Bf pj ^ M48 LIBRARY OF THE University of California. Gl FT OF /) 1-L^l dji:^::^.....!^ Class o^^4 '-125? ( iD^ rnin HEBREW GRAMMAR ALEXANDER MEYROWITZ, A.M., Ph.D. PROFESSOK OF HEBREW AND SHEMITIC LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PUBLISHED AT THE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI. / ALIFDi NEW YORK: PRINTED AT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM, 76th Street, neab Thibi) Avenue. 1877. /^'p 1k0.P^titi*i4 I'Jiitercd according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, By Alexani>ek Meyrowitz, in the Oflice of the Librarian of Congress at Waahington, ysr^s* 4 PREFACE. The number of Hebrew Grammars already published would seem to exceed the scholars studying this language. And yet there are but few which are of real use. Some, like Gesenius, are too large, and are written rather for the scholar than for the student. Others are too meagre to satisfy even the beginner. After having been a teacher of Hebrew for more than thirty years, I believe I have found the middle way. I have omitted the Guttural verbs in my Tables, their deviation being but in the vocalization ; but I liave added, besides the double anomalous verbs, {e. g, y'^ and r('^) the verbs ri^n, Vs&>^ ^^. TPn, etc., as it will be seen by glancing at the Tables. And though this work will not be the last, and critics may find fault with this as I have found with others, I believe nevertheless that it will be of great use to the student, even for self-instruction, and facilitate the comprehension of the Word of God revealed for the salvation of men, which is my greatest aim and desire. There are three systems of pronunciation of the Hebrew, viz., Polish, German, and Portuguese. I follow the Polish, be- cause it is the most common among the Jews. It gives me pleasure to acknowledge that the appearance of this work before the public is chiefly owing to the munificence of the Rev. S. S. Laws, LL.D., President of the State Univer- sity of Missouri. ALEXK. MEYROWITZ. Columbia, Mo., 28th April, 1877. LI li Iv A W V ( ALlFOUNiA.J L LETTEKS. 1. Tlie Hebrew letters in present use are tlie square Chaklee, derived from tlie Pulinyrene alphabet, adopted by Ezra. The original Hebrew letters are the Pluenician, found on monuments and the Maccabean coins. 2. All the letters are consonants, except ^ and y, also ^ at the beginning of a word, where they serve to express a vowel syllable, e. g., pQ^^ Aharon, Q^^ Odoni, "j^y omod, "^^j; ophor, y^'y\ uvain, '''^SDI nmipri ; the vowels are expressed by lines and dots above, below, or within the letters. N.B. Hebrew was originally written without vowels, like Arabic and Syriac. Letteft'8. Finals. Number. Hebrew Pronunciation. English Pronunciation. Meaning. sS 1 nss Olaph. An OX. 3 2 n^2 Baith. A house. J 3 bpi GamaJ. A camel. -| 4 rb3 Deleth. A door. n 5 ^~ Hai. (Doubtful.) 1 6 11 T Vav. A hook. 1 7 r; Zayin. A weapon. n 8 n^D Chaith. A hedge. in 9 n^c? Taith. A serpent. > 10 Yod. A hand. ^ -,500 20 1^ Kaph. A palm, paw. b 30 ^^) Lomaid. A goad. fc Q600 40 D-'O Maim. Water. J 1 700 50 1" Nun. A fish. D 60 ^9P Somech. A support. V 70 r Ayin. An eye. s nsoo 80 ns Peh. A mouth. a yooo 90 " T Tsodai. A fish hook. P 100 ^ip Kuph. A monkey. 1 200 E?"^-! liosh. A head. ty 300 1^ Shain. A tooth. n 400 rj? Thav. A sign, cross. 3. It will be seen in the above table that five letters assume a different form when at the end of a word, wherefore they are called finals. They owe their origin to the time when writing was still done without dividing the words, and to mark the end of a word, -final letters were introduced. When in process of time the words were divided from one another, all the Jinals were dropped except the five, because they served as numerals for 500- 600, etc. 4. The whole alphabet is primarily divided into two parts : a. Radicals, b, Serviles. a. Radicals are those letters which are used only for the formation of nouns and verbs, consisting chiefly of three letters, which form the root of a noun or verb. b. Serviles are those letters which, besides being used in the formation of nouns and verbs, are also used as prefixes or suffixes to nouns and verbs, to express other parts of speech. These serviles include half the alphabet, and are : ^, when prefixed to a verb in the future tense, denotes the personal pronoun, nominative Ist singular common. 2 prefixed to any word, denotes the prepositions m, by^ or with. n with a pathach under it (,"j), when prefixed to a noun with a daghesh (^. e., a point) in its first letter, e. g.^ "n^tjn [<^^*j if *^^^ fii'st letter of the noun is one of the Gutturals, y, n, 1^, {^, which cannot take a daghesh,* the prefixed n is with komats |-( instead of pathach J-}] it T denotes the definite article. H suffixed to the imperative, denotes the precative, e. g., HDS ^9^'* (^ome now ! pj prefixed to the participle of the verb denotes the relative pron. who, that, p] suffixed to the future 1st sing, or pi. com. denotes the future optative. |i profixed to any word with Chatuf Pathach ,") denotes an interrogation, e. g., "^^S^'n whether keeping? (Gen. iv. 9), Jpf] whether from? j^ with a Mappik (jr\) suffixed to a noun denotes the posses- * The effect of a Daghesh in the middle of a word is to doable the letter, but the Gutturals cannot be doubled. sive pron. 3d per?, feni, sing., e. g. J^it;*]; her seed (Gen. iii. 15), Pi without a Mappik denotes the proposition to^ e. g. n?i1D ^^^ Sodom (Gen. xix. 1). ^ at the beginning of any word (except in eleven words, most of them being pj-oper names) denotes tlie conjunctions : and, but, even, both . . . and. 1 pretixed to a verl) in the future tense denotes the pers. pron. nom. 3d pers. sing, or ])hir. Suffixed to a noun it denotes the possessive pron. first, pers. sing. com. 2> pretixed to any word denotes the ad verl) like. 7J (witli a vowel) suffixed to a noun denotes tlie posseissive pron. 2d per- son masc. sing. Witliout a vowel, rj, poss. pron. 2d pers. fem. singular. *) prefixed to any word denotes tlie preposition to. Prefixed to the infinitive construct, denotes in order to. ^ with a Cheerick under it, pretixed to any word witli a Da- ghesh in its first letter [and if the first letter be a Guttural which cannut take a Daghesli,* the Cheerick is changed into a Tsaireh ^J denotes the proposition from., e. g.^ D^'2^*i2 from heaven, V"^^^ from earth. Q suffixed to a noun denotes the possessive pron. 3d pers. pi. masc. J prefixed to a verl> in tlie future tense denotes pers. pron. nom. 1st pei-s. })hir. J suffixed to the 2d and 3d pers. plur. of a verb in future ' tense, denotes fut. optative. Suffixed to a noun, it denotes possessive pron. 3d pers. pi. fem. ^ prefixed to any word, denotes the relative pron. who., which^ that [Abbreviation of '^^^^J. p. The meanings of this letter, as prefix or suffix, are so mul- tifarious tliat they cannot be reduced to any short rule.f 5. Secondly the alphabet is divided into classes (commonly in five) according to the organs of speech, /. ^., * See note to letter n. f D and n are frequently prefixed to the infinitive construct of verbs, to change them into nouns, e. g. nriD from r\V\, Ddn from 3C>\ Gutturals, . . . CH) y H H ^^ Palatals, .... p T ^ -:i Lingiials, . . . n (1) :i ^ CO "I Dentals (Sibilants) . . ^* :L' D 1 Labials, ^ ^ 1 ^ Nasals, J D Letters belonging to tbe same classes may intercbange in a word witbout altering its meaning, e. g.^ py] or pyt^, to ^^T 5 0^^"$ ^^' Or\Z*^ ^^ laugb ; ^S;^ or ^^S, to escape. r\ IL THE VOWELS. ^^ ^ ^'^':/.\s;^ 1. Origmally, tbe Hebrew text was written \^rtH0iit/\^^felsv - f Only tbe tbi-ee long vowels, o, ee, and ow, were expressed oy "^-^ tbe tbree letters, "^ 1, (H) ; ^ or ^ for tbe long o, ] for ow, and ") Yor ee. Tbese letters, wben serving as vowel bearers, were called vowel letters, bnt tbey are frequently omitted. The Massoretes, about tbe Hftb century, invented certain signs, to I'epresent tbe vowels. Tbey are ten in number; five long and live sbort ones. Long. Short. 1. Komats, 6. Patbacb, T ~ 2. Tsaireb, 7. Segol, 3. ^ Cbeerik, 8. Cbeerik parvum, 4. i Cbowlom, 9. Komats chatuf, 5. ?| Sburuk, 10. Kubbuts.* N. [). Tbe names of the five long vowels contain all the ten vowels : the vowel in tbe first syllable being the long, the one in tbe second its corresponding short vowel. 2. Tbe tbree long vowels "^ , i, and ^, may be written with or without tbe accompanying letter, and yet retain * 1, like o in home ; 2, like a in able ; 3, i in machine ; 4 ow in vow ; 5, u in rule ; 6, a in sharp , 7, e in met ; 8, i in pin ; 9, o in off ; 10, u in full. 10 their long sound, in which case they are called long and defective ; while in tlie other case they are called long and full, N. B. When ^ is written defective, it is changed into kubbuts. 3. Hebrew is written and read from right to left, like all Shemitic languages (except Ethiopic) ; and the consonants are pronounced before the vowels, except the Pathach under |^ at the end of a word, e. g.^ p|!|"] riiach, where the vowel is pronounced before the consonant. It is called Pathach furtive^ because its position and pronunciation are, as it were, illegiti- mate. # SH'YA. 4. Any letter which has no vowel is marked by a Sh'va ^^J^", which is equal to an apostrophe. This mark is, however, T : omitted at the end of a word, except in the following three cases. a. When two vowelless letters come to stand at the end of the word, e. g. 'I'^i yard^ both are marked with Sh'va. h. The final Tj has always a Sh'va "Tj^ hoch. c. The pers. pron. nom. 2 pers. fem. J?^^ at. 5. As there is a difference between the pronunciation of a vowelless letter at the beginning of a syllable and a vowelless letter at the end of a syllable; the letter in the first case being vocal, and in the latter case quiescent ; the grammarians called the Sh'va whicli marks a vowelless letter at the begin- ning of a syllable j;^ ^1(^' Sh'va mobile, i. e., Sh'va vocal ; and and the Sli'va wliich marks a vowelless letter at the end of a syllable pJJ )X\^ Sh'va quiescent, i. e. rest. 6. When one of the gutturals, y, H? H? ^^ is to be pronounced at the beginning or middle of a word without a vowel, it gets half a vowel [composite Sh'va], viz. , , or e. g. "^^'^ ''slier, J t: -: v: v : n!0^ ^meth, 7r>^0 ini^'^^h^^l- 11 III. DAGIIESH. 1. Dagliesh, i. e.. a point within the letter, is of twofold use: a. To harden the pronunciations of some letters. b. To double the letter. In the first case it is called Daghesh lene, and can occur only in a letter beginning a syllable, and only in the following six letters: p, ^, ;, -], }, 2^ iW2 n:2). with it 3 like b. " " 3 " k. '' " i " p. p " " " '' th; ' ' PI " t. The difference in the pronunciation of ^ and 1 with or with- out the daghesh is lost. 3. A daghesh in any letter, except the gutturals {^, p ,, 1^, V and "^j in the middle or at the end of a word, doubles the letter, and is called the daghesh forte. lY. ACCENTS. 2 without a daghesh like V ; D u a a a ch; n u a a a ph; 1. Every word of the Hebrew text in the Old Testament has an accent. These accents have a threefold use. a. To mark the tone syllable [vvliich in some words gives a I 1 different meaning, e. g.^ n^52 she came, n^^2 she is coming, something like desert and desert.] h. As interpunctuation, in which case it is the most perfect of all known divisions of sentence ; and c. For cantillation of the Bible in public worship. 2. The use of the accents for the first and second purposes causes them to be divided into two parts, viz., disjunctive and conjunctive accents. Those accents which mark the end of a sentence are called disjunctives ; and the rest, conjunctives. 3. The forms and names of the accents are : 1 Zarko, 2 Segol, 3 Munach, 4 K'veei, 5 Mahapach, 6 Pashto, 7 Zokef koten, 8 Zokef godel, 9 Mer- 12 clio, 10 Tipdio, n Ethiiaohto, 12 Pozer, 13 -- T'li- sho k'tMioh,14 T'lislio o;Vl()wlt)li, 15 - Kadinoh, IH Y'azlo. 17 Azloo-arash,* 18 Gershajini, 19 - Dargo, 20 T'vir, 21 Y'thiv, 22 f P'ssick, 2?> Siliik,* 2P, SluilsheieTli. < I QP 25 Merelioli k'fnloli, 20 Kariie poroli, 27 Yprrtcli l)eii )) ^ yowniow. Of these 27 accents only No. 3, 5, 9, 13, 15, 19, 25, and 27, are conjunctives ; all the rest are disjunctives. Tlie principal disjunctives, a knowledge of which is absolutely iiecessary for proper reading, are tlie following : Eeveei, Tipcho, Segol, Zokef katon, Ethnach, Siluk, or Soph possuk. 4. When two or three words have but one accent, the words without the accent are joined to tlie accentuated word by a horizontal line called Makkaf r^P^ ("). 5. The accent is generally placed on tlie ultimate, or penul- timate syllable ; and when a syllable before the acc^entuated one is to be intoned, it gets a pei'pendicular line under it, called Metheg ^HDj (^*- ^- ^i bridle) ( ) e. gf., ^22^- Even tiie third vowel before the Metheg takes also a Metheg, e. g., y. AETICLE. 1. The Tlel^rew article fully written is ^|^, like tlie Arabi.- al ; the S is, however, always dropped, and the tirst let- ter of the noun gets a Daghesh compensative. (For the change of its vowel, see ? I., 4, letter n ) > ) * To distingnish between Pashto and - - Kadmo, one must be guided by < ( the following accent. So by V'azloand Azlogaresh, by theprecediogone. 13 2. It stands only: a. ns a deiinitu article, never for tlie inde- finite ; h. as a demonstrative prononn, tlms, c. L2'J ^'^^'^ ^^'"^ (E^- ^^' 2^^) ; ^- is a relative prononn iH^ ^^^-'?'"1'J ^^'^^^ went with liini (Josh. X. 24). :3. AVhen one of the letters ^, 2, ^, is prefixed to anonn with an article, the whole article disa])pears, and tl\e prefixed letter takes tlie vowel of the article. Tlins, instead of nDSijS '^ '^ rjp32 in tlie silver. *n.n2 ^^^ '^T'\T\2. hi the nionntain. C1^^^ 2"l^rj'p to the man. 4. When the nonn has the Jirticle, all the following adjectives and prononns also have the article. If the nonn has the article, and the adjective has not, then the adjective is a predicate. I YL NOUN. 1. The Hehrew nonn has two genders, and three nnmhers. The genders are masculine and feminine ; the nnmhers, singu- lar, plural, and dual. Masculine are : a. All living beings of male gender, e.g. Cn*l!5^ Ahraham, n"^*]^? a lion, ;2i^ it father. b. All names of nations, e. g., p^?3J7.-^'ii'dek, *")*, a nation, "IV^'^ Ashur. c. All names of seas and rivers, e, g.^ Q'' the sea, "IPO ^^ I'iver, T T I'l"!^ the Jordan, n*12 Enphrates. d. Names of mountains, e. g.^ "'JQ Sinai, ^ll^H Tabor. e. Names of months, e. //., t^^"in '^ month, ];^'^!!^^^ April, TTT a month. f. The names of metals, e. g.^ ^H* gold, ^03 silver, /'^^ iron. N. B. There is a tliird gender, which may be called either ^' 9") 1D3 cattle, l^y sheep. 14 2. Feminine nouns are : a. All living beings of the female gender, e. ^.,7)1*1 Rachel, Q^ a mother, ["HS ^ cow. d. All nouns wliich end in H ^- ff-i TOIS ^ blessing; in H T T T : ^. ^-^ ny_l knowledge ; in fl ^- ^-^ H^'IH^ the end ; in kingdom. c. Names of countries and towns, e. ^., *^^y a city, jy^J Canaan. d. All the njem])ers of the body, e. ^., "I^ 9- hand, ^j^ <^ T foot, )tj^ an ear, ry_ an eye. 3. Nouns of masculine gender form tlicir plural by suffixing th-e syllable Q"' e. g. ID^ ^ word, D^*!!]^ words, DIO a horse, D^'DID horses. Feminine nouns form their plural by suffixing ni, ^'- ^- n"iD Ji cow, rins ^^^s, rois a idessing, riir*i3 TT T T T : t: ])iessings, nj;.!- niy'i; N.B. The learner will observe that nouns ending in ^ lose this termination, and take in its place the phiral form ^^. 4. All nouns which exist by nature or art in pairs, take instead of the plural a dual form, which ends in Q"^ e. (/., ^j"^ a hand, Q*^ J** two hands, D^Dp^D scales, 7J*) a foot, Q"'5^'l feet. N. B. When any of the dual nouns assumes either a mas<;u- line or a femine plural ending, e. g., DIH'' it loses its original meaning. The word pi")^ means handler; so Q'^^3*1 means times. 5. There are some masculine nouns which have their plural in the feminine termination, e. g., ^^n father, Pl^i^ fathers, DiDD a place, nliDDp P^^^es ; and feminine nouns which luive their plural in the masculine termination, e. g, niir}*n a bee, Q'^'nili'n ^^^^^^ n^DJ ^'^ ''-"^j D'^'PDJ ^"^s. Sonu; nouns 15 take their plural in either gender, e. g., "^^rj a generation, ^^^r; or f^^^^i'T} generations. N. B. Masc. nouns which have feminine pi. terminations, and fern, nouns which have masc. pi. terminations, have their adjectives and verbs according to their natural gender, e. g., D^into nn^n the fathers are good, nlDto CD'^'liinn the bees are good. 6. There are some nouns which exist only in plural form and have no singular, e. g.^ Q"'^ face, D'^JP.^ ^^^ ^S^' Q''*11J7J youth, ''Dl^i^ boyhood. Some nouns have only the singular number, and no plural, e. g., tl^f^^* sun, ^HT gold, Vip summer, DDi^ dust. The last mentioned are mainly collective nouns. 1 T T 7. Proper nouns, e.g.^ ^*^ David, m{< Adam, have neither T T T the mark of gender nor number. But when a proper noun stands as family name, or national name, e. g.y *^y) i^evy, D^'^iyp Mizraim, Egypt, Jl^^ Zidon, it takes number and gender, e. g., H^^T^ Levites, ni''")yp Egyptian women, |^^^J D'^^niJj Zidonians. YII. CONSTKITCT STATE. 1. "When two nouns come together and one belongs to, or is defined by the other, \i. e. Gen it.] the noun possessing or de- fining remains unchanged, but the noun possessed or defined undergoes the following changes. 2. a. Nouns masc. sing, shorten their syllables when con- structed to another noun, e. g.^ 111^ a word, H^D *1I1"1 word of Moses, jp] an elder, ^^3 jD] elder of the house, ^Zl^ a heart, QH^^ DD7 the heart of man. T TT - : b. Kouns in plural masc. drop the last Q and change the preceding Cheerick ( ) into Tsaireh ( ) e. y., -C^^^l words, T : 16 nro '^'l.^'l words of Moses. D'^2p\ elders, 0*13 '^^pX the elders of the house. . Dual construct drops the last Q and ( ) and changes the penultimate ( ) into ( ) a. (/., U^'2^^ two eyes, [^'^^ ij"^^ eyes of man; Q'jnD?'* ^^P^' Dm '^OCip'* ^Jps of the wise man. d. Feminine sing, nouns ending iri H change the H hito n and the (-^) into ( ) e. g., HDm wisdom, fdl^ Hl^m T - T : T : - : T wisdom of Solomon, "5^^*^ n*l1n the law of Moses. e. Feminine plural nouns shorten tlieir second vowel, c. Jp] and Abraliam and Sarah were old (Gen. xviii. 11). 3. But when tlie verb stands before tlie noun, it is not modi- tied by the nouns which follow, e. ? ^^ ^pr ^9C ?]nl^? \^ lH' ^isc ln\^ ib 1-'!^' njsp nnl%s T n^E^ ^JP ijnl%x ^:b )21>^ nrsp Q5n>< DD^ qr^^- j;?3c 150i? pf I?-r'?^ an^ cnnsS Q~? D-^tJ' in J? pn^ ]-? 1 . ^;^J^ori^5< I.e. 8111. Dm ]m 2. m. 2. fem. 3. m. 3. fem. .1. c. pi. 2. m. 2. fem. 3. in. JH! 3. fem. 3. The relative pronoun for all genders and numbers is 1^^ or Ci^ who, that, which. 4. The demonstrative pronoun is : p|] this, masculine. 7^ ) these, p^] this, feminine. H^^ ) plural com. ]^,,, !)], tliat or this, common. 5. The interrogative pronoun is "^p who ? (personal), "Q^ r iJ2? riD which? (thiiiirs). N. B. The demonstrative prononn is also used without having its proper signification, e. (/., '^^2^ HI HD^ why am T thus ? (Gen. xxv. 22.) ^^ Hi. rOH ^"Al "PIp The voice of my beloved ! behold, lie cometh (Cant. ii. 8). 6. The possessive pronoun is a syllable of one or more letters 19 suffixed to a nonn in singular or plural, to denote whose object it is, e. g.^ ^HSTD ^ book, ''lOD ^^y book. 7. The possessive pronominal suffixes are : To A Singular Noun : a plural pronoun. a singular pronoun. 3, person fern. 3. person masc. ' 2. person 2. person fern. \ masc. I. pers. com. 3. pars, fem. 3. pers. m. 2. pers. fem. 2. pers. m. 1. pers. com. It T 1?tI 2?t ^3- n- T 1- ^- T ~ 1 To A Plural Noun. their their *^^- your your 1J our T '. hers r his thine thine Imy Example to a Masculine Noun. abs. '^^I'n ^ word ; construct state ^^"^^ T T - : TT : her word T : 1 is word ! T T : their word their word abs. in::il wordj T V T : her words T T : his words ID'T^?"! Qn'"!?^ their words their words thy word your word thy word your word T T her law their law T V her laws their laws r - T : ) T : thy words thy words your words your words Example to a Feminine Noun. niln ^ ^^w ; construct state f^^l^f^* his law thy law Dniin pn-iln T T I V : - their law your law nilin ^^^^^^ ; construct state the same. rnnin Tj^nnin his laws thy laws their laws your laws thy law your law thy laws your laws T : my word T : our word -T : my words T : our words Ti-nn T mv law T our law my laws our laws 20 8. The passive pronouns are the same suffixes as those of the uouns, appended to the verb ; in which they are objective, instead of possessive pronouns. A table of tliem will be found ainonsr the verbs. X. NUMERATION. 1. Nanieration is divided in units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; and the letters of the alphabet are used to represent them. (See the alphabet table.) To express 1,000 by letters ^ with a dot over it t< is used, "2 2,000, 3 3,000, "i 4,000, f] -^,000, etc. i'hus we now figure the present year of the creation, sliortlv, ryn'nn5637*. 2. Numbers are divided into cardinals and ordinals. The cardinals have masc. and fern, absolute and construct. The ordinal numbers have two genders, but no constrnct state. Tlie numbers have also pronominal suffixes, e. g., 1J''Jt^ us two (Gen. xxxi. 37), n^r\pbp you three (Numb. xii. 47). CARDINAL NUMBERS. Feminine. Masculine. Construct. | Absolute. Construct. Absohite. nox nnj< -in^^ in^ 1- W^^ 2. VZl^ VT]^ njL5>x ^V2-\'^ 4. c*Dn t^on nt^gn -'^^n ' v^ ^^ ^^:^ rmz' 6. V7<^ v^W nj??;;'" r[p\p ' -JlOE' njicir' r.jlcir* njicj:* yg'Ti V'or\ r\v&r\ nj;:p^"n ^ "ife'i! ifc'. ^'}m. 1 T T -: * To find the year of the Jewish calendar, yon have but to subtract 240 from the Christian era, thus : 1877-240=1637, and add 4000-=5637. 21 4. From ten to twenty, the number ten has its proper gender termination, viz.: masc. without H ^^^ ^6^- with H Some T T of the units stand in the absolute and some in construct state. Feminine. Masculine. 1 ''^Pl ^^ units which number the hundreds are the same as are used in the fem. cardinal numbers from 13 to 19, e. g., ril^iP "d^^ 300. The thousands have the masc. termination, e. g., Q^C^^ ^IJ^51^? 4,000, D^5^^5 T<^W 6,000. N. B. Two hundred, two thousand, and two ten thousands 22 take the dual form, e. g., D^HJ^D 200, D^B^i? 2,000, '^n^iS*! 20,000. n!!l!2^5 plural Hl^D*)? means, a great multitude; vsi^n 1^'^^^' p^^"'^i Ts^'^'y ' 7. The ordinal numbers are in all cases like the adjective, and have both numbers and genders ; they must agree with the noun. Feminine. Masculine. Plural. Singular. Plural. Singular. No. niJte\si. njlc'v^l D^jia'^n pE'N-l 1st. T\n^ ^nw Q"'.;^' ^r^' 2d. nw-'bi^ n^i^-'bE? D^^;-'bp ^tj?-''^!^* 3d. nl'^:?S n^y;?'"! D'y.'?n 'r?^. 4th. n)^p-'r?n T\''^'''on D^E/^pH "''^'pd 5th. ni'is'V n-'wd D-iJSrjj* T'?^ 6th. ni'j;-'5E' TV^;'2\^ DT??' 'i'."'??^ 7th. ni'rpi' n'^rpi' D^rpii' TPi' 8th. ni^r&'P n^j;;:^'n D^j;;E''n ^;;;ti>-n 9th. ni'Tij'j;. nn;t7i. D'T^iL. '^y^i. 10th. N. B. From 10 upward the cardinal and ordinal numbers are the same. 8.. The fractional number are from three to ten, inclusive, the same as the ordinal numbers sing. fem. Half is expressed by XL THE VERB. 1. The Hebrew verb consists of three radical letters; and where these three letters are written and pronounced as con sonants, through all paradigms and tenses, it is called a regu- lar verb. But when any one of the three radical letters is either omitted or not pronounced, it is an irregular verb. The irregular verbs are of two classes : a. Imperfect, i. e.^ when one letter is omitted. 23 b. When the letters are all written, but not pronounced which are called quiescent verbs. (For particulars see XL 2.) 2. The Hebrew verb has 7 voices, or paradigms. 1- /i^S 0^6 wrought) or 7p_ (light), because this voice is unburdened by any additional letter or daghesh, denotes the simple active. 2. 'PJ^CJ (he was wrought upon) characterized by a pre- fixed J or by a daghesh in the first radical letter, denotes the simple ^am-y^. N. B. TheJNifal form cannot be made oiintransitive verbs, yet it can stand as a deponent, signifying Kal, e. g., DH /3 l^^ warred, fought, Ji^^\3 he leaned. Such verbs have generally no Kal form at all. In some verbs Kal and Nifal have the same meaning, e. g., TjSl' TlS"!^ lie went, Dip and D"*!p-l he approached. n^H- H^n^ ^^^ was sick. In some verbs ' T T T V: V Nifal has the meaning of the Hithpael, i. e., reflective, e. g., niB^ he will divide himself, etc. 3. 7j^5 (1^ wrought diligently) characterized by a daghesh in the second radical, denotes the intensive active. N. B. When Piel is made of a verb which is in Kal intransitive, it denotes in Piel the transitive, i. e., HD^ ^^ ^^ glad, nS^ he made glad. In some verbs the Piel has the opposite meaning of Kal, e. g., /pD he stoned, S'pD he removed the stones. 4. ^VQ (he was diligently wrought upon) characterized by a shooruck , under the first radical, and a daghesh in the second radical, denotes the intensive passive. N. B. Some verbs have their active in Kal, and their passive in Pual, e. g., VrTl he washed, VH"! he was washed. In the same way we find verbs which have their active in Piel, and 24 their passive in Nifal, e. g., QH^ he comforted, UT\1T} to be comforted. (Psalm Ixxiii. 3.) 5. ^"'J^Dn (he caused another to work), characterized by H prefixed and a ^ between the second and third radicals, denotes causative active. N. B. There are some verbs used only in Hifil form, e. g., n2^sl to rise early, C0''2n he looked, HSH he smote, T]*'7^'n he cast down. 6. T5JJSn (he was caused to work). It is characterized by n prefixed, and denotes the causative passive. ^' /i?Snn (he wrought on liimself), characterized by OH prefixed and a daghesh in the second radical, denotes the reflexive. Some verbs have in Hithpael the same meaning as in Kal, e. g., "Tj^npn and Tj^H he went, DpipHn, Qlp, to arise against one. 2. When the first radical is one of the letters, ^*, j^, D the characteristic p of Hithpael changes its place with the first radical, as ^SlTlpn "he feigned himself drunk," for 73Dnn 5 "IJjn^n "he guarded himself," for "nj^^'prh for euphony's sake. 3. When the first radical is *!' CO' or p, the characteristic 21 is omitted, and compensated by a daghesli in the first radical, e. g^ np"ivN:, for npin^' ^^^^^ *or nn(5r;^n* 4. The Hebrew verb is varied by moods, tenses, numbers, per- sons, and genders. There are three moods: 1. The indicative^ describing the action as done with certamty, e. g.^ V^t^ thou hast learned. There is, liowever, also a conjunctive, wliich is chiefly formed by the words, ^^, ^^^, and j^ : ^^^Qli^^""; "h Tl'^JOb TOTO "Oh, that Ishmael might live before thee!" (Gen. xvii. 18), ^^\ |S Lest he tear (Ps. vii. 3). 2. The hnperative^ commanding a thing to be done. This mood can 26 also be made a precative^ either by suffixing H ^- 9"> T^yW Oh, turn ! or by adding the particle ^^ , e. g., '^^ "^^T Oh, remember ! Sometimes by using both forms together, e. g.^ ^J nU'^in Olij save (Psalm xviii. 25). 3. The infinitive mood, simply speaking of an action without any regard to time. It is used sometimes only to give force to an action. 5. The tenses in the Hebrew verb are three: The past, or preterit, expressing a thing already done ; imperfect and plu- perfect are included, and are to be understood by the context of the sentence. 2. The progressive present, of which there are two, the present participle and the past participle. (See table I .) 3. The futare, declaring the action yet to be done. The past in the future is expressed by the simple past, e. g., Dnnn^ Ol^in II^'^? TjnnbiDl but thy chldren which thou shalt have born after them. (Gen. xlv. 6.) 6. The Hebrew verb has three persons: a. The person speaking. b. The person spoken to. c. The person spoken of. Two genders, mascuhne and feminine, and two numbers, singular and plural. When anything impersonal is related, the 3d person sing. masc. is used, e. ^., HDl'^T' ^Di^"! 3,nd one told Joseph. (Gen. xlviii. 1.) I . XII. IRREGULAK VERBS. 1. The first class of the irregular verbs is the imperfect. (See X. 1). Those verbs of which the first radical is J and "^ are imperfect, D''"lQn> i- ^-^ the J and "^ will be omitted, and the second radical takes then a daghesh, e. g., J^^ he gave, jp^ he will give ; p^Ji he poured, p^^"' he will pour. 2. The second class of irregular verbs is called quiescents, DTI -3' ^- ^-j the letters are written, but are not pronounced.* * The Hebrew Grammarians made use of the three letters ^ y Q to designate the three radical letters of any verb. The 1st they call Q , the 2d y , the 3d ^. So instead of saying : the first radical is {< , they say ; it is a verb K"2 , tc. 26 These verbs are : 1- {*^"^ when the first radical is Ji^, e. g. 72*^^ 2. 1"^, 3. V'y, " 4. V'^, 5. vN^"^. " 6. n'^^, % " '' 2S^";i second " " \ " " Q!|p (( (( U "f iC i( 7*)^ third " " ^, " " ^tJl;^ TT 7. J7"y? when the 2d and 3d letters are the same 22DD 3. There is a third class of irregular verbs, called guttural^ i. e., when one of the radicals is "^j j;, H? in which case there is caused a deviation from the usual vowel pointino of the verb. 4. Some verbs are quadriliteral, as 752^3 to gird, 00*13 to cut oif, lg^'^2 to expand. Also the piel of some verbs Vy and ^"^ appear in quadriliteral form, as 7CO7D t<^ prostrate, from ^120 , to throw, ^\lf }['{(; to delight, from ny^\ ory;;^-* XIII. PASSIVE PJFtONOU:^S OF VERBS. 1. The active verb takes a double pronominal suffix, first to denote the number and person, second the objective or accusative case, as they suffer the action of the verb to which they are joined ; thus H'^in^^?^' ^ ^^^^ ^P^ ^^^^' "'H J^> Pi hei*; ''P being the agent, H the patient. (See Table.) 2. The infinitive takes the pronominal suffix of the possessive, as well as the objective, e. g., ^^'^\)'2 in my calling, in"n33 in his fleeing, Q^^ISPG in creating them, n"l3r^ to ^0^*^^ T :t : T .t: her. The participle takes the objective suffix in the like manner. 3. The pronominal objective suffixes are sometimes to be rendered as if they were detached pronouns governed by a preposition understood, thus, ''JQHJ thou gavest unto me. 27 (Josh. XV. 16.) ^JUn t)e favorable unto us, TTS^ shall dwell with thee (Fsalm v. 5). s XIY. ADVERBS OR PARTICLES. 1- *ini^ after, takes the suffix of noun plural. '^i;, ri''^? where? " " " " " " |>J^ not, " " " " " sing. ^^ to, against, " " " " " plural. 025^ none, but " " " " " sing. ^5J^ near, beside, " " " " " " ^^P because,^ ""^' ^^ > " " p between/ ^' ^^'^^ ^ }''r ^" , , )', lybs besides, .(^tLiXr (J l^^yV " ^; plural. ^ri^5 except, ^''''^'==''==-=-^-^ " ^ ^'V' sing. ndl73 for the sake of '* 7n lo, behold, " " " " " nb)] only, " " ^' '' " i03 as, like, " '' " ^' " -\ib apart, " *' " " " |J;q^ because of, " " ^' ^' " nDijb opposite, " " " " '' '^^pi' before, " " " '' " plural. |p' from, out of, " " " '' ^' sing. ^1D opposite, ^' " " '' " n.iJ before, opposite," " " " '' '' p*"-^*^ U " << p^ when ; ^^ now; H^J eternal; *Ii7 unto; "I'nyid.; Dl^lJ over against ; Hl^y now; l^pj? because ; HB liere; |2 lest, that not; Di^^^P suddenly ; DID in past time ; 2)^D closely; ^T) much, many ; U^^^ momentary ; 20^*1 emptily ; p*l only, but; {^*^* vainly ; i^''^^" the day before yesterday ; Qgr there; D^2^2 because of; /i^H yesterday; T^^H ^ilways, continually. T- : " : T ? XV. INTERJECTIOISrS. Sounds of one or more syllables, used when experiencing joy or pain, are called interjections. They being natural expressions, are almost in all languages the same. When the 29 expression is of joy, the sounds ! *Tnn H^il are used ; of pain T- TV or lamentation the words ! HH Hn^? h"T'1^^ -""1^5 ^-'^77^ ""i^^ "'In are used. For request or petition the words ! ^J -: T ! "^^ are used. ^^^- XVI. SYNTAX. NOimS. 1. When several nouns come to stand in a sentence, they are all either alike i. e., subjects or objects, or they are not of the same case. They may be all subjects having the same predicate, e.ff; rn:2 invx n^ ^j21 vjb nnx i;;nr'7n 3pr T : TT : TT :- T : I ".- VZ3 nl^DI Jacob and his seed with liini : his sons, and his T T : sons' sons with him, his daughters and his sons' daughters (Gen. xlvi. 6, 7). Also as objects, e. ^., 3/111 nfr^iDn ^L^^ "np^n |!}1 And he took butter and milk and the calf (Gen. I TT - I V xviii. 8). Or all the nouns in the sentence may denote one object, c. g., D^j;n'l D'^^n:! D'^^rn U'Z'y^ wise men and understanding, and known (Deut. i. 13). Lastly one noun may define the otlier, e, g., D'J'iyp ^:^ nyiS rC'2 The house of Paraoh, king of Egypt. 2. When several nouns are in a sentence as subjects, they need not necessarily be of the same gender and number, although they are in tlie same relation ; the verb and adjective are then generally in plural masculine, yet when the verb stands at the beginning, before the nouns, the verb can be in inasc. sino:., e. g., W\2^^ D^^3 D'^^pT T^y^ ^."ln3^^^ ^"ow T- -T )": tt: tt:-; Abraham and Sarah were old, well stricken with age (Gen. xviii. 11). h^^t'^ ^JpT t?::i tnnX ^^H'^l And he came. t: ) : t: I -:- t- Aaron and all the elders of Israel (Exod. xviii. 12). Generally the verb is governed by the chief person in the sentence. 3. Sometimes, when the verb stands before the noun, it is regarded as impersonal^ and agrees with the following noun neither in gender nor in number, e. g., HlD"' 0*^^.3 ^^IJDJ {*^7l 30 And it was not found beautiful women (Job xlii. 15), H^'n"' "'S n'njj^ if there be a virgin (Dent. xxii. 23). 4. The conjunction of several nouns in the same sentence is done either by placing tlie 1 copulative before every noun, as i*)iDni llfe'1 IDDX] il3J71 and his man-servant, and his maid-servant, and his ox, and his ass (Ex. xx. 14), or before the last noun, as rnin**! ^)b ])^i2P p^^^"l J^euben, Simeon, Levy and Jehudah (Ex. i. 2.), or by placing the conjunc. before the second and fourth nouns : *?^'^1 *n^ "^^flDJI ?"1 T>s.n and T : T T : -: 1 T Naphthali, Gad and Asher ; and when there are three nouns, only before the last. 5. AYhen several nouns stand in predicate, all must have the same sign, v^lr:y"n^^T^^^n2"n^^ vonp-n^^i riz;np"n^^ P^n^^"n^?1 His taclies, and his boards, his bars, his pillars, and his sockets (Ex. xxxv. 11). T]^D^?^1 T]"]5i;^l Tjb TlDt^^in /I Ti^'^2?i^^1 For thee and for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for thy stranger tliat sojourneth with thee (Levit. xxv. 6). The same is the case with all the propositions. 6. When one object has several adjectives, they must all agree with the object. (See VIII. 1.) But when the object is constructed to the adjective, it is not modified. 7. Nouns belonging to one subject, which are explanatory of one another, if they stand before the subject, must have the same mark as the subject, e. g., "Hi^ T]*l'^n"'"ri^? TjIlB^ri^ pnii'^ Thy son, thy only one, Isaac (Gen. xxii. 2). TJ'^H^^ /^ l^j; ^^ to thy brother, to Esau (ibid, xxxii. 6). But when the subject precedes, the other nouns need not stand in the case, e. g., r\^^^r\ Tjn? ^n"].3 not TjIlD? ^H^? * -^-^ s XYII. COISTSTKUCT STATE. same 1. When any idea is to be expressed in Hebrew by two words, it is formed by the first noun being constructed to the 31 second. (See VII. 1). The second noun is then defining the first, as : H'^'ID ^ town, n*li^ a field, TOD D^^D ^^7^1 city, residence, H^Dr^^n nli^ the Machpelah field. This con- struct form can occur in an active as well as in a passive sub- ject. Often we find two synonyms in construct state, as p^^ nt^j; green herb, ^^1DJ;.n^^^^D work of labor, "'p^j;^ flJO part of my portion. 2. The words Jl^^N?, ^W^, |3' n?' ^J?2' H^J^S^ ^22^ D'^t^J^^' n1^2 ' ^^ often constructed with an abstract, to form an adjective, as H ul^n ^^^ ^ wise man, ^'^H H^^ ^ valiant woman, niD"?3 ^ condemned man (to death) HJ^ H"^ a (w^oman) year old, n5^*p"I3 ^^ arrow (lit. the son of the bow). 3. A noun can be constructed to another noun, adjective and a demonstrative pronoun, as HT Dip?p ^^ to this place, n^i^ njj'^y doer of these. It can also be constructed to a numeral, e. g., U^^IJ^^^ ?2 son of forty (forty years old). The noun can never be constructed to a particle or verb, except by ellipsis, e. g., Q^ffi^? rpy^r\ n;p^? llZ/i^ QlpP ^' where it is to be read as "W"^^ D'''n^P^? DlpO ^^^^^ 'n "121 n^nn which is to be read -)^fr^ rmiir\ n^nn *)^*1 . Also to a particle, whtjn the particle is regarded as a substantive, as "^^^^'^/'"nD ^311 ^^^ wliatsoever he sheweth me (Numb, xxiii. 3). Neither can a noun be constructed to a noun with a proposition. 4. When a noun is constructed to several nouns, it is re- peated when the nouns are of difi'erent kinds, but when tliev are of the same kind, the construct noun is not repeated, e. g., Tf}m}^ np?1 "^Opn? "^I^pl "^JCO? nS? tlie noun is every time repeated ; ji^^Sl H^^^HI jpjl m^VV^ HEn y"]vX the noun is not repeated. 32 Often there are several nouns in the construct state, as ^!)^^ Thl2 ^3/ T^'l^ "^"l? ^^^ which case one noun explains the other, but two or more separate nouns cannot be con- structed to one noun. Thus you cannot say : H^ll^ffl nDpH nt^ but must say : in^i'zni D"i^^ no^H . TT T : TT : T . XYIII. PECULIAR USE OF THE NOUN. 1. The Hebrew uses sometimes the same noun twice, eitlier in the same gender and number, or in different numbers. If it is used in tlie same number, it has the significance of every one, as, ^^^^it^"* fl^BiD '^^^ ^O^^ ^^^^'2/ ^^^^^^ <^^' the house of Israel, 2^ Dr ^^^^"2/ day, daily. Secondly, emphasis, as pH!^ n1*l"^np"'y Highteousness, rigliteousness follow. HB'p p]2*D ^ altar, altar! (1 Kings xiii. 2). When two nouns are united by ^ conjunctive it signifies a diversity between the two nouns, as tl^^S UV^ Dj;i TGnrD Hmd r^y''^]^ This land and that land as it writes, and one people or another people as it speaks (Esth. i. 22). n3T nl?! 3|?3 with a double heart do they speak. But when the first noun is in singular and the second in plural, it denotes the superlative, as TD^ D^r7?0 ki"t^ <^* kings, i. because the nouns could be inverted, or the first noun left out altogether. So in ^on ^ \CWT\ nPlSlil Neither did the cruse of oil fail (1 Kings xvii. 16); the con- struct nnSy feminine, yet the verb ^IpH i^i masc, because it refers to the oil^ not to the cruse. 5. The adverb and adjective belonging to a collective noun, can be in sing, as w^ell as in plur. It is in sing, when it refers to the whole, as 3'^"] 7i"ljl Qj; A people great and many (Deut. iii. 21), but in plur. when it refers to each individual, as n.^^3 IP ^l^J^ DJ^"1 And the people came up out of Jordan (Josh. iv. 19), where every individual is meant. 6. Some nouns have only the pi. number, as '^JS face, 34 Q'^'^n li^e, Q'^Q water, Q'^D^* * and the verb, adverb, or adjective belonging to them are to be always in plural. The nounL^ |il5^ and 7^2 often come to stand in plural, whilst the verb and adjective stand in singular, as tl^L^O D^2)'^^ ^ cruel lord (Is. xix. 4), vb::2 nob) . " ^ XX. FKOKOUlSrS. 1. The personal pronouns in Hebrew are either separable words, or letters added to the verb (See IX. 1). But sometimes they are both used together, as y]^^^ "^IJ^J^^? ^1^^ *ri^?l' ^bp ^pn3 my own vineyard. 2. Often the pronouns, in such a case, are changed, e. g.^ ^^r}^ TlllV nn^ n*!irp Judah, thy brethren shall praise thee (Gen. xlix. 8), where it ought to be T]1*lV TlHi^^ > or Dri^ Di?'''13d ^^^^ jo^^i' carcases (Numb. xiv. 32), where it should l)e Qr*'^^' Dr'^I^Dl Sometimes they stand even double, e. ^., (""Hl^^^ ^"^H QJ ^^Til ^iid she, even she said (Gen. XX. 5), T]^"li^ DH Qm they, they are thy lot (Is. Ivii. 6), for emphasis' sake. 3. The personal pronoun dative "^7 , Tr) , etc., is sometimes used without denoting the dative case, as i*^ rD1k^*^5 ^ ^^'^11 return (Numb. xxii. 34). ^ i^lj rh ''^in ^ D^^ * I give it according to the general idea of the Hebrew Grammarians, bnt I believe that the nouns D*0 , D^Tl and D^DE^ are rather in Dual form, and that for certain reason. Of D^tt we read (Gen. i. 7) that it was divided into two parts. Of c,"n we know that it is divided into two parts, viz., the life here and hereafter. Also D^'-5^ which means sky, and is derived from DC* there, space, is in dual, mea; ing the two hemispheres. The Kabbala says : p^PD 13 fjlD pX inx n3Q nn n^tD'^X^^ nn^':''^t:' n""inN^ nnU'lS when the infinite intended to . T T T : : TT - : : shew his perfection, and to do good by it, he made a place, etc. The place must be in existence, before anything existing can be. Hence " In the begin- ning God created heaven, i. e., space, and the earth." 35 If thou knowest not go (Cant. i. 8). Yet even liere, where the particle seems to be superfluous, it denotes that the action is to the advantage of the subject. 4. The demonstrative pronoun H] "^-j H^^l f-? H^^ P^- ^-^ denotes some person or thing which is present, or by relation we have become aquainted with it, as if it were present, as "'n^Jgnn n^n '^VJn b^ for this child I prayed (Sam. i- 27), lJ^!ilO D^] this we found (Gen. xxxvii. 32). The pron. n* ^n ' I'^n are used for a present object at a distance : r\}br\ D"''^^n ^P who is t/mt man? (Gen. xxiv. 65). The demonstrative "T generally stands for concrete nouns, ^^* for abstract nouns. 5. Also with these pronouns, as with the verbs, there is a repetition, w^hen tliey are connected by the copulative ) , which denotes a diversity, as li^^ 1^1^^ Hll ^02 ipl^^ HV One said on this manner, and another said on that manner (1 Kings xxii. 20). Also D'^DID^ ^O^) ^D^Zl Hv^ These in chariot^s, ..... .. ...J. and those in horses (Ps. xx. 8). The personal pronoun is also sometimes used as a demonstrative, as |*ini^l nk^D ^IH These are Moses and Aaron (Exodus vi. 27). We often also find the personal and demonstrative pronouns together, or two demonstratives (but in w^iich case the second is always {^^JH or on) together, as Tp^JZ'B HllD ^^IH '^ITJ^^ "^r^J^^ I, even 1 TV : V T T I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions (Is. xliii. 25). ^'ZV)!^ D" rhi^ These are my feasts (Lev. xxiii. 2). The second pronoun in these cases is always explanatory of the first. 6. The demonstrative pronouns must also agree with the noun constructed, like the adjective (See XYIII. 1). When, however, the noun to which it is constructed, is the chief noun, the demonstrative agrees with it, and not with the construct, as Jni^'in rrnlnn ISp? ^^ ^^^ book of this law (Deut. xxviii. 61). The demonstrative can also take a preposition when a noun is implied by it, as niD ^^ this place (Gen. xlviii. 9). 36 Also (Ps. xxvii. 3) nci3 -ij^lt ni^n in this will I be con- fident ; rii^-in *1D^3 is to be understood. T T- XXI. KELATION OF THE YEEB. 1. The verb usually precedes the noun, n{J^?0 HDi^^'l ^^d said Moses. When, however, the emphasis, or stress, is put on the noun, it will precede the verb, as niJDiC^* H^iL^I And Sarah was hearing (Gen. xviii. 10), 2*'^pn lij^'IDI ^"d Pharaoh drew nigh (Exod. xiv. 10). When two verbs refer to one noun, the noun stands between the verbs, as "^n^^l D^^'l D*)Di^ ^nd Abram removed his tent.... and dwelt T : - (Gen. xiii. 18). Where several verbs refer to one noun, the noun stands either after the first or after the last verb. 2. In Hebrew, like in most ancient languages, the second person is addressed in sing, only; if the word Lord is added, the verb is put in 3d pers. sing., as 7^^* ''J"i^^ My lord has asked (Gen. xliv. 19), n^^lS ^>*1^ -^^t Pharaoh look out (ibid. xli. 33). The word ]'l^ or Tl'^P ^^ here to be understood. 3. The verb has three tenses (See X. 5), past, progressive present, and future. The past may imply imperfect, as (Gen. xxi. 1) : n*1t^"n5< npD 'HI ^"d Grod visited Sarah. Again Dl*l^^ n3 T] jli^ "IpS II ^^^ visited thine iniquity, O daughter of Edom (Lam. iv. 22) and pluperfect, when it follows a per- fect, as nnC"''5 nypCi^" ^2 For she heard that he had visited (Rutli i. 6). In prophetic language, the past is used for the future, as "'riPlJ ^J^^l"? instead of )T-\'^ ^iZ*]]? (Gen. XV. 18). Thus it is sometimes used for the present, as jpy.^? njn^?i for ^\^^n^^ mnvsii . 4. The He])rew language, properly speaking, has no present tense (and in fact, time being transient, cannot have a present). It combines, however, past and future, and forms a present, as A y Ji niD7 7^X[ ^r^J^ n^n Beholdl I am going {4lf.fj\\me) (,^ to die (Gen. xxv. 32). This tense is formed by the parti oi'^Jlfej with the personal pron, nom. before it. ^^' 5. This form sometimes also stands for the future, as "^J^H ^^''DD Behold, I shall bring (Gen. vi. 17). Also when an action appears as present, it is used in this form, as u^T] HyiC^ And Pharaoh was dreaming (Gen. xlviii. 1). When an action which is often repeated is described, the future is used instead of the past, as "^^^ r\^T (1^3 So used Job to do (Job i. 5). The same is the case with an action which is entirely indepen- dent of time, as 2^^ r\\^^*^ DDl ?3 ^ wise son makes glad a T : T T ) father (Prov. x. 1). 6. The hifinitive gives an abstract idea of the action, as Tji^n to go, ril3n to smite ; independent of time and person But it may take the prepositions ^, 3, ^, ^, as Tj^j^HB in going, '7&)i\2 like going, TjISh^ to go {i. e., in order to go), TliSlD from going. It is treated like a noun. It is also placed before the past or future to imply a certainty, as *1p5 lipD'' lie will surely visit (Gen. 1. 24). When the infinitive is joined to tlie imperative or participle, it takes the second place, as ]3\]2^ IJ^D?^' Hear ye indeed ! (Is. vi. 9), '^D^ln rchr\ Still went on (2 Kings ii. 11). 7. The infinitive Kal^ which is the easiest to be pronounced, is, when in itself without meaning, as above, placed before any other paradigm of the same verb, as H'^D ^^^ where the first is in Kal, the second in Pual ; 3J;P 3^^ the first Kal, the T T second Niphal ; ^'I'^pp^ *^5?P ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ -^1^1 0^^^^ ^^ ^^ is not used in Kal, the Piel stands for Kal) and the second in Hiphil. As the iifiiiitive is to be regarded as an abstract noun, it is sometimes interchauged with the participle, as b^'^t:^ iJ^I n^ "nDOp^ And number a fourth part of 38 Israel (Num. xxiii. 10), instead of *l1Sp^1 HDpn iljp ^or nppn |yp 8. The imperative mood (See X. 4) can only be used in the affirmative command ; when in the negaiive, the future with the adverb ^7 or 7^ is used, as 1*1210 ^ / remember not, n<3]D /H T'N do not go ! etc. The imperative also can only be used in active^ not in passive voice ; but in Niphal, which is properly a deponent verb and has the same meaning as Kal, the imperative is used. 9. The future proper has one form (See Tab. of the verb). The Hebrew uses, however, a commanding future (jussive) and that by omitting the quiescent letter of the future * (apocap.), and a future optative^ which expresses a wish. The commanding form, as ^COD"^ ^^ shall (not will) rain (Psalm xi. 6), "TT' it sliall be ; or, let there be ! is of frequent occurrence. The future optative is formed by suffixing H to the first pers. sing, and pi., and a 7 to the second and third pers. plural masc. rCP^ I will go, n^^J we will go, jl^bl they will go, jD^n you will go. XXII. Y AY CONJUNCTIYE. 1. The letter ^ at the beginning of a word (except eleven words, most of which are proper nouns) with a Sli'va (~)used before a letter with a Sh'va, or a letter of its own class ^, ^, 3 is the equivalent of the conjunction and. 2. The copulative, by way of explanation^ as 1l'^J7!Iil HD^IS in Ramah, even in his own city (1 Sam. xxviii. 3). So *l'^j; [^'ir^pT a watcher {i. e., an angel) even a holy one (Dan. iv. 10). 3. As an adversative but like the adverb 7^2!^ as "^ j*I^? ^7 ti^-^^t;^ Not so, my lord, but thy servants (Gen. xlii. 10). * Hence this /w^r6 is found in the regular verb in Hiphil, and in verbs ?\"^ in all the paradigms. 39 4. As an apodosis thou^ as D"''?3n /^ 0^/111 P'^D^Jl ^^d when thou art athirst, then go to the vessels (Ruth ii. 9). The like adverb is ]i^ or "'^^^ . 5. As the adverb Q^ ri^ although, yet^ as rUH"!!^ "^3 nDn*1 *121D '''"'1 3n^ ^or he loved Hannah, yet the Lord T : ~ -T - - T had shut up her womb (1 Sam. i. 6). 6. As adcBquationis, so^just so, adverb |3 , As D^^^^p D''D pn^D yiNiQ n^ici nj;iDi^*i nD^.y. iz;5?j by ascoui water to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country (Proverb XXV. 25). 7. As a disjunctive (See XVII. 1), e. g., I^^^l l''^^ HSDl And he that smites his father, or his mother (Exod. xxi. 15), like adverb "^^ . 8. As inferential, like the adverb jyOp m order that, as y^VJ^ ^\ D^PID "h n3T ^ S^ ^^^^^ ^^^* multiply to himself horses, that he cause to return, etc. (Deut. xvii. 16). When doubled 1 ] it signifies both. . . . and, as n*11^57l "H.jlbl 9. As conclusive, like the adverb Yj^ therefore, as V^^_ T]^5)p ^P^?P^1 '^"^ "I21"ri^ riD^Hp Because thou hast re- jected the word of God, therefore God has rejected thee from being king (1. Sam. xv. 23). 10. As T conversive, viz., when \ with a ShVa (1) is prefixed to the past tense, it means the future, and when a T with a Pathach or a Komats (}, 1), is prefixed to the future it denotes the past, as "ID^^I and he will say, "Ipi*^^] ^nd he said. This holds good only in the narrative style ; but not otherwise, as "IpP^l and he shall appoint (Esther ii. 3). 40 Note. The root of the Hebrew Verb, consistiDg of three radicals, being found, without any prefix or sufl&x, in the 3d person masculine singular of the past tense, the conjugation of the verb therefore begins with the 3d pers. masc. sing, of that tense. TABLE Z FIRST PARADIGM ^j;^ OR ^p_. Femin. Com. Masc. rr -id':' ^- sinir. : :'t L t : t 'niD? 1- Tip^ 3. pi. IJID^ 1. Participle Presen T Active. r ^;^J? ' "';?:{< 1- sing. niDi'p^' n -ii':'J nn^2. y vS^n in 3. on 3. Participle Present Passive. Femin. Masc. [ ><"%-i ^ [ vsin 3. n:m>i pjnjx i- pi- nimn'?-! \m. d''11d'?-| dnj? 2. ' I ID ' [ an 3- 41 FtJTnRE Tense. Fern. ^ Com. Masc. iIdS^ 1. sing '1P'?n . -iiD'?n 2- "ilb'pn lib!?: 3- nto^J 1. pi. n;-iiD'?n npbn 2- nl-jtoj'ri > iip^: 3. Future Optative. Fern. Com. Masc. n-pbii 1. sing. ''T?% T . : nlo'pn 2. 1)6% -ilb'?^ 3. nitDbi 1. pi. T : : * T : : * inp'pn 2. nj-!lD?n ppb: 3. Infinitive. iIdJ' abs. 3^p. -\'iD)b, niD^3, nto^5' "Ili37 cons. Imperative. 'ip'? Ito'? 2. sing. nJlib^ np^ 2. pi. 42 Fern. PARADIGM ^yZ) Past. Com. Masc. 1. sing. ""-ib^j 3. 1. pi. '3. n-jc"'?: nnc':': Participle Passive. r ^5J? r ':?J^ I- sing -p^j j nn^ 2. j i^^in 3. 1 m r ijmx 1- pi- ^ ' [ an 3. Fern. T : ,T Future Tense. Com. Masc. 1. sing. 1. pi. nD>'n 2. nc ?"' 3. 4:^ Infinitive. -i)?i>no> iSi'n'?- -5^"?' "iD^n?. -iip|n co"- Imperative. Fern. Masc. '"!C^" lipVn 2. sing. na-ip^n np|n 2. pi. PARADIGM ^j;9 . Past. Fem. Com. Maso. "n-isb 1. sing nils'? nnwb 2. rnj^h '-1:3'? 3- ijisb 1. pi. jnis'? Dr)-]'? 2. n:?'? 3. Participle Active. nnsbo i nx -irsbc r 'IJJ^^ 1. sing. I nnx 2. ns^p -j dnx 2. [ an 3. 44 FuTUEE Tense. Fem. Com. Masc. 1. sing. np^n 2. 1. pi. na'pn 2. n'^V: 3. ns^ip , ia^^ . Infinitive. T : - Imperative. PARADIGM b^Q . Past. ID^ sing. n?^ pi. Fem. Com. Masc. 1. sing. nns'? 2. S's"? 3. 1. pi. 3. 45 ^1^)^ i Participle Passive. i:JJ}^ 1. sing. I ^'H r un:t< T '. : 1 ! - in T ; : 1 T - T I an 3- Infinitive. '^l^b abs. P ' ~wbb n5^5' -q'?3 is'? con. No Imperative. PARADIGM ^^ v.^n- Past. Fem. Com. Masc. 'Jn-o'pn 1. sing. riisS? oiQ^n 2- rr\^Dbr\ h^Dbri 3. T ' ', ' i:-!D'?n 1. pi. ir)"DS"' cri-D'pn 2. n^p^-i "3. Participle Active. rnc'pD nl"T'c':'D T r ""pJX 1. sin; Tp'pn I nnx 2. [ fr?in 3. f ijnjx 1- pi- bn 3. 46 FUTUEB. Fem. Com. Masc. td"?*? 1. sing. 'TP^n Tp^n 2- Tp^n "I'p'?: ^ * 1'O^J 1. pi. nJio'^n iTp^pn 2. nj-o'^n ^f^tDbi 3. T : ' - : Futurp: Apocap. (Jussive). ^em. Com. Masc. ro~!P'?n njip'pn 1. sing. ip^pn 2. 1. pi. np^n 2. i^p'?np , T'p^n^ . Infinitivb. Tp'pn?, T p'?n?. "Ip^n abs. , -llp'pri con. Fem. Impekativk. Masc. n"'c'?- 2. pi. 47 PARADIGM ^y^H- - : T Past. Fein. Com. Masc. nDbn Participle Passive. Pkesent, r '?J^ f '?:n; 1- sing. mobp^ r!^*? ^''^ [ {<%-! [^ t< 'ijn:>? 1- pi- np-^ dnx 2. nnp^OP \ -< jn>^ D-io':' . FUTUBB. [_ on 3. Fem. Com. Masc. '^wbT)^ 1. sing. ^np^nn -ip^nn 2. npbnn ip2n: 3. * "i^bn; 1. pi. n^i-ipVnn npbnn 2. n^i2nn np^n: 3. 49 Infinitive. ns^nni?. nis^rin'?, "la'^nn?. "isbnn? Imperative. Fern. Masc. ^^rrhnn nrD^nn 2. sing. nji^20n nr?2nn 2. pi. Only the Preterit of 7p have I put according to the general Hebrew Tables. 3d pers. masc. sing, first. In the rest of Paradigms the order of the persons and tenses is accord- ing to the modern languages. The following Table is a Paradigm of Kal "Pp with Pro- nominal Suffixes, which serves also for the entire verb, as they are affixed in a similar manner to the remaining Conjuga- tions whose meaning admits of their reception, with the excep- tion of Piel 7UB which slightly deviates. VERB ^0 WITH AFFIXES. Preterite of *ID/ "he taught." IJHD^ 1- Pl- suffix. "i^HD^ 1- c. sing, suffix. 2. m. D;?iQ^. 2. m. rpDb p-;D^ 2. f rjnh^ 2. f DnD^ 3. m. ^^9^1 TT : 3. m. T 1 T T : 50 ma'? " slie taught." T : T IJOnob l-c.pl. suffix. "'^rno'? l. csing.suffix. jOfV'? 3. f. TjoirJ'p 2. irno'?) nn-io'^ ) m. 2. f. n'HD^ " thou didst teach." Ijm.O'? 1- " P'- ^"''- ''Jrn.15'? 1 c. sing, suffix. T :- : J T :-,: -* nj;51D'? 3. f. 3. f. riniD^ " thou (f.) didst teach." ij"'rnD'? 1- " p'- ^^^^- "'^''rn.D'? i- o- sing- suffix. D^nio^ 3. m. iiT'niD'? ^- " pnio? 3. f. n^'nn.c? 3. f. 'n'lO^ " I taught." Q2"'p-ip'p 2. m. pi. suffix. ?]''ri*lD7 2. m. sing, suffix. p^niD? 2. f. "T]''niD^ 2. f. D^nip) 3. m. i,TnnD7r- " pnio'? 3. f. n^'i^i-ip? 3. f. 51 111?? " they taught." 1. c. pi. suffix. 2. m. 2. f. 3. m. 3. f. 1. c. sing, suffix. 2. m. 2. f. 3. f. nnD^ |nnD^ or nri^^D^ " je did teach." IJiniD^ T^- c. pi. suffix. '3iniD^ 1- c- sing, suffix. P^T 3. m. 3. f. fflnn'D^ 3. f. IJ^D^ " we did learn.*' DDIJID^ 2. m. pi. suffix. T]1jnD^ 2- ^- sing, suffix. mjHo^ 3. m. inijnb^ 3. m. |iJlb^ 3. f. nij^D^ 3. f. Participle act. 1D)b learning, or a learner, is suffixed like the noun. Likewise the participle passive ni^7 . Future, HID/'^ " ^^ will learn.' Ijnp'?'^ 1. c. pi. suffix. C-ilJ^-i 3. m. '^J*1^7'' 1. c. sing, suffix. Tpbb\ 2. m. rp^b\ 2. f. mnp^l 3. m. niDb"^ 3. f. 52 The 1st sing, and pi. and 2d m. sing, follow the same form, by changing {)) into ( ); but before the suflSxes )^, Qp, and Ti it is changed into short ( ). H is preceded by (.*) . I T T The 2d fem. sing, and 3d and 2d pi. m. take the suffixes without any change. The 2d and 3d pi. f. drop HJ a,nd pre- ceding ) . Infinitive IID / " to learn.** T 1JTD / ^' ^- P^- suffix. "^ID / 1- ^' s^^o- suffix. DDIP^ 2. m. Tj^p^ 2. m. pip^ 2. f. rj-ip^ 2. f. Q^bS 3. m. )^^l2b 3- ^' pp'5 3. f. nnp^ 3. f. T : T Imperative ^^7 " learn ! " !)J*|^^ 1. c. pi. suffix. ""jniO^ 1- c. sing, suffix. u^fy? 3. m. inip7 3. m. nn^ 3. f. rnn^ 3. f. I : T t: T PARADIGM bVB WITH SUFFIXES. !)j*np^ 1. c. pi. suffix. ^J^IP"? ^' ^- ^^"^* ^"^^ ;^n^^ 2. m. Tjn?3b 2. m. pH^S 2. f. . r^np^' 2. f. Q-ip^ 3. m. ^np^ 3. m. P^b 3. f. nnrbb 3. f. 53 ir a- r- * c n: ir ir Si: IT nil n: n: n: n. .-T^ t r /^ Hh rii f ' ' /) '''-\ /; HI- rii riH rii ' i '"/; /i* S r 'i, X 7>i -j^ .-r. j ,j^ ' / V .S^ ' VL/p, H it: Qi #- 1 r 1 Sir ri: ITi ITi Hi %i* ;z; ir- 55; %I %i- %. %i ri. o CI r r ri: ri- IT CO ,-r- HH P c? % Q ni % CI ni pq * Ph % a- ri: %i %' % 1 n: %' n n: n: 1 CI- .J^ jr^ .J^ .J^ fe^ s r-l- n: IT: oi 5^' ri ri: ri: J^ %H % %H ni %H %: %: % ni ri: n n n n ri.. i:^L .j^ .J^ J^ JF^ ,j^ ji^ .j^H ,J^ J 1 fS p < 1 '-t-5 2 -1^ 4-3 ^ 3 _H c S 1 1 i q3 S 1 < l-H 54 TAJ^ZFIIL-YEnB yr) IMPERFECT ( XL 1). PAKADIGM hp_ . Past. Fem. Com. Masc. ^;j 3. sing. 3. pi. ]r)m ICII >LE ACTI^ 13?^:j ,ESSIVE PrES 1. Part \.'E (Peogr 5ENT). ^PP i i r- I p m: iB. ^3^^ 1. sing. T ~ r\W^:i TIN "P ABTICIPLl Eegulj mi^ 1- pi- Dm 2- DO 3. s Passive Future. Fern. Com. Masc. 1. sing. V^^ t'^r\ 2. mr\ m; 1. pi. ny0n lE'^n 2. T : ~ ii::*-i1 3. 55 Infinitive. nmD, nmb^ r^:o, nm2 T nC^*3 con. Fem. Imperative. Masc. ''m E?3 2. sing. nj0 !|tl?3 2. pi. PARADIGM 'ipyCJ- Past. Fern. Com. Masc. n^u t^'^J 3- sing. iji^jj T * * "ncs'^J 1, \m} 3. pi. iri!?^3J Qr]m:^ 2. i:0: 1. Participle Passive. etc. i;^3jn abs. con. The conjugation of the rest of Niphal is regular. Fut. ^^^'^ . Piel and Pual like the regular verb. Past Tense Participle Future simple PARADIGM ^'ypn. \^^-ir\ etc. Future Apoc. \^X[ etc. ^"'^Q etc. Infinitive, abs. J^'-jH, con. ^'"^^n ^^^'^ etc. Imperative C^/^iin etc. Future optative HCj^'^ii^ etc. PAEADIGM bv.^ri' ^'^n Future Tense &^r \!J:^r2 Infinitive mn Past Tense Participle No Imperative. The Hitlipael is conjugated like the regular verb. Yerbs ^"Q are of three classes. 1. Where, when the first radical "^ is omitted, the second radical takes a daghesh. Of this class there are but four verbs, viz., ^^"1 to spread out, fut. j;y ; plji to pour, fut. p)j;^ ; '^i^'' to form, fut. li^''; and lastly fl^*^ to kindle, fut. fl^^ 2. Where the Verb is originally a V'^ , in which case the first letter is either dropped or changed into ) in some of the paradigms. 3. Were the Yerb is originally *^"Q, in which case the first letter ^ is retained throughout all tenses and paradigms. zi:ir.- -VERB IMPEKFECT ^ "2 (Originally V'^). PAEADIGM bp_. Past. 1 Fem. Com. Masc. n?^; ^?K * * ~ T 2]^^ 3. sing 1. 131^1 3. pi. l^r^': 1J5S'"; 1. 67 Pakticiple Active (Pkogkessive Pees ). I ^r\ 3. nnnj 1- pi- I on 3- Pakticipi-e Passive ^ICi'^ " seated," T is conjugated like tlie Participle Active. Fem. T : - T : - Future. Com. optat. n2^j Masc. 1. sinsf". ll. pi. opt. |13-^;; j 3. Infinitive. 2*ti'"' abs. n^t^'P' nnE'b. n5i?;3, n:ic:'2. nTi:?^ con. Fem. Imperative. Masc. '?^' 2ti^' 2. SlDg. nj^E'" ^1\^ 2. pi. 58 PARADIGM hv^i ^ERB vg (GRIG. V'S) Past Tense 2Z^)^ y TDt^'lj etc. - T : Par. Pass. 2^)1 ^'- D^^)^ etc. Future Tense '^'^^^ etc. Infinitive abs. and con. 2{7'^n Imperative, as Infinitive. PARADIGMS bys, b^jj? AND ^j;Dnn are conjugated like the regular Verb. PARADIGM b^Dn PastT. "^^p^n, ro^p)r\et(5. Part. Act. y^p)r2 i'- D^piD Future Tense y^^'V etc. Future Apocap. 2^1*^ etc. Infill, abs. :}''5^'^n con. y^p)r] Imperat. "21^)^] ^ ^2^\!J)r\ etc. PARADIGM bv.^n Past Tense Z^^'lH. n::C:^*in etc. - T : Part. Pas. 2ti:riD f- HS^^^'lD etc. Fut. Tense ^pV ^ 2p)r\ etc. Infin. abs. and con. ^^'IH etc. No Imperative. TABLE F. VERB PROPER r'^, pj'' " to suck." Past. Fem. Jom. JYiasc. pj^ 3. sing npr 2. t):-t 'P|?r 1. W^ 3. pi. Dnpr 2. "^m 1, 69 Participle Active. Present. Fem. Masc. ' '?J? ' i::ji< 1. sing. pji^^ nn8 2. 'IJD^v^ 1- pi. D'pi'-> Dn3. Participle Passive T)\^ , f. HDIJ'^ 1 T It : is conjugated like Participle Passive. PJ'D FuTtTBB. Fern. Com. Masc. p.^^^ 1. sing. W^ prn 2. prn ^JIT 3. pj;4 1. pi. njprn =ip:^n 2. mprn V;^. ^ Infinitive Mood. plJI abs. prb , pr3 , pr? , 1 pj^ con. Fem. 'pr Imperative Mood. Masc. 1^0 PAEADIGM b^U^n PastTense p^^rn, HD'^rn etc. Part. Act. p^rpf.np;;^ etc. Simple Fut. p^y^ , p'^^n etc. Future A poc. pj'''^, pJ^'Oetc. Imp. Mood prPh ^p^yn etc. Infinitive Mood p^^H etc. TABLE FZ VERB yy, Q^p "to stand." \ bv^^ Past. hvi3 p n??p ripp ^npp iDp Dripp ' nop Dip: HDlpJ nicipi nripj Titoipj iclpj DnlDipj ' nicipi i:lDipj Dpip nppip J?ppip nppip 'nppip ibpip Dnppip jnppip ijppip Dpip > 00 XT' en 3. m. sing. 3. f. 2. ra. 2. f. 1. c. 3. c. pi. 2. m. 2. f. 1. c. con. abs. Dip > Dip Dipn Dpip DDip Infinitive. Dip pip iDlp mpp Dlpo ^plpn iDlpn n:ppn Dpip 'PPip iDpip" njppip 3 Imperat. 61 Future. Kal. Niphal. Piel. Pual. Dip; Dipl Dpip? Pipl 3. m. sing. mpn Dipn Dpipn Dpipn 3.f. Dipn Dipn Qpipn Dpipn 2.ni. ^mpn 'pipn ^ppipn -ppipn 2.f. ap^ DipJ? DPlpi< DPipsX I.e. ir^ip; icip^ icpip: icpip? S.m.pl. nrpipn ^::ipn irjipn njppipn icpipn njppipn ibpipn 3.f. 2.m. apj -jppipn -jpplpn ^ bpip; 2.f. Ic. Act. Pass. Dp. Dip m Qpipp DCipp Participle Hiphil. Hophal. HiphU. Hophal. n'pD Dpin ^niD^pn "nppjn Past T. np'pn ni^pin iD"'pn ippin nla^pq nppin r;ippin } . ,' ,' DfiPpin ) '. nlD'pLi 1 1 ijppjn N B. The Hithpael bySrin of verbs Vy are regularly formed by the syllable nH prefixed to the Paradigm Piel, 7^3, ^.^., Dpip, Dplpor-h nniy, nniynrh etc. 62 TABLE YII. VERB DOUBLE AYIN yy, 3:30 "to surround" Kal. Niphal. Piel. Pnal. 2. 3D. n2D. ni3D, ni2D. "ntaD, 12D, Dnl2D. ]. 22p n22D J?22p n22p 'f!l22p 122D Dn22D 1J12D, 1J22D 2DJ - T O 5' p o ^^ &9 22to ^1 2D1D ft) 3. ra. sing. 3.f. 2.111. 2.f. I.e. 3. c.pl. 2. m. 2.f. I.e. Infinitive. Kal. Niphal. Piel. Pual. absolute Dl^D T construct ^D 2lDn 2Dn 22to 23iD Imperative. Future. 2d;. 2D1 2D^ etc^Sto^ etc^^lDI 3. m. sing. 2Dn. 2Dn. 2Dn 2Dni 2Dn 2Dp like V < 3.f. 2.m. -?Dn. '^pn i5pn 2 & 5- 2.f. etc. 2DX. 2D^ etc. 3D>i; VS V:: I.e. 63 Participle. Kal. Niphal. - Piel. Pual. 33D 312D 39^ 2D1DP ^niDp active, passive. Hiphil. Hophal. Hithpael. 3pn no'in 35lnpn past. DOn 3pin D5inpn infinitive. 2Dn wanting D^lnpn imperat. 2p;, no: 3pr, np"! 35inp^. future. 2DP 33lnDD pai-tic. 3D1D 64: TABLE F//7. VERB ^"^, ^^^ "he found." Kal. Niphal. Piel. Pual. Persons. 1 T T T : iap: i^UD' ^?iP": ^^^\ Future. etc. etc. etc. etc' i^ao v- . Hiphil. Hophal. Hithpael. Persons. j^-'Vcn T : *. t^yerin 3. m. sing. ni^ycn etc. n.sycnn 3.f. n^ycn nNycnn 2.m. nypn ni';i i etc. rbi 3. m. sing. -n':>I n^:^ T t: S.f. n-^3 TObil 2.m. n^Sl n-'bjj 2. f. ^ Ti-'ba 'O'^JJ 1 1 1. c. [^ 1^^ 1^:^ a.cpi. 1 Dn''?ii Dn-'i'ij 2. ra. |n''?^ iO''?iJ ^ 2.f. T 1J''?^'J I.e. n':'3 n'pjj n'^j . rhi abs. ^ niVi nl^3n ni^3 nl"?^ con. S. etc. n^: etc. n^3n etc n|>>5 1 i wanting. ! Imperat. ^'n^:?: etc. n^r etc. n^^:i etc. n^pr Future. '" ^T. etc. b-S? etc. 'p:|1 Fut. apoc. rbi n-):D act ^ ^hi n^?J ' n^:?? p pass. |- 67 VEKB n"^ ' n^:i " to reveal " (Continued). Hiphil. Hophal. Hithpael, Persons. etc. n^DH T : etc. rhyn T : T etc. n^^nn 3. m. sing. 3.f. 2. m. 2.f. J 1. c. ^ 3. c. pi. 1 2. m. 2.f. I.e. rh:ir\ n'pjn absol. 3^ nib-iH nib^n niWi^n const. 5. etc. rbxi etc. rhy ^tc. rh^n^^ Future. etc. ij^V etc. ^^ni Fut. apoc. etc. nb^n wanting. etc. n>>3nn Iraperat. rh^rs n-53n^ act. ^ n^^D pass. f 68 1 .2 t. 'oc a g a s S a H s ^ ci? o o 8 2 . i> o o CO (N (M' r^' CO G^' <>i f-H U ^L lr^^ fTH IIH c^- ITH C: II: HH 1 i tf #- H r- /- . r- #- /- r- /- #" i PlH n Q^ r- r rr- IT r- a HJ i < ! w 1 bi) n *S B 2 g 3- G 2 g 1 H 2 cS ^ O 2 ^ 2 cS o o Oh CO co' ;>) j <>i r-: 1 c G c %!: #- c c c r-\- IZ" H n 1 *' 1 n 11 II \j; n r : n 11 J- rr- /- : r IT r rr- r- : r '-IH n ii bb p ^ 'S ^ 2 2 s 2 2 c5 s 8 o 2 ^ 8 CO co' (N (M" tH CO ^ '>i ^ rj- -T T T T T r-K- r-t- T II vz IT n IT II II n #-~H t~ ' r r- ' r- : r /- ~ : r- IT r r c c r r- FAL. j p 2 2 2 2 1 ^ ^ 2 1*^ i 9^"^ 9^*^ - 2 o o >> >> o #- : r- : r : i~ : #~ : r '.' r- ; r- : r : El D ^ 'i r iJ D D ?J D 1 /-I '-If- r^ a r-\\' n rjj '-I rr- i C ! r- 69 W) 0)' > 3 J a o 1 OQ a a a ri. r- +J C3 o O > o oT > > +3 2 r- : r #- : r- : f~ r- : t~ : r ' #- *- : != El El El El a El El a El ^ ,jr^. ,j^- ,r\H r^ .XNH .J^H ,J^H .J^H -J^H _r\H h r- P^ r '-I ri: II: !_: IZ: ,J^. a * u ' 1 1 70 bJO ?r; '-'^ _a Pi n n> ^ rl ill X ^C JT^: II, a 'v" S CO ^ '-' CO 5^* r-i ir. ^ a r\.. ^J'M J 03 ^ i-i* h n Pii o o n Ch IIH^ .J^...J-N ,J^i c r^ rii p 4 S El 8 ^ i^ r^ .s Of, 9^ ir. ir n- S o^ .-T^: ,-r\ .j^i IT' rj a -g; n.. a Hi -^ w a 8 l#l c3 Ch iD ^ n Hi t=q r n IT- .J^: -4^ ,j^:^: > ^--.j^i -R' r^ ' '$ ri n 1 r\h n n- ^ ^ pn 1 n: c G g n H o ^ . ,. ret. I be eo i '^ 1 r^ P^ r c ^ P. G a fclE; V- ^ fl f :: ^ l^S^ n a ^ E: E ^i Hi P" 3 5 1^1 ? OD V- >7 llh 1 1^n n 13 PS' n: n 5 8: ^ 3S.H xi C %r XI IT: a ?. P^ R'&" cu S ^in; Q .2 '^ 'H.. <1 n a ^ 1 * G E E E pi n ^^ 52 %*i ^' : c I^' n II' H' < ^ 'I ,J^: pr^J^ n n ^ Q 5 n- #-|H ^h .. h:^ r- n n O: H C C ^ -^^ %H%I C %.%! II: PPS; p' G a Eij 03 ^ P % -P P c n * = 7:1 E E-^ Ed JF CI ^^ *^ II' G -T^: H' prijrx: 4^ 1 E E 2 E E 6 < r JF *^ni %i ri: #-l ' ^ III S. P^ T. !rn n ri ^ g Ci C tn f^ * 72 .1 CD "Hh -2 C ? CO <>^ --^ CO <>i r-i " c c n "r ci G^^ G w C > J P4 ^ .j^H^-T-'^ ^^ -fy^ G < Ei] r^ 13:: O.- !" ^ ^ M 8 1?: ^ u, ^ 1 ^' 1 ( C IT i .J-VH^H J^.. 8 C^ r #nH rvi/x fy- ^ i o S Ch C fZ rxpi nii/ixL c^ II G & Ci J^ n c ^g c pq n 1 r^. #-|. T ^J^\' n- IT g l:^L/:^L Ph & c ^. -^i* Ci5 *- ^ a T K n /aL i ^ _, .J^- J-^- .J-^;- > '- c: 1 y. ^ 5 M ;S 1 II, IT D: xz Ph ;^^;^. .T^-^- ,J^. liv: rv_ 1 ^^ ^ n G & n H i*5 y '^q oi .J^:':J^'" -^v J^ S G: a ir > H ,j^- ,J^.- ,-X^;- 'jj ^ s i 1 nv: nl- p! S g ^ p. ft' Il^ n: 125 1 ( O 5zi G c; 73 th r-' c4 CO rH (M* CO ^^^ jCV fZ 9h %H%i II %i ;i, r: . _. . . j^. i:^ c ^ ^ a %H gen ip>' %i%'n: ^ ~ " c ninp^ Eh c i-i G^ CO tH G^ CO" 55h%i fl 2ir% n: r; GHg pi ,: a n 2 n ^ % p' G " > Ph II 5iH%i n %i %i fi: ;:- q ; >= c fee , --^-^ c ^ o r\... ?^ r: c ^ '^^ ^ ^ p' G ^ & ifr 9 n c -~ 0) *p5 Qi &. c Oh o ^ s C3 Ph C3 74 WD n- .s 'S. s CO a ,-; r-|.. ^.. fliHa- a P n P 9 =CH b n '^ ^ a W TZ. > < m B i ^ % 1 8 r '^ in g ^ i '^- s flH r- h ;z; ^..p 1 #-T- T* n ) 1 g C8 E 2 %i %' IT: c a O 5 tf ^ e3 o c4 > a 3 1 CO ;r r ' 2 n n a 2 .^ P P n. Pu, .2 rr- ^ 1 i.| r 1 1 1 i-t .J^ r- h <- H #- -3 CI %; ^H;:ah ^IH " 2? % % % ^ ^ ' S C^ C -H^ o3 B a :^^ ^ Q ^ n ^: M-. 5 y ^: w % % 33 HJ B 8 Pit 3 i^H > 1 < ^ - (A 2!: % - ?! 25 C N s - f-C-^ r- C ^ :/|.. M" ^ ^..^H Mh u ;i 25: ^ %H^ % P\: '^ ^h ;:=^ II C, c 25 c s^ '^ c; 75 3 a H O r-J > r-i P' C: a 1 J o 1 n: .2 c Ph (1h II 11 i r I 11' a 9 . Hi c 2. II 3 n '3 5 CO a ^1: Si G: Si ^ CO <> r-l 2S %i ;/! ^ % II H %i %' r: p' c a Ra H -r- T 3 ^' y 2 ri. '^ 25 p- c b " KI'*' tf #-i < V _ #T- Ph ^r -^-> ' CQ > > a I ^ s I, o 76 *&! 'S n n IT i CO oi iH CO C^" f^ 1 ^ 5 5 J^ a r n ir r J^ 55 X 5 H i a S 5i- # % ^ p s 5i 5^ i ? pi- '- i 1 '-I 2 8 25 Ji w '^ HH P3 1^ ^ p n n: !I > 5i: ' r c3 /- p:p g =CH a ri C '^ , r- H /- H - h W ^ H r~- r" r > n- Q- 1 fN - P4 #- *T- #- #~ #- h < a 8 ry q " t-H g3 Q r ^, CQ ^ > n 1 2 ir n n P n n cS J t^ g r^r= r= c^. Pr H *^ CH n '^ s a w r> P c4 ; 2 n n P E ^ H S u s r= r F- H r~ - < S w S tf pH o r c r 55 a a ^ S p P: HH n r S E I t 1" E 77 OQ* ^ ^ (N CO rH oi CO* CO Gsf T-H CO r py 11 S > : a 5iH , a 'p\: 5i: PI- 5i- % < 5i 5i \^''V^:2 i'^ o p 1 1 py- % 1 1 1 1 % 1 1 ^ '-I % #-~ % %' it: 1 r 5.: PI- 1 1 r r 5l: % 1 1 E < Ph IZ, % - C 11 5i h nl>?'yic Prete Partic 1 1 %h 'Hi '^1 r r r r- r ;^' r r- > 1 r T > i r*^ r a ^ r IZ r r n a; a IT X < r a iu c < rJ P r r < r 'H f f- ryr '^h '"^ fZ #~ .. 1 1 - r f _^ 1- 0- # r tr ,H #T- r^ ir ~ ir E +^ -4^ ^ G ^ G a a k> ;3 c T P P P- P o 1 1 n #^ G a 73 1 CO rH 1 1 P '-I P* < J3 1 ' 1 1 ^ 1 1 I fcu -^ * G 1 1 r 1 1 G G 1 1 r 1 1 5 cH a * n 2 2 *- 3 r n 1 1 # r r P- r ^ ^ G P G < :5 G 25 t G II G o *^ O H < 78 bO a '53 &. m n- CO c4 ^ CO (N rH -i .^ '-IH r-lh #n.. '-ih 55: OQ 03 .D^ .^H .^H .^ C a ^ %; % % H c^ C;: U - 2 'HH '-ih a '-Ih > n W a Dh D" .^^ %: % o o s r % 55 '-I a o o C & X tf s 5J *- H Q^ 25: '^~" T < a, fe s 8 25 :s q' c G G G .& t5? .^H .^ .^: .^: % sh 25 % 25 25 0~ n #~ 4-3 13 CO / ^ OQ ' ^ o o Cu s *j~ o i^;. .D IT .^: 5i '^. 2 fC C 'HI s 'HI 4^ 25 25 .^H J .^: o 3 r- .^ % O 'o > 25 25 a; 25 25 "rt O ? u 'E. '3 % > 1 2 *i c S S "^ 4^ c s !3 *-' S ^ c ' 1 n Hi s 1 ( -4^ 1 80 " t>i) n c *S 'E. % CO cq 1 ( CO c^ ^ n n I' nn n^ riH n n 1 %i % % % S 1 c^^ C '^ 1 Ji Ef a K n > 1 ; s riH riH riH r* n H 1 < 1^ o % Si * <1 K da i 1 JI C n n HH n n 1 ; S ( T3 rt ag IT: IT: Ci iiH hhhh p^ c n- n: n: n: n: n- % C^ PQ 1 i i E s i n r 11: n: % II: " I=: ^' R n' > n II ^^ n % n IIH n n a n 5i l-H n^^iiH n n f^ s ai IT IT n fi c3 P n^ r^ n: ri: % % % 55^.. i i 1 ; < 1 !::; ri: II ^ n n u > H n II II rl: % 1 i 1 C o 2 rin >5 Q= s ,- IT 1 rj ri: Ti: ^ 1 k ^ : 1 81 fcl) iH (M CO rH (M CO *a2 ^ %i%' IT %< %- o CO (N tH CO n n d o % n n n- g % 1 1 2 % <^ a c^^ ch 2h C G 1 1 ri: 1 1 S SCH %| r- rr^ CO i( n r % n n r r 3 r]. ^^ r 22 0) 1> "^U S ^ E^- II n n- n- c 1- -Tn 1 1 II G lLj j;- G riH 2 % r? Gi 5^ p. ,- ^ ^ / n G G 55 % % 'H 1 \y % G G n: p %^^%| II r\ ^ % % Q %' IZ- GO a a" fin % #- a %'EL G II G II % G 82 CO G CO II n: IIH JI^- IIH r iI^' II l-H -^H rrsH rrj.. *^.. AH t^.. A.. rrs.. ,l^h ,J^I .J^- .J^- .-T^ .J^' .J^ ,J^: '-I IT- '-I ^ r rr- nH AH T^.. AH A.. A.. ,r.-. ,1^1 ^^' ,J^ .J^. ,J^ n: a a r a 9 n. a ri:. a ^h *nH T\.. rAH .n-. r^.. .-n-- _r^i ^^ ,J^ ,j^- .-T^ (M* /> n: c r O: n> ri: ^^ .r rrsH HiH ri.. .^.. ri.. AH A.. A" rrj.. A.. _r^.H .j-^H J^- .1^ .r^- ^^ J^- .-f^- ,J^ ,J^: a a a r- a ir- C^ O CO a a a a a nn *rsH n.. .rs.. rr^.. AH ni.. rj.. A.. .r;.. ,r-H .j^H jr^. ,r- .J^- ,J^ ^^ ,J^' J^ ,J^: C' ~ 0~ r- r # - ^ .1 4H & C c ' c r-\ l^^ CO # r~ m- ^ #> ^ r- 83 PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. ^ 3 . 02 d s 02 . 03 . s -: 2 r: 2 rj fe "v? 55 -ii -H-a u--^ '^ s 7.^ O- d ^^ r ' ^ ^ ^ ri;.. tr\.. tr\.. r^^.. -S-- .J^: rrs rn; JF^H ^-Tm -j^ -J^ .J^ ,J^ ,s^ r *- ^ ' 1 # r^ ^ ^ .r;.. ^.. n.. ^ rr^ .-F^H .J^:. .J^ _r\ JT^ r^ 1 - a- - '^ ^ ^ ^ rs.. ir\.. .r^.. J^: J^H ,j^i .-f^ ,J^ .-r- -r^ r^ r^ 1 r^ h: 1 r- ^ '^ '^ *^ ^. . rs-. .^.. ^.. ,J^ .J^H u^h .jT^ j^ .J^ .j^ n * r- *~ C r- H r ,^^-A~^-^ rr\ '-K rvi -r\.. rrs-. r7\.. c IT ": r^ rrs rr-K t rr^.. r5.. tr\.. .J^: 'n r ^ r- r r : #T- rr- * 1 r-\ 'H O r C: 'H r rr;.. ^/'. n:- a a f l:- a r r n: r: 0- ' r a U a n n a n:- a '-1.. * rrs ^ rn- m,.' .J^: j^.. .j^i ,J^: ,J^ ,J^ .j^ ,S^ ^N. n> n> O: ^'^-^^^ ~%. *^ -r;.. rr;.. fr\.. ,_, _r-: ^ rrs ,-r^h- .S^- .-P- ^fX J^ ^j^ a ,-r-bJ^H C^^ a C: ^^ r~H "i::.: a n IJ U a a IT: a r::- a 'n ^ T ^ r~~ T- rrr.. rr;.. jr^: J^H ,J^H .J^: .-T- .J^ .J^ .J^ J% CH r t- 11: rj- r : El: 1 84 / a 4-; a +-: 'O CO co' (N (N - ' 6 .^ .^H .^1 ^ o O Q a a C Gi G 11 IT i '^^ .^H .El. g a D' a a n^ c G P5 < <>< 1 ^ 1 1 1 ^-'^ .&H i .hi p O rjH 1 rj y^ " r^ c G in . (N r^ &- .Dh .^H .Dh ..^. .D. .D' El Ell r D^ rj' n- rj a IJ rj.. i\' s * n G c; G G^^ c G. G rT~ II /- #" CO I- II ^ .^H .fc^H .^. .,^- .Ell cS ^J^- Hi Q Q Q ^ II Gh Gh G G CO IT IT r c .^- .^H D- D- o Qh Q' Q a O r\ C & G -- *"! '-I .^ -^^^ .^H .^1 Q' n- G Hi < ^ a n:- u 1 fi; G pi^ J> .D- E ^' .^ .^ .E 3- -t a a Q 1 5 1 a 5 r- r- a i: 3: f 3 E) an a Qi: r LQi: ^ iJi: II- C* Di Di D Di ^ Di Di Di a. O^O 'r{ n n n rihri: n jJ; 5 p a a 5 ci a a riH m n n c CO a a a b ^ Di D D Di Di Di Di D Dh O f... n n n rii ri: n Jrj. s Qh rii rj n s ^ eHi::^ c 4i 5^ ^ ^^-^ CO ^^ '^ INDEX PAGE Letters 5 Vowels 9 ShVa 10 Daghesh 11 Accents 11 Article 12 Noun 13 Construct State 15 Adjective 16 Pronoun 17 Personal 18 Demonstrative 18 Interrogative 18 Noun, with Suffixes 19 Numeration, Cardinal 20 Ordinal 22 Verb, Regular 22 Irregular 25 Passive Pronouns of Verbs 26 Adverbs 27 Interjections 28 Syntax ^Nouns 29 Construct State 30 Peculiar use of the Noun 32 Relation of Adjective, Adverb, and Verb to the Noun : . . . . 32 Pronouns 34 Relation of the Verb 36 Vav Conjunctive 38 Table I. Regular Verb no^ 40-49 Verb, with Suffixes 49-52 Table II. Verb N''D, ^3K 53 Table III. Verb J"Q, :Ji 54-56 Table IV. Verb ''D (originally V'S) 56-58 Table V. Verb >"Q proper py 58-60 Table VI. Verb V'V, Dip 60, 61 88 PAGE Table VII. Verb V"y, 320 62, 63 Table VIII. Verb ^<"fJ, KV^ 64, 65 Table IX. Verb n"^, nh: .66, 67 Table X. ^Substantive Verb " to be " and Verb "to have " 68, 69 Table XL Irregular Verb -j'jn 70, 71 Table XII. Irregular Verb Hp^ 72, 73 Table XIII. Double anomalous Verbs 3"Q and n''^ ; ^"D and K''^) 74, 75 Table XIV. Double anomalous Verbs >'Q and T]"^ 76, 77 Table XV. Double anomalous Verbs J "'Q and K"!? 78, 79 Table XVI. Verb Vy and H"^ 80, 81 Table XVII. Verb n"^ with Suffixes 82, 83 Table XVIII. Verb )'y with Suffixes 84, 85 Table XIX. Verb y"y with Suffixes 86 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. * -^ 22 m OCT 22 1940M. LD 21-95to-7,'37 N