COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS THE BULGARIAN LANGUAGE '. R M.ORFILL c i_n_fv-ji_n-_ n_n REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OP THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUEOPEAN LANGUAGES XXIII. BULGARIAN . BY W. K. MOKF1LL, M.A. TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, I. HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN AND ARABIC. BY THE LATE E. H. PALMER, M.A. Second Edition. Price 5s. II. HUNGARIAN. BY I. SINGER. Price 4s. 6d. III. BASaUE. BY W. VAN EYS. Price 3s. 6d. IV. MALAGASY. BY G. W. PARKER. Price 5s. V. MODERN GREEK. BY E. M. GELDART,M.A. Price 2s. 6d* VI. ROUMANIAN. BY E. TOKCEANU. Price 5s. VII. TIBETAN. BY H. A. JASCHKE. Price 5s. VIII. DANISH. BY E. C. OTTE. Price 2s. 6d. IX. OTTOMAN TURKISH. BY J. W. REDHOUSE. Price 10s.6fc n o o Q o do- o, short, as in not n n n n n n j&n/ P p p C c P p C c p p G c 5 ^ r s, always sharp T T T m T T *s/(jl72s t y y y y OYoy /IS Eng. O0y French ou $ * $ $ qh f X x X x x x ch, as in church m in niw III in %6al sh mm m*n IJI iji ^^ sht, as s in German Stein rr b b U t T> * L b $ n t z b b B t 6 & ~\ Like u in but ; at the end of a C word mute, but slightly affect 3 the preceding consonant * Like e or ye 2 K)ro K)io 1-0 10 30 -to yu, or you a a X H A A jfcjb ya X. 2R A c& Like u in 6w ** Ifii* U iu 1 We shall shortly see that these two letters are often confused in the spelling of words. 2 When in an accented syllable often pronounced like a . PHONOLOGY. 3 SL . This letter has the sound of t in inlaut like u in but. It is continued in use where it originally occurred in Old Slavonic, and had a nasal pronunciation. Nasals are, however, now only found in some of the Bulgarian dialects. See papers by Prof. DRINOV, in ArcJiiv fur Slavische Philologie 3 II. 399 ; also Hepuoduuecno Cnucdnue, 1 KH., Braila, 1876. MIKLOSICH doubted this 'rhinesmus, but DRINOV declares that he conversed with some Bul- garians at Constantinople who unmistakably made use of nasals in their pronunciation. We sometimes find this letter written A (see Bulgarian New Testament, Smyrna, 1850). is. This letter seems to be now going out of use, and is sometimes supplanted by a, as (mis., ' I strike/ frequently now written 6na. It is pronounced iu, the last vowel very short. The orthography of the Bulgarian language is at the present time in a somewhat confused state; but now that the nation has awaked to self-consciousness, and seems to have a great future in store, these matters are in a fair way of being settled. In this book the orthography as used at Sofia, especially in the Government publication CfiopnmG, has been followed as much as possible. We find i often confused with e; thus we get both BptMe and BpeMe, 'time.' The same mistake is of frequent occurrence in Russian, and the prae-iotization of this vowel is one of the characteristics of the Bosnian dialect of Serbian. THE CONSONANTS. I. p, j, H. i occasionally drops off, as eMeiUL for B 2 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. O. S. JeMefflB (cf. flSbiKT, in Kussian, which in some of the dialects is .lensHirb). JL and p are frequently con- fused ; e. g. H3iji>paBaMT for HStji.iaBaM'L, ' to heal / root Ufa-, ' whole.' P must be pronounced stronger than in English. II. T, fl. The ordinary Slavonic r has become in some cases fl, as fl'B.iSoK'L, Russian r^ySoKin, 'deep 1 (cf. Slovenish Icmica, for tmiccb, ' darkness / this, however, is not recognised by PLETERSNIK as the ordinary form). Sometimes T and n disappear before H. The softening of the dentals (as in O. S.) is effected by changing T into mi and & into JK# ; thus, 6am-ia, ' father/ from bat-ya. III. n, 6, B, M. n and B frequently fall out before other consonants, as in Eussian. Thus SB becomes 6, as oSjaKi, 'a cloud/ Cf. also ciopix, 'to make/ for CTBOpis.. Sometimes, as in other Slavonic languages, B is inserted at the beginning of a word when it originally began with a vowel, as Bx.JKe, < a rope/ IV. K, r, x. r before t takes the sound of K. V. rt, 3, c. 3 becomes c in composition before n, T, x, H. VI. H, JK, in, m. The pronunciation of these letters has already been given. The letter $ is only used properly in words of foreign origin. Bulgarian resembles 0. S. in the mutation of the con- sonants in the plurals of nouns ; thus r is changed into 3, K into u, and x into c. PHONOLOGY. DIALECTS. It would be out of place in a small work like the present to enter upon the discussion of dialectic forms, which would only confuse the student. The dialects of Bulgarian are three, the eastern, western, and southern. As I have said before, an attempt is here made to employ as much as possible the dialect in vogue at Sofia. Owing to the language having been so little cultivated before the war of independence, many writers have introduced Russisms into the language abundantly. In the Beading Lessons at the end I shall occasionally call attention to these. ACCENTUATION. As regards the accentuation, it is unfortunately the case that it differs in the different dialects. Each word will be carefully accented in the present work, and where any rules can be introduced on the subject they will be given in loco. It seemed better to do this than to attempt a general scheme of the accentuation in Bul- garian, which in the present condition of the language would be impossible. PART II. ACCIDENCE. PARTS OF SPEECH may be divided into two classes : (1) Inflected, viz. noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb. (2) Uninflected, viz. adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. I. INFLECTED. THE ARTICLE. The ARTICLE ought more properly to come under the head of PRONOUNS, but we shall follow the old order, and take it here on account of its being compounded as it were with the NOUN. It is derived from the demon- strative pronoun, and is found combined with nouns, adjectives and numerals, being placed at the end. In this respect Bulgarian resembles the Albanian and Rou- manian languages. It has been thought that its position is owing to the influence of some of the barbarous lan- guages which once occupied the ground that Bulgarian now covers the Dacian, for instance. Analogies, how- ever, can be shown in other Slavonic languages, where we have the demonstrative pronoun in the neuter put THE AETICLE. 7 after words, as if to call attention. Thus, cf. the Russian KaKafl-io AfliMHiaHKa flcua naMi., ' a certain Englishwoman gave us/ So also in Polish, Ktora-to jedyna okolicznosc bjlaby dostateczna, do utwierdzenia, * which circumstance alone would be sufficient to confirm.' DECLENSION OF THE ARTICLE. Singular. MASC. | FEM. I NEUT. Nom. TX Ta TO Plural. Nom. T-t | T-t Ta Sometimes in masc. nouns the T falls out, then instead of -L an a is written ; e. g. BT>.iKa, ' the wolf/ So also in adjectives ciapflti-rb becomes ciapaa. The numeral #Ba takes after it the article ia, as #Ba-ia, ' the two ;' but #Bi> and all the rest of the numerals take as an article rfe or TiiXT. ; as ^B-fc-rfc, xpn-T^, naib-T'fex'L, ^ecaTL-T'tx'L, &c. After neuter substantives in the plural the article ia is used, as Jima-ia; but after neuter adjectives in the plural we must employ TH, as YMHH-TH A masculine noun takes a feminine article if the ter- mination is feminine ; as 6ama-ia, ' the father/ ciyra-ia, e the servant/ There is^no indefinite article in Bulgarian; the place of it is sometimes supplied by e^HHT), 'one/ or ninon, ' some ;' as, e#Ha K2tma, ' a house/ BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. THE NOUN. The Bulgarian language has three genders, the mas- culine, feminine, and neuter. To the masculine belong the names of animate beings of the male sex ; as, HeJOfiiKX, ' a man/ BOHBo^a, ' a general/ MapKO, 'Mark/ all nouns which end in T> and H, and some which end in t, a, o and e. To the feminine belong the names of animate beings of the female sex, as Hcena, ' a wife / and most others which end in a and B, as BO.IH, ' the will/ KOCTL, ' a bone. 1 To the neuter belong substantives ending in o and e, as Haflo, 'a child/ jnije, ' the face/ Bp^Me, 'time.' The noun has two numbers, singular and plural. 1 Of the original Slavonic cases only three have been preserved, the nominative, accusative, and vocative. The genitive and dative are expressed by the preposition Ha. Sometimes also ort may be used, like our of; as, VIOMIJH on. ncTOpnaia, ( fragments of the history/ In some of the dialects traces of an inflexional genitive can be found, and it is preserved a great deal in proper names and in the pronouns. The declension of nouns being in such a mutilated state, it is hardly possible to construct it upon the general Slavonic basis. The following fragments, however, will help the reader to understand it. 1 0. S. had a dual, and of this traces are found in Bulgarian, as H03fe, ' the two feet ;' p2K.ii/b, ' the two hands ;' KOJi-fcHL, * the two knees.' THE NOUN. 1ST DECLENSION. T> (a) -STEMS. 1. nptcTOjrt, f a throne. ' Sing. G. H D. F A. nptcTO^t (-a) V. nptcToae (-y) Plur. na np-fcCTOJlH Nouns like paian, 'a servant/ are the same both in the singular and plural. Nouns ending in -HHT> in the sing, lose that termina- tion in the plural ; thus, (MaBflHHH'L, pi. c.iaBHHH, as if from CJaBflHi.. In new words introduced into the language we see this form by analogy, as JKan^apMHHT,, 'a police agent/ Fpaffi^aHHH'L makes rpaJKflane. As in Eussian, some of the nouns of this declension make their plural in a, as .inert, 'a leaf/ JHCTa, ' leaves.' EparL, ' a brother/ makes the irregular plural 6paia ; this, however, was originally a collective form, and is explained in the same way as the form loca as a plural of locus, in Latin. 2. C-roflHt, 'Stoyan' (proper name). N. G. na D. na CxoaHa (and A. Cxoana V. 10 BULGARIAN GEAMMAE. It will be seen by this how many of the case-endings the proper names have kept. They have no plural form, and if we wish to speak of them collectively the suffix -OBEIH must be added, as Mn.ia'pHe, ' a pot/ nipneia ; nope, ' the sea/ Mopeia (vide supra) ; MOMie, 'a youth/ MOMHexa ; MOMHHe, ' a girl/ MOMH4eia ; Kyie, ( a dog/ Kyqeia ; ' a colt/ KOHneia. So also nnjeia, f chickens/ ' orphans / and we even get the expression young Jews ' (cf . Eussian 6apHaia, ' young boys of good family ') . (5) p-STEMS. These are not represented in the Bulgarian language, as ManKa, ' a mother/ and ^Liqepfl, ' a daughter/ follow the ordinary feminine declension in -a. It will be observed that some nouns are used only in the singular and others in the plural. Belonging to the last category are Bpaia, ' the door ' (lit. what turn on their hinges '), KOia, ' the carriage ' (lit. f the wheels '), ycia, ' the mouth/ and xopa, ' men^ (people). B, ' a day/ has for its plural #HH, and #efla. THE ADJECTIVE. 15 THE ADJECTIVE. The ADJECTIVE in all Slavonic languages has a definite and an indefinite form. The definite form is that which has the article at the end -m (Bulgarian -HH) ; but it will be seen that the consciousness of this is so much lost that the article is notwithstanding suffixed. In Bul- garian the definite form of the adjective is now confined to the masculine singular ; e. g. #o6pHH, ' good/ CHHHH, < blue/ There are no definite forms of feminine and neuter adjectives. The definite forms also in Serbian, Polish, and Chekh are comparatively rare, and in Russian we frequently find the definite form used as a simple pre- dicate, so that the meaning of it is gradually becoming obscured. The indefinite form of the masculine ends in t and L, as ^o6T>pT>, CHHB ; in the feminine a and a, #66pa, CHHH ; and in the neuter o and e, as flo6po, CHHC. In Bulgarian, as in Russian, there are some adjectives which cannot be apocopated, or in other words used in an indefinite form, in the masculine ; thus for OBHHH, ( belonging to sheep/ KOSHH, * belonging to goats/ COICKHH, ' belonging to the village/ we cannot say OBHL, K03b, Or CCJCKT). IST DECLENSION. Adjectives with definite endings in -HH ; indefinite endings in T,, a and o. 16 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. CTapHH, ' old.' Sing. MASC. FEM. NBUT. N. CTapHH, def. CTapt, indef. G. na CTapHH CTapa na CTapa cTapo na CTapo na cxapt D. na cxapHH na CTapa na CTapo na cTapt A. CTapHH CTapa CTapo CTapt V. CTapHH CTapa CTapo Plur. N. CTapn CTapn CTapn Gr. na CTapn Ha cTapn na CTapn D. Ha cTapn na cTapH Ha CTapn A. CTapn CTapn CTapn V, cTapn CTapn CTapn 2ND DECLENSION. Adjectives ending in the masculine definite in -na and apocopated for masc. b ; for fern, a, and neuter e. As this declension is exactly on the same lines as the previous one, there is no need of giving it throughout. The plural for all genders is H. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. The comparative degree is expressed in Bulgarian by prefixing the preposition no to the adjective ; as, II Bant e n6-^o6 r bpi> on Cioana, 'Ivan is better than Stoyan.' The same use of OTL is seen in Serbian and Chekh. THE NUMERALS. 17 The superlative is formed by prefixing nan- to the adjective ; as, neJOB'BK'L, ' the wisest man/ When we merely wish to express pre-eminence without any idea of comparison, the prefixes npn- and Bee- may be used ; as, npiJiHCTB, ' very pure ;' BcecHJCHt, ' all powerful/ The suffixes -anmHH and -Mmnn may also be added (cf. Russian) ; as, CBflTMniHfi CHHOA'B, 'the most holy Synod/ A diminutive termination may also be added to adjec- tives, as in all other Slavonic languages. This is effected by adding the suffixes -HHtKi., -HHKa, -HHKO. Thus from cyx-L, ' dry/ we get cyxHTBia, cyxHHKa, cyxniKO, ' somewhat dry/ THE NUMEKALS. 1 e^HHi,, e^na, e^no. 2 A Ba (masc.), A* (fern. and neuter). 5 nexb. 6 uiecTb. 8 OCCMb. 9 10 11 12 13 14 HexepHaneexb. 15 nexHancexb. 16 HjecxHancexb. 17 ce^eMHaHceTb 18 oceMHanceTb. 19 20 21 ^.BaHCCTb H 22 ABaHcexb H 30 TpHHCCTb. 40 MexepHceTb. 50 nex^ecexb. 00 inencexb. 70 80 90 (AB*) 1 It is curious in this form to see the survival of the nasal. C 18 BULGARIAN GRAMMAS. 100 CTO. 200 300 400 HCTCpH CTOTHHTb. 500 neTb CTOTHHT.. 1000 xHJia^a (rarely TH- cama). 10,000 AeeeTt ^^^ ( TH . CHIIJ,H). 1,000,000 MHJIHOHT,. Some of these numbers are found in various forms ; e. g., ^Ba^eceiB for ^Baii^eTL, and sometimes even usance ($0) ; Hei^pHceib (40) becomes sometimes Heinpacf). But many of these are merely dialect forms. DOZON, in one of the ballads in his collection, has HeiapHCH (p. 16). . is declined as an adjective. a, and many other numerals, take in the masculine the suffix -Ma; e. g. ^BaMa, ^CBCTHMa. Masculine nouns used with a cardinal take the termina- tion -a ; as, #Ba .ieBa, * two lions ' (or Bulgarian francs), ipn HCJOBtKa, ( three men/ ne*Ti conoja, l five falcons/ This is really the remains of an O. S. dual form, which has been transferred to other nouns by analogy. Cf . the Russian #Ba nyiefflecTBeHHHKa, ' two travellers.' The feminine and neuter nouns are put in the ordinary plural ; as, neTt-rt He.iOBtniKH H^BCTBa, ' the five human After some of the numerals we get a genitive plural, or remains of one, as in Russian ; as, mecTHaHcen> flyfflb -Roa^H, ' sixteen young persons/ It will be observed that the Bulgarians have borrowed XHJiHtfa from the Greek. The form incama is, however, employed by some purists. This, according to MIKLOSICH, THE NUMERALS. 19 is a numeral explained by Slavonic, and by its etymology expresses * the great swelling number. 1 It is cognate with the Teutonic forms. ORDINALS. 1st. nt'pBHH (also n^pBT,). 30th. TpHHCGTHH. 2nd. BTOpHH. 1 ( Bogorov 40th. HeTepHHCCTHH. also gives BTopt.) BJ/-\lV f oUth. ncTAeceTHH. 3rd. TpeTHH. 60th. uieHceTHH. 4th. neTBt'pTHH and MCT- 70th. ceACMAeceTHH. BepTi,. 80th. oceMAeceTHH. 5th. neTHH. 90th. AeseHAeceTHH. 6th. mecTHH. 100th. CTOTHH, Or CTOTHHH. 7th. C6AMHH. 101st. CTO H nt'pBHH. 8th. 6CMHH. 200th. A Ba cTOTHHH (or Ay- 9th AeBGTHH. CTOTHHH). 10th. A6CCTHH. 202nd. ABtcTt H BTOPHH. llth. eAHHaHCCTHH. 300th. TpHCTOTHHH. J_^til. ABHHH.H CCTHH , 400th. HeTCpHCTOTHHH. 13th. TpHHanceTHH. 500th. neTbCTOTHHH. 14th. HeTepHanceTHH. 600th. UieCTbCTOTHHH. 15th. neTHaHceTHH. 700th. CeACMbCTOTHHH. 16th. JuecTHaHceTHH. 800th. OCCMbCTOTHHH. 17th. ceAGMHaHccTHH. 900th. AGBeTbCTOTHHH. 18th. oceMHanceTHH. 1000th. XHJlflAHHH. 19th. A^BeTHaHceTHH. 2000th. ABa XHJIHAHHH. 20th. ABanceTHH. 21st. ABaHceTb H nilpsHH. 10,000th. AeceTb xnjiflAHHH. 22nd. ABanceTb H BTOPHH. 100,000th. CTO XHJIHAHHH. 1 Same root as German ander, our * other. c2 20 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. Distributive numerals are expressed by putting no before the numeral ; as, no Fractions are thus expressed: IIojOBHHa, a half : moMt y^apn nojOBnna ' As soon as half-past seven had struck.' TpeiAna, a third ; neiHna, a fifth, &c. As previously stated, the cardinal e^Ani is treated as an adjective. Sometimes we have survivals of the old cases in the gen. e^noro and the dative e^HOMy. It is only by studying Bulgarian in relation to the grammar of 0. S. that we can understand these curious survivals. When e^Am* means ' the only/ &c v it can take the article ; as, e^nnt-TL Bpan>, ' the single enemy/ It can also have a plural : cf . Latin unse literse. Dates are expressed in Bulgarian in the following way : Ha flBaHceib H n^pBHn ABrycn. xi/ua^a H oceMcioTHHt H AeBeT^eceib 1 H mecia-Ta roAnna, ' On the 21st of August, 1896.' It will be observed that the last number is an ordinal, and agrees with the noun. Or THE PRONOUNS. 21 THE PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. IST. ast, 'I. 1 Singular. N. aai G. M^Hfl N. HHC G. Plural. D. MCH-b, MH 1 A. M6HC, M6 D. Ha&TB, HH A. II act, HH 2ND. TH, 'thou.' Singular. D. T^6t, Te6b, TH A. Te6e, TH Plural N. BHC D. BaMt, BH G. sact A. Bac'L, BH N. TH G. The enclitic forms of the personal pronouns are found in 0. S. and some of the modern Slavonic languages (e.g. Polish), but are wanting in Russian, except in the case of the reflexive. 1 In some dialects, instead of the dative, the accusative is used, with na. 22 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. THIRD PEKSON. Singular. N. ion, 1 OHt, ' he ;' TH, ona, *' she;' TO, OHO, * it.' G* HR nero (m.) ; na-nea (/.) ; na nero (n.). D. HCMy, -My (w*.); -H, HGH (/!); neMy, -My (/i.). A. Hero, -ro (m.) ; -a, nea (/.) ; nero, -ro (n.). It will be observed that the pronouns in Bulgarian have kept the Old Slavonic cases, as in the English pronouns old inflexions are preserved. The H before the genitive, dative and accusative is still seen in Kussian after a preposition ; it is like vv tyehtcvo-Tiicbv in Greek. For the accusative feminine we also get the spellings neia. and is.. My, the masc. dative, is often used for the genitive, as in Latin mihi liber, ' my book/ Thus cf. My, ' his works/ Plural, for all genders. N. T*, OHH G. xix'L D. T-tMt, HMT, HHMT. A. T-fe, TH The form rn is very curious. It has been well explained by M. F. G. MOHL ("Memoires de la Societe de Linguistique de Paris, vm. 182 ; Paris, 1892). He considers that ro in the masc. and neut. was regarded as independent, and not merely a suffix, and thus a kind of spurious declension arose : sing. masc. ro, fern, ry, and plural for all genders rn. 1 It is this pronoun in the shortened form TVB, Ta, TO, which has become the Bulgarian article. THE PRONOUNS. 23 The same forms occur in the South Serbian dialects, the accus. fern, ry being also used as a dative. Thus, niio MO.iH.ia, TO ry Bor H yjaja, * What she prayed for, that God also gave her/ Also in the line com- monly found in Serbo-Bulgarian poems : vlnue ry je Kao japKO cyHije, * His visage is like a bright sun/ This has been produced by the analogy of the demonstrative pronoun TOSH (q.v.). According to M. MOHL, the form arose in Old Serbia, Macedonia, and Roumelia. For a similar process one thinks of the Polish jestem, where a new verb is built up from the 3rd pers. sing. pres. of the original verb. N. THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. D. ce6t, CH G. na ce6e A. ce6ti, cfl or ce The peculiarity of the reflexive pronoun in Bulgarian and the other Slavonic languages is that it may be employed indiscriminately for all the three persons, also both for singular and plural, and the same may be said of the possessive adjective CBOH, which is always reflexive, like the Latin suus. There is also a curious redundant use of ce6e. Thus cf. the Russian sKenmnHa npeKpacnaa eoooio, f a beautiful woman/ Examples can also be found in Polish and Chekh ; so also Lat. ipse sibi. Ast HMaMi> napii npw ce6e CH, ' I have the money with me/ 24 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. MASC. N. MOH G. Ha Moa D. na Moa and Moeiny A. MOH, Moa Plural for the three genders : N. & A., MOH* In the same way are declined TBOH and CBOH. HRIIIHH, or Hauib, 'our.* Singular. MOH, / mine/ Singular. FEM. NEUT Moa MOC Ha Moa na Moe na MOH na Moe Moa MOC MASC. FEM. NEUT. N. HaiUHH naiu a name G. na Hi'iiiiHH na naiiia Ha name D. or naiueMy na iiamiia na naiua na name A. HitUIHH Hsuua Hauie Plural, for all three genders, In the same way is declined saiiiHH, ' yours/ They can all take the article postfixed. HeroBHH, f his/ HeHHHH, r hers, J T^XEHH and HHXHHH, c theirs/ are also declined, like adjectives, in -HH. It is more in accordance, however, with the genius of the Bulgarian language, and the Slavonic languages generally, to use the dative singular of the personal pronoun to express possession ; as, MH, TH, My, H, en, HH, BH, HM'B, for example. THE PRONOUNS. 25 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 1. Toa (also T6sH, TOMSK x ), ' this, that.' Singular. MASC. FBM. NEUT. N. T03H, TOH3H, TOa TT/SH, Taa TOBa, Tyn G. na TorosH, 2 Ha T^'SH, Taa na Tosa, Tyn TOH3H, TOa D. na TOMSK (TOHSH, Toa), TOMysa 3 na Tt3H, Taa na Tosa, Tyn A. T03H (TOH3H,TOa), TorosH, Torosa TtsH, Taa TOBa, Tyn Plural, for all genders : T^SH, THH. MASC. N. . OH3H G. Ha OH3H, OHOrOSH A. OH3H, OHOrO3H OH-3H, ' that.' Singular. FEM. NEUT, OHKBO), are declined in the same way, and also TO^iKt, * so big/ masc. (fern. To^Kaea, neut. TOJKOBO). Also caMHH, ' self ;' cana, caMO, with variations caMEHXHt, caMHHKa, caMH^KO; cimna, 'the same^ (fern, cima, neut. cxmo). This is really the present participle of the O. S. verb < to be/ RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. KOHTO, UJ.OTO, l who, what.' Singular. NEUT. KOCTO, 111,0X0 na KOCTO, na III,OTO na KOCTO, na IU;OTO KOCTO, H^OTO Plural, for the three genders : KOHTO. HJo is ^sed as a general relative for all genders, espe- MASC. FEM. ST. KOHTO KOflTO G. na KoroTO Ha KOHTO D. A. na Kor6TO (KOMyTO) KOrOTO Ha KOHTO KOflTO THE PEONOUNS. 27 cially colloquially. This is common to all the Slavonic languages. Thus VAZOV, in his poem on Bulgaria : JLE Me H Han .i-feGaL Ha CBferan.? (See p. 76.) Do they ask me where is the land Which I love most in the world ? HHH, * whose, belonging to whom/ Singular. MASC. HHHTO FEM. HHHTO NETJT. HHCTO and the same in all the other cases. Plural, for the three genders : HHHTO. So also Katrf BTO, ( of what sort / Ko.ibKTO, ' how large/ &c. The interrogative pronouns are also relative. BciiKOH (or ciKHn), 'each/ has, like the others, the gen. BciKnro and dat. BciiKOMy ; BcaKaiaB'b, ' in every way like/ b, 'of what sort/ BCHHKHH (also CHHKHH), 'all/ Beet, ' all/ Sing. FEM. NEUT. BCH BC6 na BCH Ha see na BCH na see BCH see Plural for all three genders : A. BCH, BC-b MA8C. N. Bees G. Bcero D. BCCMy A. Becb 71)7/1, N. BCH, PLu BCt G. BC*XTb 28 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. This adjective has preserved many of its old forms. The neuter Bee is often nsed adverbially to signify ' altogether ; J the B is generally dropped when thus used. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. HiKOM, ' a certain person:* fern. B^KOS, neut. H^Koe; add Ha to the genitives and datives. In the masculine the old gen. HliKoro, and the old dat. ni>KOMy, sometimes are found. HiiHTO, * something/ HIRTO, * nothing/ and moro#fe, ' whatever you please/ are indeclinable. (Of. Russian y-roA-no). In KOH-r#fc, whoever/ and KaK^Bt TOfljk, 'of what sort soever/ the first parts are declined like KOH and KaKiBT,, the last syllable remaining undeclined, just as the Latin quilibet or quicungue. THE VERB. The forms of the Bulgarian verb may be divided as follows : (1) Active and passive, transitive, neuter, and reflexive. (2) Simple and compound, primitive and derived. (3) Perfective and imperfective. The perfective aspect denotes either that the action has been quite completed or that it will definitely cease. This aspect has no present tense, strictly speaking, but a present form with a future signification ; but in modern Bulgarian the auxiliary must also be supplied. THE VERB. 29 Many of the verbs belonging to this perfective aspect are compounded with a preposition; as HanAcaxi, per- fective of micax 1 !,. The imperfective verbs express an action that is not completed ; but this may be conceived either (a) as merely continuing, or (b) as repeated at various times. The verbs of the first class are called durative, those of the second class iterative. The perfective verbs are again subdivided, either (a) as they denote completion without regard to the duration of the action : e. g. to do a thing in one or more acts (unconditional perfective verbs) ; or (b) with reference to the duration of the action (conditional perfective verbs). In the last case the action may be either (a) one the beginning and end of which are simul- taneous; as CKOKHaLTB, 'I leaped/ GOAHSLX-L, ' I pierced ^ the action being done rapidly once for all as it were. These verbs are called by MIKLOSICH momentaneous, and by Eussian grammarians the aspect is called the 'perfect aspect of unity/ Or (/8) the action may not have a simultaneous beginning and end ; and this class is further subdivided into (a) where the action, the completion of which is predicated, is a continuous one, or (b) repeated at various times. The first of these MIKLOSICH calls durative perfective, the second iterative perfective. 1 1 He shows at some length forms corresponding to the aspects in other languages : but perhaps the following examples from the excellent Polish Grammar of Prof. Smith of Copenhagen, recently deceased ( Grammatik 80 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. The aspect of a verb can only be determined by a reference to one of the six conjugations to which the verb belongs, due regard being paid as to whether a preposition is prefixed or not. The scheme given on p. 35 will assist the student in this matter. There are two Moods in Bulgarian, the Indicative and the Imperative. The special form of the Infinitive is lost, and it is expressed by #a with the present indicative, even though the previous verb is in the past tense ; thus, MojKeie #a MH BtpyBaie, { You may believe me/ This same form of expression occurs in Serbian, but it is not compulsory. We may also compare modern Greek. The infinitive, of course, existed in 0. S., and traces of it may still be found in Bulgarian ; e.g. He e B^art HHIUO, ' There is nothing to see.' A fragmentary form of it is also used after the verbs Moras., f I can/ He #M^ ' Do not/ CMttK, ' I dare/ and after the auxiliary mx., used to express the future ; mat, memb, me, meMt, meie^. mx.n>. Thus, MojKeie JH MH Kasa? ( Can you tell me? r He #BH nAca, ' Do not write ; ' En mx, e I shall be ; ' der polnischen Sprache, Berlin, 1845), will make the matter clear to any- one acquainted with the Greek language. Thus, in Greek : Imp. Ti>7X c **' ft? eTvyxavov (stem rvyxcu> ). Perf. Tu|ojuat, ervxov (stem TV^-^-). Imp. yiyvctxTKu, yiyvd>, like the Latin in (Greek efe), implies entrance into the interior of an object ; as BKapsaMT., ' I drive in/ 2. BT>3, 'up' (Greek ava), as BT>3-CTaHHe, ' the insurrec- tion/ 3. 4o, to complete an action; as florpafli, to finish building ' anything. 4. 3a, ( beyond/ or ' over / aaTBOpiu'B, ' he shut up/ Also with the idea of going to a place out of one's road ; as, aaxeKOxat, ' they came out of the wav/ Also 'to begin/ as saniiaL , ' I begin to sing/ aa^ptMiaL, 'I begin to sleep/ 5. HST,, 'out of / as nsaa.i'B, 'he' gave forth / H36ApaM'L, ' I choose/ 6. Ha, ' upon / as HaKasajt, * he punished/ Cf. Latin animadvertere in aliquem. 32 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. 7. Ha#L, 'upon/ or 'in excess;' as na^aBaMT,, ' I give in excess.' 8. 06^, sometimes shortened into o, expresses the completion of an action, or ' around / as, OKOBaBaM'L, < I fetter ' (lit. ' I do the work of a smith ' round a person) ; ofiBHBKa, f the envelope of a letter ' (lit. ' the thing wound round'). 9. On>, 'from out/ as, OTBpL'maM'B, 'I turn away or aside.' 10. Ho gives a sense of diminution, or now and then ; as no6oAOX r B, 'I punctured a little/ or n(unrHx..n>, 'I moved a little.' 11. IIo#L expresses e underneath / as no^iiHCBaMt, ( I subscribe / noHHHH.n>, he subdued/ 12. Ilpa has the sense of approaching and being near;, as npHOinsflBaMT*, 'I approach/ npncTxiin.i'B, 'he came up/ 13. IIpo gives a sense of thoroughness ; as nposoffi- aMi>, f I send, conduct, or forward/ and npoflaBaMX, ' I sell' (lit. 'I give forth'). 14. Ilpe (really contracted from nepe, and also fre- quently written npt) denotes change, or moving from one place to another ; as nptnjaByBaM'L, ' I swim over/ 15. np4#L, 'before;' as npt^araM-L, 'I lay before, oflfer/ 16. Past (which becomes before certain consonants pac-) denotes separation, or changing the action, like the Latin re- ; as pa3BaiHMi>, ' I destroy ;' pas^aii, ' he distributed/ THE VERB. 33 17. Ob, 'together with/ like the Greek crvv -, as CT>6paHHe, ' the assembly, ' the word used for the Bul- garian Parliament. 18. y gives the meaning of thoroughness, and makes the verb to which it is joined perfective. There can also be double prefixes ; as BT.S'b-oS-HOBH.i'b, he renewed/ The following are the original personal suffixes of the verb. Sing. Plur. 1. -Mb 2. -fflL 3. -TT, -HIT. The -Mb of the 1st pers. sing, is found in some of the conjugations ; as #fcjaMi, I do/ KynyBaMT,, ' I buy/ In other conjugations it becomes at, the labial nasal thus passing into what was originally a nasal. The H of the 3rd pers. plural coalesces with the characteristic vowel of the present into as., correspond- ing to the O. S. nasal ; x thus, njeixTb, ' they weave/ Kpoi&rB, f they cut garments/ The connecting vowels are e and o. The first is pro- minently seen in the past participle passive ; as njeien'b, ' braided/ The verbs which we shall find afterwards in the class marked B have no connecting vowel; such as 1 This nasal is expressed by MIKLOSICH under the form $, which is borrowed from the Polish. D 34 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR, aafl-, 'to give/ a^ 'to eat/ -ec-, ' to be/ These are remains of an older stage of the language, when the present was formed without e. The conjugation of the Bulgarian verb will be here arranged according to the system of MIKLOSICH. Before, however, giving the several classes of verbs, it will be as well to quote his analysis of the Slavonic verb generally. Each verb has two stems : firstly the infinitive stem, and secondly the present stem. It is upon the principle of the infinitive stem that the verbs are here arranged. (1) THE INFINITIVE STEM. In this the verbs are divided into two classes, according as they add verbal suffixes immediately to the root, or add them to a root, or a nominal or verbal stem, by means of one of the following suffixes (connecting vowels): nq,, 1 e, i, a, ua (ova). Putting these two together, we may say that verbal stems are divided into six classes : (a) Stems without a connecting vowel. (b) Stems with a connecting vowel n^-stems. (c) e-stems. (d) i-stems. (e) a-stems. (f) ova-stems. We thus have the verbs divided into six chief classes. 1 See previous explanation of this letter. THE VEKB. 35 These again may be regarded from the point of view of (1) those which have no preposition prefixed ; (2) those which have a preposition prefixed. With reference to their aspects, the verbs are thus arranged under the six classes : I. Without the prefix of a preposition. (a) As a rule imperfective, some durative. There are a few perfective, which must be learned by practice. (b) Perfective, a few inchoative-durative (i.e. express- ing the beginning of an action which lasts). (c) Durative ; when derived from nouns inchoative- durative. (d) Durative; a few iterative, some perfective. (e) Those of the first are durative if derived from nouns (verba denominativa) ; iterative when de- rived from verbs (verba deverbativa) ; those of the second, third, and fourth subdivisions, if primary verbs, are durative. (f) Durative if verba denominativa ; iterative when verba deverbativa. II. With the prefix of a preposition. (a) Perfective. (b) Perfective. (c) In both subdivisions perfective. (d) Perfective if durative. D2 36 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. (e) Durative verbs become perfective; iterative become durative, and some perfective. (/) Verba denominativa, already durative, become perfective ; verba deverbativa, already iterative, become durative. 1 1. The suffix of the infinitive in O. S. was -TH, but this, as previously mentioned, has completely disappeared from Bulgarian, and the infinitive is expressed by the conjunction #a with the present indicative. 2. The supine found in 0. S. has gone. 3. The first past participle active (or gerund) is gone. 4. The suffix of the second past participle active is -JT> ; as fla.n, 'he gave/ nje^x, ' he braided 1 (see p. 52, where the use of this as a tense is explained). 5. The suffix of the past participle passive is -nt or -r&, as n.ieTeB'L, ' braided/ Kierb, 'cursed/ 6nn, ' struck/ The verbs of the first and second conjugations as a rule make their past part, passive in -TT, the others in -Hi). 6. The aorist (necoxt), used a great deal for narration. (2) THE PRESENT STEM. 1. The present suffix is e, which is lost in some verbs. 2. Imperative. The vowel in the 2nd pers. plural is short, but has the accent ; thus, necn, ' bring thou/ Heceie, ' bring ye / Heieie, ' read ye.' 1 The student must continually keep this table in mind. It is im- possible to master this difficult part of Slavonic grammar at the outset : it can only be done by familiarity with Bulgarian books. THE VERB. 37 3. The imperfect; e.g. 6o#fexT>, ' I was piercing/ ' I was going/ noHei'fcx'B, ' I was reading/ It is a favourite tense for purposes of description. 4. Pres. participle active is lost in Bulgarian ; its place is supplied by Kaio with the indicative, or by adverbs in -eniKOM'B, which form is used like a Latin gerund ; as, iLiaHemKOMt, ' weeping/ HrpefflKoarB, ' sporting/ but traces of a present participle are to be found in the popular songs which have in so many instances remained true to the older forms of the language. But even in the ordinary language some forms of the original present participle are still preserved, having become adjectives. ... the future. ... the present. ... the same. The participle in -,n> (past part, active II.) is some- times used as an ordinary participle ; as, Hne CH oiflta- HaxMe, Kaio njaBaTejH nptrfepn^H KOpa6.ieKpyiiieHHe, ' We breathed again, like sailors who had endured a ship- wreck/ The following senses are purely adjectival, this being the only Slavonic language in which this participle can be so used : jerHaiHHrL KOHB, 'the horse which has lain down / yMp^JLara JKefla, f the dead woman/ 38 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. CONJUGATION OF VERBS. A. CONJUGATION WITH PRESENT SUFFIX. First Class. STEMS WITHOUT CONNECTING VOWEL : THOSE IN & AND T. 1. 60^-, 'to pierce/ a. Inf. stem 6oj- ; past part, act, II. 6011. ; past part. passive, 6ofleHT>. AORIST. Sing. 1. 66A-0-X'* Plur. 6oA-o-x-Me 2. 66^-e 6oA-o-x-Te 3. 66^-e 66A-0-XX. 1 y8. Pres. stem 604-6. PRESENT. 2. 3. 6oA-e IMPERATIVE. 2. 6oii IMPERFECT. 2. 6oA-e-uie 6oA-t-x-Te 3. 6oA-e-iue 6oA-t-x-z. T and 4 fall out before -JT> ; as n^eii., * he braided/ 6o.n, f lie pierced/ H^ , 'to go/ has pres. H^SL, imper. H^H, and imperf. H^ixi,. The past part. II. is borrowed 1 Sometimes written a . CONJUGATION WITH PRESENT SUFFIX. 39 from the root niefl-, which is identical with xo^-, ( to go;' as me.n> (fern, iiua), and in composition, OTnffldn>, OTHnwa. This parasitic H has crept into most of the Slavonic languages, but in many cases is only preserved in the dialects. STEMS WHICH END IN C. 2. nee-, ' to bring/ a. Inf. stem nee- ; past part. act. II. nec'Li'L ; past part. pass. AOKIST. Sing. 1. HCC-O-X"B Plur. HCC-O-X-MC 2. nec-e 3, nec-e . Present stem nec-e. 1. H6C2. 2. Hec-e-iui, 3. Hec-e 2. HCCH 1 HCC-h-XT. 2. nec-4-me 3. nec-t-iiie PRESENT. IMPERATIVE. IMPERFECT. HCC-O-X-TC HCC-0-X2K. nec-e-Mt Hec-e-Te HGC-t-X-MC nec-t-x-Te HGC-fc-X-JK. For H6CT)Ji, HeJi> is used colloquially. 40 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. STEMS WHICH END IN 6 AND B. 3. rpe6-, ' to row.' a. Inf. stem rpe6- ; past part. act. II. rpe6T>.n ; past. part. pass. rpeSent. AORIST. Sing. 1. rpe6-o-x r b Plur. rpe6-o-x-Me 2. rpe6-e rpe6-o-x-xe 3. rpe6-e rpe6-o-x-2L PBESENT. rpe6-e-M'L 2. rpe6-e-uib rpe6-e-Te 3. rpe6-e IMPERATIVE. 2. rpe6n rpe6-e-xe IMPERFECT. 1. rpe6-t-xTb rpe6-t~x-Me 2. rpe6-e-uie rpe6-t-x-Te 3. rpe6-e-iue STEMS WHICH END IN T AND K. 4. neK-, ( to bake/ a. Inf. stem neK- ; past part. act. II. neK^n. ; past part. pass, nei-e-m,. AORIST. Sing. 1. neK-o-xi Plur. neK-o-x-we 2. nen-e ncK-o-x-Te 3, nen-e neK-o-x-jL CONJUGATION WITH PKESENT SUFFIX. 41 #, Pres. stem neK-e. PRESENT. 1. neK-2. nen-e-Mi 2. nen-e-iiii. nen-e-Te 3. nen-e neK-x-Tt IMPERATIVE. 2. HCHH neMCxe IMPERFECT. 1. neH-b-xt nen-t-x-ivie 2. nen-e-me nen-t-x-xe 3. nen-e-iue nen-t-x-z, STEMS WHICH END IN M AND H. 5. K.TIH-, f to swear.' a, Inf. stem KJ'LH- ; past part. act. II. oe-J'L ; past part. pass. Kjeii,. AORIST. Sing. 1. Kae-x'L Plur. Kae-x-Me /3. Pres. stem Kii>H-e. PRESENT. 1. KJTLHX. 1 2. 3. 1 Also 42 BULGARIAN GRAMMAK. IMPERATIVE. 2. KjitHH IMPERFECT. 1. KJl r BH-t-X r b KJTLH-fc-X-Me 2. KjitH-e-me KjTLH-t-x-Te 3. KJTBH-e-IIie KJl'LH-fe-X-X. / STEMS WHICH END IN p AND J. 6. Mp-, ' to die/ a. Inf. stem np- ; past part. act. II. Mp-4-JLT. ; past part, passive - . AORIST. Sing. 1. Mp-t-xt Plur. Mp-t-x-Me 2. Mp-t Mp-t-x-Te 3. Mp-t Mp-t-X-Z. ^8. Pres. stem Mp-e. PRESENT. 1. Mp-25L Mp-e-Mt 2. Mp-e-nit Mp-e-Te 3. Mp-e Mp-.Z.-T'L IMPERATIVE. 2. MPH Mp-e-Te. IMPERFECT. 1. Mp-t-Xl Mp-h-X-MC 2. Mp-e-uie Mp-t-M-Te 3. Mp-e-ine Mp-t-x-x Like this verb is conjugated sanpas., ' to shut up/ also onpat, ' to lean/ which supplies a past participle passive, as onpiiTB, ' having been supported.' CONJUGATION WITH PEESENT SUEFIX. 43 STEMS WHICH END IN A VOWEL. 7. 6fl-, ' to strike.' a. Inf. stem 60- ; past part. act. II. GH-JI. ; past part. , 6HT"L. AORIST. Sing. 1. 6H-xt Plur. 6ij-x-Me 2. 6H 6H-X-TC 3. 6n 6H-x-x /?. Pres. stem Gfl-j-e. 1 PRESENT. 1. 6ni& 6ii-e-M r b 2. 6H-eiIIb 6H-6-T6 3. 6H-e 6 IMPERATIVE. 2. 6n-H i 6H-H-TC IMPERFECT. 1. 6H-flXt 6H-H-X-M6 2. 6H-e-nie 6ii-fl-x-Te 3. 6H-e-nie 6ii-fl-x-z. Hi-, ' to sing/ has in 1st person nttK.; Sflfc-, c to know/ makes 3Haia, but also, according to V. 1, 3naMT. Under this class comes the verb 6n-, f to be/ the full conjuga- tion of which will be given on page 59. 1 The j is inserted to avoid the hiatus ; it must be pronounced y. It is preferable to use this letter, which cannot be confounded with Slavonic y. 44 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. Second Class. STEMS WITH CONNECTING VOWEL I D^-STEMS. a. Inf. flHrnx.- ; past part. act. II. flHrHaUT) ; past part, pass. AORIST. Sing. 1. AHrniK.-x'L Plur, ^H 2. 3. AH ?. Pres. stem PRESENT. IMPERATIVE. 2. IMPERFECT. 1. ^H 2. 3. 1 B has dropped out from this verb. Of. Russian ^BHnyTb . It is rare in the uncompounded form. 8 Sometimes written CONJUGATION WITH PRESENT SUFFIX. 45 Third Class. STEMS WITH CONNECTING VOWEL C. 1ST GROUP. JKeii-, ' to wisb/ a. Inf. stem jKeii- ; past part. act. II. Hte.ilj.i'L ; past part. pass. atej^Hi.. AORIST. Sing. 1. Htejit-xt Plur. 2. 3. /8. Pres. stem PRESENT. 2. Hcejife-enib IMPERATIVE. 2. ;Ke.it-H IMPERFECT. 1. 2. 3. 2ND GROUP. ropi, ' to burn/ a. Inf. stem ropt ; past part. act. II. roptji. ; past part. pass. , 1 1 For this Bp^TtHt, 'turned,' from BtpTHK., 'to turn,' may be sup- plied to show form. 46 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. AORIST. Sing. 1. ropt-xt Plur. ropt-x-Me 2. ropt ropt-x-Te 3. ropt ropt-x-z. $. Pres. stem rop-j-e. PRESENT. 1. ropiz. ropH-ATB 2. ropH-nib ropH-Te 3. ropn IMPERATIVE. 2. ropH ropn-Te IMPERFECT. 1. 2. 3. ropt-xt rope-me rope-Hie ropt-x-Me ropt-x-Te rop-h-x-x. , ' to wish/ used in forming the artificial future, as we shall shortly see, has in the present 1. tu,i mewL 2. in,euib ui,eTe 3. m,e Cna-, ( to sleep/ is conjugated in the present in the following way : 1. cnix. 2. CKHIIIb 3. CHH Aor. cnaxi>; past part. act. II. CONJUGATION WITH PEE SENT SUFFIX. 47 To this conjugation also belong TLpnia., ' I endure/ and BHfliL, ' I see ' (which has in the imperative BHJKE>, BHJKflB, and BHJKTe). So also MTKIHHR, ' to be silent/ , to lie down/ and cioii, ( to stand/ Fourth Class : I'-STEMS. H, ' to praise/ a. Inf. stem XBcUiH ; past part. act. II. XBSUIH-JI ; past part. pass. xsaj-e-H-B. AORIST. &i7i(^t i. xBa^iH~xt Jri/wr, xBa 2. xsa 3. . Pres. stem XBSULH-C. PRESENT. 1. xBaake. o / 3. xeaaH IMPERATIVE. IMPERFECT. 1. xBaJit-xt 3. xsajie-uie The i-stems are mostly imperfective. 48 BULGARIAN GEAMMAB. Fifth Class : a- STEMS. IST GROUP. BHKa, ( to call/ a. Inf. stem BHKa ; past part. act. II. BHKaJT. ; past part. pass. BHKae'L. AORIST. Sing. 1. BiiKa-xt Plur. BHKa-x-Me 2. BHKa BHKa-X-TC 3. BHKa BHKa-X-X. /3. Pres. stem BHKa-j-e. PRESENT. 1. BHKa-M'L BHKa-MG 1 2. BHKa- I1JB BHKa-Te 3. BHKa BHKaT'B IMPERATIVE. 2. BHKa-H BHKa-H-TC IMPERFECT. 1. BHKa-XT, BHKa-X-Me 2. BHKa-iue BHKa-x-Te 3. BHKa-uie BHKa-x-z. Besides -aMt, verbs of this conjugation may make the 1st person of the present in -aia.; thus Hrpaix, ' I play.' 2ND GROUP. nnca, ' to write.' a. Inf. stem nAca ; past part. act. II. nAca-JX ; past part. pass. nHca-m.. 1 The e is added to differentiate from 1st person sing. CONJUGATION WITH PEESENT SUFFIX. 49 AORIST. Sing. 1. imca-xt Plur. nnca-x-Me 2. imca nnca-x-xe 3. mica 3. Pres. stem nncfl-e. PRESENT. 1. IIHI1I-25. 2. nHiu-e-iub nnui-e-Te 3. nniu-e IMPEBATIYE. 2. iTHiu-H nnni-e-Te IMPERFECT. i ' a. 2. nHin-e-iiie nHiu-i-x-Te 3. HHIU-e-Uie 1IH1II-L-X-ZL HcKa, f to seek,' belonging to this group, has in the 1st pers. pres. both Amz. and HCKaM'B. 3RD GROUP. 6pa, 'to take. 1 a. [Inf. stem 6pa- ; past part. act. II. 6pa-.n> ; past part. pass. 6pa-m>. AORIST. Sing. 1. 6pa-xt Plur. 6pa-x-Me 2. 6pa 6pa-x-xe 3. 6pa 6pa-x-2E. 50 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. ft. Pres. stem 6ep-e. PRESENT. 6ep-e-M p t 6ep-e-Te 6ep-2E.-T"t 2. 6ep-e-nib 3. 6ep-e- IMPERATIVE. 2. 6ep-H 6ep-e-Te IMPERFECT. 1. 6epax'E 6epa-x-Me 2. 6epaiue 6epa-x-xe 3. 6epauie 6epa-x-2t 4TH GROUP. 3ifl, ' to yawn/ a. Inf. stem sea ; past part. act. II. aeajt ; past part, pass. senirL. AORIST. Sing. 1. sta-xt Plur. 3ta-x-Me 2. 3*a sta-x-Te 3. sta 3fea-x-x. /3. Pres. stem se-j-e. PRESENT. 1. 3*-i& St-e-M'B 2. 3^-eiub 34-e-TC 3. 3t-e 3t-2t-Tt IMPERATIVE. 2. 3i>-H 3t-H-TC IMPERFECT. 1. st-ax'B 3t-a-X-M6 2. 3t-e-me 34-a-X-TC 3. st-e-iue st-a-x-x. CONJUGATION WITHOUT THE PRESENT SUFFIX. 51 Sixth Class, ova (ua) -STEMS, This class is wanting in Bulgarian, and the verbs which properly belong to it are formed like the first group of the Fifth : e.g. Kynf BaMi>, ' I buy.' Two aspects are thus placed in the same class, but belong to dif- ferent groups. Thus we get both KaHtts. and KasBaM'L ; so also aan&fflx and aanncyBaM-L. The verbs hare a tendency to omit y. B CONJUGATION WITHOUT THE PRESENT SUFFIX. 1. aafl, 'to give/ PRESENT. Sing. 1. Aa-Afb ^a^-e-Mt 2. Aaa-e-nib AM-e-Te 3. A a A~e IMPERATIVE. 2. ^an It will be observed that these verbs add the personal terminations immediately to the stem. In the present of flaMT, we get the remains of an old reduplication, being for 2. Hfl, 'to eat/ PRESENT. Sing. 1. aafL Plur. 2. cAeuit 3. e^e E 2 IIUUIAIMAN URAMMAK. IMI-KRATIVK. 2, GHCfc . OKTO Hesides wmi, wo ulHo find <;im.. 3. ec-, 'to be/ P II KM K NT. . 1. clan, 1 PJwr, C-MH 2. OH C-TO :t. o C-JL TENSE, MOOD, VOICE, The Bulgarian language is richer in tenses than tho Russian! having both an Aorist and Imperfect. As in tho latter, and indood in all Slavonic languages, tho 2nd past participle active is used with the persons of the substjintive verb to express one of Uio past tenses, just as we sny, ' I am living, 1 ' I was waiting/ Hence it is inflected as a participle in the singular and plural, in the former number the gender being also marked. Thus A3i C1A&T&, a, o, ci>M f i, ' I sat down. 1 In dfwiui>, a, o, en. Om>, oiiil, ou6 dfjAiut -a -o, e. . : 1 Or TENSE, MOOD AND VOICE. 63 In this tense the subject had better be expressed, to avoid confusion. In the 3rd person, sing, and plur., e and cat are often omitted. (Of. Lat. amamini, Germ. was er gethan, where hat is omitted.) It is curious in the history of the Slavonic languages to watch the gradual mutations in this tense : the parts of the substantive verb are quite lost in Russian, but its gradual falling into disuse can be distinctly traced. 1 In Ohekh they are entirely preserved, but in Polish they are only kept as particles at the end of words, and this explains the curious fact that they may be moved from one part of the sentence to another. The pluperfect in Bulgarian is formed by means of the 2nd past, participle active and the imperfect or aorist of the substantive verb ; as, nficaxi, 6txT or iiftcBt ejcMeHT-B rfc 6flxaL nanpaBHjH 'with such an element they had worked wonders/ 1 See " Simplified Grammar of the Serbian Language," p. 53. 55 The infinitive is expressed by #a with the present tense indicative ; as, He MOJKC fla KajKe, ( He cannot say/ The first and third persons of the imperative are also expressed by #a with the present indicative ; as, $a HeTeMi ^a HeiirL, c Let us, let them read/ According to MIKLOSICH, #a is merely a shortened form of #an, ' grant that, allow that/ It may also sometimes be used with the second person ; as #a sememe, ' take ' (lit. ' that thou mayest take.' $a is also used with the indicative generally, to express a wish. As in all the Slavonic languages, the 2nd person of the imperative is constantly used for the 3rd ; as, Eon, nacn B^rapaff, ' God save Bulgaria/ The participle in -it is also used to express the imperative; as, H36aBH.n ro Eon>! ' God* deliver him/ This construction is also found in Russian, as noraeji,, f be off;' and in Serbian, as JKHBHO, 'long live ! ' It is difficult to explain this form. The negative imperative can also be expressed by the use of the auxiliary #fcn, which here corresponds exactly to the English auxiliary ' do ;' as, 1 ] He Atoe nnca (plwr.) j instead of the forms nniiiH and nnuieie : nnca is here the verbal root. The verbal noun ends in -He ; as nHcanne, the act of writing. He #M nHca (sing.) ' Do not write ; 56 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. The passive voice is expressed by (1) The reflexive as XBSLIHS. ca, 'I am praised ;' l or, (2) By the past participle passive with the substantive verb as C^MT. SHIT,, ' I am struck/ IMPERSONAL VERBS. Of these there are many in Bulgarian, and it is a great characteristic of the Slavonic languages generally to use personal verbs impersonally. The following are specially noteworthy. Elba, ' it happens/ B^icKa, ' it lightens/ !flOJK#b, ' it rains/ CH$>n>, ' it snows. ' rpa^, { it hails/ l/bpMH, ' it thunders/ 3aropi>Ba ce, ' it dawns/ Hwa, 'there is/ or 'there are/ il y a; also H-feMa, ' there is not/ The latter comes to be used almost like a mere future; as, Eon> nina fla BH ociaBH, ' God will never leave you/ We may compare the use of nMtin in 0. S. as a future. MpiKBa, ' it grows dark/ Hnrae ce, ' they write/ Tpt6a, ' it is necessary/ Cf. Polish trzeba. Hjiane MH ce, ' I feel inclined to weep/ 1 This is most in accordance with the genius of the Slavonic languages. IMPERSONAL AND IRREGULAR ^VERBS. 57 Can MH ce, ' I am sleepy/ Cf . the Russian. 'Byte l MH ce, ' I want to eat/ CiAra, 'it is enough/ He cinra TOBa, f nay, more/ Cf. Russian Majo TOFO. Cip^Ba, ' to be worth/ Cf. the lines on the hero Hadji Dimitri : Ho nofli> Mena KmaKT, JCJKH IJ-6.IO uapciBo cip^Ba. But beneath me lies a hero Worth a whole empire. Koflne My cippa xflja^a, ' His horse cost a thousand (piastres)/ Cipysa MH ca, ' it seems to me/ IRREGULAR VERBS. For the convenience of the student, I have added a list of some of the more common irregular verbs, if the expression may be allowed. They can easily be referred to their proper conjugations. 1. &wb, ' to eat/ To the present, already given, may be added the Aor. a^axt, fut. HLX. flMi. 2. 4^ BaMPt 5 AaBainbj &c. Imp. ^aBaxi>, aor. ^a^ox!., fut. mx. yjaM?., ' I will give (once for all) ;' as, AST. ELS. My AaMi> Moaia KHnra, I will give him my book ; J m ' I will give (repeatedly)/ 1 Sometimes written e^,e. 58 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. 3. 4^H, #EHTe, are remains of a verb /$a-, no longer in use, and serve to express the imperative. (See p. 55.) EMX, e to take ' (one of the commonest verbs in Slavonic, but never found in an uncompounded state), 2nd pers. CMefflL, imperf. eMi>xi>, fut. mx. eMx., imp. eMH. This verb is cognate with the Russian ait. It belongs to the 1st Conjug., 5th Group, of the Slavonic verb- system. The nasal labial M has gone into the a of the infinitive, which originally expressed a nasal. The root in O. S. is HM (see HMain, in the glossary to BUSLAEV'S Pyccnan XpucmoMamia). Some tenses are taken from another aspect (cf. 3-HMaMt, 3-HMaine). Here B has dropped off, as in the commonly occurring aor. 3exT>, ' I took/ which should be B3exi>. (Cf. B dropping off from CH4KHH.) It is occasionally preserved, however; thus ctnacHO CT> pimieHHe-io B3eio, ' agreeably with the resolu- tion taken/ We get also the verb npneMaMi., imp. npn- 6MHH (cf. Russian BHCMJH). VAZOV uses sanas* (' occupied ') for the past part, passive, but this looks like a Russism. H^x., ( I come/ H^eniB, imperf. H^axt, aor. (from the com- pound flOHflx.) AOAOXZ. = 40H40XZ. (see Ballad of the Fair Dragana) ; so also 46^6 for #oiMe. In the same way we have no#H in Russian for imp. non^A ; npn^Tii inf, for npiHTH, fut. mz. ^x., 'I will come;' as A3t mat CH AO^Z. KI> next naca ^OBenepa, f I will come about five o'clock in the evening' past part. II. 40meVL ; e.g. floraon, CWB, ' I have come/ (See-Paradigms of Conjuga- tions : 1st Conj., 1st Group.) The other aspect of this verb is OT-HBaMT., where the root is H (cf. Latin eo y ire) : B is largely employed as a formative of aspects in all the Slavonic languages. The IRREGULAR VERBS. 59 forms are oi-HBaMT., OTHBaniL, OTHBa ; imp. OTHBax^ aor. OTBtfOXT., flit. mx. OTM^Z., past OTHfflej'B, the H in the last being added incorrectly from analogy, as the me.n>, as shown before, is connected with the root xo#- . The syl- lable #x is merely added to strengthen the verb, and is the same (as we shall see) in the future of the substantive verb f)3Lfl,2L, ' I shall be/ Morz., ' I can ;' MOJKemt. Here the aorist is MOJKax-L, from Moata, a new form which has arisen. The imperf. is MOJKfeb ; there is also past part. II. MOHcaJT* ; sometimes, however, MorBJi. It will be observed that the T K stems (1st conj., 1st group) drop out T and 4 before Ji in the past part. II. ; e.g. 6o.n>; so also ie.n, 'he read/ for HeurB ; Be.n>, 'he led/ for Be.p'B, and men., ' he went/ for me^Jt (cf . Polish szedl*). Important verbs also are TCHX, 'to flow/ and peKx, ' to speak, J like Plural. CM6 CTC THE VERB ci>Mb, 'I PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1. CLMI> 2. CH 3. e C 6Hiiie 6tiiie IMPERFECT. I was (eram). 6tXM6 6tXT6 60 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. or AORIST. I was (fui). 6HXM6 Or 6HAOXM6 6HXT6 6HAOXT6 6HA6 PERFECT. I have been. CH e 6HJIH CM6 99 CTC e*. PLUPEEFECT. I had been. -a -o 6txt 6tXM6 6tXT6 6tX2L FUTURE. I shall be. or in,em b CH or iD,e e or 6H-m,eiiib 6H-in,e CM6 or 111,6X6 CT6 or aL or or, 6H-lU ? 6M'b IMPERATIVE. CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT. (that) I may be (from other aspect). PARADIGM OF A COMPLETE VERB. 61 IMPERFECT. (that) I should be (from other aspect). 6iiBaxMe PLUPERFECT. (that) I should have been (fuissem). mexx #a (>AAX- m,exMe , in;eiiie ^a ojaL^euib ULCXTC j ni,eiue #a 62.^6 iu,ex2t p PARTICIPLES. c2Liu,HH, caLui,a, cz.m;i., ' being.* H, ' having been.' H, c about to be. 7 PARADIGM OF A COMPLETE VERB. In order to enable the reader to understand better the compound tenses and their meanings, a paradigm of the complete verb is here given. 11 6 era, 'I bear, bring/ PRESENT. HOCHEL HOCHMT. HOCHIUb HOCHT6 HOCH HOCHTt IMPERFECT. I was bearing, &o. HOCtXt HOCtXMe HOCtUie HOCiXTG Hoctiue Hoctxx 62 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. AORIST. I bore, &c. HOCHXt HOCH HOCH HOCHXM6 H6CHXT6 HOCHX2E. PERFECT. I have borne, &c. HocH.n. -Jia -ao CBMB HOCHJIH CMC CH CT6 HOCHJTb PLUPERFECT. I had borne, &c. -JIO 6tX'L 6tuie HOCHJIH 6tXM6 6txTe -aa -ao j CH or, -JIG 6HJIH FUTURE. I shall bear. me Hociz., or DJ,3t nocis. 111,6 HOCHIIIb^ Or Il^CIllb HOCHIIIb m,e HOCH 111,6 HOCHM'L, Or W,QMT HOCHMX m,e or 111,6 Or HOCHTC HOCHTt HOCH n6cH HOCH 111,6 HOCH HOCH 111,6X6 HOCH PARADIGM OF A COMPLETE VERB. 63 FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have borne. in,e CE>MI>, or me CH, or 6 ni,e e, or me CMe, or nr,e CMC, or 6Ap,eTQ > HOCH me ex., or IMPERATIVE. HOCH Aa or HCKa n6cH Aa or HCKa HOCHM-B HOCtTe ,z\a or HCKa CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT. (that) I may bear (from other aspect) HOCBaMt HOCBauie HOCBa HQCBiKT'L IMPERFECT. (that) I should bear (from other aspect). HOcsax'B HocsaxMe HocBaiire HOCBaxxe HOCBaiue Hocsaxas. PLUPERFECT. (that) I should have borne (tulissem) > -aa -JIG 6nxTb HOCHJIH 6nxMe 6HX2EL 04 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. THE PARTICIPLES. As we have already shown, the Bulgarian language is very poor in participles. ACTIVE. a. The present. This is entirely lost : we have ex- plained how it is supplied. /3. The past participle in -BT> : this also is gone. 7. The past participle in -.it, which can also be used adjectively. Thus KanHajn-rfj PASSIVE. a. The present. This is almost entirely gone, as is the case in Polish and Malo-Russian. There are, how- ever, a few survivals, such as BH/JHM'B, -HMa, -HMO, ' seen ;' roBOpHMi., -HMa, -HMO, ' spoken ;' H3Mi>HfleM'B, -aeMa, -HCMO, ' exchanged / HapHuaeMT*, -aeMa, -aeMO, ' called/ &c. /3. The past. This has survived, both in an indefinite and definite form, as nocent, HOCGHHH ; but the conscious- ness that the termination -HH represents an article is quite lost, and we find the article suffixed ; as HOCCH- HHHTL, ( he who has been brought/ II. UNINFLECTED PARTS OF SPEECH. ADYERBS. Adverbs formed from adjectives admit of degrees of comparison. The positive generally ends in -o ; as ADVERBS. 65 JOCTOHHO, ' worthily/ Before this form no- is put for the comparative, and nan- for the superlative; as no- 40CTOHHO, ' more worthily/ nan-flOCTOHno, ' most worthily/ To these may be added noBeTL, or noB64e, and noMnoro, ' more/ no MaJKO, ' fewer/ l Some adverbs formed from adjectives end in -CKH : as EiarapCKH, ' in the Bulgarian fashion' ; also with no, as, roBopnie JH no (hUrapCKH ? ' Do you speak Bulgarian ? ' Besides these there are adverbs of (a) Quality or manner : KaKT*, f how / TBH, 2 ' so / iraaKB, Hnane, ' otherwise / KaKi-ro^i, ' however/ cKopo, ' quickly/ napOHHO, f on purpose;' nan^cino, ' in vain;' na flB r fc, ' openly ' (cf. Russian na HBJ) ; na onaKH, f on the contrary/ (b) Time : HHH-fc, cera, ' now / npi^H, ' before / noc^i, * after ;' ^neci,, * to-day / BHepa, ( yesterday/ ( the day before yesterday ; ' yipi, ' to-morrow / ' by day / nonrfc, HOn^eM-B, ' by night / nomeci,, ' last night/ The suffix -c, in HeeB and nomec?. may be compared with the Serbian form JCTOC, ' this summer/ (c) Place: r^i, ' where/ frequently ^i; T^KI, TjKa, ( here / xaM-L, ' there / na ^ajeno, * afar / on. r^-io H o, ' wherever it happened/ OKOJO, 'about/ no- c in the midst/ (d) Quantity: KOJKO? c how much V miKo-nxm? c how many times?' MHOFO, 'much/ MaiKO, f a little/ ' enough/ BecMa, TB^i, 'very/ p'ltfKO, 'rarely;' naati, ' not once/ 1 The use of this prefix no is developing itself greatly in Russian. 2 Also written TSLH. F 66 BULGAEIAN GRAMMAR. (e) Affirmation and negation : Hi, He, ' no ;' ' almost ;' HHKaK'L, ' by no means/ Two negatives in Bulgarian do not make an affir- mative. Bulgarian has, in common with the other Slavonic languages, the idiom of adding He to an adjective and reversing its meaning ; thus, Heeece.n>, f not cheerful, melancholy ' (cf. the Greek idiom evo-yrjpovtov yvvaifcwv OVK oA//yal). Interrogative adverbs ; as KaKt, ( how ? ' KOJKO, ' how much ? ' Kx-^t, ' whither/ As in most languages, many adverbs are in reality cases of nouns; as, TH^emKOMT,, 'quietly;' 6tateuiKOMT>, s by way of flight.' These have been shown (on p. 37) to be often used to express the present participle active, which is wanting. (Cf. also H&rOMt, 'for a moment/ from MHFL.) We often find in Bulgarian a preposition used with an adverb, as in English and other languages ; as, OTB r^t ce KyniLiH TOBa ? ' From whence Lave you brought this ? ; On> Kora? ' Since when ?' ^o Kora, < Till when ?^ OTT. /taBHa, ' Long since ; J AST. CLML Bene OTT> ^aena TOTOBI, ( I have long since been ready ! ; 3a Kx^i, l From whither? 7 4 T Y Ka 5 * Up to this place ! ^ $0 se^epa, ' This evening/ The preposition Ha, as in Kussian, forms a great number of adverbs : TOH CH oinje Ha npaso (or npaBo) y 40Ma, ' He went straight to the house ; ' ' truly ;' nacKOpo, ' soon ;' Ha KpaiKO, ' briefly ; ' ( in a dream ;' Ha Kynose, ' in a heap/ Several adverbs have two forms ; as, flo6p6 and ' well ;' 3^0 and ajit, ' badly ;' 6x^30 and 6i'p^e, ' quickly/ PREPOSITIONS. 67 PKEPOSITIONS. The prepositions in Bulgarian, as a rule, take the accusative case, of which we must remember that there is very rarely an independent form, owing to the language having lost so many of its inflexions. It is, therefore, deprived of the precision which its sister languages possess ; take, for instance, Eussian and Polish. There are, however, a few prepositions which, when they go with pronouns, take the dative : such are OKO.IO, about / cp-fema, ' opposite to ; ' noMejK^y, ' between ; ' OT3a#B, ' behind;' Ha npefli, ' before / B^pxy, ' upon ;' CT>, 'with;' as Ha cpima BH, * opposite to you-;' no-MCJK^y CH, ' among themselves/ The following are the chief prepositions : Be3T), 'without/ 6e3T> Mene, ' without me/ fit (also BT)BT,), ' in ;' as BT rpaflT., ' in the city.' B'BS'B, ' by the side of ; ' as Kaio ce OTT. c^HT) ci oy^a B'LS'L Hea c^HtT^ xpa MOMH. When she woke up from sleep Three girls are sitting by her. $o, e till, extending to ; ; as, on> Masa ia & ' from head to foot/ 3a, f for/ as, Tpi>'rHeMT> aa ILioB^HB'B, ' We start for Philippopolis ;' rpaMMaxiiKa 3a STj'^rapCKH fl3HKT>, f a gram- mar of the Bulgarian language;' BT> Eiarapna MHOFO ce 3Hae sa MnKJoninna, ' In Bulgaria very little F2 68 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. is known about Miklosich ; ' .lereH^a-Ta 3a A.ixaM6pHHCKa- ia poaa, ' The legend concerning the Rose of the Alhambra/ Idiomatic uses are OffieHH 3a }Kena, ( he married the woman / 3a6paBH 3a MCHi), ' Forget me ' with the idea of putting behind one and thus forgetting, according to a meaning of sa in o.s. 6, ' behind / as 3a#L Bpaia-ia, 'behind the door/ H3T., 'out of;' as, A3i H3Ba#HXT> nst nasyxaia, M took out of my girdle, or pocket ;' but often used merely with the sense of ' in ;' as H3i> y.inuH-Ti, ' in the streets/ KiiMT., ' to / as KI.MX noeix, f to the poet/ the title of a poem by VAZOV ; K-LMX HanajHHHecKaTa cxaa, ' to the governor's room/ In the same way also Kat^fe is used, rather in the sense of ' direction/ but it is more often used as an adverb ; as, Kx^e e 6pan> TH, ' Where is thy brother/ in the Ballad of the Fair Dragana. MejKfl^, ' between/ also with no, vide supra. Ha, ' on/ or e at / as, A3t CLMB na BaraHri sanoB^H, ' I am at your orders / Pycn H^an, Ha 6op6aTa, * the Russians come to the struggle/ B, * over, upon / e. g., EH ope^a Her eagle again hovers Over the astounded tyrants ! PREPOSITIONS. 69 o, ' instead ;' as, HaMtao KpaJL-n,, ' in the place of the king.' 6, 'on, about;' as, e#na 6a6niKa onptna o 3H^a, ' an old woman leaning against the wall.' OKOIO, ( about,' takes the dative with a pronoun. OCB^H-L, ' besides ;' as, OCB^HT. emit 6nja nocieiKa, ( besides the table there was a bed/ On,, out of, from ;' as on, Apyra expand, ' on the other hand ' (lit. ' from the other side ') . On is frequently used like the English 'of ;' as nyjKfla oil. noHHBKa, ' need of rest/ It is also used after comparatives; as, A3T> CBML no-flKT, on. Hero, ' I am stronger than he.' Ho, * upon, for ;' as no xoflaiaHCTBOio na aHOHHCKHH H aMepHKancKHH nocjaHHHi|H, ' in consequence of the inter- cession of the English and American ambassadors/ Ho c-iyra-ia, ' by the instrumentality of the servant. ' The idea of occasionally coming seems to underlie the expression, as in the Russian nyieniecTBOBaJT. no Poccin. Ho ipn, ' three apiece;' no HMe, 'by name;' no MCHB noxo^HJT), f thou hast gone about me in different places.' (See the " Ballad of Liben.") ), ' under ;' as, no^i. nro-io, ' under the yoke.' and cjtAi>) ( after ' (from flflpn, ' a track ;' hence ' in the track of;' cf. also Russian ci'fefl'L, 'a track '); as, no^Hp-L TOBa CBoe aaflBjenne, 'after that announcement of his ;' cji^t nja/jne, ' after midday/ IloKpaH, ( along by the side of;' as, noupau 4^ flaB1> - T ^ 6 by the side of the Danube/ Ilpn, ' at ;' as, AST. nyciH.xxB He-yctno npn KpaKaia CH 70 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. KHHJKKa, f I threw down at my feet unobserved the folded-up letter.' npOTHBi>, 'against;' as, noxo^t HPOTHB-L TypuH, 'the expedition against the Turks/ IIpi^H, npiflb, ' before ;' as, OiKpHu npi^ Tuxt MCunTBa- ia MH TaHHa, ' Reveal before these men my secret prayer/ npfoT>, ' through ;' as, npfei> Bi>3p05KeHHe TO Ha ' during the regeneration of Bulgaria/ Repeal* (qpeai.), ' through ;' as, npeai. Hero MHOFO 6 through him I suffered a great deal/ Cnope^L, ' according to ;' as, cnope^i. HaciaBjeHHS Ha My4pem>-n>, ' according to the precepts of the philo- sopher/ Cpe#L (also Bcpe^i)), * in the midst ;' as cpe^ it yjKacHH 6op6n, ' amidst these frightful struggles/ Cpinja, * opposite ;' as cptma ^OM'L na nocxiaHHHK'L-T'L, ' opposite the ambassador's house/ GB, ' with * (also CT.C'L, which occurs in 0. S.) ; as, CL ccx^OBeri 3a t^eHHe, ' with the plates and dishes for eating ;' a3fl, ' I do not wish to share a sweetheart with a dead man/ Y, ' at, in ;' as, AST. 6pT/in,ax r i> BCHKOH ^eHb y 40Ma TT>, ' I send back the newspaper every day to my house/ There are also double prepositions, as in all the Slavonic languages ; as, HS'L-no^'L cioja, ' from under the table/ CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 71 CONJUNCTIONS. Kaio, Kora, 'as.' Kaio ne, 'as if. 1 n, 'and/ HJH, 'or.' CX.HJO TOM, ' even so. J HH-HH, ' neither, nor/ a, 'but/ HO, ' but.' HanpOTHBT., ' on the contrary/ o6a4e, ' notwithstanding/ aamoTO, noneace, ' because/ H TOH, ' and so/ cnope/ji, TOBa, ' in consequence/ aKO ,IH, ' if/ aKo 6n TO, ' in case that/ npn BCH4KO TyH, 'for all that/ KOJKOTO, TO.IK03H, ' however/ INTERJECTIONS. ropKo, ' woe ! ' je, an exclamation put after nouns in the vocative. VBH, ' alas ! ' (Turkish), 'come on ! ' &c. Many of these are merely onomatopoeic. PART III. SYNTAX. THE CONCORDS are the same as in most languages, but owing to the loss of its inflexions many rules which hold good in other Slavonic languages have no force in Bul- garian; for example, the apocopated form of the adjec- tive in the predicate. Two or more singular nouns take the adjective or participle in the plural ; thus, Anr.inHCKa-Ta n OpaHuycKa- ia 4>JOTBi H3.iiJ3.iH BT> Cpc^HseMHO Mope, ' The English and French fleets have gone into the Mediterranean.' The use of -a after numerals has been already men- tioned. We have spoken of -t or -L in the case of animate things, especially after neiL and the following numerals; as, aecaib ^yuib npocaiin, 'five beggars/ Here the B is undoubtedly a relic of the old genitive plural which in Russian and other Slavonic languages goes after these numerals. We frequently have with verbs a cognate case, as in Latin vivere vitam. Thus DOZON (p. 15), He ce saBpt'maMi. y a CH SYNTAX. 73 a CH Beiepa #a CH I shall not return to the house To have a breakfast, To have a dinner, To have a supper. a, the meal at noon (cf. our word 'meal/ same as German maU, lit. time when meal is taken). Purpose is expressed by #a and ie. The order of words in the Bulgarian sentence will be best learned by reading Bulgarian prose. SHORT BEADING LESSONS. THE CRUELTIES OF THE TURKS. rpOSHHTH .lliTHH fl6He BT XEUafla H OCeMCTOTHH'L H ce^eM^eceiB H niecia ro^HHa BT, EaTaKt, KonpHBmnua, KiHcypa H nananbpume, nsBT/pffleHin-fe sBHpciBa OTL *Iep- K63HT^ ApHayTHTt, H pa3HH ^p^FH TypCK oc66eHHOCTH npojijiaia KpTBt na xAda^H, 3K6HH H 4-feua pasB^^HyBaxx H caMaia TypcKa-npHaie^Ka, Anrjnff, sa Tosa H caMaiaia 6e3i, ^a npoiecinpa npne o6flBeHaia OTI. Pyccnit Ha Typ3Hi"L THE BROTHERS MILADINOY. mHHaia 3HaMeHHTH 4 l feH^H, KOHTO e #a.ia MaKe- npfai. Bi>3pajK/jaHHeTO na 6^'jirapcKHH Hapo^i,, ex. H 6paT MflJa^HBOBUH 1 (^HMHTpHH H KoHCiaflTHHT,), ^BaMa 6jarop6^HH CHHOse Ha MHorocTpa^ajHaia seivia, ns^xxHaJH BT. TypcKHit TLMHHUH, HtepiBa Ha CBoaxa np^aHHOcit H BO. TiMT> OTe46CTBO ^TjJJKH HTj'pBOTO Ha 6i/.irapcKHH Ayxi y MaKeAOHCKarfe HH 6paia a JHTepai^pa HH MHoroutHHO ctKpoBHme ; c66pHHKXTT> Ha nicHH. TparH^ecKaia HMT> CiMLpi'L AOKW fla KOHTO Bp'^MeTO XBb'pja BT.pXJ' HM6TO HMT>. 1 A plural form sometimes used in proper names. 76 BULGARIAN GEAMMAE. WHERE IS BULGARIA? IlHTarL-.in Me 4$ aopaia Me H orpoa HB'PBHH nnTaTT>-JH Me 4$ H E0[o Han .itbCm. na TaMO, a3b 4^ ce 6 r kiHH 4^ OTT> HCTOK-L ^epHO Mope l Ce fivHTpa H TaMO, 4-6 ce Fop^a Ciapa ILiaHHHa, 4"fe Mapnua THXO fflasa H3i> TpaKHHCKa paBHHHa ! TaMi>, A ce Ce Ha caLmtiaTB fl3HKT>. TaMi> po^eHt CZ.MT, ! TaMi, 4-640 MH /[fleet noHHBaii> no^t TaMi> rtpM-lio BT> KapnaicKH E cinraja rixna H crfeflHTt I(apHrpa4CKH Tpenepa^n ex. xoracb. 1 Frequently MOpe. 2 It will be observed that VAZOV uses both forms, SCMJIH and HEADING LESSONS. 77 TL'PHOBT> H IIp-fec-iaBa, JKaJHH CT>CHHHH : Ha npiiMHHa.iaTa cjaea x OHH. B-Kirapno tfpara, Miua, 3eioa n'bJHa 3eM,ia mo MC CH Ki,pMHja MoflTT. nOFUOHt npHCMHH ! AKO H #a CS.M OTT> ie6e, Pa HHKaKi. Tya ne TH ^a MH ce BT> yMa. 1 BaiKaHH KH H ropn, TBOHT* seceja noaaHH, 4^ Bori, CHIKO Hacnopn ; MXKH u caaBHa ciapHHa, 4^10 a3H H r ^a Tpaias. 3a ie6i. MHOIZ. H ropi ; Bi, TeSi. o^nxL ce H H. BASOB-L. ( Thou art to me altogether in the mind ' : 78 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. THE LETTEE. MOMCHT'LTB 6i> KpHTHHeCKHH. A3> T2K.H H-fcKoe ci>o6meHne OTL #OMa, moio piiiHHXT> #a iicnpaia no oiyrara npHroTBenaia seie sanncKa, /jopn n CT> pncin* #a a BP43L BT> pirtirt Ha Bjacitia H /^a CH HaBjeKx., aKo ne ^pyro HaKaaaHHe, TO no-ciporo orpannqeHne H sanpemenHe Ha BfccTHnmi. HT> TT>H Kaio 5KaH/japMT>rL He CH oiBa^arae OTL naci*, a3i npHofernxxT, 40 e^na xHTpocib. IIo- Hero fla cSepe ccx-^OBeT-fe. HanpaBHX'L TOBa ct> TOHI., Kaio He HCKax'b Hap6 i iHO TOM ^a HSB'L'pHiH las paooia aa ^a ce yfitpn, ie THH ccx^OBe ne Kpnexx HHKaKBO CT>- o6uieHHe OTT, arene. TOH ce naae^e ^a rn conpa. A3i H3Ba^HXi> H3T> Ha3yxaia CH 3anHCKaia, KOSTO oiuie ia ne npi^CTaBjauie 4>6pMa n6-ro.iiMa ort onaa Ha o6HKHOB6HHa HOmCHCKa MapKa, 1 HOFJe^HiRXT. BT. OHHli C^y- raia H rje^HHiKOM-b My npHB-ieKOxt none^a K'LM'L TOBa, rqo ^T/p5KexT> BT. pxKaia. Cjyraxa MH 6-fcine MOM^K^ B-fe- pem> H ci>6yAeBT>. Ton ce cfeiH H asi* nesarffiaxi Bp-feivie. IIpn6jHJKHXTE, Ce /JO CCX^OBeT^, II Bl> MHTX-TT,, KOraTO CBT>puiH c6flpaHneTo H ce HcnpaBaHie, xa ne seqe ^6,iy, ast nycTHaLXi> Heyctino npn KpaKaia CH cr^HxTaxa KiiHJKKa. Cjyraia ce Hase^e ^a 3eMe 40Beii, H ct rtxt 3ae#HO rpa6Hs., Kaio H KHHJKKaia. /KaH^apMHfllTL Ce He C'BlH. A31. e ci>o6ff(eHHeTO MH mtuie ^a cinrHe Ha3- CH. H. E. FEUIOBT,. 1 A postage-stamp. READING LESSONS. 79 THE CUKIOSITY AT THE CONVENT. TocnojKa Xa^JKH PoBoaMa 6-fcnie ina #HH a^ocana on, ny- maHHeTO Ha /joKiopa CoKOJOBa. onacnna 1 span, na Meioxa. Ta 3.iOBCTByBaine Tanno n ce yqypaine KOH My e noMorHxjt? KOH HS. .iiiniH on> y/jOBoJCTBHeio #a cjyuia BcfeKH AGHB, a H caMa ^a n/qe, HOBH HciopiiH no cx.^6aia My. Ta TOBa 6'fetne ufexo 6e3o6pa3He ! on. neinpn next ^eea ia HMaine 6e3CI>'HH^a, HOKOH ne ^ocirame oenKHit H. Ta cu 6naine yMa /ta oira^ae ; 3am6 ^oKiop'LT'L ne maJT> 2 ^ Ha 6ea, $ e 6iLn> no ipn qacirL 3 npfei. onaa 3HaMeHHia Koraio ro 3anptxx. ; n noc.i'fe, KOH nopdiHH MHCi>Jb orpt yMa H, H TOBa Kora qeriiine naBeqepKaia CH. Ta ncnjacKa pa^ociHO c r t pxut, Kaxo ApxHMe/ta, Kora OTKpnn, BaniKna CH *H3HqecKH 3aK6m>. 113^36 Ha BT>HT> H oiH^e npH rocno^a c^^^qeHa sene, H A Ka3a C'L pacipenepam, rjact : Cecipo, TH SHaeuii, JH ^4 e 6n.n> npfei, onaa #6KTOpT,rL, Koraio ne iyaji> ^a o6a#H na 6ea ? FocnoiKa CepaHMa HanperHJL ym -. Ilpn 6eiOBKuaTa, Mapii ! Mnrapi. rtn, Xa^KHHKe? AMH TaMi>, CepaoHMO, saiOBa ne ma #a Kante, jy^i. JH e? CBaia Boropo^HHKe, H a3i> #a ce ne yctiks. no-pano, Ka3Bauie Xa^>Kn PoBoaMa np^-L KVHociaca H ce 1 OIiaCHHH-Tt. a Observe variation in spelling. 3 We should have expected Tpa Maca. 80 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. AMH TH 3Haeun> JH KOH nycTH - KOH, cecip5 Xa^iKHHKe? noniha rocnoraa Mapn, onaa, Mapa ! naKi> o EoJKe, CBaxa Eoropo^HiKe? KX.^ MH 6-feine nyciHarL ! IIo4HpT> naio na.ii BT>jHenHaTa na ^yiiiaia CH, rocnoata PoBoana CH oin/te, ^oqeie naBeqepKaia CH H jerna CT> Ha aapaHtia Bene ni^HflT'L MeTOXT> 6feine aanai'L CT. H C2Ln|T> paaroBop'L. PIcTopnaxa sa /joKiopa H pacT-feme H SHMame sacipafflHTeJHH paaM^pn. 1 Ilpn HyBanneTO H BC'^Ka nHiaine. . . AMH KOH Hay^H^i, TOBa ? Mapn, rocnojKa Xa^atn PoBoaMa. ToBa HMC o6e30pz.H{aBanie BCHHKHii TOMOBEIH. H BCHHKH ce saieKoxa npn Xa^aH PoBoaMa, aa no-jaKOMH no4p66nocTH. IloAHpi, ^Ba naca M^JBaia 6tme o6HKOJHja utjna rpa^-L. Ho BC-feKa HOBHHa, H HaHJK)6onHTHaTa, BT> ipn ^HH ociaptfia. TpiSBauie HOBa xpaea aa o6mnHaTa, KOTO XBaex. yja ce nposaBa. HoaBieHHexo BT> rpa^a 2 KpajBHii-B, KOFOTO HIIKOH noHTH ne no3HaBauie, HSHOBO ^e ojKHBieHHe Ha Meioxa H TOH saiuyM^. KOH e? on, 4-6 e? 3aino e '4001^1 ? e ? HHKOH He SHaame. CnycnaLxas. ce HST. rpa^a Ho ci. HCMio^eHHe na HMCTO, . H. BASOBX. Acquired terrible dimensions. BEADING LESSONS. 81 THE JANISSARY AND THE FAIR DRAGANA. PasSera 1 ex. e B-iauiKa-ia BiauiKa-Ta 36Ma H Eor/jancKa, PI Bor^aHCKa-ia, cAina-ia KOH rope XO/JH, KOH #6.iy 6era. Orb JIOTH Typiin, cipaniHH Ma^JKa Ciapn cenexa, 2 Mia^n p66exa. Mja^H 46BOHKH OlSopT. 36Maxa, Ta rn npaBexa Mja^n poGnnn ; H Mia^H Moama oiSopt aeMaxa, Ta rn npaBexa ce HflHHepe, 4e-io MHH^BaTT. ceja-ia ropaii, Xopa-ia p66aT r B, ceja-xa ropaii*. C2E. 6-fejH-a 3 /(yHaBT., cat Kpan Exponoje, PacnpocipanHxa CHHH inaiope, Ha paBHO noie ^eioa ^ejexa Mja^H ^6BOHKH H MJa^H MOMIja KoMy na/teaxa no ABC, H no ipn, Ha Mja^ HnnHap-L ex. e na^naja. Caji e^fla MOMa pyca /(parana, Ha HK. saBe^n noAi> 6t^H na4x.pi>, Kora e OHJO Be^ep-ia KX.CHO, T, na ^Bopi. ce^enie, 1 Observe constant confusion between * and e. 2 a for 2.. 3 6tJiHH-Tt. G 82 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. fl6.iy, norje^aa rope, HST. nepna SCMH CHHT> orxHi* ropn, CHHBO He66 KipBaBT. 1 Hnnqap-L ex e Ta noHSBHKa pyca 4p a H na /[paraHa a;ajHO r MopA 4P ar ^ HO > MOff pOOHHbO ! n|o me xa nniaMi, npaeo #a HManii> Jim 6paTem>, HMann> JH cecipa, HMamt JH 6ama, HMaim> JLII A 4paraHa MY co rjaci* npo^ CH 6ama, HMaarB CH CH 6paieq f L, HMaMi> CH cecipa ? ' e 6pan TH, a TOH JH e nop66eH'L?' 4parana My ata^LHO oiroBapa. ' Kora ^o^oxa Bt BjaraKH-ia seMa, Typun H36nxa M^a^n BijrapH ; H 6paTT> MH o^me BO Taa BOHCKa ; A. cera TpH^eceii, ro/tneH Ka CZ.MT. 3 aat. 6paiem> ne ^MopH 4p ar ^HO, MOfl AKO ro BH#niin>, nosnaBanit JH ro.' f fl ^a ro BHflaMt, CH ro Ho Kjeia rjaBa, no t^pn A flnHHapi) /tparaea nAiame 3 More often CBML. HEADING LESSONS. 83 ' H(o HMa Ha SpaTHHa oaea ? ' 'Epan, MM HMa OTI, ca6n frlieKt ^e e nocGHeHT, na jnora BOHCKaY A HHHHapHH'L /(parana nfiia, ' II(o HMa 6pan, TH na r ' Bpaii, MH CH HMa Ha mpAH l Co cipeia paHen^ BO jiioia Boncita : Ha paciBopH HHHHapi. rxp^ti-Te B'Ln-Te rpz-^H, oeia-ia Koca. A Ha 4parana acajno 'H ciaHH, cecipo, a H^CMT., MaMa Hapo^HH H^CHH coopaHH o^t Bpaita Mn.ia- FAEEWELL! IIpOCTH ! B-B MOflia H xaMT. e xySaBi, 66acHH iKe^aiaL TaMT, aax ^a HO^AHX ; A TH . . . TH 3a6paBH 3a M6HI>. 2 ! JKHBOTT. TQ 3a MGHe ate rpo6i. Kpan na c-iOMena Ha B-feKH aa6paBH 3a 1 Observe the metathesis in this word. 2 MCHC. G2 84 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. njaMiemo me yracne, UJe ciane BCHIKO npaxt H H rp66i>rB BT, 6ypeHi> me 3a pacine 3auj6 #a cnoMHann, TH sa MCHI.? CecipHLja ntaia ^a cnoxo^a CupafflKHH rpo6T> HH MaHKa Tueia me H EuaTL ne me y^a napymaBa rpo66BHHH C'LHT. H MHpT> II|o caMO ie6e yja cMymasa HeBecejt cnoMeni. aapa^i) Mem. ? . . K. XPHCTOBT, AMONG THE TRANSYLVANIA!* BULGARIANS. Kaio nycTHx qepKBa, paannTBaxi., ^a JH ciapn xopa ^a noMHK&Ti> nimo on. S^rapCKH eanKi ^a aeaia&YL HaHsyci'L H^KOH n'BcHH, H ysHaxi), ne na noKOHHaa KaHiopt Hei'Lp'L Bjacnyci., no HMC Mnea, cere Bene S^fey Ha ^Be^eceib l TO^HHH, snae^a MHOFO nicHH. Ta 6nja H^Kora npo^yia n-feBHcia BT* nepKBa H ce OTinnaBaja CT. H3BT>Hpe^na Aap6a ^a HOMHH. Ta 6nja e^HHCTBenaia OTT CTapnrfc ffienn, Koaio Hanaycn. anaeia MHOFO St'irapcKH nicHH H HSpeneHHa. IHoMi. yanaxT. TOBa, ano H #a EEADING LESSONS. 85 3a IkaseHflOp'&T,, OTHflOXT. CT. npo$. Yn.iaKaH'L H fi&wun* CCKCJIH #a ce yfiiipiaL J0HHO 3a TOBa. KaTO BjiiSOXMe BT. flBOpa, BT, KOHTO MHFOMt ce Ha6pa OTT> cxc^Hnrt Depose jio6onHTHa Mja^eatb, no- cpemH2t MH ^iqepaTa na Mftna Biacayc'L, caMa Bene 70 ro^Hfflna JKena. HonHiaxMe sa MaiiKa H, a xa BT> HH nocoqn e^na 6a6H l iKa, ce^nxja BT. #Bopa no^i, cip-ixa, onpina o 3H/ja. Ora^oxMe npa nea. Ta He caMo ie cjaoo BH5K#a, HO H cja6o ^onyBa. Kaio H ce Kasa, ne ome.n, OTT, ^a^eqna cipaHa C^HHT, rocno^HHt, KOHTO atejae ^a nye ni>mo OTL HeHHHrt 6i,^rapCKH MOIHTBH, Ta ce CMVTH, HO CJ^T> MaiKO, KaTO H C6 o6aCHH, H6 TO HJ6 C6 HaHHUie BT> KHnra, CT>rjacii ce ^a KajKe, KaKeoTO anae. EonHTaxT, a, MHOrO JIH MOJHTBH 3Ha6, H Ta OTFOBOpH : ' MHOFO ' KOJKO ? noHHTax-L naKi,. ' Morx niKOJKo Maca nape^T, #a KassaMt/ OTroBopn Ta npocTO^ymno. Hsnecoxs. e^na cKaMeHKa H HHC cpimy CTapaTa, H3^feoxx. H CHaxnrfe Bee CTapn na 6e36poii Heja^b OTT, T^xnaTa Kima H C'Lcfe^HT^. 2 ce menflijine Ha OKOIO MH KaTO ce cnoMenyBauie HCCTO AyMaTa, c Bo^rapna ' ^^P^axi, TeTpa^KaTa BT, pxKa H a ciapaTa Bee CT^CHaBame H HaHceTH r fe Kasa, #a, a OTT, Koa HCKaMt. HanocoKH pcKoxi,, 3nae JH ^a Hani 6a^a,' 3 H Ta Be^nira ro H3Ka3a na e^HHi, ,, 6e3-B cnHpi>. Cera H peKoxx, ^a TO noBTopn no- a, KaKBojo rocno^HH'B npo^eccopi ^a Moace A. 1 ' As soon as I ascertained this, although it was very late,' 2 Written cz.c*AHHTi a few lines above. 3 Sic in orig. 86 BULGARIAN GBAMMAE. THE FAREWELL OF LIBEN. 1 iJ Ca flSCH H)HaK Ha Bpi>x, Ha Orapa Iljannna, JnSen ca c ropa npomasa, Ha ropa H B0#a A Fopo je, ropo TH H TH je BO#O ciy/jena, 3Haeni JH, ropo, HOMBHIH KOJKO C'LM' no ie6' ci)M MOMUH CXM np-fenopeu HOHOCHJ-B, MHOFO CT>M MaHKH paanjaKai, MHOFO HefiiciH paa^oMHj, Hosene ^pe^HH cnpaqn ociaBHi 4a njaqmn,, ropo, ^a MH HpociH MH, ropo, npociH ! 'le mx. flOMa ^a CH MaMa aa Ma 3a nonoBO-io HOHOBO non- Fopa HHKOMV He 1 Observe the strange orthography of this piece, especially the omission of i and b at the end of words. 2 ' For I wish to go home.' We see this idiom in Russian in such expressions as COUI.IHC&. BEADING LESSONS. 87 fl Jn6eHV ropa .lH6ene BOHBOAO, BOHBO^O, 46cia CH no Men' nox6#H.i npinopeii HOHOCHJ Ho Bptx, no Crapa HO XJa^HH C^HKH 4C6eJ HO pOCHH Tp^BH 36J6HH Mnoro CH MafiKH Mnoro CH neston cnpaHeia T, Jffl6ene, ^a e^ BOHBO^O, sapa^ ie6e. 4o cera, Jn6eHe BOHBO^O, Te64 ofc MaHKa Ciapa fl jA6e TH ropa ae^ena C KHHCCTH m^MH npeMinena, C cja^tK Beipeu paaxja^eHa ; Teoe iptsa nocTHjame, C ropcKH jHcia nonpHBanie, FopCKH-TH 3a Te6e, BeceiH ca lonaK c 'le c Teoe ropaa 3a ie6e njannna 3a ie6e BO^a ciy^ena, Cera ca, Jn6ene, c ropa npomaBam, 'le mem ^oMa CH BULGAEIAN GRAMMAS. ManKa TH #a xa noro/jH, IIoro^H, Home OJKCHH 3a HOHOBO-TO HOME, IIonoBO HOH-HHKO.IOBO. From the collection of DOZON. A TUEKISH PRISON. Etine 6me paao H H3AaH'HHH.nrf> He frkxx. ce OTL noaopno CH sanaine npn BoennnH CX^T,. Bi> ciaflia, HMame OKOJO 12 Meipa ^xjjKHHa H OKOJO 6 Meipa a, ce noMimaBaxz. HiKO.iKO JKan^apMH H H^KO^KO apeciaHTH, HaMeT^Tt Ha njopHBCKHrfc YJHUH, necKpoMHH HeXpaHHMaHKOBUH, KOHTO 6^X25. Tpt'rHXJH no nxTbTT, Ha HOpOKBTt H CTHFHX.JIH BT> T'LMHHUaTa, nO^nyXHX-JH HHflHElH^ Konio 6-ixz. aacna^H B-L yjnuaia H CH ci,6y^ajH BT. aa- TBopT.!!,. HaciASuiH HJH Ha^'irajH Ha MPT,'CHH porocKH, THH nasHiejH H HapyuiHie^H Ha o6mecTBeHHOTO sixff e^naKBO rnycHH, e^naKBO OTBpaTHiejflH. CaMo no-HHCTO o6.ii>HeHn Typqn jteexz. Ha nociaiKH, BT> wro- TI, Ha crania. KaKio OTHoc^i ce HayqnxT,, rfc aaiBopeHH aa ^'LJF'L KMT* lypcKoio ctKpoBHme. 1 Hpi- 6^x25. ^ecaT-LK^TT. Ha H^KOH ce^a, 6txz. aary6n^H OTB Hero, He MOJKCXX. ^a HaMiparL napn ^a ce Ha^t^ataT^ H cera aanjiamaxx CT aaiBop-Lrt ^;e4>HunTT,Ti, Ha CBOHT* cneKyjiamiH. B^oSme TOBa noJimeficKO HOM^meHne frfeme 1 Also written BEADING LESSONS. 89 OTI> #a ^e xpaMt na OcBi>m> naci,, aai, aaSiKiteflxt ome e^imi. caMo HOJHTH- H6CKHH 3aTBOpHHKT>, atnBOnnC6 Koroio 6ixx. np^M-fecTHJiH onaa aapaHi) BT> i6a Kaymt. ^apMHH'LT'L HH nocTJia jeoaia na e^HH HO-HHCTH ym> po- rocKH, H Hne cfe/jHaxMe. Sastnaxx na nact BCH^KHT^ OTL KOJ[T> H BX.Hte C^paHH, nOCTOflHHW I/1JH nepHO^HHCCKH naH- CHonepH na Toa ^paiaBeH'B ^OMI., H sfcnaxaL 404^10 ce HacHTHxx. Ilocji e^na sa^piMaxx, a Apyrn aanixx.. OHCBH^HO 6^, He e^HHii HMaxx. nya^a OT-B noHHBKa^ a ^pyrni-fe on, paciyxa. 1 H nicHHii na e^nnrt ne 6x'pKaxx. na CT>HT>T r L na #pyrHTi>, KaKio ne My npiHexz. H jerHOHHi^ , KOHTO m/iuexas. no ciaaia, jiarepyfiaxz. no poro- BT> CT^HHTi H onacBaxx. no nennaTa CT>M- CBOHT-fe CBoenpaBHH apaoecKH. 1 A rare word. Of. 0. S. TX.r'B, ' care.' YOCABULAEY. 1 A. a, conj., but. ast or asH, pers. pron., I. RMH (Turkish), cow/., but. auo, conj., if ; ano H $a, although. aaa, conj., but (cf. Polish ale). ' AmviHfl, s.f., England. apa6ecKH, s.pL, arabesques. apecTaHTt, s. m., a person arrested. ApnayTt, s.m., an Albanian. ApxHMCAa, s.m., Archimedes (proper name). B. 6a6nKKa, s.f., an old woman. , s.m., the Balkans. fc, s.m.,Batak (name of a place). 6aui,a, s.m., father. 6es6poH, adj., innumerable. 6eH, s.m., the Bey (a Turkish title). 6eio6Hij,a, s.f., the wife of the Bey. 6e3o6pa3He,s.w., a monstrosity. 6e3ci/HHHii,a, s./., sleeplessness. 6e3t, prep., without. 6HcxpHH, adj., the swift. 6aaropoAHHH, adj., noble. BaaseH^op^t, s.m., Blasendorf (name of a place). BjiacnyctjS.m^Blasius (proper name). 6jiHsy, prep., near. 6jiH5Kkas, V.TI., to draw near. Bor^anoBCKHH, adj., Moldavian (cf .Turkish Kara-Bogdan). Boropo,a,HHKa, s.f., Mother of God. Bort, s.m., God (voc. BOJKG). 1 It will be observed that the adjectives sometimes appear in this Vocabulary in the masc. definite and sometimes in the indefinite form, but it is obviously of no moment which form is taken under these circum- stances. 92 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. 66iKHH, adj., of or belonging to God. 6paHHHH, adj., warlike, belong- ing to war. 6paTeu,T>, s.m. (diminutive of 6paTt). 6paTHirL, adj.) of or belonging to a brother. 6paTT>, s.m., a brother. 6yHTyBaivn,, v.n., to rebel, to flow violently. 6ypeHt, s.m., weeds, grass of the steppes. BtJirapna, or Batrapna, s./., Bulgaria (sometimes EOJI- rapwa). Bi.jirapcKHH, adj., Bulgarian. Btjirapx, s.m., a Bulgarian. 6t'pKaMt, v.a., to interfere with. 6tJteK'L, or 6-fcjiin, s.m., a white mark. 6iaHH, adj., white. 6tjioTa, s.f., whiteness. a, s.f,, the future (cf. 62t,a,eH'i, in BOGOKOV). B. , verb imp. (with it rains. Hra (BeAHflH?t), adv., sud- denly, at once. , adj., great. BepuiHna, s.f., a height (Russ.). Beet, adj., all. sene, adv., already. Benepx, 5.m., the evening. BH^X., v.a., I see. , ?;.., I see. , s.f., power. H, adj., Wallachian. , s.f., water. BOCHHHH, adj., belonging to war. o^a, s.m., leader, general. , s.f., war. BoiicKa, s.f., an army. span, s.m., an enemy. BP^X-E, s.m., the summit (meta- thesis, cf. BepuiHHa). BptMe (speMe), s.n., time. Bee, adv., altogether (really neuter of Beet). BCHHKHH, adj., all. BciKaKt, adv., in every way. BCtKH. See BCHHKHH. Bt, prep., in. B r L3BHiuaBaM r B, v.a., to lift one- self up. B'LspaHi^aHHe, s.n., regenera- tion. eHHe, s.n., agitation. , adv., outside. B%66iii,e, adv., generally speak- ing, altogether. VOCABULARY. 93 , v.a., to turn. BT/pxy, prep., over. BtcnoMHHaHHe, s.n., recollec- tion. s.m., an age ; na B*KH, for ever. b, adj., trusty. s.m., & newspaper. t, s.m., the wind, breeze. BX.JKC, n., the rope. r. s.f., the head. , adv., loudly, audibly. iviact, s.m., the voice. t, v.a., to look, see. t, adv., at a glance (cf. RUSS. CJlHUIKOMt). ?;., loathsome. HHa, s.f., year. HHH, a^;., of years. -B, adj., great. ropa, s.f., a forest (in 0. S. a mountain). popgun, a dj., proud, rope, or ropt, adj., up. ropcKHH, adj., belonging to the mountain. pks., v.n., I burn. t, s.m., a gentleman, Mr. rocnoiKa, s.f., Mrs. or Miss. rpa6HX., v.a., to catch hold of. rpa^t, s.m., city, town. rpo6-L, s.m., a grave. rp66Hnn, adj., belonging to the grave. , adj., terrible, ugly. itK, v.n., to echo, resound. H, s.pl., breast (sometimes by metathesis 4. , con/., that. , or ^a^ieHb, adv., afar. /., far. , v.a., to give. , s.m., Daniel (proper name). Aap6a, s.f., the gift. , num., two. (ABC), num.yfem., two. , s.m., the courtyard. , adj., thick. (better AeBen- num., ninety. , s.f., a girl. , or ^tji6a, a division, or A^nt, 5.m., a day. ._, the tithe. .m., Demetrius (proper name). 94 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. AHMHLU,HH, adj. (orig. a par- ticiple), smoking. L, s.m., the deficit. b, adv., to-day, now. AO, j9r., up to as far as. A06HIX., v.a., to gain. Ao6pHna, s.f., goodness. .7ib, s.f., goodness, virtue. a, s.f., the Dobrudzha. ., until. , v. ? to come, arrive at. , s.m., the doctor. ;., down, a, adv., at home. B. v.?7., to domesticate, take up one's abode. , s.w., the house, home. ., v.a., to bring, ii, adv., up to, even allow- ing. cniBCKHH, s.m., Dospievski, a man's name. adv., enough. , v.a., to reach. , v.n., to go to. , v.a., to finish reading, v.a., to hear, s./., Dragana (a woman's name). a, s.m., a painter. JKHBOTT., s.f., life. 3. aa, prep., for. 3a6paei35., v.a., to forget. KE., #.a,, to notice, note. , v.a., to lead away. 3ary6Lx, v.a., to lose. sa^ptwias., v.n., to begin to sleep.- o, adv., at the same time. (sastnflMt), v.w., to gape, stare. L, s.m., law. , s.m., an effort. , past part., occupied. , s.n., occupation. , s.f., note. ., v.a., to write down, copy. 3anjiain f aM r b, v.a., to pay for. sanpeiji,eHHe, s.n., the act of forbidding, bx, v.a., to shut up. , v.a., to begin singing, and sapa^H, prep., on account of. sap am,, s.f., the morning. , adj. 9 terrible. s.m., a prisoner. ., s.m., a prison. v.a., to shut up in prison. v.n. f to flow to, to betake oneself to. ., v.n., to resound. 3BpcTBo, s.n., brutality, atro- city. seaent, adj., green. seMfl, s.f., country, earth. seM25.(past tense 3aat,or sejit), v.a., to take. -, s.m., a wall. ;'., evil, bad. 3ao6cTByBaMt, v.n., to utter abuse. , adj., celebrated. , v.a., to know, sopa, ./, the dawn. .^., to gape. .?i., to gape. 96 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. H. H, cow/., and. H, a form occasionally used for e (3rd sing. pres. of ciMb). H, dative of ona, she (some- times used for genitive). tas., v.a., to kill, massacre. v.a., to take out. , adv., remarkably (lit. out of the ranks). i/pmaMrb; v.a., to accom- plish. , s.m., a traitor. TE/.i5Ktx, v.w.j to get out of debt. t&XHJL, V.W., to expire. ajKz., v.a., to say out, to repeat. HSJUiCKB., V.n.j to gO OUt. btK., v.a., to pour out. b, s.m., the sweepings, refuse. HSHecjx., v.a., to bring out. H3HOBO, adv., afresh. , s.w., an expression. or. ,, v.a., to have. HMO, s,w., name. e, conj., and moreover. t;.^., to wish. HCKaio4eHHe, s.n. } the excep- tion. (or v.a., to clap. (or v.a., to lift up. Hcnpaxias., v.a., to send. HCTOKT., s.m., the east. s.f., a history, a story. K. KR, shortened form of Ka,3BaMT> (KasyBaMi.), v.a., to say. ;.a., to say (aor. Kasaxt). conj., as. , pron., of what sort. , s.m., a leader of the choir, clerk. KB/TO, conj., as. (Cf. Russian KaK^, where the K is merely formative.) , s.f., a small room (Turkish). (KHHRCT'L), s.m., a tuft. , s.f., eyelash, or eyelid. ,, adj., lit. accursed, hence unfortunate, miserable. s.f., Klisura, name of a place ; a Greek word. Hra, s.f., a book. VOCABULARY. 97 a, s.f., letter (lit., little book). KOH, KOHTO, pron.y who, which. KO.IKO, inter, adv., how many. Kojnb, s.m., the stake. K6HCTaHTHHt, s.7w.,Constantine (proper name). KonpHBm,Hii,a, s.f., Koprivshti- tza (name of a place). Koca, s.f., the hair of the head, the head. , s.m., the end. ,, s.m., a foot, pi. Kpaica. b, s.m., Kralich (proper name). H, adj., critical. iifcx, v.a., to conceal. KP-LB-B, s.f., blood. KP^CTHK., v.a., to cross one- self. KT/./IH.XL, v.a., to curse. KyHocTacx, s.m., the iconostas. K-BMX, prep., to. KxpMane, s.n., a nursling. KT/PMHE., v.a., to nourish. e (KX.A&), adv., whither, where ; Ki^e e, whither is ... gone, what has become of ...? .HT%, s.m., the corner. adj., bloody. KX.CHO (KXCHO), adv., late. K3Lin,HHH, adj, t of, or belonging to the house. A. i, adj., dainty. jie, an interjection put after nouns. , s.m., a legion. , s.n., a bed. jiernx, v.n., to lie down. jiemis. (also JI*JKKK.), v.n., to lie down. JIH, interrogative particle. JLii6eH'L, s.m., Liben (proper name). H5.j v.a. (dialectic for jiw- , to love. v.a., to seize (lit., by the hair). , s.m., a leaf (pi. JIHCTR). ypa, s.f., literature. , adv., personally. Hiutx, v.a., to deprive. /., foolish, crazy. , adj., summer. afeix., v.n. to flow. juo6onHTHHH, adj., curious. ji^OBt, s.f., love. jii66iz., v.a., I love. JIIOTHH, adj., cruel. 98 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. M. t, s.m., a Magyar, a Hungarian. a, s.f., a mother. H, s.f., Macedonia (proper name). Ke^oHCKHH, adj., belonging to Macedonia, o, adv., a little. s.f., the few. a, s.f., mother. H, you silly person ! (An exclamation.) Greek ^wpc. a, s.f., the Maritza (the ancient Hebrus). a, s.f., a stamp. prep., among. s.f., a monastery. (Greek neroyiov.) L, s.m., metre (borrowed from the French). , inter., really, is ifc so? (A Persian word, sometimes written Manapi.). , s.m., a moment. , s.m., Miladinov (proper name). MH.IHH, adj., dear. Muna, s.f., Mina, a woman's name. , v.n., to pass. s.m., peace. , s.f., thought. ., v.n., to think. , s.f., youth (collec- tively). , s.f., youth. young. MHoro, adv., much. MHorocTpa^ajiHHH, adj., much suffering. MHoroD.tHHHH, adj., valuable. MOH, poss. pron., my. Morx, v.n., I can. MOJiHTBa, s.f., a prayer. MOJIHB., v.a., to pray. MOMa, s.f., a girl. , s.m., a moment. , s.n., a young girl (a diminutive). s.m., a young man. Mope, s.n., the sea (pi. Mopexa). , adj., dirty, filthy. , s.f., talk, report. !, torment. , s.m., & martyr. H. na, prep., on (used to express gen. and dat.) Ha6ep2L, v.a., to collect, bring together. VOCABULAEY. 99 eAx, v.a., to bend down. HaeenepKa, s.f., the evening service. ., v.a., to draw over. prep., upon, over. e, s.n., destination. nan, adv., most (but generally compounded with adjec- tives). naHnocjit, adv., immediately after. HaH3ycT"L, adv., by heart. t, adv., at last, after- wards. saHHe, s.n., punishment. or na.iaraM'L, 2;^., to lie on. fepis., v.a., to find. ., #.a., to write. nanocoKH, adv., at random. HanpaBis., v.a., to say. Hanpernx., v.#., to prick up. HapeAtj odfi;., in order, one after the other. ., v.a., to arrange, draw up. oAHHH, adj., national, be- longing to the people. ,, s.m., the people. O, adv., on purpose. b, v.a., to disturb. b, s.m., disturber. v.a., to satiate. ., v.a., to make abun- dant (cf. cnopent, abun- dant). .n., to sit. OM'b, s.m. (or nactKOMo, s.n.), an insect. ., v.a., to teach. poss. pron., our. HC, neg. particle, not. ne66, s.n., the sky. HeBecejn>, adj., melancholy (lit. not cheerful). ^ s.f., slavery. s.f., a bride. HCHHHH, poss. pron., belonging to her. HeoTpt6eH*, adj., useless. necKpoMHHH, adj., vile. neyciTHo, adv., unobserved. HcxpaHHMaHKOB'L, s.m., a person not having the means of support, a beggar. HHC, pers. pron., we. , indef. pron., any. , adv., in no way, no- how. HHKOH, pron., no one. HOBHH, adj. 9 new. HOBHHa, s.f., piece of news. H0in,i>, s.f., night. Hyx.A a ^/o need. HT> (HO), but. adv., at one time. H2 100 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. o, adv.) some. H, indef. pron., some. a, v. imp., there is not. HiiD,o, pron., something. 0. o, prep., upon, about. o6aAffi, v.a., to tell, inform. o6e3op2E.;KauaM r t, v.a., to dis- arm (deriv. 6ea-, opaLJKHe). o6HKHOB6HHHH, adj., customary. o6HKO.7iix., v.a., to go about. o6jiiK2L, #.., to clothe (pastf part, pass., o6ji-tHeH'B). o6m,ecTBeH'B, adj., social, be- longing to the community. o6ni,HHa, s.f., the community. of> finis., v.a., to declare. o6acHEK., v.a., to explain. e, s.w., limitation, feis. (orpam),v.a.,to warm, (ortub), s.m., fire. v.., to marry, e, s.w., liveliness. OKO, s.n., eye. OKOJIO^ prep., about. 6H3H, c?e/. ^roTe., that : an is a mere suffix. OHHH, dem. pron.y that. onacHHH, adj., dangerous. , v.a., to inscribe. onpx, v.n., to lean upon. ocaMOTCH'L, adj., lonely, de- serted. lint, prep., besides. iMCTOTHHt, card, num., eight hundred. 'aBHs., v.a., to leave. ocTaptsaMt, v.n., to grow old. OT6opx, s.m., a selection, a choice. t, v.a., to take away. eacH-i, adj., repulsive. v.a., to guess, b, v.a., to answer. ^., answer. 'xHz., V.TI., to breathe afresh. , s.n., native country, fatnerland (borrowed from Russian). HHs., v.a., to discover. aBaM'B, v.a., to distin- guish. , adv., afterwards. OTt, prep., from, by (some- times written OA^)- OHGBHAeH'B, adj., manifest, clear to the eyes. 6m,e, adv., still. n. na, adv., then. VOCABULARY. 101 , v.n., to fall. s, s.m., a guardian. iiasyxa, s.f., breast-pocket. T,, adv., again, also. L, s.m.j a memorial. JIaHariopHm,e, Panagurishte (name of a place). naHCHOHep'b, s.m., pensioner borrowed from the French, as the spelling shows. napH, s.pl., money (a Turkish word). nepnoAHHecKHH, adj., periodi- cal. next, card, num., five. JleTtpt, s.m., Peter (pr. name). niL/ie, s.n., a bird ; pi. niiaeTa (also nnjin,H). b, v.a., to ask. , s.m., a drunkard. njiaMTem,HH, burning (a par- ticiple used as an adjective of the verb njiaMTks.). njiaHHHa, s.f., a mountain ; Orapa naannHa. the Bal- kans. s.m., weepng. fuia i iis., v.a., to weep. KHH, adj., belonging to njioB^HBt, or Philip- popolis. (The old name was Pupuldeva, preserved in Jordanes.) no, prep., at or by. cfo., moreover, in addi- tion. Be^x.), v.a., to lead. v.a., to repeat. ., v.n., to look. , s.m., a glance. HK., v.a., to affiance. ,, prep., after. HHtK., v.a., to change. , adj., bloated. , s./.,'minutise. , or IIOAO, prep., under. , v.a., to recognise. nosopeiTB, ac?;'., contemptible. noHSBHKaM-L, v.a., to call forth gently. , s.m., greeting. IIOKOH, s.m., rest. , adj., the late. , v.a., to cover. nojie, s.n., a field. nojieKa, adv., more gently. , adj., political. , adj., belonging to the police. noaana, s.f., a field. ., v.a., to assist. v.a., to remember. , v.a., to entreat. noMtiu,aBaMT,, v.a., to take up one's quarters. no M* men HC, s.n., habitation. 102 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. v.a., to carry. , v.a., to ask. nonoB-L, adj., belonging to a priest. non-HHKOJioB'L, adj., belonging to the priest Nicholas. nop66ks., v.a., to make a slave. nopoKi>, s.m., vice. noccKx, #.#., I cut or wound a little. nocji-t, prep., after. noconks., v.a., to point out. nocpein,Ha, v.a., to meet. nocTeaKa, s./., a little bed. nocTHjiajvrt, or nocTjaMt, #.., to spread out as a bed. HHt, adj., continuous. v.n., to go. ,, v.n., to rest. a, s.f., rest. ., v.w., to rest. IIOHTH, almost. nojii,encKHH, postal, belonging to the post-office. e, s.ft.,the appearance. v.a., to give to drink. npaBo, s.n., truth, what is correct. npasks., v.a., to make. npaxt, 5.m., dust. v.a., to pass. HHB., v.a., to decorate, ornament. npn (npne), prep., at, by the side of. .iHffikE., v.n., to draw near. , V.TI., to fly to. eKHZ., v.a., to allure. OBEK., v.a., to prepare. , v.a., to receive. , s.f., a female friend. HKHX., v.n., to cry out. , v.n., to speak out. , i;.72., to gape. is., v.a., to shed, pour out. npocTOAyuiHo, adv., simply, naively. npocTiK., v.n., to say good-bye. npoTecTHpaivrt, v.n., to protest. npoTHBoptHHBHH, adj., contra- dictory. npo*eccop-L, s.m., professor. yTHH, adj., celebrated. aM'b, v.a., to say adieu to. iAaHHocTL (npe-), s.f., de- votion. ^cTaBflMt (npe^-), v.a., to exhibit. (npe,a,T)> prep., before. nptst, ^r^>., through. (Cf. Polish przez.) ynkB., v.a., to buy up. , adj., past. VOCABULARY. 103 nptMtcTHS., v.a., to transfer. nptnopeivL, s.m., a banner, standard. a, s.f., Preslava (name of a city). icjii^BaMt, v. a., to per- secute. tHix., v.a., to hinder. H, adj., empty. ., v.a., to drop, let go, leave. nyiu,aHHe, s.n., letting go (as out of prison). H, adj., full, e, 5./1., a horde. #.a., to entwine. (Cf. Russian nonjiecTH). H, ord. num., first. iina, s./., a singer. b, 5./., a song. V.TI., to sing. , s.m., time, journey. p. pa6oTa, 5./., business, matter. , adj., level, even. ct, s./., plain. b, s.f., joy. pa36traMi,, v.a., to disperse. , 5.?^., awakening. , s.f., a ruin. , t?.a., to agitate. pasroBopt, s.m., discourse, talk. ., t?.a., to deprive of one's home. , s.m., dimension, mea- sure. , adj., various. ) v.a., to make to weep in different ways. pasxjiaAias., v.a., to refresh, make cool. Pan, s.m., Paradise. pano, adv., early. pacnpocxpaHKB., v.a., to spread out. pacTs6pi3R, v.a., to show, ex- pose. pacTpenepant, adj., trembling, disturbed. , v.n., to grow. , s.m., freedom from care. L, v.a., to grow. peK2L (p*K25.), v.n., to say (obsolete in present). pncKi, s.m., risk. pooHna, s.f., a slave. Po66aMa, s.f., Roboama (pr. name). p66ias., v.a., to make a slave, enslave. porocKa, s.f., a mat. 104 BULGARIAN GKAMMAR. , adj., born (properly a past participle). po,a,HHa, St f t, adv.) only; same as caMO, Macedonian dialect. caM-B, pron., itself, the very. caMO, adv.) only. c6epx, v.a.) to collect ; past part. c r b6paHi, collected. c6npaM'b, v.a.) to collect. c6HpaHHe, s.n.) the collection. c66pHHKt, s.m.) a collection of writings, a miscellany. B, adj.) holy, sacred. &, adj.) free. CBOH, />ro?z., their (used re- flexively). , adj.) capricious. cB*b'piiiiK., v.a.) to accomplish. , s.n.) information. , adj.) bright. , s.m.) the light, lustre. is., v.n.) to flash. , s.m.) the world, light. CBHTHH, adj.) holy. cri,'H2K., v.a.) to fold. ce (=Bce), adv.) altogether. ce6e, reflexive pronoun of all persons. cera (or cere), adv.) now. ce^eM^eceTb, cardinal number) seventy. (or ct^ H:K -)j v.n.) to sit. , part.) sitting. , s.m.) Szekely (Hung, proper name). ce^o, s.n.) a village. , 5./., Seraphima (pr. name). , 5.n., the heart. cecTpa, s.f.) sister. cecTpHii,H, s.f.) dim. of cecTpa. i, adj.) blue, b, s.m.) a son. , adj.) belonging to an orphan. cnpane, s.n.) an orphan ; pis. cnpaneTa and VOCABULARY. 105 CH4KHH (BCHHKHH), adj., all, every. cKaMGHKa, s.f., a bench, seat. caa6o, adv., weakly. a, s.f., glory. e?;., glorious. )'., sweet. HK., v.a., to break. cayra, s.w., a servant. , #.., to hear. L, s.m., rubbish (lit. what is swept away). L, v.a., to trouble. ymiat, v.a., to trouble, to disturb. , s.f., death. cnaxa (cnoxa), s.f., daughter- in-law. CoKoaoBt, s.m., Sokolov (pr. name). coKp6BHiu,e, s.n., a treasure. crieKyjiaii,Ha, s./., speculation. B, s.m., a stop. , s. n., tranquil- lity. oMenyBaMt, v.a., to make mention of. L, S.W., recollection. His., v.a.j to remember. b, v.a., to visit. cnycH2t, v.a., to discharge, send. cp4iu,y, prep., opposite to. ), s.m., a vessel. (Cf. Russian cocy,zv&. The ex is a preposition). HHCJiast, 5.m., Stanislaus (proper name). , v.n., I arise. , adj., old. crapHna, s./., antiquity, old time. cxaa, s.f., a room. cTnraMt, V.TI., to reach. CTHTHX, v.n., to reach. , s.n., suffering. CTpana, s.f., a country. , adj., terrible. , adj., strict. cxptaa, s.f., an arrow. CTptxa,s./.,the eaves, the roof. , adj., cold. , v.a., to harass. a, s.f., a wall. , prep., with (also ctct). Co is a R-ussism. c%6jiaKH2 t?.a., to take off one's clothes, undress. ., t?.^., to consent. , s.n., a treasure. ^/'., dubious. a (also ctaaa), s./!, a tear. , v.w., to be. , s.m., sleep. cto6in ? eHHe, s.n., communica- tion. 106 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. a, s.f., a ruin. CiKX, V. Cl., tO CUt. e-fcHKa, s.f., a shade. c-feTEK., tf.a., to perceive. cx.,zi,6a, s.f., fate. CX.,ZVB, s.w&., the court. C2LCtAHHH (alSO neighbouring. CZ.IIJ,HH, udj., the same. T. Ta, cow/., and. TaHHO, ac?v., secretly. TaMo (or xaMt), adv., there. TBOH, poss.pron., thy. Texpa^Ka, 5./., copy-book, note book. (Gr. rcrpas, cahier.) TH, p^rs. pron.) thou. THXO, ac?y., softly. TVIHITB, 5.m., corruption, decay. Toracb, ac?/., then. (The CB a mere suffix.) Cf. Polish zas. TOH, jo^rs. pron., he. TOMOBI^H, s.m.pl., the Thomases (i.e. unbelievers, TOM-OBII,II). TOH'L, 5.w., tone. TOMSK, dem. pron., this. H, adj., tragic. H, adj., Thracian. Tpaiz., v.n., to last, endure. TpenepaivrL, v.n., I tremble. Tpn, card, num., three. , card, num., thirty. (More often TpHHceit.) ., v.n., to start, to go (lit. to tear oneself away). (also Tpe6a), v.imp., to be necessary. (Used like Lat. opus est.) a (Tpesa), s.f., grass. TypoKt, s.m., a Turk (plur. Typn,H). TypcKHH, adj., Turkish. TX'KX. (Ttneiut), v.a., to weave, invent. TbMHHii,a, s.f., a prison, dun- geon. Tb'pnoBo (or TbpHOBt), s,n. Turnovo (a city). , poss. pron., their. y. ., v.a., to increase. , v.a., to assure, yracnat, v.n., to be quenched, extinguished. , s.n., satisfaction. ., v.a., to ascertain. , 5.m.,Ujlakan (Hun- garian proper name). VOCABULARY. 107 H, adj., lightened, con- tented, a, s.f., a street. yjvtpaL, v.n., to die. yiwL, s.m., the mind. yiuiaiiius., v.a., to frighten. yciTix, v.a., to perceive. yxo, s.n., the ear. ynyABaMt, v.a., to make asto- nished. fH3HHecKHH, acT/., physical. #6pMa, s.f., form. X. n, s.w., a title added to people's names, both Chris- tian and Mohammedan, to show that they have made a pilgrimage to a sacred place. X a-ASKHHKa, s.f., a female Hadj i. xBaH.x, v.a. and w., to take, to catch, to begin. (Cf . Germ. anfangen.) ., v.a., to throw. s./., car^. num., a thousand. ./!, craft, trickery. 6?/., cold, xopa, m. t the people (only used in plural). xpa&r&, s.m., temple, xpana, s.f., food, nourishment. , adj., beautiful (origi- nally a Pers. word). , adj., of, or be- longing to, Constantinople. Hif, adj., complete, entire. 5.m., tent (Turkish), .a., to wait for. nact, s.w., an hour. ne, conj., that ; Kaxo Me, a though. ./., family. , s.f., church. s.m., a Circassian. , adj., black. HCCTO, adv., frequently. MCTHpe, card, num., four. HeT2t, v.a., to count or read. HHCTO, adv., cleanly, ie, s.n., hearing. v.a., to hear. Hi,, adj., bright red. 108 BULGARIAN GRAMMAR. ffl. , v.n., to move. maTt'pt (or inaxopt), s.m., a tent. HienH2t, v.a.j to whisper. mecTHH, ord. num., sixth. iiiHpo i iHiia, s.f., breadth. a, s./., foliage (from its rustling). rel. pron., which. c?v., as soon as. t?.a. and ?&., to wish (used as an auxiliary to express the future). See e^pt, and beware of the constant confusion between t and e. K). loro - HCTOHHHH, adj.) south- eastern. , s.m., a hero, a brave young man. a. a, as in a cTaim ! a kind of interjection, arousing a person. Ho ! , v.a.j to make angry ; , lit. poison. (e3HKt, q.v.), s.m., lan- guage. the Janissary (Turkish, new troops). GlLBBET Theology , 27 Essays . 3 Music , .61 Sports , . 66 Ethnology . 48 Mythology . 28 Technology . . 63 Ethics . 31 Numismatics . 61 Theosophy . . 34 Fiction . 12 Occult Sciences . 29 Topography . . 41 Finance 46 Oriental . . 81 Travels , 41 Folk-lore 28 Painting . . 62 Voyages . 41 Gastronomy . 57 Periodicals . 95 Zoology . 54 PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD, LONDON, W.C. 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