be very kind; and 
 
 To mine own children, in good bringing up. 
 
 A friendship no cold medium knows. 
 
 Burns with one love, with one resentment glows. 
 The conqueror proved as in victory as he was terrible in battle.
 
 MM-a genius 
 
 441 live 
 
 OENIlJ§ (page 183). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is genius? 2. What is talent? 3. Which is the higher quality? 4. 
 Which is the more dependent upon training ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 The eternal Master found 
 
 His single well employ'd. 
 
 No gi'eat was ever without some mixture of madness. 
 
 GET (page 183). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a person said to gei f 2. How is get related to expectation or desire ? How 
 is gain related to those words ? 3. By what processes does one acquire f Is 
 the thing ac5';<ir(2c? sought or desired, or not? 4. What does an^ earn? 5. 
 Does a person always get what he earns or always earn what he gets ? 6. 
 What does obtain imply ? Is the thing one obtains an object of desire ? How 
 does o&^aiM differ from get? 7. What does win imply? How is one said to 
 win a suit at law ? What is the correct term in legal phrase ? WTiy ? 8 . By 
 what special element does procure differ from obtain? 9. What is especially 
 implied in secure ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He a living as umbrella mender but a poor living it is. 
 
 wisdom and with all thy getting, understanding. 
 
 In the strange city he found that all his learning would not him a dinner. 
 
 GIFT (page 184). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a gift? Is gift used in the good or the bad sense ? Does the legal agree 
 with the popular sense ? 2. What synonymous word is always used in the evil 
 sense ? 3. What is a benefaction? a donation ? What difference of usuge is 
 recognized between the two words ? 4. What is a gratuity, and to whom 
 given ? 5. What is the sense and use of largess? 6. What is a present, and 
 to whom given ? 7. What is the special sense of boon ? 8. What is a grant, 
 and by whom made ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl, 
 Dominion absolute; that right we hold 
 
 By his . 
 
 True love's the %^'hich God has given 
 
 To man alone beneath the heaven. 
 " , , noble knights " cried the heralds. 
 
 The courts of justice had fallen so low that it was practically impossible to win a 
 cause without a . 
 
 GIVE (page 185). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the primary meaning of give ? the secondary meaning ? 2. Can we give 
 what is undesired ? 3. Can we give what we are paid f or ? 4. How is give
 
 govern 
 
 grief 442 
 
 always understood when there is no limitation in the contest ? 5. Is it correct 
 to say " He gave it to me for nothing " ? 6. What is to grant f 1. What is 
 implied when we speak of granting a favor ? 8. What is to cmifer? 9. 
 What is especially implied in impart ? in hestow f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My God shall all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ 
 
 Jesus. 
 
 to every man that asketh of thee, and from him that would borrow of thee, 
 
 turn not thou away. 
 
 The court promptly the injunction. 
 
 The king upon him the honor of knighthood. 
 
 One of the pleasantest things in life is to instruction to those who really de- 
 sire to learn. 
 
 GOVERN (page 185). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does the word govern imply ? How does it differ from cotitrol? 2. How 
 do command and control diilcr ? 3 . How do rule and govern differ ? 4. What 
 is the special significance of sway ? of mold f 5 . What is it to manage f 6. 
 WTiat is the present meaning of reign ? How does it compare with rule? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He that his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city. 
 
 For some must follow, and some 
 
 Tho all are made of clay. 
 Daniel Webster well described the character of " Old Hickory " in the sentence, 
 
 " I do not say that General Jackson did not mean to his country weU, but I do 
 
 say that General Jackson meant to his country." 
 
 ORACEFIJI. (page 186). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What does graceful denote ? How is it especially distinguished from beautiful? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 How upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, 
 
 that publisheth peace. 
 
 A myrtle rear'd its head. 
 
 ORIEF (page 187). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is grief? 2. How does fifn*/ compare with sorrow? with sadness? with 
 melancholy f 3. What two chief senses has affliction? 4. What is implied 
 in mourning, in its most common acceptation ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We glory in also. 
 
 For our light which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more 
 
 exceeding and eternal weight of glory. 
 
 What private they have, alas I I know not, that made them do it. 
 
 1
 
 habit 
 4** happiness 
 
 HABIT (page 187). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is custom ? routine ? Which is the more mechanical ? 2. What element 
 AoeB habit add ia custom and routine ? 3. Should we preferably use custom 
 or habit of a society ? of an individual ? 4. What is fashion? rule f system f 
 5. What are use and usage, and how do they differ from each other ? 6. 
 What is practise f 7. What is the distinctive meaning of wont ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Every is preserved and increased by correspondent actions, as the 
 
 of walking by walking, of running by running. 
 
 Montaigne is wrong in declaring that ought to be followed simply because 
 
 it is , and not because it is reasonable or just. 
 
 Lord Brougham says "The longer I live the more careful I am to entrust every- 
 thing that I really care to do to the beneficent power of ." 
 
 makes perfect. 
 
 Without little that is valuable is ever learned or done. 
 
 HAPPEN (page 188). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does Aa;?p«'* signify ? 2. How does it differ from chance f 3. What is 
 the distinctive meaning of betide? 4. How do both befall and betide differ 
 from happen in grammatical construction ? 5 . What is the meaning of super- 
 vene? 6. Is transpire correctly used in the sense of Aoppew .? When may an 
 event be properly said to transpire ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Whatever at all as it should. 
 
 Thou Bowest not that body that shall be, but bear grain, it may of wheat, 
 
 or of some other grain. 
 
 Ill the graceless renegade ! 
 
 It that a secret treaty had been previously concluded between the powers. 
 
 If mischief him, thou shalt bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the 
 
 grave. 
 
 HAPPINESS (page 189). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is gratification? satisfaction? 2. What is happiness? 3. How does 
 happiness differ from comfort ? 4. How does comfoi^t differ from enjoyment ? 
 
 5. How do^s. pleasure compare with comfort and enjoyment? with happiness? 
 
 6. What do gratification and satisfaction express ? How do ihey compare 
 with each other ? 7. How does hap2nness compare with gratification, satis- 
 faction, comfort, and pleasure? with delight and joy ? 8. What is delight? 
 ecstacy? rapture? 9. What ie triumph? blessedness? bliss? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Sweet is after pain. 
 
 Virtue alone is below. 
 
 Hope elevates and brightens his crest. 
 
 The storm raged without, but within the house all was brightness and . 
 
 There is no so sweet and abiding as that of doing good. 
 
 This is the very of love.
 
 happy 
 
 hatred 444 
 
 HAPPY (page 190). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the origmal meaning of happy? With what words is it allied in this 
 sense? 2. In what way is happy a synonym of blessed? 3. What is the 
 meaning of happy in its most frequent present use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 are they that mourn for they shall be comforted. 
 
 To what accident is it that we owe so imexpected a visit 
 
 A heart maketh a countenance. 
 
 I would not spend another such a night, 
 
 The 'twere to buy a world of days. 
 
 HARMOBTY (page 191). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is 7j«nrto«y .? 2. 'Row Aoqb harmony comT^SiTewiiih agreement? 3. How 
 do concord and accoi^d compare with harmony and with each other ? 4. What 
 \s conformity ? congruity? 5. What is consisie?icy ? 6. What is una7ii?nUy ? 
 7. How do consent and concurrence compare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at . 
 
 Tyrants have made desperate efforts to secure outward in religious observ- 
 ances without of religious belief. 
 
 That action and counteraction which, in the natural and in the political world, 
 
 from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers draws out the of the 
 
 universe. 
 
 The speaker was, by general , allowed to proceed. 
 
 HARVEST (page 192). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the original meaning of harvest ? its later meaning ? 2. How docs Aar- 
 ■yes< compare with «'Cfp.? 3. What is produce? How does it differ from jsroc?- 
 uct? 4. What is the meaning of -proceeds? yield? return? 5. Is harvest 
 capable of figurative use, and in what sense ? 6. What is the special meaning 
 of harvest'home ? harvestHide ? harvestHime ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Just tickle the earth with a hoe, and she laughs with an abundant . 
 
 And the ripe of the new»mown hay gives it a sweet and wholesome odor. 
 
 It soweth here with toil and care 
 
 But the of love is there. 
 
 Of no distemper, of no blast he died, 
 
 But fell like autumn that mellowed long. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 HATRED (page 193). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is repugnance ? aversion ? 2. How does hatred compare with aversion as
 
 m mm lia Ve 
 
 445 heal til y 
 
 applied to persons ? as applied to things? 3. What is malice f malignity? 
 4. What is spite? 5. What are grudge, resentment, and revenge, and how do 
 they compare with one another ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Heaven has no like love to turned. 
 
 The slight put upon him filled him with deep . 
 
 He ne'er bore for stalwart blow 
 
 Ta'eu in fair fight from gallant foe. 
 In all cases of wilful injury to person or property, the law presumes . 
 
 I felt from our first meeting an instinctive for the man, which on acquaint- 
 ance deepened into a settled . 
 
 HAVE (page 194). 
 
 Q,UE8TION8. 
 
 To what is have applied ? How widely inclusive a word is it ? 2. W^hat does pos- 
 sess signify ? 3. What is to hold? to occupy? 4. How does be in possession 
 compare with 2)0ssess ? 5. How does own compare with jMssess or with be in 
 possession ? 6. What is the difference between the statement that a man has 
 reason, and the statement that he is in possession of his reason ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I is thine. 
 
 I earnestly entreat you, for your own sakes, to yourselves of solid reasons. 
 
 He occupies the house, but does not it. 
 
 HAZARI> (page 194). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the meaning of hazard? 2. How does hazard compare with danger? 
 3. How do risk and venture compare with chance and hazard, and with each 
 other f 4. How do accident and casualty differ ? 5. What is a contingency ? 
 
 EXAJVIPLES. 
 
 We must take the current when it serves or lose our . 
 
 I have set my life upon a cast, and I will stiind the of the die. 
 
 There is no • in doing known duty. 
 
 Do you think it necessary to provide for every before taking the first step ? 
 
 HEALTHY (page 195). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning of healthy? of healthful? Are the words properly inter- 
 changeable ? 2. WTiat are the chief synonyms of healthy? of healthful? 3. 
 In what sense is salulrrious used, and to what is it applied ? 4. To what realm 
 does salutary belong ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In books, or work, or play let my first years be passed. 
 
 Blessed is the nature; it is the coherent, sweetly cooperative, not the self- 
 distracting one.
 
 SriS 446 
 
 HELP (page 195). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1b help or aid the stronger term ? 2. Which is used in excitement or emergency ? 
 
 3. Does lielp include aid or does aic? include helpf 4. Which implies the 
 
 seconding of another's exertions ? Do we aid or Ae^ja the helpless ? 6. How 
 
 do cooperate and a««2S< difEer f 6. To what do encourage and uphold refer ? 
 
 succor and support ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He does not prevent a crime when he can it. 
 
 Know then whatever cheerful and serene the mind the body too. 
 
 flERETIC (page 196). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is a heretic? a schismatic? 2. In what does a heretic differ from his 
 church or religious body ? a schismatic ? 3 . How do a heretic and a schis- 
 matic often differ in action ? 4 . How are the terms dissenter and nou'con- 
 
 formist usually applied. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A man that is an , after the first and second admonition, reject. 
 
 Churchmen and alike resisted the tyranny of James II. 
 
 HETEROOEBfEOUS (page 196). 
 
 When are substances heterogeneous as regards each other ? 2. When is a mix- 
 ture, as cement, said to be heterogeneous? vihan homogeneous ? 3. What is 
 the special significance of non''Jtx>mogeri£Ous f 4. How does miscellaneous 
 differ from heterogeneous ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My second son received a sort of education at home. 
 
 Courtier and patriot can not mix 
 
 Their politics 
 
 Without an effervescence. 
 
 HIDE (page 197). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Which is the most general term of this group, and what does it signify ? 2. Is 
 an object hidden by intention, or in what other way or ways, if any ? 3. 
 Does co?w;«a^ evince intention? 4. How does secrete compare with conceal? 
 How is it chiefly used ? 5 . What is it to cover f to screen ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Men use thought only as authority for their injustice, and employ speech only to 
 — - their thoughts. 
 Ye little stars I your diminished rays. 
 
 HIGH (page 198). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What kind of a term is high f What does it signify ? Give instances of the rela-
 
 . ,^ liinder 
 
 447 lioly 
 
 tive use of the word. 2. How does high compare with deepf To what ob- 
 jects may these words be severally applied ? 3 . What is the special signifi- 
 cance of tall ? 4. What element does lofty add to the meaning of high or 
 tall? 5. How do elevated and eminent compare in the literal sense ? in the 
 figurative? 6. How do the words above mentioned compare with fxa^fecZ / 
 7. What contrasted uses has high in the figurative sense ? 8. What is tower- 
 ing in the literal, and in the figurative sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A pillar'd shade, overarched, and echoing walks between. 
 
 A daughter of the gods, divinely and most divinely fair. 
 
 What is that which the breeze on the • steep. 
 
 As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses ? 
 
 He knew 
 Himself to sing, and build the rime. 
 
 HINDER (page 199). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is it to hinder? 2. How does hinde?' differ from delay? 3. How does 
 hinder compare with iwe-cent? 4. What is the meaning of retard? 5. 
 What is it to obstruct ? to re^st ? How do these two words compare with each 
 other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 the Devil, and he will flee from you. 
 
 My tears must stop, for every drop 
 
 my needle and thread. 
 
 It is the study of mankind to that advance of age or death which can not 
 
 be 
 
 HISTORY (page 200). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is Ais^wy .? How does it relate events? To what class of events does it 
 apply ? 2. How does history differ from arinals or chronicles ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Happy the peopie whose are dulled. 
 
 is little else than a picture of human crimes and misfortunes. 
 
 is philosophy teaching by example. 
 
 HOLY (page 200). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the meaning of sac7"ec^.? 2. How does it compare with Ao/y.? 3. Which 
 term do we apply directly to God ? 4. In what sense is divine loosely used ? 
 What is its more appropriate sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The time is quiet as a nun breathless with adoration. 
 
 A burden is this life ye bear. 
 
 All sects and churches of Christendom hold to some form of the doctrine of the 
 inspiration of the Christian Scriptures.
 
 Iiioiiie MMo 
 
 huiit 448 
 
 HOME (page 201). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the general sense of abode, chvelling, and habitation f What difference 
 is there in the use of these words ? 2. From what language is home derived ? 
 What is its distinctive meaning ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 An giddy and unsure 
 
 Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart. 
 
 The attempt to abolish the ideal woman and keep the ideal is a predes- 
 tinated failure. 
 
 A house without love may be a castle or a palace, but it is not a • 
 
 Love is the life of a true . 
 
 HOXEST (page 202). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the meaning of honest in ordinary use ? 2. What is the meaning of 
 honorable? 3. How will the merely /iOft«s< and the tTxiXy honoi'able man dif- 
 fer in action? 4. What is /jon(?s< in the highest and fullest sense ? How, in 
 this sense, does it differ from honorable? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 labor bears a lovely face. 
 
 An man's the noblest work of God. 
 
 No form of pure, undisguised murder will be any longer allowed to confotmd 
 itself with the necessities of warfare. 
 
 HORIZONTAL (page 202). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does horizontal signify ? How does it compare with level? 2. From 
 what language is flat derived? 3. What is its original meaning? its most 
 common present sense ? In what derived sense is it often used ? 4. ^Vhat 
 are the senses of plain and plane f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sun and moon were in the sea sunk. 
 
 Ample spaces o'er the smooth and pavement. 
 
 The prominent lines in Greek architecture were , and not vertical. 
 
 HIJSJT (page 203). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is a hunt? 2. For what is a chase or pursuit conducted ? a search? 3. 
 What does hunt ordinarily include ? 4. Is it correct to use Jnmt when search 
 only is contemplated ? 5. How are these words used in the figurative senses ?
 
 hypocrisy 
 449 Idea 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Among the inalienable rights of man arc life, liberty, and the of 
 
 happiness. 
 
 All things have an end, and so did our for lodgings. 
 
 The formed the principal amusement of our Norman kings, who for that 
 
 purpose retained in their possession forests in every part of the kingdom. 
 
 The is up, but they shall know 
 
 The stag at bay's a dangerous foe. 
 
 HYPOCRISY (page 204). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what language is pretense derived, and what does it signify ? 2. What is 
 hypocnsyf 3. What is cant? mnctimomousness ? 4. What is pietism? 
 formalimn ? sham ? 5 . How does affectation compare with hypocrisy ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Let not the Trojans, with a feigned of proffered peace, delude the Latian 
 
 prince. 
 
 is a fawning and flexible art, which accommodates itself to human feel- 
 ings, and flatters the weakness of men in order that it may gain its own ends. 
 
 HYPOCRITE (page 204). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. From what language is hypocrite derived? What is its primary meaning ? 2. 
 
 What common term includes the other words of the group? 3. How are 
 
 hypocrite and dissembler contrasted with each other ? 4. What element is 
 
 common to the cheat and the impostor ? How do the two compare with each 
 
 other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest . 
 
 I dare swear he is no but prays from his heart. 
 
 In the reign of Henry VII., an , named Perkin Warbeck, laid claim to the 
 
 English crown. 
 
 HYPOTHESIS (page 205). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is a hypothesis ? What is its use in scientific investigation and study ? 2. 
 What is a guess? a conjecture? a supposition? a surmise? 3. What impli- 
 cation does surmise ordhiarily convey? What is a theory? a scheme? a 
 speculation ? How do they differ ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 , fancies, built on nothing Arm. 
 
 There are no other limits to — than those of the human mind. 
 
 The development , tho widely accepted by men of science fails of proof at 
 
 many important points. 
 
 IDEA (page 206). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. From what language is idea derived, and what did it originally mean ? 2. What 
 29
 
 Ideal MKA 
 
 Ignorant tov 
 
 did idea signify in early pliilosophical use ? 3 . What is its present popular 
 use, and with what words is it now synonymous ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 All rests with those who read. A work or 
 
 Is what each makes it to himself. 
 
 He who comes up to his own of greatness must always have had a very 
 
 low standard of it in his mind. 
 
 IDEAI^ (page 206). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is an ideal? 2. What is an archetype F a prototype? 3. Can a proto- 
 type he equivalent to an archetype? 4. Is an ideal primal, or the result of 
 development? 5. What is an original? 6. What is the standard? How 
 does it compare with the ideal? 7. How are idea and ideal contrasted ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Be a to others and then all will go well. 
 
 The mind's the of the man. 
 
 Every man has at times in his mind the of what he should be, but is not. 
 
 IDIOCY (page 207). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is idiocy? 2. What is i7nbecility? How does it compare with idiocy? 
 3. How does insanity differ from idiocy or itnbecility ? 4. How do folly and 
 foolishness com-^are with idiocy ? 5. ^\hidiB fatuity ? stupidity? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis to be wise. 
 
 To expect an efEect without a cause, or attainment without application, is little 
 less than . 
 
 IDLE (page 208). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what language is idle derived, and what is its original meaning ? 2. What 
 does idle in present use properly denote ? Does it necessarily denote the ab- 
 sence of all action J 3 . What does lazy signify ? How does it differ from 
 idle? 4. What does inert signify? sluggish? 5. In what realm does 
 slothful belong, and what does it denote ? 6. How does indolent compare 
 with slothful? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The stream was covered with a green scum. 
 
 Never a moment, but thrifty and thoughtful of others. 
 
 As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the turn upon his bed. 
 
 lOMORANT (page 208). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does ignorant signify ? How wide is its range ? 2. What is the meaning 
 of illiterate ? 3. B.ow does urdettered comTpsne with illiterate? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 So foolish was I and ; I was as a beast before thee. 
 
 A boy is better unborn than .
 
 ..^ Imagination 
 
 '•Ol Immerse 
 
 IMAGIKATIOIV (page 309). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Into what two parts was imagination divided in the old psychology ? 2. What 
 name is now preferably given to the so«called reproductive imagination by 
 President Porter and others? 3. Whnt is fantasy or phantasy ? In what 
 mental actions is it manifested ? 4. Wh&t is fantasy in ordinary usage ? 6. 
 How is imagination de&ned ? fancy? 6. To what faculty of the mind do 
 both of these activities or powers belong ? 7. In what other respects do 
 imagination anA fancy agree ? What is the one great distinction between them ? 
 How do they respectively treat the material objects or images with which 
 they deal ? Which power finds use in philosophy, science, and mechanical 
 invention, and how ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 While , like the finger of a clock, 
 
 Euns the great circuit, and is still at home. 
 
 And as bodies forth 
 
 The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen 
 
 Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
 
 A local habitation and a name. 
 
 IJU1IEDIATELY (page 211). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the primary meaning of immediately f Its meaning as an adverb of 
 time ? 2. What did by and by formerly signify ? What is its present meaning? 
 
 3. What did directly formerly signify, and what does it now commonly mean ? 
 
 4. What change has ^j'&teMtty undergone ? 5. Is ;'»»'«e(iia<«;>/ losing any thing 
 of its force? What words now seem more emphatic ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Nothing is there to come, and nothing past, 
 
 But an eternal does always last. 
 
 Let us go up , and possess it ; for we are well able to overcome it. 
 
 Obey me 1 
 
 imHERSE (page 212). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. From what language is dip derived ? from what immerse? 2. How do the two 
 words differ in dignity ? How as to the completeness of the action ? How as 
 to the continuance of the object in or under the liquid ? 3. Which word is 
 preferably used as to the rite of baptism ? 4. What does sz/Smcrj/e imply ? 5. 
 What are douse and duck? 6. What special sense has dtp which the other 
 words do not share ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant 1 
 
 Let the dead Past its dead. 
 
 The ships of war, Congress and Cumberland, were by the Merrimac. 
 
 When food can not be swallowed, life may be prolonged by the body in 
 
 nutritive fluids.
 
 imtnlnent mrn 
 
 incongruous ^OZ 
 
 IMMIIVEKT (page 212). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what language is imminent derived and with what primary sense ? i??i- 
 pendinffP 2. How do imminent nuA impending di&er in present use? 3. 
 How does threatening differ from the two words above given ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 And nodding Ilium waits the fall. 
 
 And these she does apply for warnings, portents, 
 And evils . 
 
 IMPEDIMEl^T (page 213). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does impediment primarily signify ? obstacle? obsti'uction ? 2. How does 
 obstacle differ from obstruction f 3 . What is a hindrance ? 4 . Is an impedi- 
 ment what one finds or what he carries ? Is it momentary or constant ? Wliat 
 did the Latin impedimenta signify ? 5. What is an encumbrance ? How does 
 it differ from an obstacle or obstruction f 6. Is a difflculty within one or 
 without ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Something between a and a help. 
 
 Thus far into the bowels of the land 
 
 Have we march'd without . 
 
 Demosthenes became the foremost orator of the world in spite of an In 
 
 his speech. 
 
 s overcome are the stepping'stones by which great men rise. 
 
 IMPUDEXCE (page 213). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does impertinence primarily denote ? What is its common acceptation ? 
 2. y^'haX is, impudence? insole?ice? 3. 'What is officiousness ? 4. Whatdoes 
 7'udeness suggest ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 With matchless they style a wife 
 
 The dear«taought curse, and lawful plague of life. 
 
 It is better not to turn friendship into a system of lawful and unpunishable 
 
 A certain class of ill-natured people mistake for frankness. 
 
 lafCOBfGRUOIJS (page 214). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 When are things said to be incongruous f 2. To what is discordant applied? 
 inharmonious ? 3 . What does incompatible signify ? When are things said 
 to he incompatible ? 4. To what does inconsistent apply? 5. What illustra- 
 tions of the uses of these words are given in the text ? 6. What is the meaning 
 of incommensurable ?
 
 ^ fiiduction 
 
 453 infinite 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 No solitude is so solitary as that of companionship. 
 
 I hear a strain as a merry dirge, or sacramental bacchanal might be. 
 
 IXDIJCTIOX (page 215). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is deduction? Induction? 2. What is the proof of an induction? 3. 
 What process is ordinarily followed in what is known as scientific induction ? 
 4. How do deduction and induction compare as to the certainty of the conclu- 
 sion ? 5. How does an induction compare with an infe7'ence? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The longer one studies a vast subject the more cautious in he becomes. 
 
 Perhaps the widest and best known of Biology, is that organisms grow. 
 
 INDUSTRIOUS (page 215). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How does busy differ from industnous ? 2. What is the implication if we say 
 one is industrious just now ? 3. What does diligent add to the meaning of 
 indu^ti'ious ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Look cheerfully upon me, 
 
 Here, love; thou see'st how I am. 
 
 The have no time for tears. 
 
 INDUSTRY (page 216). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is industry? 2. What does assi^wiiy signify as indicated by its etymol- 
 ogy ? diligence? 3. How does application compare with assiduity? 4. 
 What is constancy ? patience ? perseverance, ? 5 . What is persistence ? What 
 implication does it frequently convey ? 6. How does industry compare with 
 diligence? 7. To what do labor and pai?is especially refer ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Honors come by ; riches spring from economy. 
 
 'Tis supports us all. 
 
 There is no success in study without close, continuous, and intense . 
 
 His in wickedness would have won him enduring honor if it had taken the 
 
 form of in a better cause. 
 
 INFINITE (page 216). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what language is infinite derived, and with what meaning ? To what may 
 it be applied ? 2. How do countless, inmmierable, and numberless compare 
 with infinite? 3. What is the use of boundless, illimitable, limitless, meas-
 
 influence mizm 
 
 Injury 454 
 
 ureless, and unlimited f 4. What are the dimensions of infinite space? 
 What is the duration of infinite time ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My bounty is as as the sea, my love as deep, the more I give to thee, the 
 
 more I have, for both are . 
 
 Man's inhumanity to man makes thousands mourn. 
 
 IBfFL.lJEI«CE (page 217). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is it to influence? is one influenced by external or internal force ? 2. To 
 what kind of power does actuate refer ? Does one person actuate or influence 
 another ? 3. What do prompt and stir imply ? 4. What is it to excite? 5. 
 What do incite and instigate signify ? How do these two words differ ? 6. 
 What do urge and impel imply ? How do they differ in the source of the 
 power exerted ? 7. What do drive and compel imply, and how do these two 
 words compare with each other ? 
 
 EXAJIPLES. 
 
 He was by his own violent passions to desperate crime. 
 
 And well she can . 
 
 Fine thoughts are wealth, for the right use of which 
 
 Men are and ought to be accountable, 
 
 If not to Thee, to those they . 
 
 IlllfHEREl^fT (page 318). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does inherent signify f 2. To what realm of thought does immanent be- 
 long ? What does it signify ? How does it differ from inherent ? Which is 
 applied to the Divine Being ? 3. To what do congenital^ innate, and inborn 
 apply as distinguished from inherent and intrinsic? 4. With what special 
 reference does congenital occur in medical and legal use? 5. What is the 
 difference in use between innate and inborn ? 6. What does inbred add to 
 the sense of innate or inborn? 7. What is ingrained? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 An power in the life of the world. 
 
 All men have an right to life, liberty, and protection. 
 
 He evinced an stupidity that seemed almost tantamount to idiocy. 
 
 Many philosophers hold that God is in nature. 
 
 Any stable currency must be founded at last upon something, as gold or silver, 
 that has value. 
 
 The wrongs and abuses which are in the very structure and constitution 
 
 of society as it now exists throughout Christendom. 
 
 INJURY (page 219). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . From what language is inju?'y derived ? What is its primary meaning ? Its
 
 --• injustice 
 
 *"" inquisitive 
 
 derived meaning? 2. How inclusive a word is injury? 3. From what is 
 damage derived, and witli what original sense ? detriment ? How do these 
 words compare in actual use ? 4 . How does damage compare with loss r 
 How can a loss be said to be partial ? 5. What is evil, and with what frequent 
 suggestion? 6. What is harm? hurt? How do these woi-ds compare with 
 injury? 7 . Whut is tnischief ? How caused, and with v/hat intent ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Nothing can work me , except myself; the that I sustain I carry 
 
 about with me, and never am a real sufferer but by my own fault. 
 Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword, 
 And won thy love, doing thee . 
 
 INJUSTICE (page 220). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Whut IB injustice ? 2. How does m'joh^ differ from i^yws^ice in legal use ? How 
 in popular use ? 3. What is iniquity in the legal sense ? in the common 
 sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 War in men's eyes shall be a monster of . 
 
 No man can mortgage his as a pawn for his fidelity. 
 
 Such an act is an upon humanity. 
 
 INXOCE^T (page 220). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What does innocent in the full sense signify? 2. Is innocent positive or nega- 
 tive ? How does it compare with righteous, upright, or virtuous? 3. In what 
 two applications may imfnacidate, pure, and sinless be used ? 4. WMth what 
 limited sense is imiocent used of moral beings ? 5 . In what sense is innocent 
 applied to inanimate substances ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 They are as as grace itself. 
 
 For blessings ever wait on deeds, 
 
 And tho a late, a sure reward succeeds. 
 
 The wicked flee where no man pursueth, but the are bold as a lion. 
 
 A daughter, and a goodly babe ; 
 the queen receives 
 Much comfort in't : says, My poor prisoner, 
 lam as you. 
 
 IXqiJISITIVE (page 221). 
 
 qlt:stions. 
 
 1. What are the characteristics of an inquisitive person? 2. Is inquisitive ever 
 used in a good sense ? What, in that sense, is ordinarily preferred ? 3 , What 
 does curious signify, and how does it differ from inquisitive ?
 
 Insanity 
 journey 
 
 456 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 His was an anxiously mind, a scrupulously conscientious heart. 
 
 Adrian was the most man that ever lived, and the most universal inquirer. 
 
 I am to know the cause of this sudden change of purpose. 
 
 IXSANITY (page 331). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What IB insanity in the widest sense ? in its restricted use ? Which use is the 
 more frequent ? 2. From what is lunacy derived ? What did it originally im- 
 ply ? In what sense is it now used ? 3. What is madness ? 4. What is 
 derangement f delirium ? 5 . What is the specific meaning of dementia ? 
 6. What is aberration ? 1 . What is the distinctive meaning of hallucination f 
 8. '^\i9X\& monomania f 9. What are//'e?i2y and mawia.? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Go— you may call it , folly— you shall not chase my gloom away. 
 
 All power of fancy over reason is a degree of . 
 
 INTERPOSE (page 328). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is it to imterpo.«e .? 2. How does i?i<6rc«(?e differ from in <«?3»se.? 3. What 
 is it to intermeddle ? How does it differ from meddle ? from interfere f 4. 
 What do arbitrate and mediate involve ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Dion, his brother, for him and his life was saved. 
 
 Nature has a natural barrier between England and the continent. 
 
 INVOLVE (page 323). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what language is involve derived, and with what primary meaning ? 2. 
 How does involve compare with implicate ? 3 . Are these words used in the fa- 
 vorable or the unfavorable sense f 4. As regards results what is the difference 
 between include, imply ■, and involve ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Eocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent, contorted, and . 
 
 An oyster=shell sometimes a pearl. 
 
 in other men's affairs, he went down to their ruin. 
 
 JOURNEY (page 333). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 From what language is jmirney derived ? What is its primary meaning ? Its 
 
 present meaning ? 2. What is ti'avel f How does it differ from journey ? 3. 
 
 What was the former meaniug of voyage ? its present meaning ? 4. What is 
 
 a, trip f a tour? 5. What is the meaning and common use of passage? of
 
 Judge 
 Keep 
 
 457 keep 
 
 transit? 6. What is the original meaning of pilgrimage? How is it now 
 
 used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 • makes all men countrymen. 
 
 All the of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries. 
 
 It were a like the path to heaven, 
 
 To help you find them. 
 
 JUDGE (page 224). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 , What is & judge in the legal sense ? 2. What other senses has the wor&judge in 
 common use ? 3. What is a referee, and how appointed ? an arbitrator? 4. 
 What is the popular sense of umpire? the legal sense ? 6. What is the pres- 
 ent use of arbiter? 6. What are the Judges of the United States Supreme 
 Court officially called ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The end crowns all, 
 
 And that old common , Time, 
 
 Will one day end it. 
 
 A man who is no of law may be a good of poetry. 
 
 The is only the mouth of law, and the magistrate who punishes is only 
 
 the band. 
 
 JUSTICE (page 225). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is justice in governmental relations ? in social and personal relations ? in 
 matters of reasoning or literary treatment ? 2. To what do integrity, recti- 
 tude, -light, righteousn-ess, and virtue apply ? What do all these include ? 3. 
 What two contrasted senses has lawfulness? 4. To what does justness refer, 
 and in what sense is it used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 exalteth a nation. 
 
 of life is fame's best friend. 
 
 He shall have merely , and his bond. 
 
 KEEP (page 226). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the general meaning of keep ? 2. How does keep compare with pi^eserve ? 
 
 fulfil? maintain? 3. What does keep imply when used as a synonym of 
 
 guard or defend ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 These make and the balance of the mind. 
 
 The good old rule 
 
 SulHceth them, — the simple plan. 
 
 That they should take who have the power 
 
 And they should who can. 
 
 thy shop, and thy shop will thee.
 
 kill 
 
 language 45S 
 
 KILL (page 226). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1, What is it to killf 2. To what are assassinate, execute, and murder restricted ? 
 3. What is the specific meaning of murder? execute? assassinate? To what 
 class of persons is the latter word ordinarily applied ? 4. Wliat is it to slay? 
 5. To what is massacre limited ? With what special meaning is it used ? 6. 
 To what do butcher and slaxighter primarily apply ? What is the sense of each 
 when so used ? 7. What is it to despatch ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To look into her eyes was to doubt. 
 
 Two presidents of the United States have heen . 
 
 Hamilton was in a duel by Aaron Burr. 
 
 The place was carried by storm, and the inhabitants without distinction of 
 
 age or sex. 
 
 KIX (page 227). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. How does kind compare with Mnf 2. -What do kin and kindred denote ? 3. 
 What is affinity f How does it differ from consanguinity ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A little more than , and less than . 
 
 He held his seat, — a friend to the human . 
 
 The patient bride, a little sad, 
 Leaving of home and , 
 
 KSfOWLEDOE (page 227). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 \.WWzX.\b knowledge? How does it differ from iw/orwa^iow? 2. What ispercep- 
 tion? apprehension? cognizance? 3. What is intuition? 4. What is ex- 
 penence, and how does it differ ixom intuition? 5. '^'ho.Ws learning ? eru- 
 dition ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 comes, but wisdom lingers. 
 
 The child is continually seeking ; hence his endless questions. 
 
 ' Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical , 
 
 And coming events cast their shadows before. 
 8 lie at the very foundation of all reasoning. 
 
 L.A»fGUAGE (page 228). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the derivation of language ? What was its original signification ? How 
 wide is its present meaning ? 2. As regards the nse of words, what does lan- 
 guage denote in the general and in the restricted sense ? 3. What does speech 
 always involve ? 4. Can we speak of the speech of animals ? of their lan- 
 guage? 5. What is a dialect? a barbaHsm? an idiom? 6. What is a. patois? 
 How does it differ from a dialect ? 7 . What is a vernacular ?
 
 459 ii\r 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 We must be free or die, who speak the • 
 
 That Shakespeare spake: the faith and morals hold 
 Which Milton held. 
 • is great; but silence is greater. 
 
 An infant crying in the night, 
 An infant crying for the light. 
 
 And with no but a cry. 
 
 Thought leapt out to wed with Thought, 
 
 Ere Thought could wed itself with . 
 
 A Babylonish 
 
 Which learned pedants much afEect. 
 O 1 good, my lord, no Latin; 
 I'm not such a truant since my coming 
 As not to know the" 1 have lived in. 
 
 LARGE (page 229). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To how many dimensions does large apply ? How does it differ from long? 2. 
 How does large compare with g?-ea( ? with hig f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above. 
 
 By which those in war, are in love. 
 
 Everything is twice as measured on a three»year»old'8 three=foot scale as 
 
 on a thirty=year»old's six«foot scale. 
 
 And his manly voice, 
 
 Turning again toward childish treble. 
 Pipes and whistles in its sound. 
 
 LAW (page 229). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the definition of law in its ideal ? What does it signify in common use ? 
 
 2. What are the characteristics of command and commandment f of an edict f 
 
 3. What is a ma««;a<e .? a statute? an enactment? 4. In what special con- 
 nection is formula commonly used? ordinance? order? 5. What is the 
 meaning of law in such an expression as " the laws of nature ? " What in 
 more strictly scientific use ? 6. What is acotfe.? jurisprudence? legislation? 
 What is an economy ? Is law ever a s3monym for these words, and in what 
 way? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Order is Heaven's first ; and this confest. 
 
 Some are, and must be, greater than the rest. 
 
 Those he commands move only in , 
 
 Nothing in love. 
 His fair large front and eye sublime declared 
 Absolute . 
 
 We have strict , and most biting , 
 
 Napoleon gave France the best of she has ever possessed.
 
 liberty 
 
 llgbt 460 
 
 is physical, established sequence; intellectual, a condition of intellectual 
 
 action in order that truth may be reached; and moral, an imperative which deter- 
 mines the right guidance of our higher life. 
 
 LIBERTY (page 230). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is freedom? 2. What is liberty in the primary sense? in the widest 
 sense? 3. How do /r<'ec?o»i and liberty compare? 4. Uow \b independence 
 used in distinction trova. freedom and liberty? 5. Is freedom or liberty more 
 freely used in a figurative sense ? 6. What is license? How does it compare 
 with liberty wi& freedom ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In Rousseau's philosophy is conceived of as lawlessness. 
 
 When from her mountain«height 
 
 Unfurled her standard to the air, 
 She tore the azure robe of night. 
 And set the stars of glory there. 
 
 The to go higher than we are is given only when we have fulfilled amply 
 
 the duty of our present sphere. 
 
 they mean when they cry ! 
 
 For who loves that must first be wise and good. 
 
 L.IOHT (page 231). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is light ? 2 . What are the characteristics of a, flame ? a blaze ? 3 . What is a 
 flare ? a. flash ? 4 . What is the sense of glare and glow ? How do they differ, and 
 to what are they applied ? 5. To what do shine and sh£en refer ? 6. What do 
 glimmer, glitter, and shimmer denote ? 7. What is gleam ? a glitter ? a spar- 
 kle? glistening? 8. What is scintillation? in what two senses used ? 9. To 
 what are twinkle and twinkling applied ? 10. What is illumination? incan- 
 descence ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 From a little spark may burst a mighty . 
 
 A as of another life, my kindling soul received. 
 
 It is , that enables us to see the differences between things; and it is Christ 
 
 that gives us . 
 
 White with the whiteness of the snow. 
 
 Pink with faintest rosy , 
 
 They blossom on their sprays, 
 
 Ghastly in the of day. 
 
 • in golden coats like images, 
 
 So   a good deed in a naughty world, 
 
 There's but the of a star 
 
 Between a man of peace and war.
 
 •^- listen 
 
 461 load 
 
 LISTEM (page 332). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does Amr signify ? What does listen add to the meaning of hear? 2. 
 What does attend add to the meaning of listen? 3. Wliat does heed further 
 imply ? 4. What is the difference between listen foi' and listen to? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 And ! how blithe the throstle sings 1 
 
 He, too, is no mean preacher : 
 
 Till I and 
 
 If a step draweth near. 
 Chill airs and wintry winds I my ear 
 Has grown familiar with your song; 
 
 I it in the opening year, 
 
 I and it cheers me long. 
 
 , every one 
 
 That may, unto a tale 
 
 That's merrier than the nightingale. 
 
 The men lay silent in the tall grass for the signal gun that should bid 
 
 them rise and charge. 
 
 MTERATIJRE (page 333). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is literature in the most general sense . In more limited sense ? 2. 
 What does literature, used absolutely, denote ? 3. How may literature include 
 science ? How is it ordinarily contrasted with science? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Wherever consoles sorrow or assuages pain ; wherever it brings gladness 
 
 to eyes which fail with wakefulness and tears— there is exhibited in its noblest form 
 the immortal influence of Athens. 
 
 are life»long friends. 
 
 are embalmed minds. 
 
 In our own language we have a nowhere surpassed, in whose lock no for- 
 eign key will ever rust. 
 
 L.OAD (page 233). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. From what language is burden derived, and with what primary meaning ? load? 
 
 2. What docs weight signify ? How does it compare with load and burden? 
 
 3. Wbat are cargo, freight, and lading? 4. What is the distinctive sense of 
 pack? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Bear ye one another's . 
 
 Wearing all that 
 
 Of learning lightly like a flower. 
 The ass will carry his , but not a double .
 
 look j.„g^ 
 
 make 4*>5* 
 
 LOOK (page 234). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the distinction between look and see ? between these words and behold f 
 2. What is it to gaze? to glance? to stare? 3. What do scan. Inspect, and 
 survey respectively express, and how are they distinguished from one another ? 
 4. What element or elements does watch add to the meaning of look? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It is always well to at people when addressing them. 
 
 Having eyes they not, and having ears hear not. 
 
 Then gently your brother man, 
 
 Still gentler sister woman; 
 Tho' they may gang a kennin wrang. 
 To step aside is human. 
 
 My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that for the morning. 
 
 How peacefully the broad and golden moon 
 
 Comes up to upon the reaper's toill 
 
 I am monarch of all I , 
 
 My right there is none to dispute; 
 From the center all round to the sea, 
 I am lord of the fowl and the brute. 
 
 But, • , the morn in russet mantle clad. 
 
 Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. 
 
 LOVE (page 235). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What ia affection? 2. What may be given as a brief definition of love? 3. 
 Does affection apply to persons or things ? To what does love apply ? 4. What 
 term is preferable to love as applying to articles of food and the like ? 5. How 
 does love differ from affection ? fiom friendship ? 
 
 EXAIVIPLES. 
 
 Peace, commerce, and honest with all nations help to form the bright con- 
 
 Btellation which has gone before us. 
 
 And you must love him ere to you he will seem worthy of your . 
 
 Yet pity for a horse o'erdriven 
 
 And in which my hound has part 
 
 Can hang no weight upon my heart. 
 In its assumptions up to heaven. 
 
 Such and unbroken faith 
 
 As temper life's worst bitterness. 
 
 MAKE (page 236). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 Whatis the essential idea of wiaAe.? 2. How is make allied with create? 3. 
 How is make allied with compose or constitute ? 4. What are some chief anto- 
 nyms for make ? 5 . What are the prepositions chiefly used With make, and 
 how employed ?
 
 ._« marrlai^e 
 
 ■*v<» massacre 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In the beginning God the heaven and the earth. 
 
 The mason , the architect . 
 
 I assert confidently that it is in the power of one American mother to as 
 
 many gentlemen as she has sons. 
 
 Newton discovered, but did not the law of gravitation. 
 
 The river flows over a bed of pebbles like those that the beach and the 
 
 surrounding plains. 
 
 A hermit and a wolf or two 
 
 My whole acquaintance . 
 
 If we were not willing, they possessed the power of us to do them justice. 
 
 The lessons of adversity sometimes soften and , but as often they indurate 
 
 and pervert. 
 
 IHARRIAOE (page 236). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does matrimony specifically denote ? 2. What two senses has marriage f 
 3. From what language is ivedlock derived ? what is its distinctive use ? 4. 
 What is the meaning of wedding? nuptials? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Let me not to the of true minds admit impediments. 
 
 The lover was killed in a duel on the night before the intended . 
 
 I'll join my eldest daughter, and my joy. 
 
 To him forthwith in holy bonds. 
 
 MASCUI.IXE (page 237). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what is male applied ? To what masculine ? 2. To what does manly refer ? 
 manful ? In what connection can manly be used where manful could not be 
 substituted? 3. What is the sense of »iawwisA.? virile? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Every virtue in the higher phases of character begins in truth and pity or 
 
 truth and reverence to all womanhood. 
 
 One brave and struggle 
 
 And he gained the solid land 
 And the cover of the mountains 
 And the carbines of his band. 
 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; 
 and female created he them. 
 
 MASSACRE (page 237). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is massacre? hntchery? havoc? 2. To what does CQ!rwa!!7e especially re- 
 fer ? slaughter? 3. Which of these words can be used of the destruction 
 of life in open and honorable warfare ?
 
 meddlesome ^«* 
 
 memory 4o4 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Mark I where his and his conquests cease t 
 
 He makes a solitude and calls it peace I 
 
 Forbade to wade through to a throne, 
 
 And shut the gates of mercy on mankind. 
 The capture of Port Arthur was followed by a terrible . 
 
 1IEDDL.ESOME (page 238). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the conduct specially characteristic of a meddlesome person ? of an in- 
 trusive person ? of one who is obtrusive? offlcimts? 2. To what is obtrusive 
 chiefly applied ? intrusive ? officious ? meddlesome ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Where sorrow's held and turned out, 
 
 There wisdom wDl not enter nor true power, 
 Nor aught that dignifies humanity. 
 A monkey had been among the papers. 
 
 ItlELODY (page 238). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is harmony ? melody^? In what special feature does the one differ from the 
 other ? 2. How many parts are required for harmony? how many for m£l- 
 ody f 3. What is unison f 4. What does music Include ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sweetest 
 
 Are those that are by distance made more sweet 
 
 , when soft voices die, 
 
 Vibrates in the memory. 
 King out ye crystal spheres 
 And with your ninefold 
 
 Make up full consort to the angelic   
 
 mEHORY (page 239). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is memory in the special and in the general sense ? 2. What is remsm- 
 brance, and how distinguished from memory ? 3. Is remembrance voluntary 
 or involuntary ? 4. What is rfco^^ec^iow, and what does it involve ? 6. What 
 is reminiscerux f retrospection f How do these two words differ ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 like a purse, if it be over=full that it can not shut, all will drop out of it; 
 
 take heed of a gluttonous curiosity to feed on many things, lest the greediness 
 
 of the appetite of thy spoil the digestion thereof. 
 
 wakes with all her busy train, 
 
 Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain. 
 
 It is a favorite device of eminent men to devote their old age to writing their 
 
 s, thus quietly living over again a busy or tumultuous life.
 
 mercy 
 4oD minute 
 
 MERCY (page 339). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is mercy in the strictest sense ? 2. To what class is grace shown ? 3. To 
 what class are mercy, forgiveness, and pardon extended ? 4. In what wider 
 significations is wiercy used ? 5. Whai is clemency .^ lenie?icy or lenity ? How 
 do these words compare with mercy f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 How would you be. 
 If He, which is the top of judgment, should 
 But judge you as you are ? O, think on that; 
 
 And then will breathe within your lips, 
 
 Like man new made. 
 The only protection wliicli the conquered could find was in the moderation, the 
 and the enlarged policy of the conquerors. 
 
 To favor sin is to discourage virtue; undue to the bad is unkindnessjto the 
 
 good. 
 
 METER (page 240). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is euphony ? How does it differ from meter, measure, and rhythm? 2. 
 How are rhythm and meter produced ? 3. How does meter differ from 
 rhythm? 4. What is a verse in the strict sense ? In what wider sense is the 
 
 word often used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is a very vague and unscientific term. Each nation considers its own 
 
 language, each tribe its own dialect, euphonic. 
 
 may be defined to be a succession of poetical feet arranged in regular 
 
 order according to certain types recognized as standards, in verses of a determinate 
 length. 
 
 We have three principal domains in whicli manifests its nature and power 
 
 — dancing, music, poetry. 
 
 nilBf D (page 241). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is mind? How does it differ from Intellect ? 2. What does consciousness 
 include? Is it attended with distinct thinking and willing? 3. What is the 
 soul? 4. From what is ^/w-i^ used in special contradistinction ? How does it 
 differ from soul ? 5 . What is Paley's definition of instinct? 6. In what con- 
 trasted meanings is the word sense employed ? 7. What is thought? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A great will be strong to live, as well as to think. 
 
 God is a : and they that worship him must worship him in and in 
 
 truth. 
 
 MIXUTE (page 242). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 , What is the meaning of minute ? 2. When is a thing said to be comminuted ? 
 3. How does^w* differ from comminuted? 4. What terms are applied to an 
 account extended to minwfe particulars? to an examination similarly extended?
 
 misfortune 
 
 money 4oo 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 No room so ■warm and bright, 
 
 Wherein to read, wherein to write. 
 
 Life hang8 on, held by a thread. 
 
 An organism so as to be visible only under the microscope, yet possessed 
 
 of life, motion, and seeming intelligence is a source of ceaseless wonder. 
 
 MISFORTU^fE (page 242). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What IB misfortune ? Is the sufferer considered blameworthy for it? 2. What 
 is calamity P disaster F 3. In what special sense are the words affliction, 
 chastening, trial, and tritndation used ? How are these four words discrimi- 
 nated the one from another ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 He's not valiant that dares die, 
 
 But he that boldly bears . 
 
 I never knew a man in life who could not bear another's perfectly like a 
 
 Christian. 
 
 ]IIOD£L< (page 243). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is a, model? & pattern? How are they distinguished from one another? 
 2. Which admits of freedom or idealization ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Things done without , in their issue 
 
 Are to be fear'd. 
 
 Be a to others, and then all will go well. 
 
 Washington and his compeers had no of a federal republic with constitu- 
 tional bonds and limitations. 
 
 Moses was admonished, See that thou make all things according to the 
 
 shewed to thee in the mount. 
 
 MODESTY (page 244). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is modesty in the general sense ? In what specific sense is the word also 
 used ? 2. What is bashfulness? diffl,dence? coyness? reserve? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For silence and chaste is woman's genuine praise, and to remain quiet 
 
 within the house. 
 
 If a young lady has that discretion and , without which all knowledge is lit- 
 tle worth, she wUI never make an ostentatious parade of it. 
 
 His shr inkin g was often mistaken for a proud . 
 
 MOaiEY (page 244). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is money? specie? cash? 2. How does property differ from money? 3. 
 What is bullion? capital?
 
 Mtinir morose 
 
 ^*»^ mutual 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 I am not covetous for   
 
 Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost. 
 
 For the love of is the root of all evil. 
 
 He converted all his into ready . 
 
 One who undertakes to do business without is likely to be speedily strait- 
 ened for . 
 
 - in reversion may be of far less value than in hand. 
 
 HOROSE (page 245). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 By what characteristics are the morose distinguished ? the sullen and mlTcyf 2. 
 How does sullen differ from sulky f 3. What is the meaning of surly? 4. 
 Which of these words denote transient moods and which denote enduring 
 states or disposition ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My master is of disposition, 
 
 And little recks to find the way to heaven 
 By domg deeds of hospitality. 
 
 A poet who fails in writing, becomes often a critic. 
 
 He answered with a growl. 
 
 Achilles remained in his tent m inaction. 
 
 MOTIOX (page 246). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is mo<io« .? 2. How does wwiiow differ from movement? Give examples. 
 3. In what sense is nwve employed ? 4. What is the special sense of motion 
 in a deliberative assembly ? 5. Is action or motion the more comprehensive 
 word ? Which is commonly used in reference to the mind ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 That is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest 
 
 numbers. 
 
 There is no death I What seems so is ; 
 
 This life of mortal breath 
 Is but a suburb of the life elysian, 
 
 Whose portal we call Death. 
 The Copemican theory first clearly explained the of the planets. 
 
 MUTUAL (page 346). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the meaning of common ? mutual ? reciprocal ? 2. Is it correct to speak 
 of a mutual friend ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the 
 
 good humor of that person.
 
 name 
 
 neat 4o» 
 
 In all trae family life there is a dependence which binds hearts together. 
 
 action is the rule in the human body, where every part is alternately means 
 
 and end, and every action both cause and effect. 
 
 NAME (page .347). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is a name in the most general sense ? 2. In the more limited sense, how 
 does a name differ from an appellation f a title ? Give instances of the use of 
 these three words. 3. From what language is epithet derived? What is its 
 primary meaning? 4. What doea epithet signify in literary use? 5. What 
 part of speech is an epithet P Is it favorable or unfavorable in signification f 
 6. What is a. cognomen f How does it differ from a surname? 7. What is 
 style considered as a synonym of name ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Those he commands, move only in command 
 
 Nothing in love : now does he feel the 
 
 Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe 
 Upon a dwarfish thief. 
 O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his together. 
 
 NATIVE (page 248). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What does native denote ? natal ? natural f 2. What examples are given in 
 the text of the correct use of these words ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I would advise no child's being taught music who has not a aptitude for it. 
 
 It was the 4th of July, the day of American freedom. 
 
 NAUTICAE (page 248). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what is marine derived ? maritime ? What do these two words respect- 
 ively signify ? 2. From what is naval derived? nautical? How do these 
 words differ in meaning ? 3. How does ocean, used adjectivally, differ from 
 
 oceanic? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 That sea^beast,   
 
 Leviathan, which God of all his works 
 
 Created hugest that swim the stream 
 
 KEAT (page 249). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does clean signify ? 2. Does orderly apply to persons or things, and in 
 what sense ? 3. What does tidy denote ? 4. What is the meaning of neat? 
 5. How does nice compare with neat? 6. What is the significance of spruce? 
 trim? dapper?
 
 ^"" neglect 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 If he (Jefferson) condescended to turn sentences for delicate ears— still, he 
 
 was essentially an earnest man. 
 
 Still to be , still to be drest, 
 
 As you were going to a feast, 
 Still to be powder'd, still perfum'd. 
 
 IVECESSARY (page 250). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. When is a thing properly said to be necessary? 2. What is the meaning of essen- 
 tial F How does it differ from indis])ensable ? 3. With reference to what is a 
 thing said to be requisite? How does requisite compare with essential and 
 indispemaUe? 4. How do inevitable and unavoidable compare? To what 
 kind of things are both these words applied ? 5. How do needed and needful 
 compare with necessary f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 As you grow ready for it, somewhere or other you will find what is for 
 
 you in a book. 
 
 The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy ideas. 
 
 l^ECESSITY (page 250). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is necessity? 2. What do n£ed and tvant imply ? How does need compare 
 with want? 3. How does necessity compare with need? 4. What is an 
 essential ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Courage is, on all hands, considered as an of high character. 
 
 No living man can send me to the shades 
 Before my time; no man of woman born. 
 Coward or brave, can shun his , 
 
 NEGEECT, n. (page 251). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1, What is neglect? negligence? How do the two words compare? 2. What 
 senses has negligence that neglect has not ? 3. Which of the two words may 
 be used in a passive sense ? 4. What is the legal phrase for a punishable 
 omission of duty. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Ah, why 
 Should we, in the world's riper years, — — 
 God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore 
 Only among the crowd. 
 
 But, alas, to make 
 A fixed figure, for the hand of 
 
 To point his slow unmovihg finger at
 
 neur 
 
 oatb 470 
 
 WEW (page 253). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the meaning of new ? of modern ? of recent? 2. How does recent com- 
 pare with ?iew ? 3 . What is the meaning of nmel f of fresh f 4 . To what do 
 young and youthful distinctively apply ? 
 
 IVIIflBLE (page 253). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what does nimble properly refer ? 2. To what does swift apply ? 3. How 
 does alert compare with nimble ? For what is alert more properly a synonym ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Win her with gifts, if she respect not words ; 
 Dumb jewels often, in their silent kind, 
 
 More than words, do move a woman's mind. 
 
 Profound thinkers are often helpless in society, while shallow men have 
 
 and ready minds. 
 
 J^ORMAL, (page 253). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does natural signify ? normal? Give instances of the distinctive use of 
 the two words. 2. What does typical signify ? regular? common? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He does it with a better grace, but I do it more . 
 
 The round of work may grow monotonous, but it is evidently necessary. 
 
 NOTU^ITIISTA]\DI^G (page 254), 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the signification of hoivever as a conjunction? of neve7'theless ? 2. 
 Which is the most emphatic word of the group and what does it signify ? 3. 
 How do yet and still compare with notwitJistanding ? with hut ? 4. What is 
 the force of tho and altho? 5. How does notwithstanding as a preposition 
 differ from despite or in spite of? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 do thy worst, old Time; despite thy wrong, 
 
 My love shall in my verse ever live young, 
 till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace. 
 
 There was an immense crowd the inclement weather. 
 
 OATH (page 254). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Whatisanoa^A.? an affidavit? How does the affidavit differ from the oath? 
 2. WhSitiB an adjuration? 3 . What is a »ow .? How does it differ from an 
 oath? 4. Of what words is oath a popular synonym? 5. In what do aw-
 
 ._y- obfscure 
 
 471 obstinate 
 
 athema, curse, execration, and imprecation agree 1 6. What is an anathema? 
 7. Is a curse just or unjust ? 8. What does execration express ? impjvcaiion? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Better is it that thou shouldest not , than that thou shouldest and 
 
 not pay. 
 
 Then how can any man be said 
 To breali an he never made ? 
 
 OBSCURE (page 255). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1, What is o6«ci<re.?. 12. SHow does obscure compare with complicated? with co»i- 
 plexf with, abstruse ? with prof ovnd? 
 
 OBSOLETE (page 256). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. When is a word obsolete ? When is a word archaic? %. Is an old or ancient 
 word necessarily obsolete ? 3 . What is meant by saying that a word is rare ? 
 4. Is a ?'«?'« word necessarily obsolete or an obsolete word necessarily rare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 When the labors of modern philologists began, Sanscrit was the most of 
 
 all the Aryan languages known to them. 
 
 Atlas, we read in song, 
 
 Was so exceeding tall and strong, 
 He bore the sliies upon his bacli. 
 Just as the pedler does his pacli. 
 
 It is wonderful that so few words are found in Shaliespeare after the 
 
 lapse of three centuries. 
 
 OBSTIK'ATE (page 256). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How does Arac^sirowg' differ from obstinate and stubborn? 2. How do obstinate 
 and stubborn differ from each other ? Which is commonly applied to the in- 
 ferior animals and to inanimate things ? 3. What is the meaning of refrac- 
 tory ? How does it differ from stubborn f Which word is applied to metals, 
 and in what sense ? 4 . What [is the meaning of obdurate ? contumacious ? 
 pertinacious ? 5 . What words do we apply to the unyielding character or 
 conduct that we approve ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Is it in heav'n a crime to love too well ? 
 
 To bear too tender, or too a heart, 
 
 To act a Lover's or a Roman's part ? 
 "I shall talk of what I like," she said wilfully, clasping her hands round her 
 knees with the gesture of an child.
 
 obstruct yfln>a 
 
 operation 47-* 
 
 OBSTRUCT (page 257). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the literal meaning of obstruct? How does it compare with hinder P 
 2. How does obstruct compare with impede f 3. What does arrest signify in 
 the sense here considered ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There is a certain wisdom of humanity which is common to the greatest men 
 
 with the lowest, and which our ordinary education often labors to silence and . 
 
 No, no ing the vast wheel of time. 
 
 That round and round still turns with onward might. 
 
 OLD (page 257). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 , What does oZ(Z signify ? 2. How do o?a and «««m< compare ? 3. What contrasted 
 
 senses has oW .? 4. What is the special force of o/(^e« .? 6. In what sense are 
 
 fjray, hoary, and oldoi used of material objects ? 6. To what is aged chiefly 
 
 applied ? 7. To what do decrepit, gray, and hoary apply, as said of human 
 
 beings ? 8. To what does senile apply ? 9. In what sense is elderly used ? 
 
 10. What are the primary and derived meanings of remote? 11 . What does 
 
 venerable express ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The hills, 
 
 Rock=ribbed and as the sun, — the vales 
 
 Stretching in pensive quietness bet^veen; 
 
 The woods, . . . 
 
 . . . and, poured round all, 
 
 ocean's gray and melancholy waste,— 
 
 Are but the solemn decorations all 
 Of the great tomb of man. 
 
 Through the sequestered vale of rural life, 
 
 The patriarch guileless held 
 
 The tenor of his way. 
 O good head which all men knew ! 
 
 Shall we, shall men, like trees. 
 
 Strike deeper their vUe root, and closer cling, 
 
 Still more enamored of their wretched soil t 
 
 OPERATIOBJ (page 258). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What does operation denote ? and by what kind of agent is it effected ? 2. 
 What do perfo7'mance and execution denote ? and by what kind of agents are 
 they effected? 3. 'Raw Aoee, performance diS.e,rfvam execution? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It requires a surgical to get a joke well into a Scotch understanding. 
 
 His promises were, as he then was, mighty; 
 But his , as he is now, nothing.
 
 Mmft* order 
 
 473 ought 
 
 ORDER (page 258). 
 
 ' QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does instruction imply? direction? 2. How does order compare with 
 direction? 3. To what classes of persons are orders especially given ? How 
 does an order in the commercial sense become authoritative ? 4. How does 
 com7nand com\)aTc with order ? 5. In what sense is reQuirettient uBed 1 By 
 what authority is a requirement made ? 6. In what sense ie, prohibition used f 
 injunction ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 General Sherman writes in his Memoirs, " I have never in my life questioned or 
 
 disobeyed an ." 
 
 " Ye shall become like God "— transcendent fate J 
 That God's forgot, she plucked and ate. 
 
 OSTEXTATIOX (page 259). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is ostentation ? How does it compare with boasting ? display ? skmo ? 
 2. What is pomp? pageant or pageanti-y? What do the two latter words 
 suggest, and how do they compare with pomp? 3. From what is parade 
 derived ? What is its primary meaning ? With what implication is it 
 always used in the metaphorical sense ? How does parade compare with 
 
 ostentation ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The boast of heraldry, the of power, 
 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
 Await alike the inevitable hour; 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave. 
 
 The President's salary does not permit , nor, indeed, is expected 
 
 of him. 
 
 With aU his wealth, talent, and learning, he was singularly free from . 
 
 OVERSIGHT (page 260). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. In what two contrasted senses is oversight used ? 2. How does supeiintendence 
 compaxe vfith oversight ? 3. With what special reference is co?J^roZ used? 4. 
 What kind of a term is surveillance, and what does it imply ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Those Able to conduct great enterprises must be allowed wages of . 
 
 O Friendship, equal poised 1 
 
 Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the thereof not by con- 
 straint, but willingly. 
 
 OUGHT (page 260). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does ought properly signify ? 2. How does ought compare with should? 
 ' 3. In what secondary sense is ought sometimes used ?
 
 pardon, v. 474 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He has not a right to do what he likes, but only what he with his own, 
 
 which after all is his own only in a qualified sense. 
 
 Age have reverence, and be worthy to have it. 
 
 PAIX (page 261). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is pain ? suffering? 2. How does distress rank as compared withj^aiw 
 
 and stiffet'ing ? 3. V^hat is an ache? a throe? a paroxysm? 4. What is 
 
 agony? anguish? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 To each his s ; all are men, 
 
 Condemned alike to groan; 
 
 The tender for another's , 
 
 The unfeeling for his own. 
 The weariest and most loathed worldly life 
 
 That age, , penury, and imprisonment 
 
 Can lay on nature. 
 
 PALLIATE (page 261). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . How do cloak and jmlliate agree in original meaning ? How do they differ in the 
 
 derived senses f 2. What is it to extenuate, and how does that word compare 
 
 •vii'Ciirtalliate? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Speak of me as I am; nothing 
 
 Nor aught set down in malice. 
 
 We would not dissemble nor [our transgressions] before the face of 
 
 Almighty God, our heavenly Father. 
 
 I shall never attempt to my own foibles by exposing the error of another. 
 
 PARDOEf, V. (page 262). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is it to ^ar(?ow .? 2. To what does /oy-r/h's refer ? 3. How do par^^ow and 
 forgive differ in use in accordance with the difference in meaning ? 4. What 
 is it to remit ? to condone ? to excuse ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 How many will say , 
 
 And find a kind of license in the sound 
 To hate a little longer 1 
 
 I him, as heaven shall me. 
 
 To err is human, to , divine.
 
 pardon, n. 
 475 patience 
 
 PARDON, n. (page 262). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is acqvittal? How does it differ from jMrdon ae regards the person acquit- 
 ted or pardoned ? 2. Is an innocent person ever pardoned ? 3. What is oft^iy- 
 Um? amnesty? absohition? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For 'tis sweet to stammer one letter 
 
 Of the Eternal's language;— on earth it is called . 
 
 , not wrath, is God's best attribute. 
 
 to the injured does belong, 
 
 But they ne'er who have done the wrong. 
 
 PART, n. (page 264). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is apart? 2. What is a. fragment f & piece? 3. What do c?i«mo?i and 
 /rac^iore signify ? 4. Whatisa;»r/iow.? 5. WhsX'm a. share ? a.n instalment? 
 a particle ? 6. What do component, constituent, ingredient, and element sig- 
 nify ? How do they differ from one another ? 7. What is a subdivision ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The best of a good man's life, 
 
 His little, nameless, unremembered acts 
 Of kindness and of love. 
 Spirits that live throughout, 
 
 Vital in every . . . 
 
 Can not but by annihilating die. 
 Many cheap houses were built to be sold by s. 
 
 PARTICLE (page 264). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is a particle? 2. What does atom etymologically signify ? What is its 
 meaning in present scientific use ? 3. What is a molemle, and of what is it 
 regarded ae composed ? 4. What is an element in chemistry ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 cretins held that the universe originated from a fortuitous concourse of s. 
 
 But thou Shalt flourish in immortal youth. 
 
 Unhurt amidst the war of s. 
 
 The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. 
 
 Many aquatic animals, whose food consists of small diffused through the 
 
 water, have an apparatus for creating currents so as to bring such within their 
 
 reach. 
 
 PATIENCE (page 265). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is ;ja<ie«ce.? 2. Wh.dX is endurance ? 3. How does /ja<i««ce compare 
 with submission and endurance? 4. To what are submission and resignation
 
 perceive 'l/o 
 
 ordinarily applied ? 5 . What is forbearance ? How does it compare with 
 
 patience f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 With bear the lot to thee assigned, 
 
 Nor think it chance, nor murmnr at the load. 
 For know what man calls Fortune is from God. 
 There is, however, a limit at which ceases to he a virtue. 
 
 PAY (page 266). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is 'pay? compensation? remuneration? recompense? 2. What is an 
 allowance? 3. What are wages? earnings? 4. What is hire? what does 
 it imply ? 5. For what is salary paid ? How does it difiEer from wages? 6. 
 What is a/ee, and for what given ? 
 
 EXAJMPLES. 
 
 I am not aware that , or even favors, however gracious, bind any man's 
 
 soul. 
 
 Our praises are our . 
 
 Carey, in early life, was a country minister with a small . 
 
 Laborers are remunerated by , and officials by . 
 
 PEOPI.E (page 266). 
 qlt;stions. 
 
 1. What is a comtmmity ? a commonioealth ? 2. What is a people? a race? 3. 
 What is a s/a^« .? a. nation? 4. What does populatio?i signify ? tribe? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A may let a king fall, and still remain a , but if a king let his 
 
 slip from him, he is no longer a king. 
 
 Questions of have played a great part in the politics and wars of the latter 
 
 half of the nineteenth century, the Germanic , the Slavonic , the Italian, 
 
 and the Greek s struggling to assert their unity. 
 
 PERCEIVE (page 267). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What class of things do we perceive? 2. How does apprehend differ in scope 
 from perceive? 3. What does conceive signify f 4. How does comprehend 
 compare with apprehend? with conceive? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We may the tokens of the divine agency without being able to or 
 
 — the divine Being. 
 
 . . . Admitted once to his embrace. 
 
 Thou Shalt that thou wast blind before. 
 
 O horror ! horror ! horror I Tongue nor heart 
 Can not nor name thee I
 
 jwiy perfect 
 
 *• * pernicious 
 
 PERFECT (page 368). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is perfect in the fullest and highest sense ? 2. What is absolute in the full- 
 est sense ? 3. What is perfect in the limited sense, and in popular language ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 We have the idea of a Bemg infinitely , and from this Descartes reasoned 
 
 that such a being really exists. 
 
 ' Shall remain ' 1 
 Hear you this Triton of the minnows ? mark you 
 His ' shall ' ? 
 
 PERHANE^T (page 269). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Prom what is durable derived ? to what class of substances is it applied ? 2. 
 WhaX is permanent, and in what connections used? 3. How does enduring 
 compare with durable? with jiermanetit ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My heart is wax, molded as she pleases, but as marble to retain. 
 
 A violet in the youth of primy nature, 
 
 Forward, not , sweet, not , 
 
 The perfume and suppliance of a minute. 
 For her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the Lord, to eat suffi- 
 ciently, and for clothing. 
 
 PERMISSIOIV (page 269). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Whsit is authority F 2. What is permission ? 3. How does permfeseow compare 
 with allawance? 4. 'WTiat is a permit? 5. What is license f How does it 
 compare with autlwrity ? with permission f 6. What does consent involve ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 God is more there than thou; for thou art there 
 
 Only by his • — . 
 
 Thieves for theLr robbery have , 
 
 When judges steal themselves. 
 
 Very few of the Egyptians avail themselves of the which their religion 
 
 allows them, of having four wives. 
 
 PERl^ICIOUS (page 270). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what is pernicious derived, and what does it signify ? 2. How does perni- 
 cious compare with i?^Jurious ? 3. What does noisotne denote? 4. What is 
 the distinctive sense of ?joarfoMS .? 5. B.ow does noxious corny sire with noisome ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Inflaming wine, to mankind. 
 
 So bees with smoke, and doves with stench.
 
 perplexity -wo 
 
 physical *'^ 
 
 Are from their hives, and houses, driven avi'ay. 
 The strong smell of snlfur, and a choking sensation of the lungs indicated the 
 presence of gases. 
 
 PERPLEXITY (page 270). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What IB perplexity? confusion? How do the two words compare ? 2. How do 
 bewilderment and confusion compare ? 3 . From what does amazement result ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Caius.— Vere is mine _ost de Jarterre ? 
 
 Host.— Here, master doctor, in and doubtful dilemma. 
 
 There is such in my powers 
 
 As, after some oration fairly spoke 
 
 By a beloved prince, there doth appear 
 
 Among the buzzing, pleased multitude. 
 
 PERSUADE (page 271). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does conmice denote ? How does it differ from the other words of the 
 group ? 2. What is it to persuade f 3. How is convincing related to persua- 
 sion? 4. How does coaa; compare with ^ersMat^e/" 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A long train of these practises has at length unwillingly me that there is 
 
 something hid behind the throne greater than the king himself. 
 
 He had a head to contrive, a tongue to , and a hand to execute any mischief . 
 
 PERVERSE (page 272). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the etymological meaning of perverse ? What does it signify in common 
 use ? 2. What does petulant signify ? wayward? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 And you, my lords — methinks yon do not well, 
 
 To bear with their objections. 
 
 Whining, purblind, boy ! 
 
 Good Lord ! what madness rules in brainsick men 
 When, for so slight and frivolous a cause, 
 Such emulations shall arise. 
 
 PHYSICAL (page 272). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does material signify ? 2. What idea Aoee physical add to that contained 
 in material ? 3. To what do bodily, corjjoral, and corporeal apply ? 4. How 
 do bodily and cmporal differ from corporeal? 5. To what is cai-jioral now for 
 the most part limited ?
 
 479 gll'/g' 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 punishment is practically abandoned in the greater number of American 
 
 schools. 
 
 Man has two parts, the one and earthly, the other immaterial and 
 
 spiritual. 
 
 These races are all clearly differentiated by other traits than the color of 
 
 the skin. 
 
 We can not think of substance save in terms that imply properties. 
 
 PITIFUL (page 273). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What was the original meaning of pi(!i/M; .? Whatdoesit now signify ? 2. How 
 does pitiful AiSer in use from pitiable i" 3. What was the early and what is 
 the present sense of piteous ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There is something pleading and in the simplicity of perfect ignorance. 
 
 The most sight one ever sees is a young man doing nothing; the Furies 
 
 early drag him to his doom. 
 
 O, the most cry of the poor souls ! 
 
 PITY (page 373). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is pi<y .s' sympathy? 2. How does sympathy in its exercise differ from 
 pity? 3. How does ^;i^2/ differ from zwercv/.? 4. How does co»!^;aw«Jow com- 
 pare with mercy and pity? 5. How docs commiseration differ from 
 compassion ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Nothing but the Infinite is sufficient for the infinite pathos of human life. 
 
 He hallows every heart he once has swayed, 
 And when his presence we no longer share, 
 Still leaves as a relic there. 
 
 PLEAD (page 374). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . Wliat is it to plead in the ordinary sense ? in the legal sense ? 2. How do argue 
 and advocate differ? 3. What do beseech, entreat, and i7)iplore imply? 4. 
 How does solicit compare with the above words ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet. 
 
 Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so. 
 Who art not missed by any that — — — . 
 
 Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to for a reform in 
 
 the writing of biographies ?
 
 pleasant 
 
 poetry 4SO 
 
 PI.EASANT (page 275). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does pleasant add to the senee of 2}leasing ? 2. How does pleasant com- 
 
 ■pare viith kind ? 3. What does good'natured sisoiiy 1 How does it compare 
 
 yii\h pleasant ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Like one that wraps tlie drapery of liis couch 
 About him, and lies down to dreams. 
 
 When fiction rises to the eye, 
 
 Men will believe because they love the lie. 
 
 ... If we must part forever, 
 
 Give me but one word to think upon. 
 
 PLENTIFUL, (page 276). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What kind of a term is enough, and what does it mean ? 2. How does sufficient 
 corn-pare vfith enough ? 3. What is awyjfe .? 4. To what do abunda7it, ample, 
 liberal, and plentiful apply? 5. How is copious used? affluent ? plentiful f 
 6. What does complete express ? 7. In what sense are lavish and profuse em- 
 ployed ? 8 . To what is luxuriant applied ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My joys, 
 
 Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves 
 In drops of sorrow. 
 Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort of women 
 
 were ? 
 
 Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all, 
 The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received, 
 
 And is for both. 
 
 He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb 
 Of tenfold adamant, his shield. 
 
 POETRY (page 377). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What IB 2}oetn/ ? 2. Does poetry involve rime? Does it require meter? 3. 
 What is Imperatively required beyond verse, rime., or meter to constitute 
 ■poetry ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 •is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, taste, 
 
 thought, passion, and insight of a human soul. 
 
 He knew 
 Himself to sing, and build the lofty - 
 And ever against eating cares. 
 Lap me in soft Lydian airs. 
 Married to immortal ,
 
 ^ poltte 
 
 '*5i praiise 
 
 POLITE (page 277). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What are the characteristics of a civil person ? What more is found in one who 
 ia polite? 3. How does cawfeows compare with m)i« .? 3. What does co«r</(/ 
 signify ? genteel f urbane ? 4 . In what sense is polished used ? complaisant f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 She is not for the sake of seeming , but for the sake of being 
 
 kind. 
 
 He was so generally that nobody thanked him for it. 
 
 Her air, her manners, all who saw admired ; tho coy, and gentle tho retired. 
 
 POVERTY (page 279). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does poverty strictly denote ? What does it signify in ordinary use ? 2. 
 What does ;»"iw/^iow signify ? How does it compare with rfis^r^ss.? 3. What 
 is indigence? destitution f penury? 4. What docs pauperism properly sig- 
 nify ? How does it differ from beggary and mendicancy ? 
 
 POWER (page 279). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What Is power? 2. Is poiver limited to intelligent agents, or how widely 
 applied? 3. How does afri^i^y corajjare with j90?w?' .? 4. What is capacity, 
 and how related to power and to ability? 5. What is competency ? faculty ? 
 talent ? 6. What are dexterity and skill? How are they related to talent? 7. 
 What is efficacy ? efficiency ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Bismarck was the one great figure of all Europe, with more for good or evil 
 
 than any other human being possessed at that time. 
 
 The soul, in its highest sense, is a vast for God. 
 
 I reckon it is an oversight in a great body of metaphysicians that they have been 
 
 afraid to ascribe our apprehensions of to intuition. In consequence of this 
 
 neglect, some never get the idea of , but merely of succession, within the bare 
 
 limits of experience, 
 
 PRAISE (page 280). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What \Bpraise? By how many is it given, and how is it expressed ? 2. What 
 is applause? by how many given ? and how expressed ? 3. What is acclama- 
 tion? How does it differ from applause? 4. How does approbation differ 
 from j)raise? 5 . What does ajuprovai add to the meaning of praise .^ 6. How 
 doaa compliment compare vfith 2)raise ? 7. Wimt'iB flattery ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of listening senates to command, 
 
 The threats of pain and ruin to despise, 
 SI
 
 pray 
 
 predestination 4§2 
 
 To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, 
 
 And read their history in a nation's eyes. 
 no man e'er deserved who sought no more. 
 
 Gladly then he mixed 
 Among those friendly powers, who him received 
 With joy and s loud. 
 
 PRAY (page 381). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is it to pi'ay in the religious sense ? 2. In what lighter and more familiar 
 sense may pray be used ? Is this latter use now common ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Hesiod exhorted the husbandman to for a harvest, but to do so with his 
 
 hand upon the plow. 
 
 I kneel, and then — her blessing. 
 
 PRECARIOUS (page 283), 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . To what is the term uncertain applied ? 2. What did preca7-i(yus originally sig- 
 nify ? How is it now used, and how does it differ from uncertain ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 . . . Thou know'st, great son, 
 
 The end of war's . 
 
 Life seems to be   in proportion to its value. 
 
 PRECEDENT (page 383). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a precedent? 2. How does case fall short of the meaning of precedent? 
 3. What is an obiter dictum? How does it differ from a. precedent? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Where freedom broadens slowly down 
 
 From to . 
 
 Let us consider the reason of the , for nothing is law that is not reason. 
 
 PREDESTIXATIOX (page 283). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is predestination? 2. How does, fate differ from predestination? 3. 
 What does necessity signify in the philosophical sense? 4. What is foi'e- 
 knoivledge ? Does it involve foreordination or predestination ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For has wove the thread of life with pain. 
 
 All high truth is the union of two contradictories. Thus and free»will are 
 
 opposites; and the truth does not lie between these two, but in a higher reconciling 
 truth which leaves both tnie.
 
 .g,„ prejudice 
 
 *9fi prevlouH 
 
 prejudice: (page 283). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is a. presumption ? On what is it founded ? 2. On what are prejudice and 
 prepossession based ? How do these two words differ from each other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 When the judgment's weak, the is strong. 
 
 The   is always in favor of what exists. 
 
 His fine features, manly form, and perfect manners awakened an instant 
 
 in his favor. 
 
 PRETENSE (iJage 283). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What IB a pretense ? How does it differ from a ^refea;<.? 2. What is a ruse? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The claim of a stronger nation to protect a weaker has commonly been but a 
 for conquest. 
 
 It is not poverty so much as that harasses a ruined man — the struggle 
 
 between a proud miud and an empty purse. 
 
 The independent English nobility conspired to make an insurrection, and to 
 support the prince's s. 
 
 PREVE»fT (page 284). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the original meaning ot prevent? 2. What word is now commonly 
 used in that sense ? 3. What is the meaning ot obviate f preclude? 4. How 
 is prevent at present used f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The contrary supposition is obviously ■. 
 
 When the Siberian Pacific Railway is finished, what is there to Eussia 
 
 from annexing nearly the whole of China ? 
 
 There appears to be no way to the difficulty. 
 
 PREVIOUS (page 285). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does awfecec?ew< denote ? 2. How does preceding differ from antecedent 
 and jn-evious ? 3. How is anterior commonly used i prior ? 4. Of what is 
 former used ? What does fwmer always imply ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 These matters have been fully explained in chapters of this work. 
 
 The reader will be helped to an understanding of this process by a careful study 
 of the diagram on the page. 
 
 In times many things were attributed to witchcraft that now have a scien- 
 tific explanation.
 
 price 
 
 profit 4S4 
 
 PRICE (page 285). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is tlie cost of an article ? ihejirice? 2. How do cost and price ordinarily 
 differ? 3. In what exceptional case may cos^ and price agree? 4. What 
 does price always imply? 5. What is the meaning of value F How does 
 market value differ from intrinsic value? 6. How does vcdue differ from 
 worth ? 7. To what are charge and expense ordinarily applied ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is the life»giving power of anything ; , the quantity of labor re- 
 quired to produce it ; , the quantity of labor which its possessor will take in 
 
 exchange for it. 
 
 No man can permanently do business by making the of his goods the 
 
 same as their to him, however such a method may help him momentarily in 
 
 an emergency. 
 
 PRIDE (page 286). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is pride f haughtiness ? aiTogance f disdain ? How do these qualities com- 
 pare with pride? 2. What does superciliousness imply according to its 
 etymology ? 3. How do jn'ide and vanity differ ? 4. What dift'erence is noted 
 between self-conceit and conceit? 5. How do self-respect and self-esteem com- 
 pare with each other and with the other words of the group ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 may puff a man up, but never prop him up. 
 
 There is nothing can so little bear with as itself. 
 
 is as ill at ease under indifference as tenderness is under the love which it 
 
 can not return. 
 
 PRIMEVAE (page 287). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the derivation and signification of aboriginal ? autochtlumic ? primeval ? 
 2. What do prime and primary denote ? What special sense has primary as 
 in reference to a school ? 3. llo^v is 2}ri7nordial need ? 4. What does /;n??i- 
 itive suggest, as in the expressions, the primitive church, primitive simphcity ? 
 5. What \a pristine? 6. How do native and indigenous compare ? 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 Thou from nothingness didst call 
 
 First chaos, then existence, Lord. 
 
 The inhabitants of America are long since extinct, for even the races whom 
 
 the white men conquered had themselves supplanted an earlier race. 
 
 All the later ages have wondered at and admired the whole-souled consecration 
 of the church. 
 
 PROFIT (page 288). 
 
   QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What are returns or receipts ? 2 . What is profit in the commercial sense ? What 
 in the intellectual and moral sense ? 3. What is utility ? 4. What does ad-
 
 progress 
 4:8D promote 
 
 vantage originally signify ? Does it now necessarily imply having or gaining 
 superiority to another person, or securing anything at another's expense ? 5. 
 Wliat is gain? benefit? emolument? 6. To what does expediency Gs^ecidllj 
 refer ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Silence has many s. 
 
 No man can read with that which he can not learn to read with pleasure. 
 
 Godliness with contentment is great . 
 
 PROGRESS (page 289). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1, 'WhsX IS progress ? 2. What&oattai>irHent,proflcietici/, and development iniTp\y i 
 3 . What is advance ? How does it differ from progress ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What is thy compared with an Alexander's, a Mahomet's, a Napoleon's ? 
 
 And dreams in their have breath, 
 
 And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy. 
 Human consists in a continual increase in the number of those who, ceas- 
 ing to live by the animal life alone and to feel the pleasures of sense only, come to 
 participate in the intellectual life also. 
 
 PROHIBIT (page 290). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to ^ro7ii6i< .? 2. How does/(W'6i(i compare with 2>roAi&i^? 3. How 
 does prohibit compare with prevent ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Tho much I want which most would have, 
 
 Yet still my mind to crave. 
 
 The laws of England, from the early Plantagenets, sternly the conver- 
 sion of malt into alcohol, excepting a small portion for medicinal purposes. 
 
 Human law must many things that human administration of law can not 
 
 absolutely ; is not this true also of the divine government ? 
 
 PROMOTE (page 291). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is it to promote ? 2. To what does promote apply f To persons or things, 
 and in what way ? 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 The outlawed pirate of one year was the next to be a governor and his 
 
 country's representative. 
 
 The imperial ensign, which full high ed, 
 
 Shone like a meteor streaming in the wind.
 
 propitiation 
 
 protract 486 
 
 PROPITIATIOaf (page 291). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What did atonement originally denote ? What is its present theological and pop- 
 ular sense ? 2. What does expiation signify ? invpitiation ? satisfaction f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 has respect to the bearing which satisfaction has upon sin or the sinner. 
 
 has respect to the effect of satisfaction in removing the judicial displeasure of 
 
 God. 
 
 When a man has been guilty of any sin or folly, I think the best he can 
 
 make is to warn others not to fall into the like. 
 
 Redemption implies the complete deliverance from the penalty, power, and all 
 
 the consequences of sin ; is used in the sense of the sacrificial work, whereby 
 
 the redemption from the condemning power of the law was insured. 
 
 PROPOSAL, (page 391). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What does an offer or proposal do ? 2. What does a, proposition set forth ? 3. 
 For what is the proposition designed? the proposal ? 4. In what way does 
 proposition come to have nearly the sense of proposal in certain uses ? 5. 
 What is a bid? 6. What does an overture accomplish ? In what special ap- 
 plication is the word commonly used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Garrison emphatically declared, " I can not listen to any for a gradual abo- 
 lition of wickedness." 
 
 The theme in confirmation must always admit of being expressed in a logical 
 , with subject, predicate, and copula. 
 
 PROPOSE (page 293). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does propose in its most frequent use differ from purpose f 2. How ia pro- 
 pose used so as to be nearly equivalent to jmrpose? What important difference 
 appears in this latter use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I know, indeed, the evil of that I , but my inclination gets the better of my 
 
 judgment. 
 
 Man 8, but God disposes. 
 
 PROTRACT (page 393). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is it to protract? 2. What is the significance of defer and delay, and how 
 do these words differ in usage from protract? 3. How does elongate differ 
 from protract ? 4. lepivtract ordinarily favorable or unfavorable in sense ? 
 5 . Is continue favorable or unfavorable ?
 
 jtav proverb 
 
 *"• purchase 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Unseen hands   
 
 The commg of what oft seems close in ken. 
 Barton, a hypochondriac, wrote the "Anatomy of Melancholy," that marvel of 
 learning, and his life to the age of sixty=four. 
 
 PROVERB (page 393). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. In what do the proverb and the adage agree ? In what respects do they differ ? 
 2 . What is an apothem ? an aphm'ism f How do these two words differ ? 3 . 
 WW^\.\^ 2i dictmn? a. saying f 4. What is a ^/ws/j^ .? How does it differ from 
 a motto or maxim f 5 . How do motto and maxim differ from each other ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The must be verified. 
 
 That beggars mounted, run their horse to death. 
 
 Books, like s, receive their chief value from the stamp and esteem of ages 
 
 through which they have passed. 
 
 PRUDEBICE (page 294). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the definition of ;;rM(?e«ce f 2. How does providence differ from pt^- 
 dence? 3. How does care compare with jori/ctewce and ^?w.'iffe«c« .? 4. How 
 IB frugality related to prudence f 5 . How &o foresight and f (/rethought com- 
 pare with each other, and both with providence ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 When desp'rate ills demand a speedy cure, 
 
 Distrust is cowardice, and folly. 
 
 With a unknown in other parts of Scotland, the peasantry have in most 
 
 places planted orchards around their cottages. 
 
 PURCHASE (page 295). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what language is purchase derived ? 2. From what is buy derived ? 3. 
 How do buy and purchase agree in meaning ? What single definition would 
 answer for either ? 4. How do buy and purchase differ in use ? Give instances. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I'll give thee England's treasure, 
 
 Enough to such another island. 
 
 So thou wilt make me live. 
 
 'Tis gold which s admittance. 
 
 the truth, and sell it not.
 
 pure ^og 
 
 quote *"" 
 
 PURE (page 296). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What does ^wre signify ? 2. In what sense are material substances said to be 
 pure f 3. What does pure denote in moral and religious use ? 4. How does 
 pure compare with innocent f with virtuous f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Water from melted snow is r than rain=water, as it descends through the air 
 
 in a solid form, incapable of absorbing atmospheric gases. 
 Stone walls do not a prison make, 
 Nor iron bars a cage ; 
 
 Minds and quiet take 
 
 That for a hermitage. 
 
 In every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a offering, saith 
 
 the Lord of hosts. 
 
 QUEER (page 397). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1, What is the meaning of odd? singular? Are odd and singular precise equiv- 
 alents ? 2. When is a thing called strange? 3. What is the primary mean- 
 ing of peculiar ? With what implication is it now commonly used ? 4. What 
 is the meaning of ecce«^nc .? How does it differ in use from orfc? or ^(/ecr.? 5. 
 How does erratic compare with eccentric ? 6. What is the primary meaning 
 of queer? its common meaning ? 7. What is the significance of quaint? 
 
 grotesque ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A , shy man was this pastor— a sort of living mummy, dried up and 
 
 bleached by Icelandic snows. 
 
 In setting a hen, says Grose, the good women hold it an indispensable rule to put 
 an number of eggs. 
 
 Only a man of undoubted genius can afford to be . 
 
 The architecture of these medieval towns has a strange fascination. 
 
 qUICKEX (page 297). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is it to acce?emfe .? to despatch? 2. What does the verb speed signify? 
 hasten? hurry? What does hurnj suggest in addition to the meaning of 
 
 hasten ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The motion of a falling body is continually ed. 
 
 The muster=place is Lanrick mead I 
 forth the signal 1 Norman, ! 
 
 The pulsations of the heart are ed by exertion. 
 
 qUOTE (page 298). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does cite differ from quote ? 2. What is it to paraphrase ? to plagiarize ?
 
 racy 
 489 reach 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A great man bravely, and will not draw on Ms invention when his mem- 
 ory serves him with a word aa good. 
 
 The Devil can Scripture for his purpose. 
 
 To appropriate others' thoughts or words mechanically and without credit is 
 
 to- 
 
 RACY (page 299). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what does racy in the first instance refer ? imngent? 2. How docs piquant 
 &i£eT from pungent ? 3. How are these words and the word spicy used in 
 reference to literary products ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Pure mother English, and fresh with idiomatic graces. 
 
 The atmosphere was strangely impregnated with the odor of burning peat. 
 
 The spruce, the cedar, and the juniper, with their balsamic breath, filled the 
 air with a fragrance. 
 
 RADICAL (page 299). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the primary meaning of radical f 2 . What contrasted senses are derived 
 from this primary meaning ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Timidity is a defect in a reformer. 
 
 Social and political leaders look to vested interests, and hence are inclined to 
 regard all measures as . 
 
 RARE (page 300). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 , What is the meaning of uniqtie f Can any one of a number of things of the same 
 kind be unique ? 2. What is the primary meaning of ro.re ? What added sense 
 is often blended with this primary meaning ? 3. Is extraordiiiary favorable 
 or unfavorable in meaning ? 
 
 EXAJVIPLES. 
 
 Nothing is so as time. 
 
 That which gives to the Jews their position among the nations is what we 
 
 are accustomed to regard as their sacred history. 
 
 And what is so as a day in June ? 
 
 Then, if ever, come perfect days. 
 
 REACH (page 300). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to reach in the sense here considered ? 2. What is it to arrive? 
 3. What does attain add to the meaning of arrive? What does gain add ?
 
 real 
 
 reason 490 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 And grasping down the boughs 
 
 I ed the shore. 
 
 He gathered the ripe nuts in the fall, 
 And berries that grew by fence and wall 
 
 So high she could not them at all. 
 
 The heights by great men ed and kept 
 
 Were not ed by sudden flight, 
 
 But they, while their companions slept. 
 Were toOLng upward in the night. 
 It is only in this way that we can hope to at truth. 
 
 REAL (page 301). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . From what is real derived ? What does it mean ? 2. From what is the real dis- 
 tinguished ? 3. To what is actual opposed ? 4. What shades of difference 
 may be pointed out between the four words actual, real, developed, and 
 positive f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In life we do not die when all that makes life bright dies to ns. 
 
 If there was any trouble, or impending, affectiug those she had served, her 
 
 place was with them. 
 
 This was regarded as proof of conspiracy. 
 
 REASON, V. (page 302). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is it to reason about a matter ? 2. From what is argue derived, and what 
 does it mean ? 3. What is it to demonstrate f to prove? How do these two 
 words agree and differ ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There are two ways of reaching truth : by ing it out and by feeling it out. 
 
 In ing, too, the person owned his skill, 
 
 For e'en tho vanquished, he could still. 
 
 A matter of fact may be ed by adequate evidence; only a mathematical 
 
 proposition can be ed. 
 
 REASO]^, 11. (page 302). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does cause differ from reason, in the strict sense of each of the two words ? 
 2. How is reason often used so as to be a partial equivalent of cause? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 No one is at liberty to speak ill of another without a justifiable , even tho 
 
 he knows he is speaking truth. 
 
 I am not only witty myself, but the that wit is in other men. 
 
 Necessity is the of tyrants; it Is the creed of slaves. 
 
 Alas ! how light a may move 
 
 Dissension between hearts that love 1
 
 , reasoning 
 
 '»"! religion 
 
 REASOBfING (page 303). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What do argumentation and debate ordinarily imply ? 2. How does reasoning 
 differ from both the above words in this respect ? 3. To what kind of reason- 
 ing were argument and argumentation formerly restricted ? How widely are 
 the words now applied ? 4. How do argument and argumentatixm compare 
 with reasoning as regards logical form ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 All , Indactive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown through the 
 
 known; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no . 
 
 Early at Business, and at Hazard late, 
 
 Mf.d at a fox » chase, wise at a . 
 
 If thou continuest to take delight in idle , thou mayest be qualified to com- 
 bat with the sophists, but never know how to live with men. 
 
 REFIXEMEBJT (page 305). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what does civilization apply, and what does it denote ? 2. What is refine- 
 ment f 3 . What is the primary meaning of cultivation ? the derived meaning ? 
 4. By what word is cultivation now largely superseded ? 5. What Aa^s, cul- 
 ture denote ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What is ? It is the humanization of man in society, the satisfaction for 
 
 him in society of the true law of human nature. 
 
 Giving up wrong pleasure is not self ^sacrifice, but self* . 
 
 This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are born only 
 with a capacity of entertaining this . 
 
 RELIABLE (page 306). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and use of the word 
 reliable f 2. What do trusty and trustworthy denote ? 3. How does reliable 
 compare with these words ? 4. What meaning may I'eliable convey that trusty 
 and trustworthy would not ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Good lack ! quoth he, yet bring it me. 
 My leathern belt likewise, 
 
 In which I bear my sword. 
 
 When I do exercise. 
 
 The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly account, was 
 
 performed by the Norsemen. 
 
 REEIOIOIV (page 307). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the original sense of piety? the derived sense ? 2. What is re%iow .?
 
 rend 
 
 repentance 492 
 
 What does it include ? ^ . ^Yil■^.t is worship ? devotion ? 4. What is wwro/- 
 ity? godliness? holiness? 5. How is theology related to religion? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 • is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and inaccessible 
 
 to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and 
 practises which flow from such belief. 
 
 , whose soul sincere 
 
 Fears God, and knows no other fear. 
 
 To deny the freedom of the will is to make impossible. 
 
 Systematic may be defined as the substance of the Christian faith in a 
 
 scientific form. 
 
 REXD (page 309). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . To what are rend and tear usually applied ? Which is the stronger word ? 2. 
 In what connection is rive used, and in what sense ? 3. What does lacerate 
 signify? 4. How does mangle compare with lacerate? 5. What do burst 
 and ntpture signify ? Which is the stronger word ? When is a steam-boiler 
 said to be tmptured? 6. What does rip signify ? 
 
 EXAAIPLES. 
 
 Storms do not the sail that is furled. 
 
 Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig«pated fellow a 
 
 passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings. 
 
 And now a bubble e, and now a world. 
 
 The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle ; a mere drop in amount, but 
 a deluge in its effects, ing the colonies forever from the mother country. 
 
 RENOUNCE (page 309). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what is renounce derived, and in what sense used ? recant? retract? 2. 
 What ia it to discard ? 3. How does revoke compare with recall in original 
 meaning and in present use ? 4. What is the derivation and the distinctive 
 meaning of abjure ? 6. In what sense is repudiate used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to and 
 
 curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth. 
 
 He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide, earth to 
 
 forfeit heaven. 
 
 He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in the hands 
 of those who were determined that he should or die. 
 
 REPENTANCE (page 310). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is regret ? 2. What does penite7ice aM to regret ? 3. How does repent- 
 ance surpass the meaning of 2)enitence, regret, sorrow, etc.? 4. What is co?n-
 
 493 
 
 reproof 
 reprove 
 
 punction? contrition? 5. What is remorse, a,nd how does it compare with 
 repentance f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What then ? what rests ? 
 
 Try what can : what can it not ? 
 
 Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty 
 
 Be a sufficient ransom for offense, 
 
 I tender't here. 
 
 So writhes the mind haa riven. 
 
 Unmeet for earth, undoomed to heaven, 
 Darkness above, despair beneath. 
 Around it flame, within it death. 
 
 REPROOF (page 311). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 kx&'blartie, censure, and disapproval spoken or silent? 2. Are comment, criti- 
 cism, rebuke, reflection, reprehension, and reproof expressed or not ? 3 . How 
 of admonition and animadnersion ? 4. Are comment and criticism favorable 
 or unfavorable ? Do they imply superiority on the part of commentator or 
 critic ? 5 . Do reflection and reprehension imply such superiority ? How 
 are these two words discriminated ? 6. What does retnike literally signify ? 
 To what kind of person is a rebuke administered ? 7. To what kind of person 
 is reproo/ administered ? 8. What do rebuke and reproof iax\Ay on the part of 
 him who administers them? 9. What m animadversion F admonition? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or hatred. 
 
 The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful of a friend. 
 
 Open is better than secret love. 
 
 REPROVE (page 312). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is it to censure f to reprove f to reprimand ? 2. How does admonish com- 
 pare with the other words in the group ? Is its reference to the past or to the 
 future ? 3 . What is it to reproach ? Does this word imply authority or su- 
 periority ? 4. What is the force of expostulate and remonstrate ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He that oppresseth the poor eth his Maker. 
 
 Her answer ed me; for she said, " I never ask their crimes, for we have all 
 
 come short." 
 
 Moses was ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle : for, 
 
 see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the 
 mount. 
 
 This witness is true. Therefore them sharply, that they may be sound in 
 
 the faith.
 
 rest MQA 
 
 revolution ^^ * 
 
 REST (page 313). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is ease ? quiet f rest f 2 . What is 7'ecreation, and how is it related to reM ? 
 3. What is rejwse in the primary, and what in the derived, sense ? 4. How 
 does repose compare with rest ? 5 . What is a pome f 6 . How does sleep com- 
 pare with repose and rest f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Seeli out, less often sought than found, 
 
 A soldier's grave— for thee the best; 
 Then look around, and choose thy ground. 
 
 And take thy . 
 
 Her manners had not that 
 
 That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere. 
 Shall I not take mine in mine inn ? 
 
 RESTRAIN (page 315). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is it to restrain? 2. How does cow5)!mi« differ from restrain? 3. How 
 does restrain differ from restrict';? 4. How does repress compare with re- 
 strain? suppress? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The English Puritans, ed at home, fled for freedom to America. 
 
 In no political system is it so necessary to the powers of the government 
 
 as in a democratic state. 
 
 REVE^OE (page 316). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. ^ffh&i i& revenge ? 2. How does retaliation compare with revenge? 3. What 
 did vengeance formerly mean, and what does it now imply ? 4. What is a re- 
 quital ? 5. How do avenging and retHbution differ from retaliation, revenge, 
 and vengeance? 6. What difference maybe noted between avenging and 
 
 retribution ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 According to the wish of Sulla himself, ... his monument was erected in the 
 Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself: "No friend ever did 
 me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without receiving full ." 
 
 By the spirit of , as we sometimes express it, we generally understand a 
 
 disposition, not merely to return suffering for suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain 
 on the person who is supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires. 
 
 In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal immortality with . 
 
 REVOEUTIOM (page 317). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the essential idea of revolution? 2. Does a revolution necessarily in- 
 volve war? 3. What is anarchy? insubordination? sedition? revolt? re- 
 bellion? 4. How does rebellion differ from revolution ? 5. By what class of 
 persons is insurrection made ? tnutiny ?
 
 .__ revolve 
 
 '*»0 sacrament 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 s are not made; they come. 
 
 to tyrants is obedience to God. 
 
 Since government is of God, must be contrary to his will. 
 
 REVOL-VE (page 318). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. When is a body said to ro^Z/ to rotate? io revolve? 2. In what sense may the 
 earth be said to revolve? and in what sense to rotate ? 3. What are some of 
 the extended uses of roll? 4. What kind of a word is <m;'w, and what is its 
 meaning ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Any bright star close by the pole is seen to in a very small circle whose 
 
 center is the pole itself. 
 
 The sun s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets in 
 
 their orbits. 
 
 Human nature can never rest; once in motion it — — s like the stone of Sisyphus 
 every instant when the resisting force is suspended. 
 
 RIGHT (page 319). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is a right ? Is it general or special ? 2. What is a privilege ? an exemp- 
 tion ? an. immunity ? 3. Wb.a,t is & franchise? a prerogative ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Friendship gives no to make ourselves disagreeable. 
 
 All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable s. 
 
 RUSTIC (page 331). 
 
 QL\ESTIONS. 
 
 1 . From what are rural and rustic alike derived ? How do the two words agree in 
 general signification ? How are they discriminated in use? 2. What is the 
 meaning of pastoral ? of bucolic ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 How still the morning of the hallowed day ! 
 
 Mute is the voice of labor, hush'd 
 
 The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song. 
 
 The arbor which the summit crowned 
 
 Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet»vine, 
 Clematis, and the wild white eglantine. 
 When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually upon the 
 stage. 
 
 SACRAMEBIT (page 821). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is a religious semce in the extended sense? 2. What is a sacrament?
 
 science 'ISfo 
 
 3. What is an observance? an m'dinafice? 4. How do sacrament a,nA ordi- 
 nance differ ? 5 . What is a rite ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it be invigorated and reim- 
 pressed by external s. 
 
 Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together m the same 
 prayers and s. 
 
 SAL.E (page 323). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. "W)iX2X'mcliange ox exchange f 2. What is &«?■/« r? «a/e.? 3. What is a ftar^rai?* 
 in the strict sense ? 4. What is trade in the broad and in the limited sense ? 
 
 EXAIVIPLES. 
 
 Honor sits smiling at the of truth. 
 
 I'll give thrice as much land to any well=deserving friend, 
 
 But in the way of , mark ye me, 
 
 I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. 
 
 Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made 
 
 To coin a penny in the way of . 
 
 ^ SAMPI^E (page 323). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is B. sample? a. specimen? 2. How Ao sample and «pecim€» compare as 
 indications of the quality of that which they respectively represent ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the goods corre- 
 spond to the . 
 
 Curzola is a perfect of a Venetian town. 
 
 SCHOLAR (page 324). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the primary sense of scholar? the derived sense ? 2. What does jn/pil 
 signify ? How is it technically used in educational work ? 3. In what sense is 
 student employed ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once mark a . 
 
 The State of New York supplies all needed text'books free of charge to the 
 — s in the public schools. 
 The 8 in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense enthusiasm. 
 
 SCIEXCE (page 325). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does science compare with knowledge ? How does art compare with science ? 
 3. What two senses of art must be discriminated from each other ? 4. In
 
 security 
 497 sensibility 
 
 which Bense is art a system of rules? 5. In which sense does art tran- 
 scend rule ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Beethoven took his as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his religion. 
 
 Modem may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it in 
 
 relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws were formed, or 
 to the feeble intellect of man, by which its depths have been sounded, and its 
 mysteries explored. 
 
 Printing has been aptly termed the preservative of all other s. 
 
 SECURITY (page 336). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Of what kind of value or property must an earnest consist ? 2. How do j^ledge 
 and security differ from earnest f 3 . How does security differ from pledge f 
 4. What is hail ? gage ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people. 
 
 The surest of a deathless name 
 
 Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken. 
 
 And for an of a greater honor, 
 
 He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor. 
 
 SENSATIOX (page 328). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. 'WaaXi^ a. sensation? & perception? 2. How does an ewo^iow differ from & sen- 
 sation ? 3. How does the popular term feeling compare with sensation and 
 emotion ? 4. What is a sense ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 But , in the technical and limited sense of the term, is appropriated to 
 
 the knowledge of material objects, and of the external world. This knowledge is 
 
 gained or acquired by means of the s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it 
 
 sensible , or, more briefly, sense . 
 
 8 sweet. 
 
 Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart. 
 
 SENSIBILITY (page 328). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is seri«i6«;i<2/ in the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. What does 
 sensi<iTCw««s denote ? 3. What is «w«cf;j^;6«^i^2/ .^ How does it compare with 
 sensitiveness? 4. How are susceptibility and sensitiveness discriminated in 
 
 physics ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The of the external surface of the body is a special endowment adapted to 
 
 the elements around and calculated to protect the interior parts from injury. 
 
 to pleasure is of necessity also to pain. 
 
 Every mind is in a peculiar state of to certain impressions. 
 
 32
 
 severe -_^ 
 
 sketch 49S 
 
 SEVERE (page 329). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is severe ? rigid? strict? 2. How does Hg'oroMS compare with ng'iflf? 3. 
 
 What does austere signify ? What element is always found in an austere 
 
 character ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In mathematics we arrive at certitude by demonstration. 
 
 He who the sword of heaven will bear 
 
 Should be as holy as . 
 
 law is often injustice. 
 
 By adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the English 
 
 have come to be always believed in India. 
 
 SHELTER, V. (page 331). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . When is anything said to be covered ? 2. How does shelter compare with cover f 
 3. What does defend signify ? 4. What does g-ward imply ? 5. How does 
 •protect surpass guard and defend ? 6. What does shield signify 1 How does 
 it compare with guard or defend ? 7. In what sense is the verb harbor' com- 
 monly used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 He that eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh them shall find 
 
 mercy. 
 
 Thou who trod'st the billowy sea, 
 
 us in our jeopardy I 
 
 In youth it ed me, 
 
 And I'll protect it now. 
 
 SI»f (page 333). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is sin? 2. How is transgression discriminated from sin in the general 
 sense ? 3. WhaX iB crime ? guilt? depravity? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Commit 
 
 The oldest s the newest kind of ways. 
 
 — is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial to society. 
 
 How once harbored in the conscious breast, 
 
 Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. 
 
 SKETCH (page 334). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is a sketch ? How does it compare with outline ? 2. In what special con- 
 nection are draft and plati used ? 3. How does a mechanical drawing differ 
 from a draft? 4. What is a design? How does it exceed the meaning of 
 drawing ? 5 . What is an outline in written composition ? How does a sketch
 
 /foo skilful 
 
 ■*»W slang 
 
 in thi8 sense compare with an outline? 6. Wliat is an outline of a sermon 
 teclinically called ? 7. Wliat is a lawyer's brief? How does it compare with 
 an outline or sketch f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been defined, 
 
 is a bad foundation for a good picture. 
 
 A little model the master wrought. 
 
 Which should be to the larger 
 
 What the child is to the man. 
 
 SKILFUL, (page 335). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What does skilful signify? 2. How does dexterous compare with sM/mZ .? 3. 
 How does a skilled compare with a skilful workman f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 So seamen ken the land from far, 
 
 Which shows like mists to the dull passenger. 
 
 Thousands of workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the strikes 
 
 and lockouts of every year. 
 
 Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has been but the 
 sleight of hand of spirits embodied. 
 
 §L.A]\[DE:R (page 336). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is it to slander f to defame? to libel? 2. When is defame equivalent to 
 slander? When is it equivalent to libel? 3. What ia it to asperse ? to ma- 
 lign? to traduce ? to disparage ? 4. How do slander and libel differ in legal 
 signification from the other words ? 5. Which words of the group apply to 
 open attack in one's presence, and which to attack in his absence ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 ed to death by villains 
 
 That dare as well answer a man, indeed, 
 As I dare take a serpent by the tongue. 
 
 If the Scriptures seem to knowledge, it is the knowledge that despises 
 
 virtue. 
 
 Challenging each recreant doubter 
 Who ed her spotless name. 
 
 SL.AXO (page 336). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is a colloquialism ? 2. What is slang in the primary and ordinary sense ? in 
 special senses ? 3. What is a vulgarism? 4. What is cant in the sense here 
 considered ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There is a bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is also a
 
 socialism -^a 
 
 state 500 
 
 that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that fills a gap in the language and 
 mounts ultimately to the highest places. 
 
 A is worse than , because it bears the ineffaceable stamp of igno- 
 rance. 
 
 SOCIALISm (page 338). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is socialism? What term do many of its advocates prefer ? 2. What is 
 communism f anarchism f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the abolition of the fam- 
 ily, the abolition of nationalities, the abolition of religion, the abolition of property. 
 
 , in some modified form, is steadily making its way among thinking men 
 
 under the guise of cooperation. 
 
 is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the wisdom of 
 
 the man who burned down his house because his chimney smoked. 
 
 SPOKTANEOrs (page 340). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. When is anything properly said to be spontaneous f voluntary f involuntary? 
 2. How do voluntary and involuntary compare with each other ? both with 
 spontaneous ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are continually 
 
 going on without any effort or intention on our part are spontaneous. 
 No action that is not has any merit. 
 
 SPY (page 340). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1, In what are the spy and the scout alike ? 2. In what do they differ ? 3. What 
 
 are their respective rights in case of capture ? 4. "VMiat is an emissary? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A daring of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and informed 
 
 me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the town. 
 
 I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army and, to in- 
 form myself of what was going on, determined to send a into the enemy's lines. 
 
 STATE, V. (page 341). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 From what is state derived ? What does it mean ? 2. What is the significance 
 of assei't? What element is prominent in this word ? 3. What is the relative 
 force of affirm and assert? asseverate? aver? assure? 4. What does affli'm 
 signify in legal use, and how does it differ from swear ? 5 . What is it to 
 certify? 6. \fh.&i Aoes vindicate signify?
 
 CA* storm 
 
 ""» - subjective 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The first condition of intelligent debate is tliat the question be clearly ed. 
 
 We that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of thought, 
 
 parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct — the natural sciences held together by the 
 one, the moral by the other. 
 
 It is impossible for the mind to anything of that of which it knows 
 
 nothing. 
 
 STORTH (page 343). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . What is the essential meaning of storm f 2. What is a tempest? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The is hard at hand will sweep away 
 
 Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage. 
 Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from beyond the 
 tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory velocity proper to the two situa- 
 tions would be so great as to produce not merely a wind, but a of the most 
 
 destructive violence. 
 
 STORY (page 343). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is a story? Is it true or false ? 2. What is an anecdote? a narrative or 
 
 narration? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 There are , common to the different branches of the Aryan stock. . . . They 
 
 are ancient Aryan , . . . older than the Odyssey, older than the dispersion of 
 
 the Aryan race. 
 
 s are relations of detached, interesting particulars. 
 
 Fairy s have for children an inexhaustible charm. 
 
 SUBJECTIVE (page 345). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 What is the meaning of subjective ? of objective ? 2. How are these words illus- 
 trated in the case of a mountain ? 3. What matters are T^imGiy subjective ? 4. 
 What matters are purely objective? 5. What is meant by saying that an author 
 has a subjective or an objective style ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself ; and , that which belongs to, or 
 
 proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term for that about which the know- 
 ing subject is conversant, . . . while means that which belongs to, or proceeds 
 
 from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing ; and thus denotes what 
 is real, in opposition to what is ideal,— what exists in nature, in contrast to what 
 exists merely in the thought of the individual.
 
 suggestion <-a£» 
 
 support 502 
 
 SUGGESTIOIV (page 347). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. In what way does a suggestion bring a matter before the mind ? 2. What is an 
 intimation? a. hint? 3. What are the special characteristics of insinuatkm 
 and innuendo f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Behold in the bloom of apples, 
 And the violets in the sward, 
 
 A of the old, lost beauty 
 
 Of the garden of the Lord .' 
 
 Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to of images 
 
 of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow when the images arise. 
 
 An is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and the one 
 
 who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed misconstruction of his words; 
 but the is the stab in the back, sneaking as it is malicious. 
 
 SUPERNATURAL (page 347). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the original meaning of supernatural? of preternatural? 2. What is 
 commonly implied in the use of jrreternatwal ? 3. In what sense do some hold 
 a miracle to be supernatural ? What descriptive term would others prefer ? 
 4. What is the meaning of superhuman? In what secondary sense is it often 
 used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 It was something altogether , as when God said, ' Let there be light,' and 
 
 there was light. 
 
 With an imagination of intense vividness and activity, Choate was as prac- 
 tical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an " incarnation of fat dividends." 
 
 SUPPORT (page 348). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What do supp&i'i siaA sustain alike signify? 2. Tlow does sustain surpass sup- 
 port in meaning and force ? 3. What is the force and use of bear in this con- 
 nection ? 4. What is it to maintain ? 5. IIow does 7naintain com\}are Yiith 
 support as to fulness and as to dignity ? 6. What is it to prop? What is the 
 limit upon the meaning of this word f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 And Cain said. My punishment is great than I can . 
 
 You take my house when you do take the prop 
 
 That doth my house. 
 
 Can a soul like mine, 
 Unus'd to power, and form'd for humbler scenes, 
 
 the splendid miseries of greatness ? 
 
 Wliile less expert, tho stronger far, 
 The Gael ed unequal war.
 
 503 t^i^r"" 
 
 SUPPOSE (page 348). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is it to ,wj;po«e .? 2. "Row does co/ijeciure diScr from stij^wsef 3. What 
 
 does think signify in the sense here considered f IIow does it compare with 
 
 conjecture or svtmose f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Newton ed that if the earth were to be so compressed as to be absolutely 
 
 without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic inch. 
 
 Let it not be ed that principles and opinions always go together. 
 
 SYMOMYlIOrS (page 349). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Are there any sj/wowywfOT's words in the strict sense of the term? 2. What is 
 meant by synonymous words ? 3. What are the two common faults with ref- 
 erence to synxmymofus words or sijnonyins ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those words termed 
 
 To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic fortress [Sumter] 
 the flag which had waved over it during its first bombardment. 
 
 SYSTEM (page 350). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 I . What is order, in the sense here considered ? 2. What does method denote ? 
 3. What is a system P 4. To what does manner refer? 5. To what does 
 regularity apply ? 6. Can there be order without regularity or regularity 
 without order, and how ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 If this be madness, there is in it. 
 
 A is ... an organised body of truth, or truths arranged under one and the 
 
 same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which assimilates all those truths. 
 
 TEACH (page 353). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 J. What is it to feacA .? 2. How does instruct surpass teax;h in signification? 3. 
 What secondary sense has instruct ? 4. What is the full meaning of educate? 
 5. What is it to <rai/? .? 6. To what is train commonly applied where edu- 
 cate could not well be used ? 7 . What is it to discipline f 8 . What does nur- 
 ture signify, and how does it compare with educate f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Plato returned to Athens and began to ; like his master, he without 
 
 money and without price. 
 
 For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be ed in 
 
 childhood.
 
 term 504 
 
 time 
 
 him. 
 
 The Highlanders flocking to him from all quarters, though ill-armed, and worse 
 — ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was yet to encounter 
 
 TERM (page 354). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the literal meaning of term? 8. Is this meaning retained in the flgnrar 
 
 tive uses of the word ? 3. What are the articles of a contract ? the terms of a 
 
 contract ? 4. What is a condition? 5. What is a tern in the logical sense ? 
 
 6. How does tenn in ordinary use compare with woj^d, expression, ox phrase? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 For beauty's acme hath a as brief 
 
 As the wave's poise before it break in pearl. 
 
 But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca] ? s, nothing but s. 
 
 The very miser is a confession of the misery which attends avarice. 
 
 TERSE (page 354). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is the meaning of short or brief? 2. What is the derivation and meaning 
 otc07icise? of condensed? of co7npendiot(s ? 3. What is the derivation and 
 meanmg of mcciiict ? of terse ? 4. What is the force of summary? o. What 
 is a sententious style ? a jiithy utterance ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always . 
 
 In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer, but less 
 
 than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has supplanted. 
 
 TESTIMONY (page 355";. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. Vlhvit ia testimony ? 2. How does it compare with evidence? 3. How does a 
 deposition differ from an affidavit ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The word , m legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any 
 
 alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us for investigation, is 
 established or disproved. 
 
 As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw nothing of 
 them, tho from the we have, somethmg of this kind has been produced. 
 
 TIME (page 356). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. To what io sequence and succession apply? 2. What does <m« denote.? How 
 is it conceived of with reference to events ? 3. How do duration, and succes- 
 sion compare with titne ?
 
 tA^t tool 
 
 9V9 transaction 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in — — past. 
 This gives us the idea in the concrete. . . . "We can now, by a process of abstraction, 
 separate the from the event, and we have the abstract idea of time. 
 
 The of each earthqualie is measured generally only by seconds, or erven 
 
 parts of a second. 
 
 It has been conjectured that our idea of is founded upon the conscious 
 
 of sensations and ideas in our own minds. 
 
 TOOI^ (page 358). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is a, tool P 2. How does instrument compare in meaning with tool? 3. 
 What special <oofe are ordinarily called instruments? 4. What is an imj)le- 
 ment? 5. What is a utensil? In what special relations is the word used ? 
 Q.'Whaiiaaxi.cqmliance? "Hovi Aoes appliance comT^axa viith tool ? 7. What 
 is a mechanism ? 8. What is a machine in the most general sense? in the 
 technical and common use ? 9. What is an ajumratus ? 10. Which of these 
 words have flgurative use ? 11. How are instrument and tool contrasted in 
 figurative use ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The time is coming when the s of husbandry shall supplant the weapons of 
 
 war. 
 
 Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere natural 
 s, to separate all the grains of sand from all the grains of salt. 
 
 The pick, stone^saw, wedge, chisel, and other s were already in use when 
 
 the pyramids were built. 
 
 TOPIC (page 359). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. From what is toiAc derived, and with what meaning ? 2. How is question used 
 in a similar sense, and why ? 3. Is the general subject or theme properly Imown 
 as the topic ? To what is that name more appropriately given ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 My father . . . always took care to start some ingenious or useful of dis- 
 course, which might tend to improve the minds of his children. 
 
 One of the most important rules in a deliberative assembly is, that every speaker 
 shall speak to the . 
 
 The of the Iliad is not the war of Troy, but the wrath of Achilles exhibited 
 
 daring and in connection with the war of Troy. 
 
 TRANSACT, TRANSACTION (page 360). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . How does transact differ from do? 2. How does transact differ from treat and 
 negotiate? 3. How does negotiate compare with treat? 4. How do transac- 
 tions differ from proceedings ?
 
 transient /-a*. 
 
 utility »Ob 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In the first Parliament of James the House of Commons refused for the first time 
 to business on a Sunday. 
 
 The treaty of peace that closed the war of 1812 had been already before 
 
 the battle of New Orleans was fought. 
 
 Any direction of Christ or any direction or act of his apostles respecting the 
 
 of business in the church, is binding upon us, unless such direction or act was 
 grounded upon peculiar circumstances then existing. 
 
 TRABf SIEXT (page 361). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the deriyaXion ot t7rmsienf and fra?isifory ? 2. How does ^ra??si«w^ differ 
 in signification from transitory F 3. What is the distinctive meaning of teni- 
 porary? 4. From what is s^/tewsroZ derived, and with what sense? 5. How 
 does ephemeral differ from transient or transitory P 6. What does epJiemeral 
 suggest besides brevity of time ? 7. What is the derivation and meaning of 
 fugitive ? 8 . What is the distinctive meaning of evanescent ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Mirth is short and , cheerfulness fixed and permanent. 
 
 Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his [Charles II.'s] 
 course; for never was there a mind on which both services and injuries left such faint 
 and impressions. 
 
 A chairman is commonly appointed at the opening of a meeting to conduct 
 
 proceedings till a permanent presiding ofiicer shall be elected. 
 
 UWION (page 362). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . What is ««i!;y .? 2. What is union? 3. How are wiity and ntm?i contrasted? 
 4. When may unity be predicated of that which is made up of parts . 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in . 
 
 Out of the of Eoman and Teutonic elements arose the modern world of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 UTILITY (page 363). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1 . From what is utility derived, and what is its primary meaning ? 2. How is util- 
 ity discriminated from use and usefulness? 3. What is the derivation and 
 primary meaning of expediency? 4. How are expediency and utility used ae 
 regards moral action ? Which'is the mferior word in such use ? 5. How does 
 policy in such use compare with expediency and utility? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Principle is ever my motto, not . 
 
 Two words form the key of the Baconian doctrine, and progress. The 
 
 ancient philosophy disdained to be useful, and was content to be stationary.
 
 vacant 
 oOT veneration 
 
 Justice itself is the great standing of civil society, and any departure from 
 
 it, under any circumstances, rests under the suspicion of being no at all. 
 
 The fundamental objection to the doctrine of , in all its modifications is 
 
 that taken by Dr. Reid, viz., " that agreeableness and are not moral conceptions, 
 
 nor have they any connection with morality. What a man does merely because it is 
 agreeable is not virtue." 
 
 VACANT (page 363).. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 What is the meaning of empty f of vacant f 2. To wiiat docs vacant especially 
 refer ? 3. What is the difference between an empty house and a vacant house ? 
 4 . What is the difference in dignity between the two words ? 5 . What is the 
 significance of void and devoid? 6. What does waste imply? 7. In what 
 sense is vacuovs used ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 heads console with sound. 
 
 The watch'dog's voice that bay'd the whispering wind 
 And the loud laugh that spoke the mind. 
 
 VENAL (page 365). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what is venal derived, and with what meaning ? mercenary ? hireling f 2 . 
 How are mercenary and venal discriminated from hireling ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The closing quarter of the nineteenth century may be termed the era of 
 
 American politics. Never before has legislation been so universally, so unscrupu- 
 lously, and unblushingly for sale. 
 
 The body of Greeks, immortalized under the name of the Ten Thousand, . . . 
 
 though embarking on a foreign service, were by no means outcasts, or even 
 
 men of extreme poverty. 
 
 It is not the hire, but the working only for the hire that makes the . 
 
 VENERATION (page 366). 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . By what qualities is aioe inspired ? 2. What elements are present and what lack- 
 ing in awe-? 3. What is dread and by what aroused ? 4. II ow do reverence 
 and veneration differ from awe or dread ? 5 . How does adoration compare 
 with veneration ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Man craves an object of ; and if not supplied with that which God has ap- 
 pointed, will take what offers. 
 
 The Italian climate robs age of its , and makes it look newer than it is.
 
 venial 
 
 virtue 50S 
 
 VEBJIAL (page 367). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1 . From what is venial derived, and wliat does it signify ? 2. How does venial com- 
 pare vilth. pardonable f 3. How does excusable differ from the above words ? 
 4. What very different word is sometimes confounded with venial? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Theft on the part of a starving man is one of the most of offenses. 
 
 Under all the circumstances, the error was . 
 
 VERACITY (page 367). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 I . Do truth and verity apply to thought and speech or to persons ? 2. To what 
 does veracity apply ? truthfulness? 3. Into what two classes may the words 
 in this group of synonyms be divided, and what words will be found in 
 each class ? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 On a certain confidence in the of mankind is founded so much of the 
 
 knowledge on which we constantly depend, that, without it, the whole system of 
 human things would go into confusion. 
 
 ' If all the world and love were young, 
 
 And in every shepherd's tongue, 
 
 These pretty pleasures might me move 
 To live with thee and be thy love. 
 
 VIRTUE (page 370). 
 QUESTIONS. 
 1. What is the prominent idea in virtue? 2. How does goodness differ from vir- 
 tue? 3. Of what relations are honesty a,nd probity need ? 4. How is honesty 
 used in a sense higher than the commercial ? 5. What, in the full sense, is 
 integrity? 6. What is honor? 7. What is purity? duty? 8. What do 
 rectitude and righteousness denote ? 9. To what does uprightness especially 
 refer ? 10. What is virtuousmss? 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 is the fruit of exertion; it supposes conquest of temptation. 
 
 In seeing that a thing is right, we see at the same time that it is our 
 
 to do it. 
 
 It is true that is the hest policy ; but if this be the motive of honest dealing, 
 
 there is no real . 
 
 Where is that chastity of that felt a stain like a wound ?
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 abai7don 1 
 
 " renounce 309 
 
 " surrender 349 
 
 abandoned, addicted 19 
 
 aha>te 3 
 
 abash 3 
 
 abate 3 
 
 " abolish 6 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 abbreviation 4 
 
 " abridgment 7 
 
 abdicate, abandon 1 
 
 aberration, insanity 221 
 
 abet 4 
 
 " help 195 
 
 abetter, accessori/ 13 
 
 abettor, accessor)/ 13 
 
 abhor 5 
 
 abhorrence, abomination 7 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 abide 5 
 
 " endxire 150 
 
 abiding, permanent 369 
 
 ability, power 279 
 
 abject, pitiful 27'3 
 
 abjure, abandon 1 
 
 " renounce 309 
 
 able, adequate 21 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 abode, home 201 
 
 abolish. 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 abominable, criminal 120 
 
 abominate, abhw 5 
 
 abomination 7 
 
 aboriginal, primeval 287 
 
 abortive, vain 304 
 
 abounding, plent'ij'ul 27(5 
 
 aboveboard, candid 93 
 
 abridge, restrain 315 
 
 abridgment 7 
 
 ' ' abbreviation 4 
 
 abrogate, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 abrupt, bhiff. 83 
 
 " steep 342 
 
 absent, abstracted 11 
 
 absent-minded, abstracted 11 
 
 absolute 8 
 
 " infinite 216 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 " pure 296 
 
 absolution, pardon 262 
 
 absolve 9 
 
 " pardon 262 
 
 absorb 9 
 
 , _ Pagb. 
 
 absorbed, absiraefea 11 
 
 abstain, cease 98 
 
 abstemiousness, abstinence 10 
 
 abstinence 10 
 
 abstract, v lo 
 
 abstract, w., abridgment 7 
 
 abstracted ii 
 
 abstruse, complex 112 
 
 " mysterious 247 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 absurd il 
 
 " incongruous 214 
 
 abundant, large 229 
 
 plentiful 276 
 
 abuse 12 
 
 " abomination 7 
 
 abutting, adjacent 22 
 
 accede, agree 25 
 
 accelerate, quicken 297 
 
 accept, agree 25 
 
 " assume 61 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 acceptable, delightful 126 
 
 accepted, authentic 67 
 
 access, entrance 154 
 
 accessible, /newc% 178 
 
 accession, entrance 154 
 
 accessory, a., auxiliary 67 
 
 accessory, n 13 
 
 " appendage 53 
 
 accident 14 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 acclaim, praise 280 
 
 acclamation, p7riise 280 
 
 accompaniment, appendage 53 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 accompany, follow 174 
 
 accomjolice, accessory 13 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 accomplish, attain 04 
 
 " do 135 
 
 " transact 360 
 
 accomplished, polite 277 
 
 skilful 335 
 
 accomplishment, act 16 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 accord, v., agree 25 
 
 accord, n., harmony 191 
 
 accordance, harmony 191 
 
 accordingly, therefore 355 
 
 accost, address, v 19 
 
 account, v., calculate 90 
 
 account, n., history 200 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 " record 304 
 
 " re2}m't 311 
 
 " story 343 
 
 accountability, duty 142
 
 accoutermeiits 
 aflfalr 
 
 510 
 
 Pagb. 
 
 acconterments, arms 55 
 
 " ca2)arison 93 
 
 accredited, autheniic 67 
 
 accumulate, amass 38 
 
 accurate, perfect 268 
 
 accuse, arraign 56 
 
 accustomed, addicted 19 
 
 " umal 362 
 
 acerb, bitter 81 
 
 acerbity, acrimony 15 
 
 acetous, hitter 81 
 
 ache, itain 261 
 
 achieve, attain 64 
 
 do 135 
 
 get 183 
 
 " succeed 346 
 
 achievement, act 16 
 
 " career 95 
 
 end, n 148 
 
 " victory 369 
 
 " ivork 374 
 
 acid. Utter 81 
 
 acidulated, bitter 81 
 
 acidulous, bitter. 81 
 
 acknowledge, avmv 69 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 acknowledgment, apology 51 
 
 acquaintance 15 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 acquiesce, agree 25 
 
 acquire, attain 64 
 
 " get 183 
 
 " -purchase 295 
 
 acquit, absolve 9 
 
 " pardon 262 
 
 acquittal, pardon 262 
 
 acrid, hitter 81 
 
 acrimonious, bitter 81 
 
 " mcrrose 245 
 
 acrimony 15 
 
 " enmity 152 
 
 act, «., transact 360 
 
 act, n 16 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 action, act 16 
 
 " battle 74 
 
 " behavior 79 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 " work 374 
 
 active 17 
 
 " alert 28 
 
 " alive 30 
 
 " industrious 215 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 activity, exercise 162 
 
 actor, agent 24 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 actual, real 301 
 
 actualize, do. 135 
 
 actuate, influence 217 
 
 acumen 18 
 
 acute, astute 62 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 acuteness, acumen 18 
 
 Page. 
 
 adage, proverb 293 
 
 adapted, adequate 21 
 
 add 18 
 
 addendum, appendage 53 
 
 addicted 19 
 
 addition, appendage 53 
 
 address, v 19 
 
 address, n 20 
 
 " speech 339 
 
 adduce, cdlege 31 
 
 adept, skilful 335 
 
 adequate 21 
 
 plentiful 276 
 
 adherence, attachme?it 63 
 
 adherent 21 
 
 adhesion, attachment 63 
 
 adhesive 22 
 
 adien, fareivell 168 
 
 adit, e7itrance 154 
 
 adjacent 22 
 
 adjoin, add 18 
 
 adjoining, adjacent 22 
 
 adjunct, appendage 53 
 
 adjuration, oath 2.54 
 
 administer, execute 161 
 
 admiration, amazer»ent 39 
 
 admire 23 
 
 admission, entrance 154 
 
 admit, agree 25 
 
 " ailmv 35 
 
 " avow 69 
 
 " coif ess 114 
 
 admittance, entrance 154 
 
 admixture, alloy 36 
 
 admonish, reprme 312 
 
 admonition, reproof 31 1 
 
 adolescent, youthful 375 
 
 adoration, veneration 366 
 
 adore, admire 23 
 
 " venerate 366 
 
 adorn 23 
 
 adroit, clever 109 
 
 " skilful..... 335 
 
 adroitness, address, n 20 
 
 " dexterity 129 
 
 adulation, jyraise 280 
 
 adulteration, alloy 36 
 
 advance, v., allege 31 
 
 " ainend 41 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 advance, n., progress 289 
 
 advancement, progress 289 
 
 advantage, profit 288 
 
 utility 363 
 
 " victmy 369 
 
 adventure, accident 14 
 
 adventurous, bixive 85 
 
 adversary, enemy 151 
 
 adversity, misfortune 242 
 
 advert, allude 36 
 
 advertise, announce 46 
 
 advised, conscious 116 
 
 advocate, abet 4 
 
 " plead 274 
 
 aerial, airy 27 
 
 affable, fnendly 178 
 
 affair, battle 74 
 
 " business 88
 
 511 
 
 aflatr 
 amongst 
 
 Page. 
 
 affair, transaction 360 
 
 affect, assume 61 
 
 affectation, hypocrisy 204 
 
 " jrretense 283 
 
 affection, attachment 63 
 
 " disease 134 
 
 " friendship 179 
 
 " love 235 
 
 affectionate, ./?'iew(?^y I'S 
 
 affidavit, oath 254 
 
 " testimony 355 
 
 affinity, analogy 43 
 
 " kin 227 
 
 affirm, allege 31 
 
 " state 341 
 
 affirmation, testimony 355 
 
 afflict, chasten 103 
 
 affliction, griej^ 187 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 a&x, add 18 
 
 affluent, plentifnl 27'6 
 
 afford, endure 150 
 
 affray, feud 170 
 
 affright, ?j., alarm 28 
 
 " fear 108 
 
 affright, v., frighten 180 
 
 affront 24 
 
 age, time 356 
 
 aged, old 257 
 
 agency, operation 258 
 
 agent 24 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 aggravate, affront 24 
 
 aggregate, amass, r. 38 
 
 aggression, attack, n 64 
 
 aggrieve, abuse 12 
 
 agile, active 17 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 agitate, shake 330 
 
 agitation, storm 343 
 
 agnomen, name. 247 
 
 agnostic, skeptic 335 
 
 agony, pain 261 
 
 agi^ee 25 
 
 agreeable, amiable 42 
 
 " comfortable 110 
 
 delightful 126 
 
 " pleasaiit 275 
 
 agreement, contract 118 
 
 " harmony 191 
 
 agricultural, mstic 321 
 
 acjricidture 25 
 
 aid, v., abet 4 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 aid, w., adherent 21 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 " help 195 
 
 " siibsidy 345 
 
 aider, adherent 21 
 
 ailment, disease. 134 
 
 aim 26 
 
 " design 128 
 
 " direction 132 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 air 27 
 
 " pretense 283 
 
 airy 27 
 
 alvin, alike 30 
 
 alarm 28 
 
 Page. 
 
 alarm, frighten 180 
 
 alarming, 'awful 70 
 
 alert 28 
 
 " active 17 
 
 " alive 30 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 " vigilant 309 
 
 alien, a. & n 29 
 
 alienate, surrender 349 
 
 alienation, insanity 221 
 
 alike 30 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 aliment, food 175 
 
 alive 30 
 
 all, every 158 
 
 (dlay 31 
 
 cdlege 31 
 
 " state 341 
 
 allegiance 32 
 
 allegory 33 
 
 " fiction 17'0 
 
 alleviate 33 
 
 allay 31 
 
 alley, way 373 
 
 alliance 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 kin 237 
 
 allot 34 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 allow 35 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 " endure 150 
 
 allowance, pay 366 
 
 " permission 269 
 
 " subsidy 345 
 
 alloy 36 
 
 cdlude 36 
 
 allure 37 
 
 " draiv 138 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 ally, 71., accessory.'. 13 
 
 " adherent 21 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 almsgiving, benevolence 80 
 
 also 37 
 
 alter, change, v 100 
 
 alteration, change, n 101 
 
 cdternative , 38 
 
 altho, notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 amass 38 
 
 amateur 39 
 
 amazement 39 
 
 " perplexity 270 
 
 ambiguous, equivocal 155 
 
 " obscu7'e 255 
 
 amMtion 40 
 
 ameliorate, amend 41 
 
 amenable, docile 136 
 
 amend 41 
 
 amiable 43 
 
 axaicable, fnendly 178 
 
 amid 43 
 
 amidst, amid 43 
 
 amity, friendship 179 
 
 " harmony 191 
 
 amnesty, pardon 262 
 
 among, amid 42 
 
 amongst, amid ." . . . 43
 
 ample 
 apt 
 
 512 
 
 Page. 
 
 amp\e,'larffe 229 
 
 " plentiful 276 
 
 amplify 43 
 
 " add 18 
 
 amuse, entertain 152 
 
 amusement, entertainment 153 
 
 analogous, alike 30 
 
 analogy 43 
 
 analysis, abridgment 7 
 
 anarchism, socialism 338 
 
 anarchy, rewhition 317 
 
 anathema, oath 254 
 
 ancient, antique 48 
 
 " obsolete 256 
 
 " old i57 
 
 " primeval 287 
 
 and, but 89 
 
 anecdote, stoi'y 34a 
 
 anger 44 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 anguish, anxiety 49 
 
 " "pain 201 
 
 animadversion, reproof. 311 
 
 animal, a., brutish 87 
 
 animal, n 45 
 
 animate, alive 30 
 
 animated, airy 27 
 
 " alive 30 
 
 " eager 142 
 
 animosity, anger 44 
 
 " enmity 152 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 annals, history 200 
 
 annex, add 18 
 
 annihilate, abolish 6 
 
 " exterminate 103 
 
 annotation, remark 308 
 
 announce 46 
 
 " speak 339 
 
 annoy, affront 24 
 
 annoyance, abomination 7 
 
 annul, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 anomalous, absurd 11 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 ansiver 46 
 
 antagonism, anUpathy 48 
 
 " enmity 152 
 
 antagonist, enemy 151 
 
 antecedent, a., jJrevious 285 
 
 antecedent, n., cause 98 
 
 " precedent 282 
 
 antepast, anticipation 48 
 
 anterior, previous 285 
 
 anticipate 47 
 
 " abide 5 
 
 " prevent 284 
 
 anticipation. 48 
 
 antipathy 48 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 antiquated, antique 48 
 
 " obsolete 256 
 
 old 257 
 
 antique 48 
 
 old 2.57 
 
 anxiety 49 
 
 " care 94 
 
 anxious, eager 142 
 
 Page. 
 
 any, every 158 
 
 apathy 50 
 
 " stupidity 344 
 
 " stupor 344 
 
 aphorism, jjroverb 293 
 
 apiece 51 
 
 apocalypse, revelation 316 
 
 apologize for, palliate 261 
 
 apologue, fiction 170 
 
 apology 5I 
 
 " defense 123 
 
 apothegm, proverb 293 
 
 appal, frighten 180 
 
 appalling, awful 70 
 
 apparatus, tool 358 
 
 apparel, dress 140 
 
 apparent 52 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 appeal, address, v 19 
 
 appear 52 
 
 appearance or semblance of, have, 
 
 appear 52 
 
 appearance, air 27 
 
 appease, allay 31 
 
 appellation, name 247 
 
 append, add 18 
 
 appi nilarje 53 
 
 appendix, appendage 53 
 
 appetency, appetite 54 
 
 desire 128 
 
 appetite 54 
 
 " desire 128 
 
 applaud, admire. 23 
 
 applause, praise 280 
 
 appliance, tool 358 
 
 application, exercise 162 
 
 " industry 216 
 
 appoint, allot 34 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 apportion .'^4 
 
 " allot 34 
 
 appreciate, esteem, v 156 
 
 apprehend, anticipate 47 
 
 " arrest ,57 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 " perceive 267 
 
 apprehension, alar?n 28 
 
 " anticipation 48 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 fear 168 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 apprised, conscious 116 
 
 approach, address, v 19 
 
 approach, n., approximation 55 
 
 " entrance 154 
 
 approbation, jvaise 280 
 
 appropriate, abstract 10 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 " assume 61 
 
 approval, praise 280 
 
 approve, admire 25 
 
 " agree 25 
 
 appro:ri?nation 55 
 
 api)ur(cnance, (ijijh /idage 53 
 
 apostrophize, address, v 19 
 
 ;i priori, transcendental 361 
 
 apt, clever 109
 
 513 
 
 apt 
 attacbiuent 
 
 Page. 
 
 apt, likely 233 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 " skilful 335 
 
 aptitude, dexterity 129 
 
 " power 279 
 
 arbiter, judge 224 
 
 arbitrary, absolute 8 
 
 arbitrate, interpose 222 
 
 arbitrator, judge 224 
 
 archaic, obsolete 256 
 
 archetype, example 160 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 ideal 206 
 
 " model 243 
 
 archive, record 304 
 
 archives, history 200 
 
 ardent, eager 142 
 
 ardor, enth usiasm 153 
 
 arduous, difficult 132 
 
 argue, plead 274 
 
 " reason, v 302 
 
 argument, reason,_ n 302 
 
 " reasoning 303 
 
 argumentation, reasoning 303 
 
 arise, rise i. 319 
 
 arising, beginning 78 
 
 armament, army 56 
 
 armor, arms 55 
 
 arms 55 
 
 army 56 
 
 " array 57 
 
 arraign 56 
 
 arrangement, array 57 
 
 contract 118 
 
 array 57 
 
 " army 56 
 
 " dress 140 
 
 arrest 57 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 arrive, attain 64 
 
 " reach 300 
 
 arrogance, assurance 61 
 
 " 7J?irf6 286 
 
 arrogant, absolute 8 
 
 '• dogmatic 137 
 
 arrogate, assume... 61 
 
 art, artifice 58 
 
 " business 88 
 
 " science 325 
 
 article, term 354 
 
 article of belief, doctrine 136 
 
 " of faith, doctrine 136 
 
 articulate, speak 339 
 
 artifice 58 
 
 frand 177 
 
 artificer, artist 58 
 
 artisan, artist 58 
 
 artist 58 
 
 artistic, tasteful 353 
 
 artless, candid 93 
 
 " rustic 321 
 
 as, because.. 77 
 
 ascend, rise 319 
 
 ascertain, discover 133 
 
 ascribe, attribute, v 65 
 
 aslies, body 84 
 
 ask 59 
 
 " jilead 274 
 
 " pj-ay. 281 
 
 Page. 
 
 asperity, acrimony 15 
 
 asperse, slander 336 
 
 asjjhyxia, stupor 344 
 
 aspiration, aim 26 
 
 "• ambition 40 
 
 desire 128 
 
 assail, attack, v 63 
 
 assassinate, kill 226 
 
 assault, v., attack, v 63 
 
 assault, «., attack, n 64 
 
 assemblage, compa/ty 110 
 
 assemble, convoke 120 
 
 assembly, ccmpany 110 
 
 assent, v., agree 35 
 
 assent, 71., faith 164 
 
 assert, allege 31 - 
 
 state 341 - 
 
 assertion, assurance 61 
 
 asseverate, allege 31 
 
 state -341 
 
 assiduity, industry 216 
 
 assiduous, industrious 215 
 
 assign, allege 31 
 
 " allot 34 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 " attribute, c 65 
 
 " conmiit 110 
 
 assist, abet 4 
 
 " help 195 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 assistant, accessory 13 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 associate 60 
 
 " accessory 13 
 
 " attribute, V 65 
 
 association 60 
 
 " acquaintance 15 
 
 " class 106 
 
 assuage, alleviate 33 
 
 assume 61\ 
 
 assumption, assurance 61 
 
 pretense 283 
 
 I)ride 286 
 
 assurance 01 
 
 '■ efrontei^j 144 
 
 faith 104 
 
 " impudence 313 
 
 assure, confirm 114 
 
 " state , 341 
 
 assured, conscious 116 
 
 astonishment, amazement 39 
 
 " perplexity 270 
 
 astute 63 
 
 as well, also 37 
 
 as well as, also 37 
 
 at ease, comfortable 110 
 
 atheist, skeptic 335 
 
 atom, part 264 
 
 " partide 264 
 
 at once, immedicdely 211 
 
 atonement, propiitiation 291 
 
 at rest, cot)ifortable 110 
 
 atrocious, barbarons 73 
 
 attach, add 18 
 
 attached, addicted 19 
 
 " adjacent 23 
 
 attachment 63 
 
 " appendage 53 
 
 " friendship 179 
 
 33
 
 attacliiuent 
 licacli 
 
 514 
 
 Page. 
 
 attachment, love 2;35 
 
 attack, V 03 
 
 attack, n 64 
 
 attain 64 
 
 " get 183 
 
 " reach 300 
 
 " succeed 346 
 
 attainment, progress 289 
 
 " zvisdmn 372 
 
 attempt, v., endeavor, v 149 
 
 attempt, n., endeavor, n 150 
 
 attend, follow 174 
 
 listen 232 
 
 attendant, accessory 13 
 
 attention, care 94 
 
 " industry 216 
 
 attestation, testimony 355 
 
 attire, dress 140 
 
 attitude 65 
 
 attract, allure 37' 
 
 " draiv 138 
 
 attraction, love 235 
 
 attractive, am iahU 42 
 
 " hrautifid 76 
 
 " pleasard 275 
 
 attribute, v., 65 
 
 attribute, n 66 
 
 " characteristic 103 
 
 " einbleni 146 
 
 audacity, effrontery 144 
 
 " temerity 353 
 
 augment, add 18 
 
 " amplify 43 
 
 augur 66 
 
 august, awful 70 
 
 royal 320 
 
 auspicious, propitious 291 
 
 austere, severe 329 
 
 authentic 67 
 
 real 301 
 
 author, cause 98 
 
 authoritative, absolute 8 
 
 " authentic 67 
 
 " dogmatic 137 
 
 authority, 2)e7'mission 269 
 
 " precedent 282 
 
 authorization, p>ermission 269 
 
 authorized, authentic 67 
 
 autobiography, histoi'y 200 
 
 autochtlionic, primeval 287 
 
 autocratic, absolute 8 
 
 automatic, spontaneous 340 
 
 auxiliary 07 
 
 " appendage 53 
 
 avail, pn-op 288 
 
 " utility 363 
 
 avancious 68 
 
 avenge 09 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 avenging, revenge 310 
 
 avenue, way " 372 
 
 aver, allege 31 
 
 " a:\}Oiv 69 
 
 " state 341 
 
 averse, reluctant 308 
 
 aversion, abomination 7 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 avocation, business 88 
 
 Page. 
 
 avouch, avow 69 
 
 " state 341 
 
 avow 69 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 " state 341 
 
 await, abide 5 
 
 awake, vigilant 369 
 
 award, allot 34 
 
 aware, conscious 116 _ 
 
 awe, amazement 39 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 " veneration 366 
 
 auful 70 
 
 awkward 70 
 
 " rustic 321 
 
 axiom 71 
 
 " proverb 293 
 
 babble 71 
 
 backbite, slander 336 
 
 backer, adherent -21 
 
 backward, reluctant 308 
 
 backwardness, modesty. 244 
 
 bad, pernicious 270 
 
 badinage, banter 73 
 
 baffle, hinder 199 
 
 bail, security 326 
 
 balk, hinder 199 
 
 balky, restive 314 
 
 ban, v., banish 72 
 
 ban, n., oath 254 
 
 bandit, robber 320 
 
 baneful, p)ei-nlcious 270 
 
 banish 72 
 
 " exterminate 163 
 
 bank 72 
 
 bankrupt, break 86 
 
 harder 73 
 
 " wit 373 
 
 bar, barrier 74 
 
 " hinder 199 
 
 " impediment 213 
 
 " lock 234 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 barbarian, barbarous 73 
 
 barbaric, barbarous 73 
 
 barbarism, language 228 
 
 barbarous 73 
 
 barely, but 89 
 
 bargain, contract 118 
 
 sale 323 
 
 bargain for, pu7-chase 294 
 
 barricade, v., obstmct 257 
 
 barricade, n., barrier 7'4 
 
 bar/ier 74 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 " impediment 218 
 
 barter, business 88 
 
 " sale 323 
 
 barter for, jnirchase 295 
 
 base, brutish 87 
 
 " pitiful 273 
 
 baseless, vain 304 
 
 bashfulness, modesty 214 
 
 bastinado, beat 75 
 
 batter, beat 75 
 
 battle 74 
 
 battle array, array 57 
 
 bawl, call 91 
 
 beach, bank 72
 
 515 
 
 bear 
 bluff 
 
 bear, abide 5 
 
 " catri/ 96 
 
 " endure 150 
 
 " support 348 
 
 bearing, air 27 
 
 " behavior 7'9 
 
 " direction 13^ 
 
 bear up under, endure 150 
 
 bear with, endure 150 
 
 beast, animal 45 
 
 beastly, brutish 87 
 
 beat 75 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 beauteous, beautiful 76 
 
 beautiful 76 
 
 fine 172 
 
 " graceful 186 
 
 beautify, adorn 23 
 
 because 77 
 
 " therefor 355 
 
 bechance, happen 188 
 
 become, make 236 
 
 becoming 77 
 
 bedeck, adorn 23 
 
 befall, happen 188 
 
 befitting, becoming 77 
 
 befoul, defile 121 
 
 befriend, help 195 
 
 beg, asTi 59 
 
 " plead 274 
 
 " pray 281 
 
 beggary, poverty 279 
 
 beginning 78 
 
 beguile, entertain 152 
 
 behavior 79 
 
 " air 27 
 
 behold, discern 133 
 
 look 234 
 
 belabor, beat 75 
 
 beleaguer, attack, v 63 
 
 belief, doctrine 136 
 
 " faith 164 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 belittle, disparage 134 
 
 belles-lettres, literature 233 
 
 bellow, call 91 
 
 bemoan, mourn 246 
 
 bend 79 
 
 benefaction, gift 184 
 
 beneficence, benevolence 80 
 
 benefit, profit 288 
 
 " utility 303 
 
 benevolence 80 
 
 " meixy 239 
 
 benevolent, humans 203 
 
 benign, propitious 291 
 
 benignant, amiable 42 
 
 " humane 203 
 
 benignity, benevolence 80 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 bequest, gift 184 
 
 bereavement, misfortune 242 
 
 beseech, ask 59 
 
 " i)lead 274 
 
 " pray 281 
 
 beseeming, becoming 77 
 
 beset, attack, 63 
 
 beside, adjacent 22 
 
 Pagk. 
 
 besides, also. 37 
 
 but 89 
 
 " yet 374 
 
 besiege, attack, v 63 
 
 bestial, brutish 87 
 
 bestow, give 185 
 
 betide, happen 188 
 
 betoken, augur 66 
 
 better, amend 41 
 
 between, amid 42 
 
 betwixt, amid 42 
 
 bevy, fiock 173 
 
 bewail, moiirn 216 
 
 bewilder, abash 3 
 
 bewilderment, amazetiient 39 
 
 "■ perph .iity 270 
 
 bewitching, beautiful 76 
 
 " charming 103 
 
 bias, bend 79 
 
 " prejudice 283 
 
 bid, 2rray 281 
 
 " proposal 292 
 
 bide, atjide 5 
 
 big, large 229 
 
 biTOtry, fanaticism 166 
 
 bills, money 244 
 
 bind 81 
 
 biography, history 200 
 
 birth, kin 227 
 
 biting, bitter 81 
 
 bitter 81 
 
 bitterness, acrimony 15 
 
 " enmity 152 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 bizarre, queer 297 
 
 blab, babble 71 
 
 black, dark 122 
 
 blame, v., cmidemn 113 
 
 " reprove 312 
 
 blame, n., reproof 311 
 
 blameless, innocent 220 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 blanch, bleach 82 
 
 blank, vacant 368 
 
 blaspheming, oath 254 
 
 blasphemy, oath 254 
 
 blaze, v., burn 87 
 
 blaze, n., fire 173 
 
 light 231 
 
 bleach 82 
 
 blemish 82 
 
 " injury 219 
 
 blessed, happy 190 
 
 holy 200 
 
 blessedness, happiness 189 
 
 blessing, mercy 239 
 
 blind, artifice 58 
 
 bliss, happiness 189 
 
 blissful, happy 190 
 
 blithe, happy 190 
 
 blithesome, hajyjjy 190- 
 
 block, hinder 199 
 
 blood, kin 227 
 
 blot, blemish 82 
 
 " stain 341 
 
 blot out, cancel. .- 92 
 
 blmu 83 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 bluff 83
 
 blunt 
 
 by dint of 
 
 516 
 
 Page. 
 
 blunt, bluff 83 
 
 blur, blemish 82 
 
 blurt, babble 71 
 
 blustering, bluff. 83 
 
 boast, ostentation 250 
 
 boasting, ostentation 259 
 
 bode, augur 6G 
 
 bodily, physical 
 
 body 84 
 
 bold, bluff 83 
 
 " hrave 85 
 
 boldness, assurance 61 
 
 " effrontery 144 
 
 " impudence 213 
 
 " pertness 271 
 
 bolt, lock 234 
 
 bondage, /fii'i'er 169 
 
 bonds, fetter 169 
 
 bonny, beautiful 76 
 
 bonus, subsidy 345 
 
 books, literature 233 
 
 boon, gift 184 
 
 boorish, awkward 70 
 
 " rustic 321 
 
 bootless, vain 364 
 
 border, bank 72 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 bordering, adjacent 22 
 
 both 84 
 
 " every 158 
 
 bound, bank 73 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 boundary 84 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 boundless, infinite 21G 
 
 bounteous, plentifid 276 
 
 bountiful, generous 182 
 
 " plentifid 270 
 
 bounty, benevolence 80 
 
 gift 184 
 
 " S'Ubsidy 345 
 
 bourn, boundary 84 
 
 bourne, boundary 84 
 
 bout, battle 74 
 
 bow, bend 79 
 
 box, blow 83 
 
 boyish, youthful 375 
 
 brain, mind 241 
 
 brand, v., burn 87 
 
 brand, «., blemish 82 
 
 brandish, shake 330 
 
 brass, effrontery 144 
 
 brave 85 
 
 bravery, prowess 294 
 
 brawl, feud 170 
 
 break 86 
 
 " rend 309 
 
 break off, end, v 148 
 
 breastwork, barrier 74 
 
 breathing, alive 30 
 
 breeding, behavior 79 
 
 " education 143 
 
 bribe, gift 184 
 
 bridle, restrain 315 
 
 bridle«path, tvay 372 
 
 brief, «., terse 354 
 
 " transient 361 
 
 brief, n., sketch 334 
 
 Page. 
 
 brigand, robber., 320 
 
 bright, clever 109 
 
 happy 190 
 
 brim, bank 72 
 
 bring, can'y 90 
 
 bring about, do 135 
 
 " make 236 
 
 bring into being, make 236 
 
 bring low, abase 2 
 
 bring over, persuade 271 
 
 bring to an end, cease 98 
 
 bring to pass, do 135 
 
 ^' " make 230 
 
 brink, bank 72 
 
 brisk, active 17 
 
 " aleii 28 
 
 " alive 30 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 briskness, pertness 271 
 
 broad, large 229 
 
 \KO\\,feud 170 
 
 brood, flock 173 
 
 brook, endure 150 
 
 brotherly, friendly 178 
 
 browbeat, frighten 180 
 
 bruise, becd 75 
 
 brush, cleanse 107 
 
 brusk, bluff. 83 
 
 brutal, barbarous 73 
 
 " brvtish 87 
 
 brute, a., brutish 87 
 
 brute, n., animcd 45 
 
 brutish 87 
 
 buccaneer, robber 320 
 
 bucolic, rustic 321 
 
 bufEet, bloic 83 
 
 bulky, large 229 
 
 bullion, money 244 
 
 bulwark, barrier 74 
 
 " defense 123 
 
 bungling, awkward 70 
 
 buoyant, happy 190 
 
 burden, load 233 
 
 burglar, robber 320 
 
 burlesque, caricature 95 
 
 wit 373 
 
 burn 87 
 
 burning, eager 142 
 
 fire 173 
 
 burst, break 86 
 
 " rend 309 
 
 bury, hide 197 
 
 " immerse 212 
 
 business 88 
 
 " duty 142 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 " zvork 374 
 
 bustling, active 17 
 
 alert 28 
 
 nimble 253 
 
 busy, active 17 
 
 " industrious 215 
 
 but 89 
 
 " notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 butcher, kill 226 
 
 butchery, massacre 237 
 
 buy, purchase 295 
 
 by.... 89 
 
 by dmt oi, by 89
 
 517 
 
 by iiicaii!!^ of 
 ccs««atioii 
 
 Pagb. 
 
 by mccans of , bi/ 89 
 
 hyv/ord, pivvefb 293 
 
 cabal 90 
 
 cabalistic, mysterimis 347 
 
 cackle, babble VI 
 
 cajole, aUu/^e 37 
 
 calamity, accident 14 
 
 blmv 83 
 
 " catastrophe 97 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 calculate 90 
 
 " esteem, v 156 
 
 call 91 
 
 " convoke 120 
 
 calling, business 88 
 
 callow, youthful 375 
 
 call together, convoke. 120 
 
 call upon, pray 281 
 
 calm, v., allay 31 
 
 calm, a 91 
 
 calm, n., rest 313 
 
 calmness, apathy 50 
 
 " patie?ice 265 
 
 rest 313 
 
 calumniate, slander 336 
 
 canaille, mob 243 
 
 cancel 92 
 
 candid 93 
 
 " lionest 202 
 
 candor, veracity 367 
 
 canon, law 229 
 
 cant, «., tip 357 
 
 cant, hypocrisy 204 
 
 " slang 336 
 
 capability, power 279 
 
 capable, adequate 21 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 capacious, large 229 
 
 capacity, power 279 
 
 caparison 93 
 
 capital 94 
 
 " tnoney 244 
 
 capitulate, surrender 349 
 
 caprice, /awcy 167 
 
 captivate, allure 37 
 
 captivating, charming 103 
 
 capture, arrest 57 
 
 catch 97 
 
 carcass, body 84 
 
 care 94 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 " ove7'sight 260 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 careen, tip 357 
 
 career 95 
 
 careful, vigilant 369 
 
 carefulness, prudence 294 
 
 carelessness, neglect 251 
 
 caress 95 
 
 cargo, load 233 
 
 caricature 95 
 
 carnage, massacj'e 237 
 
 carnal, lynttish 87 
 
 carol, sing 333 
 
 carp at, disparage 134 
 
 carriage, air 27 
 
 " behavior 79 
 
 carry 96 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 Page. 
 
 carry, keep 226 
 
 " support 348 
 
 carry on, keep 226 
 
 transact 360 
 
 carry out, do 135 
 
 " execute 161 
 
 carry through, do 135 
 
 cartel, contract 118 
 
 case, event 158 
 
 " precedent 282 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 cash, money 244 
 
 cashier, break 86 
 
 cast, calculate 90 
 
 " send 327 
 
 cast down, abase 2 
 
 caste, class 106 
 
 castigate, beat 75 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 csist]e,fortijication 176 
 
 cast off, abandon 1 
 
 cast up, add 18 
 
 casualty, accident 14 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 cataclysm, catastrophe 97 
 
 catalog(ue, record 304 
 
 catcuitrophe 97 
 
 catch, V 97 
 
 " ari'est 57 
 
 catch, ??-., lock 234 
 
 causality, cause 98 
 
 causation, cause 98 
 
 cause, v., make 236 
 
 cause, n 98 
 
 " design 128 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 caustic, bitter 81 
 
 causticity, acrimony 15 
 
 cauterize, burn 87 
 
 caution, care 94 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 cautious, vigilant 369 
 
 cease 98 
 
 " abandon 1 
 
 " die 130 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 ceaseless, continual 117 
 
 cede, abandon 1 
 
 " give 185 
 
 " 'surrender 349 
 
 celebrate 99 
 
 keep 226 
 
 celebrity, /awie 166 
 
 censure, v., arraign 56 
 
 " condemn 113 
 
 " reprove : 312 
 
 censure, n., reproof 311 
 
 center 99 
 
 ceremony, sacrament 321 
 
 certain, uiiIIk ntic 67 
 
 " conscious 116 
 
 real 301 
 
 certainty, derrwnstration 127 
 
 certification, testimony 355 
 
 certified, conscious 116 
 
 certify, confess • 114 
 
 state 341 
 
 cessation, end, n 148 
 
 rest 318
 
 ehafr 
 clear 
 
 518 
 
 Page. 
 
 chaff, banter 73 
 
 chagrin, «., abash 3 
 
 chagrin, n 100 
 
 chains, fetter 169 
 
 chance, v., happen 188 
 
 chance, accident 14 
 
 " evmt 158 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 change, v 100 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 change, n 101 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 " sale 323 
 
 changeless, permanent 209 
 
 channel, ivay 372 
 
 chant, sing 333 
 
 char, burn 87 
 
 character 102 
 
 " charactenstic 103 
 
 characteristic 103 
 
 charge, v., aii^aign 56 
 
 attack, V 63 
 
 " attribute, t^ 65 
 
 charge, n., care 94 
 
 " career 95 
 
 " load 233 
 
 " oversight 260 
 
 " 2^'>'i<^^ 285 
 
 charitable, humane 203 
 
 charity, benevolence 80 
 
 " love 235 
 
 charming 103 
 
 " amiable 42 
 
 " beautiful 76 
 
 chase, follow 174 
 
 " hunt 203 
 
 chaste, pure 296 
 
 " tasteful 353 
 
 chasten 103 
 
 chasten, reprove 312 
 
 chastening, misfortune 242 
 
 chastise, beat 75 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 chastisement, misfortune 242 
 
 chastity, virtue 370 
 
 chat, babble 71 
 
 " conversation 118 
 
 " s2Jeak 339 
 
 chatter, babble 71 
 
 " sjjeak 339 
 
 chattering, gamdous 181 
 
 cheat, artifice 58 
 
 " fraud 177 
 
 " hypocrite 204 
 
 cheating, fraud 177 
 
 checli, v., hinder 199 
 
 " obstnict 257 
 
 " rejrrove 312 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 checli, «., reproof 311 
 
 checkmate, conquer 115 
 
 cheer, v., cherish 104 
 
 " entertain 152 
 
 cheer, n., entej^taimnent 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 cheerful, <;onifortable 110 
 
 " happy 190 
 
 cheering, «., hajrpy 190 
 
 cheering, n., jyraise 280 
 
 Page. 
 
 cheers, j^raise 280 
 
 cheery, comfortable 110 
 
 " happy 190 
 
 cherish 104 
 
 " support 348 
 
 chide, reprove 312 
 
 chiding, reproof 311 
 
 chief city, cajntal 94 
 
 childish, youthful 375 
 
 childlike, youthful 375 
 
 chimerical, absurd 11 
 
 " fanciful 167 
 
 chirp, sing 333 
 
 chirrup, sing 333 
 
 chivalric, brave 85 
 
 chivalrous, tyrave, 85 
 
 " generous 182 
 
 choice, alternative 38 
 
 choke, obstruct 257 
 
 choler, anger 44 
 
 choose 104 
 
 chronicle, histoi'y 200 
 
 " 7-ecoi-d 304 
 
 chum, associate. 60 
 
 churlish, morose 245 
 
 circle, dass 106 
 
 circulate, announce 46 
 
 drcumlocutimh 105 
 
 circumscribe, restrain 315 
 
 circumspect, vigilant 369 
 
 circumspection, care 94 
 
 " pinidence 294 
 
 circumstance 105 
 
 " event 158 
 
 circumstantial, 7ninute 242 
 
 citadel, fortification 176 
 
 cite, allege 31 
 
 " arraign 56 
 
 " quote 298 
 
 city, cajntal 94 
 
 civil, polite 277 
 
 civilization, refinement 305 
 
 claim, allege 31 
 
 " assume 61 
 
 " nght 319 
 
 " state 341 
 
 clamor, call 91 
 
 clan, class 106 
 
 clarified, fine 172 
 
 clash, collision 109 
 
 clashing, collision 109 
 
 clasp, catch 97 
 
 " lock 234 
 
 class 106 
 
 classes, lower, mob 243 
 
 classic, j)ure 296 
 
 classical, pure 296 
 
 clay, body 84 
 
 clean, cleanse 107 
 
 " innocent 220 
 
 " neat 249 
 
 " ])ure . . : 290 
 
 cleanly, neat 249 
 
 cleanse 107 
 
 " a7nend 41 
 
 clear, v., absolve 9 
 
 clear, a 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 " fine 173
 
 519 
 
 clear 
 companionable 
 
 , . Page. 
 
 Clear, innocent, 220 
 
 " pure 290 
 
 clear«sightc(l, astute 62 
 
 " sagacimis 322 
 
 cleave, rend 309 
 
 clemency, mercxj 239 
 
 clement, humane 203 
 
 " propitious 291 
 
 clever 109 
 
 " skit/ill 335 
 
 cleverness, acumen 18 
 
 " dexieriii/ 129 
 
 " power 279 
 
 cling to, cherish 104 
 
 clique, class 106 
 
 cloak, »., hide 197 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 cloak, «., pretense 283 
 
 clog, v., hinder 199 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 clog, «., impediment 213 
 
 " load 233 
 
 close, ■«., end, v 148 
 
 close, a., adjacent 22 
 
 " avaricious 68 
 
 " taciturn 351 
 
 close, n., end, n 148 
 
 clothes, dress 140 
 
 clothing, dress 140 
 
 cloudy, obscure 255 
 
 clownish, awkivard 70 
 
 " t^stic 321 
 
 cloy, satisfy 324 
 
 club, association 60 
 
 " class 106 
 
 clumsy, aiokward 70 
 
 clutch, catch 97 
 
 coadjutor, accesswy 13 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 coalition, alliance 34 
 
 " union 362 
 
 coarse, bluff 83 
 
 " birutish 87 
 
 " large 229 
 
 " rustic 321 
 
 coast, bank 72 
 
 coax, allure 37 
 
 " persxmde 271 
 
 coddle, caress 95 
 
 code, laiv 229 
 
 coerce, compel Ill 
 
 coercive, absolute 8 
 
 cogency, power 279 
 
 cognition, knowledge 227 
 
 cognizance, knowledge 227 
 
 cognizant, conscious 116 
 
 cognomen, name 247 
 
 cohesive, adhesive 22 
 
 coin, money 244 
 
 coincide, agree 25 
 
 coincidence, analogy 43 
 
 coldness, modesty 244 
 
 colleague, accessory 13 
 
 " associate 00 
 
 collect, amass 38 
 
 " convoke 120 
 
 collected, calm 91 
 
 collection, array 57 
 
 Page. 
 
 collection, company 110 
 
 collectivism, socialism 338 
 
 collision 100 
 
 colloquialism, slang aSO 
 
 colloquy, conversation 118 
 
 color, pretense 283 
 
 " stain 341 
 
 colossal, large 229 
 
 coma, stupor 344 
 
 combat, v., attack, v 03 
 
 combat, n., battle 74 
 
 combination, cabal 90 
 
 " union 302 
 
 combine, agree 25 
 
 combustion, ^r« 173 
 
 come, 7'each 300 
 
 come after, follow 174 
 
 comely, beautiful 76 
 
 " beccmiing 77 
 
 come to an end, cease 98 
 
 come to pass, happen 188 
 
 comfort, cherish 104 
 
 " console 117 
 
 " happiiicss 189 
 
 cmnfortable no 
 
 comical, queer 297 
 
 comity, friendship 179 
 
 command, v., govern 185 
 
 command, w., law 229 
 
 " order 258 
 
 " oversight 200 
 
 commanding, absolute 8 
 
 commandment, law 229 
 
 commemorate, celebrate 99 
 
 commencement, beginning 78 
 
 commensurate, adequate 21 
 
 comment, definition 124 
 
 " remark 308 
 
 "■ reproof 311 
 
 commentary, definition 124 
 
 commerce, business 88 
 
 comminuted, fine 172 
 
 " minute 242 
 
 commiseration, jnty 273 
 
 commit 110 
 
 " do 1,35 
 
 commodious, comfortable 110 
 
 large 229 
 
 common, general 181 
 
 " mutual 246 
 
 " normal 253 
 
 " usual 362 
 
 commonplace, general 181 
 
 commonwealth, people 266 
 
 communicate, announce 46 
 
 give 185 
 
 communication, conversation 118 
 
 communion, conversation 118 
 
 " sacrament 321 
 
 communism, socialism 338 
 
 community, association 60 
 
 " 2^eople ; 266 
 
 commute, change 100 
 
 compact, a., terse 354 
 
 compact, n., alliance 34 
 
 " contract 118 
 
 companion, accessory 13 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 companionable, friendly 178
 
 compaulonslilp 
 confront 
 
 520 
 
 Page. 
 
 companionship, acquaintance 15 
 
   ' association 60 
 
 company 110 
 
 " association 60 
 
 " class 106 
 
 compare, contrast 118 
 
 comparison, analogy 43 
 
 compass, attain 64 
 
 compassion, mercy 239 
 
 " pity 273 
 
 compassionate, humane S03 
 
 compel Ill 
 
 " Und 81 
 
 " drive 140 
 
 " infifuence 217 
 
 " make 236 
 
 compend, abridgment 7 
 
 compendious, terse 354 
 
 compendium, abridgment 7 
 
 compensate, requite 313 
 
 compensation, pay 266 
 
 competency, poiver 279 
 
 competent, adequate 21 
 
 competition, ajnbition 40 
 
 competitor, enemy 151 
 
 complain 112 
 
 complaint, disease 134 
 
 complaisant, friendly 178 
 
 polite 277 
 
 complete, v., do 135 
 
 " end,v 148 
 
 complete, a., perfect 268 
 
 plentiful 27'6 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 completed, perfect 268 
 
 completion, end, n 148 
 
 complex 112 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 compliant, docile 136 
 
 complicate, involve 223 
 
 complicated, complex 112 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 compliment, praise 280 
 
 comply, agree 25 
 
 component, part 264 
 
 compose, allay 31 
 
 make 236 
 
 composed, calm 91 
 
 composite, cmyiplex 112 
 
 composition, metrical, poeti~y 277 
 
 composure, apathy 50 
 
 " patience 265 
 
 compound, complex 112 
 
 comprehend, catch 97 
 
 " perceive 267 
 
 comprehension, knowledge 227 
 
 compulsion, necessity 250 
 
 compulsive, absolute 8 
 
 compulsory, absolute 8 
 
 compunction, repentance 310 
 
 compute, calculate 90 
 
 comrade? associate 60 
 
 conceal, hide 197 
 
 palliate 261 
 
 concede, alloiv 35 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 conceit, egotism 145 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 idea 206 
 
 Page. 
 
 conceit, pride 296 
 
 conceivable, likely 232 
 
 conceive, jyerceive 267 
 
 concept, idea 206 
 
 conception, fancy 167 
 
 idea 206 
 
 concern, anxiety 49 
 
 " business 88 
 
 " care ; 94 
 
 concise, terse 354 
 
 conclave, cabal 90 
 
 " company 110 
 
 conclude, cease 98 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 conclusion, end, n , 148 
 
 " demonstration 127 
 
 concomitant, appendage 53 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 concord, harmony 191 
 
 concourse, compaiiy 110 
 
 throng 356 
 
 concupiscence, desire 128 
 
 concur, agree 25 
 
 concurrence, harmony 191 
 
 concussion, blow 83 
 
 " collision 109 
 
 condemn 113 
 
 " reprove 312 
 
 condemnation, reproof 311 
 
 condensed, terse 354 
 
 condition, cause 98 
 
 " tenii 354 
 
 condolence, jnty 273 
 
 condole with, console 117 
 
 condone, pardon 262 
 
 conduct, v., keep 226 
 
 " transact 360 
 
 conduct, n., behavior 79 
 
 confabulation, conversation 118 
 
 confederacy, alliance 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 cabal 90 
 
 confederate, accessory 13 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 confederation, alliance 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 confer, deliberate 125 
 
 " give 185 
 
 conference, company 110 
 
 " conversation 118 
 
 confess 114 
 
 " avow 69 
 
 confession, apology 51 
 
 confide, commit 110 
 
 confidence, assurance 61 
 
 faith 164 
 
 confine, restrain 315 
 
 confines, boundary 84 
 
 confirm 114 
 
 corittagration,^re 173 
 
 conflict, battle 74 
 
 " collision 109 
 
 conflicting, a/i«i, a 29 
 
 " incongruous 214 
 
 conformity, harrnony 191 
 
 confound, abash 3 
 
 refute 306 
 
 confront, aiide 5
 
 521 
 
 confuse 
 conviction 
 
 Page. 
 
 confuse, abash 3 
 
 " displace 135 
 
 confused, complex 11:J 
 
 " heterogeneous 1% 
 
 confusion, amazement 39 
 
 " cMgi'in 100 
 
 " im'pl< .lilij 27'0 
 
 " revnlulion 317 
 
 confute, refute SOii 
 
 conge, fare well 108 
 
 congenial, delujhtfiil 1x16 
 
 congenital, inherent 318 
 
 conglcmerate, complex, 113 
 
 ' ' heterogeneous I'.tO 
 
 congratulate 115 
 
 congregation, company 110 
 
 congruity, harmony 191 
 
 congruous, becoming 67 
 
 conjectural, likely 233 
 
 conjecture, v., supiJOse 348 
 
 conjectm-e, ■;;,., hypothesis 20-t 
 
 conjugal union, marriage 236 
 
 conjunction, association 00 
 
 " tmion 363 
 
 conjure, pray 281 
 
 connect, attribute, v 65 
 
 connection, association 60 
 
 connoisseur, amateur 39 
 
 conquer , 115 
 
 " beat 75 
 
 conquest, victory 369 
 
 consanguinity, Mn 227 
 
 conscious 116 
 
 consciousness, mind 241 
 
 consecrated, fioly 200 
 
 consent, v., agree 25 
 
 consent, «., harmony 191 
 
 " permission 209 
 
 consent to, allow 35 
 
 consequence 116 
 
 " demonstration 127 
 
 " end,n 148 
 
 " event 158 
 
 consequent, consequence 116 
 
 consider, calculate 90 
 
 " deliberate 125 
 
 " esteem 156 
 
 considerable, large 239 
 
 consideration, friendship 179 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 consign, commit 110 
 
 consistency, harmony 191 
 
 console 117 
 
 consonance, harmony 191 
 
 consort, associate 60 
 
 conspicuous, evident 159 
 
 conspiracy, cabal 90 
 
 constancy , industry 216 
 
 constant, conlimial 117 
 
 " permanent 209 
 
 consternation, alarm 28 
 
 fear 168 
 
 constituent, part 264 
 
 constitute, ??»afe 236 
 
 constitution, character 102 
 
 constitutional, radical 299 
 
 constrain, compel Ill 
 
 " make 236 
 
 Page. 
 constrain, restrain 315 
 
 constraint, m,odesty 244 
 
 construct, make 236 
 
 consult, deliberate 125 
 
 consume, absorb 9 
 
 burn 87 
 
 consuiuniiile, v., do 135 
 
 consummate, a., perfect 268 
 
 consummation, act 16 
 
 end, n 148 
 
 contact, collision 109 
 
 contagion 117 
 
 contaminate, defile 124 
 
 contemplate, look 234 
 
 contemptible, pitiful 273 
 
 content!, reason, v 303 
 
 content, satisfy 324 
 
 contented, comfortable 110 
 
 contention, feiid 170 
 
 contentment, happiness 189 
 
 conterminous, adjacent 23 
 
 contest, battle 7'4 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 contiguity, apjwoximation 55 
 
 contiguous, adjacent 22 
 
 continence, abstinence 10 
 
 continent, pure 296 
 
 contingency, accident 14 
 
 event 158 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 continual 117 
 
 continue, abide 5 
 
 " protract 293 
 
 continuous, continual 117 
 
 contract 118 
 
 contraction, abbreviation 4 
 
 contradictory, alien, a 29 
 
 " incongruous 214 
 
 contrariety, difference 131 
 
 contrary, alieri, a 29 
 
 " incongruous 214 
 
 " jKrverse 273 
 
 contrast, v 118 
 
 contrast, »., difference 131 
 
 contrasted, alien, a 39 
 
 contriteness, repentance 310 
 
 contrition, repentance 310 
 
 contrivance, artifice 58 
 
 control, v., govern 185 
 
 control, 71., 'oversight 200 
 
 controlling, absolute 8 
 
 controversy, feud 170 
 
 controvert, 7'eamn, v 302 
 
 contumacious, obstinate 256 
 
 " rebellious 304 
 
 conundrum, riddle 318 
 
 convene, convoke 120 
 
 convenient, comfortable 110 
 
 convention, company 110 
 
 conversation 118 
 
 converse, conversation 118 
 
 speak a39 
 
 conversion, change, n 101 
 
 convert, v., change 100 
 
 convert, n 119 
 
 convey 119 
 
 " carry 96 
 
 convict, condemn 113 
 
 conviction, faith 164
 
 convince 
 damage 
 
 522 
 
 Page. 
 
 convince, jKrsuade 271 
 
 convocation, company 110 
 
 convoke 120 
 
 cool, calm 91 
 
 cooperate, help 195 
 
 copious, plentiful 276 
 
 copy, v., follow 174 
 
 copy, n., duplicale 141 
 
 " model 243 
 
 cordial, friendly 178 
 
 corporal, phydcal 273 
 
 corporation, association 60 
 
 corporeal, physical 272 
 
 corpse, body 84 
 
 corpuscle, jKirtick 264 
 
 correct, v., amend 41 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 correct, a., perfect 268 
 
 correlative, mutual 246 
 
 correspondent, synonymous 349 
 
 corresponding, synonymous 349 
 
 corroborate, confirm 114 
 
 corrupt, decay... 122 
 
 defile 124 
 
 cost, expense 162 
 
 " pyi'ice 285 
 
 costume, dress , 140 
 
 coterie, class 106 
 
 coterminous, adjacent 22 
 
 count, calculate 90 
 
 countenance, abet 4 
 
 counteract, hinder 199 
 
 counterpart, duplicate 141 
 
 countless, infinite 216 
 
 countrified, rustic 321 
 
 country, rustic 321 
 
 com-age, fwtUude 176 
 
 " ])rmve.ss 294 
 
 courageous, brave 85 
 
 course, career 95 
 
 " direction 132 
 
 " way 372 
 
 court, address, v 19 
 
 " caress 95 
 
 courteous, polite 277 
 
 courtesy, address, n 20 
 
 courtly, polite 277 
 
 covenant, contract 118 
 
 cover, hide 197 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 " shelter 331 
 
 coveting, desire 128 
 
 covetous, avaricious 68 
 
 covey, Jiock 173 
 
 cow, frighten 180 
 
 coyne'ss, modesty 244 
 
 crabbed, morose 245 
 
 crack, v., break 86 
 
 crack, n., blemish 82 
 
 craft, artifice 58 
 
 " business 88 
 
 " deception 123 
 
 crafty, astute 62 
 
 crave, ask 59 
 
 craving, appetite 54 
 
 " desire 128 
 
 craziness, insanity 221 
 
 create, make 236 
 
 creator, cause 98 
 
 Page. 
 
 creature, animal 45 
 
 credence, faith 164 
 
 credible, likely 232 
 
 credit, faith 164 
 
 " fame 106 
 
 credulity, fanaticism 166 
 
 creed, faith 164 
 
 cremate, burn 87 
 
 crew, cabal 90 
 
 crime, abomination 7 
 
 sin 332 
 
 criminal 120 
 
 criminality, sin 332 
 
 critic, amateur 39 
 
 critical, minute 242 
 
 criticism, reproof. 311 
 
 croak, complain ... 112 
 
 crook, bend 79 
 
 crop, harvest 192 
 
 cross oil, or out, cancel 92 
 
 crotchety, queer 297 
 
 crowd, company 110 
 
 " mob 2^13 
 
 " throng 356 
 
 crowd out, displace 135 
 
 cruel, bai^barous 73 
 
 crush, break 86 
 
 "• conquer 115 
 
 crusty, mmvse 245 
 
 cry, call 91 
 
 cudgel, beat 75 
 
 cuff, blotv 83 
 
 cull, choose 104 
 
 culpable, criminal 120 
 
 cultivated, polite 277 
 
 cultivation, agriculture 25 
 
 " education 143 
 
 " refinement 30t 
 
 culture, agriculture 25 
 
 " education 143 
 
 " refinement 305 
 
 cultured, jMlite 277 
 
 cunning, a., astute 62 
 
 cunning, n., artifice 58 
 
 " deception 123 j/ 
 
 curb, govern 185 \/ 
 
 " restrain 315 "^ 
 
 cure, recover 305 
 
 cured, be, recover 305 
 
 curious, inquisitive, 221 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 " rare 300 
 
 currency, money 244 
 
 current, authentic 67 
 
 curse, abomination 7 
 
 " oath 254 
 
 cursing, oath 254 
 
 curve, bend 79 
 
 custody, fetter 169 
 
 custom, habit 187 
 
 customary, general 181 
 
 usual 362 
 
 cut, bloiv 83 
 
 cutting, bitter 81 
 
 daily 131 
 
 dainty, delicious 126 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 " tasteful 352 
 
 damage, abuse 13
 
 523 
 
 damage 
 depose 
 
 Page. 
 
 damage, injury 319 
 
 danger 121 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 dangerous, formidable 176 
 
 aappcr, neat 249 
 
 daring, bi-ave 85 
 
 dark 122 
 
 " mysterious 347 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 darksome, obscure 255 
 
 dart, send 327 
 
 date, titne 35() 
 
 daub, blemish 82 
 
 daunt, abash 3 
 
 " frighten 180 
 
 dauntless, brave 85 
 
 dawdling, slow 337 
 
 day dream, dream 139 
 
 deadly, pernicious 270 
 
 deal, apportion 54 
 
 " sale 323 
 
 deathless, eternal 157 
 
 debar, 'prohibit 290 
 
 debase, abase 2 
 
 debasement, alloy 36 
 
 debate, «., deliberate 125 
 
 " reason, v 302 
 
 debate, n., reasoning 303 
 
 decay 122 
 
 decease, die 130 
 
 deceit, deception 123 
 
 " fraud 177 
 
 deceitful, vain 304 
 
 deceitfulness, deception 123 
 
 deceiver, hypocrite 204 
 
 decent, becoming 77 
 
 deception ^ 123 
 
 " fraud .* 177 
 
 deck, adorn i 23 
 
 declaim, speak 339 
 
 declare, allege 31 
 
 " antwunce 46 
 
 " avow 69 
 
 " speak   339 
 
 state 341 
 
 decline, abate 3 
 
 " die 130 
 
 decompose, decay 122 
 
 decorate, adorn 23 
 
 decorous, becoming 77 
 
 decoy, allure 37 
 
 decrease, abate 3 
 
 decree, law 229 
 
 decrepit, old 257 
 
 decry, disparage 134 
 
 " slander 336 
 
 deduction, demonstration 127 
 
 " induction 215 
 
 deed, act. 16 
 
 " work 374 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 deem, calculate 90 
 
 " esteem, v 156 
 
 " suppose 348 
 
 deep, obscure 255 
 
 defacement, blemish 83 
 
 defame, abuse 12 
 
 " slander 336 
 
 default, neglect 251 
 
 Page. 
 
 defeat, beat 75 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 defect, Ue/tiiah 83 
 
 defend, keep 226 
 
 " shelter 331 
 
 defense 123 
 
 " apology 51 
 
 defer, protract 293 
 
 defile 124 
 
 " abuse 12 
 
 definition 124 
 
 deflect, bend 79 
 
 deformity, blemish 83 
 
 deft, skilful 335 
 
 degrade, abase 2 
 
 deist, skeptic 335 
 
 delay, hinder 199 
 
 " protract 293 
 
 delaying, slow 337 
 
 delegate, v., send 327 
 
 delegate, n 125 
 
 deleterious, pernicious 270 
 
 deliberate, v 125 
 
 deliberate, a., slow 337 
 
 delicate,^rte 172 
 
 tasteful 352 
 
 delicious 126 
 
 delightful 126 
 
 tasteful 352 
 
 delight, v., entertain 153 
 
 delight, »., entertainment 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 delighted, happy 190 
 
 delightful 126 
 
 beautiful 76 
 
 " channing 103 
 
 " delicious 126 
 
 happy 190 
 
 delight in, admire 23 
 
 delinquency, sin 332 
 
 delirium, insanity 221 
 
 deliver, give 185 
 
 »peak 330 
 
 delusion 127 
 
 " deception 123 
 
 delusive, vain 364 
 
 demand, ask 59 
 
 demeanor, air 37 
 
 " behavior 79 
 
 dementia, iiisanity 221 
 
 demolish 127 
 
 break 86 
 
 demonstrable, real 301 
 
 demonstrate, reason, v 303 
 
 demonstration 127 
 
 denomination, name 247 
 
 " term 354 
 
 denouement, catastrophe 97 
 
 denounce, condemn 113 
 
   dense, obscure 255 
 
 dent, blemish 83 
 
 denunciation, oath 254 
 
 " reproof. 311 
 
 deny, renounce 309 
 
 depart, die 130 
 
 depart from, abandon 1 
 
 deplore, mcmrn 346 
 
 deportment, behavior 79 
 
 i depose, state 341
 
 dei>o<!iIt 
 disallow 
 
 524 
 
 Page. 
 
 deposit, 2yut 296 
 
 deposition, testimony 355 
 
 depravity, si7} 332 
 
 depreciate, disparage 134 
 
 slander 336 
 
 depredator, robber 320 
 
 depress, abase 2 
 
 depth, wisdom 372 
 
 depute, send 327 
 
 deputy, delegate 125 
 
 derange, displace 135 
 
 derangement, insamly 221 
 
 derision, banter 73 
 
 derogate from, disparage 134 
 
 descent, kin 227 
 
 description, definition 124 
 
 " report 311 
 
 descry, discern 133 
 
 " discover 133 
 
 " look 234 
 
 desert, abandon 1 
 
 design 128 
 
 " aim 26 
 
 " eiid, n 148 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " model 243 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 " sketch 334 
 
 designation, name 247 
 
 designer, cause 98 
 
 desire 128 
 
 " appetite 54 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 desirous, eager 142 
 
 desist, cease 98 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 despair 129 
 
 despatch, kill 226 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 " send 327 
 
 desperation, despair 129 
 
 despicable, I'itiful 273 
 
 despise, abhor 5 
 
 despite, notwithstanding, prep 254 
 
 despoiler, robber 320 
 
 despondency, despair 129 
 
 despotic, absolute 8 
 
 destine, aJlot 34 
 
 destiny, necessity 250 
 
 destitution, porerty 279 
 
 destroy, abolish 6 
 
 " break 86 
 
 " demolish 127 
 
 " exterminate 163 
 
 " subvert 346 
 
 destructive, pernicious 270 
 
 detach, abstract 10 
 
 detail, circumstance 105 
 
 detailed, minute 242 
 
 detain, arrest 57 
 
 " keep 226 
 
 detect, discover 133 
 
 deterioration, alloy 36 
 
 determination, aim 26 
 
 determined, obstinate 256 
 
 detest, abhor' 5 
 
 detestation, abomination 7 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 Page. 
 
 detract from, disparage 134 
 
 detriment, injury 219 
 
 detrimental, pernidous 270 
 
 develop, amplify 43 
 
 developed, real 301 
 
 development, education 143 
 
 " progress 289 
 
 deviate, bend 79 
 
 " tvander 371 
 
 device, artifice 58 
 
 " design 128 
 
 devoted, addicted 19 
 
 faithful 165- 
 
 holy 200 
 
 devotion, allegiance 32 
 
 " attachment 63 
 
 " enthusiasm 153 
 
 " friendship 179 
 
 'love 235 
 
 " religion 307 
 
 dexterity 129 
 
 " address, n 20 
 
 " power 279 
 
 dexterous, clever 109 
 
 " happy 190 
 
 skilful 3.35 
 
 dialect, language 228 
 
 dialog(ne, conversation 118 
 
 diaphanous, clear 107 
 
 dictatorial, absolute 8 
 
 " dogmatic 1.37 
 
 diction 1.30 
 
 " language 228 
 
 dictum, proverb 293 
 
 die 130 
 
 diet, food 175 
 
 difference 131 
 
 differentiate, contrast 118 
 
 difficult 132 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 diflaculty, impediment 213 
 
 diffidence, modesty 244 
 
 difluseness, circumlocuticni 105 
 
 digest, abridgment 7 
 
 digress, wander 371 
 
 dilate, am2)lify 43 
 
 dilatory, slorv 337 
 
 dilettante, amateur 39 
 
 diligence, industry 216 
 
 diligent, active 17 
 
 " industrious 215 
 
 dim, dark 122 
 
 " faint 161 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 diminish, abate 3 
 
 diminutive, minute 342 
 
 dip, immerse 212 
 
 " tip 357 
 
 dire, awful 70 
 
 direct, govern 185 
 
 direction 132 
 
 " care 94 
 
 order 258 
 
 " over'sigh,t 260 
 
 directly, immediately 211 
 
 direful, awful 70 
 
 disadvantage, injury 219 
 
 disagreement, difference 131 
 
 disaUow, irrohibit 290
 
 535 
 
 disappoint iiiont 
 tlisssiniulsttion 
 
 Page. 
 
 disappointment, chagrin 100 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 disapproval, rejnvcif 311 
 
 disarrange, displace 135 
 
 disaster, accicCeni 14 
 
 blow 83 
 
 " catastrophe 97 
 
 " misfortune 243 
 
 disavow, renounce 309 
 
 disbelief, doubt., n 138 
 
 disbeliever, skeptic 335 
 
 discard, renounce 309 
 
 discern 133 
 
 " discover 133 
 
 " look 234 
 
 discernible, evident 159 
 
 discerning, astute 63 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 discernment, 'acumen 18 
 
 " tvisdom 373 
 
 discharge, absolve 9 
 
 banish 72 
 
 " cancel 93 
 
 do 135 
 
 " send 327 
 
 disciple, adherent 21 
 
 " convert 119 
 
 " scholar 324 
 
 discipline, v., chasten 103 
 
 teach 353 
 
 discipline, «,., education 143 
 
 disclaim, renounce 309 
 
 disclose, confess 114 
 
 " discover 133 
 
 disclosure, revelation 310 
 
 discolor, stain 341 
 
 discomfit, conquer 115 
 
 discompose, abash 3 
 
 discomposure, chagrin 100 
 
 disconcert, abash 3 
 
 discontinue, abandon 1 
 
 " cease 98 
 
 discordant, heterogeneous 196 
 
 " incongruous 314 
 
 discouragement, (lesimir 129 
 
 discourse, cotiversaiion 118 
 
 " speak 339 
 
 " speech 339 
 
 discourteous, bluff 83 
 
 discover 133 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 discredit, aba,se 2 
 
 " disparage 134 
 
 discrepancy, difference 131 
 
 discrepant, incongruous, 314 
 
 discretion, addre^o, n 20 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 " zvisdom 372 
 
 discriminate, abstract 10 
 
 " contraSi 118 
 
 " discern 133 
 
 discriminating, astute 62 
 
 discrimination, difference 131 
 
 discuss, reason, v 302 
 
 disdain, ^mde 280 
 
 disease 134 
 
 disfigurement, blemish 82 
 
 disgrace, v., abase 3 
 
 " stain 341 
 
 Page. 
 
 disgrace, w . , blemish 82 
 
 disguise, v., hide 197 
 
 disguise, ti., pretense 283 
 
 disgust, abomination 7 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 dishearten, abash 3 
 
 dishonesty, fraud 177 
 
 dishonor, v., abase 2 
 
 " disparage 134 
 
 " stain 341 
 
 dishonor, «., blemish 82 
 
 disinclined, reluctant 308 
 
 disinfect, cleanse 107 
 
 disintegration, revolution 317 
 
 disinterested, generous 182 
 
 •iislike, v., abhor 5 
 
 dislike, »., antipathy 48 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 dislodge, banish 73 
 
 dismal, dark 123 
 
 dismay, v., frighten 180 
 
 dismay, n., alarm 28 
 
 " chagrin 100 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 dismiss, banish 73 
 
 " send 327 
 
 disobedient, rebellious 304 
 
 disorder, disease 134 
 
 " revolution 317 
 
 disown, renounce 309 
 
 disparage 134 
 
 " atmse 12 
 
 " slander 336 
 
 disparity, difference 131 
 
 dispassionate, calm 91 
 
 dispense, apportion 54 
 
 displace 135 
 
 display, ostentation 259 
 
 displease, affront 24 
 
 displeasure, anger 44 
 
 " pnque 272 
 
 disport, entertain 153 
 
 dispose, influence 217 
 
 " persuade 371 
 
 disposed, addicted 19 
 
 disposition, app)etite 54 
 
 " array 57 
 
 " character 103 
 
 " mind 241 
 
 disprove, refute 306 
 
 dispute, v., reason, v 303 
 
 dispute, n.,feud 17'0 
 
 disquiet, anxiety 49 
 
 disquietude, cddrm 28 
 
 fear 168 
 
 disquisition, speech 339 
 
 disregard, neglect 351 
 
 disrespect, neglect 251 
 
 dissemble, hide 197 
 
 dissembler, hypocrite 204 
 
 dissension, feud 170 
 
 dissenter, heretic 190 
 
 dissertation, speech 339 
 
 dissimilar, heterogrncnus 196 
 
 dissimilarity, iliffni nee 131 
 
 dissimilitude, diffc?'tiice 131 
 
 dissimulation, deception 123 
 
 " hypocrisy 204 
 
 '■ pretense 283
 
 dl^sipatiou 
 dye 
 
 526 
 
 Pagb. 
 
 dissipation, excess IGO 
 
 distant, alien, a 29 
 
 distaste, aiitipaihy 48 
 
 distemper, disease 134 
 
 distinct, clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 distinction, characteristic 103 
 
 " difference 131 
 
 " fame 166 
 
 distinguish, abstract 10 
 
 " discern 133 
 
 distract, abstract 10 
 
 distraction, perplexity 270 
 
 distress, grief 187 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 " pain 261 
 
 " poverty 279 
 
 distribute, allot 34 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 distributively, apiece 51 
 
 distrust, v., doubt, v 137 
 
 distrust, ;;., doubt, n 138 
 
 disturb, displace 135 
 
 disturbance, anxiety 49 
 
 " perpilexity 270 
 
 " storm 343 
 
 disused, obsolete 256 
 
 diurnal, daily 131 
 
 diverge, bend 79 
 
 " ivander 371 
 
 divergence, difference 131 
 
 diversify, change, v 100 
 
 diversion, entertainment 153 
 
 diversity, change, n 101 
 
 " difference 131 
 
 divert, abstract 10 
 
 " entertain 152 
 
 divide, allot 34 
 
 " appmHi07i 54 
 
 divine, v., arigur 66 
 
 divine, n., holy 200 
 
 division, part 264 
 
 " topic 359 
 
 do 135 
 
 " execute 161 
 
 " make 236 
 
 " transact 360 
 
 docile 136 
 
 doctrinal, dogmatic 137 
 
 doctrine 136 
 
 " faith 164 
 
 document, record 304 
 
 dodge, artifice 58 
 
 doer, agent 24 
 
 dogged, morose 245 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 dogma, doctrine 136 
 
 dogmatic 137 
 
 " absolute 8 
 
 doing, act 16 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 " ^vork 374 
 
 domicil, hom^ 201 
 
 domineering, absolute 8 
 
 " dogmatic 137 
 
 donation, gift 184 
 
 doom, condemn 131 
 
 door, entrance 154 
 
 doorway, entrance 154 
 
 Page. 
 
 double«dealing, deception 123 
 
 doubt, V 137 
 
 doubt, n 138 
 
 " pe^'plexity 270 
 
 doubter, skeptic 335 
 
 IE 
 
 doubtful, equivocal. 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 " precaHous 282 
 
 doughty, brave 85 
 
 douse, immerse 212 
 
 down, conquer 115 
 
 draft, sketch 334 
 
 drag, draw 138 
 
 draiv 138 
 
 " allure 37 
 
 " kxflucnce 217 
 
 drawing, sketch 334 
 
 draw out, protract 293 
 
 dread, a., awful 70 
 
 dread, n., alarm 28 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 fear 168 
 
 " veneration 366 
 
 dreadful, awful 70 
 
 dream 139 
 
 dregs of the people, mob 243 
 
 dress 140 
 
 drill, exercise 162 
 
 " teach 353 
 
 drink in, drink up, absorb 9 
 
 dHve 140 
 
 " banish 72 
 
 " compel Ill 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 " send 327 
 
 drive on, quicken 297 
 
 drive out, banish 172 
 
 driveway, way 372 
 
 droll, queer 297 
 
 drollery, wit 373 
 
 drove, flock 173 
 
 drowsy, sloiv 337 
 
 drudgery, ivork 374 
 
 dubious, equivocal 155 
 
 " precarious 282 
 
 duck, immerse 212 
 
 dull, dark 122 
 
 " slow 337 
 
 dulness, stupidity 344 
 
 dumb, taciturm 351 
 
 duplicate 141 
 
 duplicity, deception 123 
 
 fraud 177 
 
 durable, permanent 269 
 
 dmance, fetter 169 
 
 duration, time 356 
 
 Amem, fetter 169 
 
 dusky, dark 122 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 dust, v., cleanse 107 
 
 Aiist, n., body : 84 
 
 duty 142 
 
 " business 88 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 dwell, ahide 5 
 
 dwelling, hom£ 201 
 
 dye, stain 341
 
 527 
 
 eaeli 
 enl&rinatical 
 
 Page. 
 
 each, apiece ." 51 
 
 " every 158 
 
 eager 143 
 
 eagerness, enthusiasm 153 
 
 earlier, previous 285 
 
 earn, attain 64 
 
 " get 183 
 
 earnest, eager 14^ 
 
 " security 3(i(i 
 
 earnestness, enthuslasin 153 
 
 earnings, pay 20(j 
 
 ease 143 
 
 " rest 313 
 
 easiness, ease 143 
 
 ebb, abate 3 
 
 eccentric, q\ieer 297 
 
 economy, frugality 180 
 
 " law 229 
 
 ecstasy, enthusiasm 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 edge, Mnlc 72 
 
 ' ' boundary 84 
 
 edict, law 229 
 
 educate, teach 353 
 
 education 143 
 
 efface, cancel 92 
 
 effect, v., do 135^ 
 
 " make 236 
 
 effect, n., act 16 
 
 " consequence 116 
 
 " end., n 148 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 effeminate, feminine 169 
 
 efficacy, power 279 
 
 efficiency, power 27 9 
 
 effort, endeavor, n 150 
 
 " industry 216 
 
 effrontery 144 
 
 " assurance 61 
 
 " impudence 213 
 
 egoism, egotism 145 
 
 egotisin 145 
 
 either, every 158 
 
 ejaculate, call 91 
 
 eject, banish 72 
 
 elderly, old 257 
 
 elect, choose 104 
 
 election, alternative 38 
 
 elegance, refinement 305 
 
 elegant, beautiful 76 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 " polite 277 
 
 " tasteful 352 
 
 element, part 264 
 
 " particle 264 
 
 elevate, promote 291 
 
 elevated, high 198 
 
 eliminate, abstract 10 
 
 elongate, protract 293 
 
 emanate, rise 319 
 
 emancipation, liberty 230 
 
 embarrass, abash 3 
 
 hinder 199 
 
 " involve 223 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 embarrassment, perplexity 270 
 
 eml)elli8h, adorn 23 
 
 emblem 146 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 Page. 
 
 embolden, abet 4 
 
 embrace, caress 95 
 
 embroil, involve 223 
 
 emend, amend 41 
 
 emergency, necessity 250 
 
 emigrate 147 
 
 eminence, fame 166 
 
 eminent, high 198 
 
 emissary, si)y 340 
 
 emit, send 327 
 
 emolument, jwofit 288 
 
 emotion, sensation 328 
 
 employ 147 
 
 employed, industrious 215 
 
 employment, business 88 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 work 374 
 
 empty, vain 364 
 
 " vacant 363 
 
 emulation, ambition 40 
 
 enactment, law 229 
 
 enchanting, charming 103 
 
 enclosure, boundary 84 
 
 encomium, jn-aise 280 
 
 encounter, v., attack, v 63 
 
 encounter, ti., battle 74 
 
 " collision 109 
 
 encourage, abet 4 
 
 " chej-ish lOi 
 
 " console 117 
 
 help 195 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 encroachment, attack, n 64 
 
 encumber, hinder 199 
 
 encumbrance, impediment 213 
 
 load 233 
 
 end, V 148 
 
 " abolish 6 
 
 " cease 98 
 
 end, n 148 
 
 " aim 26 
 
 " consequence 116 
 
 " design 128 
 
 " event 158 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 endeavor, v 149 
 
 endeavor, n 150 
 
 " aim 26 
 
 endless, eternal 157 
 
 endorse, confess 114 
 
 endurance, fortitude 176 
 
 " patience 265 
 
 endure 150 
 
 " abide 5 
 
 enduring, permanent 269 
 
 enemy 151 
 
 energetic, active 17 
 
 energy, power 279 
 
 enforce, execute 161 
 
 engage, bind 81 
 
 engaged, industrious 215 
 
 engagement, battle 74 
 
 " contract 118 
 
 engaging, amiable 42 
 
 engross, absorb 9 
 
 " employ 147 
 
 enigma, riddle 318 
 
 enigmatic, equivocal 155 
 
 enigmatical, equivocal 155
 
 enigmatical 
 
 excess 
 
 52S 
 
 I'AGH. 
 
 enigmatical, mysterious 217 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 enjoy, admire 2.3 
 
 enjoyment, entertainment 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 enlarge, add 18 
 
 " amplify 43 
 
 enlighten, teach 353 
 
 enlightenment, wisdom 37'2 
 
 enliven, entertain 152 
 
 enmity 152 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 enormous, tarffe 229 
 
 enough, plentiful 27'6 
 
 enrapturing, charminr/ 103 
 
 enrolment, record 304 
 
 ensample, example 160 
 
 ensnare, catch 97 
 
 ensue, follow 174 
 
 entangle, involve 223 
 
 entangled, complex 112 
 
 enter, reach 300 
 
 entertain 152 
 
 " cherish 104 
 
 entertainment 153 
 
 enfliii.-'itsm 153 
 
 enthusiastic, eager 142 
 
 entice, allure 37 
 
 " draw 138 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 entire, radical 299 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 entomb, hide 197 
 
 entrance 154 
 
 entrancing, channinrj 103 
 
 entrap, catch 97 
 
 entreat, ask 59 
 
 " plead 274 
 
 " pray 281 
 
 entree, entrance 154 
 
 entrust, commit 110 
 
 entry, entrance 154 
 
 " record 304 
 
 enumerate, calculate 90 
 
 enumeration, reccnxl 304 
 
 enunciate, announce 46 
 
 " speak 339 
 
 envious 155 
 
 eon, tirne ._ „ . . 350 
 
 conian, eternal 157 
 
 ephemeral, transient 301 
 
 episode, event 158 
 
 epithet, name 247 
 
 epitome, ahridgment 7 
 
 epoch, time 356 
 
 equal, adequate 21 
 
 " cdike 30 
 
 equitable, honest 202 
 
 equity, justice 225 
 
 equivalent, alike 30 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 equivocal 155 
 
 " 2^recarious 282 
 
 era, time 350 
 
 eradicate, abolish 6 
 
 ' ' exterminate 163 
 
 erase, cawce^ 92 
 
 err, wander 371 
 
 Page. 
 
 erratic, queer 297 
 
 erroneous, absurd 11 
 
 error, delusion 127 
 
 erudition, himvledge 227 
 
 " ivisdmn 372 
 
 espousal, marriage 2.36 
 
 essay, »., endeavor, v 149 
 
 essay, n., endeavor, n 150 
 
 essential, inherent 218 
 
 " necessary 250 
 
 " necessity 250 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 " real 301 
 
 establish, conlirm 114 
 
 make 2.36 
 
 " reason, v 302 
 
 esteem, v 156 
 
 " admire 23 
 
 esteem, n 157 
 
 " attachment 63 
 
 " fritn<l.</iip 179 
 
 esthetic, tasteful 352 
 
 esthetical, tasteful 352 
 
 estimate, v., calculate 90 
 
 " esteem, v 156 
 
 estimate, n., esteem, n 157 
 
 estimation, attachment 63 
 
 " esteem, n 157 
 
 eternal 157 
 
 " infinite 216 
 
 ethereal, airy 27 
 
 eucharist, sacrament 321 
 
 eulogy, praise 280 
 
 euphony, meter 240 
 
 evanescent, transient 361 
 
 even, hx/rizontal 202 
 
 event 158 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 " consequence 116 
 
 everlasting, eternal 157 
 
 ever«living, eternal 157 
 
 every 158 
 
 everyday, general 181 
 
 " usual 362 
 
 evict, banish 7'2 
 
 evidence, demxynstration 127 
 
 " testinwny 355 
 
 evident 1.59 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 evil, a., pernicious 270 
 
 evil, n., abomination 7 
 
 "■ injury 219 
 
 " sin 332 
 
 exact, minute 242 
 
 exacting, absolute 8 
 
 exaggeration, caricature 95 
 
 exalt, promote S91 
 
 exalted, higfi 198 
 
 example 160 
 
 " model 243 
 
 " precedent 282 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 exasperate, affront 24 
 
 exasperationi anger 44 
 
 excellence, virtue 370 
 
 excelleiTt, fine 173 
 
 except, but 89 
 
 excerpt, quote 298 
 
 excess^: 160
 
 529 
 
 exfliange 
 faded 
 
 Page. 
 
 exchange, ?;., change., v 100 
 
 exchange, w., sale ;W3 
 
 excite, irtfiuence 217 
 
 " promote 201 
 
 excitement, enthusi(m7i 153 
 
 exclaim, call 91 
 
 exculpate, absolve 9 
 
 exculpation, apology 51 
 
 excursion, journey 223 
 
 excusable, venial 367 
 
 excuse, apology 51 
 
 " pardon 263 
 
 " pretense 283 
 
 execration, abomination 7 
 
 oath 254 
 
 execute 161 
 
 " do 135 
 
 " Mil 226 
 
 " make 236 
 
 execution, act 16 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 exemplar, example 160 
 
 exempliflcation, example 160 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 exempt, absolve 9 
 
 exemption, nght 319 
 
 exe7rise 162 
 
 act 16 
 
 exertion, act 16 
 
 " endeavor, n 150 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 " industry 216 
 
 " iv07'lc 374 
 
 exhaust, absorb 9 
 
 tire 357 
 
 exhausted, /ai?i< 164 
 
 exhausting, difficult 132 
 
 exhibition, array 57 
 
 exigency, necessity 250 
 
 exile, banish 72 
 
 existent, alive 30 
 
 existing, alive 30 
 
 exonerate, absolve 9 
 
 exorbitance, excess 160 
 
 expand, amplify 43 
 
 expatiate, amplify 43 
 
 expatriate, banish 72 
 
 expect, abide 5 
 
 " anticipate 47 
 
 expectancy, anticipation 48 
 
 expectation, anticipation 48 
 
 expediency, proM 288 
 
 utility 363 
 
 expedite, quicken 297 
 
 expedition, journey 223 
 
 expeditious, active 17 
 
 expel, banish 72 
 
 " exterminate 163 
 
 expenditure, expense 162 
 
 " price 285 
 
 expense 162 
 
 " pi^ice 285 
 
 experience, acquaintance 15 
 
 " knoivledge 227 
 
 expert, clever 109 
 
 " skilful 335 
 
 expertness, dexterity 129 
 
 " ease 143 
 
 " power 279 
 
 27 
 
 Page. 
 
 expiate, amplify 43 
 
 expiation, p/dpiliation 291 
 
 expiration, end, n 148 
 
 expire, die 130 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 explanation, definition 124 
 
 explicit 162 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 exploit, act 16 
 
 expose, discover 133 
 
 exposition, definition 124 
 
 expostulate with, reprove 312 
 
 express, v., speak 339 
 
 state 341 
 
 express, a., explicit 162 
 
 expression, air 27 
 
 " diction 130 
 
 " language 228 
 
 " tenn 354 
 
 expunge, cancel 92 
 
 exquisite, beautiful 76 
 
 "• delicious 126 
 
 fine 172 
 
 tasteful 352 
 
 extemporaneous 163 
 
 extemporary, extemporaneous 163 
 
 extempore, extemporaneous 163 
 
 extend, add 18 
 
 " amplify 43 
 
 " protract 203 
 
 extension, appendage 53 
 
 extensive, large 229 
 
 extent, end, n 148 
 
 extenuate, palliate 261 
 
 exterminate 163 
 
 " abolish 6 
 
 extinguish, subvert 346 
 
 extirpate, abolish 6 
 
 "• exterminate 163 
 
 extol, admire 23 
 
 extract, quote 298 
 
 extraordmary, qiieer 297 
 
 rare 300 
 
 extravagance, enthusiasm 153 
 
 " excess 160 
 
 extravaganza, caricature 95 
 
 extreme, radical 299 
 
 exti'emity, end, n 148 
 
 " necessity 250 
 
 exuberant, plentiful 276 
 
 f abianism, sociatism 338 
 
 fable, allegoi'y 33 
 
 " fiction 170 
 
 fabric-ate, make 236 
 
 fabrication, deception 123 
 
 fiction 170 
 
 facetiousness, wit 373 
 
 facilitate, quicken 297 
 
 facility, ease 143 
 
 facsimile, duplicate 141 
 
 model 243 
 
 fact, circumstance 105 
 
 " event 158 
 
 faction, cabcd 90 
 
 factious, penerse 272 
 
 factor, agent 24 
 
 faculty, power 279 
 
 fade, die 130 
 
 UA&A, faint 164
 
 fadeless 
 flntshed 
 
 530 
 
 Page. 
 
 fadeless, eternal 157 
 
 fag, tire 357 
 
 failure, misfortune 242 
 
 " neglect 251 
 
 faint 1(34 
 
 faint-hearted, faint lo4 
 
 fainting, stupor 344 
 
 fair, beautiful 76 
 
 " candid 93 
 
 " Twnest 202 
 
 fairness, justice 225 
 
 fair i)lay, justice 225 
 
 fairylike, airy 27 
 
 faith 164 
 
 " religion 307 
 
 " article of, doctrine 136 
 
 faithful 165 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 faithfulness, allegiance 32 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 " virtm 370 
 
 fall, happen 188 
 
 fallacy, delusion 127 
 
 fall out, happen 188 
 
 fall upon, attack., v 63 
 
 false, absurd 11 
 
 falsehood, deception 123 
 
 " fiction 170 
 
 faltering, faint 164 
 
 fame 166 
 
 familiar, general 181 
 
 " usfual 362 
 
 familiarity, acquaintance 15 
 
 " association 60 
 
 family, kin 227 
 
 fanaticism 166 
 
 " enthusiasm 153 
 
 fanciful 167 
 
 fancy 167 
 
 " dream 139 
 
 " imagination 209 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 fantastic, fanciful 167 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 fantasy, dream 139 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " imagination 209 
 
 fare, food 175 
 
 farewell 168 
 
 farming, agriculture 25 
 
 fascinating, charming 103 
 
 fashion, v., make 236 
 
 fashion, to., air 27 
 
 habit 187 
 
 fasten, bind 81 
 
 fastening, lock 234 
 
 fastidious, tasteful 352 
 
 fasting, abstinence 10 
 
 fAstnesa, fortification 176 
 
 fatality, necessity 250 
 
 fate, necessity 250 
 
 " predestination 282 
 
 fatigue, tire ,357 
 
 fatigued, /«iy// 164 
 
 fatuity, idiocy 207 
 
 fault, blemish 82 
 
 " sin 3.32 
 
 faultless, innocent 220 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 Page. 
 
 fauna, animal 45 
 
 favor, n., esteem, n 157 
 
 " friendsMp 179 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 ta.yoT&\>\e,friendly 178 
 
 " j)ro2ntious 291 
 
 favored, fortunate 177 
 
 fealty, cUleglance 32 
 
 fear 168 
 
 " alarm 28 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 fearful, auful 70 
 
 fearless, brave 85 
 
 feat, act 16 
 
 feature, characteristic 103 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 federation, cdliance 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 fee. 2Kiy 266 
 
 feeble,/aiw< 164 
 
 feed,/oo(^ 175 
 
 feeling, sensation 328 
 
 " sensibility 328 
 
 feign, assume. 61 
 
 felicitate, congratidate 115 
 
 felicitous, happy 190 
 
 felicity, happiness 189 
 
 fellow, associate 60 
 
 fellowship, acquaintance 15 
 
 " association 60 
 
 felonious, criminal 120 
 
 iema]e, feminine 169 
 
 feminine 169 
 
 ferocious, ^frce 171 
 
 ferret out, discover 133 
 
 fervency, enthusiasm 153 
 
 fervent, eager 142 
 
 fervor, enthusiasm 153 
 
 fetter, v., bind 81 
 
 fetter, n 169 
 
 feud 170 
 
 'jiction 170 
 
 " allegory 33 
 
 fidgety, restive 314 
 
 fierce 171 
 
 fiery, fierce 171 
 
 &ght,' battle 74 
 
 iigm.ent,flction 170 
 
 figure, emblem 146 
 
 fill, satisfy 324 
 
 final cause, design 128 
 
 finale, end, n 148 
 
 financed 172 
 
 find, discover 133 
 
 find fault, complain 112 
 
 find fault with, reprove 312 
 
 find out, discover 133 
 
 fine 172 
 
 ' " beautiful 76 
 
 " min ute 242 
 
 " tasteful 352 
 
 finesse, artifice 58 
 
 " deception 123 
 
 finis, end, n 148 
 
 finish, v., cease 98 
 
 do 135 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 finish, n., end, n 148 
 
 finished, perfect 208
 
 531 
 
 flro 
 fountain 
 
 Pack. 
 
 fire n:5 
 
 fireside, fimne 201 
 
 firm, faithful ]()5 
 
 " obstinate 2r)() 
 
 t&cnX, flnanciai 172 
 
 fit, adequate 21 
 
 " becombig 77 
 
 fitted, adequate 21 
 
 fitting, adequate 21 
 
 " becoming 77 
 
 fix, bind 81 
 
 " confirm 114 
 
 fixed, obstinate 25() 
 
 " permanent 2()'.) 
 
 flagitious, criminal — 120 
 
 flame, burn 87 
 
 " nre 173 
 
 " light 231 
 
 flap, shake 330 
 
 flare, light \. . 231 
 
 flash, burn j. 87 
 
 " light 231 
 
 flat, horizontal 202 
 
 flatter, caress 95 
 
 flattery, praise 280 
 
 flavorous, racy 2'.)'.) 
 
 flaw, blemish 82 
 
 fleeting, transient 301 
 
 flicker, light 231 
 
 fligiit, career i)5 
 
 fling, send 327 
 
 " sneer 337 
 
 flippancy, pertness 271 
 
 flitting, transient 301 
 
 flock 173 
 
 flog, beat 75 
 
 floriculture, agriculture 25 
 
 flourisli, »., succeed 3-10 
 
 flourish, w., ostentation 20!) 
 
 flow, rise 319 
 
 fluctuate 173 
 
 " shake. 330 
 
 fluid 174 
 
 flutter, shake 330 
 
 flying, transient 301 
 
 fodder,/ooc? 175 
 
 foe, enemy 157 
 
 foil, hinder 199 
 
 follow 174 
 
 "follower, accessory 13 
 
 " adherent 21 
 
 folly, idiocy 207 
 
 foment, promote 291 
 
 fond, friendly 178 
 
 fondle, caress 95 
 
 fondness, love 2:35 
 
 food 175 
 
 foolhardiness, temerity 353 
 
 foolish, abs-urd 11 
 
 foolishness, idiocy 207 
 
 footmark, trace 359 
 
 footpad, robber 320 
 
 footprint, trace 359 
 
 footstep, trace 359 
 
 for, because 77 
 
 forage,/oof/ 175 
 
 forager, i-obber 320 
 
 forbearance, mercy 239 
 
 " pardon 262 
 
 Pagb. 
 
 forbearance, patience 265 
 
 forbid, prohibit 290 
 
 force, v., cotnpel ill 
 
 "■ make 236 
 
 force, n., army 56 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 " pawer 279 
 
 forces, army 56 
 
 forcible, racy 299 
 
 forebode, augur 66 
 
 foreboding, anticipation 48 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 forecast, v., anticipate 47 
 
 forecast, w., anticipation 48 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 forego, abandon 1 
 
 foregoing, previous 285 
 
 foreign, alien, a 29 
 
 foreigner, aiieji, n 29 
 
 foreknowledge, predestination, 282 
 
 foreordination. jirnlestination 282 
 
 foresight, antUipallon 48 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 forestall, pi-event 284 
 
 foretaste, v., anticipate 47 
 
 foretaste, n., anticij>ation 48 
 
 foretell, augur 66 
 
 forethought, antidpatimi 48 
 
 care 94 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 forgive, absolve 9 
 
 " pardon 263 
 
 forgiveness, mercy 239 
 
 " ptardon 262 
 
 forgiving, humane 203 
 
 form, body 84 
 
 formalism, hypocrisy 204 
 
 former, previous 285 
 
 formidable 176 
 
 form or system of government, polity 278 
 
 formula, latv 229 
 
 forsake, abandon 1 
 
 forswear, abandon 1 
 
 " renounce 309 
 
 fort, fmiiflcation 176 
 
 forthwitli, imtnediately 211 
 
 fortification 1 ('6 
 
 fortitude 176 
 
 " patiejice 265 
 
 fortress, defense 123 
 
 " fortification. 176 
 
 fortuity, accident 14 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 fortunate-.-^^^.— ; . .^r.T . •   177 
 
 " happy .T-r,. ,,.-.^— ..r... 190 
 
 fortune, event 158 
 
 forward, v., promote 291 
 
 send 327 
 
 forward, a., jrrevioiis 285 
 
 forwardness, impudence 213 
 
 " pertness 271 
 
 foster, cherish 104 
 
 " help 195 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 foul, pernicious 270 
 
 fount, beginning 78 
 
 fountain, beginning 78 
 
 " cause 98
 
 fraction 
 £:lrlisli 
 
 532 
 
 Page. 
 
 fraction, part 264 
 
 fractious, perverse 273 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 fracture, break 86 
 
 fragment, part 264 
 
 frame, body 84 
 
 " make 236 
 
 franchise, right 319 
 
 franli, bluff. 83 
 
 " candid 93 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 frankness, veracity 367 
 
 fraternity,' association 60 
 
 fraud 177 
 
 " artifice 58 
 
 " deception.. 123 
 
 fmj^feud 170 
 
 free, absolve 9 
 
 ' " generous 182 
 
 " spo-ntaneaiis 340 
 
 freebooter, robber. 320 
 
 freedom, liberty. 230 
 
 f ree»lianded, generous 182 
 
 free»hearted, generous 182 
 
 freethinker, skeptic 335 
 
 freight, load 233 
 
 frenzy, enthusiasm 153 
 
 " insanity 221 
 
 frequent, general 181 
 
 " usual 362 
 
 fresh, new 252 
 
 fretful, restive 314 
 
 fretfulness, anger 44 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 fretting, anxiety 49 
 
 friend, associate 60 
 
 friendliness, friendship 179 
 
 fi'iendly 178 
 
 " propitious 291 
 
 friendship 179 
 
 " acquaintance 15 
 
 " association 60 
 
 " attachment 63 
 
 " love 235 
 
 fright, alarm 28 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 frigh tsn 1 80 
 
 frightful, awful 70 
 
 frisky, restive 314 
 
 frolic, entertaimnent 153 
 
 frolicsome, airy 27 
 
 frontier, boundary 84 
 
 front, previous 285 
 
 froward, perverse 272 
 
 frugality 180 
 
 " abstinence 10 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 fruit, harvest 192 
 
 fruitless, rain 364 
 
 frustrate, hinder 199 
 
 fugitive, transient 361 
 
 fulfil, do 135 
 
 " keep 226 
 
 fulfilment, end, n 148 
 
 full, plentiful 276 
 
 fun, entertainment 153 
 
 " wit 373 
 
 function, duty 142 
 
 fundamental, radical 299 
 
 Page. 
 
 funds, money 244 
 
 funny, queer 297 
 
 furious, fierce 171 
 
 furnish, give 185 
 
 further, v., promote 291 
 
 " quicken 257 
 
 further, adv., but 89 
 
 yet 374 
 
 fury, anger 44 
 
 fusion, alliance 34 
 
 futile, vai7i 364 
 
 gabble, babble 71 
 
 gage, security 326 
 
 gaiety, happiness 189 
 
 " haniwjiy 191 
 
 gain, attain 64 
 
 " get 183 
 
 " iJrofit 288 
 
 " reach 300 
 
 gallant, brave 85 
 
 gallantry, prowess 294 
 
 gang, cabal 90 
 
 garb, dress 140 
 
 gardening, agnculture 25 
 
 garments, dress 140 
 
 garnish, adorn 23 
 
 garrulous 181 
 
 gas, fluid 174 
 
 gate, entrance 154 
 
 gateway, entrance 154 
 
 gather, amass 38 
 
 " convoke 120 
 
 gathering, company 110 
 
 gauzy, fi7ie 172 
 
 gawky, awkward 70 
 
 gay, airy 27 
 
 " hapjjy 190 
 
 gaze, look 2»4 
 
 gender 181 
 
 general 181 
 
 " ^mlal 362 
 
 generosity, benevolence 80 
 
 generous 182 
 
 " plentiful 276 
 
 genial, comfortable 110 
 
 " friendly 178 
 
 genius 183 
 
 " character 102 
 
 genteel, polite 277 
 
 gentle, amiable 42 
 
 " docile 136 
 
 " humane 203 
 
 gentleness, mercy 239 
 
 genuine, authentic 67 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 " pure 290 
 
 " real 301 
 
 get 183 
 
 " attain 64 
 
 " make 236 
 
 " jmrchase 295 
 
 get to, reach 300 
 
 gibe, sneer 337 
 
 gift 184 
 
 " subsidy 345 
 
 gifted, clever 109 
 
 gigantic, large   229 
 
 gild, adorn.'. 23 
 
 girlish, youlliful 375
 
 S3$ 
 
 give 
 hankering 
 
 Page. 
 
 give 185 
 
 " allot 34 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 " surrenclei' 349 
 
 give instruction, teach 353 
 
 give lessons, teach 353 
 
 given, addicted 19 
 
 given over or up, addicted 19 
 
 give notice of, announce 46 
 
 give oneself up, surrender 349 
 
 give out, announce 46 
 
 give over, cease 98 
 
 " surrender 349 
 
 give up, abandon 1 
 
 " sun'ender 349 
 
 glad, happy 190 
 
 gladness, happiness 189 
 
 glance, look 234 
 
 glare, light 231 
 
 glaring, evident 159 
 
 gleam, light 231 
 
 gleaming, light 231 
 
 glimmer, light 231 
 
 glistening, light 231 
 
 glistering, light 231 
 
 glitter, light 231 
 
 gloomy, dark 122 
 
 " morose 245 
 
 glory y fame 166 
 
 gloss over, palliate 261 
 
 glow, light 231 
 
 glowing, eager 142 
 
 glut, satisfy 324 
 
 glutinous, adhesive 22 
 
 goal, aim 26 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 go after, follow 174 
 
 go astray, wander 371 
 
 godliness, religion 307 
 
 gold, money 244 
 
 good, honest 202 
 
 " profit 288 
 
 gooAAij, farewell 168 
 
 good"natured, amiable 42 
 
 " pleasard 275 
 
 goodness, virtue 370 
 
 good will, benevolence 80 
 
 friendship 179 
 
 gossip, babble 71 
 
 govern 185 
 
 government, form or system of, jjolity 278 
 
 government, seat of, capital 94 
 
 grace, mercy 239 
 
 graceful 186 
 
 beautiful 76 
 
 " becoming 77 
 
 gracious, humane 203 
 
 polite 277 
 
 " propitious 291 
 
 grade, class 106 
 
 gradual, slow 337 
 
 grain, particle 264 
 
 grand, awful 70 
 
 " large 229 
 
 grant, allot 34 
 
 " allow 35 
 
 " apportion 54 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 " gift 184 
 
 Page. 
 grant, give 185 
 
 " subsidy 345 
 
 grasp, attain 64 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 grateful, ddiglitfid 126 
 
 gratification, /nijij/iness 189 
 
 gratify, entertain 152 
 
 gratifying, delightful 126 
 
 gratuity, gift 184 
 
 gray, old 257 
 
 great, large. , 229 
 
 greedy, avaricious 68 
 
 greet, address, v 19 
 
 grief 187 
 
 grievance, injustice 220 
 
 grieve, mourn 246 
 
 grip, catch 97 
 
 gripe, catch 97 
 
 grotesque, /awci/«^ 167 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 ground, reason, n 302 
 
 group, company HO 
 
 " flock 173 
 
 growl, complain 112 
 
 growth, harvest 192 
 
 " progress 289 
 
 grudge, hatred 193 
 
 fngue 272 
 
 gruff, mcn'ose ^5 
 
 grumble, ccnnplain 112 
 
 grunt, complain 112 
 
 guard, v., keep 226 
 
 guard, n., defense 123 
 
 shelter 331 
 
 guess, hypothesis 205 
 
 " suppose 348 
 
 guile, artifice 58 
 
 " deception 123 
 
 guileless, candid 93 
 
 " innocent 220 
 
 pure 296 
 
 guilt, sin 332 
 
 guiltless, innocent 220 
 
 pure 296 
 
 guilty, criminal 120 
 
 gummy, adhesive 22 
 
 gyyes, fetter 169 
 
 habiliments, dress 140 
 
 habit 187 
 
 " dress 140 
 
 habitation, home. 201 
 
 habitual, general. 181 
 
 " usual 362 
 
 habituated, addicted 19 
 
 habitude, habit 187 
 
 hail, address, v 19 
 
 hale, healthy 195 
 
 half •hearted, /ai/i^ 164 
 
 hallowed, holy 200 
 
 hallucination, delusion 127 
 
 " dream 139 
 
 " insanity 221 
 
 hamper, hinder 199 
 
 handcuffs, fetter 169 
 
 handicraft, business, 88 
 
 handsome, beautiful 76 
 
 fine 172 
 
 handy, skilfid 335 
 
 hankering, desire 128
 
 hap 
 Iioiiest 
 
 534 
 
 Page. 
 
 hap, accident 14 
 
 happen 188 
 
 happening, accident , 14 
 
 happiness 189 
 
 happy 190 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 " fcrrtunate 1T7 
 
 " skilful 335 
 
 harangue, speech 339 
 
 harass, tire 357 
 
 harbor, cherish 104 
 
 " shelter 331 
 
 hard, difficult 132 
 
 " severe 339 
 
 hardihood, temerity 353 
 
 " effrontery 144 
 
 hardship, niisfortune 342 
 
 harlf, listen 233 
 
 harken, listen 333 
 
 harm, «., abuse 13 
 
 harm, w., injury 219 
 
 " misfortune 343 
 
 harmful, jxrnicioiis 370 
 
 harmonize, agree 35 
 
 harmony 191 
 
 " melody 338 
 
 harness, arms 55 
 
 " caparison 93 
 
 harsh. Utter 81 
 
 " severe 339 
 
 harshness, acrimony 15 
 
 harvest 193 
 
 harvest=feast, harvest 192 
 
 harvest" festival, harvest 192 
 
 harvest=home, harvest 193 
 
 harvesting, harvest 192 
 
 harvest'tide, harvest 192 
 
 harvest'time, harvest 193 
 
 hasp, lock 334 
 
 hasten, quicken 397 
 
 hastiness, temerity 353 
 
 hatch, flock 173 
 
 hate, abhor 5 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 " abomination 7 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 " enmity 153 
 
 haughtiness, jrride 386 
 
 haughty, absolute 8 
 
 haul, draw 138 
 
 have 194 
 
 havoc, massacre 337 
 
 hazard 194 
 
 " accident 14 
 
 " danger 121 
 
 hazardous, precarious 382 
 
 head, topic 359 
 
 headstrong, obstinate 256 
 
 heady, obstinate 356 
 
 heal, recover 305 
 
 healthful, healthy 195- 
 
 healthy 195 
 
 heap up, amass 38 
 
 hear, listen 333 
 
 hearth, hom£ 201 
 
 hearthstone, home 201 
 
 hearty, fnendly 178 
 
 " healthy 195 
 
 Page!, 
 
 heed, v., follow 174 
 
 " listen 332 
 
 heed, w., care 94 
 
 heedless, abstracted 11 
 
 heedlessness, neglect 251 
 
 "■ temerity 353 
 
 heel over, tip 357 
 
 help 195 
 
 " prorrwte 291 
 
 helper, accessory 13 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 helpmate, associate 60 
 
 hence, therefwe 355 
 
 henchman, accessory 13 
 
 herald, announce 46 
 
 herd, flock 173 
 
 heresiarch, heretic 196 
 
 heretic 196 
 
 heroic, brave 85 
 
 \\(iromm, fortitude 176 
 
 " prowess 294 
 
 hesitancy, doubt, n 138 
 
 hesitate, fluctuate 173 
 
 hesitation, doubt, n 138 
 
 heterogenemis 196 
 
 " complex 112 
 
 liidden, mysterious 347 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 hide 197 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 high 198 
 
 " steep 342 
 
 highroad, way 372 
 
 highway, way 372 
 
 highwayman, robber 330 
 
 hinder 199 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 " prohibit 290 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 hindrance, barrier 74 
 
 " impediment 213 
 
 hint, allude 36 
 
 " suggestion 347 
 
 hire, v., employ 147 
 
 hire, w., pay 266 
 
 hireling, venal 365 
 
 history 200 
 
 " record 304 
 
 hitherto, yet 374 
 
 hoard, amass 38 
 
 hoary, old 257 
 
 hoidenish, rustic 321 
 
 hold, arrest 57 
 
 " esteem, v 156 
 
 " have 194 
 
 " keep 236 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 hold back, restrain 315 
 
 hold dear, cherish 104 
 
 hold in, restrain 315 
 
 hold up, suppoi't 348 
 
 holiness, religion 307 
 
 holy 200 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 " pure 296 
 
 homage, allegiance 38 
 
 home 201 
 
 homogeneous, alike 30 
 
 honest 303
 
 535 
 
 honest 
 Immutable 
 
 Page. 
 
 honest, candid 93 
 
 honesty, veranli/ 3(;7 
 
 virtue^ 3T0 
 
 honor, v. adinire 23 
 
 " venerate 366 
 
 honor, n.^fame 166 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 " mrtue 370 
 
 honorable, honest S02 
 
 honorarhim, jxiy 266 
 
 hook, lock 234 
 
 hope, v., anticipate 47 
 
 hope, w., anticipation 48 
 
 hojieiessness, despair 129 
 
 horizontal 202 
 
 horrible, awftd 70 
 
 horrific, awful 70 
 
 horror, abomination 7 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 horticulture, agricidtm'e 25 
 
 host, army 56 
 
 " company 110 
 
 " throng 356 
 
 hostile, alien, a 29 
 
 hostility, antipathy 48 
 
 " enmity 152 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 hot, eager 142 
 
 house, home 201 
 
 housings, capaHson 93 
 
 howbeit, 7wtwithstandi?ig, conj 254 
 
 however, but 89 
 
 " notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 huge, large 229 
 
 hum, sing 333 
 
 human, humane 203 
 
 humane 203 
 
 humanity, benevolence 80 
 
 humble, abase 2 
 
 " abash 3 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 humiliate, abase 3 
 
 " abash 3 
 
 humiliation, chagrin 100 
 
 \m\D.OT, fancy 167 
 
 " wit 373 
 
 hunt 203 
 
 hunting, hunt 203 
 
 hwl, send 327 
 
 hurry, quicken 2'.)7 
 
 hurt, injury 219 
 
 hurtful, pernicious 270 
 
 husbandry, agriculture 25 
 
 hygienic, healthy 195 
 
 hypoa^isy 204 
 
 " deception 123 
 
 hypocrite 204 
 
 hypothesis 205 
 
 idea 206 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 " ideal 206 
 
 ideal 206 
 
 " example 160 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 identical, alike 30 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 Page. 
 
 idiocy 207 
 
 idiom, language 228 
 
 idle..-. 208 
 
 " vain 364 
 
 ignite, burn 87 
 
 ignorant 208 
 
 Imitish 87 
 
 ill, misfortune 242 
 
 ill»advised, absurd 11 
 
 ill=considered, alisurd 11 
 
 ill»defined, faint 164 
 
 ilUdoing, sin 332 
 
 illegal, cri7ninal 120 
 
 ill=l'ortuue, misfortune 242 
 
 ill=humored, morose 245 
 
 illimitable, infinite 216 
 
 ill-informed, ignorant 208 
 
 illiterate, ignorant 208 
 
 ilUjudged, absurd 11 
 
 ill luck, misfortune 242 
 
 ill=matchecl, incongimous 214 
 
 ill=natured, rrwrose 245 
 
 illness, disease 134 
 
 ill»treat, abuse 12 
 
 illumination, light 2.31 
 
 ill»use, abuse 12 
 
 illusion, delusion 127 
 
 illustrate, adcn'ti 23 
 
 illustration, allegory 33 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 ill»\vill, enmity 152 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 image, emblem 146 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " model 343 
 
 imagination 209 
 
 idea 209 
 
 fancy 167 
 
 imaginative, ,/«««/«; 167 
 
 imagine, suppose 348 
 
 imbecility, idiocy 207 
 
 imbibe, absorb 9 
 
 imbruted, brutish 87 
 
 imitate,'/o/to w 174 
 
 imitation, caricature 95 
 
 " duplicate 141 
 
 7nodel 243 
 
 immaculate, in nocent 220 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 pure 296 
 
 immanent, inherent 318 
 
 immature, youthful 375 
 
 immeasureable, infinite 216 
 
 immediately 311 
 
 immemorial, old 357 
 
 " primeval 387 
 
 immense, large 229 
 
 immerge, i?nmerse 313 
 
 immerse 312 
 
 immigrate, emigrate 147 
 
 imminent 312 
 
 immobility, apathy 50 
 
 immoral, criminal 120 
 
 immorality, sin 332 
 
 immortal, eternal 157 
 
 immovable, obstinate 256 
 
 immunity, right 319 
 
 immutable, perinanent 369
 
 Impact 
 iiidiflerence 
 
 536 
 
 Page. 
 
 impact, collision 109 
 
 impairment, injury 219 
 
 impart, oive 185 
 
 impartial, candid 93 
 
 impartiality, justice 225 
 
 impassibility, apathy 50 
 
 impatience, a7ige7' 44 
 
 impatient, eager 142 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 impeachi, arraign 56 
 
 impede, hinder 199 
 
 " obsti^uct 257 
 
 impediment 213 
 
 impel, drive 140 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 " send 327 
 
 impending, imminent 212 
 
 imperative, absolute 8 
 
 imperfection, blemish 82 
 
 imperious, absolute 8 
 
 dogmatic 137 
 
 imperishable, eternal i57 
 
 impertinence, impudence 213 
 
 " pertness 271 
 
 impertinent, alien^ a 29 
 
 " meddlesome 238 
 
 imperturbable, calm 91 
 
 impetuous, ea^er ' . 142 
 
 " fierce 171 
 
 implement, tool 358 
 
 implicate, involve 223 
 
 implication, suggestion 347 
 
 implore, ask 59 
 
 " ])lead 274 
 
 " pray 281 
 
 imply, allude 36 
 
 " involve 223 
 
 impolite, bluff, 83 
 
 importunate, eager 142 
 
 importune, p7'ay 281 
 
 impose on, abuse 12 
 
 imposing, awful 70 
 
 imposition, decejJtion 123 
 
 fraud 177 
 
 impostor, hypocrite 204 
 
 imposture, artifice 58 
 
 " fraud 177 
 
 imprecation, oath 254 
 
 impressibility, sensibility 328 
 
 impression, idea 206 
 
 " trace 359 
 
 imprisonment, fetter 169 
 
 impromptu, extempoi'anemis 163 
 
 improve, amend 41 
 
 improvement, profit 288 
 
 " progress 289 
 
 improvised, extemporaneous 163 
 
 impudence 213 
 
 " assurance 61 
 
 " effrontery 144 
 
 " pertness 271 
 
 impulse, appetite 54 
 
 impulsive, spontaneous 340 
 
 impute, attribute, v 65 
 
 inactive, idle 208 
 
 " sl&w 337 
 
 in addition, also 37 
 
 inadvertence, neglect 251 
 
 Page. 
 
 inapposite, incongruous 214 
 
 inappropriate, alien, a 29 
 
 " incongruous 214 
 
 inasmucli as, because 77 
 
 inattention, neglect 251 
 
 inattentive, abstracted 11 
 
 inauguration, beginning 78 
 
 inborn, inherent 218 
 
 inbred, inhei'ent 218 
 
 incandescence, ligJit 231 
 
 incapacity, idiocy 207 
 
 inception, beginning 78 
 
 incessant, continual. 117 
 
 incident, accident 14 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 event 158 
 
 " story 343 
 
 incinerate, biirn 87 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 incipience, beginning 78 
 
 incite, abet 4 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 incivility, impudence 213 
 
 inclination, aim 26 
 
 " appetite 54 
 
 " attachment 63 
 
 " desire 128 
 
 " direction 132 
 
 fancy 167 
 
 incline, beiid 79 
 
 " draw 138 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 tip 357 
 
 Inclined, addicted 19 
 
 include, involve 223 
 
 incommensurable, incongruous 214 
 
 incomparable, 7'are 300 
 
 incompatible, incongruous 214 
 
 incomprehensible, rnysterious 247 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 inconclusive, absurd 11 
 
 incongruo%is 214 
 
 inconsiderate, bluff 83 
 
 inconsistency, difference 131 
 
 inconsistent, incongruous 214 
 
 inconstant, vain 364 
 
 incorrect, absurd 11 
 
 incorrupt, pure 296 
 
 incorruptible, faithful 165 
 
 increase, add 18 
 
 " amplify 43 
 
 " harvest 192 
 
 " progress 289 
 
 incredulity, doubt, n 138 
 
 incubus, load 233 
 
 inculcate, teach 353 
 
 incursion, attack, n 64 
 
 indecision, doubt, n 138 
 
 indefinite, equivocal 155 
 
 indemnity, subsidy 345 
 
 independence, liberty 230 
 
 indeterminate, equivocal 155 
 
 indicate, allude 36 
 
 indication, charactei^stic 103 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 indict, arraign -_, 56 
 
 indifference, apathy 50 
 
 " neglect 251
 
 537 
 
 iudlflci'eiit 
 ln»tti££ate 
 
 Page. 
 
 indifferent, abstracted 11 
 
 indigence, poverty 279 
 
 indigenous, native 248 
 
 " primeval 287 
 
 indignation, anger 44 
 
 indispensable, inherent 218 
 
 indispensability, necessity 250 
 
 indispensable, necessary 250 
 
 indispensableness, necessity 250 
 
 indisposed, reluctant 308 
 
 indisposition, disease 134 
 
 indistinct, equivocal 155 
 
 faint 164 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 individually, apiece 51 
 
 indoctrinate, teach 353 
 
 indolent, idle 208 
 
 indomitable, obstinate 256 
 
 indubitable, evident 159 
 
 induce, draw 138 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 induction 215 
 
 " demonstration 127 
 
 industrious 215 
 
 " active 17 
 
 industry 216 
 
 indwelling, inherent 218 
 
 ineffectual, vain 364 
 
 inelegant, imstic 321 
 
 inequality, difference 131 
 
 inert, idle 208 
 
 " slow 337 
 
 inevitable, necessary 250 
 
 inexorable, severe 329 
 
 inexplicable, mysterious 247 
 
 infallible, necessary 250 
 
 infatuated, absurd 11 
 
 infect, deflle 124 
 
 infection", contagion 117 
 
 inference, demonstration 127 
 
 " induction 215 
 
 infidel, skeptic 335 
 
 infirmity, disease 134 
 
 infinite 216 
 
 infixed, inherent 218 
 
 inflexible, severe 329 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 influence 217 
 
 bend 79 
 
 " govern 185 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 inform, state 341 
 
 teach 353 
 
 information, education 143 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 " xvisdcmi 373 
 
 informed, conscious 116 
 
 infrequent, rare 300 
 
 infringement, attack, n 64 
 
 ingathering, harvest 192 
 
 ingenious clever 109 
 
 skilful 335 
 
 ingenuity, address, n 20 
 
 ingenuous, candid 93 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 ingenuousness, veracity 367 
 
 ingleside, home 201 
 
 Page. 
 
 ingrained, inherent 218 
 
 radical 299 
 
 ingredient, part 264 
 
 ingress, entrance 154 
 
 inhabit, ahide 5 
 
 inharmonious, incongruous 214 
 
 inherent 218 
 
 inhering, inherent 218 
 
 inhibit, jn'Ofiibit 290 
 
 inhuman, barbarous 73 
 
 iniquitous, criminal 120 
 
 iniquity, abomination 7 
 
 " injustice 230 
 
 sin a33 
 
 initiate, teach 353 
 
 initiation, beginning 78 
 
 injunction, order 258 
 
 injure, abuse 12 
 
 injurious, pernicious 270 
 
 injury 219 
 
 " blemish 82 
 
 "• injustice 220 
 
 injustice 220 
 
 " injury 219 
 
 inlet, entrance 154 
 
 in lilce manner, aiso 37 
 
 innate, inherent 218 
 
 " native 248 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 innocent 220 
 
 " ca?idid 93 
 
 " ptire 296 
 
 innocuous, innocent 220 
 
 innovation, change, n 101 
 
 innoxious, innocent 220 
 
 innuendo, suggestion 347 
 
 innumerable,' infinite 216 
 
 inoffensive, innocent 220 
 
 inquiring, inquisitive 221 
 
 inquisition, hunt 203 
 
 inquisitive 221 
 
 insalubrious, pernicious 270 
 
 insanity 221 
 
 inscription, record 304 
 
 inscrutable, mysterious 347 
 
 insecure, precarious 282 
 
 inseciu'ity, danger 121 
 
 insensibility, apathy 50 
 
 " stupidity 344 
 
 ' ' stupoi' 344 
 
 insensible, brutish 87 
 
 inseparable, inherent 218 
 
 insight, acumen 18 
 
 " ivisdom 373 
 
 insinuate, allude 36 
 
 insinuation, suggestion 347 
 
 insolence, effrontery 144 
 
 " impudence 213 
 
 lyride 286 
 
 inspect, look 234 
 
 inspection, oversight 260 
 
 inspiration, enthusiasm 153 
 
 in spite of, notivithstanding, prep. . 254 
 
 instalment, part 264 
 
 instance, precedent 282 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 instanter, immediately 211 
 
 instantly, immediately 311 
 
 instigate, abet 4
 
 instigate 
 joyous 
 
 53§ 
 
 Page. 
 
 instigate, influence 217 
 
 instin, teach 353 
 
 instinct, mind 241 
 
 instinctive, spontaneous 340 
 
 instruct, teach 353 
 
 instruction, education 143 
 
 " 07'der 2S8 
 
 instrument, agent 24 
 
 " recm'd 304 
 
 tool 358 
 
 insubordinate, rebellious 304 
 
 insubordination, revolution 317 
 
 insult, aj^ront 24 
 
 insurrection, revolution 317 
 
 integrity, justice 225 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 intellect, mind 241 
 
 intellectual, clever 109 
 
 intelligence, knoivledge 227 
 
 mind 241 
 
 intelligent, clever 109 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 intelligible, clear 107 
 
 intemperance, excess 160 
 
 intense, eager 142 
 
 intensity, enthusiasm 153 
 
 intent, a., eager 142 
 
 intent, ?j., aim 26 
 
 design 128 
 
 end, n 148 
 
 intention, aim 26 
 
 dengn 128 
 
 intentness, industi^ 216 
 
 inter, hide 197 
 
 intercede, interpose 222 
 
 intercept, interpose 222 
 
 interchangeable, mutual 246 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 intercourse, conversation 118 
 
 interdict, prohibit 290 
 
 interest, entertain 152 
 
 interfere, interpose 222 
 
 intermeddle, interpose 222 
 
 interminable, eternal 157 
 
 infinite 216 
 
 intermission, rest 31 3 
 
 intermit, cease 98 
 
 internal, inherent 218 
 
 interpose 222 
 
 interpretation, defi7ntion 124 
 
 interrupt, hinder 199 
 
 " interpose., 222 
 
 " obstt^ct 257 
 
 in the midst of, amid 42 
 
 intimacy, acquaintance 15 
 
 intimate, allude 36 
 
 intimation, suggestion 347 
 
 iutimidaXe, Jnghten 180 
 
 intolerance, /awa^it'iifm 166 
 
 intractable, obstinate 256 
 
 " perverse 272 
 
 " rebellious 304 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 intrepid, brave 85 
 
 intrepidity, prowess 294 
 
 intricate, complex 112 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 intrinsic, inherent 218 
 
 introduce, allege 31 
 
 Page. 
 
 introduction, entrance 154 
 
 introductory, irrerious 285 
 
 intrusion, attack, n , 64 
 
 intrusive, inquisitive 221 
 
 " meddlesome 238 
 
 intrusiveness, impudence 213 
 
 intuition, knowledge 227 
 
 intuitive, transcendental 361 
 
 invade, attack, v 63 
 
 invariable, continual 117 
 
 permanent 269 
 
 invasion, attack, n 64 
 
 inveigle, allure 37 
 
 invent, discover 133 
 
 invention, a7'tifice 58 
 
 " fiction 170 
 
 inventory, record 304 
 
 invoke, pray 281 
 
 involuntary, spontaneous 340 
 
 involve 223 
 
 involved, complex 112 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 inwrought, inherent 218 
 
 iota, particle 264 
 
 irate, tntter 81 
 
 ire, anger 44 
 
 itoviS, fetter 169 
 
 irony, banter 73 
 
 irrational, absurd 11 
 
 irreconcilable, incongi^oiis 214 
 
 irresolute, /ai/(i! 164 
 
 h-resolutioh, doubt, n 138 
 
 irresponsible, absolute 8 
 
 Irrelevant, alien, a 29 
 
 irritate, affront 24 
 
 irritationj anger 44 
 
 " pique 272 
 
 issue, v., rise. 318 
 
 issue, M., conseqjience 116 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 event 158 
 
 " topic 359 
 
 item, circmnstance 105 
 
 jabber, babble 71 
 
 jade, tire 357 
 
 jam, throng 356 
 
 jar, shake 330 
 
 jealous, envious 155 
 
 jeer, sneer 337 
 
 jeering, banter 73 
 
 jeopardy, danger 121 
 
 hazard 194 
 
 jest, wit 373 
 
 job, biisiriess 88 
 
 jocularity, irit 373 
 
 jocund, happy 190 
 
 joggle, shake 330 
 
 join on, add 18 
 
 joint mutual , 246 
 
 joke, wit 373 
 
 jolly, happy 190 
 
 jolt, shake 330 
 
 jot, particle 264 
 
 jounce, shake 330 
 
 journey 223 
 
 joy, hiijipiness 189 
 
 joyful, happy 190 
 
 joyous, airy 27 
 
 happy 190
 
 539 
 
 judge 
 let 
 
 Page. 
 
 judge 224 
 
 judgment, idea 206 
 
 " 2)riule7ice 294 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 judicious, sagacious 322 
 
 judiciousness, prudetice 294 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 jumble, displace 135 
 
 junction, wiion 362 
 
 juncture, union 362 
 
 junto, cabal 90 
 
 jurisprudence, law 229 
 
 just, a., honest 202 
 
 just, adv., but 89 
 
 justice 225 
 
 " judge 224 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 justification, apologi/ 51 
 
 defense 123 
 
 justness, justice 225 
 
 juvenile, neiv 252 
 
 " youthful 375 
 
 keen, astute 62 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 " eager 142 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 keenness, acumen 18 
 
 keen^sighted, sagaciovs 322 
 
 keen=witted, sagacious 322 
 
 keep 226 
 
 " celebrate 99 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 " support 348 
 
 keep back, restrain 315 
 
 keep down, restrain 315 
 
 keep in, restrain 315 
 
 keep under, restrain 315 
 
 keep up, support 348 
 
 kill......... 226 
 
 kin 227 
 
 kind, amiable 42 
 
 " friendly 178 
 
 " humane 203 
 
 " pleasant 275 
 
 " prointious 291 
 
 " kin 227 
 
 kind=liearted, humane 203 
 
 kind»heartedness, benevolence 80 
 
 kindle, burn 87 
 
 kindliness, benevolence 80 
 
 kindly, friendly 178 
 
 " pleasant 275 
 
 " propitious 291 
 
 kindness, benevolence 80 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 kindred, «., alike 30 
 
 kindred, n., kin 227 
 
 kinglike, royal 320 
 
 kingly, royal 320 
 
 kiss, caress 95 
 
 kitclien»gardening, agriculture 25 
 
 knack, ease 143 
 
 knock, bloiv 83 
 
 knowing, astute 62 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 knowledge 227 
 
 " acquaintance 15 
 
 " education 143 
 
 Page. 
 
 knowledge, science 325 
 
 " tvisdom 372 
 
 labor, industry 216 
 
 " work 374 
 
 laborious, difficult 132 
 
 lacerate, rend 309 
 
 laconic, terse 354 
 
 lading, load 233 
 
 lament, mou7'n 246 
 
 lamentable, pitiful 273 
 
 lance, send. . . .' 327 
 
 land, reach 300 
 
 landmark, boundary 84 
 
 lane, way 372 
 
 language 228 
 
 " diction 130 
 
 " speech 339 
 
 languid, faint 164 
 
 large . .- 229 
 
 " X)lentiful 276 
 
 largess, gift 184 
 
 lascivious, brutish 87 
 
 lash, blow 83 
 
 lasting, permanent 269 
 
 latch, lock 234 
 
 late, new 252 
 
 laudation, praise 280 
 
 laughable, queer 297 
 
 launch, send 327 
 
 laurel8,/ame 166 
 
 lave, cleanse 107 
 
 lavish, pleiitiful 276 
 
 lavishness, excess 160 
 
 law 229 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 lawfulness, justice 225 
 
 lawlessness, revolution 317 
 
 lay, p?<< 296 
 
 lay hold ol, catch 97 
 
 lazy, idle 208 
 
 lead, draw 138 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 league, alliance 34 
 
 lean, tip 357 
 
 learner, scholar 334 
 
 learning, education 143 
 
 " \knowledge 227 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 leave, abandon 1 
 
 " permission 269 
 
 leave=off, cease 98 
 
 leave»taking, fareivell 168 
 
 legality, justice 225 
 
 legate, delegate 125 
 
 legend, fiction 170 
 
 " st07~y 343 
 
 legions, army 56 
 
 legislation, laiv 229 
 
 legitimate, authentic 67 
 
 leisure, vacant 363 
 
 lengthen, protract 293 
 
 lenience, mercy 239 
 
 leniency, mercy 239 
 
 " -patience 265 
 
 lenity, mercy 239 
 
 lessen, abate 3 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 let, allow 35
 
 let go 
 
 make knoiivn 
 
 540 
 
 Page. 
 
 let go, surrender 349 
 
 lethargy, apaihy 50 
 
 " stupor 344 
 
 level, horizontal Si02 
 
 liable, likely 232 
 
 libel, slander 336 
 
 liberal, generous 182 
 
 " vlentiful 276 
 
 liberality, benevolence 80 
 
 liberate, absolve 9 
 
 liberty 230 
 
 " j)ermissi07i 269 
 
 " right 319 
 
 license, liberty 230 
 
 " permission 269 
 
 " light 319 
 
 lie, deception 123 
 
 life, behavior 79 
 
 life, public, career 95 
 
 lift, carry 96 
 
 ligbt, a., airy 27 
 
 light, n 2.31 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 lighten, alleviate 33 
 
 like, alike 30 
 
 " likely 232 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 likely 232 
 
 " apparent 53 
 
 likeness, analogy 43 
 
 " approximation 55 
 
 " duplicate 141 
 
 likewise, also 37 
 
 liking, appetite ■. 54 
 
 " fancy 167 
 
 " love 235 
 
 limit, boundary 84 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 limitless, infinite 216 
 
 limpid, clear 107 
 
 line, boundary 84 
 
 line of achievement, career 95 
 
 line of battle, array 57 
 
 lingering, sloiv 3.37 
 
 WqmA, fluid 174 
 
 list, listen 232 
 
 " tip 357 
 
 listen 232 
 
 listless, abstracted 11 
 
 " faint 164 
 
 literal, verbal 368 
 
 literary productions, literature 233 
 
 literary works, literature 233 
 
 literature 233 
 
 litter, flock 173 
 
 little, minute 242 
 
 live, v., abide 5 
 
 live, a., alive 30 
 
 liveliness, pertness 271 
 
 lively, active 17 
 
 airy 27 
 
 " alert 28 
 
 " alive 30 
 
 " nimhle 253 
 
 " racy 299 
 
 li\ing, alive 30 
 
 living creature, animal 45 
 
 living organism, animal 45 
 
 load 233 
 
 Page. 
 
 loath, reluctant ,308 
 
 loathe, abhm 5 
 
 lock 234 
 
 lodge, abide 5 
 
 " association 60 
 
 lofty, high 198 
 
 loneliness, retirement 315 
 
 long, large 229 
 
 longing, appetite 54 
 
 " desi7'e 128 
 
 " eager 142 
 
 long'suffering, patience 265 
 
 look, V 234 
 
 " appear 52 
 
 look, n., air 27 
 
 look forward to, anticipate 47 
 
 loquacious, gari'tdous 181 
 
 lordly, absolute 8 
 
 Lord's Supper, sacrament 331 
 
 lore, knowledge 227 
 
 loss, injury 219 
 
 lot, flock 173 
 
 " portion 279 
 
 lovable, amiable 42 
 
 love, V 235 
 
 " admire 23 
 
 love, n., attachment 63 
 
 " friendship 179 
 
 lovely, amiable 42 
 
 " beautiful 76 
 
 loving, amiable 42 
 
 " frimdy 178 
 
 lower, abase 2 
 
 " abate 3 
 
 " dispiarage 134 
 
 lower classes, mob 243 
 
 \oya\, faithful 165 
 
 loyalty, allegiance 32 
 
 lucid, clear 107 
 
 lucky, f or tmiate 177 
 
 " hapjjy 190 
 
 ludicrous, absurd 11 
 
 " qiieer 297 
 
 lunacy, insanity 221 
 
 lure, allure 37 
 
 " draw 138 
 
 luscious, delicious 126 
 
 lust, appetite 54 
 
 luster, light 231 
 
 luxuriant, plentiful 276 
 
 lying, deception 123 
 
 machination, a?'tiflce 58 
 
 machine, tool 358 
 
 madness, insanity 221 
 
 magisterial, dogmatic 137 
 
 magnanimous, generous 182 
 
 magnificent, royal. 320 
 
 man, artn^ 55 
 
 maintain, allege 31 
 
 keep 226 
 
 state 341 
 
 " s^ipport 348 
 
 majestic, auful 70 
 
 royal 320 
 
 make 236 
 
 " compel Ill 
 
 make better, amend 41 
 
 make haste, quicken 297 
 
 make known, announce 46
 
 541 
 
 make out 
 mingled 
 
 Page. 
 
 make out, make 236 
 
 make prisoner, arrest 57 
 
 make up, add 18 
 
 " 7nake 236 
 
 make use of, employ 147 
 
 make void, cancel 92 
 
 make white, bleach 82 
 
 maladroit, awkward 70 
 
 malady, disease 134 
 
 male, masculine 237 
 
 malediction, oath 254 
 
 malevolence, enmity 152 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 malice, enmity 152 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 malign, abuse 12 
 
 " slander 336 
 
 malignity, aa-imony 15 
 
 " ejimity 152 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 maltreat, abuse 12 
 
 manacles, fetter 169 
 
 manage, govern 185 
 
 manageable, docile 136 
 
 management, care 94 
 
 " oversight 260 
 
 mandate, laiv 229 
 
 order 258 
 
 maneuver, artifice 58 
 
 manful, masctiline 237 
 
 mangle, rend 309 
 
 mania, insanity 221 
 
 manifest, clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 manifestation, revelation 316 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 manifold, complex 112 
 
 manlike, masculine 237 
 
 manly, mascidine 237 
 
 manner, air 27 
 
 " behavior 79 
 
 " system 350 
 
 manners, addi'ess, n 20 
 
 " behavio)' 79 
 
 mannish, masculine 237 
 
 manufacture, make 236 
 
 marauder, robber 320 
 
 marches, boundary 84 
 
 marge, bank 72 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 margin, bank 72 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 marine, nautical 348' 
 
 maritime, 7iautical 248 
 
 mark, aim 26 
 
 " characteristic 103 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 " trace 359 
 
 market'gardening, agricultiire 25 
 
 marriage 236 
 
 masculine 237 
 
 mask, v., hide 197 
 
 mask, n., pretense 283 
 
 mass, throng 356 
 
 massacre 237 
 
 kill 226 
 
 masses, mob 243 
 
 massive, large 229 
 
 master, attain 64 
 
 Page. 
 
 master, conqver 115 
 
 mastery, victcrry 369 
 
 mate, associate'. 60 
 
 material, physical 272 
 
 matrimony, marriage 236 
 
 matter, topic 359 
 
 maxim, proverb 293 
 
 means, agent 24 
 
 measure, meter 240 
 
 measureless, infinite 216 
 
 mechanic, artist 58 
 
 mechanism, tool 358 
 
 meddle, interpose 222 
 
 meddlesome 238 
 
 " inquisitive 221 
 
 meddling, inqnisitive 221 
 
 " meddlesome 238 
 
 mediate, interpose 222 
 
 meditate, deliberate 135 
 
 meet, becoming 77 
 
 meeting, collision 109 
 
 " company 110 
 
 melancholy, grief 187 
 
 meliorate, amend 41 
 
 melody 238 
 
 member, /;«/'<; 264 
 
 " term 354 
 
 memoir, history 200 
 
 memorandum, record 304 
 
 memorial, record 304 
 
 trace 359 
 
 memorials, history 200 
 
 me?yiory 239 
 
 mendj amend 41 
 
 mendicancy, poverty 279 
 
 mention, allude 36 
 
 mercenary, auxiliary 67 
 
 " venal 365 
 
 merciful, humane 203 
 
 " propitious 291 
 
 merciless, barbarous 73 
 
 mercy 239 
 
 " parelon 2G2 
 
 " pity 273 
 
 mere, pure 296 
 
 merely, but 89 
 
 merriment, entertainment 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 merry, happy 190 
 
 metamorphose, change, v 100 
 
 metaphor, allegory 33 
 
 mete out, allot 34 
 
 meter 240 
 
 " poetry 277 
 
 method, system 350 
 
 metrical composition, poetry 277 
 
 metropolis, capital 94 
 
 middle, center 99 
 
 midst, center 99 
 
 " (in the midst of), ami(? 42 
 
 mien, air 27 
 
 might, power 279 
 
 migrate, emigrate 147 
 
 mildness, mercy 239 
 
 military, army - 56 
 
 mimicry, caricature 95 
 
 mind 241 
 
 mingled, heterogeneous 196 
 
 " complex 113
 
 mingled viritlt 
 narration 
 
 542 
 
 Page. 
 
 mingled with, amid 42 
 
 minute 243 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 miraculous, supernatural 347 
 
 mirth, happiness 189 
 
 mirthful, happy 190 
 
 misadventure, accident 14 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 miscellaneous, htterngeneous 196 
 
 mischance, aitastrophe 97 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 mischief, injury 219 
 
 mischievous, pernicious 270 
 
 misdeed, sin 332 
 
 misemploy, ate«e 12 
 
 miserable, pitiful 273 
 
 miserly, avai'icious 68 
 
 nA&ev\mess, frugality 180 
 
 misery, misfortune... 242 
 
 misfortune 242 
 
 " accident 14 
 
 " t)loiv 83 
 
 " catastrophe 97 
 
 misgiving, alarm 28 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 doubt, n 138 
 
 fear 168 
 
 mishap, accident 14 
 
 " catastrophe 97 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 mislay, displace 135 
 
 mismatched, incongmous 214 
 
 mismated, incongruous 214 
 
 misplace, displace 135 
 
 mistaken, at/surd 11 
 
 mistrust, doubt, v 137 
 
 misuse, abuse 12 
 
 mite, particle 264 
 
 mitigate, abate 3 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 " amend 41 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 mixed, complex 112 
 
 " heterogeneous 196 
 
 mob 243 
 
 mobile, active 17 
 
 mock, sneer 337 
 
 mockery, banter 73 
 
 mode, system 350 
 
 model 243 
 
 " example 160 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " ideal 206 
 
 moderate, v., abate 3 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 moderate, a., sloiv 337 
 
 moderation, abstinence 10 
 
 modem, neiv 252 
 
 madesty 244 
 
 modify, change, v 100 
 
 mold, bend 79 
 
 " govern 185 
 
 mold, model ^3 
 
 molder, decay 122 
 
 molecule, particle 264 
 
 molest, abuse 12 
 
 mollify, cdlay 31 
 
 momentary, transient 361 
 
 monetary, financial , 172 
 
 Page. 
 
 money 244 
 
 monomania, insanity 221 
 
 monstrous, absurd 11 
 
 mood., fancy 167 . 
 
 mop, cleanse 107 
 
 morality, religion 307 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 moreover, but 89 
 
 morose 245 
 
 " severe 329 
 
 moroseness, acrimony ; . 15 
 
 mortification, chagrin 100 
 
 mortify, abash 3 
 
 mother tongue, language 228 
 
 motion 245 
 
 act 16 
 
 " topic a59 
 
 motive, cause 98 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 motto, proverb 293 
 
 mourn 246 
 
 mournful, pitiful 273 
 
 mourning, gnef 187 
 
 move, v., carry 96 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " jiersuade 271 
 
 move, n., motion 245 
 
 movement, act 16 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 mover, agent 24 
 
 moving, pitiful 273 
 
 muddy, obscure 255 
 
 mulish, restive 314 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 multiform, complex 112 
 
 nmltitude, army 56 
 
 " company 110 
 
 " throng 356 
 
 munificence, benevolence 80 
 
 munificent, generous 182 
 
 royal 330 
 
 muniment, record 304 
 
 muniments, histoid 200 
 
 murder, kill 226 
 
 murky, dark 122 
 
 murmur, babble 71 
 
 " complain 112 
 
 music, melody 238 
 
 muster, convoke 130 
 
 mutation, change, n 101 
 
 mute, taciturn 351 
 
 mutinous, rebellious 304 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 mutiny, revolution 317 
 
 mutual 246 
 
 mysterious 247 
 
 dark 122 
 
 " obscure 255 
 
 mystic, mysterious 247 
 
 mystical, mysterious 247 
 
 myth, fiction 170 
 
 " 'story 343 
 
 naive, candid 93 
 
 name 247 
 
 " term 354 
 
 narration, history 200 
 
 report 311 
 
 " story 343
 
 543 
 
 narrative 
 obsolescent 
 
 Page. 
 
 narrative, history 200 
 
 rejjort 311 
 
 story 343 
 
 natal, native 248 
 
 nation, people 266 
 
 native. 248 
 
 " inherent 218 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 natty, 7ieat 249 
 
 natural, inherent 218 
 
 " native 248 
 
 " nonnal 253 
 
 " physical 272 
 
 radical 299 
 
 nature, character 102 
 
 nauseate, abhor 5 
 
 nautical 248 
 
 naval, nai/tical 248 
 
 near, adjace7it 22 
 
 nearness, approximation 55 
 
 neat 249 
 
 " becoming 77 
 
 " terse 354 
 
 necessary 150 
 
 necessitate, compel Ill 
 
 necessity 250 
 
 "■ predestination 282 
 
 need, necessity 250 
 
 " poverty 279 
 
 needed, necessary 250 
 
 needful, necessary 250 
 
 nefarious, criminal 120 
 
 neglect 251 
 
 neglectfulness, neglect 251 
 
 negligence, neglect 251 
 
 negligent, abstracted 11 
 
 negotiate, transact 360 
 
 neigliborliood, approxi?nation 55 
 
 neighboring, adjacent 22 
 
 neigliborly, friendly -178 
 
 neophyte, convert 119 
 
 never»ending, eternal 157 
 
 never»f ailing, eternal 157 
 
 nevertheless, but 89 
 
 " notwithstanding, conj. 254 
 
 new 252 
 
 ne\v«fangled, 7iew 252 
 
 new«fashioned, new 252 
 
 nevi'=made, new 252 
 
 next, adjacent 22 
 
 nice, Jine 172' 
 
 " neat 249 
 
 " tasteful 352 
 
 niggardly, avaricious 68 
 
 nigh, adjacent 22 
 
 nimble 253 
 
 " active 17 
 
 " alert 28 
 
 noble, a^vful 70 
 
 " generous 182 
 
 " high 198 
 
 noise, sound 338 
 
 noisome, pernicious 270 
 
 non=conformist, heretic 196 
 
 non-liomogeneous, heterogeneous — 196 
 
 nonsensical, absurd 11 
 
 normal 253 
 
 " general 181 
 
 " xmial 368 
 
 Page. 
 
 note, remark 308 
 
 " sign 3:^2 
 
 " sound 338 
 
 notes, money 244 
 
 notify, announce 46 
 
 notion, idea 206 
 
 notoriety, fame 166 
 
 notwithstanding, prep 254 
 
 notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 but 89 
 
 nourisli, cherish 104 
 
 nourishment, food 175 
 
 novel, a., new 252 
 
 novel, n., fiction 170 
 
 " story 343 
 
 novelty, change, n 101 
 
 novice, amateur 39 
 
 now, immediately 21 1 
 
 " yet 374 
 
 noxious, pernicious 270 
 
 nugatory, vain 364 
 
 nuisance, abomination 7 
 
 null, vain 364 
 
 nullify, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 number, calculate 90 
 
 numberless, infinite 216 
 
 numbers, poetrrj 277 
 
 nuptials, marriage 236 
 
 nurse, cherish 104 
 
 nurture, cherish 104 
 
 " education. 143 
 
 teach 353 
 
 nutriment, food 175 
 
 nutrition, food 175 
 
 'oath 254 
 
 obdurate, obstinate 256 
 
 obedience, allegiance 32 
 
 obedient, docile 136 
 
 obey, follow 174 
 
 " keep 226 
 
 obiter dictum, jjrecedent 282 
 
 object, aim 26 
 
 " design 128 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 objective, subjectire 345 
 
 objurgation, reproof 311 
 
 obligation, contract 118 
 
 duty 142 
 
 oblige, bind 81 
 
 " cbmpel Ill 
 
 obliging, pleasant 275 
 
 " jiclife, 277 
 
 obliterate, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 oblivion, jJardon, n 262 
 
 oblivious, abst^'acted 11 
 
 obscure 255 
 
 " complex 112 
 
 dark 122 
 
 '• equivocal 155 
 
 " mysterious 247 
 
 observance, sacrament 321 
 
 observation, remark. . - 308 
 
 observe, celebrate 99 
 
 " discern 133 
 
 " follem 174 
 
 keep 226 
 
 obsolescent, obsolete 256
 
 obsolete 
 overawe 
 
 544 
 
 Page. 
 
 obsolete 856 
 
 obstacle, harrier 74 
 
 " impediment 213 
 
 obstinate 256 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 " perverse 278 
 
 obstruct 257 
 
 " hinder 199 
 
 obstruction, barrier 74 
 
 " impediment 313 
 
 obtain, attain 64 
 
 " get ia3 
 
 " -purchase 295 
 
 obtrusive, meddlesome 838 
 
 obtuseness, stiqndity 344 
 
 obviate, prevent 284 
 
 obvious, clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 occasion, cause 98 
 
 " make 236 
 
 occult, mysterious 247 
 
 occupation, business 88 
 
 " exercise 168 
 
 " work 374 
 
 occupied, industrUms, 215 
 
 occupy, entertain 152 
 
 " have 194 
 
 occur, happen 188 
 
 occurrence, circumstance 105 
 
 " event 158 
 
 ocean, a., nautical 248 
 
 oceanic, nautical 848 
 
 odd, queer 297 
 
 " 7-a?'e 300 
 
 offend, affront 24 
 
 offense, abomination 7 
 
 " anger 44 
 
 " i'jJ^'Wf 273 
 
 " sin 332 
 
 offer, v., allege 31 
 
 offer, «., proposal 292 
 
 off»hand, extejnporaneous 163 
 
 office, duty 142 
 
 officious, active 17 
 
 " meddlesome 838 
 
 ofiiciousnegs, imjmdence 213 
 
 old 257 
 
 " obsolete 256 
 
 " primeval 287 
 
 olden, old 257 
 
 old=fashioned, antique, 48 
 
 omen, sign 3:^2 
 
 omission, neglect 251 
 
 oneness, union 302 
 
 onerous, difficult 132 
 
 only, buf. 89 
 
 onset, attack, n 64 
 
 onslaught, attack, n 64 
 
 on the alert, vigilatit... 369 
 
 on the lookout, vigilant 369 
 
 on the watch, alert 28 
 
 ' opaque, dark 122 
 
 open, bluff 83 
 
 " candid 93 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 open«handed, generous 182 
 
 open=hearted, generous 182 
 
 opening, beginning 78 
 
 Page. 
 
 opening, entrance 154 
 
 operation 258 
 
 " act 16 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 operative, artist 58 
 
 operator, agent 24 
 
 opinion, /aiilA 164 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 opinionated, dogtnatic 137 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 opponent, e7iemy 151 
 
 oppose, contrast 118 
 
 hinder 199 
 
 " obstmct 257 
 
 opposed, cdien, a 29 
 
 " reluctant 308 
 
 opposition, ambition 40 
 
 " antipathy 48 
 
 " collision 109 
 
 oppress, abuse 12 
 
 option, alternative 38 
 
 oral, verbal 368 
 
 oration, sjyeech 339 
 
 oratory, sjMech 339 
 
 order 858 
 
 " array 57 
 
 " class 106 
 
 " law 229 
 
 " system 350 
 
 orderly, neat 249 
 
 order of battle, array 57 
 
 ordinance, law 829 
 
 " sacramefii 321 
 
 ordinary, general 181 
 
 " normal 253 
 
 " iisual 368 
 
 organic, radical 299 
 
 origin, beginning 78 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 original, a., authentic 67 
 
 native 218 
 
 original, n., ideal 2U6 
 
 " model ^43 
 
 " pnmevul 287 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 " t?'anscendental 361 
 
 originator, cause 98 
 
 ornament, ado?'n 23 
 
 OBciWate, Jlvctuate 173 
 
 " shake 330 
 
 ostentation 259 
 
 " 2)nde 886 
 
 ostracise, banish 72 
 
 ought 260 
 
 oust, banish 72 
 
 outcome, consequence 116 
 
 " e?id, n 148 
 
 " event 158 
 
 outgo, expense 162 
 
 outgrowth, consequence 116 
 
 outlandish, rustic 321 
 
 outlay, expense 162 
 
 " price 885 
 
 outline, abridgment 7 
 
 " sketch 334 
 
 out of date, obsolete 856 
 
 outrage, injury 319 
 
 outset, beginning 78 
 
 overawe, abash 3
 
 545 
 
 overbearing 
 penury 
 
 Page. 
 
 overbearing, absolute 8 
 
 " dogmatic 137 
 
 overcome, beat 75 
 
 " C07iquer 115 
 
 over = confidence, temerity 353 
 
 overflowing, plentiful 270 
 
 overlook, pardon^ v 262 
 
 overmaster, conquer 115 
 
 overmatch, conquer 115 
 
 overplus, excess 160 
 
 overpower, conquer 115 
 
 oversight 200 
 
 " care 94 
 
 neglect 251 
 
 overt, evident 159 
 
 overtake, catch 97 
 
 overthrow, abolish 6 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 " demolish 127 
 
 " exterminate 163 
 
 " refute 306 
 
 " subvert 340 
 
 overture, jrroposal 292 
 
 overturn, demolish 127 
 
 subvert 340 
 
 overwhelm, hide 197 
 
 " involve 223 
 
 own, avow 69 
 
 " confess 114 
 
 " have 194 
 
 pabulum, /oo^ 175 
 
 pacify, allay 31 
 
 pack, load 233 
 
 " Jlock 173 
 
 pact, contract 118 
 
 pageant, ostentation 259 
 
 pageantry, ostentation 259 
 
 jKiin 261 
 
 pains, industry 210 
 
 palaver, babble ., 71 
 
 palliate 201 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 palpable, evident 159 
 
 paltry, pitiful 273 
 
 pamper, caress 95 
 
 panegyric, praise 280 
 
 pang, pain 201 
 
 panic, alarm 28 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 parable, allegory 33 
 
 parade, array 57 
 
 " ostentation 259 
 
 paradox, riddle 318 
 
 paradoxical, absurd 11 
 
 parapet, barrier 74 
 
 paraphrase, quote 298 
 
 parcel, portion 279 
 
 pardon, v 262 
 
 " absolve 9 
 
 pardon, n 262 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 pardonable, venial 367 
 
 parity, analogy 43 
 
 parley, conversation 118 
 
 parody, caricature 95 
 
 paroxysm, jjain 201 
 
 parsimonious, avaricious 68 
 
 parsimomousnem, frugality 180 
 
 yiiTsimonj,f7'ugality 180 
 
 35 
 
 Page. 
 part, n 204 
 
 " particle 264 
 
 portion 279 
 
 partiality, prejudice 264 
 
 jHirticle 264 
 
 particular, circumstance 105 
 
 " minute 243 
 
 participation, association 60 
 
 participator, accessory , 13 
 
 parting salutation, /arew'eW 168 
 
 partizan, adherent 21 
 
 partner, accessor'y 13 
 
 " associate 60 
 
 partnership, alliance 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 pass, way 372 
 
 passage, career 95 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 tvay 372 
 
 passage of arms, battle 74 
 
 passageway, way 372 
 
 pass by, pardon 202 
 
 passing, transient 361 
 
 passion, anger 44 
 
 " appetite 54 
 
 " enthusiasm 153 
 
 pass over, pardon 202 
 
 pastime, entertainment 153 
 
 pastoral, rustic 321 
 
 patent, evident 159 
 
 path, way 372 
 
 pathetic, pitiful 273 
 
 pathway, way 372 
 
 patience 265 
 
 " industry 216 
 
 patois, language 228 
 
 patriarchal, old 257 
 
 " ^mmeval 287 
 
 pattern, examj)le 160 
 
 " idea 200 
 
 ideal 200 
 
 model 243 
 
 " precedent 282 
 
 pauperism, poverty 279 
 
 pause, cease 98 
 
 " rest....- 313 
 
 pay 206 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 payment, pay 206 
 
 pay off, requite 313 
 
 peace, rest 313 
 
 peaceful, calm 91 
 
 peacefulnees, rest 313 
 
 peculiar, queer 297 
 
 rare 300 
 
 peculiarity, characte7'istic 103 
 
 pecuniary, financial 172 
 
 peeping, inquisitive 221 
 
 peer, associate 60 
 
 peevishness, anger 44 
 
 pellucid, clear 107 
 
 penetrating, astute 02 
 
 penetration, acumen 18 
 
 " entrance '. 154 
 
 peneti'ative, astute '02 
 
 penitence, repentance 310 
 
 pension, subsidy 345 
 
 penurious, avaricious 68 
 
 penury, poverty 279
 
 people 
 pledge 
 
 546 
 
 Page. 
 
 people 2G6 
 
 people, dregs of the, mob 243 
 
 perceive 267 
 
 " discern 133 
 
 perceptible, evident 159 
 
 perception, knoicledge 227 
 
 " stnmtioi'i 328 
 
 peremptory, absolatt 8 
 
 perennial, eternal 157 
 
 perfect 268 
 
 " jmre 290 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 perform, do 135 
 
 " execute 161 
 
 " make , 236 
 
 " transact 360 
 
 performance, act 16 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 " operation 258 
 
 ivork 374 
 
 performer, agent 24 
 
 peril, danger 121 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 perilous, precarious 282 
 
 period, eiul, n •. 148 
 
 " time 356 
 
 periphrasis, circumlocution 105 
 
 perish, die 130 
 
 permanent 269 
 
 permission 269 
 
 permit, a., alloio 35 
 
 — " endure 150 
 
 permit, w., permission 269 
 
 pernicious 270 
 
 perpetrate, do 135 
 
 perpetual, cotitinual 117 
 
 " eternal 157 
 
 " permanent 269 
 
 perplexing, equivocal 155 
 
 perplexitij 270 
 
 " amazement 39 
 
 " anxiety 49 
 
 care 94 
 
 doubt, n 138 
 
 persecute, abuse 12 
 
 perseverance, industry 216 
 
 persistence, industry 216 
 
 persistent, permanent 269 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 personality, character 102 
 
 perspicacious, astute 62 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 perspicacity, aci/men 18 
 
 perspicuous, clear 107 
 
 persuade 271 
 
 " bend 79 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 pertinacious, obstinate 256 
 
 pertness 271 
 
 " impudence 213 
 
 perverse 272 
 
 pervert, . a6i«e 12 
 
 perverting, ijernicious 270 
 
 pestiferous, pernicious 270 
 
 pestilential, pernicious 270 
 
 pet, caress 95 
 
 petition, ask 59 
 
 jiray 281 
 
 pettishness, anger 44 
 
 Page. 
 
 petulance, anger 44 
 
 petulant, pei^erse 272 
 
 phalanx, ar7ny 56 
 
 pliantasm, delusion 127 
 
 phantasy, imagination 209 
 
 Pharisaism, hypocrisy 204 
 
 philanthropy, benevolence 80 
 
 phlegm, apathy 50 
 
 phrase, diction 130 
 
 " ter7n 354 
 
 phraseology, diction 130 
 
 physical , 272 
 
 pick, alternative 38 
 
 " choose 104 
 
 pick out, choose 104 
 
 picture, sketch 334 
 
 picturesque, beautiful 76 
 
 piece, jmi't 264 
 
 pietism, hypocrisy 204 
 
 " religion 307 
 
 piety, religion 307 
 
 pile up, amass 38 
 
 pilCTimage, journey 223 
 
 pillager, robber 320 
 
 piquant, racy 299 
 
 pique 272 
 
 pirate, robber 320 
 
 piteous, pitifzd 273 
 
 pithy, terse 354 
 
 pitiable, pitiful 273 
 
 pitiful 273 
 
 2nfy 273 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 pitying, humane 203 
 
 place, 2nit 296 
 
 placid, calm 91 
 
 plagiarize, quots '. 298 
 
 plague, abomination 7 
 
 plain, clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 " iitstic 321 
 
 plain-spoken, bluff 83 
 
 plan, design 128 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " horizontal 202 
 
 " sketch 334 
 
 plane, horizontal 202 
 
 plant 274 
 
 plaudit, ])raise 280 
 
 playfulness, wit 373 
 
 plea, apology 5i 
 
 2)lead   274 
 
 " allege 31 
 
 " pray 281 
 
 jjleasant 275 
 
 " amiable 42 
 
 " confcrrtable 110 
 
 " delightful 126 
 
 pleasantry, wit 373 
 
 please, entertain 152 
 
 pleased, happy 190 
 
 j)leasing, amiable 42 
 
 delightful 126 
 
 " pleasant 275 
 
 pleasurable, delightful 126 
 
 " pleasant 275 
 
 pleasure, entertainment 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 pledge, contract ,,..,,,. 118
 
 547 
 
 pledge 
 prevent 
 
 Page. 
 
 pledge, sectmty 326 
 
 plenteous, plentiful 276 
 
 plentiful 276 
 
 pleonasm, circumlocution 105 
 
 pliable, docile 136 
 
 pliant, docile 136 
 
 plunderer, rohher 320 
 
 plunge, immerse 212 
 
 poem, poetry 277 
 
 poesy, poetry 277 
 
 poetry 277 
 
 point, v., allude 36 
 
 point, n., circumstance 105 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 topic 359 
 
 poisonous, pernicious 270 
 
 policy, polity 278 
 
 polished, fine 172 
 
 ^IMlite 277 
 
 jwlite 277 
 
 politeness, address, n 20 
 
 " refinement 305 
 
 Volity 278 
 
 " tow 229 
 
 pollute, defile 124 
 
 pommel, l)eat 75 
 
 pomp, ostentation 259 
 
 pomposity, ostentation 259 
 
 pompousness, ostentation 259 
 
 ponder, deliberate 125 
 
 populace, niob 243 
 
 popular, general 181 
 
 population, peojjle 266 
 
 port, air 27 
 
 portal, entrance 154 
 
 portend, augur 66 
 
 portentous, awful 70 
 
 portion 279 
 
 " part 264 
 
 portion out, allot 34 
 
 pose, attitude 65 
 
 position, attitude 65 
 
 " circumstance 105 
 
 positive, absolute 8 
 
 " dogmatic 137 
 
 " radical 299 
 
 " real 301 
 
 possess, have 194 
 
 possession, be in, hare 194 
 
 possibility, accident 14 
 
 eveiit 158 
 
 postulate, assume 61 
 
 posture, attitude 65 
 
 pound, beat 75 
 
 poverty 279 
 
 power 279 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 practise, v., follow 174 
 
 practise, «., exercise 162 
 
 haUt 187 
 
 practised, skilful 335 
 
 j)raise 280 
 
 prate, babble 71 
 
 prattle, babble 71 
 
 pray 281 
 
 " ask 59 
 
 precario^is 282 
 
 precaution, care 94 
 
 precedent, a., previous 285 
 
 Page. 
 
 precedent, n 282 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 " example 160 
 
 preceding, previous 285 
 
 precept, doctnne 136 
 
 "• proverb 293 
 
 precious, raj'C 300 
 
 precipitancy, temerity 353 
 
 precipitation, temerity 353 
 
 precipitous, steep 342 
 
 precise, minute 242 
 
 preclude, prevent 2S1 
 
 prohibit 290 
 
 preconception, prejudice. 283 
 
 predestination 282 
 
 predicate, state 341 
 
 predict, augur 66 
 
 predilection, fancy 167 
 
 prefer, choose 104 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 preference, alternative 38 
 
 prejudice 283 
 
 " injury 219 
 
 preliminary, previous 285 
 
 premium, subsidy 345 
 
 prenomen, name 247 
 
 preoccupied, abstracted 11 
 
 prepared, alert 28 
 
 prepossession, prejudice 283 
 
 preposterous, absurd 11 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 prerogative, right 319 
 
 presage, augur 66 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 prescience, ivisdcnn 372 
 
 present, gift 184 
 
 presentiment, atiticijxiiion 48 
 
 presently, immediately 211 
 
 preserve, keej} 226 
 
 press, v., plead 274 
 
 press, n., throng 356 
 
 press forward, quicken 297 
 
 prestige, sign 3;K 
 
 presumable, apparent 52 
 
 likely 232 
 
 presume, assume 61 
 
 presumption, assurance 61 
 
 " impiidence 213 
 
 " prejudice 283 
 
 pride 286 
 
 " tenienty 353 
 
 pretend, assume 61 
 
 pretender, hypocrite 204 
 
 pretense 283 
 
 "■ hypocrisy 204 
 
 pretension, pretense 283 
 
 preternatural, supernatural 347 
 
 pretest, pretense 283 
 
 prettj;, beautiful 76 
 
 prevail, succeed 346 
 
 prevailing, usual 362 
 
 prevail over, conquer 115 
 
 prevail upon, pers^iade 271 
 
 prevalent, general 181 
 
 usual 362 
 
 prevarication, deception 123 
 
 prevent 284 
 
 " hinder 199 
 
 prohibit 290
 
 previous 
 providence 
 
 54S 
 
 Page. 
 
 previous 285 
 
 prevision, anticipation 48 
 
 pHce 285 
 
 pncfe 28(3 
 
 prim, 7>eat 249 
 
 primal, primeval 287 
 
 primary, prinieval 287 
 
 prime, jirinieval 287 
 
 pnmeval 287 
 
 primitive, prinieval 287 
 
 radical 299 
 
 primordial, 2}>'inieval 287 
 
 " transcendental 361 
 
 princely, royal 320 
 
 principle, doctrine 136 
 
 law 220 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 prior, previous 285 
 
 pristine, pi'imeval 287 
 
 privacy, retirement 315 
 
 privation, poverty 279 
 
 privilege, light 319 
 
 j)rize, esteem, v 156 
 
 probable, apparent 52 
 
 likely 232 
 
 probity, virtue 370 
 
 problem, middle 318 
 
 procedure, operation 258 
 
 proceed, rise 319 
 
 proceeding, act 16 
 
 " transaction 360 
 
 proceeds, harvest 192 
 
 profit 288 
 
 process, motion 245 
 
 proclaim, announce 46 
 
 " avow 69 
 
 proclivity, appetite 54 
 
 desire 128 
 
 procrastinate, protract 293 
 
 procrastinating, slow 337 
 
 procure, attain 64 
 
 gel 183 
 
 " purchase 295 
 
 prodigality, excess 160 
 
 produce, v.. allege 31 
 
 produce, n., harvest 192 
 
 product, harvest 192 
 
 " tvork 374 
 
 production, work 374 
 
 profane swearing, oath 254 
 
 profanity, oath 254 
 
 profess, avoiv 69 
 
 profession, business 88 
 
 T^voficiency, progress 289 
 
 proficient, skilful 335 
 
 profit 288 
 
 " vtility... 363 
 
 profitless, vain 364 
 
 profound, obscure 255 
 
 profundity, ivisdom 372 
 
 profuse, plentiful 276 
 
 profusion, excess 160 
 
 prognostic, sign 333 
 
 prognosticate, augur 66 
 
 progress 289 
 
 progression, progress 289 
 
 prohibit 290 
 
 " abolish 6 
 
 prohibition, baiTier 74 
 
 Page. 
 
 prohibition, order 258 
 
 project, v., send 327 
 
 project, «., design 128 
 
 prolixity, circumlocution 105 
 
 prolong, protract 293 
 
 promise, contract 118 
 
 promote 291 
 
 abet 4 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 promoter, agent 24 
 
 " auxiliary 67 
 
 prompt, v., influence 217 
 
 prompt, a., active 17 
 
 alert 28 
 
 nimble 253 
 
 promulgate, annxmnce 46 
 
 prone, addicted 19 
 
 proneness, appetite 54 
 
 pronounce, speak 339 
 
 state 341 
 
 proof, demonstration 127 
 
 " testimony 355 
 
 prop, support 348 
 
 propel, drive 140 
 
 " send 327 
 
 propensity, appetite 54 
 
 " desire 128 
 
 proper, becoming 77 
 
 property, attribute, « 66 
 
 " characteiistic 103 
 
 " money 244 
 
 prophesy, augur 66 
 
 propinquity, approximation 55 
 
 propitiation 291 
 
 jyropitiotis 291 
 
 proportion, analogy 43 
 
 " portion 279 
 
 proposal 292 
 
 " design 128 
 
 propose 292 
 
 proposition, proposed 292 
 
 " topic 359 
 
 propound, annxmnce 46 
 
 state 341 
 
 prosecute, arraign 56 
 
 proselyte, convert 119 
 
 prosper, succeed 346 
 
 prospered, fortunate 177 
 
 prosperous, fortunate 177 
 
 happy 190 
 
 prostitute, abuse 12 
 
 protect, cherish 104 
 
 " keep 226 
 
 shelter 331 
 
 protection, defense 123 
 
 protest, aroiv 69 
 
 state 341 
 
 prototype, example 160 
 
 " ideal 206 
 
 model 243 
 
 protract 293 
 
 proud, high 198 
 
 prove, confirm 114 
 
 " reason, v 302 
 
 provender, food 175 
 
 proverb 293 
 
 provided, tmt 89 
 
 ■pxo\vie,m:e, frugality 180 
 
 " prudence 294
 
 549 
 
 provoke 
 reaping 
 
 Page. 
 
 provoke, affront 24 
 
 prowess 294 
 
 proxy, delegate 125 
 
 prudence 294 
 
 " care 94 
 
 " frugality 180 
 
 " wisdmn 372 
 
 prying, Inquisitive 221 
 
 public, general 181 
 
 " \mua 362 
 
 publications, literature 233 
 
 public life, career 95 
 
 publish, announce 46 
 
 puerile, youthful 375 
 
 pull, draw 138 
 
 pungent, tntler 81 
 
 racy 299 
 
 punish, avenge 69 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 pupil, scholar 324 
 
 purchasable, venal 365 
 
 purchase 295 
 
 pure 296 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 " innocent 220 
 
 purify, amend 41 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 " cleanse 107 
 
 purity, virtue 370 
 
 purloin, abstract 10 
 
 purpose, v., propose 292 
 
 purpose, n., aim 26 
 
 "■ design 128 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 " reason, n 302 
 
 purposeless,/aM?i 164 
 
 pursue, follow 174 
 
 pursuit,'/r;<«< 203 
 
 push, drive 140 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 put 296 
 
 put down, conquer 115 
 
 put on, assume 61 
 
 putrefy, decay 122 
 
 put to death, kill 226 
 
 put up with, endure 150 
 
 puzzle, riddle 318 
 
 quaint, a?itique 48 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 quake, shake 330 
 
 qualiflcation, power 279 
 
 qualified, adequate 21 
 
 qualify, change, n 100 
 
 quality, attribute, n 66 
 
 " characteristic 103 
 
 quarrel, feud 170 
 
 quash, cancel 92 
 
 quaver, shake 330 
 
 queer 297 
 
 question, v., reason, v 302 
 
 question, n., doubt, n 138 
 
 " topic 359 
 
 questionable, equivocal 155 
 
 quick, active 17 
 
 "■■ alive 30 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 Page. 
 
 quicken 297 
 
 quick of scent, sagacious 322 
 
 quick'scented, sagacious 322 
 
 quick»witted, clever 109 
 
 quiescence, rest 313 
 
 quiet, allay 31 
 
 " calm 91 
 
 " rest 313 
 
 quietness, apathy 50 
 
 rest 313 
 
 quietude, i^est 313 
 
 quit, abandon 1 
 
 " cease 98 
 
 " eiid, V 148 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 quiver, shake 330 
 
 quote 298 
 
 rabble, mob 243 
 
 race, career 95 
 
 " kin 227 
 
 " people 266 
 
 racy 299 
 
 radical 299 
 
 rage, anger 44 
 
 raging, fierce 171 
 
 raider, robber 320 
 
 rail at, abuse 12 
 
 raillery, banter 73 
 
 wit 373 
 
 raiment, dress 140 
 
 raise, promote 291 
 
 ramble, tvander 371 
 
 rampart, barrier 74 
 
 defense 123 
 
 rancor, etimity 152 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 range, wander 371 
 
 rank, class 106 
 
 rap, bloiv 83 
 
 rapacious, avaricious 68 
 
 rapture, enthusiasm 153 
 
 " happiness 189 
 
 rapturous, happy 190 
 
 rare 300 
 
 " obsolete 256 
 
 rashness, temerity 353 
 
 rate, ccdculate 90 
 
 ratify, confirm 114 
 
 ratiocination, reasoning 303 
 
 rational, sagacious 322 
 
 ravish, abuse 12 
 
 raze, demolish 127 
 
 reach 300 
 
 " attain 64 
 
 " make 236 
 
 readiness, address, n 20 
 
 " dexterity 129 
 
 " ease 143 
 
 " power 279 
 
 reading, education 143 
 
 ready, active 17 
 
 " alert 28 
 
 real 301 
 
 " authentic 67 
 
 " pure 296 
 
 reality, veracity 367 
 
 realize, do 135 
 
 reanimate, recover 305 
 
 reaping, harvest 192
 
 reason 
 remove 
 
 550 
 
 Page. 
 
 reason, v 302 
 
 reason, n 302 
 
 " cavM 98 
 
 " mind 241 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 reaeonableness, wisdom 372 
 
 reasoning 303 
 
 rebellion, revolution 317 
 
 rebellious 304 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 rebuke, v., reprove 312 
 
 rebuke, ?«., reproof 311 
 
 recalcitrant, restive 314 
 
 recall, renounce 309 
 
 recant, abandon 1 
 
 " renounce 309 
 
 receipts, jyrofit 288 
 
 receive, get 183 
 
 received, authentic 67 
 
 recent, new 252 
 
 reciprocal, mutual 246 
 
 reciprocate, requite 313 
 
 recital, history 200 
 
 " report 311 
 
 " story 343 
 
 recite, quote 298 
 
 recklessness, temerity ^ 353 
 
 reckon, calculate 90 
 
 recognition, knowledge 227 
 
 recognize, confess 114 
 
 " discern 133 
 
 recollection, memory 239 
 
 recompense, pay 266 
 
 requite 313 
 
 reconciliation, propitiation 291 
 
 recondite, mysterious 247 
 
 record 304 
 
 " character 102 
 
 " history 200 
 
 " report 311 
 
 " story 343 
 
 recover 305 
 
 recreate, entertain 152 
 
 recreation, entertainment 153 
 
 rest 313 
 
 recruit, recover 305 
 
 rectify, amend 41 
 
 rectitude, justice 225 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 recuperate, recover 305 
 
 redoubted, formidable 176 
 
 reduce, abase 2 
 
 abate 3 
 
 " alleviate 33 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 redundance, circumlocution 105 
 
 " excess 160 
 
 redundancy, circumlocution 105 
 
 " excess 160 
 
 reel, shake 330 
 
 refer, allude 36 
 
 " attribute, V 65 
 
 referee, judge 224 
 
 refine, chasten 103 
 
 refined, fine 172 
 
 refinement 305 
 
 reflect, deliberate 125 
 
 reflection, reproof 31 1 
 
 reform, amend 41 
 
 Page. 
 
 refractory, obstinate 256 
 
 " rebellious 304 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 refraiu, cease 98 
 
 keep 226 
 
 refreshing, delightful 126 
 
 refuse, renounce 309 
 
 refvte 306 
 
 regain, recover 305 
 
 regal, royctl 320 
 
 regard, v., esteem, v 156 
 
 look 234 
 
 " love 235 
 
 regard, n., attachment 63 
 
 " esteem, n 157 
 
 " friendship 179 
 
 regeneration, change, n 101 
 
 regimen, /ooc? 175 
 
 register, history 200 
 
 " recoi-d 304 
 
 regret, v., tnourn 246 
 
 regret, n., grief 187 
 
 " repentatice 310 
 
 regular, continual 117 
 
 " normal 253 
 
 " usual 362 
 
 regularity, system 350 
 
 regulation, law 229 
 
 rehearsal, repcnl 311 
 
 reign over, govern 185 
 
 reject, renounce 309 
 
 rejoiced, happy 190 
 
 rejoicing, a., happy 190 
 
 rejoicing, n., happiness 189 
 
 rejoinder, answer 46 
 
 relation, analogy 43 
 
 " report 311 ' 
 
 " sUyry 343 
 
 relationship, kin 227 
 
 release, absolve 9 
 
 relegate, commit 110 
 
 relentless, severe 329 
 
 reliable 306 
 
 " authentic 67 
 
 reliance, /az<A 164 
 
 relieve, alleviate 33 
 
 religion 307 
 
 relinquish, abandon 1 
 
 " surrender 349 
 
 relish, appetite 54 
 
 reluctmit 308 
 
 remain, abide 5 
 
 remains, body &4 
 
 trace 359 
 
 remark ^ 308 
 
 remarkable, rare 300 
 
 remembrance, memory 239 
 
 reminiscence, memory 239 
 
 remission, pardon 262 
 
 remissness, neglect 251 
 
 remit, pardon 262 
 
 remnant, trace 359 
 
 remonstrate, complain 112 
 
 " reprove 312 
 
 remorse, repentance •. 310 
 
 remote, alien, a 29 
 
 old 257 
 
 remove, abolish 6 
 
 " abstract, , 10 
 
 /
 
 551 
 
 remove 
 retrieve 
 
 Page. 
 
 remove, alleviate 33 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 " carry 90 
 
 " conveij 119 
 
 " displace 135 
 
 " exterminate 103 
 
 remunerate, requite 313 
 
 remuneration, pay 200 
 
 rend 309 
 
 " break 80 
 
 render, make 230 
 
 rendering, definition 124 
 
 renewal, change, n 101 
 
 renewing, change, n 101 
 
 renounce 309 
 
 " abandon 1 
 
 renown, fame 106 
 
 repair, amend 41 
 
 repartee, answer 40 
 
 repay, requite 313 
 
 repeal, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 repeat, quote 298 
 
 repel, dnve 140 
 
 " refute 300 
 
 repentance 310 
 
 repine, complain 112 
 
 replete, plentiful 270 
 
 replica, duplicate 141 
 
 reply, answer 46 
 
 report, v., announce 46 
 
 report, n 311 
 
 repose, rest 313 
 
 repossess, recover 305 
 
 repreliend, reprove 312 
 
 reprehension, reproof 311 
 
 representation, model 243 
 
 representative, delegate 125 
 
 repress, restrain 315 
 
 reprimand, v., reprove 312 
 
 reprimand, «., reproof 311 
 
 reproach, v., abuse 12 
 
 " reprove 312 
 
 reproach, n., blemish 82 
 
 " reproof 311 
 
 reprobate, v . , condemn 113 
 
 reprobation, oath 254 
 
 reproduction, duplicate 141 
 
 reproof 311 
 
 reproval, reproof 311 
 
 reprove 312 
 
 " condemn 113 
 
 repudiate, abandon 1 
 
 " renomice 309 
 
 repugnance, antipathy 48 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 repugnant, incongruous 214 
 
 repulse, drive 140 
 
 repulsion, antipathy 48 
 
 reputation, character 102 
 
 fa?ne 106 
 
 repute, fame 160 
 
 request, v., ask 59 
 
 " i)ray 281 
 
 require, ask 59 
 
 " make 236 
 
 required, necessary 250 
 
 rec(uirement, necessity 250 
 
 requisite, a., necessary 250 
 
 Page. 
 
 requisite, a., order 258 
 
 requisite, n., necessity 250 
 
 requital, pay 266 
 
 " revenge 316 
 
 requite 313 
 
 rescind, cancel 92 
 
 resemblance, analogy 43 
 
 " approximation 55 
 
 resembling, alike 30 
 
 resentful, restive 314 
 
 resentment, anger 44 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 " pique 272 
 
 reserve, modesty 244 
 
 " jiride 280 
 
 reserved, taciturn 351 
 
 reside, abide 5 
 
 residence, home 201 
 
 resign, abandon 1 
 
 resignal ion, patience 205 
 
 resist, drive 140 
 
 " hinder 199 
 
 resistance, defense 123 
 
 resolute, obstinate 250 
 
 resolution, fortitude 176 
 
 resolved, obstinate 256 
 
 resource, alternative 38 
 
 respect, v., admire 23 
 
 " venerate 306 
 
 respect, ??., esteem, n 157 
 
 response, answer 46 
 
 responsibility, duty 142 
 
 rest, »., abide 5 
 
 rest,_ n 313 
 
 restifl, restive 314 
 
 restive 314 
 
 restless, active 17 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 restore, recover 305 
 
 restrain 315 
 
 " arrest 57 
 
 " Und 81 
 
 " govern 185 
 
 " keep 226 
 
 restraint, barner 74 
 
 restrict, bind 81 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 restriction, baiTier 74 
 
 result, v., follow 174 
 
 result, M., consequence 110 
 
 end, n 148 
 
 event. 158 
 
 " harvest 192 
 
 " operation 2.58 
 
 resume, recover 305 
 
 retain, keep 226 
 
 retainer, accessory 13 
 
 retaliate, avenge 69 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 retaliation, revenge 316 
 
 retard, hinder 199 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 reticent, taciturn 351 
 
 retire, abandon 1 
 
 retirement 315 
 
 retort, answer 46 
 
 retract, abandon 1 
 
 retribution, revenge 316 
 
 retrieve, recover 305
 
 retrospect 
 sanction 
 
 552 
 
 Page. 
 
 retrospect, memory 239 
 
 retrospection, memory 339 
 
 return, v., requite 313 
 
 return, 7i., harvest 192 
 
 •' profit 288 
 
 returns, profit 288 
 
 reveal, announce 46 
 
 revelation 316 
 
 revenge, v., avenge 69 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 revenge, n 316 
 
 hatred 193 
 
 revere, admire 23 
 
 " venerate 306 
 
 reverence, v., venerate 366 
 
 reverence, «., veneration 366 
 
 reverie, dream 139 
 
 reverse, »., abolish 6 
 
 reverse, n., 7?iisfartune 242 
 
 revile, abuse 12 
 
 " slander 336 
 
 revoke, abolish 6 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 " renounce 309 
 
 revolt, n., revolution 317 
 
 revolution 317 
 
 " change 101 
 
 revolve 318 
 
 reward, v., requite 313 
 
 reward, n., subsidy 345 
 
 rhythm, meter 240 
 
 rich, plentiful 276 
 
 " racy ~-'J 
 
 ride, drive 1^0 
 
 riddle 318 
 
 ridicule, banter. '3 
 
 ridiculous, absurd 11 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 right, a., innocent 220 
 
 right, n 319 
 
 duty 142 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 right away, right off, immediately. . 211 
 
 righteous, innocent 220 
 
 righteousness, duty , 142 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 " religion 307 
 
 " virtue 370 
 
 rightfulness, justice 225 
 
 rightness, virtue , 370 
 
 rigid, severe 329 
 
 rigorous, severe 329 
 
 rim, bank J^ 
 
 rime (rhyme), poetry 277 
 
 rinse, cleanse 107 
 
 riot, revolution 317 
 
 rip, rend 309 
 
 rise, V 319 
 
 rise, n., beginning 78 
 
 risk, n., danger 121 
 
 " hazard 194 
 
 risky, precarious 282 
 
 rite, sacranunt 321 
 
 rival, 71., enemy 151 
 
 rivalry, ambition 40 
 
 rive, In-eak 86 
 
 " rend 309 
 
 road, way 372 
 
 roadway, way • • • 372 
 
 Page. 
 
 roam, loander 371 
 
 roar, call 91 
 
 robber. : 320 
 
 robes, dress 140 
 
 rock, shake 330 
 
 roll, v., 7'evolve 318 
 
 roll, /(., 7^ecord, n 304 
 
 romance, dream 139 
 
 fiction 170 
 
 root out, exterminate 163 
 
 rot, decay 122 
 
 rotate, 7'evolve 318 
 
 rough, awkward 70 
 
 " bluff 83 
 
 rout, C07iquer 115 
 
 route, way 372 
 
 routine, habit 187 
 
 rove, ivander 371 
 
 royal 320 
 
 rub off or out, cancel 92 
 
 rude, barba7Vits 73 
 
 " bluf 83 
 
 " rtt'stic 321 
 
 rudeness, imjnidence 213 
 
 rue, 7)wurn 246 
 
 ruin, v., abuse 12 
 
 " demolish 127 
 
 " subve7't 346 
 
 ruin, n., misf07'tune 242 
 
 ruinous, pernicious 270 
 
 rule, v., gove7-n 185 
 
 rule, n., 'habit 187 
 
 laiv 229 
 
 " system 350 
 
 rumor, 7'eport 311 
 
 rupture, Irreak 86 
 
 " rend 309 
 
 rural, riistic 321 
 
 ruse, artifice 58 
 
 " p7'etense 283 
 
 rush, ca7'eer 95 
 
 nistic 321 
 
 sable, dark 122 
 
 saerament 321 
 
 sacred, holy 200 
 
 sacrifice, surrender 349 
 
 sadness, gri-ef 187 
 
 safeguard, defense 123 
 
 sagacious 322 
 
 " astute 62 
 
 sagacity, acu7nen 18 
 
 " 7visd07fi 372 
 
 sage, sagacious 322 
 
 samtly, holy 200 
 
 salable, renal 365 
 
 salary, pay 266 
 
 salubrious, healthy 195 
 
 salutary, healthy 195 
 
 salutation, \)&rimg, farewell 168 
 
 salute, address, v 19 
 
 same, alike 30 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 sample 323 
 
 " exa7nple 160 
 
 sanctimoniousness, hijpocrisy 20i 
 
 sanctimony, hypocrisy 204 
 
 sanction, v., abet 4 
 
 " alloio 35
 
 553 
 
 sanction 
 seu!!>ible 
 
 Taoe. 
 
 sanction, v., confirm 114 
 
 sanitary, heaWiy Iil5 
 
 sarcaeni, banter 73 
 
 sate, mtiiifii 324 
 
 satiate, mliufy 334 
 
 satire, banter 73 
 
 satisfaction, hajipi/ieio' IHO 
 
 " 2'>'"P'^"^'fi'*" ~''l 
 
 satisfactory, adeqnate 21 
 
 " mmfortuljle 110 
 
 satisfied, comfortable 110 
 
 satisfy 324 
 
 " requite 313 
 
 satisfying, delightful 1^6 
 
 sauciness, impudence 213 
 
 " pertness: 271 
 
 savage, barbarous 73 
 
 bitter 81 
 
 " fierce 171 
 
 savant, scholar 324 
 
 save, but 89 
 
 saving, frugality 180 
 
 savory, delicious 126 
 
 saw, 71., proverb 293 
 
 say, allege 31 
 
 " annottnce 46 
 
 " speak 339 
 
 " state 341 
 
 saying, proverb 293 
 
 &cvin,louk 234 
 
 scarce, rare 300 
 
 scare, frighten 180 
 
 schedule, record 304 
 
 scheme, design 128 
 
 " hypothesis 20.5 
 
 schismatic, heretic 196 
 
 scholar 324 
 
 scholarship, knowledge 227 
 
 school, '('., teach 353 
 
 schooling, education, 143 
 
 science 325 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 scintilla, particle 264 
 
 scintillation, light 231 
 
 scoff, sneer 337 
 
 scorch, burn 87 
 
 scorn, «., abhor 5 
 
 scorn, n., neglect 251 
 
 scour, cleanse 107 
 
 scourge, beat 75 
 
 scout, spy 340 
 
 scrap, particle 264 
 
 scratch out, cancel 92 
 
 scream, call ; 91 
 
 screen, hide 197 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 " shelter .331 
 
 scrimping, frugality 180 
 
 scroll, record .304 
 
 scrub, cleanse 107 
 
 scruple, doubt, n 138 
 
 scrutinizing, inqmsitive 221 
 
 search, fmnt 203 
 
 searching, inquisitive 221 
 
 season, ti7ne 356 
 
 seat of government, capital 94 
 
 seclusion, retiremetit 315 
 
 second, help 195 
 
 secret, mysterious 247 
 
 PA<iE. 
 
 secrete, hide 197 
 
 section, part 2(i4 
 
 secure, arrest 57 
 
 " attain 64 
 
 " bind 81 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 " get 18;^ 
 
 " purchase 295 
 
 security 326 
 
 sedate, ccdm 91 
 
 sedition, revolution 317 
 
 seditious, rebellious 30t 
 
 seduce, allure 37 
 
 sedulous, industrktvs 215 
 
 sedulousness, industry 216 
 
 see, discern 133 
 
 " look 234 
 
 seed, plant 274 
 
 seed down, plant 274 
 
 seem, appear 52 
 
 seeming, a., apparent 52 
 
 seeming, n ., pretense 283 
 
 seemly, becoming 77 
 
 segment, part 2(54 
 
 seize, arrest 57 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 select, allot : 34 
 
 . " choose 104 
 
 self'abnegation 326 
 
 self ^assertion, assurance 61 
 
 " egotism 1-15 
 
 self»comp!acency, piride 286 
 
 self ^conceit, egotism 145 
 
 " pride 286 
 
 self-condemnation, repjerdance 310 
 
 self 'Confidence, assurance 61 
 
 " egotism 145 
 
 self'Consciousness, egotism 145 
 
 self-control, abstinence 10 
 
 " self-abnegation 326 
 
 self»denial, abstinence 10 
 
 " self-abnegation 326 
 
 self 'devotion, self-abnegation 326 
 
 self "esteem, egotism 145 
 
 2mde 280 
 
 self»exaltation, pride 286 
 
 self-immolation, self-abnegation 326 
 
 self-opinionated, dogmatic 137 
 
 self-possessed, calm 91 
 
 self»reliance, assu7'ance 61 
 
 8elf»renunciation, self-abnegation. . . 320 
 
 self»respect, pride 286 
 
 self-restraint, abstinence 10 
 
 self'sacriflce, self-abnegation 320 
 
 sell, convey .' '. 119 
 
 semblance, analogy 43 
 
 pretense 283 
 
 send 327 
 
 senile, old 2.57 
 
 sensation 328 
 
 sense, jnind 241 
 
 " sensation 328 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 senseless, absurd 11 
 
 senselessness, idiocy 207 
 
 serisitnlity 328 
 
 sensible, conscious 116 
 
 '' physical 272 
 
 " sagacious 323
 
 sensitive 
 sinless 
 
 554 
 
 Tage. 
 
 Bensitive, Jifie 172 
 
 eensitiveii'ess, sensibili/y 328 
 
 sensual, brutish 87 
 
 sentence, v., condemn 113 
 
 sententious, tej'se 354 
 
 sentient being, animal. 45 
 
 sentiment, idea 206 
 
 separate, abstract 10 
 
 separately, apiece 51 
 
 sequel, catastrophe 97 
 
 " consequence 116 
 
 " event 158 
 
 sequence, tivie 356 
 
 serene, calm 91 
 
 sermon, speech 339 
 
 service, profit 288 
 
 " sacrament 321 
 
 " utility 363 
 
 serviceableness, utility 303 
 
 set, ('., 2'lO'nt 274 
 
 " put 296 
 
 set, «., class 106 
 
 " flock..... 173 
 
 set apart, allot ' 34 
 
 holy 200 
 
 set aside, abolish 6 
 
 set fire to, burn 87 
 
 set f ortli, state 341 
 
 set free, absolve 9 
 
 set on fire, bm-n 87 
 
 set out, 2^lant 274 
 
 settle, confi?^n 114 
 
 settle with, requite 133 
 
 set upon, attack, v 63 
 
 sever, break 86 
 
 " rend 309 
 
 severally, apiece 51 
 
 severe 329 
 
 " difficult 132 
 
 " morose 245 
 
 severity, acnmony 15 
 
 sex, gender 181 
 
 shackle, v., bind 81 
 
 shackle, n., fetter 169 
 
 shadowy, dark 122 
 
 " vain 364 
 
 shady, dark 122 
 
 shake 330 
 
 sham, hypocrisy 204 
 
 shame, «'., aba.sh 3 
 
 shame, «., abomination 7 
 
 " chagrin 100 
 
 shamelessness," effro7itery 144 
 
 shape, viake 236 
 
 share, v., apportion 54 
 
 share, n., part 264 
 
 " p07iio7i 279 
 
 sharp, astute 62 
 
 " bitter 81 
 
 " clever 109 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 " steep 342 
 
 sharpness, acrimony 15 
 
 " acumen 18 
 
 sharp'witted, sagacious 322 
 
 shatter, break 86 
 
 sheen, light 231 
 
 sheer, pure 296 
 
 Pagb. 
 
 sheer, steep 342 
 
 shelter, v 331 
 
 " cheHsh 104 
 
 shelter, 7i., defense 123 
 
 shield, v., shelter 331 
 
 shield, n., defense 123 
 
 shift, v., change, v 100 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 shimmer, light 231 
 
 shine, light 231 
 
 shining, light 231 
 
 shiver, break 86 
 
 " shake 330 
 
 shock, bloiv 83 
 
 " collision 109 
 
 shocking, auful 70 
 
 shore, bank 72 
 
 short, tei-se 354 
 
 " transient 361 
 
 should, ought 260 
 
 shout, call 91 
 
 show, array 57 
 
 " ostentation 259 
 
 " pretense 283 
 
 shred, particle 264 
 
 shrewd, astute 62 
 
 " sagacious 322 
 
 shrewdness, acumen 18 
 
 shriek, call 91 
 
 shudder, shake 330 
 
 shun, abhor 5 
 
 shyness, modesty 244 
 
 sickness, disease 134 
 
 sight, array 57 
 
 sign 332 
 
 " characteristic 103 
 
 " emblem 146 
 
 " trace 359 
 
 signal, sign 332 
 
 signify, allude 3G 
 
 silent, facitutm 351 
 
 silver, money .. .: 244 
 
 similar, cdike 30 
 
 " synonymous 349 
 
 similarity, analogy 43 
 
 " approx.i7naiion 55 
 
 similarly, also 37 
 
 simile, allegory 33 
 
 " analogy 43 
 
 similitude, analogy 43 
 
 simple, candid 93 
 
 pure 296 
 
 simulation, pretense 283 
 
 sin : 332 
 
 since, because 77 
 
 " therefore 355 
 
 sincere, candid 93 
 
 " honest 202' 
 
 sine qua non, necessity 250 
 
 sinful, criminal 120 
 
 sing 3.33 
 
 singe, bu?m 87 
 
 singular, queer 297 
 
 rare 300 
 
 singularity, characteristic 103 
 
 sink, abase 2 
 
 " imm£7'se 212 
 
 sinless, innocent 220 
 
 ." j^^rfect ,. 263
 
 555 
 
 situation 
 sprightly 
 
 Page. 
 
 situation, drcumstance 105 
 
 skeleton, sketch 3;M 
 
 skeptic 335 
 
 skepticism, doubt, n 138 
 
 sketch 334 
 
 skilful 335\ 
 
 " clever 109' 
 
 skill, dexterity 129   
 
 " power 279: 
 
 " 7visdom j..^_322.., 
 
 skilled, skilfid a35,) 
 
 skirmish, battle 74 
 
 skittish, restive 314 
 
 slack, slow 337 
 
 slackness, neglect 251 
 
 slander 336 
 
 " abuse 12 
 
 slang 336 
 
 slant, v., tip 357 
 
 slaughter, kill 226 
 
 " tnassacre 237 
 
 slay, kill 226 
 
 sleep, rest 313 
 
 sleepless, vigilant 369 
 
 slender, fine 172 
 
 " minute 242 
 
 slight, a., fine 172 
 
 " venial 367 
 
 slight, n., neglect 251 
 
 sling, send 327 
 
 slit, rend 309 
 
 slope, v., tip 357 
 
 slothful, idle 208 
 
 slow 337 
 
 " reluctant 308 
 
 slowness, stupidity 344 
 
 sluggish, idle 208 
 
 sloiv   337 
 
 sluggishness, apathy 50 
 
 " stupidity 344 
 
 slumber, rest 313 
 
 small, fl)ie 172 
 
 " minute 242 
 
 smart, clever 109 
 
 smartness, pertness 271 
 
 smash, break 86 
 
 smiling, happy 190 
 
 smirclf, blemish 82 
 
 smite, beat 75 
 
 smooth, calm 91 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 snappish, nwrose 245 
 
 snatch, catch 97 
 
 sneer 337 
 
 snug, comfortable 110 
 
 sobriety, abstinence 10 
 
 sociable,. />■«««(/;«/ 178 
 
 social, friendly .". 178 
 
 socialism 338 
 
 society, association 60 
 
 soften, alleviate 33 
 
 " chasten 103 
 
 soil, v., defile 134 
 
 " stain 841 
 
 soil, ?L, ble?nish 82 
 
 sojourn, abide 5 
 
 soldiers, artny 56 
 
 soldiery, army 50 
 
 solemn", awful 70 
 
 Page. 
 
 solemnity, sacrament §21 
 
 solemnize, celebrate 99 
 
 solicit, ask 59 
 
 " plead 274 'V- 
 
 solicitude, alarm 28 ^i 
 
 " atixiety 49 
 
 " care 94 
 
 solitude, retirement 315 ' 
 
 somber, dark 122 
 
 song, poetry 277 
 
 soothe, allay 31 
 
 sordid, avaricious 68 
 
 sorrow, v., mourn 246 
 
 sorrow, n., grief 187 
 
 " misfortune -M-i 
 
 " repentance 3i0 
 
 sorrowful, pitiful 273 
 
 sort, air 27 
 
 sottish, brutish 87 
 
 soul, mitid ; 241 
 
 sound, a., healthy 195 
 
 sound, » 338 
 
 sour, bitter 81 
 
 " iiurrose 245 
 
 source, beginning 78 
 
 " catise 98 
 
 sourness, acrimony 15 
 
 sow, plant 274 
 
 sijacious, large 229 
 
 spank, beat 75 
 
 sparing, frugality 180 
 
 sparkle, light 231 
 
 speak 339 
 
 speaking, speech 339 
 
 speak to, address, v 19 
 
 specie, money 244 
 
 specify, state 341 
 
 specimen, example 160 
 
 " sample 323 
 
 speck, bleinish 82 
 
 speculation, hypothesis - 205 
 
 speech 339 
 
 " language 228 
 
 speechless, taciturn 351 
 
 speed, v., quicken 297 
 
 speedy, nimble 253 
 
 spicy, racy 209 
 
 spirit, character 102 
 
 " mind 241 
 
 spirited, racy 299 
 
 spite, enmity 1.52 
 
 " hatred 193 
 
 splendid, fine 172 
 
 splenetic,'«(0?'o.sv 245 
 
 split, break 86 
 
 spoil, decay 122 
 
 " defile 124 
 
 sponge, cleanse 107 
 
 spontaneous 340 
 
 sport, entertainment 153 
 
 spot, v., stain 341 
 
 spot, n., blemish 82 
 
 spotless, innocent 220 
 
 " perfect 268 
 
 " 2»<re 296 
 
 spousal, viarriage 236 
 
 sjjread abroad, announce 46 
 
 si)riglitliness, pertness 271 
 
 sprightly, active 17
 
 sprlglitly 
 substitute 
 
 556 
 
 Page. 
 
 sprightly, airy 27 
 
 " happy 190 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 spring, »., nse 319 
 
 spring, re., beginning 78 
 
 " cause 98 
 
 spruce, neat 249 
 
 spry, active 17 
 
 " nimble 253 
 
 spy 340 
 
 stable, permanent 269 
 
 stain, V 341 
 
 " dejile 124 
 
 stain, n., blemish 82 
 
 stainless, innocent 220 
 
 pe7fect 268 
 
 pure 296 
 
 stamp out, abolish 6 
 
 stanch, faithful 165 
 
 standard, example 160 
 
 " ideal 206 
 
 " model 243 
 
 stand by, help 195 
 
 stare, look 234 
 
 start, beginning 78 
 
 state, V 341 
 
 " allege 31 
 
 " announce 46 
 
 state, w., people 266 
 
 stately, awful 70 
 
 statement, report. 311 
 
 statute, laic 229 
 
 stay, abide 5 
 
 " hinder 199 
 
 " obstruct 257 
 
 " rest 313 
 
 steadfast, permanent 269 
 
 steal, abstract 10 
 
 steep 342 
 
 " high 198 
 
 stem, severe 329 
 
 sticking,' adhesive 22 
 
 sticky, adhesive 22 
 
 stiff, severe 329 
 
 stigma, blemish 82 
 
 still, v., allay 31 
 
 still, a., calm 91 
 
 still, conj., t/ut 89 
 
 " notivithstandirig 254 
 
 yet ; 374 
 
 stillness, apathy 50 
 
 rest 313 
 
 stinging, Intter 81 
 
 stingy, avancioits 68 
 
 stipend, pay   266 
 
 stipulation, contract 118 
 
 stir, influence 217 
 
 stoicism, apathy 50 
 
 stolid, brutish 87 
 
 stoop, bend 79 
 
 stop, v., abide 5 
 
 arrest 57 
 
 " cease 98 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 hinder 199 
 
 obstruct 257 
 
 stop, n., rest 313 
 
 store up, amass 38 
 
 storm, v., attack, v 63 
 
 Page. 
 
 storm, n , 343 
 
 story 343 
 
 " fiction 170 
 
 " history 200 
 
 " repoii 311 
 
 straightforward, candid 93 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 straightway, immediately 211 
 
 strand, bank 72 
 
 strange, alien, a 29 
 
 " queer 297 
 
 " rare 300 
 
 stranger, aiien, n 29 
 
 stratagem, artifice 58 
 
 stray, wamler 371 
 
 street, way 373 
 
 strength, power 279 
 
 strengthen, confirm 114 
 
 strict, severe 329 
 
 strife, battle 74 
 
 " feud 170 
 
 strike, beat 75 
 
 stripe, blow 83 
 
 strive, endeavor, v 149 
 
 stroke, blo2C 83 
 
 " misfortune 242 
 
 strong, healthy 195 
 
 stronghold, fmiification 176 
 
 struggle, endeavor, n 150 
 
 stubborn, obstinate 256 
 
 " perverse 272 
 
 " restive 314 
 
 student, scholar 324 
 
 study, education 143 
 
 stupefaction, stujndity 344 
 
 " stupor 344 
 
 stupid, absurd 11 
 
 " bimtish 87 
 
 stujndity 344 
 
 " idiocy 207 
 
 stupor 344 
 
 "■ stupidity 344 
 
 style, air 27 
 
 " diction 130 
 
 " name 247 
 
 subdivision, part 264 
 
 subdue, chasten 103 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 subject, v., conquer 115 
 
 subject, n., topic 359 
 
 subjection, allegiance 32 
 
 subjective 345 
 
 " inherent 218 
 
 subjoin, add 18 
 
 subjugate, conquer 115 
 
 submerge, immerse 212 
 
 submission, patience 265 
 
 submissive, docile 13C 
 
 submit, bend 79 
 
 submit to, endure 150 
 
 subordinate, auxiliary 67 
 
 subside, abate 3 
 
 subsidy 345 
 
 subsisting, alive 30 
 
 substantial real 301 
 
 substantiate, confirm' 114 
 
 substitute, v., change, v 100 
 
 substitute, n., delegate 125
 
 557 
 
 subterfuge 
 symbol 
 
 Page. 
 
 subterfuge, artifice 58 
 
 " pretense 283 
 
 subtile, antute 62 
 
 " fine 173 
 
 subtle, afitute 63 
 
 " fine 172 
 
 subvention, subsidy 345 
 
 subcei't •. 340 
 
 " alx)lish 6 
 
 succeed 346 
 
 " follow 174 
 
 success, victwy 369 
 
 successful, fortunate 177 
 
 happy 190 
 
 succession, time 356 
 
 succinct, terse 354 
 
 succor, help 195 
 
 suck up, absorb 9 
 
 suffer, allow 35 
 
 " endure 150 
 
 suiferance, patience 265 
 
 suffering, pain 261 
 
 suffice, satisfy 324 
 
 sufficient, adequate 21 
 
 " plentiful 276 
 
 suggest, allude 36 
 
 suggestion 347 
 
 suitable, adequate 21 
 
 " becofuing 77 
 
 sulky, inorose 345 
 
 sullen, morose 345 
 
 sully, defiie 124 
 
 " stain 341 
 
 summary, abridgment 7 
 
 summon, arraign 56 
 
 " convoke 130 
 
 sum up, add 18 
 
 " calculate 90 
 
 sunder, break 86 
 
 rend 309 
 
 sunny, happy 190 
 
 superabundance, excess 160 
 
 superannuated, antique 48 
 
 superciliousness, pride 286 
 
 superfluity, excess 160 
 
 superhuman, supernatural 347 
 
 superintendence, oversight 360 
 
 supernatural 347 
 
 supersede, subvert 346 
 
 superstition, fanaticism 166 
 
 supervene, happen 188 
 
 supervision, oversight 360 
 
 supplant, abolish 6 
 
 " subvert 346 
 
 supple, active 17 
 
 supplement, appendage 53 
 
 supplicate, ask 59 
 
 " pray 381 
 
 supply, give 185 
 
 support, V 348 
 
 abet 4 
 
 " endure] 150 
 
 " keev 326 
 
 support, »., help 195 
 
 " subsidy 345 
 
 supporter, adherent 31 
 
 suppose 348 
 
 supposition, /a«c2/ 167 
 
 Page. 
 
 supposition, hypothesis 205 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 suppress, abolish 6 
 
 hide 197 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 " subvert 346 
 
 supremacy, victory 369 
 
 supreme, absolute 8 
 
 sure, authentic 67 
 
 "■ conJfcious 116 
 
 " faithful 165 
 
 surety, security 336 
 
 surfeit, satisfy 324 
 
 surly, morose 245 
 
 surmise, v., doubt, v 137 
 
 " suppose 348 
 
 surmise, n., hypothesis 205 
 
 surmount, conquer 115 
 
 surname, name 247 
 
 surpass, beat 75 
 
 surplus, excess 160 
 
 surplusage, circumlocution 105 
 
 surprise, amazement 39 
 
 surrender 349 
 
 " abandon 1 
 
 surrounded by, amid 42 
 
 surveillance, oversight 360 
 
 survey, look 234 
 
 susceptibility, power 279 
 
 " sensibility 328 
 
 suspect, doubt, v 137 
 
 suspense, doubt, n 138 
 
 suspicion, doubt, n 138 
 
 suspicious, envious 155 
 
 " equivocal 155 
 
 sustain, carry 96 
 
 "■ confirm 114 
 
 " endure 150 
 
 help 195 
 
 keep 326 
 
 " support 348 
 
 sustenance, food 175 
 
 swallow, absorb 9 
 
 swallow up, absorb 9 
 
 swarm, flock 173 
 
 swart, dark 132 
 
 swarthy, dark 122 
 
 sway, govern 185 
 
 " influence 217 
 
 " shake 330 
 
 swear, state 341 
 
 swearing, oath 254 
 
 sweep, cleanse 107 
 
 sweet, amiable 42 
 
 swerve, fluctuate 173 
 
 " wander 371 
 
 swift, nimble 253 
 
 swindle, n., fraud 177 
 
 swindling. />T»/f/ 177 
 
 swing, shake .330 
 
 swinish, brutish 87 
 
 switch, beat 75 
 
 swoon, stuj-ior 344 
 
 swooning, stupo?' 344 
 
 sworn statement, oath 354 
 
 sycophancy, pimse 380 
 
 sylvan, 7'ustic 321 
 
 symbol, e?nblem 146 
 
 " sign 333
 
 symmetry 
 tlirons: 
 
 53S 
 
 Page. 
 
 symmetry, harmony 191 
 
 sympathetic, humane 203 
 
 sympathize with, console 117 
 
 sympathy, benevolence 80 
 
 " pity 273 
 
 symphony, melody 2:38 
 
 symptom, sign 332 
 
 syncope, stup&r 344 
 
 synonymic, synonymous 349 
 
 synonymous 349 
 
 synopsis, afrridgment 7 
 
 system 350 
 
 " tx)dy 84 
 
 " habit 187 
 
 " hypofhes/s 205 
 
 systematic, (lo(/iitatic 137 
 
 system of government, polity 2i'8 
 
 taciturn 351 
 
 tact, address, n 20 
 
 taint, v., defile 124 
 
 taint, n., blemish 82 
 
 talie, assume 61 
 
 " can-y 96 
 
 " catch 97 
 
 take away, abstract 10 
 
 take hold of, catch 97 
 
 take in, take up, ahsm^b 9 
 
 take into custody, arrest "57 
 
 take-off, caricature 95 
 
 take place, happen 188 
 
 take prisoner, arrest 57 
 
 take to task, reprove . 312 
 
 tale, repm-t 311 
 
 " story 343 
 
 talent, genius 183 
 
 " power 279 
 
 talented, clever 109 
 
 talents, genius 183 
 
 talk, speak 339 
 
 talk, w., conversation 118 
 
 " speech 339 
 
 talkative, garrulous 181 
 
 tall, high 198 
 
 tame, docile 136 
 
 tangible, evident 159 
 
 " physical 272 
 
 tangled, complex 112 
 
 tardy, slow 337 
 
 tarnish, blemish 82 
 
 defile 124 
 
 stain 341 
 
 tarry, abide 5 
 
 tart, bitter 81 
 
 tartness, acrimony 15 
 
 tasteful 352 
 
 tasty, tasteful 352 
 
 tattle, babble 71 
 
 taunt, sneer ; 337 
 
 tautology, circumlocution 105 
 
 teach 353 
 
 teachable, docile 136 
 
 teachmg, doctrine 136 
 
 " education, 143 
 
 tear, rend 309 
 
 tease, affront 24 
 
 tediousness, circumlocution 105 
 
 teeming, plentiful 276 
 
 tell, announce 4(i 
 
 " speak 339 
 
 Page. 
 
 tell, state 341 
 
 tementy 353 
 
 temper, anger ; 44 
 
 " character 102 
 
 temperament, character 102 
 
 temperance, abstinence 10 
 
 tempest, storm 343 
 
 temporary, transient .' 361 
 
 tempt, alhire 37 
 
 tendency, aim 26 
 
 " direction 132 
 
 tender, friendly 178 
 
 " humane 203 
 
 tender»hearted, humane 203 
 
 tenderness, attachment 63 
 
 " love 2:35 
 
 " mercy 239 
 
 " pity 273 
 
 tenet, doctrine 136 
 
 tenuous, ^«e 172 
 
 term 3,54 
 
 " boundary 84 
 
 " time 356 
 
 terminate, abolish 6 
 
 " cease 98 
 
 " end, V 148 
 
 termination, boundary 84 
 
 " end, n 148 
 
 terminus, end, n 148 
 
 terrible, awful 70 
 
 " formidable 176 
 
 terrific, awful 70 
 
 terrify, frighten 180 
 
 terror, alarm ..- 28 
 
 " fear 168 
 
 terse ,354 
 
 testify, avow 69 
 
 " state 341 
 
 testinumy 355 
 
 that, but 89 
 
 theme, topic 359 
 
 then, therefore 355 
 
 thence, therefore 355 
 
 theology, religion 307 
 
 theory, hypothesis 205 
 
 " idea 206 
 
 therefore 355 
 
 thief, robber 320 
 
 Vciiwflne 172 
 
 think, esteem, v 156 
 
 " supjwse 348 
 
 ihhst, appetite 54 
 
 tho, but 89 
 
 " notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 thorough, radical 299 
 
 thoroughfare, way 372 
 
 thoroughgoing, radical 299 
 
 thought, idea 206 
 
 " 7nind 241 
 
 thoughtless, abstracted ■. 11 
 
 thoiifrhtlessness, neglect 251 
 
 thrasli, beat 75 
 
 threatening, imminent 212 
 
 thrift, frugality 180 
 
 thrill, shake 3,30 
 
 thrive, succeed 346 
 
 throe, pain 261 
 
 throng 3.56 
 
 " company 110
 
 55» 
 
 tliro ugli 
 trouble 
 
 Page. 
 
 through, by 89 
 
 " notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 throw, send 327 
 
 thrust, drive 140 
 
 thump, bloin 83 
 
 thus far, yet 374 
 
 thwart, hinder 199 
 
 tidy, neat 349 
 
 tie, bind 81 
 
 tillage, af/ricuUure 25 
 
 tilt, tip.: 357 
 
 tit/ie 356 
 
 tinic'houored, old 257 
 
 timcli'ss, ettninl 157 
 
 timc=\voru, old 257 
 
 timid, faint 1G4 
 
 tiuiidity, alarm., 28 
 
 " fear 1G8 
 
 " modesty 244 
 
 tinge, stain 341 
 
 tint, stain 341 
 
 tiny, minute 242 
 
 tip, V 357 
 
 tip, «.., end, n 148 
 
 tire, V 357 
 
 title, name 247 
 
 tittle, particle 264 
 
 toil, work 374 
 
 toilsome, difficult 132 
 
 token, emblem 146 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 " trace 359 
 
 tolerate, alnde 5 
 
 " allow 35 
 
 " endure 150 
 
 tone, sound 338 
 
 tongue, language 228 
 
 too, also 37 
 
 tool 358 
 
 topic 359 
 
 torment, jxiin 261 
 
 torpor, stupor 344 
 
 torture, jMin 261 
 
 total, radical 299 
 
 totter, shake 330 
 
 touching, pitiful 273 
 
 tour, journey 223 
 
 tow, draw 138 
 
 towering, high 198 
 
 trace 359 
 
 " charactei-istic 103 
 
 track, trace 359 
 
 " way 372 
 
 tractable, docile 136 
 
 trade, business 88 
 
 " sale 323 
 
 trading, business 88 
 
 traduce, slander 336 
 
 traffic, business 88 
 
 trail, trace 359 
 
 train, teach 353 
 
 trained, skilful 335 
 
 training, education 143 
 
 trait, characteristic 103 
 
 trance, dream, 139 
 
 tranquil, cabn 91 
 
 tranquilize, allay 31 
 
 tranquillity, apathy 50 
 
 rest 313 
 
 Page. 
 
 transact 360 
 
 do 135 
 
 transaction 360 
 
 act 16 
 
 " business 88 
 
 transcendent, transcendental 361 
 
 transcendental 361 
 
 " my-'-'terious 247 
 
 transcript, duplicate 141 
 
 transfer, convey 119 
 
 transfigure, change, v 100 
 
 transform, change, v 100 
 
 transformation, change, n 101 
 
 transgress, break 86 
 
 transgression, sin 332 
 
 transient 361 
 
 transit, journey 223 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 transition, change 101 
 
 " motion 245 
 
 transitory, transient 361 
 
 translation definition 124 
 
 translucent, clear 107 
 
 transmit, carry 96 
 
 "■ convey 119 
 
 send 327 
 
 transmutation, change, n 101 
 
 transmute, change, v 100 
 
 transparent, candid 93 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 " evident 159 
 
 transport, ca7Ty 96 
 
 " convey 119 
 
 " enthusiasm 153 
 
 trappings, caparison 93 
 
 travel, journey 223 
 
 travesty, caricature 95 
 
 treachery, fraud 177 
 
 treason, fraud 177 
 
 treasure, cherish 104 
 
 treat, tran.mct 360 
 
 tremble, shake 330 
 
 trembling, /i?«7" 168 
 
 tremendous, fm^midable 176 
 
 tremor, fear 168 
 
 trepidation, /car 168 
 
 trespass, attack, n 64 
 
 trial, endeavor, n 150 
 
 " misfortune 342 
 
 tribe, people 266 
 
 tribulation, grief 187 
 
 " misfoi'tune 242 
 
 tribute, subsidy 345 
 
 trick, artilice 58 
 
 " frcLud 177 
 
 " pretense 283 
 
 trickery, deception 123 
 
 trifling, idle 208 
 
 " vain 364 
 
 trim, neat 249 
 
 trip, journey 223 
 
 triumph, happiness 189 
 
 " victory 369 
 
 trivial, vain ^ 364 
 
 " veniaL . .'l . . rr.T".^ 367 
 
 troops, army. 56 
 
 trouble, anxiety 49 
 
 " <?«?•« 94 
 
 " grief 187
 
 trouble 
 untflcatioii 
 
 360 
 
 Page. 
 
 trouble, misfortune 242 
 
 true, authentic 67 
 
 " faithful 165 
 
 " hanest 202 
 
 " pure 296 
 
 " real 301 
 
 truism, axiom 71 
 
 " proverb 293 
 
 trunk, body 84 
 
 trust, v., commit 110 
 
 trust, «., assuratice 61 
 
 faith 164 
 
 trustworthy, authentic 67 
 
 faithful 165 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 " reliable 306 
 
 trnst J, faithful 165 
 
 " honest 202 
 
 " reliable 306 
 
 truth, justice 225 
 
 " veracity 367 
 
 " xirtue 370 
 
 truthful, candid 93 
 
 truthfulness, veracity 367 
 
 try, chmten 103 
 
 " endeavm\ v 149 
 
 trying, difficult 132 
 
 tug, draw 138 
 
 tuition, education 143 
 
 tumult, revolution 317 
 
 turbid obscure 255 
 
 turn, bend 79 
 
 " change, v 100 
 
 " revolve 318 
 
 tutor, teach 353 
 
 twaddle, babble 71 
 
 twain, both 84 
 
 twine, bend 79 
 
 twinge, pain 261 
 
 twinkle, light 231 
 
 twinkling, light 231 
 
 twist, bend 79 
 
 two, both 84 
 
 tyjie, emblem 146 
 
 " example 160 
 
 " model 243 
 
 " sign 332 
 
 typical, ncrrnud 253 
 
 tyrannical, absolute 8 
 
 tyro, amateur 39 
 
 umbrage, pique 272 
 
 nraxnxe, judge 224 
 
 unadorned, 'clear 107 
 
 unadulterated, pure 296 
 
 unambiguous, clear 107 
 
 unanimity, hai-mony 191 
 
 unassured, precarious 282 
 
 unavailing, vain 364 
 
 unavoidable, iiecessary 250 
 
 unavoidableness, necessity 250 
 
 unbelief, doubt, n 138 
 
 unbeliever, skeptic 335 
 
 unbiased, candid 93 
 
 unbidden, spontaneous 340 
 
 unblemished, perfect 268 
 
 " pure 296 
 
 unbounded, infinite 216 
 
 unbroken, continual 117 
 
 wiQG&smg, continual 117 
 
 Page. 
 
 unceasing, eternal 157 
 
 uncertain, equivocal 155 
 
 " precarious 282 
 
 uncertainty, doubt, n 138 
 
 unchangeable, permanerd 269 
 
 unchanging, permanent 269 
 
 uncivil, bluff 83 
 
 uncivilized", barbarous 73 
 
 uncommon, queer 297 
 
 rare 300 
 
 uncommunicative, taciturn 351 
 
 uncompromising, severe 329 
 
 unconcern, apathy 50 
 
 unconditional, absolute 8 
 
 unconditioned, infinite 216 
 
 uncongeniality, antipathri 48 
 
 unconnected, cdien, a 29 
 
 unconquerable, obstinate 256 
 
 unconsciousness, siujyar 344 
 
 uncontrollable, rebellious 304 
 
 uncorrupted, pure 296 
 
 uncouth, awkward 70 
 
 "■ barbarous 73 
 
 " mstic 321 
 
 uncreated, pnmeval 287 
 
 uncultivated, fierce 171 
 
 undaunted, brave 85 
 
 undefiled, perfect 268 
 
 pure 296 
 
 undeniable, necessary 250 
 
 underestimate, disparage 134 
 
 undergo, endure 150 
 
 underrate, disparage 134 
 
 understand, x>erceive 267 
 
 understanding, mind 241 
 
 " wisdom 372 
 
 undertake, endeavor, v 149 
 
 undervalue, disparage 134 
 
 undismayed, brave 85 
 
 undisturbed, cahn 91 
 
 unCmXaite. fluctuate 173 
 
 undying, eternal 157 
 
 uneducated, ignorant 208 
 
 unemployed, idle 208 
 
 " vacant 363 
 
 unending, eternal 157 
 
 unenlightened, ignorant 208 
 
 unequivocal, absolute 8 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 unfading, eternal 157 
 
 unfailing, eternal 157 
 
 unfairness, injustice 220 
 
 " prejudice 283 
 
 unfathomable, infinite 216 
 
 " mysterious 247 
 
 ujifathomed, mysterious 247 
 
 unf eelingness, apathy 50 
 
 unfilled, vacant 363 
 
 unflinching, obstinate 256 
 
 unfold, amplify 43 
 
 ungainly, awkward 70 
 
 ungodliness, sin 332 
 
 ungovernable, perverse 272 
 
 " rebeUious 304 
 
 unhandy, awkward 70 
 
 iinhealthful, pernicious 270 
 
 unhealthiness, disease 134 
 
 unhomogencous, heterogeneous 196 
 
 unification, union 362
 
 561 
 
 uniform 
 utility 
 
 Page. 
 
 uniform, a., aHkc 30 
 
 uniform, /i., (//■«*« 140 
 
 uniformity, harinoiiy 191 
 
 unimportant, vav) 364 
 
 uninformL'd, ignorant 208 
 
 uuinstructed, Ignvrant 208 
 
 unintullectiial, brutish 87 
 
 unintelligible, obscure 255 
 
 uninterrupted, continual 117 
 
 union 362 
 
 " (dlicmce 34 
 
 " association 60 
 
 " attachment., 63 
 
 " harmony 191 
 
 " marriage 236 
 
 unique, c/ueer 297 
 
 " rare 300 
 
 unison, harmony 191 
 
 " melody 238 
 
 unity, hanrwmj 191 
 
 " union 362 
 
 universal, general 181 
 
 unkindness, acrimony 15 
 
 unknown, mysterious 247 
 
 unlawful, criminal 120 
 
 unlearned, ignorant 208 
 
 unless, but 89 
 
 unlettered, ignorant 208 
 
 unlike, alien, a 29 
 
 " heterogeneous 196 
 
 unlikeness, difference 131 
 
 unlimited, injinite 216 
 
 unmanageable, rebellious 304 
 
 unmannerly, bluff. 83 
 
 unmatched, queer 297 
 
 unmeasured, injinite 216 
 
 unmingled, jyure 296 
 
 unmistakable, evident 159 
 
 " clear 107 
 
 unmitigated, severe 329 
 
 unmixed, pure 296 
 
 unobtrusiveness, modesty 244 
 
 unoccupied, 'idle 208 
 
 " vacant 363 
 
 unparalleled, rare 300 
 
 unpolished, rustic 321 
 
 unpolluted, jnire 296 
 
 unprecedented, rare 300 
 
 unprejudiced, candid 93 
 
 unpremeditated, extemporaneous 163 
 
 unprofitable, vain 364 
 
 unquestionable, real 301 
 
 unreal, vain 364 
 
 unreasonable, absurd 11 
 
 unrelenting, severe 329 
 
 unremitting, continual 117 
 
 unreserved, candid 93 
 
 unrighteousness, injustice 220 
 
 sin 332 
 
 unruffled, calm 91 
 
 unruly, restive 314 
 
 unsatisfying, vain 364 
 
 unselfishness, benevolence 80 
 
 unserviceable, vain 364 
 
 unsettle, displace 135 
 
 unsettled, precarious 282 
 
 unskilful, awkivard 70 
 
 unskilled, ignorant 208 
 
 unsophisticated, candid 93 
 
 36 
 
 Page. 
 
 unsophisticated, rustic 321 
 
 unsoundness, disease 134 
 
 unspiritual, brutish 87 
 
 unspotted, jiwe 296 
 
 unstable, precarious 282 
 
 unstained, pure 296 
 
 unsteady, precarious 282 
 
 unsubstantial, vain 364 
 
 unsuitable, incongnious 214 
 
 unsullied, pure 296 
 
 untainted, pure 296 
 
 untamed, barbarous 73 
 
 untarnished, pure 296 
 
 untaught, ignorant 208 
 
 " rustic 321 
 
 untenanted, vacant 363 
 
 untoward, jxrverse 272 
 
 untrained, Jierce 171 
 
 untruth, deception 123 
 
 untutored, ignorant 208 
 
 unusual, queer 287 
 
 rare 300 
 
 unvarying, continued 117 
 
 unwavering, faithful 165 
 
 unwholesome, pernicious 270 
 
 unwilling, reluctant 308 
 
 unyielding, severe 329 
 
 " obstinate 256 
 
 upbraid, reprove 312 
 
 upbraiding, reproof. 311 
 
 uphold, abet 4 
 
 confirm 114 
 
 " lielp 195 
 
 " support 348 
 
 uplifted, high 198 
 
 upright, honest 202 
 
 " innocent 220 
 
 pure ..., 296 
 
 uprightness, justice 225 
 
 " vij'tue 370 
 
 uproot, exterminate 163 
 
 upshot, consequence 116 
 
 upstart, 7ie'W 252 
 
 urbane, polite 277 
 
 urge, influence 217 
 
 " persuade 271 
 
 " plead 274 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 urge forward, pramote 291 
 
 urgency, necessity 250 
 
 urge on, drive 140 
 
 " promote 291 
 
 " quicken 297 
 
 usage, habit 187 
 
 use, employ 147 
 
 " exercise 162 
 
 " habit 187 
 
 " utility 363 
 
 usefulness, profit 288 
 
 utility 363 
 
 useless, vain 364 
 
 use up, employ 147 
 
 usual 363 
 
 " general 181 
 
 " normal 253 
 
 usurp, assume 61 
 
 utensil, tool 358 
 
 utility 363 
 
 " in'ofit 288
 
 utmost 
 wait 
 
 562 
 
 Page. 
 
 utmost, end, n 148 
 
 utter, speak 339 
 
 utterance, remark 308 
 
 " speech 339 
 
 uttermost, end, n 148 
 
 vacant 363 
 
 " idle 208 
 
 vacate, abandon 1 
 
 " cancel 92 
 
 vacillate, /Mc<«a<« 173 
 
 vacuous, vacant 363 
 
 vagary, fancy 167 
 
 vain 364 
 
 vainglory, pride 286 
 
 valediction, fun wdl 168 
 
 valedictory, fan well 168 
 
 valiant, brave 85 
 
 valor, prowess 294 
 
 value, cherish 104 
 
 " esteem, V 156 
 
 " iwice 285 
 
 " profit 288 
 
 vanity, egotism 145 
 
 pride 286 
 
 vanquish, tyeat 75 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 vapid, vain 364 
 
 variant, heterogeneous 196 
 
 variation, change 101 
 
 " diference 131 
 
 variety, change 101 
 
 " difference 131 
 
 various, heterogeneous 196 
 
 vary, change 100 
 
 " fluctuate 173 
 
 vast, large 229 
 
 vaunt, ostentation 259 
 
 vaunting, ostentation 259 
 
 veer, change 100 
 
 " fluctuate 173 
 
 " wander 371 
 
 vehemence, enthusiasm 153 
 
 vehement, eager 142 
 
 veil, hide 197 
 
 " palliate 261 
 
 venal 365 
 
 venerable, old 257 
 
 venerate 366 
 
 " admire 23 
 
 veneratio7i 366 
 
 vengeance, revenge 316 
 
 venial 367 
 
 venture, hazard 194 
 
 venturesome, brave 85 
 
 venturesomeness, temei'ity 353 
 
 veracity 367 
 
 verbal 368 
 
 verbiage, circumlocution 105 
 
 " diction 130 
 
 verbose, garrulous 181 
 
 verbosity, circumlocution 105 
 
 verdant, i-ustic 321 
 
 verge, boundary 84 
 
 veritable, authentic 67 
 
 " real 301 
 
 verity, veracity 367 
 
 vernacular, language 228 
 
 verse, meter 240 
 
   " poetry 277 
 
 Page. 
 
 vestige, trace 359 
 
 vestments, dress 140 
 
 vesture, dress 140 
 
 vex, affront 24 
 
 vexation, anger 44 
 
 " chagrin 100 
 
 viands, food 175 
 
 vibrate, shake 330 
 
 vice, sin 332 
 
 vicious, crirninal 120 
 
 restive 814 
 
 viciousncss, sin 332 
 
 vicissitude, change, n 101 
 
 victimize, abuse 12 
 
 victory 369 
 
 victuals, /oo(^ 175 
 
 view, look 2>34 
 
 vigilance, care 94 
 
 vigilant 369 
 
 " alert 28 
 
 vigorous, active 17 
 
 healthy 195 
 
 vile, br-utish 87 
 
 " criminal 120 
 
 vilify, a/juse 12 
 
 '• slander 336 
 
 villainy, abomination 7 
 
 vindicate, avenge 69 
 
 vindication, apology 51 
 
 defense 123 
 
 vinegarish, bitter 81 
 
 violate, abuse 12 
 
 violent, .^erce 171 
 
 virile, ihasculine 237 
 
 virtue 370 
 
 " justice 225 
 
 virtuous, innocent 220 
 
 " pu7'e 296 
 
 virtuousness, virtue 370 
 
 virulence, acrimony 15 
 
 virulent, bitter 81 
 
 viscid, adhesive 22 
 
 viscous, adhesive 22 
 
 visible, evident 159 
 
 " physical 272 
 
 vision, dream 139 
 
 visionary, fanciful 167 
 
 " vain 364 
 
 visit, avenge 69 
 
 visitation, misfoo^tune 242 
 
 vitiate, defile 124 
 
 vituperate, abuse 12 
 
 vivacious, alive 30 
 
 vocabulary, diction. 130 
 
 " lai\guage 228 
 
 vocal, verbal 368 
 
 vocation, but iness 88 
 
 vociferate, call 91 
 
 void, vacant 363 
 
 voluntary, sjjontaneous 340 
 
 vow, oath 254 
 
 voyage, journey 223 
 
 vulgar, the, mob 243 
 
 vulgarism, slang 336 
 
 vulgarity, slang 336 
 
 wages, pay 206 
 
 waggery, rvit 373 
 
 waggishness, tvit 373 
 
 wait, abide 5
 
 563 
 
 ^vratk 
 
 Page. 
 
 wakeful, vigilant 369 
 
 wander 371 
 
 want, necessity 250 
 
 " poverty 279 
 
 warble, sing 333 
 
 ward, shelter 331 
 
 wariness, care 94 
 
 warmth, enthusiasm, 153 
 
 wiU'ii, reprove 312 
 
 warning, exa7np)le 160 
 
 warp, bend 79 
 
 warrant, jwecedent 283 
 
 wary, vigilant 369 
 
 wash, cleanse 107 
 
 waste, excess 160 
 
 " vacant 363 
 
 wastefulness, excess 160 
 
 watch, look 234 
 
 watch for, abide 5 
 
 watchful, alert. 28 
 
 vigilant 369 
 
 watchfulness, care 94 
 
 watch, on the, alert 28 
 
 wave, shake 330 
 
 waver, fluctuate 178 
 
 " shake 330 
 
 way 372 
 
 " air 27 
 
 " direction 132 
 
 wayward, perverse 272 
 
 ■v/exik, faint 164 
 
 weapon, tool 358 
 
 weapons, arms 55 
 
 wearied, /«i«< 164 
 
 wear out, tire 357 
 
 weary, tire 357 
 
 wedded, addicted 19 
 
 wedding, marriage 236 
 
 wedlock, maii^age 236 
 
 weigh, deliberate 125 
 
 weight, load 233 
 
 welcome, delightful 126 
 
 well, healthy 195 
 
 well»behaved, polite 277 
 
 well»bred, polite 277 
 
 well»disposed,/HfA;rf;(/ 178 
 
 well=mannered, polite 277 
 
 well off, comfmiable 110 
 
 well'provided, comfoi'table 110 
 
 well to do, comfortable 110 
 
 whence, therefore 355 
 
 wherefore, tKerefore 355 
 
 while, time 356 
 
 whim,/a««/ , 167 
 
 whimsical, queer 297 
 
 whip, beat 75 
 
 whit, particle 264 
 
 whiten, bleach 82 
 
 whitewash, bleach 82 
 
 wholesome, healthy 195 
 
 wicked, criminal 120 
 
 wickedness, abomiiiation 7 
 
 sin 332 
 
 wide, large 229 
 
 wide»awake, active 17 
 
 alert 28 
 
 " vigilant 369 
 
 widen, amplify 43 
 
 wild, absurd 11 
 
 Page. 
 
 wild,^«?re 171 
 
 wile, artifice 58 - 
 
 " pretense 283- 
 
 wilful, perverse 272 
 
 willing, spontaneous 340 
 
 win, allure 37 
 
 " attain 64 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 " get 183 
 
 " succeed 346 
 
 wind up, end, V v 148 
 
 winning, amiable 42 
 
 " charming 103 
 
 win over, persuade 271 
 
 winsome, amiable 42 
 
 wipe, cleanse 107 
 
 wipe out, exterminate 103 
 
 2visdotn 372 
 
 " knowledge 227 
 
 " prudence 294 
 
 wise, sagacious 322 
 
 wish, desire 128 
 
 wit 373 
 
 with, by 89 
 
 withal, also 37 
 
 withdraw, abstract 10 
 
 withdraw from, abandon 1 
 
 wither, die 130 
 
 withhold, keep 226 
 
 " restrain 315 
 
 without delay, immediately 211 
 
 without end, eternal 157 
 
 witness, avow 69 
 
 "■ testimony 355 
 
 witticism, ivit 373 
 
 wo, grief 187 
 
 " pain 261 
 
 woful, pitiful 273 
 
 womanish, /««iniwe 169 
 
 \\'omaxi\y , feminine 169 
 
 wonder, admire 23 
 
 " amazement 39 
 
 wont, habit 187 
 
 wonted, usual 362 
 
 woo, address, v 19 
 
 word, term 354 
 
 wordiness, circurrdocution 105 
 
 wording, diction 130 
 
 ivork. 374 
 
 " act 16 
 
 " business 88 
 
 workman, artist 58 
 
 work out, do 135 
 
 worn, faint 164 
 
 worn aown, faint 164 
 
 worn out, faint 164 
 
 worry, anxiety 49 
 
 " care 94 
 
 worship, religion 307 
 
 worst, beat 75 
 
 " conquer 115 
 
 worth, pjice 285 
 
 " vb'txie 370 
 
 worthiness, virtue 370 
 
 worthless, vain 364 
 
 vv'orthy, becoming 77 
 
 wound, affront 24 
 
 wrangle, reason, v 302 
 
 wrath, anger 44
 
 trretclied 
 zest 
 
 564 
 
 Page. 
 
 wretched, piViful S73 
 
 writing, metrical, poetry 277 
 
 writings, literature 233 
 
 wrong, ?!., abuse 13 
 
 wrong, a., crhninal 120 
 
 wrong, n., injuiy 219 
 
 " injustice 220 
 
 sin 332 
 
 wrong=doing, sin 332 
 
 yearning, eager 142 
 
 yell,ca« 91 
 
 yet 374 
 
 " but..,,,,,,,,, 89 
 
 Page. 
 
 yet, notwithstanding, conj 254 
 
 yield, ctllow 35 
 
 " bend 79 
 
 " harvest 192 
 
 " surrender 349 
 
 yielding, docile 136 
 
 young, new 252 
 
 " youthful 375 
 
 youthful 375 
 
 " neiv 252 
 
 zeal, enthusiasm 153 
 
 zealous, eager 142 
 
 zest, appetite 54
 
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