r-NRLF 
 
 B 3 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 

THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
MY PURPOSE IS SIMPLY TO SHOW THAT A RATIONAL POLICY MUST 
 RECOGNIZE CERTAIN GENERAL TRUTHS OF BIOLOGY; AND TO INSIST THAT 
 ONLY WHEN STUDY OF THESE GENERAL TRUTHS, AS ILLUSTRATED THROUGH- 
 OUT THE LIVING WORLD, HAS WOVEN THEM INTO THE CONCEPTIONS OF 
 THINGS, IS THERE GAINED A STRONG CONVICTION THAT DISREGARD OF 
 THEM MUST CAUSE ENORMOUS MISCHIEFS. 
 
 HERBERT SPENCER in The Study of Sociology (p. 346). 
 
 DICTAT RATIO (SI QUID EGO HIC JUDICO,) MORBUM, QUANTUMLIBET EJUS 
 CAUSAE HUMANO CORPORI ADVERSENTUR, NIHIL ESSE ALIUD QUAM NATURAE 
 CONAMEN, MATERIAE MORBIFICAE EXTERMINATIONEM IN AEGRI SALUTEM 
 OMNI OPE MOLIENTIS. 
 
 TH. STDENHAM, M.D., Opera Omwia (p. 26). 
 
 [REASON (IF SUCH AN ONE AS I MAY PRONOUNCE ANY JUDGMENT) 
 REQUIRES US TO BELIEVE, THAT, BE THE SYMPTOMS OF IT, WHICH AFFLICT 
 THE HUMAN BODY, NEVER SO SEVERE, DISEASE IS NOTHING ELSE BUT THE 
 EFFORT OF NATURE, ATTEMPTING BY EVERY MEANS THE EXTERMINATION OF 
 THE DISEASE-PRODUCING MATTER, FOR THE HEALTH OF THE PATIENT.] 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HENEY NAPPEE NEVILL, M.A. 
 
 SOMETIME A STUDENT OF MEDICINE IN TEINITY COLLEGE, THE EOYAL 
 COLLEGE OF SUEGEONS, AND THE MEATH HOSPITAL, DUBLIN 
 
 LONDON 
 KEGAN PAUL, TEUBNEE, TEENCH, & CO. (LIMITED) 
 
 LUDGATE HILL 
 
 1890 
 
B\otoc$ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 PREFACE . .. . . vii 
 
 THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY . . . . . . 1 
 
 (From Herbert Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy.) 
 
 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. The Law of Interchange . . .8 
 
 CHAPTER II. The Law of Interchange in relation to the 
 Body in health and its aliment . . .8 
 
 CHAPTER III. The Law of Interchange in relation to the 
 Body in disease, and the remedies for disease . 15 
 
 CHAPTER IV. How the Law of Interchange explains the 
 relations between the Body and lower organisms, par- 
 ticularly micro-organisms, in health and natural decay 26 
 
 CHAPTER V. How the Law of Interchange explains the 
 relations between the Body and lower organisms, par- 
 ticularly [micro-organisms, in disease and non-natural 
 death . . . . . . . 43 
 
 CHAPTER VI. The Protoplasm theory particularized and 
 tested by facts, and re-stated with the necessary 
 corrections . . . . . .64 
 
 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI. Eemarks on the general 
 reasoning on which the conclusions of the specific 
 microbe theorists are based, and on some of the methods 
 employed by them for classifying and identifying 
 micro-organisms . . . . . 86 
 
 CHAPTER VII. How the three desiderata of the celebrated 
 physician Sydenham have been discovered after two 
 hundred years of waiting . . . .94 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. The Banquet of Alma, or Diet of Health, 
 not a meagre fare, but while so cheap as to render 
 starvation almost an impossibility, when once the truth 
 is fully known, can be even luxurious . . . 118 
 
 CHAPTER IX. The importance of using no intractable 
 
 materials, for the Construction of the Human Body . 133 
 
 M350108 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 To clear the way for the understanding of the 
 line of argument adopted in this little book, I 
 commence with a quotation from Herbert Spencer's 
 Synthetic Philosophy, on the scope of Biology. 
 
 I do this for two reasons : 
 
 1. To present the reader with the fullest and 
 clearest explanation obtainable, of the meaning of 
 the words "Biology" and "Biological." 
 
 2. To show what are those principles or con- 
 clusions of this science, which Herbert Spencer takes 
 as fundamental or axiomatic, in constructing his 
 system. 
 
 I make no use whatever of the Spencerian system 
 in itself. I simply say at the outset of my work, 
 I am justified in taking it as granted that such 
 and such principles may truly be regarded as proved, 
 verified and generally accepted, because they are a 
 portion of those very principles which that great 
 and accurate thinker is content, or rather con- 
 strained in constructing his Synthetic Philosophy, 
 to take as axiomatic or fundamental, in the special 
 area of Biology. 
 
 The foundations of the Spencerian system are 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 laid deep, as all the thinking world knows, in this 
 department of science. 
 
 Even those who may find fault with the super- 
 structure, cannot deny the reality of its deep foun- 
 dations. 
 
 A few words about the origin of this little work 
 will explain and apologize for certain personal allu- 
 sions, particularly in the seventh chapter. 
 
 Last March, a Grerman professor of chemistry 
 wrote to me from a town in Saxony, asking for an 
 "exhaustive and impartial" account of the system 
 of Mr. Joseph Wallace. This set me to try and 
 explain so far as I could (keeping carefully to the 
 outside of the system itself) the connection between 
 Wallace's discoveries and generally accepted scien- 
 tific teaching in Chemistry and Biology. 
 
 J. H. N. NEVILL. 
 
 The Vicarage, 
 
 Stoke Gabriel, S. Devon. 
 January, 1890. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY. 
 
 EROM HERBERT SPENCER* S SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 " IN the chapters treating of Organic Matter, 
 the Actions of Forces on it, and its Reactions on 
 Forces, the generalizations reached were these : 
 That organic matter is specially sensitive to surround- 
 ing agencies; that, in consequence of the extreme 
 instability of the compounds it contains, minute 
 disturbances can cause in it large amounts of re-distri- 
 bution; and that, during the fall of its unstably- 
 arranged atoms into stable arrangements, there are 
 given out proportionately large amounts of motion. 
 We saw that organic matter is so constituted that 
 small incident actions are capable of initiating great 
 reactions letting up extensive structural modifica- 
 tions and liberating large quantities of power. 
 
 " In the chapters just concluded the changes of 
 which Life were made up were shown to be so 
 adjusted as to balance outer changes. And the 
 general process of the adjustment we found resolves 
 itself into this ; that if in the environment there are 
 any related actions, A and B, by which the organism 
 is affected, then if A produces in the organism some 
 change a, there follows in the organism some change 
 
2 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 bj fitted in time, direction, and amount to meet the 
 action B a change which is often required to be much 
 larger than its antecedent. 
 
 " Mark, now, the relation between these two final 
 results. On the one hand, for the maintenance of 
 that correspondence between inner and outer actions 
 which constitutes Life, an organism must be susceptible 
 to small changes from small external forces (as in 
 sensation), and must be able to initiate large changes 
 in opposition to large external forces (as in muscular 
 action). On the other hand, organic matter is at 
 once extremely sensitive to disturbing agencies of all 
 kinds, and is capable of suddenly evolving motion in 
 great amounts. That is to say, the constitution of 
 organic matter specially adapts it to receive and pro- 
 duce the internal changes required to balance external 
 changes. 
 
 "This being the general character of the vital 
 Functions, and of the Matter in which they are 
 performed, the science of Biology becomes an account 
 of all the phenomena attendant on the performance 
 of such Functions by such Matter an account of all 
 the conditions, concomitants, and consequences, under 
 the various circumstances fallen into by living bodies." 
 (Principles of Biology, vol. i., pp. 94 and 95.) 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 THE LAW OF INTERCHANGE. 
 
 IT is a long known, well established and now 
 universally acknowledged fact, that the mineral, 
 vegetal, and animal kingdoms bear a definite re- 
 lation to each other. Plants are intermediary as 
 regards sustenance, between minerals and animals 
 a necessary link in the chain of being. 
 
 This has long been known, and is now a common- 
 place a household word of Biological science. 
 
 Professor Asa Gray, in his " Structural and 
 Systematic Botany" (New York, 1862), a standard 
 work in its day, says (page 23) : 
 
 "Plants live directly upon the mineral 
 kingdom. They alone convert inorganic or 
 mineral into organic matter; while animals 
 originate none, but draw their whole sus- 
 tenance from the organized matter which 
 plants have thus elaborated." 
 
 In a standard medical work of the present day 
 (Quain's Diet, of Medicine, 1886), Dr. Pavy writes 
 in his article on " Aliment" (p. 81) : 
 
 "The aliment of organisms belonging to 
 the vegetable class is derived from the in- 
 organic kingdom. Under the influence of the 
 sun's rays the inorganic principles are applied 
 to growth, and constructed into organic com- 
 
4 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 pounds. This constitutes the main operation 
 of vegetable life, and in it we have the source 
 of the aliment of animals, which can only 
 Appropriate organic compounds, and which, 
 either directly or indirectly, derive these 
 compounds from the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 " As the solar force, employed in the con- 
 struction of organic compounds through the 
 agency of the vegetable organisms, becomes 
 locked up in the compound formed, such 
 compound represents matter combined with 
 a definite amount of latent force. In the 
 employment, therefore, of organic matter as 
 aliment by animals we have to look upon it, 
 not only as yielding the material required for 
 the construction and maintenance of the 
 body, but as containing and supplying the 
 force which is evolved under various forms 
 by the operations of animal life." 
 The position of plants, as a needful link, between 
 the mineral and animal, in the matter of food supply, 
 is, as we see, well known. 
 
 To complete the picture it is only necessary to re- 
 member the economy of Nature, in using over and 
 over again the same materials. Think of the vast 
 army of scavengers, belonging both to the animal and 
 vegetable worlds, which are employed to use up every 
 decomposing particle of vegetable or animal sub- 
 stance, and hasten its resolution into the inorganic 
 state, as water, carbonic acid, ammonia and such 
 like.* 
 
 * See "Fungi" by Cooke & Berkeley. (Internal. Sclent. 
 Series, p. 222.) 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 5 
 
 We find, as a matter of observation, that the 
 sustenance of those plants which are suited for 
 the food of animals, is itself derived (not from the 
 mineral world in general), but most chiefly from those 
 mineral particles which had previously been incor- 
 porated into organisms. 
 
 This completes the picture. We see the mutual 
 dependence of the three kingdoms, as regards supply 
 upon each other. It is in fact this very question of 
 supply which most clearly marks the boundaries 
 of those Three Kingdoms, united and yet distinct, 
 which we call animal, vegetal, and mineral kingdoms. 
 This mutual dependence we shall name the "LAW OF 
 INTERCHANGE." But in the following chapters we 
 shall only need to keep in mind that well established 
 and generally acknowledged portion of this Law, 
 which declares that, ANIMALS DRAW DIRECTLY OR INDI- 
 RECTLY THEIR WHOLE SUSTENANCE FROM THE ORGAN- 
 IZED MATTER WHICH PLANTS HAVE ELABORATED. 
 
 While this Law of Interchange may be well said to 
 be generally acknowledged, yet some more or less 
 obvious deductions or corollaries, consequent upon 
 this law, are either not seen as they ought to be, or 
 are practically disregarded.* Let us consider some 
 of these in the following chapters. 
 
 * Any reader may see for himself a remarkable example of this 
 practical disregard of a principle, which at the same time is fully 
 stated in words in this very article on " ALIMENT " in Quain's 
 Dictionary. We have seen it stated (to put the sense of the 
 above quotation shortly) : " We have to look upon the organic 
 matter employed as aliment for animals, not only as yielding the 
 material, but also as supplying the force, &G. This force-supply 
 being derived from the latent solar force locked up in the com- 
 
6 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 pound ; formed through vegetable agency" A main question we 
 should expect in determining the goodness of aliments would be, 
 What kind of food supplies this solar-plant force, in fullest force 
 and purest form ? But no, in the remainder of the article this 
 solar force is quite left out of the reckoning. The constituents of 
 food are viewed, as the writer says, " from a scientific standpoint." 
 He gives an interesting and learned account of different classifi- 
 cations of food such as Prout's and Liebig's. He shows clearly 
 that both Prout and Liebig fail, as correct interpreters, of 
 Nature's arrangements, and then proceeds to recommend as 
 " practically convenient" a grouping of alimentary principles 
 " based on chemistry" Indeed throughout, the standpoint is 
 chemical and not biological. The result is well seen in a subse- 
 quent article, by the same writer on " DIET." He says : "The 
 required principles are contained in food derived from both the 
 animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the diet may be drawn 
 from either ; but looking to man's general inclination, and the 
 conformation of his digestive apparatus, it may be assumed that a 
 mixed diet is that which is designed in the plan of Nature for 
 his subsistence" [a queer way of getting at Nature's plan], " and 
 it is that upon which he attains the highest state of physical 
 development and intellectual vigour." "Animal food being 
 identical in composition [i.e., from chemical standpoint] with the 
 body to be nourished by it, is in a state to be more easily appro- 
 priated than vegetable food. It also appeases hunger more 
 thoroughly, and satisfies longer; in other words, it gives, as 
 general experience will confirm, greater stay to the stomach 
 (" Quain's Diet.," p. 361) [say rather, it stays in the stomach so 
 much longer]. 
 
 But where, and O where, is my " solar force locked up in the 
 compound, by vegetable agency" gone ? Like poor Pickwick, who 
 was wheeled into the " pound" and forgotten, until his genial 
 presence was sadly missed, the solar force is left in the com- 
 pound, unthought of. 
 
 If animal flesh is such excellent food, and mineral salt such a 
 valuable " inorganic constituent" of food, why do they treat their 
 friends so scurvily ! Chemistry can give no explanation, but 
 Biology can. Name a disease that springs from a too exclusively 
 vegetable diet ! You cannot, there is none. But we all know, 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 7~ 
 
 or ought to know, the effect of living exclusively on even the 
 best salt flesh-meat. 
 
 SCURVY, the plague of the dead flesh and mineral salt eater 
 and its cure by lemons, purest products of sun and air and 
 plant-power, ought to convince any thoughtful mind, capable 
 of estimating tendency, and not waiting to learn like the fool by 
 bitter experience, that the plant-prepared food is best for man. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE LAW OF INTERCHANGE, IN RELATION TO THE BODY IN 
 HEALTH, AND ITS ALIMENT. 
 
 SUBSTANCES belonging to the mineral kingdom 
 (such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phos- 
 phorus), are the ultimate constituents of all animal 
 bodies, and therefore of our human body. This we 
 know and confess. We go further. We confess that 
 we are partly made of metals ; iron, sodium, potas- 
 sium, calcium, and perhaps other metals, are naturally 
 in our bodily structure part of our true texture. 
 
 We may go still further. Without being hypo- 
 chondriacs (like that poor lady who believed she was 
 her own silver tea-pot which she had loved as herself), 
 we may well believe that we are, perhaps, in some 
 sense altogether metallic ! Since oxygen, hydrogen, and 
 nitrogen may (as advanced chemists teach us) be 
 metals in a permanent state of gaseity, I presume 
 their compounds may be called, if we please, alloys. 
 It might be gratifying to regard ourselves or to look 
 upon our neighbours as (like those curious old 
 heathenish bronze images of the Deity) metallic 
 alloys ! 
 
 The thing I want to bring out clearly by all these 
 statements is, that in a chemical point of view we 
 may dismiss the arbitrary distinction between mineral 
 and non-mineral, and even, except as a convenient 
 arrangement for dividing the study of chemistry, 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 that between Inorganic and Organic Chemistry. 
 This distinction belongs properly to Biology, and not 
 to Chemistry.* 
 
 In Life and the science of Life, which is Biology, 
 there is no more essential distinction than that which 
 lies between the mineral as such, and the organism, 
 whether animal or vegetable ; between organized and 
 non-organized material; organized and unorganized 
 structure. 
 
 But next to this in importance comes the distinction 
 amongst organisms themselves, based upon their mode 
 of assimilation. 
 
 I venture to call this distinction more essential 
 than any based upon differentiation, though differ- 
 entiation covers all the difference (biologically 
 speaking) between a Man and an Amoeba. As- 
 similation, or the power of drawing into, and making 
 a part of its own intimate structure, suitable portions 
 of its environment, is the very most essential and vital 
 endowment any organism can possess. Its very exist- 
 ence depends upon the power of assimilation. Now, 
 I repeat, a distinction, based upon marked difference 
 in the mode of assimilation, must be a most important 
 distinction. Such is the distinction between the 
 vegetable organism and the animal organism which 
 we have already described under the Law of Inter- 
 change (see page 5). 
 
 Our corollary is this : 
 
 SUBSTANCE CAN BE RECEIVED INTO THE ANIMAL 
 
 * See Sir H. E.Eoscoe, in his " Elementary Chemistry" (p. 265). 
 " Organic Chemistry" is defined as " the chemistry of the carbon 
 compounds," and he denies that there is any real difference 
 between the laws of Inorganic and Organic chemistry. 
 
10 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 BODY, AS A PORTION OF ITS TRUE STRUCTURE, IF PRE- 
 SENTED TO THAT BODY IN AN UNORGANIZED STATE ; 
 AND FURTHER, THE MORE CLOSELY THE FOOD (AS CAN- 
 DIDATE FOR ASSIMILATION INTO THE ANIMAL ORGANISM) 
 CAN BE- PRESENTED TO THAT ANIMAL ORGANISM IN THAT 
 EXACT STATE OF ORGANIZATION IN WHICH IT EXISTED IN 
 THE VEGETABLE STRUCTURE, THE MORE FULLY WILL THE 
 LAW OF INTERCHANGE BE FULFILLED.* 
 
 All chemical processes disorganize the tissues of 
 plants or animals. They tend to bring them nearer 
 the condition of inorganic matter. Chemical treat- 
 ment, whether in the kitchen, the store, or the 
 laboratory, draws the food further away from that 
 state in which it existed in the vegetable ; and by so 
 doing renders it so much less fit for the aliment of the 
 
 * I say state of organization, not mechanical state. A vege- 
 table structure may be squeezed, pounded, pulped, or pulverized, 
 stewed or baked, only not incinerated, and its intimate molecular 
 structure, as an organized aliment, be untouched. 
 
 In the above corollary we leave out of consideration the absorp- 
 tion of oxygen in respiration. We are dealing only with food. 
 We can never be sufficiently on our guard against theories which 
 tend to obliterate or obscure natural distinctions. For instance, 
 the protoplasmic theory, while it emphasizes the distinction 
 between the mere mineral and the organism, tends to obliterate 
 the no less important distinction between organisms themselves, 
 into vegetal and animal protoplasm belonging apparently 
 to both vegetable and animal kingdoms. Again, the chemical 
 method of appraising the value of foods and chemical classifica- 
 tions of food, have resulted in water being classed along with 
 various saline matters as " Inorganic principles of food." (See 
 "ALIMENT" quoted above.) Now water (i.e., as such, not 
 worked up into an organized compound) is not food at all, it is 
 DRINK, the solvent, or " vehicle," and in fact " maid of all work" 
 as well as chief factor, in both vegetable and animal structures. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 11 
 
 animal organism, and pre-eminently, for that paragon 
 of animal organisms, the human body. 
 
 It might perhaps be reasonably objected, that the 
 logical conclusion from this corollary would be, that 
 uncooked vegetables and fruits ought then to be our 
 proper food. This is, however, certainly not the 
 biological conclusion ; at least under our present con- 
 ditions of life. 
 
 We ought to know that all attempts to dictate to 
 Nature, and expect her to conform to our reasoning, 
 are utterly futile. Our reasonings and deductions 
 must be constantly tested and corrected by actual 
 experience : they then become valuable guides to 
 teach us how to interpret the phenomena presented 
 to us spontaneously by Nature, or to show us where 
 we can usefully experiment. 
 
 I think we can very simply and satisfactorily 
 explain the seeming difference between the (ap- 
 parent) logical and biological result, in this question 
 of cooking. We all know there is a difference 
 between good and bad cooking. Our digestions 
 painfully tell that there is such a difference. Judg- 
 ing by the health-standard, and not by those of the 
 pampered palate and vitiated taste, we simply say 
 THAT cookery is good, which makes the food more 
 easily digestible and assimilable, and THAT is bad 
 which does the reverse. 
 
 See, if we cannot express this in relation to the 
 solar force, lying latent for our use [see p. 5, note], 
 comfortably locked up in the compounds formed 
 solely, as well as solarly, for us poor animals, by 
 vegetable agency. 
 
 We have seen that the biological conditions of 
 
12 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 food, good for us, are two : (1st) Vegetable con- 
 dition of organization, and (2nd) Latent solar 
 force, or to put it shortly, " PLANT-FORM " and 
 " SUN-POWER." Now, if any process alter the plant- 
 form, it is bad cookery, if it diminishes the sun -power 
 it is worse, for it destroys the most vital portion of 
 the aliment. But if I can find a process which, 
 without really changing the plant-form, will at 
 the same time add to the sun-power, then I have a 
 process which does not destroy but does fulfil 
 Nature's Law more completely ; and if, in addition 
 to this, we also mechanically save undue labour to 
 the organism by presenting its food to it in a state easy 
 to be dissolved, such a process is as perfect as we 
 can imagine. Now all wholesome food and good 
 cooking answer to this description. If we remember 
 that all our fuels coal, petroleum, gas, peat, wood 
 are really stored up solar force " bottled sunlight" 
 so to speak non-chemical cookery* simply adds to 
 the solar force in the vegetable tissues which, by the 
 Law of Interchange, form the best aliment of man. f 
 
 * I say non-chemical cookery, to exclude dressing with mineral 
 salt, baking-soda, vinegar, &c., and to imply mild cookery ; heat 
 applied by means of water, steam, olive oil, and such like. 
 
 f An eminent American professor of chemistry, Josiah P. Cooke, 
 Jr., thus accurately and readily describes the facts mentioned here: 
 
 " All carbonaceous materials used as fuel, whether wood, coal, 
 oil, or gas, if not themselves visibly organized, were derived 
 from organized structures, chiefly plants ; and all the light, all 
 the heat, all the power, which they are capable of yielding, were 
 stored away during the process of vegetable growth. The origin 
 of all this energy is the sun, and it is brought to the earth by 
 the sun's rays." . . . 
 
 " How it comes, how there can be so much power in the gentle 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 13 
 
 Thus the grand " Law of Interchange " is justified 
 in its followers. 
 
 For man in maturity and health that food is best 
 
 influences of the sunbeam, is one of the great mysteries of 
 Nature. We believe that the effect is in some way connected 
 with the molecular structure of matter ; but our theories are, as 
 yet, unable to cope with the subject. That the power comes 
 from the sun, we know ; and, moreover, we are able to put our 
 finger on the exact spot where the mysterious action takes place, 
 and where the energy is stored ; and that spot, singular as it 
 may appear, is the delicate leaf of a plant. 
 
 " This same carbonic dioxide, on which we are experimenting, 
 is the food of the plant, and indeed the chief article of its diet. 
 The plant absorbs the gas from the air, into which it is con- 
 stantly being poured from our chimneys and lungs, and the sun's 
 rays acting upon the green parts of the leaf, decompose it. The 
 oxygen it contains is restored to the atmosphere, while the carbon 
 remains in the leaf to form the structure of the growing plant. 
 This change may be represented thus : 
 
 C O 2 = C + O=O 
 Carbonic Dioxide. Carbon. Oxygen. 
 
 "Now to tear apart the oxygen atoms from the carbon, 
 requires the expenditure of a great amount of energy, and that 
 energy remains latent until the wood is burned ; and then, when 
 the carbon atoms again unite with oxygen, the energy reappears 
 undiminished in the heat and light, which radiate from the 
 glowing embers. Just as when a clock is wound up, the energy 
 which is expended in raising the weight reappears when the 
 weight falls ; so the energy, which is expended by the sun in 
 pulling apart the oxygen and carbon atoms, reappears when 
 those atoms again unite. . . . 
 
 "It is one of the greatest achievements of modern science, 
 that it has been able to measure this energy in the terms of our 
 common mechanical unit, the foot-pound ; and we know that 
 the energy exerted by the sun, and rendered latent in each 
 pound of carbon, which is laid away in the growing wood, would 
 be adequate to raise a weight of five thousand tons one foot." 
 " The New Chemistry" (Internat Scientific Series, vol. ix., p. 156). 
 
14 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 which is most purely vegetable. Flesh of animals, 
 though of course it is organized material, is yet at 
 least one degree removed from purely vegetable 
 organization, and is therefore by so much past the 
 stage at which it is best suited for our food. The 
 flesh has already had an animal life lived in it ; it is 
 so far on its way round vid decomposition into in- 
 organic matter, to be organized anew, by plant-power, 
 and thus be ready to play its part, in the composi- 
 tion of fresh vegetable and animal structures, in the 
 circuit of Life. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 15 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 THE LAW OF INTERCHANGE IN RELATION TO THE BODY IN 
 DISEASE, AND TO THE REMEDIES FOR DISEASE. 
 
 UNLESS we fancied we could, at once, improve the 
 very ground-plan of Nature, we should, I presume, 
 never dream of putting into our body, with the intention 
 that they should remain in it, any substances (such as 
 mercury, arsenic, and most mineral and vegetable 
 drugs) which are not normal constituents of a healthy 
 human body, or resolvable into such constituents. 
 
 To do this would be like mending a stone wall 
 with bricks ; it might possibly be an improvement, but 
 certainly would not be a restoration, and the aim of 
 all healing is professedly RESTORATION. 
 
 No thinking man would take any mineral or vege- 
 table drug, unless it were under the belief that, after 
 the medicine had done some temporary work in the 
 system, it passed out of it altogether. If this were 
 not so the body would manifestly be permanently 
 altered, and so deranged, by the intended healing. 
 
 In this view the proper practice of medicine may 
 be regarded as a kind of surgery, operating by almost 
 invisible instruments. Like surgery, it is & forcible 
 interference with the body, for the purpose of setting right 
 some injury, or remedying some wrong state of things. 
 But the surgeon never leaves his instruments perma- 
 nently located in his patient ! He even seldom leaves 
 any foreign material as a permanent part of the 
 
16 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 structure. If the constructive surgeon does this, he 
 never imagines he has RESTORED; the surgically- 
 produced tooth, or eye, or palate, or limb, are all 
 known as artificial or false ; so we speak of a false 
 tooth, false eye, false palate, false limb. 
 
 The same holds good in medicine, if any foreign 
 element becomes a permanent portion of the body's 
 structure; only there is this most tremendous diffe- 
 rence : In such surgery, we know where the foreign 
 portion is located, and we have a known advantage in 
 improved appearance, or improved speaking, or chew- 
 ing, or locomotion. But if the medicine does not 
 entirely pass away, what then ? We have artificiality 
 SOMEWHERE OR OTHER. Who knows where ? With 
 what results ? This last question we can answer only 
 too well. DANGEROUS artificiality, in the intimate 
 structure of brain, or heart, or lungs, or other vital 
 organs, resulting in the most incurable forms of 
 disease. 
 
 If we attend to the full meaning of the teachings 
 of eminent writers on medical jurisprudence, to the 
 medical evidence in trials for poisoning,* as well as 
 to the experience of the vast army of medical prac- 
 titioners, in any standard summary, f we shall find a 
 complete agreement upon one point. We may express 
 
 * For instance, Dr. Palmer's case, and recently the Maybrick 
 trial. 
 
 t See Dr. Eawdon Macnamara's " Medicines : their uses and 
 modes of administration," seventh edit. (p. 858). " Habit 
 powerfully influences the dose we should direct." By habit, the 
 writer clearly means habit of taking the same or similar medicine, 
 as he gives a remarkable instance of " the combined influence of 
 disease and habit, in establishing a tolerance of otherwise potent 
 medicines," in a case related by Zeviani, of a woman named 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 17 
 
 this in the short maxim, All medicines are drugs ; 
 
 or, more accurately, All the mineral and most of the 
 vegetable medicines in common use are veritable drugs, 
 i.e., they do not pass entirely out of the system. Not 
 only does the continued use of such medicine produce 
 an altered habit of the system (this alteration evidenced 
 by increased toleration, and necessity of increasing 
 the dose to produce equal effect), but this habit is (as, 
 indeed, the etymology of the word " habit" implies*) 
 a having, or holding in the system some part of the 
 drug, which does not quite pass away. 
 
 Some portion, even of a single dose, will remain, 
 and when the use of the drug has been long con- 
 tinued, a very serious amount is stowed away in some 
 part of the organism. For a time this seems to be 
 treated with a sort of toleration. The toleration of 
 the human body for foreign material is a very notice- 
 able thing. All constructive surgery proves that in 
 certain cases alien substances (such as artificial teeth, 
 eyes, tympanum of ear, cranial plate, and many 
 more), especially when they serve any useful purpose, 
 are tolerated by the system. They are not treated 
 like the typical " foreign body" of the older patholo- 
 gists and extradited by suppuration, but are natu- 
 
 Galvani who had recourse to opium to relieve pain, and in thirty- 
 four years consumed two hundred weights of the crude drug, her 
 daily dose at last being two hundred grains. 
 
 * " Habit is that which is held or retained, the effect of 
 custom or frequent repetition." Imperial Dictionary. Though 
 this suits my argument, I think it a very inadequate meaning. 
 Habit, I fancy, is rather the manner in which the whole 
 system, or any part (Body, Soul, Spirit Disposition, &c.), holds 
 itself. 
 
18 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 ralized and retained, as useful citizens in the body 
 politic.* 
 
 This toleration, so wise and useful in its intention, 
 can be, and is, systematically abused. Hence comes 
 the seeming impunity wth which drugs can be taken. 
 These dangerous aliens cannot be at once extradited, 
 for thelaw of toleration forbids this; but they are dealt with 
 as wisely as the circumstances admit. Let us see how. 
 
 A man forced to stow away heavy lumber in the 
 rooms of a rather crazy house would naturally pile 
 the heaviest weight on those parts of his flooring he 
 deemed the soundest and strongest. He would also 
 try to place the lumber where it would cause the 
 least annoyance possible, and occasion as little ob- 
 struction as possible to the domestic economy of the 
 household. But convenience would, ex hypothesi, have 
 to be sacrificed to safe storage. 
 
 Now this is precisely what Nature does with a 
 human body, under a course of ordinary medical treat- 
 ment. The body of the patient is represented by the 
 crazy house of our illustration, and the Materia Medica 
 is the copious and inexhaustible supply of the matter 
 represented by the lumber. 
 
 The drugs are stowed away with as little inter- 
 
 * A remarkable illustration of this was given me by a dentist, 
 who adopts an ingenious mode of practically restoring partially 
 decayed teeth. Fine platinum wires are passed into the nerve- 
 holes, from which the nerves themselves, for some little distance, 
 have been extracted. In this way a crown is securely fastened 
 upon the duly prepared stump. The uncrowned stump, after the 
 nerve has been removed, in time crumbles away, but, if crowned, 
 and so made useful, although of course it is equally a dead 
 substance, it is accepted, and retained as a living tooth. The 
 writer can vouch for both these statements in his own person. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 19 
 
 ference with vital functions as possible, but, as before, 
 convenience cannot be principally studied, and Nature 
 always chooses the strongest and least sensitive parts. 
 So far all is plain sailing, but we soon find ourselves 
 stranded in a most extraordinary paradox. What are 
 the strongest and least sensitive to pain and external 
 irritation of all the parts of the body ? We must 
 answer : The strongest and least sensitive parts are the 
 most essential and vital parts. So we have what I may 
 call the PATHOLOGICAL PARADOX (for it is certainly 
 contrary to all our preconceived notions and opinions), 
 that drugs are stowed away in the most essential and 
 vital parts of the body, such as the brain, heart, liver, 
 and osseous system. 
 
 But this tolerance has its limits. It is reached 
 sooner or later if the use of the drug is persisted in. 
 It is true that the continued use of a drug keeps up 
 the state of enforced toleration, because that continued 
 use prevents Nature from attempting the expulsion of 
 the portions of the drug already pent up. Hence 
 comes the fallacious hope of the drug-taker. Drug- 
 taking gives relief by arresting Nature's efforts at 
 expelling the alien diseases and drugs. For pain and 
 sickness usually attend Nature's efforts to expel drugs 
 or diseased matter. 
 
 Hence, I say, comes the temporary relief that has 
 given rise to the proverb, " Take a hair of the dog that 
 bites you" a maxim that applies to all drugs as well 
 as the alcohol or fusel oil of the drunkard.* 
 
 * May we not say that this " dog that bites us" has turned the 
 sign of the Greater Benefic" Jupiter, " ^" into the "R" of 
 the drug-prescriber ? as Shakespeare tells us " That's the dog's 
 name. R is for the dog" (Rom. and Jw/.,*ii., 4). 
 
20 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 But the " Castle of Alma" (to borrow the poet 
 Spencer's allegorical name for man's body*) is meant 
 to be the abode of Health; and ALMA, the fair 
 Guardian of Health, cannot rest in peace while any 
 enemies are within her walls. 
 
 With a fearful expenditure of vital energy, and often 
 with unutterable agonies (notably in the case of iron, 
 whose expulsion causes the periodic pains of neuralgia 
 and tic dolor eux\ and always at the cost of some dis- 
 integration or tearing of the fabric of the body, these 
 drugs are slowly expelled; Nature, as we have 
 already seen, selecting her soundest and strongest 
 organs as the channels of exit. 
 
 The facts which confirm and illustrate this are open 
 to all attentive observers who have an opportunity 
 for a sufficiently wide induction, and are not led 
 astray by superficial appearances. 
 
 To express these facts in the words of a wide and 
 most profound observer, 
 
 " Those with the strongest chests are afflicted 
 with lung diseases; those with the strongest 
 digestive organs get dyspepsia; those noted 
 for their mental brilliancy get diseases located 
 in the head."f 
 
 All drugging is detrimental in two ways : 
 First, it puts foreign, and therefore disease pro- 
 ducing material, into the texture of the body ; and by 
 so doing it also, secondly, strikes at the most funda- 
 mental law of organic life, viz., the law of continuous 
 change. This law may be expressed thus : 
 
 * Faery Queen (Book ii., canto 9). 
 
 f "Physianthropy,or The home-cure and eradication of disease, 19 
 p. 10. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 21 
 
 " THE EXISTENCE OF ANY ORGANISM DEPENDS 
 UPON ITS BEING ABLE TO MAINTAIN A PROCESS 
 OF CHANGE, IN CONTINUOUS ADJUSTMENT WITH 
 
 ITS SURROUNDINGS." (See Herbert Spencer and 
 other writers on Biology, passim.) 
 
 Drugs are essentially intractable, and do not lend 
 themselves to a process of change. In their mildest 
 and least harmful forms, they obstruct and dam the 
 river of the water of physical life. But this is at the 
 best. No language can convey an adequate notion of 
 the miseries which drugs (whether introduced under 
 the guise of food, drink, or medicine) have brought 
 upon mankind. 
 
 When they lie dormant in our system they " perplex 
 and retard"* all its operations, and always tend to 
 sink us Lethewards, towards the ever-open gates of 
 death ; but when in her effort to restore the body to 
 health, Nature is struggling to expel these foes, then 
 begins the weary labour and painful work. 
 
 It needs the imagination and the pen of a Milton 
 adequately to state and depict the scenes which accom- 
 pany the expulsion of these foes. 
 
 Indeed, in the strange correspondence between the 
 spiritual and material worlds, the mighty poet has 
 already in some sense described them. 
 
 Every part of the following description of the 
 behaviour and employments of man's spiritual foes 
 (in the second book of " Paradise Lost") corresponds 
 with the effect of some one or other of the drugs in the 
 process of their expulsion. 
 
 Prophetic of the practice of medicine and the delu- 
 sive gains of the drug-taker, it is : 
 
 * Keats' Ode to a nightingale. 
 
22 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 " Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy ; 
 Yet, with a pleasing sorcery, could charm 
 Pain for a while, or anguish, and excite 
 Fallacious hope." 
 
 Then, in language faithfully descriptive of the 
 physical, and the little-thought-of but far more terrible, 
 mental and moral effects of drugs upon the human body, 
 exhibited most in the process of expulsion ; these foes 
 
 "Bend 
 
 Four ways their flying march, along the banks 
 
 Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge 
 
 Into the burning lake their baleful streams; 
 
 Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; 
 
 Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep ; 
 
 Cocytus, named of lamentation loud 
 
 Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon 
 
 Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 
 
 Far off from these, a slow and silent stream 
 
 Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls 
 
 Her watery labyrinth." 
 
 Every drug-taker prepares for himself a Tartarus, 
 watered by one or all of these infernal rivers. We 
 have grown so accustomed to disease and pain that we 
 actually think them natural, and then deny that Nature 
 is wise and kind. Or, if religiously and devoutly 
 disposed, we commit the same blasphemy in another 
 form, and attribute them to the will of God.* 
 
 * This is clearly contrary to the teaching of Christ as given 
 in the New Testament. Disease is represented as the work of 
 the adversary, and so, of a case of "Asthenia" we read, "whom 
 Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years." While the inde- 
 pendence as well as the interdependence of physical and moral 
 law is plainly asserted ; God your Father " maketh his sun to 
 rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just 
 and on the unjust." (See Luke xiii., 16, and Mat. v., 45.) 
 
 It is very interesting to remark in this connection the grand 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 23 
 
 But surely creative love and wisdom makes the 
 human body, that Garden of the soul, a Paradise 
 watered by a fourfold River of Life, and it is man's 
 daily disobedience to the laws of Life that plunges 
 him into this fearful ANTI-PARADISE, 
 
 Toa-crov evepff A't^eo ovov ovpavos COT' CLTTO ycujjs.* 
 
 But to leave poetry and come to plain prose. Let 
 any one take the trouble to ascertain the effects on the 
 body, and through the body on the temper and dis- 
 position of the drugs in common use, and then say if 
 this is an overdrawn picture. Take a few almost at 
 random. See the uncontrollable irritability which 
 attends the exhibition of iron and quinine, especially 
 when their use is given up for a time, and the work of 
 expulsion begins. Unutterable depression surely 
 follows in the wake, or rather the seductive sleep of 
 Chloral Hydrate. It plunged an accomplished poet 
 and artist into more than Dantean gloom, and thou- 
 sands make their minds unutterably sad by its use. 
 Fusel oil, the cause of delirium tremens and countless 
 suicides, besides all the crimes and misery which follow 
 strong drink. Morphinism, the name lately coined to 
 express a state " of sorrow black and deep/' from even 
 the hypodermic use of morphia, to say nothing of the 
 
 step in the right direction made by the illustrious Sydenham, 
 in attributing lasting or chronic diseases to our own causation ; 
 though he still, not freeing himself entirely from the trammels 
 of his age, attributes acute diseases to the "act of Grod," 
 " Acutos dico, qui ut plurimum DEUM habent authorem, sicut 
 chronici ipsos nos." See Sydenham's Opera Omnia (p. 344). 
 
 * Homer's Iliad (Book viii., 6). Tartaros, in the Iliad, denotes 
 a place (shut in by iron gates and with a brazen floor) "as far 
 below Hades as heaven is from the earth." 
 
24 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 long-established horrors of opium ; loss of memory, 
 from the use of bromide of ammonium, and such 
 Lethean potions ; the disintegration and rotting of the 
 bones from mercury, and the special necrosis of the 
 lower jaw from phosphorus, and, to mention smaller 
 evils, the many sharp pangs of toothache, which, all 
 unsuspected, follow the use of the seemingly harmless 
 phosphates given as tonics, or as so-called " Chemical 
 food." 
 
 But we must get on. 
 
 In the category of drugs we are obliged to include 
 not only all the medicines in ordinary use, but also all 
 substances (such as mineral salt and baking-soda) 
 added to our food, and not in an already organized 
 condition ; besides these, many of the condiments 
 which, though of vegetable composition, were either 
 originally unfit for human food, or are rendered unfit 
 by the treatment and adulteration to which they have 
 been subjected.* 
 
 One special and invariable characteristic of a true 
 medicine is, that it must not be a drag. It must be 
 completely eliminated from the system in a day or two 
 at the most. It must prove that it does so, BY SETTING 
 UP NO HABIT. This simple test one can use and apply 
 on and for himself. The doses of a true medicine 
 become if anything smaller, a greater effect is accom- 
 plished by a diminished dose, as the condition which 
 
 * We are thankful, however (see Chapter viii.), that we are 
 delivered from many absurd restrictions, founded on the mis- 
 taking the active manifestation of Nature's efforts after recovery 
 for symptoms of disease. We are left everything that a natural 
 taste pronounces " good." 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 25 
 
 called for its employment is rapidly passing away 
 under its influence. 
 
 We must invert the proverb, and in regard to both 
 food and medicine say, " Meddle not with them that are 
 NOT given to change" 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 HOW THE LAW OF INTERCHANGE EXPLAINS THE RELATIONS 
 BETWEEN THE BODY AND LOWER ORGANISMS, PARTICU- 
 LARLY MICRO-ORGANISMS, IN HEALTH AND NATURAL 
 DECAY. 
 
 WE have already seen enough to account for a large 
 part of the diseases which afflict humanity, in the vio- 
 lation of one of the fundamental laws of well-being ; 
 a violation which has been practised long ago, and 
 handed on from generation to generation, and, amidst 
 all changes, unhappily maintained. 
 
 There is another law, or rather a further statement 
 of this fundamental law of Biology, upon which we 
 have not yet touched, and which we shall find is, if 
 possible, more closely connected with our physical 
 well-being than any we have yet considered. This 
 may be stated thus : 
 
 THE EXISTENCE OF ANY ORGANISM DEPENDS UPON 
 ITS BEING ABLE TO MAINTAIN A PROCESS OF CHANGE, 
 IN CONTINUOUS ADJUSTMENT WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS, 
 AND TO DO SO IT MUST MAINTAIN A STRUGGLE AGAINST 
 OTHER ORGANISMS. 
 
 These opponents in the battle of Life may be either 
 of the same or of different kingdoms ; vegetable versus 
 vegetable, animal versus animal, or vegetable versus 
 animal. 
 
 The rule appears to be invariable that a higher, 
 that is, a more differentiated organism, is liable to be 
 attacked by hosts of organisms lower in the scale of 
 differentiation. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 27 
 
 We have already, in Chapter I., slightly alluded to 
 the part which microscopic members of the organic 
 kingdoms play in maintaining the Law of Interchange. 
 Every decomposing particle of vegetable or animal 
 structure is seized upon by these ubiquitous scavengers. 
 
 To bury the dead is regarded as a corporal work of 
 mercy ; Nature makes ample provision for the perform- 
 ance of this merciful work. As it is literally true that 
 ie in the midst of Life we are in Death," we cannot 
 properly attend to the processes of Life without 
 studying Nature's Burial Service. At first sight one 
 might suppose there was no burial service, or one per- 
 formed sans ceremonie, like Hood's pauper's funeral ; 
 but a closer view will force us to change our opinion. 
 Our undertakers and gravediggers have, we hope, 
 their moments of relaxation, but Nature's army of 
 undertakers know no other trade, have no other 
 occupation, they attend continually to this one thing. 
 They are invisible to the natural eyes, but with the 
 aid of the microscope we can at least see their wands of 
 office. Like other conductors, their leading characteristic 
 is the baton, or we may compare them to the official 
 messengers of the House of Lords, and call them 
 Ushers of the Black Rod. Nothing can be more certain 
 than that Dame Nature spares not the rod in her schoo], 
 though she never wishes to hurt with it, only to usher. 
 
 It is by the '* rod" and the " staff" or more learnedly 
 the BACILLUS and the BACTERIUM, that she ushers outlier 
 finished productions from one kingdom into the next. 
 I mean from the animal into the mineral kingdom, and 
 so on; for the mineral is the landing-stage of all 
 organic life. I mean as regard material particles. 
 
 Let me describe them first in popular language. 
 
28 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 To see them your microscope must magnify about 
 1000 diameters at least. 
 
 The Latin-named " BACCILLI" are little rod-like 
 bodies, you distinguish them by their being more 
 than twice as long as they are broad. 
 
 The Greek-named " BACTERIA'' differ little in size, 
 but are stouter, always shorter than double their 
 breadth. 
 
 Like the canes in the hands of schoolmasters of the old 
 regime, these rods have a habit of splitting only their 
 split oifissionis right across, and in the middle, and they 
 do it of themselves ; thus they get as far as " twice 
 one is two " in the multiplication table, yet at the very 
 same stage, like u infant prodigies" of calculation, they 
 go in for higher mathematics and multiply to an 
 amazing extent, by spores. These spores are now 
 believed to be identical with a group called MICRO- 
 COCCI (or little berries) from their appearance. These 
 MICROCOCCI are the nearest practical attempt that 
 Nature has made towards coming to the (mathematical) 
 point; " rarely exceeding a 5000 f an mc ^ m dia- 
 meter, and often being much smaller than this/'* 
 We have just to add a sort of charnel-house or 
 Morgue-brigade to this company, and our Lilliputian 
 army-list is practically complete. These are the 
 " PTOMAINES," or " CADAVERIC ALKALOIDS." But it 
 may be suspected that these are semi-chemical, and 
 not strictly a portion of the living army that waits and 
 lives on Death. 
 
 * " It is now known that rod-bacteria when cultivated can pro- 
 duce spores which can divide and sub-divide again, and which, in 
 their physical character, are undistinguished from micrococci." 
 " Quain's Dictionary" p. 975. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 29 
 
 Let us take the names BACCILLI, BACTERIA, MICRO- 
 COCCI as summing up the chief divisions of the vast 
 host, utterly beyond the powers of human arithmetic 
 to reckon or even estimate, which the microscope 
 reveals to us. 
 
 Their chief characteristic is this. They are ever 
 ready to rush into, and swarm in, every fluid or tissue 
 of the higher animal and human organisms, the very 
 moment the proper vitality of that organism is with- 
 drawn, even partially, and when it is wholly with- 
 drawn by death, they "take over the entire concern 
 in a going condition." 
 
 I shall, I think, prove to the satisfaction of every 
 candid mind that as Nature makes them, nothing 
 can be more useful and honourable than the character 
 and conduct of these microbes. But certain persons 
 have made a regular business of " cultivating" these 
 little plants, and then made a great name for them- 
 selves in the Scientific Market-place. They represent 
 the microbes as the causes of all sorts of horrible 
 diseases, and try to show that by a particular use of 
 their own cultivated microbe, the disease-producing 
 micro-organisms can be starved out. 
 
 As the popular scientific atmosphere is teeming with 
 these representations,* we must proceed in an orderly 
 manner to clear away the libels, first by showing how 
 the very promptness and celerity of the little creatures 
 have laid them open to these accusations. 
 
 I venture upon three illustrations to show how liable 
 persons are to be misrepresented in analogous circum- 
 stances. 
 
 * See, for instance, Trouessart's " Microbes, Ferments and 
 Moulds" (Internal. Sclent. Series.) 
 
30 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 If an inhabitant of some other sphere, ignorant of the 
 ways of men, were to come and see how even the most 
 respectable and solemn undertaker conducts his busi- 
 ness, he might easily fall into a serious mistake as he 
 watched him at the task of putting away a corpse. 
 How much more if this visitor were to come upon 
 some plague- stricken city, when the dead-cart was 
 going its rounds, and the dead bodies hurried out for 
 burial. Might not such a visitor very naturally mistake 
 these prompt and useful ministers of health and public 
 safety for, perhaps, murderers and manslayers? 
 
 A traveller, ignorant of the habits of vultures, and 
 unable to explain the marvellous instinct or quickness 
 of sight or scent, which enables these aerial under- 
 takers to be in at the death, or before death has quite 
 come, might naturally suppose that the vultures caused 
 the death of the corpse they were devouring. 
 
 But these evil surmisings would be quite erroneous. 
 They are not the causes, but the concomitants of Death, 
 nay rather, they are ministers of Health. 
 
 Now can we wonder that microscopists, peering 
 down upon fragments of that wondrous parasitic world, 
 should fall into a similar mistake ; and because these 
 pigmy hosts are ever waiting at all the avenues and 
 doors, to seize upon the products of disease, and tread 
 so very close upon the footsteps of retiring vitality, 
 suppose them to cause what at most they only 
 facilitate ? 
 
 There is a story told* of a man who was caught in 
 the act of bending over a victim of murder in a bed- 
 
 * In a pamphlet published a good many years ago, " Vaca- 
 tion Thoughts on Capital Punishment," by a barrister. I cite 
 the story from memory. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 31 
 
 room at night, with a bloody knife in his hand. The man 
 confessed that he had come into the room, Macbeth- 
 like, for the very purpose of committing that murder, 
 and the knife he had clutched was the instrument by 
 which the fatal wound had been given. Yet another 
 man was the actual perpetrator of the crime, one who 
 had just done the deed, and, being startled by 
 approaching footsteps, had fled. 
 
 The would-be murderer had approached the bed 
 with the full intention of committing that crime, when, 
 in horrified bewilderment at finding his secret thought 
 acted out before his eyes, he clutched at no air- drawn 
 dagger, but the real weapon the first murderer had 
 flung down. That strange tale was true, and proved 
 to be so beyond all doubt. Yes ; detected in the 
 chamber of crime, in the slayer's very attitude, holding 
 the actual instrument of death, and (for astonishment, 
 had fixed and not quenched their expression) looking 
 with murder-meaning eyes upon the dying victim, that 
 man was yet only an accessory to the scene the con- 
 comitant, andmtf the CAUSE, of the victim's death. 
 
 If appearances are so deceptive in the familiar world 
 of our fellow men, can we wonder if they often lead 
 us astray in regions so remote from our ordinary per- 
 ceptions as those of which the most powerful micro- 
 scopes can only give us glimpses ? 
 
 Let us consider the three illustrations again : The 
 visitor from another sphere, the traveller, and the 
 witnesses who came upon the would-be murderer. 
 How should we set about to bring the truth to light 
 in each of these cases ? 
 
 (1.) To the visitor we should point out the extreme 
 utility, nay absolute necessity, in a sanitary point of 
 
32 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 view, of quickly and expeditiously procuring the 
 removal of the corpses, and that those who seemed to 
 be ministers of death, were in truth a most valuable 
 part of the arrangements for life and health. 
 
 (2.) For the scientific traveller, his fuller knowledge 
 of the habits of vultures corrects the false impression 
 produced by the amazing promptness with which they 
 almost anticipate death, in devouring the slain.* 
 
 (3.) While the bringing the guilt to the actual 
 perpetrator, completely and absolutely cleared the other- 
 wise reasonably suspected person. 
 
 In the remaining part of the chapter I shall show 
 how the first two of these considerations are directly 
 applicable to the hordes of those micro-organisms 
 which wait upon disease and death. 
 
 In the next chapter I shall endeavour to bring 
 home the guilt to the real offenders. 
 
 To understand Disease, in any case, we must go 
 back to its beginning, note the point of departure 
 from the normal or healthy state. In fact, we must 
 leave disease for the moment and go study the 
 healthy state, which is in closest connection with that 
 diseased state ; go to the physiology to understand 
 the pathology. 
 
 To see, then, the exact nature of the part which 
 these micro-organisms play in diseased conditions, let 
 
 * Though the Vulturidce are classed as a family belonging to 
 the order Accipttres, which includes most birds of prey, it is 
 acknowledged that vultures seldom if ever kill, but feed chiefly 
 on carrion. Two species of the vulture family are actually pro- 
 tected by law in the Southern States of America, for their use- 
 fulness as scavengers ; these are the turkey buzzard and 
 carrion crow. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 33 
 
 us begin by taking a summary view of the whole 
 process, by which animal life is carried on, under 
 normal conditions. 
 
 Let us take Herbert Spencer's own words, and 
 follow his comprehensive and masterly presentment 
 of the facts as attentively as we can. Then return to 
 this subject with clear ideas. 
 
 " In the two fundamental functions of nutri- 
 tion and respiration we have the means by 
 which the supply of materials for this active 
 molecular re- arrangement [which organisms, 
 and especially animal organisms, display] is 
 maintained. 
 
 " The process of animal nutrition consists in 
 the absorption partly of those complex sub- 
 stances, which are thus highly capable of being 
 chemically altered, and partly in the absorption 
 of simpler substances capable of chemically 
 altering them. . . . 
 
 " The inorganic substance, however, on 
 which mainly depend these metamorphoses in 
 organic matter is not swallowed along with the 
 solid and liquid food, but is absorbed from the 
 surrounding medium air or water, as the case 
 may be. Whether the oxygen taken in either 
 as by the lowest animals, through the general 
 surface, or, as by the higher animals, through 
 respiratory organs, is the immediate cause of 
 those molecular changes that are ever going on 
 throughout the living tissues ; or whether the 
 oxygen playing the part of scavenger merely 
 aids these changes by carrying away the pro- 
 ducts of decompositions otherwise caused; it 
 
 D 
 
34 THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 
 
 remains equally true that these changes are 
 maintained by its instrumentality. . . . 
 
 " In any case it holds good that the sub- 
 stances of which the animal body is built up 
 enter it in a but slightly oxidized and highly 
 unstable state ; while the great mass of them 
 leave it in a fully oxidized and stable state. 
 
 "It follows, therefore, that whatever the 
 special changes gone through, the general pro- 
 cess is a falling from a state of unstable che- 
 mical equilibrium to a state of stable chemical 
 equilibrium. Whether this process be direct 
 or indirect, the total molecular re-arrangement 
 and the total motion given out in effecting it 
 must be the same." (Biology, pp. 34 and 35.) 
 
 Just another much shorter and simpler quotation, 
 this time from an eminent teacher of chemistry, as 
 well as practical experimenter, in that science, and I 
 think the matter will be clear to the general reader. 
 
 " The animal lives upon organized materials, 
 taking up oxygen, and evolving carbonic acid 
 and other oxidized products; the plant lives 
 upon inorganic materials, especially carbonic 
 acid, water, ammonia, and salts, organizing 
 them, and evolving oxygen. The chemical 
 function of the animal is oxidation, that of the 
 plant reduction."* 
 
 Now taking the human body in a state of health 
 
 * Sir Henry E. Roscoe's "Elementary Chemistry," 1886, 
 p. 410. Of course Sir Henry takes a purely chemical view, and 
 very justly. He is not treating of physiology or biology, but 
 of chemistry. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 35 
 
 (or that which passes for health), we find that the 
 above description very fairly represents what is con- 
 stantly going on. Thus the component parts, or 
 ultimate molecules of man's body, pass almost at once 
 into the inorganic. One step, or two or three at the 
 most, from the highest of organisms into the totally 
 inorganic state, from the animal into the mineral 
 kingdom, in perfect and accurate accordance with the 
 Law of Interchange. 
 
 But when death comes, or even the shadow of it, 
 in the shape of diminished vitality in any part, or 
 throughout the whole fabric of the body, then we 
 find a very different state of things. 
 
 Like the barbarian hosts which facilitated the 
 decline and fall of the Roman Empire, so we " decline 
 and fall off" (as Dickens' Mr. Wegg would say), not 
 at once down to the ground (i.e., into the mineral 
 state), but breaking up, en route, into lesser systems. 
 
 Again, just as the philosophical historian sees in 
 these barbarian hordes not the causes but the con- 
 comitants and facilitators of the Empire's downfall ; 
 and traces the causes elsewhere, such as to disorder 
 in the centres of political and social life ; so the philo- 
 sophical biologist sees in these myriad microscopic 
 hordes only the natural footsteps of Decay. For the 
 very characteristic sign of natural movement is a sort 
 of gliding continuity, the taking of very short steps, 
 much as in the ^Eneid, Virgil describes how Venus, as 
 she was moving away, bewrayed the secret of her true 
 
 divinity to her son : 
 
 " pedes vestis defluxit ad imos ; 
 Et vera incessu patuit dea." 
 
 So Nature (our Alma Venus) reveals herself. We 
 
86 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 recognize what is truly natural in the manner in 
 which Life passes away. Her garment of living 
 organization flows downward to the very lowest point 
 of contact with the inorganic ; by a kind of gliding 
 continuity earth is organized into the body of man, 
 and returns in like manner " earth to earth."* 
 
 The reader is getting justly impatient of all this 
 verbiage. Let us come to the facts, and try to put 
 them in as few words as we can, consistently with 
 perfect fairness of statement. 
 
 In a popular Encyclopaedia under the word " Bac- 
 teria," we shall find a very fair expression of what 
 may be called the popular view of what is now taken 
 as science by educated persons not specially students 
 of this science. 
 
 "Bacteria are not only associated with 
 various fermentative changes in fluids, but 
 they also stand in a causal connection with 
 various diseases." 
 Such "proofs" as the following are cited: 
 
 " Koch found that if a large quantity of 
 putrid material was introduced into animals 
 they died very quickly. . . . 
 
 * Compare the following quotation, from Herschel's "Dis- 
 course on Natural Philosophy." " The travelling instances, as 
 well as what Bacon terms frontier instances, are cases in which we 
 are enabled to trace that general law which seems to pervade all 
 Nature, the law as it is termed of continuity, and which is expressed 
 in the well-known sentence, " Natura non agit per saltum." The 
 pursuit of this law into cases where its application is not at first 
 sight obvious, has proved a fertile source of physical discovery, 
 and led us to the knowledge of an analogy and intimate connec- 
 tion of phenomena, between which, at first sight, we should 
 never have expected to find any." 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 37 
 
 " Koch was able to cultivate these bacteria 
 on gelatinized meat infusion, or solidified blood 
 serum, where they grew in large quantities. . . . 
 The minutest quantity of these bacteria, culti- 
 vated in this way, and inoculated into an 
 animal, produced the original disease in its full 
 virulence. 
 
 "Such experiments prove absolutely that 
 the bacteria growing in the blood were the 
 real cause of the disease. In a number of 
 instances similar proof that bacteria are the 
 cause of disease has been furnished, such as 
 splenic fever, septicaemia in mice, chicken 
 cholera, septicaemia in rabbits, malignant 
 oedema in guinea-pigs, and tuberculosis in the 
 lower animals." * 
 
 Whatever we may think of the reasoning, the state- 
 ment is clear and bold enough "Bacteria came 
 
 But if from this we turn to a work intended for 
 actual workers, and by a writer of high authority, as 
 an experimenter, we find a very different tone. Very 
 serious doubt is thrown upon the causative power of 
 these microbes, and the exclusive influence they are 
 assumed to have in specific disease is positively denied 
 in nearly all the instances mentioned above. f I give 
 a few quotations from the latest edition of Dr. Klein's 
 u Micro-Organisms and Disease" a work which may 
 be regarded as the standard work on this subject, in 
 
 * " National Encyclopedia," latest edition. 
 
 t " Micro-Organisms and Disease,'* by E. Klein, M.D., joint 
 lecturer on General Anatomy and Physiology at St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital. 
 
38 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 English, and in which the latest collected account of 
 the results of German, French, Italian, Swedish, and 
 American research in fact, a record of the work of 
 physiological laboratories of the world is given in a 
 short form. 
 
 " Micrococci occur always normally in large 
 quantities in the fluids (saliva and mucus, &c.) 
 of the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, 
 and trachea. They are derived no doubt from 
 the atmosphere. On the papilla? filiformes of 
 the tongue they form in some cases large 
 masses. Pasteur has inoculated rabbits with 
 the saliva of a child that suffered from hydro- 
 phobia, and having cultivated artificially the 
 micrococci present in this saliva, thought to 
 have discovered that a micrococcus (microbe 
 specidle) is the cause of hydrophobia. 
 
 " That saliva of the healthy dog and of man 
 inoculated subcutaneously into rabbits, some- 
 times produces death in these animals 
 (Senator), had entirely escaped his notice, 
 and Sternberg (Bulletin of the National Board 
 of Health, U.S.A., Ap. 30th, 1881) has 
 proved this in an extensive series of experi- 
 ments. His own saliva proved sometimes fatal 
 to rabbits. They die of what is called 
 septicaemia, and Sternberg thinks it is due to 
 the micrococci ; but this is not to be considered 
 as satisfactorily proved. 
 
 "All these micrococci stand therefore on 
 no definite causal relation to the respective 
 maladies, but are probably only of secondary 
 importance." (Klein, pp. 68 and 69.) 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 39 
 
 I must refer the reader to Klein's own book, where 
 he will see that the author is, as far as regard to facts 
 will permit him, a strong advocate for the prosecution 
 (so to speak) of the microbes. The samples which I 
 give are then simply a few of the admissions of the 
 accusers of our microscopic brethren. 
 
 If any microbe had been proved (by the sort of 
 evidence considered as conclusive by these experi- 
 menters) to be paihogerietiC) or productive of a special 
 disease, it was the anthrax-bacillus. It may perhaps 
 be taken as pathogen etic of the disease called Malig- 
 nant Pustule, " a specific contagious disease, commu- 
 nicated to man from the disease of horned cattle, 
 horses and sheep, &c., known as splenic fever. It is 
 called also woolsorter's disease, from its connection 
 with that trade." 
 
 (t But of this disease it is said, on the 
 authority of observers, direct inoculation is 
 rarely, perhaps never, from the living animal, 
 usually from the carcase, affecting therefore 
 chiefly butchers and slaughterers, &c. It may 
 also arise from eating the flesh." (See Quain's 
 Dictionary.) 
 
 Even of this bacillus we shall find that it is prac- 
 tically harmless UNLESS THERE HAS BEEN AN OPERATION 
 PERFORMED (thought little of by these experimenters) 
 but yet proved to be dangerous, and always productive 
 of disease of itself, an assault upon Nature, by which 
 even healthy human spittle has proved fatal to rabbits. 
 (Klein, p. 69, sup. cit.) (Just as a crust of wholesome 
 bread may be dangerous as a missile shot from a gun, 
 or as an obstruction in the throat.) This is the 
 
40 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 OPERATION OF INJECTION INTO THE BLOOD, by which 
 
 these cruel inoculations are performed. 
 
 Closer observation seems to show that this so-called 
 bacillus (bacillus anthrax) is nothing more than a 
 virulent form of the TORULA, which I shall describe in 
 the next chapter when on the subject of yeast, while 
 Klein has the following remark (p. 156) : 
 
 fi Pasteur's statement that in animals dead of 
 anthrax and buried, the bacilli form spores, 
 and that these spores are taken up by earth 
 worms and carried to the surface of the soil, 
 where they are deposited with their castings, 
 and thus are capable of infecting animals 
 grazing or sojourning on this soil, is not borne 
 out by the above observations." 
 
 Of the tubercle bacillus we read (p. 170) : 
 
 " I cannot agree with Koch, Watson Cheyne, 
 and others who maintain that each tubercle 
 owes its origin to the immigration of the 
 bacilli, for there is no difficulty in ascertaining 
 that in human tuberculosis, tuberculosis of 
 cattle, and in artificially-induced tuberculosis 
 of guinea-pigs and rabbits, there are met with 
 tubercles in various stages young and old 
 in which no trace of a bacillus is to be found ; 
 whereas, in the same section, caseous tubercles 
 may be present containing numbers of tubercle- 
 bacilli." 
 
 Of Koch's famous " comma-bacillus" of cholera, 
 we have the following summing-up of a long argument 
 
 (p. 181) : 
 
 " From all this it follows that the choleraic 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 41 
 
 comma-bacilli are powerless to produce disease 
 in guinea-pigs . . . ; and that a previous patho 
 logical state of the intestine, such for instance 
 as is produced by the injection into the peri- 
 toneal cavity [bowels] of considerable quan- 
 tities of tincture of opium, enables the comma- 
 bacilli to undergo multiplication."* 
 
 Not to weary the reader with quotations we conclude 
 with the following very important one, taken from an 
 article on PYAEMIA, or Blood-poisoning by pus. 
 (Quain, p. 1311.) 
 
 " Before leaving the consideration of the 
 pathology of pyaemia, it is necessary to allude 
 to the connection which is supposed by some 
 to exist between bacteria and this disease. It 
 is said by Dr. Saunderson that a great number 
 of microzymes are found in the blood and 
 inflammatory exudations of animals suffering 
 from acute infective fever, produced by in- . 
 oculation of septic matter. Others (Wilks, 
 Moxon, Goodhart) have failed to find bacteria 
 in the blood of living cases of pyaemia, though 
 they may be found in great numbers after 
 death. f The Committee appointed by the 
 Pathological Society 4 to investigate the nature 
 and causes of these infective diseases, known as 
 
 * It appears that the guinea-pig can stand the watery extract of 
 opium, not the tincture. In any case the reader will recognise 
 the old old story, equally true of the human guinea-pig, that the 
 drugger give employment and means of living to the under- 
 takers, and enables them " to undergo multiplication." 
 
 t What a testimony this is to the delusive character of the 
 evidence derived from animals under these horrible experiments. 
 
42 THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 
 
 pyaemia, septicaemia, and purulent infection, 
 state that ' although bacteria of various forms 
 were found in the blood in a number of cases, 
 they could not be found in all the cases, nor 
 were they discovered constantly in those cases 
 where at one or other time they were present/ " 
 (Trans, of Path. Soc., vol. xxx,. p. 44). 
 Though I have not attempted to place before the 
 reader one thousandth part of the testimony which I 
 have at my command, I believe enough has been 
 placed before him to enable him to come to a verdict 
 upon what has been presented. It can easily be seen 
 if I have suppressed or altered, or given a biassed in- 
 terpretation. I solemnly declare I have not. I believe 
 it will be found I have fulfilled my undertaking, and 
 the attentive reader will see : 
 
 1. That these micro-organisms are a valuable, and 
 probably necessary, part of the arrangements of 
 Nature, and that they promote and facilitate the 
 salutary changes indicated by the Law of Inter- 
 change. 
 
 2. That, notwithstanding all appearances to the 
 contrary, there is abundant evidence to acquit without 
 a shadow of blame, or at least to make it impossible 
 to convict those micro-organisms, which have been the 
 most specifically and definitely accused of causing 
 disease.* 
 
 In the next chapter we shall show the real disease- 
 producer, again taking as evidence simply the ad- 
 missions of those who hold the opposite view or in 
 truth hold a brief this time for the accused party. 
 
 * See Appendix to Chapter VI., p. 86 of this book. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 43 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 HOW THE LAW OF INTERCHANGE EXPLAINS THE RELA- 
 TIONS BETWEEN THE BODY AND LOWER ORGANISMS, 
 PARTICULARLY MICRO-ORGANISMS, IN DISEASE AND 
 NON-NATURAL DEATH. 
 
 I HAVE undertaken the apparently hopeless task 
 of tracking the disease-factor amongst the host of 
 suspected micro-organisms. 
 
 I should have been utterly unable to fulfil my 
 engagement, if the discovery had not been already 
 made by a great observer and discoverer. In this 
 chapter I shall limit myself to the writings and pub- 
 lished statements of eminent medical men medical 
 biologists and physiologists. I shall prove that in the 
 admissions of those who, as I shall show, may be 
 regarded as the most able counsel for the accused, I 
 shall have quite enough to secure a verdict and 
 sentence of guilty, against the organism which I accuse 
 of being the disease and death-factor. 
 
 In doing this I feel myself in the position of an 
 officer of the law, whose unpleasant task it is to 
 announce to an afflicted family, where the wife and 
 mother has been foully murdered (and the members 
 of that family are, in their distraction, vaguely sus- 
 pecting neighbours, servants, friends, enemies, seen or 
 unseen, or some half suspecting that the death was 
 by suicide), that the husband and father, the respected 
 head of the family, and the mainstay of the household, 
 is himself the murderer. 
 
 With what utter incredulity and indignant denial 
 
44 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 would such a charge be received. Until passion had 
 cooled down, and scope was given for calm reason to 
 exercise itself, what chance would there be of a 
 hearing for so painful, so cruel, so apparently wanton 
 and wicked a denunciation ! 
 
 Now I charge with being the disease-factor in man 
 that reputed portion of the human organism, which is 
 regarded by most physiologists, and by all the readers 
 of popularized science, as the very source and origin 
 of the body, the structural unit, by whose proto- 
 plasmic power the whole bodily frame is formed. 
 
 This is the " white corpuscle" (so-called) " of the 
 blood." 
 
 It will be absolutely necessary for the reader to 
 understand fully and accurately the present state 
 of scientific teaching in regard to the blood. I 
 must therefore trouble him with full and long quota- 
 tions from the very highest and newest physiological 
 works all of them from the writings of authorized 
 and eminent teachers in the schools of medicine. 
 
 I shall respect the feelings of the general reader, 
 whom I assume (if I may presume to hope I shall 
 interest any) to be of either sex, and will introduce 
 no needless or unpleasant medical detail, but above 
 all I shall try to be accurate and full, and give ample 
 authority for each statement, giving also the references, 
 so that any reader can easily see for himself, whether 
 the author is fairly quoted and interpreted. 
 
 I extract a description of the Blood from the 
 fourth edition of "Elements of Histology," by E. 
 Klein, M.D. : 
 
 " Under the microscope blood appears as a 
 transparent fluid, the liquor sang uinisvi plasma, 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 45 
 
 in which float vast numbers of formed bodies, 
 the blood corpuscles. The great majority of 
 these are coloured : a few of them are colour- 
 less. The latter are called white or colourless 
 blood corpuscles, or leucocytes. The former are 
 called red or coloured blood corpuscles, or blood 
 discs. They appear red only when seen in a 
 thick layer ; when in a single layer they appear 
 of a yellow greenish colour, more yellow, if of 
 arterial, more green if of venous blood. 
 
 " The proportions of plasma and blood 
 corpuscles are sixty-four of the former and 
 thirty-six of the latter in one hundred volumes 
 of blood. By measurement it has been found 
 that there are a little over five millions of 
 blood corpuscles in each cubic milimetre 
 (15625 of a cubic inch) of human blood. 
 There appears to be in healthy human blood 
 one white corpuscle for 600 1200 red ones. 
 In man and mammals the relative number of 
 blood corpuscles is greater than in birds, and 
 in birds greater than in lower vertebrates. 
 
 "In a microscopic specimen of fresh unaltered 
 blood, the red blood corpuscles form peculiar 
 shorter or longer rolls, like so many coins, 
 from becoming adherent to one another by 
 their broad surfaces. Under various con- 
 ditions such as when isolated, or when blood 
 is diluted with saline solution, or solutions of 
 other salts (sulphate of sodium or magnesium) 
 tfie corpuscles lose their smooth circular outline, 
 shrinking and becoming crenate [i.e., notched 
 or indented]. In a further stage of this process 
 
46 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 of shrinking they lose their discoial form, and 
 become smaller and spherical, but beset all 
 over their surfaces with minute processes. 
 
 " This shape is called the horse-chestnut shape. 
 It is probably due to the corpuscles losing 
 carbonic acid, as its addition brings back their 
 discoial shape, and smooth circular outline. On 
 abstracting the carbonic acid they return to the 
 horse-chestnut shape. Water, acid, alcohol, 
 ether, the electric current, and many other re- 
 agents produce discoloration of the red corpus- 
 cles ; the coloured matter generally the com- 
 bination of the blood colouring matter with 
 globuline, known as hamo-globine becoming 
 dissolved in the plasma. What is left of the 
 corpuscles is called the stroma. . . . Dis- 
 coloration of the blood corpuscles can also be 
 observed without the addition of any re-agents, 
 or with that of indifferent fluids, such as the 
 aqueous humour of the eye, hydrocele fluid 
 [the water of a kind of drospy], etc. The 
 number of corpuscles undergoing discoloration 
 is, however, small." 
 
 We come to the white corpuscle. As old Polonius 
 says, I will be brief i.e., as brief as I can. Like the 
 same fine old character, making as few comments as 
 I can. 
 
 " 13. The white or colourless blood cor- 
 puscles are in human blood of about ^Vfr to 
 ^oir of an inch in diameter, and are spherical 
 in the circulating blood, or in blood that has 
 just been removed from the vessels. Their 
 substance is transparent, granular-looking pro- 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 47 
 
 toplasm, containing larger or smaller bright 
 granules. These granules, though usually of a 
 fatty nature, are in some kinds of blood, 
 notably horses', of a reddish colour, and these 
 corpuscles are supposed by some observers 
 (Semmer and Alexander Schmidt) to be inter- 
 mediate between red and white corpuscles. 
 The protoplasm of the colourless corpuscles 
 contains glycogen (Ranvier, Schafer). In the 
 blood of the lower vertebrates the corpuscles are 
 much larger than in mammals. But in all cases 
 they consist of protoplasm, include one, two, 
 or more nuclei, and show amoeboid movement. 
 This may be observed in corpuscles without 
 any addition to a fresh microscopic specimen 
 of blood, but it always becomes much more 
 pronounced on applying artificial heat of about 
 the degree of mammals' blood. It is then seen 
 that they throw out longer or shorter fila- 
 mentous processes, which may gradually 
 lengthen or be withdrawn, appearing again 
 at another point of the surface. 
 
 " The corpuscle changes its position, either 
 by a flowing movement of its protoplasm as a 
 whole, thus rapidly creeping along the field of 
 the microscope, or it may push out a filamen- 
 tous process and shift the rest of its body into 
 it. During this movement the corpuscle may 
 take up granules from the surrounding fluid. 
 
 u 14. The white corpuscles of the same 
 sample of blood differ in size and aspect within 
 considerable limits, some being half the size 
 of others, some much paler than others. The 
 
48 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 smaller examples generally possess one nucleus 
 occupying the greater part of the corpuscle, the 
 larger ones usually include two, three, or even 
 more nuclei, and show more decided amoeboid 
 movement than the others. 
 
 u Division by cleavage of the white cor- 
 puscles of the blood of the lower vertebrates 
 has been directly observed by Klein and 
 Ranvier."* (Klein's Histology, p. 13.) 
 
 I now pass to the important subject of development, 
 again, like Polonius, promising " I will be faithful." 
 Let me just slide in one remark, the application of 
 which to the following quotation, also verbatim from 
 Klein's Histology, I leave to the intelligence of my 
 readers. Do not think I am trying to "make the 
 worse appear the better reason." I have not the skill, 
 even if I had the malice, of Milton's sophist, Belial. 
 (Par. Lost, bk. ii.) 
 
 I know my remark has a suspicious appearance 
 of arguing that black is white. 
 
 " All black birds are not blackbirds," otherwise a 
 sophist might prove that a crow was one of the most 
 musical of song birds. So let me say, 
 
 All white corpuscles are not WHITE CORPUSCLES. 
 
 I may also explain what is meant by development, 
 and some of the technical terms (such as mesoblast) in 
 the quotation which follows 
 
 * My purpose, viz., that of showing how even generally 
 accepted teaching in Biology contains enough to prove all that 
 I contend for in food and medicine, is best served by quoting 
 from the newest and most reputed standard works, such as the 
 " Manuals for Students of Medicine," of which Klein's " Ele- 
 ments of Histology" is one. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 49 
 
 The young " swell," usually called " embryo " (from 
 the Greek wflpvov = /r6s /tyvoi/, that which swells 
 within*) grows thus : 
 
 In the egg, or ovum (from which every animal 
 begins its life), there is this embryo. It starts in life 
 by dividing into two, and these parts again subdivide 
 indefinitely until a mass like a mulberry is formed. 
 Some of this mulberry-mass forms into a layer called 
 BLASTO-DEKM (Grerm-skin or film). This germinal 
 layer soon differentiates into three layers called (by 
 names meaning "upper," "middle," and "lower") 
 
 1. EPIBLAST. 
 
 2. MESOBLAST. 
 
 3. HYPOBLAST. 
 From which are developed respectively 
 
 1. Skin, Brain, and Nerve centres. 2. Main 
 tissues and organs of body, arteries and veins, 
 muscles, nerve-cords. 3. The epithelium, 
 or lining of digestive and respiratory tracts 
 in a word, the inner skin, or lining of the 
 body. 
 We must now call in Dr. Klein : 
 
 "16. Development of Blood Cor- 
 puscles. At an early stage of embryonic 
 life, when blood makes its appearance, it is a 
 colourless fluid, containing only white cor- 
 puscles (each with a nucleus), which are 
 derived from certain cells of the mesoblast. 
 
 " These white corpuscles change into red 
 ones, which become flattened, and their proto- 
 
 * Not "from within," i.e., its own substance, as some have 
 translated, trying to read modern embryology into ancient Greek. 
 
 E 
 
50 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 plasm gets homogeneous and of a yellowish 
 colour. All through embryonic life new 
 white corpuscles are transformed into red 
 ones. In the embryo of man and mammals 
 these red corpuscles retain their nuclei for 
 some time, but ultimately lose them. New 
 nucleated red corpuscles are, however, formed 
 by division of old red corpuscles.* Such divi- 
 sion has been observed in the adult blood of 
 certain lower vertebrates (Peremeschko) as 
 well as in the red marrow of mammals (Biz- 
 zozero and Torre). 
 
 " An important source for the new formation 
 of red corpuscles in the embryo and adult 
 is the red marrow of bones (Neumann, 
 Bizzozero, Rindfleisch), in which numerous 
 nucleated protoplasmic cells (marrow cells) 
 are converted into nucleated red blood cor- 
 puscles. The protoplasm of the corpuscle 
 becomes homogeneous and tinged with yellow, 
 the nucleus being ultimately lost. The spleen 
 is also assumed to be a place for the formation 
 of red blood corpuscles. Again, it is assumed 
 that ordinary white corpuscles are transformed 
 into red ones, but of this there is no conclusive 
 evidence. In all these instances the proto- 
 plasm becomes homogeneous and filled with 
 haemoglobin while the cell grows flattened, 
 discoid, and the nucleus in the end disappears. 
 
 " Schafer described intracellular (endo- 
 
 * I venture to question the accuracy of this, the division of 
 red corpuscles has never been observed in the blood of man, and 
 apparently only in the marrow, not blood, of these mammals. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 genous) formation of red blood corpuscles at 
 first as small haemoglobin particles, but soon 
 growing into red blood corpuscles, in certain 
 cells of the subcutaneous tissue of young 
 animals. Malassez describes the red blood 
 corpuscles originating by a process of con- 
 tinued budding from the marrow cells. 
 
 " The white corpuscles appear to be derived 
 from the lymphatic organs, whence they are 
 carried by the lymph into the circulating 
 blood." (Histology, p. 15 and 16.) 
 Our next quotation is taken from an article in 
 Quain's Dictionary. But to help the reader duly to 
 appreciate its high authority, I will give the opinion of 
 a writer in the Quarterly Review on the Dictionary 
 itself. " No dictionary of medicine so compendious, 
 and at the same time so authoritative, has yet appeared 
 in any language. One hundred and sixty writers con- 
 tribute an immense number of articles, varying in 
 length from a column or less to thirty pages." In fact, 
 it is one of the very highest authorities in human 
 language at the present day, and its contributors are 
 the leaders in their various departments. 
 
 I give a long quotation from an article on the Blood : 
 
 4< The source of the red corpuscles is of the 
 greatest pathological importance. In the 
 embryo the blood and blood-vessels are 
 developed from the same elements, and thus 
 the two structures in their physiological aspect 
 are essentially inseparable. In fully developed 
 blood the source of the red corpuscle is ob- 
 scure; but there can be no reasonable doubt that 
 it originates in the colourless corpuscle, and 
 
52 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 more remotely in the lymphatic glands, the 
 spleen, and the medulla of bones ; and that 
 light is of the greatest importance in the 
 formation of haemoglobin. With respect to 
 the properties and function of the red cor- 
 puscles, it is to be noted that the ultimate 
 elements of haemoglobin are carbon, nitrogen, 
 hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and iron."* . . . 
 " Most important of all its properties, haemo- 
 globin combines with certain gases to form 
 definite chemical compounds ; with to form 
 oxyhaemoglobin." . . . These compounds, and 
 especially the oxyhaemoglobin, are exceedingly 
 unstable." . . . " Alternate oxidation of haemo- 
 globin and deoxidation of oxyhaemoglobin are 
 constantly going on within the red corpuscles 
 of the circulating blood ; and the two changes 
 occurring in the pulmonary and systemic 
 capillaries respectively, constitute the first 
 great function of the blood its oxygenating 
 or respiratory function." . . . 
 
 " It must be clearly understood that dis- 
 orders connected with the red corpuscles or 
 respiratory elements of the body, whether in 
 amount, composition, or circulation, directly 
 affect the oxidation-processes only.f 
 
 " Besides its origin and its function there is 
 a third relation of the red corpuscle to the 
 
 *To complete the list, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium 
 should be added. (See Schmidt's Table in " Quain's Anatomy," 
 p. xii.) 
 
 fl shall presently show cause for believing that the red 
 corpuscle is directly concerned in the making of muscle. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 63 
 
 organism namely, that of its products. These 
 are eliminated by the ordinary channels ; the 
 salts, which are chiefly salts of potash, being 
 excreted by the kidneys, and the coloured mate- 
 rial furnish the pigments of the bile and urine. 
 " The white or colourless corpuscles of the 
 blood, also called leucocytes, are chiefly de- 
 rived from the corpuscles of the lymph, and the 
 cells of the lymphatic glands, which they closely 
 resemble. By escaping through the walls of 
 the blood vessels, they become identical with 
 the wandering cells of tissues and pus-cor- 
 puscles, from which they are indistinguishable 
 except by locality." " BLOOD, morbid con- 
 dition of" (Quain. p. 116). 
 
 Now we ask the reader to continue his medical 
 course of study, and learn what the eminent authority 
 last quoted has to say about these corpuscles. 
 
 Like Hamlet, to continue my playful illusions. I 
 only say "Look here upon this picture and on this, 
 the medical presentment of two corpuscles." We shall 
 find some startling differences, decently veiled under 
 the professional obscurity of medical diction. Further 
 on in the same article we read, under " MOKBID CON- 
 DITIONS OF THE RED CORPUSCLES :" 
 
 " (#.) Polycythaemia. Increase in number 
 of the red corpuscles is never considerable, 
 being generally transitory and within physio- 
 logical limits ; for example, in the newly born, 
 and after meals. It has already been mentioned* 
 
 * The exact words of this mention are " Polyhsemia is believed 
 to be present in plethora, along with relative excess of the solids, 
 and especially of the red corpuscles." 
 
54 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 as associated with polyhaemia in plethora. 
 In the earlier stage of cholera the red cor- 
 puscles are relatively in excess." 
 
 tl (b.) Oligocythaemia. Diminution in number 
 of red corpuscles is, on the contrary, of very 
 frequent occurrence, and of the greatest patho- 
 logical importance. 
 
 " The principal circumstances under which 
 oligo-cythaemia occurs are (1) in anaemia, or 
 diminution of the amount of blood as a whole 
 from any cause, whether rapid or protracted, 
 especially as the result of fever; the red 
 corpuscles suffering early, seriously, and per- 
 sistently, as compared with the other 
 constituents ; (2) in leucocythaemia [i.e., 
 redundance of white corpuscles] the develop- 
 ment of the red corpuscle being interrupted ; * 
 
 * Is it any wonder that, like Banyan's pilgrims, one is always 
 saying, What meaneth this ? and alas, not getting as clear 
 answers in the House of our medical INTERPRETEES. If a red 
 corpuscle originates in the leucocytes, of which we have been told 
 in this article " there can be no reasonable doubt," why should 
 its development be interrupted by the mere fact of its parent's 
 presence? Can it be that the due regard to her age, which 
 makes a fashionable beauty keep her children from " coming 
 out" and circulating in her stream of society, is a deep law of 
 Nature, and runs in our blood ? But see how nobly the red 
 corpuscle shines out in sharing our bodily fortune. " Suffering 
 early, seriously, and persistently," in our sickness. Like a true 
 friend 
 
 Thus of every grief in heart, 
 
 He with thee doth bear a part ; 
 
 These are certain signs to know, 
 
 Faithful friend from flattering foe. 
 
 Yes, our blood is our life, and the red corpuscle its most vital 
 constituent. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 55 
 
 (3) in hypalbuminosis, where the red cor- 
 puscles, like other elements, suffer from want of 
 albuminous material ; and (4) in chlorosis. 
 A little further on in the same article we come to : 
 
 " (5) MOKBID CONDITIONS OF THE WHITE 
 
 COEPUSCLES. The white corpuscles of the 
 blood may undergo certain morbid changes 
 both in number and appearance. 
 
 " (a) The most remarkable of these is 
 increase in numbers, which may advance to 
 such a degree that the white corpuscles become 
 as numerous as the red. This condition is 
 known as leucocythaemia, or leukaemia. Short 
 of this, however, the proportion of white 
 corpuscles in the blood may be appreciably 
 increased, and to this minor condition the 
 name of leucocytosis has been applied. 
 
 " Leucocytosis [remember this means only a 
 slight redundance of white corpuscles], ac- 
 cording to Virchow, accompanies almost 
 unexceptionally every case of lymphatic excite- 
 ment, such as inflammation, and tubercular, 
 scrofulous, or cancerous enlargement, or 
 swelling of the glands and allied structures 
 Peyer's glands, the solitary follicles, the spleen 
 and the tonsils. Leucocytosis is distinguished 
 from leucocythaemia by its very moderate 
 degree ; by its evanescent course ; by the 
 absence or deficiency of the red corpuscles, 
 and by the accompanying symptoms. Leucocy- 
 tosis may be appreciated even by the naked 
 eye in the clot of drawn blood, by the presence 
 of an irregular * lymphatic layer' crusta 
 
56 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 lymphatica, consisting of collections of white 
 corpuscles, between the red clot and the buffy 
 coat, which so frequently occurs along with it.* 
 " (b) A diminution in the number of white 
 corpuscles occurs in chlorosis ; and it is said, 
 in malaria, especially during the paroxysm of 
 fever." 
 
 I have now given a full statement of the effects of 
 increase and diminution in the case of the "red" and 
 " white" corpuscles, given fully and fairly in the words 
 of a believer in the white corpuscle, a believer with 
 so robust a faith in the creed which runs : " I believe 
 in protoplasm as the maker of all organisms, and in 
 the white corpuscle as the special embodiment of 
 protoplasm which makes man," that dispensing with 
 sight, and believing what he cannot prove, he declares 
 " there can be no reasonable doubt that the red 
 corpuscle is formed out of the white." 
 
 Even already, before the case against it is well 
 
 * N.B. The buffy coat is itself formed by leucocytes. " When 
 human blood is drawn in inflammatory diseases, as well as in 
 some other conditions of the system, the red particles separate 
 from the liquor sanguinis before coagulation, and leave the 
 upper part of the liquid clear. In this case, however, the plasma 
 is still mixed with the pale corpuscles, which being light 
 accumulate at the top. On coagulation taking place in these 
 circumstances, the upper part of the clot remains free from red- 
 ness, and forms the well known " buffy coat" so apt to appear in 
 inflammatory blood." (Quain's " Anatomy," p. 32.) 
 
 The subjoined scheme, from Quain's " Anatomy," p. 28, will 
 make the terms used clear to the reader, and show the process 
 of coagulation : 
 
 T -A ( Corpuscles . ' . . > , 
 
 ' blood f Fib I 1 Coagulated 
 
 ( Liquor sanguinis ( Serum j> blood. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 57 
 
 begun, the white corpuscle has an ugly connection 
 with fever, with glandular disease, with SCKOFULA, with 
 CANCER, in the mild increase on its normal per- 
 centage, called leucocytosis, or mild white- corpuscle 
 disease. 
 
 Now let us turn our attention to the serious increase 
 which occasions the disease, so-called, of leucocy- 
 thaemia, only noting some important points at which 
 we have already arrived. Many of these the reader, if 
 he possess a tolerably good microscope, can verify for 
 himself by direct appeal to Nature, pending this he 
 ought to be satisfied with the teachings of the highest 
 medical authorities. 
 
 Let us sum up what we have already learned. 
 
 1. The red corpuscle is shaped like a quoit (dis- 
 coid), the white like a ball (spherical). 
 
 The white embryotic or foetal blood corpuscles, which develope 
 into the red corpuscles, are simply red corpuscles not yet fully 
 grown and coloured. The white corpuscles that turn red are 
 not leucocytes. No observer ever saw an ordinary white " cor- 
 puscle" or leucocyte change into a red corpuscle. " It is assumed" 
 and is taken for granted to suit protoplasmic theories, BUT NEVER 
 
 SEEN. 
 
 2. The red and the white comport themselves 
 like the guinea and the one pound note in the 
 rhyme : 
 
 " A guinea it will sink and a pound it will float, 
 I'd rather have a guinea than a one pound note." 
 
 3. The white corpuscles are identical with those in 
 matter discharged in inflammation and suppuration 
 (pus). * c It is indistinguishable, except by locality, from 
 pus-corpuscles." 
 
 4. The white corpuscle, in movement and habits, is 
 
58 THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 
 
 like an amaba.* " It is seen to take up small granules 
 from the surrounding fluid." 
 
 5. While increase of red corpuscles practically 
 means increase of life and health, increase of white 
 corpuscles is at least the harbinger, if not the cause, of 
 disease and death. 
 
 The white makes disease, 
 
 But the red makes muscle ; 
 I would sooner have the red 
 
 Than the white corpuscle.f 
 
 * The amceba diffluens is a common microscopic object in stag- 
 nant water. " As it flows or glides from place to place is seen 
 to devour and digest the materials with which it is surrounded." 
 (Jones' " Animal Creation," p. 10.) 
 
 Some one (with a turn for inaccurate biblical quotation) told 
 an inquiring American that " the wolf and the lamb shall lie 
 down together." " I guess," was the shrewd reply, " that the 
 lamb will lie to the inside of that wolf." It is even so with the 
 leucocyte and its granules. 
 
 A romantic explanation is suggested in the latest edition 
 (1889) of Huxley's and Martin's " Elementary Biology," p. 373. 
 " Occasionally an ameeba has been seen to engulf another of 
 smaller size than itself ; and there is reason to believe that this 
 process, originally thought to have been one of cannibalism, may 
 probably be one of conjunction of dissimilar individuals for 
 reproduction, such as is seen in the bell-animalcule." 
 
 Amsebic marriage customs are certainly peculiar, but then so 
 are some human marriage customs. So, though we cannot tell 
 which is the bride and which is the bridegroom, let us wish that 
 all may be " merry as a marriage-bell." 
 
 That the amseba of the stagnant pool is a near blood relation 
 of ours, the following quotation from the same book seems to 
 intimate : 
 
 " If amaebae are not to be found, their nature may be under- 
 stood by the examination of the colourless corpuscles of the blood." 
 (Ibid., p. 372.) 
 
 t That the " red makes muscle" is undeniable, for as a respira- 
 tory agent it helps to make all the tissues of the body. I submit 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 59 
 
 But we must return to our Dictionary of Medicine. 
 
 lt LEUCOCYTHAEMIA (A*, white, KVTOS, a cell, 
 and m/ua, blood.) 
 
 " DEFINITION. A chronic disease, in which 
 there is a considerable and permanent increase 
 in the number of the pale blood corpuscles, 
 usually associated with enlargement of the 
 spleen, sometimes also with that of the 
 
 the following argument more as an example of keeping the 
 several lines of physics, chemistry, and biology distinct (like the 
 vertical columns in an addition sum), and "carrying" from one 
 to the other without confusion (as in the calc-spar fallacy, 
 described at p. 72), than for its intrinsic value. 
 
 1. Physically. The microscopic appearance of striped and un- 
 striped muscles resembles aggregates, or rather agminations 
 (ranked arrangements) of red corpuscles. (See per Microp. and 
 Figures in Quain's " Anatomy," pp. 65-128.) 
 
 2. Chemically. The ultimate composition of flesh (dried) and 
 blood (dried) is identical. Flesh is simply solidified blood. 
 (See analysis of dried ox-blood and beef, in Quain's "Anatomy," 
 p. 33.) 
 
 3. Biologically. The tendency of the red corpuscles to ag- 
 minate or form rolls (like coins in a pile) is most likely biological, 
 and not merely physical (as suggested in Quain, &c.) In a drop 
 of blood drawn from a perfectly healthy person of calm temper, 
 the tendency to " pile" is not very marked, but if one has been 
 even mentally " put out," or is from any cause in a slightly 
 feverish state, then the roll-making tendency is both marked and 
 prompt. May not this be an anticipation or hastening of a 
 natural (vital) process, and be received as a hint from Nature 
 as to her mode of supplying muscular tissue ? 
 
 4. Physiologically. The connection between muscular action 
 and increased blood supply being so immediate and prompt, also 
 the directly accelerated respiratory as well as cardaic action, may 
 possibly be taken as indicative of a peculiarly close connection 
 between the muscle and the /car' ft-o\r)v respiratory element of the 
 blood. 
 
60 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 lymphatic glands, and with diseases of the 
 medulla of bone. 
 
 " HISTORY. Pallor of the blood, as if pus 
 were mixed with it, was noted by Bechat in 
 the beginning of this century ; and the com- 
 bination of this appearance, with enlargement 
 of the spleen, was observed by Velpeau in 
 1827. The dependence of this alteration in 
 the blood on an excess of pale corpuscles was 
 described by Donnd in 1844, and interpreted* 
 by him as due to imperfect transformation of 
 white into red corpuscles. 
 
 "In 1845 two cases of this disease were 
 published together, the one by Dr. Craigie, 
 the other by Dr. Hughes Bennett; and 
 to the latter appears to belong the credit 
 of recognising the salient features of the 
 affection as a distinct malady. A month later, 
 however, Virchow published another case, 
 independently and admirably worked out.f 
 
 " In all these cases the changes in the blood 
 were only recognised after death. 
 
 " It was first observed during life in 1846 
 by Dr. H. W. Fuller, and subsequently by Dr. 
 Walshe. In Germany the first case was 
 diagnosed during life by Vogel, 1848. Since 
 then numerous cases and descriptions of the 
 
 * How often are observations correct, while the interpretation is 
 faulty ! 
 
 t There is ambiguity about this sentence, but we thinkit means 
 not that the patient was either (1) worked out of life, or (2) 
 worked into health, the latter alternative is scarcely possible, 
 but simply that the description of the disease was admirable. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 61 
 
 disease have been published, of which the 
 more important are those of Virchow, Hughes 
 Bennett, Vidal, Huss, Ehrlich, and Hosier." 
 Omitting what is not necessary for the general 
 reader, and merely noting one remark under DIAG- 
 NOSIS, that " if the proportion of white corpuscles to 
 red is greater than one to twenty, the case is certainly 
 one of leucocythaemia." 
 
 I pass on to the prognosis, which I quote in full. 
 
 " PEOGNOSIS. The prognosis of a disease 
 which depends on a primary affection of the 
 blood-forming organs is necessarily most grave. 
 No means of arresting the progress of the 
 developed disease has yet been discovered. 
 The immediate prognosis is less serious in pro- 
 portion as the evidence of organic changes in 
 the blood-forming organs is slight and in pro- 
 portion to the early stage of the disease. 
 Neither age, sex, nor causation afford prog- 
 nostic information. The greater the number 
 of white corpuscles and the deficiency of red, 
 as ascertained by counting, the worse the prog- 
 nosis. The size of the spleen alone affords 
 little information. Haemorrhages are of grave 
 augury, but epistaxis [nose-bleeding] least so." 
 I submit that in the above quotations (and quota- 
 tions of similar import might be given to an extent 
 only limited by the patience of the reader), we have 
 a clear prima facie case against the leucocyte, that it 
 is an invariable accessory to disease, and that of the 
 most serious and deadly sort. 
 
 Let me again remind the reader that the above quo- 
 tations are from writers who, besides being eminent 
 
62 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 authorities themselves, give the views of leading phy- 
 sicians, physiologists, and specialists, every one of 
 whom adheres to the belief that the white corpuscle 
 is the source of the red, and, in fact, the protoplasmic 
 structural unit of the human body. 
 
 I am well aware that to some minds this will be a 
 strong argument in favour of the leucocyte. What 
 good cause all these great and renowned men must 
 have, to make them hold to this opinion in spite of 
 appearances, which even a tyro can appreciate ! I 
 must remind all such objectors that Truth and Nature, 
 like Him whose word and act they represent, are no 
 respecters of persons. If there is any one lesson 
 which the history of scientific progress teaches more 
 repeatedly than any other it is this that the highway 
 of progress is paved with discarded theories, once 
 useful and held in high repute, and afterwards trodden 
 under foot. True learning's royal road is a sort of 
 macadamized highway, and the smaller the fragments 
 used in metalling it (short of actual pulverization) the 
 better for the road. 
 
 I fight against no well-observed phenomena I wage 
 no foolish war with facts, but I contend that the time 
 has come to lay aside a theory that has long ceased to 
 square with observed facts. 
 
 In Chapter V. I shall go fully into the question. 
 Now I simply state that it is the protoplasm hypo- 
 thesis which has thus outgrown its usefulness, and I 
 end this chapter with the weighty words of Sir John 
 Herschel : 
 
 " What in the actual state of our science is 
 far more important for us to know is whether 
 our theory truly represents all the facts, and 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 63 
 
 include all the laws to which observation and 
 induction lead. A theory which did this 
 would, no doubt, go a great way to establish 
 any hypothesis of mechanism or of structure, 
 which might form an essential part of it ; but 
 this is very far from being the case except in a 
 few limited instances ; and till it is so, to lay 
 any great stress on hypotheses of the kind, 
 except in so much as they serve as a scaffold 
 for the erection of general laws, is to " quite 
 mistake the scaffold for the pile." Regarded in 
 this light hypotheses have often an eminent 
 use ; and a facility in framing them, if attended 
 with an equal facility in laying them aside 
 when they have served their turn, is one of the 
 most valuable qualities a philosopher can 
 possess ; while, on the other hand, a bigoted 
 adherence to them, or indeed to peculiar views 
 of any kind, in opposition to the tenor of facts 
 as they arise, is the bane of philosophy." 
 (Herschel, Nat. Phil, p. 204.) 
 
64 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTEK VI. 
 
 THE PROTOPLASM THEORY PARTICULARIZED, AND TESTED 
 BY FACTS, AND RE-STATED WITH THE NECESSARY 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 HERSCHEL, in his "Discourse on the Study of 
 Natural Philosophy" (Chapter VII.), lays down the 
 three ways by which we arrive at general laws. 
 
 " We have next to consider the laws which re- 
 gulate the action of these our primary agents ; 
 and these we can only arrive at in three ways : 
 
 " 1st. By inductive reasoning ; that is, by 
 examining all the cases in which we know 
 them to be exercised, inferring, as well as cir- 
 cumstances will permit, its amount or intensity 
 in each particular case, and then piecing toge- 
 ther, as it were, these disjecta membra, gene- 
 ralizing from them, and so arriving at the laws 
 desired. 
 
 "2nd. By forming at once a bold hypo- 
 thesis, particularizing the law, and trying 
 the truth of it by following out its conse- 
 quences and comparing them with facts ; or, 
 
 " 3rd. By a process partaking of both these, 
 and combining the advantages of both without 
 their defects, viz., by assuming indeed the 
 laws we would discover, but so generally ex- 
 pressed that they shall include an unlimited 
 variety of particular laws ; following out the 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 65 
 
 consequences of this assumption by the appli- 
 cation of such general principles as the case 
 admits ; comparing them in succession with all 
 the particular cases within our knowledge ; and 
 lastly, on this comparison, so modifying and re- 
 stricting the general enunciation of our laws as 
 to make the results agree" 
 
 It is by the third of these methods that I have set 
 to work upon the "bold hypothesis," or rather 
 " assumption," which may be briefly named the " pro- 
 toplasm theory." We shall find, I believe, that that 
 theory must be greatly modified before it can be 
 accepted as representing a law of Nature. I shall 
 state it in this modified form in the course of this 
 chapter, now I proceed to the examination of the 
 hypothesis itself. 
 
 But before I begin, let me confess my fears. I 
 know well I am trying to approach the dearest " Idol 
 of the (Biological) Theatre."* I am much encouraged 
 by the words of Dr. Burdon Saunderson, who callsf 
 protoplasm " a worn out Deus ex machina," and 
 denies that it avails to explain the phenomena of 
 function in living organisms. 
 
 * " There is also a fourth kind [of illusions] which we denomi- 
 nate Idols of the Theatre, and is superadded from false theories 
 or systems of philosophy, and erroneous laws of demonstration." 
 (Bacon's Advancement of Learning, Book v., chap. 4.) 
 
 f At the Newcastle meeting of the Brit. Assoc., in Sept., 1889. 
 " Whenever this point" [viz., when we are " face to face with 
 functional differences which have no structural difference to 
 explain them") "is arrived at in any investigation structure 
 must for the moment cease to be our guide, and in general two 
 courses or alternatives are open to us. One is to fall back on 
 that worn out Deus ex machina, protoplasm, as if it afforded a 
 
 F 
 
66 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 First let us understand precisely what protoplasm 
 means. We are doubtless familiar with its general 
 outline, as it looms large over the whole field of bio- 
 logical thought, but may not be quite sure of all its fea- 
 tures, as it issues from the hands of its makers. 
 
 I may say that the word " Protoplasm" was first 
 invented by Hugo von Mohl, but I think at least all 
 English-speaking people will agree that to Professor 
 Thomas Huxley belongs the credit of making the 
 protoplasm theory more than a mere "working 
 hypothesis." He has at all events popularized, if he 
 
 sufficient explanation of everything that cannot be explained 
 otherwise, and accordingly to defer the consideration of the 
 functions which have no demonstrable connexion with structure t 
 as for the present beyond the scope of investigation ; the other 
 is, retaining our hold of the fundamental principle of correlation, 
 to take the problem in reverse i.e., to use analysis of function 
 as a guide to the ultra-microscopical analysis of structure. I 
 need scarcely say that of these two courses the first is wrong, the 
 second right ; for in following it we still hold to the fundamental 
 principle that living material acts by virtue of its structure, 
 provided that we allow the term structure to be used in a sense 
 which carries it beyond the limits of anatomical investigation 
 i.e., beyond the knowledge which can be attained either by the 
 scalpel or the microscope. We thus proceed from function to 
 structure, instead of the other way. In thus changing direction 
 we are not departing from the traditions of our science." 
 
 I cannot pretend to define the term " structure" in this tran- 
 scendental sense, which carries it beyond the limits of anatomical 
 or microscopic investigation. It presents itself to me as a sort 
 of castle in the air. But the last sentence I can fully under- 
 stand, from my recollections of a circus. If one is walking in 
 a straightforward course, of course to right-about-face is to 
 turn your back upon all you were once aiming at, but not so when 
 your course is circular a man who argues in a circle can reverse 
 his procedure without departing from his traditions. He argues 
 in that very circle still. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 67 
 
 has not originated, the notion that protoplasm is the 
 
 "Physical Basis of Life." 
 
 We cannot do better than quote his own words, no 
 
 one has at his command clearer, more picturesque, 
 
 and when the occasion calls for it, grander language. 
 
 " You are doubtless aware that the common 
 nettle owes its stinging property to the 
 innumerable stiff and needle-like, though 
 exquisitely delicate, hairs which cover its 
 surface. Each stinging-needle tapers from a 
 broad base to a slender summit, which, though 
 rounded at the end, is of such microscopic 
 fineness that it readily penetrates, and breaks 
 off in, the skin. The whole hair consists of a 
 very delicate outer case of wood, closely 
 applied to the inner surface of which is a layer 
 of semi-fluid matter full of innumerable 
 granules of extreme minuteness. This semi- 
 fluid lining is protoplasm, which thus con- 
 stitutes a kind of bag full of a limpid liquid, 
 and roughly corresponding in form with the 
 interior of the hair which it fills. When 
 viewed with a sufficiently high magnifying 
 power, the protoplasmic layer of the nettle- 
 hair is seen to be in a condition of unceasing 
 activity. Local contractions of the whole 
 thickness of its substance pass slowly and 
 gradually from point to point, and give rise to 
 the appearance of progressive waves, just as the 
 bending of successive stalks of corn by a breeze 
 produces the apparent billows of a cornfield. 
 
 " But, in addition to these movements and 
 independently of them, the granules are driven, 
 
68 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 in relatively rapid streams, through channels 
 in the protoplasm which seem to have a con- 
 siderable amount of persistence." (Lay Ser- 
 mons, pp. 123 and 124.) 
 
 Here we have a life-like picture of protoplasm, 
 drawn by a master-hand. Let us now see how it 
 applies to the particular case of man. 
 
 Happily, I can give the words of the same master 
 of picturesque language. 
 
 After referring to the " fact that plants can manu- 
 facture fresh protoplasm out of mineral compounds, 
 whereas animals are obliged to procure it ready-made, 
 and hence in the long run* depend upon plants," 
 Professor Huxley proceeds to say : 
 
 " With such qualifications as arise out of the 
 last-mentioned fact, it may be truly said that 
 the acts of all living creatures are funda- 
 mentally one. Is any such unity predicable of 
 their forms ? Let us seek, in easily- verified 
 facts, for a reply to this question. If a drop of 
 blood be drawn by pricking one's finger and 
 viewed with proper precautions, and under a 
 sufficiently high microscopic power, there will be 
 seen among the innumerable multitude of little 
 circular discoidal bodies or corpuscles which 
 float in it and give it its colour, a compara- 
 tively small number of colourless corpuscles of 
 somewhat larger size and very irregular shape. 
 If the drop of blood be kept at the temperature of 
 the body these colourless corpuscles will be seen 
 to exhibit a marvellous activity, changing their 
 
 * My contention is, that the SHORTER the run the better for the 
 animal. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 69 
 
 forms with great rapidity, drawing in and 
 thrusting out prolongations of their substance, 
 and creeping about as if they were independent 
 organisms. 
 
 " The substance which is thus active is a 
 mass of protoplasm, and its activity differs in 
 detail rather than principle from the proto- 
 plasm of the nettle. Under sundry circum- 
 stances the corpuscle dies and becomes 
 distended into a round mass, in the midst of 
 which is seen a smaller spherical body, which 
 existed but was more or less hidden in the 
 living corpuscle, and is called its nucleus. 
 Corpuscles of essentially similar structure are 
 to be found in the skin, in the lining of the 
 mouth, and scattered through the whole 
 framework of the body. Nay, more ; in the 
 earliest condition of the human organism, in 
 that state in which it has but just become 
 distinguishable from the egg in which it arises, 
 it is nothing but an aggregation of such cor- 
 puscles, and every organ of the body was 
 once no more than such an aggregation. 
 
 " Thus a nucleated mass of protoplasm turns 
 out to be what may be termed the structural 
 unit of the human body. As a matter of fact, 
 the body, in its earliest state, is a mere multiple 
 of such units variously modified." 
 Here, in all its fulness, I have given the Huxleian 
 rendering of his own theory. The noxious leuco- 
 cyte, the amasba of the blood, is taken as the very 
 creator of man. Here is the first u consequence " (as 
 Herschel would say) of this wondrous theory. Here, 
 
70 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 is its very particular application to man. The physical 
 basis of Death is taken for the physical basis of Life, 
 aye, and must be so taken as a logical necessity, unless 
 we refuse to worship the Idol which Prof. Huxley has 
 set upon its legs. For, observe, it was a not unnatural 
 and practically harmless blunder for early physio- 
 logists to mistake the amseba of the blood for a valuable 
 constituent of that fluid, but this blunder becomes a 
 fearful power for mischief when it is worked up into a 
 system. 
 
 For all who have learned what the leucocyte really 
 is, there could not be a more vivid reductio ad absurdum. 
 The protoplasm-theory, when particularized and 
 applied, breaks down completely. 
 
 But suppose we regain the wild freshness of our 
 morning faith in Professor Huxley and the white 
 corpuscle, and suppose we retain all our confidence that 
 Nature herself teaches thus, and that Huxley truly 
 represents the facts of the case. Let us firmly believe 
 that the white corpuscle is the structural unit of the 
 human body, and a valuable portion of that proto- 
 plasm which is the physical Basis of Life, and accom- 
 pany the Professor into some of the consequences into 
 which this will lead us. Let us hear what appearance 
 Nature presents viewed under this theory. I give 
 his own description : 
 
 " Under these circumstances it may well be 
 asked, How is one mass of nucleated proto- 
 plasm to be distinguished from another ? Why 
 call one plant and the other animal ? 
 
 " The only answer is, that so far as form is 
 concerned, plants and animals are not separable, 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 71 
 
 and that in many cases it is a mere matter of 
 convention, whether we call a given organism 
 an animal or a plant" (p. 128). 
 He then cites the case of a living body common in 
 one form in tan-pits, and called ^ihalium septicum, and 
 which, by a kind of biological allotropism (possibly ana- 
 logous to chemical allotropism or power of appearing in 
 two or more forms, while, like Proteus, retaining iden- 
 tity), is sometimes like a plant and sometimes like an 
 animal in its way of feeding, or "mode of assimilation.' 7 
 By a curious inversion of the rule of proceeding 
 from the well-known to less known he argues from 
 the imperfectly and badly known, to the utter over- 
 throw (philosophically) of one of Nature's most im- 
 portant distinctions. 
 
 " Is this a plant, or is it an animal ? Is it both 
 or is it neither ? Some decide in favour of the 
 last supposition, and establish an intermediate 
 kingdom, a sort of biological No Man's Land 
 for all these questionable forms. But as it is 
 admittedly impossible to draw any distinct 
 boundary line between this No Man's Land and 
 the vegetable world on the one hand, or the 
 animal on the other, it appears to me that this 
 proceeding merely doubles the difficulty, which 
 before was single."* 
 
 Here then is the argument ; because, forsooth, the 
 limitations of our senses, and the imperfections of our 
 means of research, make us to fail to distinguish 
 always clearly and accurately the boundary line, we 
 must simplify matters by denying that there is any 
 
 * For a popular description of this " No Man's Land," see 
 the Introduction to Trouessart's " Microbes" &c. 
 
72 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 natural boundary at all between the animal and 
 
 V 
 
 vegetable kingdoms, they are separated only by 
 artifice. But I must give the very words, or the 
 reader will think I am imposing on him. 
 
 " Protoplasm, simple or nucleated, is the 
 formal basis of all life. It is the clay of the 
 potter, which, bake it and paint it as he will, 
 remains clay separated by artifice and not by 
 nature, from the commonest brick or sun-dried 
 clod" (p. 129). 
 
 Animal and vegetal seem separated only by 
 artifice and not by nature, when that mischievous 
 Puck called the protoplasm-hypothesis squeezes the 
 juice of his "Love in Idleness" into the eyes of the 
 Leaders of physiological thought and makes natural 
 confusion worse confounded. 
 
 In immediate connection we have a very remarkable 
 instance of the mental confusion, which this theory 
 engenders. I shall call it the " Calc-spar fallacy," 
 and first explain what I mean by this expression, its 
 suitability may then be left to the reader. 
 
 If you take a crystal (rhombohedron) of calc-spar, 
 and look through it a mark such as " /" you will see 
 it as " //." Of course it exhibits the phenomenon of 
 double refraction ! Gentle reader, pity my simplicity, 
 and let me finish my very simple little illustration in 
 peace. I am not going to bore you with mathematics, 
 at least not beyond simple or compound addition in 
 arithmetic. 
 
 Have you ever reflected that there may be as 
 Macbeth does not say " a calc-spar of the mind ?" I 
 mean that the very ablest and acutest minds may 
 exhibit the phenomenon of double refraction. I am 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 73 
 
 not speaking disrespectfully. I love the calc-spar. Cut 
 into the deft shapes of the Nicol's prisms, it forms 
 the ornament of my dearly-loved microscope, the 
 polariscope, and that is by virtue of this very property 
 of double refraction. I tried a very simple and foolish 
 experiment, you can do likewise. 
 
 Instead of the single line, which will appear double 
 in the soberest of eyes take two figures writing them 
 very close together, thus : 12. Now look at them 
 through your spar, and by turning it round you can 
 have all the following varieties of configuration, 
 2211 ,21 , 21 , 21, 2211, and so on round the 
 
 21 21 21 
 
 whole circle. You see how your spar confounds the 
 decimal system. How, if applied to the addition of 
 money, it would make your pence to shillings, without 
 any regard to the values of the different vertical 
 columns viz., by " direct application" of one figure- 
 value to the other, without remembering or perceiving 
 the necessity of " carrying on" from one to the other, 
 according to the relative values. 
 
 Instead of naming our columns units, tens, &c., or 
 pence and shillings, &c., let us call the first column 
 say " mechanical," the second " chemical," the third 
 ct biological," and so on. 
 
 I can carry on my result, say from the chemical 
 into the biological column, and so long as I remember 
 the distinction, my work may be correct. But when 
 I use the mental calc-spar, I directly apply the 
 results of chemistry to biology, without noting this 
 distinction. 
 
 Let (C) = 2 in chemical column, and (B) = 2 in 
 biological, let us assume that these two are related in 
 
74 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 decimal proportion, as the vertical columns in common 
 arithmetic ; then our expression (B) + (C) = 22, but 
 if you are mentally calcareous, and a good controver- 
 sialist, and fond of sparring without altering a single 
 fact of the external world or figure on your paper, you 
 may behold your first column thus : jc! ; or, instead of 22, 
 you see | which make four, and expatiate eloquently 
 on the unscientific, unphilosophical, theological, meta- 
 physical, or what not, minds who cannot see that 
 two and two make four. 
 
 Now the reader will know what I mean by the calc- 
 spar, or double refraction fallacy, and we return 
 joyfully to the " Lay Sermon." 
 
 " The statement that a crystal of calc-spar 
 consists of carbonate of lime is quite true, if we 
 only mean that by appropriate processes, it 
 may be resolved into carbonic acid and quick- 
 lime. If you pass the same carbonic acid over 
 the very quicklime thus obtained, you will 
 obtain carbonate of lime again ; but it will not 
 be calc-spar, nor anything like it. Can it, 
 therefore., be said that chemical analysis teaches 
 nothing about the chemical composition of calc- 
 spar? Such a statement would be absurd; 
 but it is hardly more so than the talk one 
 occasionally hears about the uselessness of 
 applying the results of chemical analysis to the 
 living bodies which have yielded them." 
 Every chemist and biologist must agree to all this. 
 We know there is at least the beginning of a science 
 of animal chemistry which has already given us results 
 of nearly priceless value. But let us carefully note 
 Professor Huxley's method of dealing with the results 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 75 
 
 of chemistry and applying them to biology. We shall 
 find it exhibits that wani; of perception of breaks, or 
 barriers, or differing values of columns only too familiar 
 to those who have to teach young children their early 
 lessons in arithmetic, and which we have dignified by 
 the name " calc-spar fallacy." 
 Here are his ipsissima verda : 
 
 " Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are 
 all lifeless bodies. Of these, carbon and 
 oxygen unite, in certain proportions and under 
 certain conditions, to give rise to carbonic acid ; 
 hydrogen and oxygen produce water; nitrogen 
 and hydrogen give rise to ammonia. 
 
 " These new compounds, like the elementary 
 bodies of which they are composed, are lifeless. 
 But when they are brought together under 
 certain conditions they give rise to the still 
 more complex body, protoplasm, and this pro- 
 toplasm exhibits the phenomena of life." 
 
 To have been quite fair the Professor should have 
 said that this protoplasm never exhibits a single 
 phenomenon of life unless it is actually in a living 
 organism, or directly taken therefrom. But the calc- 
 spar has evidently been too strong upon him, for he 
 proceeds : 
 
 " I see no break in this series of steps in 
 molecular complication, and I am unable to 
 understand why the language which is appli- 
 cable to any one term of the series may not be 
 used to any of the others. We think tit to call 
 different kinds of matter carbon, oxygen, 
 hydrogen, and nitrogen, and to speak of the 
 
76 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 various powers and activities of these sub- 
 stances, as the properties of the matter of 
 which they are composed. 
 
 " If scientific language is to possess a definite 
 and constant signification whenever it is em- 
 ployed, it seems to me that we are logically 
 bound to apply to the protoplasm, or physical 
 basis of life, the same conceptions as those 
 which are held to be legitimate elsewhere [i.e., 
 a 2 is a 2, no matter whether it is in one place 
 or another, as young Hopeful has often blub- 
 bered out over his sums]. If the phenomena 
 exhibited by water are its properties, so are 
 those presented by protoplasm, living or dead, 
 its properties. 
 
 " If the properties of water may be properly 
 said to result from the nature and disposition 
 of its component molecules, I can find no in- 
 telligible ground for refusing to say that the 
 properties of protoplasm result from the nature 
 and disposition of its molecules. 
 
 " But I bid you beware that, in accepting 
 these conclusions, you are placing your feet on 
 the first rung of a ladder, which, in most 
 people's estimation, is the reverse of Jacob's, 
 and leads to the antipodes of heaven. It may 
 seem a small thing to admit that the dull vital 
 actions of a fungus or a foraminifer are the 
 properties of their protoplasm, and are the 
 direct results of the nature of the matter of 
 which they are composed. 
 
 " But if, as I have endeavoured to prove to 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 77 
 
 you" [observe the word " prove.*' If a thing is 
 proved it must remain unalterably true. It 
 cannot change except by its being proved the 
 premisses are false, which, in this case, means 
 the abandonment of the protoplasm theory it- 
 self],* " their protoplasm is essentially identical 
 with and most readily converted into that of 
 any animal, I can discover no logical halting 
 place between the admission that such is the 
 case and the further concession that all vital 
 action may, with equal propriety, be said to be 
 the result of the molecular forces of the proto- 
 plasm which displays it ; and if so, it must be 
 true, in the same sense and to the same extent, 
 that the thoughts to which I am now giving 
 utterance, and your thoughts regarding them, 
 are the expressions of molecular changes in 
 that matter of life which is the source of our 
 other vital phenomena." 
 
 The reader will observe that I trouble myself and 
 him with these quotations only so far as they contain 
 " experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact 
 and existence."t I think it can be shown that the 
 experimental reasoning is fallacious, the " facts" relied 
 on are not facts at all, but gross misrepresentations of 
 the phenomena of Nature. J 
 
 * I add this to meet a possible objection to my going back to 
 the "Lay Sermons" (published in 1870). I do so simply 
 because they contain the best description of the protoplasm 
 theory and its logical consequences that I know in the English 
 language. 
 
 f Hume, quoted by Huxley. 
 
 I That the greatest mental acuteness and scientific training 
 are sometimes rather apt to betray their possessors, in simple 
 
78 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 One more comparison of the protoplasmic theory 
 with the phenomena of Nature and we have finished 
 this part of the process we have undertaken. 
 
 How does this theory bear upon the question of 
 food, especially in regard to human aliment ? 
 
 Again, in Prof. Huxley's own words, we have the 
 interpretation of the dark sayings of the protoplasmic 
 Sphinx. Whose fault is it that we are so startlingly 
 reminded of the old classical myth of Oidipous, who, 
 by interpreting the Sphinx's famous riddle about human 
 life, not only caused the welcome destruction of the 
 monster who propounded it, but also gained the 
 dreadful privilege of marrying, or rather outraging, his 
 own mother, and remorsefully putting out his own 
 eyes, was self-condemned to blindness.* 
 
 There is indeed a sad proof of that blindness to even 
 the common facts of daily life, which comes on those 
 who habitually trifle with the sanctities of Mother 
 Nature, in these truly marvellous words ("Lay Ser- 
 mons" p. 133). 
 
 matters of fact, is well illustrated by King Charles II.'s famous 
 inquiry of the Eoyal Society. 
 
 " He asked the cause why a dead fish does not (though a live 
 fish does) add to the weight of a vessel of water. This im- 
 plies two questions, the first of which many of the philosophers 
 for a time overlooked viz., 1. Is it a fact ? 2. If it be a fact, 
 what can cause it?" (Whateley's " Logic," p. 120.) 
 
 None but philosophers would have been taken in by the joke 
 of the Merry Monarch, a courtier would have joined in the joke, 
 a fishwife would have given a rough and ready answer. The 
 king is dead and gone, but the Eoyal Society is there still, and 
 has many philosophers, as of old. 
 
 * See in contrast a charming little work called "Micliael 
 Faraday," by T. H. Gladstone, Ph.D., F.E.S. (p. 65;, on the 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 79 
 
 " Hence it appears to be a matter of no great 
 moment what animal or what plant I lay under 
 contribution for protoplasm, and the fact speaks 
 volumes for the general identity of that sub- 
 stance in all living beings. 
 
 " I share this catholicity of assimilation with 
 other animals, all of which, so far as we know, 
 could thrive equally well on the protoplasm 
 of any of their fellows, or of any plant, but here" 
 [mark the caution of the philosopher, his lan- 
 guage must not be taken as the hyperbole of 
 the mere popular lecturer, he has his sober eye 
 on the limits of his observation ; even his om- 
 nivorous empire is not sine fine] " the assimi- 
 milative powers of the animal would cease/' 
 
 " A solution of smelling-salts in water, with 
 an infinitesimal proportion of some other saline 
 matter, contains all the elementary bodies 
 which enter into the composition of protoplasm ; 
 but I need hardly say a hogshead of that fluid 
 would not keep a hungry man from starving, 
 nor would it save any animal from a like fate." 
 Now, I ask any one whether they will try the 
 simple experiment of preaching that part of the " lay 
 sermon" to their cooks, and see it rationally carried out. 
 It appears to be a matter of no great moment what 
 animal or what plant I lay under contribution for my 
 dinner no, don't take me up so literally for the 
 physical basis of my life. 
 
 reverential attitude of that great man of science. " Through- 
 out his life, Michael Faraday appeared as though standing in a 
 reverential attitude towards Nature, Man, and God. Towards 
 Nature, for he regarded the Universe as a vast congeries of facts 
 which would not bend to human theories." 
 
80 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 But, jesting apart, what is Nature's clear answer to 
 all this ? 
 
 It does matter exceedingly what plant or what 
 animal you lay under contribution. Nay, if you con- 
 fine yourself to the best animal food beef, mutton, 
 &c., unmixed with fruit and vegetables the loathsome 
 and deadly disease of SCURVY is Nature's reply to 
 the rash theorist, who acts upon the principles of the 
 now popular school of physiology. 
 
 To sum up : 
 
 1. We have tried the protoplasm theory on the 
 vegetable and animal kingdoms, and it confounds 
 the distinctions Nature is most heedful to set up. 
 
 2. We have tried it on man's body, and it forces us 
 to put death for life, and, by a parody of Christian 
 teaching, to love our enemy, under the delusion that 
 he is our friend, and even our creator. 
 
 3. We have seen that it confounds the deep distinc- 
 tion laid in a right interpretation of Nature's teaching, 
 between chemical and biological science. 
 
 4. In regard to man's food, it is utterly misleading, 
 and if in any sense a light, it is an ignis fatuus, a 
 " light that leads astray." 
 
 The result is that we must modify the statement to 
 make it correspond to the phenomena of Nature. 
 
 Let us see where the error lies. 
 
 If protoplasm were only a name for a proteid or 
 albuminous substance, containing the elements, carbon, 
 hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and phosphorus, 
 in more or less constant proportions, there could be 
 no objection to that name for a compound which 
 undoubtedly exists, and is widely diffused in 
 organisms. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 81 
 
 It is indeed evident that the Law of Interchange 
 demands a similar ultimate analysis for the material 
 of which plants and animals are composed. As we 
 have seen in Chapter L, that portion of the mineral 
 world which is in such intimate relation to the vege- 
 table and animal kingdoms, as to form the immediate 
 environment of organisms of either kind, must also have 
 a similar ultimate composition. Two States, suppose, 
 which mutually and entirely depend upon each other, 
 existing solely upon the exchange, or rather inter- 
 change of commodities, and (suppose) at an equilibrium 
 of profit and loss. If we take the imports and exports 
 in each case and sum them up all together, the results 
 would be identical, though the articles included in 
 exports in one case would be imports in the other, and 
 vice versa. This very imperfectly represents the com- 
 plete mutual inter-dependence of the three kingdoms 
 of material Nature. 
 
 But the term U Protoplasm" (TT^TOQ first, 7rAa<r<ro>, I 
 
 form)* is clearly intended to imply that not only the 
 
 * I give the meaning in Quain's " Anatomy" (Index). 
 Huxley's " Elem. Physiol," gives " 7rX<io-/xa," " workmanship." 
 Some critic, whose mind has not travelled beyond his lexicon, 
 may object that this ignores the distinction between " n-Xacrrj/s," 
 " the former," and " irXdvpa," " the thing formed." Perhaps 
 so. As a matter of fact the word is used in the sense I have 
 described, as I could easily and abundantly prove. If I were 
 writing to be misunderstood by philosophers instead of trying 
 to make a difficult subject as clear as I can to people of plain 
 common sense, I might use, instead of " forces," some term like 
 1 ' potencies," or put the whole expression thus "Materials 
 supplying also arrangements suited to the manifestation of 
 forces," 
 
 The reader ought to be warned that the word " protoplasm" 
 is used in two very different senses. The following quotation 
 
 G 
 
82 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 materials but also the forces of organic life are con- 
 tained in the substance so named. 
 
 To make it square with the facts, we must express 
 it 'thus. (I admit rather cumbrously, but it is better 
 to be awkwardly moving on the right path than, with 
 all scientific airs and graces, to be going wrong.) 
 
 (a) Vegetable substances not deprived of the solar 
 force, " locked up in their compounds," constitute 
 the animal protoplasm i.e.) the material and forces 
 required for animal organisms. 
 
 (b) Certain inorganic compounds, plus an unknown 
 amount of sun-power, constitutes the vegetable proto- 
 plasm i.e., the material and forces required for vege- 
 table organisms.* 
 
 from the latest edition (Part I., 1888) of Prof. Foster's " Text 
 Book of Physiology" will make these two senses as clear as such 
 needless confusion can be made. 
 
 " Protoplasm," in fact, as in the sense in which we are now 
 using it, and shall continue to use it, is a morphological term ; 
 but it must be borne in mind that the same word protoplasm is 
 also frequently used to denote what we have just now called 
 "the real living substance." The word then embodies a 
 physiological idea ; so used it may be applied to the living sub- 
 stance of all structures, whatever the microscopical features of 
 those structures ; in this sense it cannot at present, and possibly 
 never will be, recognised by the microscope, and our knowledge 
 of its nature must be based on inferences" (p. 5). 
 
 * As we have certainly no proof that sun-power only, and not 
 also star, planet (including earth) and moon power, may be con- 
 cerned in the vital forces of both plants and animals, it may be 
 better to borrow a term from astrology and speak of the " cir- 
 cumambient" meaning the whole environment in the fullest 
 sense, which evidently includes the whole material creation. 
 Herbert Spencer says ("Biology" p. 85), "literally, the environ- 
 ment means all surrounding space, with the co-existences and 
 sequences contained in it . . . ." Compare also the table at page 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 83 
 
 Thus we keep before our minds the all-important 
 natural distinctions (1) between organisms and non- 
 organized matter, and (2) between the mineral, the 
 vegetal, and the animal kingdoms. 
 
 Before concluding this chapter, I wish to express 
 my cordial agreement with the philosophic views of 
 Professor Huxley, not that any words of mine could 
 add to his now " old and just renown," but partly as 
 an act of justice, and chiefly because it will bring out 
 more clearly the gist of my contention. 
 
 To represent his views as materialistic seems to be 
 such an outrage, not only on common honesty, but 
 even on common sense, as to make such objections 
 not worth notice. 
 
 I go further and declare my conviction that many 
 of our religious and spiritual teachers are very 
 materialistic compared to him. 
 
 I have studied the Bible, with the aid of all the 
 more accessible commentators, I have read my "Plato," 
 under Taylor's neo-platonic guidance, I have, at least, 
 tried to master Swedenborg's teaching, and have 
 mystified myself, I hope usefully, in Jacob Boehme's 
 works, and nowhere do I find a less materialistic 
 philosophy than that of Professor Huxley. 
 
 I, for my part, know no fuller and better exposition 
 of that saying which expresses the very key-note of 
 Christian doctrine Kai 6 AO>* <rap *V W * than in 
 
 467 of the same book, where astronomic and geologic changes are 
 reckoned amongst the factors which co-operate in the evolution 
 of life. 
 
 * St. John i. 14, and vi. 63, Thought expresses itself in a 
 material form, which latter, in itself, counts for nothing (rj <rap 
 OVK <afa\i ov&v), though all important as a symbol, making 
 truth " more or less accessible to us." 
 
84 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 these words from that " Lay Sermon" to which I 
 have made so many references. 
 
 " In itself it is of little moment, whether we 
 express the phenomena of matter in terms of 
 spirit, or the phenomena of spirit in terms of 
 matter : matter may be regarded as a form of 
 thought, thought may be regarded as a property 
 of matter,* each statement has a certain relative 
 truth. 
 
 " But with a view to the progress of science 
 the materialistic terminology is in every way to 
 be preferred. 
 
 "For it connects thought with the other 
 phenomena of the universe,! and suggests 
 inquiry into the nature of those physical con- 
 ditions, or concomitants of thought, which are 
 more or less accessible to us, and a knowledge 
 of which may, in future, help us to exercise the 
 same kind of control over the world of thought, 
 as we already possess in respect of the material 
 world; whereas the alternative or spiritualistic 
 terminology is utterly barren, and leads to 
 nothing but obscurity and confusion of ideas. 
 
 "Thus there can be little doubt that the 
 further science advances, the more extensively 
 and consistently will all the phenomena of 
 Nature be represented by materialistic formulae 
 and symbols. 
 
 " But the man of science, who, forgetting the 
 
 * This shortly expresses the distinction between the teaching 
 of Plato and that of St. John the Divine. 
 
 f Compare 1 Ep., St. John i., 1st and 2nd verses. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 85 
 
 limits of philosophical enquiry, slides from these 
 formulae and symbols into what is commonly 
 understood by materialism, seems to me to place 
 himself on a level with the mathematician who 
 should mistake the xs and y's with which he 
 works his problems, for real entities and with 
 this further disadvantage, as compared with the 
 mathematician, that the blunders of the latter are 
 of no practical consequence, while the errors of 
 systematic materialism may paralyse the energies 
 and destroy the beauty of a life." 
 
 My objection to the protoplasm theory is that, as 
 usually understood, it is an over-hasty generalization, 
 which has done harm by making us practically ignore 
 the Law of Interchange and its corollaries. It has 
 explained away the distinction between the animal and 
 the vegetable. 
 
 Science, while it explains away and obliterates 
 merely artificial distinctions, emphasizes, and in ex- 
 plaining increases, natural distinctions, and in spite of 
 all exceptions, such as flesh-eating plants and the 
 numerous tribes of carnivorous animals, that is a true 
 Law of Nature, and good for man to follow, which 
 makes the plant our immediate food provider. 
 
86 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE GENERAL REASONING ON WHICH THE 
 CONCLUSIONS OF THE SPECIFIC MICROBE THEORISTS 
 ARE BASED, AND ON SOME OF THE METHODS EM- 
 PLOYED BY THEM FOR CLASSIFYING AND IDENTIFYING 
 MICRO-ORGANISMS. 
 
 IN the Introduction to Micro-organisms and Disease 
 Dr. Klein lays down four conditions (taken from 
 Koch's Die Milzbrand-impfung) which must be com- 
 plied with before it " can be said to be satisfactorily 
 proved that a particular infectious disease is due to a 
 particular micro-organism." These are given fully on 
 pages two and three of that work. I here give them 
 briefly in my own words. 
 
 The four conditions are that the particular micro- 
 organisms must be 
 
 1. Present in the blood or tissues of the man or 
 animal suffering or dead from the disease. 
 
 2. Cultivated in suitable media outside the body, 
 and so as to be secure from all possible introduction 
 of other micro-organisms during the process of 
 culture. 
 
 3. After having been thus cultivated for several 
 successive generations, they must be introduced into 
 the body of a healthy animal susceptible to the disease, 
 and it must be shown that the animal becomes affected 
 with the particular disease. 
 
 4. And, finally, that in this "so affected new 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 87 
 
 animal the same micro-organisms should again be 
 found." 
 
 " A particular micro-organism may probably be the 
 cause of a particular disease, but that really and un- 
 mistakably it is so, can only be inferred with certainty 
 when every one of these desiderata have been 
 satisfied" (p. 3). 
 
 Now first notice condition 4, which I give fully in 
 Klein's own words. And one question must arise. 
 How can you prove that the so affected new animal 
 was affected solely by the micro-organisms introduced, 
 and not by the dangerous assault on the life, which, as 
 Klein's own book has proved, the very operation of in- 
 oculation in itself is. Again, though it may be 
 possible to sterilize the artificial media of cultivation, 
 how can the body, blood, and tissues of a living 
 animal be effectually sterilized ? 
 
 But let us suppose that all these difficulties are 
 successfully met, and that every possible source of 
 error within the limits of these four conditions has 
 been completely excluded say by repetition of ex- 
 periment, so that, by the doctrine of chances, the 
 origin of the disease from that particular pathogene, 
 and nothing else, becomes a moral certainty ; I say, 
 granting all this, there is a FIFTH CONDITION, unmen- 
 tioned by Messrs. Klein and Koch, which must be 
 complied with before the experiments come within 
 measurable distance of a satisfactory proof. 
 
 It is quite true, as Klein shows, that these four con- 
 ditions rigidly enforced would simply decimate the 
 most popularly celebrated pathogenetic "proofs," in- 
 cluding the evidence for Pasteur's hydrophobia 
 microbe and Koch's own comma-baccillus of cholera, 
 
TI1E BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 "Apparent rari nantes in yurgite vasto." But the 
 inexorable logic of fact and natural law disposes even 
 of these hardy and vigorous few that can keep above 
 water when the four conditions are enforced. 
 
 This fifth condition is, 
 
 That the signs and symptoms of the particular 
 disease should be definite, and such main symptoms so 
 constant that the diagnosis should always be perfectly 
 reliable; nay, it is demanded for perfect proof that the 
 disease should be in itself a sort of definite entity, 
 recognizable and definable, otherwise than by its 
 (supposed) connection with the microbe. 
 
 The whole reasoning is simply an illustration of the 
 fallacy called " arguing in a circle," for the limit which 
 defines what symptoms shall or shall not be regarded 
 as diagnostic of the particular disease is this very con- 
 nection with the microbe, which has to be proved 
 pathogenetic. 
 
 It would force me to bring in medical details, 
 unsuited to this little work, if I were to furnish proofs 
 of this latter statement here, but any student can verify 
 for himself the truth of my remark, and even the 
 "general reader," if he has ever glanced at medical 
 literature, must be aware that the fifth condition never 
 has and never can be complied with. 
 
 We next turn to the micro-organisms themselves. 
 How are they identified ? We know what a difficult 
 matter is this question of identity (I do not refer to meta- 
 physical difficulties connected with personal identity), 
 but physical identity is a difficult and perplexed 
 subject. We have known the greatest experts have 
 sometimes been deceived, and cases of mistaken 
 identity are not un frequent. It is true in the case of 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 89 
 
 the microbes there is no attempt to identifying the 
 individual, only the species. The <c same micro- 
 organism" means the same class, sort, or species of 
 
 & i 
 micro-organism. 
 
 What is the chief method employed by microbe 
 theorists for identifying their breeds ? They identify 
 them much as sheep are distinguished, viz., by being 
 stained by colours, which are understood by their 
 keepers, only with this tremendous difference, that 
 the micro-organisms are chiefly distinguished by the 
 different way in which they submit to the process of 
 being stained, with tar or aniline dyes. 
 
 At page 6 of Micro-organisms and Disease, we read : 
 
 " Micro-organisms have a great affinity for 
 certain dyes, and therefore these are used with 
 great success to demonstrate their presence, 
 and to differentiate in many instances morpho- 
 logical details which, in the unstained condition, 
 are not discernible." 
 
 A most perilous proceeding, full of pitfalls and 
 possible errors, when used for the first investigation of 
 new truths, although every microscopist admits the 
 beauty and value of prepared and stained specimens, 
 for demonstrating facts which have been already learned, 
 by a more simple and direct mode of interrogating 
 Nature. 
 
 Let us view this process through a mental microscope. 
 Take it as being applied to larger organisms. Re- 
 member we must assume that these micro-organisms 
 are living creatures, they would not be organisms 
 otherwise. Remember also that, though from a proto- 
 plasmic point of view " it is a mere matter of con- 
 
90 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 vention, whether we call a given organism an animal 
 or a plant" (Huxley), they must come under a category 
 which includes all plants and animals. Perhaps some 
 may be plants and some animals, and a field in which 
 these organisms are artifically collected, fed, and 
 cultivated may, in an enlarged sense, be aptly com- 
 pared either to Kew Gardens or the Zoo. 
 
 Who but a madman would go if he could escape the 
 keepers, and dabble these organisms with tar dyes, 
 and mark their behaviour under them, as if that 
 afforded a ground for scientific identification and 
 classification ? 
 
 Does the folly diminish in direct or in inverse 
 relation to the size of the organism, or does it not 
 rather remain constant, and is it not utterly absurd 
 to attempt to classify organisms biologically (not 
 chemically, mark you, but biologically i.e., as living 
 creatures), by their behaviour under chemical re- 
 agents ? 
 
 By chemical processes, whether employed on 
 organic or inorganic materials, we get chemical results 
 (and valuable and precious they may be in their own 
 line) ; but biological results must be obtained by 
 biological means ; by means of natural selections and 
 affinities, and cultivations and breedings good breed- 
 ings (in every sense), not forcing but obeying the 
 rules of life ; not outraging but wooing the modesty of 
 Nature. 
 
 Then again look at the method of naming which 
 these experimenters adopt. We can more or less 
 accurately gauge the condition of any science by its 
 nomenclature. 
 
 Their method has a curious resemblance to Hamlet's 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 91 
 
 description to Ophelia of the method of the " Pro- 
 logue" players to the murder of Gonzago. After the 
 dumb show of injecting poison, in reply to Ophelia's 
 questions, Hamlet says : 
 
 "Ham. We shall know by this fellow. 
 These players cannot keep counsel ; they tell 
 all." 
 
 " Oph. Will he tell us what this show 
 meant ?" 
 
 "Ham. Ay, or any show that you'll show 
 him. Be not you ashamed to show. He'll not 
 shame to tell you what it means." 
 
 Take one example. Nature (as if forced to act in 
 accordance to Hamlet's mocking advice) showed a tiny 
 point an organism "of about the .0025 part of a 
 milimetre in diameter, spherical or oval, and of a 
 bright red colour" (Klein p. 63). 
 
 No less than two of the " players" are down upon 
 that show, and, though they could not tell the meaning 
 (for Nature refuses to such men and such methods her 
 meanings), they can name. 
 
 Cohn calls it, " Clathrocystis roseo-persicina," and 
 Lankester comes in with a second name nay, I must 
 be careful. It appears to be a matter of the utmost 
 moment who calls out first in this cruel game, and I 
 really cannot say whether Cohn or Lankester saw this 
 particular show first, and we may believe that both 
 may divide the crown. 
 
 The alternative name is Bacterium rubescens. How 
 suggestive is this inceptive rubescens ; the bacterium, 
 that is " beginning to blush." 
 
 Outraged humanity may cause that blush to extend 
 
92 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 from that tiny point until universal scorn and shame 
 will put a stop to these abominable absurdities. Say it 
 again, Clathrocystis roseo-persicina. Does it trouble 
 your tongtfe ? Think what tortures that chamber-full 
 of poor dogs and rabbits and guinea-pigs, and countless 
 other patients in similar chambers, must have throbbed 
 through, while that useful name was being piled 
 together, and that "show" elaborated.* 
 
 " Science is, I believe, nothing but trained and 
 organized common sense" says Professor Huxley. Be 
 it so. 
 
 Then in what department of science shall we place 
 these methods and these names ? 
 
 Whence comes this method of testing organisms by 
 chemical re-agents (not chemically analysing, ac- 
 cording to the fair methods of animal chemistry), but 
 classifying them as organisms by their behaviour under 
 aniline dyes ! 
 
 Read again this description of protoplasm, and you 
 see from what these players take their cue. 
 
 " Protoplasm, simple or nucleated, is the 
 formal basis of all life. It is the clay of the 
 potter, which, bake it and paint it as he will, 
 remains clay separated by artifice and not by 
 Nature from the commonest brick and sun- 
 dried clod" (Huxley's Lay Sermons). 
 
 * The spirit of Domine Sampson, if one could so wrong that 
 kindly pedant as to give him a part in this cruel fellowship, 
 appears to have stood godfather in one instance, closely allied to 
 the bacterium rubescens, as being chromogenic, this is the micro- 
 coccus prodigiosus. It is blood-red, and " the cells are the 
 smallest of all pigment micrococi." 
 
 " He grinned like an ogre, swung his arms like the sails of a 
 windmill, shouted ' Prodigious' till the roof rung to his raptures." 
 " Guy Mannering" chap, xviii. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 93 
 
 Thus, under the protoplasm hypothesis, it becomes 
 quite plain why we have this medley of chemical and 
 biological methods. This wild phantasmagoria of 
 microscopic forms, truly " separated by artifice and 
 not by Nature," and " like the painted clay," according 
 to the colours they assume under aniline dyes, is 
 simply an exhalation arising out of that Serbonian bog 
 which science has left too long undrained on the con- 
 fines of her cultivated territories, where chemistry loses 
 the exactness of its rational formulae,* and biology 
 is sunk in utter confusion of that most important 
 boundary line, which separates between the living and 
 the dead. 
 
 * Eational formulae " are intended to indicate the chemical 
 nature of the compound and to express the relations in which 
 it stands to other bodies." (Roscoe's and Schorlemmer's Treatise 
 on Chemistry. Vol. ILL, Part I., p. 112.) It is evident that 
 protoplasm, being indefinite in its composition, can have no 
 rational formula. Its empirical formula is variable aud in- 
 constant. 
 
94 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTEK VII. 
 
 HOW THE THREE DESIDERATA OF THE CELEBRATED 
 PHYSICIAN SYDENHAM HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED AFTER 
 TWO HUNDRED YEARS OF WAITING. 
 
 THE illustrious Sydenham, after whom some of 
 the most learned of our medical societies delight to 
 name themselves,* has somewhere spoken of three 
 things which were still wanting in his day, and much 
 to be desired. The third of these especially he would, 
 he declared, hail with enthusiasm.t 
 
 Two hundred years have rolled away since the death 
 of that great physician, and Sydenham's desiderata are 
 practically things still wanting in all medical teaching. 
 If the spirit of that great man now survives amongst 
 medical men, how gladly would they like him bring 
 eager assent and joyous acceptance to greet one, 
 through whom these long-sought and most desirable 
 things have at last been discovered, and offered to all 
 who will avail themselves of the benefit. 
 
 These desiderata are : 
 
 1. An account of diseases, true in description, and 
 
 * The Sydenham Society, instituted 1843, and the New Syd. 
 Society, 1858. 
 
 t His words are : " Jam vero si quserat aliquis an ad praedicta 
 in Arte Medica desiderata duo (veram scilicet et genuinam 
 morborum Historiam, et certam confirmatamque Medendi 
 Methodum) noil etiam accedat tertium illud, remediorum 
 nempe Specificorum inventio ; assentientem me habet et in 
 vota festinantem (Praef. Ed. Tert., Observ. Med. Syd. Om. 
 Oper.^.lS). 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 95 
 
 correctly tracing their genesis or origin ( fi veram et 
 genuinam morborum Historiam"}. 
 
 2. A reliable and proven method of healing (" cer- 
 tam confirmatamque Medendi MetJiodum"^). 
 
 3. The discovery of specific remedies (" remediorum 
 nempe specificorum inventio") 
 
 It is my pleasing task to give an outline (though 
 only incidentally, as so far as they belong to my sub- 
 ject, which is purely biological) of these discoveries. 
 
 For a full account of the system, which is at once a 
 simple and easy Practice, and also a THEORY in the 
 full and grand original sense of that word Ocupia* a 
 BEHOLDING of the very truth and method of Nature,* 
 I must refer the reader to the discoverer himself. 
 
 For all in this chapter, and indeed in this little 
 book, that is not marked fully as quotation, with refer- 
 ences given to the source from which it is extracted, I,, 
 the writer, am alone responsible. Even the headings 
 and arrangement of the extracts are entirely my own, 
 so I must in fairness refer the reader to the work from 
 which these extracts are taken, and warn him that, 
 although I have myself independently verified every 
 statement contained in these extracts, and seen with 
 my own eyes all herein described as seen, and proved 
 by my own experiment, or in my own experience, 
 every fact herein described as fact, it is only a small 
 
 * Such as Sydenham attributes to Hippocrates: "Atque in 
 his fere stetit magna ilia Divini Senis 0eo>pia, non ab irrito 
 lascivientis phantasise conamine desumpta, ceu vana segrorum 
 insomnia, sed legitimam exhibens historiam earum Naturae 
 operationum quas in hominum morbis . edit. Cum vero dicta 
 nihil esset aliud quam EXQUISITA NATURAE DESCRIPTIO 
 . ." (Op. Om., p. 14,) 
 
96 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 sample extracted for a special purpose, and not pre- 
 tending to be even an outline sketch of the " THEORY," 
 and giving nothing whatever of the practical portion of the 
 system that is here presented for his consideration. 
 
 Before beginning a series of quotations from his 
 writings, a few words about the scientific life and 
 training of Joseph Wallace may help to explain some- 
 thing both of the nature of his discoveries and how he 
 was led to them. 
 
 In his early youth he was much given to experi- 
 menting electricity and chemistry being his favourite 
 sciences. He was, as a very young man, engaged in 
 the business of malting and distilling. Thus he was 
 led to study the theory and practice of fermentation. 
 Having been early initiated into all the secrets of wort- 
 making and brewing, he learned the exact limits of 
 temperature at which the yeast displays its varied 
 activities. 
 
 His special training, aided by luminous common- 
 sense the best of all scientific endowments saved 
 him from falling into an error, which, like the Teuto- 
 burgian passes to the gallant legions of the Emperor 
 Augustus, under the brave but unfortunate Quintilius 
 Varus, has proved a hopeless stumbling-block to hosts 
 of physiologists, and some of their most illustrious 
 leaders. 
 
 Every reader of works on physiology, especially by 
 the popular authorities, can see for himself a very 
 ludicrous thing. It may not strike the reader, it does 
 not appear to have been noticed by thousands of 
 teachers, but once pointed out, every intelligent reader 
 wonders why he has never detected the absurdity for 
 himself. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 97 
 
 Note how often observations are made at the tem- 
 perature of about 60 Fah. on organisms or organic 
 fluids whose normal living temperature is about 98' 6 
 Fah. (blood heat). 
 
 What would be thought of a gardener who essayed 
 the cultivation and study of tropical orchids at a tem- 
 perature of zero ? Yet the absurdity would be much 
 less ; for orchids flourish in a wide range of tempera- 
 ture, and no great biological theory affecting the 
 welfare of humanity is rested upon their habits, not 
 even in the creative work of Darwin on Orchids. 
 
 Now the yeast organism is literally sensitive to a 
 degree ', even of the Fahrenheit scale. It is simply 
 toipid at 60, and many degrees higher. 
 
 The world will have cause to rejoice that Wallace's 
 early business brought him into an intimate acquaint- 
 ance with yeast and its strange habits of life. 
 
 Later in life Wallace was engaged in another busi- 
 ness, which at first sight would seem to be entirely 
 out of the way of all physiological discovery, and yet in 
 truth was of the utmost service as a training. This was 
 the manufacture of embroidery. His eye received a 
 thorough training through the immense number of 
 specimens of work which passed under his inspection 
 as a master-manufacturer in that industry. Frequent 
 attempts to pass off previously used designs would be 
 made, and could only be guarded against by constant 
 vigilance. Thus not only the power of distinguishing 
 varieties of design, in closely resembling forms, but 
 also the facility of recognising identity and the memory 
 of forms were' cultivated to a remarkable degree. 
 
 Every student of the history of human knowledge 
 must know that the grandest discoveries in any branch 
 
 H 
 
98 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 of science are made not by the professed and pro- 
 fessionally trained student, still less by the salaried 
 professor, but by those who would be regarded as 
 outsiders. 
 
 The history of astronomy tells how man's deepest 
 convictions, supported by the evidence of the senses 
 as well as by the interpretations of the Christian faith 
 itself, were revolutionized by a church dignitary 
 Canon Copernicus. Or if it does not seem so strange, 
 that the learned leisure of an ecclesiastic should be 
 thus employed, at a period, when simply to be able to 
 read, procured the " benefit of clergy," let us take a 
 smaller instance, but perhaps more remarkable, in the 
 incongruity it presents between position and pursuits. 
 Jeremiah Horrox was a young curate of eighteen,* but 
 even at that early age a master of the astronomy of his 
 time. Comparing different tables with his own obser- 
 vations of the planet Venus he found a transit across 
 the sun was to be expected on Dec. 4th, 1639. 
 
 ie Unfortunately the day was Sunday, and his 
 clerical duties prevented his seeing the ingress 
 of the planet upon the solar disk, a circum- 
 stance science has mourned for a century past, 
 and will have reason to mourn for a century to 
 come."t 
 
 Or take a modern instance that of the militia 
 band-conductor and church organist, who became one 
 of the greatest of astronomers, and the founder of a 
 family of discoverers, whose name is not only enrolled 
 in the solar system itself, but by whose laborious 
 
 * I give this 011 the authority of Professor Newcombe. 
 f Popular Astronomy, by Simon Newcombe, Professor U.S; 
 Naval University. Second edit., p. 176. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 99 
 
 genius, with its infinite capacity for taking pains, the 
 Titanic task of determining the form and plan of the 
 WHOLE VISIBLE CREATION, including the farthest tele- 
 scopic star or nebula, has been at least attempted.* 
 
 I cite another instance which comes nearer to the 
 science of biology one whom, in allusion not only 
 to his Christian name, but much more to his character 
 and attainments, we may regard as the archangel of 
 physical and chemical science Michael Faraday. 
 
 The blacksmith's forge and the bookbinder's work- 
 shop seem at first sight unsuitable schools for the 
 training of the most reverential, careful, and delicate 
 experimenter and observer that ever was permitted 
 to behold and expound the mysteries of Nature. 
 
 Now I cite these cases for this purpose not simply 
 to prove that great discoverers had often what seemed 
 an incongruous training a paltry truism not worth 
 the mention but to show that, under this seeming 
 incongruity, there is really the most exquisite grace 
 of congruity. 
 
 For no one who has learned in any degree to recog- 
 nise the order which true science reveals as existing 
 throughout the universe how under that seeming 
 disorder, " quern dixere chaos" which is not the 
 chronological, but rather the logical antecedent of the 
 cosmos of beauty and order, can believe that Nature 
 leaves to chance the training of her interpreters. 
 When biography is more of a science, when it 
 becomes more truly biological, the life-history of 
 
 * Sir William Herschel was organist of the Octagon Chapel, 
 at Bath, when he commenced his career of discovery. His 
 sister, Miss Caroline Herschel, assisted, and his son, Sir John 
 Herschel, carried still further the labours and discoveries in 
 astronomy. 
 
100 THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 
 
 every human being will be found as strictly in ac- 
 cordance with laws, i.e., as capable as being grouped 
 and classified and calculated as, let us say, the 
 apparently erratic course of a comet ; and the greater 
 and lesser lights which rule the day or night of 
 human discovery in the material and spiritual worlds, 
 perceptible or non-perceptible to merely bodily senses 
 (represented by the dayside and nightside of Nature), 
 will be found at least as reducible to calculation as 
 the courses of the sun and moon are now by the 
 astronomer. 
 
 " Unborn the hands but born they are to be," 
 which shall reduce the spiritual universe into as con- 
 spicuous order as we can now behold in the material 
 universe, by the labours of Newton and his followers 
 on the same and kindred branches of the great tree of 
 universal science. 
 
 Be all this as it may, a connection can be distinctly 
 traced between the training and the discovery. It 
 may seem to the discoverer himself as a thing he can 
 come upon by chance, but the path on which he 
 was treading when he met with that thing the 
 luminous conception or pregnant Fact which constituted 
 the Discovery was not the result of Chance. We may 
 safely assume that on no other path would he have 
 come upon it, or at all events have seen it in the same 
 relation ; the object, if seen at all, would have been 
 seen from a different point of view. In other words, 
 that particular discovery would not have been made. 
 
 In the case of Faraday,* we can distinctly trace a 
 
 * The writer cannot help expressing his thankfulness to his 
 father for putting into his hands Faraday's Chemical Manipula- 
 tion, telling him he would there learn how to make a most 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 101 
 
 casual relation between his early training and his 
 subsequent career ; so, too, in the case of Joseph 
 Wallace. What training could be better for a micro- 
 scopist than to have his eye trained to distinguish 
 form, and his mind trained to remember ? 
 
 The writer can testify, from some little experience 
 of his own, that the forms presented under the 
 microscope are exceedingly bewildering to the un- 
 trained eye. What special training have most of our 
 biologists ever received ? None whatever, except in 
 the very course of their work, like the training a 
 young clergyman generally receives in preaching, when 
 he has to practise upon the patience of his congrega- 
 tion, so the patients in our hospitals and a miserable 
 multitude of dogs, cats, guinea-pigs and rabbits, fowls 
 and pigeons, have to suffer all the refined cruelties of 
 scientific torture, while the medical biologists are 
 slowly training their eyes at the expense of their 
 hearts, and of every chivalrous sentiment of true 
 manliness and feeling of humanity.* Dr. Becker's field 
 
 delicate chemical balance out of the cheap materials of a small 
 brass plate, a lath, and a sewing needle. This and many a 
 similar lesson, such as the use of small tubes in chemical opera- 
 tions, where truth and not display is the student's aim, make 
 this work of priceless value to the beginner in chemistry, and 
 are themselves the fruits of Faraday's training. 
 
 * See Klein's Micro-organisms and Disease). 
 
 " Dr. Becker then injected a small quantity of the same fluid" 
 (viz., putrid pus matter) "into the jugular veins of fifteen 
 rabbits, after having some days before fractured or bruised the 
 bone of one of the hind legs" (p. 81). 
 
 Again, at p. 71, we read in regard to experiments on human 
 creatures : 
 
 "Orth cultivated these micrococci (viz., of erysipelas) arti- 
 ficially, and with such cultures produced by inoculation 
 
102 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 of fame is the laboratory of the Berlin Imperial 
 Sanitary Office, and there are many other sanitary 
 offices and charitable institutions similarly used for the 
 pursuit of Health, by the propagation of disease. 
 
 All the thinking and feeling world must acknow- 
 ledge that a rational method of healing, and a scientific 
 account of the origin of disease, are eminently de- 
 sirable, and will agree with the illustrious Sydenham, 
 whose fame is untarnished by any voluntary production 
 of disease, though he cannot be said to be really suc- 
 cessful in its cure. He could not cure himself of the 
 gout, from which he suffered for thirty years, of 
 which with some other equally painful complaints 
 he died.* 
 
 The modern method is to fight disease, " even as 
 Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses," by imitating 
 and re-producing the acts of the plague-sender. 
 
 It is a feeble and shortsighted policy ; and in the 
 
 erysipelas in rabbits. Fehleisen placed this beyond doubt, 
 inasmuch as he produced successive cultures of these micro- 
 cocci (derived from the lymphatics of erysipelatous human skin), 
 and then by re-inoculation produced the disease not only in 
 rabbits but also in man." 
 
 These extracts are interesting, especially when we read Klein's 
 own remarks, given on the same page. There is a charming 
 unity of sentiment amongst these professional brethren, but 
 as opening out new and hitherto undreamed of ways of doing 
 good. 
 
 "These inoculations were justifiable because they were 
 undertaken with a view to cure certain tumours. Thus, one case 
 of lupus, one case of cancer, ore case of sarcoma, were consider- 
 ably affected, and to the good of the patient." (Klein, p. 71.) 
 We ask, what good ? 
 
 * " Podagra inde a triginta annis laborabat Sydenhamius 
 (Op. Om., p. 15). 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 103 
 
 end will, as we trust and believe, aid in the deliver- 
 ance of a people, and not of one nation only, but 
 in the establishment of a rational as well as truly 
 philanthropic method of healing throughout the 
 world. 
 
 The patience and credulity of the world is nearly 
 inexhaustible, but even credulity has its limits, and 
 patience may be at last exhausted. 
 
 Men have stood to have their children inoculated 
 with a cultivated small-pox, to procure immunity from 
 natural small-pox, but now, when all supporters of 
 vaccination are bound to own that to be true to the 
 principles of this mighty method of combating disease 
 by propagating it in a milder form, there ought to be a 
 separate vaccination or inoculation for every known or 
 at least prevalent form of disease. Milder dog-madness 
 as a prophylactic against hydrophobia, cultivated 
 cholera to cure cholera, typhoid to cure typhoid, and 
 so on through the category. 
 
 The nightmare weight of this result of modern 
 teaching in medicine must rouse the public even out 
 of their drugged and charmed sleep, and once roused 
 to thought, action will be swift, and deliverance will 
 come at last. 
 
 I now give an outline of the opposite method, taking 
 extracts which bear upon my subject. Once again I 
 remind the reader that neither in this work of mine, 
 nor in any work which has yet been published, is there 
 anything approaching a satisfactory account of these 
 discoveries and the scientific system of healing founded 
 upon them. 
 
104 THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 
 
 v.. (i.) 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE WHITE CORPUSCLE. 
 
 "The way in which I have observed the 
 white corpuscle to comport itself in the blood 
 is as follows : when one is selected out for 
 observation, it will be seen to writhe and 
 wriggle into various shapes, will become 
 serrated all round, or only at one side, but 
 always in motion ; ultimately, it will extend a 
 finger-like prolongation of its substance, and 
 inclosing one of the largest of the nuclei, which 
 may have been seen previously moving about 
 inside the parent cell, and which moving 
 towards the finger point, forms into a small 
 round ball, joined to the main body by a 
 narrow neck, this breaks off completely, or 
 rather is thrown out like an egg from a bird, 
 when the little youngster may be seen sailing 
 off briskly on his own account, and feeding 
 upon the red pabulum (crassamentum) of the 
 blood (which adds the colour to his substance), 
 resting here and there to feed as he goes, as 
 wayward as any other young animal. It can, 
 under favourable circumstances, in a little time 
 be seen distinctly growing larger under the eye ; 
 but this is not all, for the parent writhes and 
 wriggles again, another is thrown off, and still 
 another, and another may be seen to go off 
 without lessening the bulk of the parent- cell, 
 except for the moment. Each youngster goes 
 on an independent track for itself, arid several 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. , 105 
 
 can still be seen in various stages of develop- 
 ment moving about in the parent cell, and as 
 one leaves, another very minute nucleus will 
 be seen just coming into view : thus favouring 
 the presumption that this multiplying process 
 may go on under congenial conditions ad 
 infinitum. . . . 
 
 "The white corpuscle is to be seen of every 
 size, from the germ just left the parent to the 
 full-grown cell, exceptional ones of which I 
 have seen containing as many as thirty-five 
 germ corpuscles, or nuclei."* (Physianihropliy, 
 p. 125.) 
 
 (2.) 
 
 THE WONDERFUL METAMORPHOSIS REQUIRED BEFORE A 
 LEUCOCYTE COULD CHANGE INTO A RED CORPUSCLE, 
 LONG LOOKED OUT FOR BY HOSTS OF MICROSCOPIC 
 OBSERVERS, GENERALLY ASSUMED BY PROFESSORS OF 
 PHYSIOLOGY, &C., BUT NEVER ONCE SEEN, OR ANY 
 STAGE OF IT. 
 
 " Amongst the hosts of microscopists not 
 one so far (although their minds have been 
 driven into this groove), has observed a tran- 
 sitory phase of change of that wonderful meta- 
 morphosis which must of necessity take place 
 before the ' white corpuscle' can be changed 
 into the red. 
 
 " For it must first cast off its cell-wall, lessen 
 its size, alter its configuration, internal organisa- 
 tion, and specific gravity. It must change its 
 
106 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 colour, lose its powers of locomotion, con- 
 tortion, irritability, food assimilation, growth, 
 and multiplication, or propagation as also its 
 power to exude through the mucous mem- 
 branes and blood vessels which the red cor- 
 puscle, though smaller, is unable to do without 
 actual rupture of the part and finally, when 
 paralyzed, to form itself into the penidllium 
 glaucum fungus which is seen in great quantity 
 in the expectoration of those dying in con- 
 sumption as well as in various parts of the 
 body in other diseases" (p. 126). 
 
 (3.) 
 
 THE LEUCOCYTE AND P1NICILLIUM GLAUCUM IDENTIFIED. 
 
 "In the sputa of those recovering from 
 phthisis, this fungus gradually lessens in quan- 
 tity, and great masses of white corpuscles come 
 away instead; in this state the penidllium 
 glaucum can be clearly seen in process of 
 formation from the white corpuscles, which 
 can be observed arranging themselves in rows 
 just before cohering, and according to size, 
 forming stem or branch; some cohering in 
 part, the rest perfectly organized up to fruc- 
 tification, in fact. 
 
 "PHYSICIAN, HEAL THYSELF." 
 
 " Having been consumptive myself for many 
 years until very lately, I examined my own 
 blood very frequently and minutely, and ob- 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 107 
 
 served that when the disease was in the 
 ascendant the greater the proportion of these 
 white corpuscles to be seen in the blood, 
 the more tenacious was the sputum, or peni- 
 cillium, and the weaker and worse in health 
 I felt; but when the disease was being 
 overcome, large quantities of the white 
 corpuscles came away so easily that they 
 seemed to have lost their cohesive power, and 
 their relative numbers lessened in the blood in 
 proportion." 
 
 ONLY ONE IN FOUR HUNDRED IN PLACE OF ONE IN FORTY 
 LEUCOCYTES TO RED CORPUSCLES. 
 
 " At present very few indeed are to be seen ; 
 only one in four hundred of the red in place of 
 ONE in FORTY, two or three years ago" [written 
 in 1869]. A note is added 
 
 " A year or two after this, on examining the 
 blood, I found only one white corpuscle in five 
 thousand red corpuscles, when I never had 
 such exuberant health, mentally and physi- 
 cally." 
 
 - (4.) 
 
 IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH AND INCREASE OF LEUCOCYTES 
 IN INVERSE RATIO. 
 
 " The general health has improved in inverse 
 ratio to the number of white corpuscles seen 
 in the blood. The same results I have observed 
 in hundreds of others " (p. 127). 
 
108 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 (5.) 
 
 THE LEUCOCYTE AND YEAST-ORGANISM IDENTIFIED. 
 
 At p. 7 of Physianthropy, there is a popularly- 
 expressed account of a ready method of trying 
 experiments which most inadequately represents the 
 real severity of the test conditions under which all 
 experiments in the cultivation of micro-organisms must 
 be conducted. 
 
 The result of carefully conducted experiments may 
 be thus given. 
 
 In thoroughly sterilized media (such as grape sugar 
 and water, or apple-juice) leucocytes can be directly 
 cultivated out of brewer's yeast, every precaution 
 known to the microbe cultivators' science to prevent 
 contamination or error being rigidly observed. 
 
 But a still better mode of experimenting, in my 
 opinion, is the more strictly biological method, viz., 
 watching and noting the phenomena presented spon- 
 taneously by the living (human) body, when leucocytes 
 are cultivated in its tissues and blood. 
 
 I do not justify any experiments in the production 
 of disease, initiated for the purpose of gaining in- 
 formation. This is a doing of evil that good may 
 come, out of which no true science, no real good, has 
 ever come. But the practice of inoculating with 
 leucocytes is now so extensively practised under the 
 name of vaccination, that an am pie field, white already 
 to the harvest of disease-phenomena, is ready for the 
 gathering. Any careful observer can glean useful 
 
THE BIOLOGY OP DAILY LIFE. 109 
 
 experience as to the best modes of propagating disease 
 by observing the effects of vaccination. 
 
 Vaccine lymph, according as it is more or less pure, 
 is, in like degree, a more or simple cultivation of the 
 leucocyte. 
 
 It will not, I hope, be regarded as a wanton experi- 
 ment in disease-production that once or twice brewer's 
 yeast has been used for vaccination. I have never 
 tried this experiment myself. In my student days I 
 have vaccinated very many hundreds of children, but 
 then I did it, as many others do who follow the 
 ordinary medical teaching and practice, without in the 
 least knowing the horrible nature of these acts. Now 
 nothing would induce me to pollute with the unclean 
 thing the opening promise of an infant's life. 
 
 A short quotation gives the result of a sort of experi- 
 ment which will, I hope, never need to be repeated : 
 
 " The inoculation of brewer's yeast into the 
 blood will produce similar results " [to the in- 
 oculation of leucocytes] (see Phys., p. 112). 
 
 (6.) 
 
 THE LEUCOCYTE AND " PUS." 
 
 " Pus, or the matter which we see in boils, 
 ulcers, and abscesses, is nothing but the white 
 corpuscle variously modified by stagnation, 
 position, influence of the temperament of the 
 individual, and the effects of drugs brought to 
 bear upon the organism, whether we see it in 
 an irregular mass, or simple germinal matter, 
 and when boils, eruptions, or ulcers form on 
 
110 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 the surface, it is Nature's effort* to expel the 
 blood poisons in a mass, and should not be 
 repelled but assisted, otherwise re-inoculation 
 will be the consequence." 
 
 TWO PRINCIPAL CLASSES OR KINDS OF PUS MATTER DIVIDED 
 ACCORDING TO ITS ORIGIN AND EFFECTS. 
 
 "Pus matter proper is distinctively to be 
 divided into two classes or kinds. 
 
 " The first kind is that which is engendered 
 de novo, by the stomach receiving into it, for 
 the purpose of digestion, partially decomposed 
 or fermented foods and drinks in which yeast 
 forms an active, living element. These yeast 
 animalcula (the younger or smaller broods par- 
 ticularly) insinuate themselves readily into the 
 capillaries, and pass into the life current. . . . 
 The yeast lives at the expense of the blood 
 proper, and thus establishes itself in the human 
 organism as the physical basis of death. This is 
 the l white corpuscle' of physiology. 
 
 "The second kind of pus matter is that 
 which has been hereditarily transmitted from 
 diseased parents, or acquired during life from 
 direct inoculation by means of vaccination or 
 other forms of blood-poisoning. The yeast 
 germs are, in these cases, consequently older 
 and more degraded, from their having been 
 
 *It is interesting to compare with this quite independent 
 observation direct from Nature's teaching the wise anticipation 
 of Sydenham " nihil aliud quam, Naturae conamen" (see title- 
 page of this book). 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. Ill 
 
 driven in the first place to the surface for 
 expulsion. . . . 
 
 " Yeast or pus, as engendered directly from 
 that which is absorbed from the food in 
 digestion, Nature is able as a rule, under 
 ordinary circumstances, to expel daily almost 
 as rapidly as it is produced in the blood. 
 But not so the inoculated pus ; nothing short 
 of a radical change in the mode of life, or an 
 epidemic state of the atmosphere, and an 
 eruption of small-pox, will eradicate it, because 
 it is a superadded load of a more degraded 
 form of the parasite" (p. 112). 
 
 ORIGIN OF DISEASES AND FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 THEM. 
 
 FIRST FORM. Simple inflammatory form, a 
 " fermentation" caused by leucocytes. 
 
 "When diseases are traced back to their 
 true origin, it will be found that they have all 
 sprung from one fundamental abnormal con- 
 dition, which may be designated as the febrile 
 or inflammatory, as in colds, simple fever 
 rheumatic, and other inflammatory fevers, &c. 
 This condition is caused by using animal flesh, 
 fermenting and fermented foods and drinks, in 
 all of which are to be found the white cor- 
 puscle or yeast animalcule. 
 
 SECOND FORM. The same (first form) com- 
 plicated by drugging, or any hindrance to 
 Nature's efforts at expulsion,, thereby com- 
 pelling a reabsorption. 
 
112 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 " The next stage of disease would be that 
 caused by drugging and other maltreatment of 
 this primary condition, which, instead of aiding 
 Nature to more quickly eradicate or eliminate 
 that ferment, which in this first condition she 
 is always labouring to do, we so encumber her 
 by our ignorant interference, that she not only 
 becomes totally unable to expel the ferment, 
 but is compelled to reabsorb it and the drugs 
 as well." . . . 
 
 " Thus is created a chronic or permanently 
 diseased state, in which generally one or more 
 of the vital organs become implicated." 
 
 " Nature being thus prevented from throwing 
 out the pent-up pus matter by the skin, in the 
 form of small-pox or other eruption [pustules], 
 she is compelled of necessity to segregate it in 
 colonies in various non-sensitive parts of the 
 organism in the form of glandular swellings and 
 tumours, which, in consequence of their being 
 not so fluid as the blood, lessens its (the pus 
 matters) power or self-multiplication, or she 
 may select one or other of the vital organs (and 
 she always selects the strongest) through which 
 to directly eliminate the pent-up matter." 
 
 "In this second condition the microscope 
 reveals a change having taken place in the size 
 and behaviour of the white corpuscle. Per- 
 manently imprisoned in its abode, so to speak, 
 it necessarily becomes abnormally large and 
 bloated, or more degraded in comparison with 
 the first or acute febrile condition" (p. 147). 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 113 
 
 THIRD FORM. The same (first form) compli- 
 cated by stimulants of the Fusel oil type. 
 
 " This [stimulation] drives back the moving 
 matter for a time to the transient relief of the 
 patient. . . . 
 
 " Stimulation merely adds to the disease, 
 making it more chronic or confirmed at the 
 expense of the vitality and term of life. Stimu- 
 lants need not necessarily be confined to 
 alcohol, for the worst fonns are those bought 
 at the drug-shop, such as opium, morphia, 
 chloral, etc. . . . 
 
 " This condition may also be inherited as 
 well as the second condition." 
 
 FOURTH FORM. The gouty habit. 
 
 " The next condition of any great import- 
 ance is the gouty habit of body. This is 
 generally inherited. It is usually originated 
 by indulgence in fermented grape juice, or 
 wine," . . . [The process of fermentation] 
 "so disintegrates or decomposes the juice of 
 the grape that it sets free its earthy elements 
 (potash, etc.), from which we get the chemical 
 tartrate of potash (cream of tartar)." 
 
 This process is closely followed within the system, 
 when the ferment is present. 
 
 (( Now potash, it is well known, when taken 
 into the system, seizes upon the animal oil, 
 which forms our reserve force, and turns it into 
 soap. This being dirt or matter out of place, 
 it has, with much waste of the remaining life 
 
114 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 force, to be expelled. When this is impossible, 
 the potash permeates the osseous system, chiefly 
 about the joints, defrauding us of their natural 
 lubricant, and acting as a foreign irritant upon 
 the synovial membrane. . . . Thus gout is 
 created (p. 150)."* 
 
 With certain exceptions, such as worms, whooping- 
 cough, cholera, and of course mechanical injuries, 
 " these four conditions cover all the ground of disease 
 incidental to humanity." 
 
 " It is not our fault that these varied expres- 
 sions of one definite diseased condition have had 
 such an infinite variety of names given to them 
 by all previous observers, but it has been our 
 misfortune that none of these have hitherto 
 been able to penetrate the mystery that has 
 for thousands of years been hanging over 
 all things relating to disease and the death 
 principle in man, and so to reduce the ever- 
 increasing chaos into something like law and 
 order (p. 151)." 
 
 I make no further comment upon the above extracts. 
 They will speak for themselves. But on the inter- 
 esting question of the identification of the yeast, the 
 white corpuscle and the blue mould, I wish to present 
 the reader with the best and latest information from 
 recognized and high authorities on the subject. 
 
 The identity of the blue mould and all its vinous- 
 fermentation-producing congeners, can be actually 
 
 * I again remind the reader that all purely medical details are 
 rigidly excluded from this little book. For such and the remedies 
 he must refer to the sources from which these extracts are taken. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 115 
 
 deduced out of the observations recorded in the last 
 edition (1889) of Practical Biology (Huxley and 
 Martin, extended by Howes and Scott). 
 
 I say this advisedly, and in spite of the fact that 
 every resource of language and device of naming has 
 been employed to make artificial distinctions. For 
 instance, the mould that prefers to grow on apricot 
 jam is distinguished by the name Eurotium Aspergillus 
 glaucus, which suggests no affinity to the Penicillium. 
 We are warned (p. 418) that 
 
 " pullulating cells, resembling Torulae, are not 
 unfrequently derived from the conidia of 
 Pencillium, and many other of the lower 
 fungi, but they must not be confounded with 
 true yeast." 
 
 Again, of another mould that sometimes forms on 
 wet and warm bread and called Mucor Stolonifer, 
 we read that if submerged in a saccharine liquid, it 
 multiplies by budding, after the manner of Torulas. 
 
 " This ' Mucor-TorulaJ functionally as well 
 as morphologically, bears a resemblance to the 
 yeast plant, from which however its life history 
 shows it to be quite distinct." 
 
 In fact the chapter is full of warnings against con- 
 founding these moulds with yeast, that I might have 
 feared that after all it was a case of mistaken identity, 
 so clever are the disguises under which yeast appears. 
 
 One golden sentence from the same book sets the 
 whole matter at rest, and shows that all these dis- 
 tinctions are truly microscopic, and much less than 
 that, (say) between the different sorts of geraniums. 
 At page 376 we read : 
 
116 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 "A saccharine solution will not ferment 
 spontaneously. If it begins to ferment, yeast has 
 undoubtedly got into it in some way or other." 
 
 So these mouldly Torula?, if not yeast themselves, 
 must be possessed by yeast, because they certainly cause 
 fermentation. " These Torulce are the i particles ' in 
 the yeast which have the power of provoking fermenta- 
 tion in sugar" (p. 379), and the Torulae of the mould- 
 family do likewise. 
 
 But the Amoeba is an animal, and the Torula in two 
 ways proves itself to be a plant. [First by its coat, 
 and secondly, by its power of l catching a Tartrate' and 
 turning it to its own use.] 
 
 "Torula is an indubitable plant for two 
 reasons. In the first place, its protoplasm is 
 invested by a cellulose coat, and thus has the 
 distinctive character of a vegetable cell. 
 Secondly, it possesses the power of con- 
 structing Protein out of such a compound as 
 Ammonium Tartrate, and this power of manu- 
 facturing Protein is distinctively a vegetable 
 peculiarity. Torula then is a plant, but it 
 contains neither starch nor chlorophyll, and 
 it cannot obtain the whole of its food from 
 inorganic compounds, thus differing widely 
 from the green plants. On the other hand it 
 is in these respects at one with the great group 
 of Fungi. Like many of the latter its life is 
 wholly independent of light, and in this respect 
 again it differs from the green plants" (p. 382). 
 A little further on we read (p. 383) : 
 
 " It has been further ascertained that Torulse 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 117 
 
 flourish remarkably in solutions in which sugar 
 and pepsin replace the Ammonium Tartrate. 
 In this case the nitrogen of their protein com- 
 pounds must be derived from the pepsin ; and it 
 would seem that the mode of nutrition of 
 such Torulge approaches that of animals." 
 Thus we have the newest and highest authority for 
 the statement that the essential identity of the yeast, 
 the blue mould and similar moulds and the leucocyte 
 cannot be disproved. I do not claim it as fully ad- 
 mitted, but that the accepted scientific teachers (apart 
 from J. Yy r allace) are in an agnostic state (i.e., neither 
 affirming nor capable of denying) on the subject. 
 
 The thoughtful reader will compare these facts 
 (which have been completely verified, and which 
 prove the polymorphism of yeast) with the behaviour 
 of the leucocyte in the human body. Outside the 
 body we see the Torula like a plant living on inorganic 
 matter, arid so also inside the drugged body, the 
 leucocyte becomes the organizer of drugs into the 
 fell nutriment of disease. It imparts its own noxious 
 vitality to the poisons, and receives in return from 
 them greater permanency, and a deadlier virulence.* 
 
 * It makes no difference to our argument whether we regard 
 the several fermentative organisms as varieties of one species, 
 or as being of quite distinct species. In the yeast-world, with 
 its threefold and even fourfold mode, and its amazing rate of 
 reproduction, most of the Darwinian agencies which originate 
 new species, (such as natural or artificial selection, appetite- 
 selection, survival of fittest to the environment, &c.) have ample 
 scope for their operation, and that in a few days. We must 
 measure time, as regards development of species, by the succes- 
 sion of generations, or generative phases, in the reproduction of 
 more or less similar individuals, and hence a month or so would 
 fairly correspond to a geologic period, in the differentiation into 
 species of the ordinary flora and fauna. This remark also holds 
 good if it be extended from species to genera. 
 
118 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 THE BANQUET OF ALMA, OR DIET OF HEALTH, NOT A 
 MEAGRE FARE, BUT WHILE SO CHEAP AS TO MAKE 
 STARVATION ALMOST AN IMPOSSIBILITY, WHEN ONCE 
 THE TRUTH IS FULLY KNOWN, CAN BE EVEN LUXURIOUS. 
 
 LET us now bring the facts we have been discussing 
 to bear upon our food. 
 
 To recapitulate the foregoing chapters. 
 
 Man as an animal comes under the Law of Inter- 
 change, which teaches us that the plant is our proper 
 food-preparer, and that the more directly we obey 
 that law the better for us, because, though the materials 
 may be forthcoming in flesh and mineral, the forces 
 necessary are either diminished or altogether wanting. 
 
 In addition to all this, the microscope reveals to us, 
 as present in the decaying vegetable, and in all even 
 the freshly killed and most healthy animal, the amoeba 
 of the blood, or leucocyte. Recognizing the extreme 
 value of Nature's cc Captain of the Guard," who is also, 
 as in ancient Egypt, the Chief Executioner,* viz., the 
 LEUCOCYTE, in his proper place, as head of the great 
 army of Scavengers, and so an all-important Sanitary 
 officer in the commonwealth of Nature, we yet do not 
 desire his services before the time. 
 
 Therefore the " honest sonsie face" of Burn's " Great 
 chieftain of the puddin' race," and the perhaps equally 
 honest-looking round of the "roast beef of old 
 
 * Joseph's Potiphar was " Captain of the Guard" to King 
 Pharaoh, the title means strictly, " Chief Executioner." 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 119 
 
 England," have to be rejected simply on the ground 
 that they are not so honest as they seem. They are like 
 the " honest lago," and when most trusted are apt to 
 betray the heart that trusts in them. The microscope 
 detects, under their bluff friendliness, the deceitful leer 
 of the leucocyte. 
 
 Wide as is my hospitality, at least in intention, I 
 should not care to sit at table with my own destined 
 hangman, " not if I know it." 
 
 But still more strictly are we warned against all 
 chemical foods, and every man or woman who cares 
 for bodily well-being should take the words of a cele- 
 brated American Chemist, who (with that instinct which 
 so often in the case of true men of science seems to 
 anticipate the deductions of strict science) has given 
 this emphatic opinion : 
 
 " I cannot but think, although it may be a 
 prejudice, that chemicals had better be kept out 
 of the kitchen/' * 
 
 It is the Biologist and not the Chemist who gives 
 the full reason. To the Chemist it is a " prejudice." 
 He sees that Nature is very exact and exacting. 
 That the smallest particle of matter out of place will 
 spoil his experiment. Scrupulous cleanliness of flask 
 and beaker, and tube and retort, and exactness of 
 weighing, for a true chemical balance, will weigh the 
 " small dust" of the best common balances, are his 
 familiar requirements. 
 
 * Professor J. Cooke, junr. The full quotation is as follows : 
 " When soda and cream of tartar are used in making bread, this 
 salt (" Eochelle salt") remains in the loaf. The amount formed 
 is too small to be injurious, but I cannot but think, although it 
 may be a prejudice, that chemicals had better be kept out of the 
 kitchen." The New Chemistry, p. 148. 
 
120 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 Here we have a first disciplining of the mind for 
 the still greater exactness which is needful in the 
 sphere of vital phenomena. 
 
 For Chemistry is the preparatory school to Biology, 
 and we must never forget these lessons in exactness, 
 which even dead matter teaches. We have seen how 
 tolerant the human body seems to be. How glibly we 
 may talk of amounts " too small to be injurious." But 
 has any one ever shown that Nature accepts the 
 maxim, that small quantities, just because they are small, 
 can be safely neglected ? " Too large to be injurious" 
 would be, at least, a safer, if not a truer, maxim. 
 
 Alma has few restrictions, and none in the way of 
 either the cultured palate or the natural taste, to place 
 upon her guests. She is a liberal provider. Her 
 " touch nots," " taste nots," are few, but they are 
 extremely imperative and exact. When she says 
 taste not, she means it, not a drop, not a grain, not a 
 soupqon. 
 
 For certain acquired tastes, in every sense ex- 
 pensive, she has only scant tolerance. The " fragrant 
 weed," as the writer can testify, loses its attractiveness 
 under her regime. She plants a dislike for smoking, 
 not in the stomach, but in the general fastidiousness of 
 the smoker. He is insensibly weaned by finding that 
 he cannot get tobacco or cigar good enough, at any 
 price. Even a cigarette taken " in memoriam" of 
 past pleasure, is somehow not finished. He drops it. 
 It is not the same to him. He knows not why. 
 
 The smallest pinch of mineral salt in soup or 
 vegetable, becomes suggestive of a handful thrown 
 in by a jealous kitchen-maid to spite the cook. 
 " Tantaene animis" &c. ? As for soda, and all its 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 121 
 
 tribe of baking-powders and self-raisers (which raise 
 themselves and their inventors or vendors, at the 
 expense of a foolish and suffering public), the nauseous 
 alkali betrays itself at once, in a flavour suggestive of 
 Dead-sea water, or the more familiar savour of a 
 badly washed pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 Again the taste for flavours of disease and corruption, 
 such as for the long-killed pheasant, the high venison, 
 and even the idyllized pate de foie gras, simply vanishes 
 of its own accord. 
 
 It is curious how Nature takes up this matter quite 
 independently of reason. Of course no man of sense 
 would care to pay too dear for the enjoyments of his 
 palate ; yet the writer knows of one poor man who 
 would, and he fears does, pay any price for the truffle, 
 and yet utterly despises the u goose's enlarged liver," 
 and, unlike Virro in Juvenal's Satire,* would not care 
 to have one set before him were it as large as the 
 goose, and that as big a goose as himself. 
 
 Nay, he is a very Alledius in this matter, and I 
 
 * The lines referred to are as follows, Juv. Sat. v. 113. : 
 " Anseris aBte ipsum magni jecur, anseribus par 
 Altilis, et flavi dignus ferro Meleagri 
 Fumat arper : post hunc raduntur tubera si ver 
 Tune erit, et facient optata tonitrua ccenas 
 Majores : tibi habe frumentum, Alledius inquit 
 O Libya, disjunge boves, dum tubera mittas. 
 
 Madan translates literally if not very intelligibly ; " Before 
 himself [Virro] is placed the liver of a great goose, equal 
 to geese, a crammed fowl, and worthy the spear of a yellow 
 (haired) Meleager, smokes a boar ; after him truffles are scraped 
 if then it be spring, and wished-for thunders make suppers 
 greater : ' Have thy corn to thyself,' says Alledius, ' O Libya, 
 unyoke your oxen, while you will send truffles.' 
 
122 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE 
 
 have heard him make a sort of stuttering pun (as he 
 thinks in the style of Charles Lamb ; he is something 
 like Lamb in the stutter), and declare with solemnity, 
 
 " May I live to see the day when truffles shall be 
 true tr-triffles in price." 
 
 If one remembers that all the most esteemed flavours, 
 even now, come from the vegetable kingdom that a 
 clever French cook can make any one meat represent 
 any other, and all this by the deft use of savours and 
 flavours drawn chiefly, if not altogether, from the 
 vegetable kingdom, we see there need not be such 
 a Revolution in a Biological Reformation, as one 
 would suppose. And assuming that this is a true inter- 
 pretation of Nature and her laws, we may confidently 
 affirm, supported by the analogy of every science and 
 every discovery, that true Biological cookery, when 
 once it is understood and practised, will give a luxury 
 as far exceeding the present reach of cookery as the 
 Pullman Railway car excels the pillion. 
 
 The writer may claim a fair acquaintance with what 
 is considered good living. For many years before he 
 became either a teetotaller or a vegetarian, he was at 
 least an occasional guest at some of the most luxurious 
 tables. Even an u alderman's feast," in a luxurious 
 London company, at which he was a guest, had only 
 the interest of curious custom, and nothing of gastro- 
 nomic novelty to present to him, 
 
 He believes that twelve years' total abstinence from 
 alcoholic drinks, and about five years' total abstinence 
 from all flesh and non-organized mineral, have in- 
 creased rather than diminished the sensitiveness of the 
 gustatory and olfactory nerves, and enable him to have 
 a keener and more discriminating enjoyment of flavours 
 and odours than ever. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 123 
 
 But whether my views are, or will be, borne out 
 by the experience of others in this matter of luxury 
 and gastronomic epicureanism or not, I confess is 
 to me a matter of little moment. It is the bearing 
 of these truths upon the food-supply of the millions, 
 who want to get life and health, and not luxury, out 
 of their sustenance, that seems to me all-important. 
 
 Now while fully granting the marvellous benefit 
 which the glorious science of chemistry has been to 
 the masses of mankind, it has, in one important point, 
 been bitterly disappointing. I believe that a true 
 Science of Biology is destined to fully perform all that 
 Chemistry seemed to promise, or rather it will teach 
 us that Nature is ever far kinder to us than in our 
 ignorance we can believe. 
 
 To show what these hopes were, I refer the reader 
 to Herschel's classical Discourse on the Study of 
 Natural Philosophy. I shall give a sufficient quotation 
 to make the point quite clear. 
 
 Herschel's foot-notes are inserted in brackets. 
 
 " The transformations of chemistry, by which 
 we are enabled to convert the most apparently 
 useless materials into important objects in the 
 arts, are opening up to us every day sources of 
 wealth and convenience of which former ages 
 had no idea, and which have been pure gifts of 
 science to man. Every department of art has 
 felt their influence, and new instances are con- 
 tinually starting forth of the unlimited resources 
 which this wonderful science develops in the 
 most sterile parts of Nature, Not to mention the 
 impulse which its progress has given to a host of 
 other sciences, which will come more particu- 
 
124 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 larly under consideration in another part of this 
 discourse, what strange and unexpected results 
 has it not brought to Kght in its application to 
 some of the most common objects? Who, for 
 instance, would have conceived that linen rags 
 were capable of producing more than their own 
 weight of sugar by the simple agency of one of 
 the cheapest and most abundant acids ? [* The 
 sulphuric. Bracconot, Annales de Chimie, vol. 
 xii., p. 1 84] that dry bones could be a magazine 
 of nutriment, capable of preservation for years, 
 and ready to yield up their sustenance in the 
 form best adapted to the support of life on the 
 application of that powerful agent, steam, which 
 enters so largely into all our processes, or of an 
 acid at once cheap and durable ? [f D'Arcet, 
 Annales de I 1 Industrie, F^vrier, 1829] that saw- 
 dust itself is susceptible of conversion into a 
 substance bearing no remote analogy to bread ; 
 and though certainly less palatable than that of 
 flour, yet no way disagreeable, and both whole- 
 some and digestible, as well as highly nutritive ? 
 [I See Dr. Prout's account of the experiments 
 of Professor Autenrieth of Tubingen, Phil. 
 Trans., 1827, p. 381. This discovery, which 
 renders famine next to impossible, deserves a 
 higher degree of celebrity than it has obtained.] 
 "What economy, in all processes where chemical 
 agents are employed, is introduced by the exact 
 knowledge of the proportions in which natural 
 elements unite, and their mutual powers of dis- 
 placing each other ! What perfection in all the 
 arts where fire is employed, either in its more 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 125 
 
 violent applications (as, for instance, in the 
 smelting of metals by the introduction of well- 
 adapted fluxes, whereby we obtain the whole 
 produce of the ore in its purest state), or in its 
 milder forms, as in sugar-refining (the whole 
 modern practice of which depends on a curious 
 and delicate remark of a late eminent scientific 
 chemist on the nice adjustment of temperature 
 at which the crystallization of syrup takes 
 place) ; and a thousand other arts which it 
 would be tedious to enumerate !" (Nat Philo- 
 sophy, chap, iii., p. 64, Lardner's Edit. 1833.) 
 
 This was written more than sixty years ago. By 
 simple lapse of time we are in a position to judge of 
 those matters of which Herschel could then speak 
 only as in prophecy. With consummate discernment 
 did that great man " look into the seeds of time," and, 
 with almost unerring correctness, " say which grain 
 would grow and which would not." Indeed, che- 
 mistry has more than fulfilled all the promise of its 
 youth, and the prophecies going before, with one, and 
 one only, exception. 
 
 It has facilitated all arts, it has created new in- 
 dustries, it has brought a livelihood to thousands, 
 and even renewed politically, and altered, the face 
 of the globe. Its philosophy has affected all phi- 
 losophy, and our deepest speculations about matter 
 and spirit are chemical, at least in form. Chemical 
 processes are now applied to star and nebula, on the 
 very farthest confines of space, and Herschel's own 
 magnificent and untiring labours, in cataloguing the 
 constellations, has been handed on to chemistry to 
 
126 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 complete. For chemical photography is now being em- 
 ployed to map the whole heavens, and those wondrous 
 eyes, supplied by chemical science, can behold things 
 invisible to mortal sight. Even darkness is no darkness 
 to them, and neither light nor heat is needed by the 
 actinographic power, which faithfully records rays 
 which have no correspondence with any of our senses. 
 
 What promise has not been kept, what prophecy 
 has not been more than fulfilled? One promise, 
 one prophecy, but that one the most practically im- 
 portant to mankind of all, for " all the labour of a 
 man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled/'* 
 
 Where is the food supply that was to make famine 
 next to impossible ? There is no lack of material 
 we have sawdust and vitriol in abundance, to fill all 
 things living, at least all humanity. And starving 
 men and women and children are not squeamish, and 
 would eat a substance bearing no remote analogy to 
 bread, and " both wholesome and digestible, as well as 
 highly nutritive." And chemistry in all matters, which 
 require only the rearrangement of molecules, has so far 
 surpassed all expectation that not out of sawdust, but 
 almost any dust, containing the chemical constituents 
 of organic bodies, it would have found out many ways 
 of manufacturing food.t Can we explain this ? Most 
 assuredly we can. The expectation was utterly un- 
 
 * The so-called " Chemical food" is simply a mixture (not in 
 chemical combination) of the following drugs ; Phosphate of 
 lime, phosphate of iron, phosphates of soda and potassa, besides 
 free phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. (See Macnamara's 
 Neligan's Medednes, p. 777). 
 
 f The student will find the following quotation very interest- 
 ing : " We have also learnt, that owing to this identity of com- 
 position, many animals are saved the labour of forming these 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 127 
 
 reasonable ; as absurd as to expect astronomy to put 
 us in possession of property in the moon, say, the " three 
 acres and the cow" that jumped over that luminary. 
 
 The very business of Chemistry is to alter and re- 
 arrange the molecules of matter, and the proper con- 
 dition of food for man is that particular arrangement in 
 which sun and plant power have left them ; nay, even 
 too long delay will permit the subtle energy to escape, 
 and none must rudely violate that shrine of the 
 sun-god, which is concealed in the foliage of all vege- 
 tation, on pain of being misled by false oracles, from 
 deceiving influences which then enter Apollo's de- 
 serted sanctuary. 
 
 For Chemistry is the King Midas of the sciences, 
 and turns to gold whatever it touches ; but in so doing 
 it fatally unfits whatever it but touches for human food. 
 
 And just as in the old myth when Midas was ap- 
 pointed umpire in the contest between Pan and 
 
 proximate principles from their elements ; and have only to re- 
 arrange them as their exigencies may require. The task of form- 
 ing the proximate principles is thus left to the inferior animals, or 
 to plants ; which are endowed with the capacity of compounding 
 these proximate principles from matters still lower in the scale 
 of organisation than the animals and plants themselves. Hence 
 there is a series, from the lowest being that derives its nourish- 
 ment from carbon and carbonic acid, up to the most perfect 
 animal existing: ea.ch individual of the series preferring to 
 assimilate other individuals immediately below itself; but 
 having on extraordinary occasions the power of assimilating all, 
 not only below but above itself, in the system of organised 
 creation." (Dr. Prout's Stom. and Ren. Dis., Syd. Soc., p. 459.) 
 Here we have in Prout's own words a splendid example of the 
 two fatal defects of his learned and ingenious system : 
 
 1. Classification of food, based on chemical composition. 
 
 2. Almost total ignoring of the Law of Interchange. 
 
128 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 Apt>llo, and rashly disregarding Apollo, was gifted 
 with the ears of an ass, so do the presumptuous 
 intrusion of chemical methods into cookery, and the 
 chemical classification of food, when it leads to dis- 
 regard of the Law of Interchange, turn a royal science 
 into folly. 
 
 Not the recommendation of a Herschel, not the 
 constructive genius of a Prout, or the splendid literary 
 power of a Huxley, will avail to make man find that 
 food wholesome, which is taken at second-hand, or 
 those chemically correct, but biologically faulty, 
 materials suffice for a healthy human body. 
 
 Chemistry has given us no medicine that can stop 
 any disease, unless with the life of the patient, and 
 that food is best which is farthest from the physician's 
 prescription. 
 
 In the whole range of medical History it is utterly 
 impossible to find more than one solitary remedy that 
 has stood its ground for two centuries, and now 
 retains universal acceptance. 
 
 Perhaps the longest-lived was the lt Praised Liquid" 
 which Sydenham valued,* the Liquid Laudanum 
 Sydenhami : who will dare to praise Laudanum now ? 
 Or some may think of another drug which Sydenham 
 valued highly, the Peruvian bark. Some value it 
 still, but its course is nearly run, and I think I may 
 fairly estimate that fully one-half of the medical men 
 that issue from our schools would as soon drink 
 laudanum, or any other poison, as take Peruvian bark 
 or its derivative, quinine, themselves; and the whole 
 body of Homoeopathic Practitioners would to a man 
 
 * See Syd. Op. Om., p. 174. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 129 
 
 reject Sydenham's use of it. Calomel, I need not 
 name, and I can think of no one remedy, that has 
 universal suffrage to boast for two centuries, but lemon 
 juice alone.* 
 
 We have already explained this biologically, that 
 lemons are a veritable embodiment of sun and plant 
 power. It does not come within the scope of this 
 little work to go into any details about food or 
 medicine. I content myself now with the assertion 
 that the promise, made wrongly in the name of 
 Chemistry, will be found to be fully kept in Biology. 
 
 And that, for a very small cost, far under the usual 
 butcher's bill alone, can be purchased all that is needed 
 to maintain a life of full mental and bodily vigour in 
 the healthiest and most active condition. Even now 
 Nature's abundant supply is brought to our very doors 
 by commerce, and is ready (though in nothing like the 
 quantity, and at far above the cost to which it must 
 be reduced, when rational living becomes the rule and 
 not the exception), for every one who knows what to 
 seek for, and where to seek for it. 
 
 To show how much good food Nature may provide 
 for us when we are starving ourselves in, or by, imagina- 
 tion, the following remark from Thackeray's Irish 
 Sketch Book is instructive : 
 
 fl Here we saw the first public evidence of the 
 distress of the country. There was no trade 
 in the little place, and but few people to be 
 
 * In the year 1600, Commodore Lancaster sailed from England 
 for the Cape of Good Hope. His men were kept quite free from 
 scurvy by the administration of three table-spoonfuls of lemon 
 juice every morning. 
 
 K 
 
130 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE 
 
 seen, except a crowd round a meal-shop where 
 meal is distributed once a week by the 
 neighbouring gentry. There must have been 
 some hundreds of persons waiting about the 
 doors ; women for the most part : some of 
 their children were to be found loitering 
 about the bridge much further up the street; 
 but it was curious to note, amongst these 
 undeniable starving people, how healthy 
 their looks were. Going a little further we 
 saw women pulling weeds and nettles in the 
 hedges, on which dismal sustenance the poor 
 creatures live, having no bread, no potatoes, no 
 work. Well ! these women did not look 
 thinner or more unhealthy than many a well- 
 fed person. A company of English lawyers, 
 now, look more cadaverous than these starving 
 creatures.'' (Sketch Book, chap. II, p. 27.) 
 
 You see the nettle-protoplasm, being also vegetable, 
 is excellent food. To quote Huxley, with a cor- 
 rection "It appears to be a matter of no great 
 moment what plant I lay under contribution for proto- 
 plasm." 
 
 The conditions under which plants yield us aliment 
 are, in fact, simply these (1.) There must be a suffi- 
 ciency of materials, and, of course, of the right sort, 
 and in as far as possible the right proportions. Nature 
 can select out what she wants to some extent, but it 
 saves much trouble and vital expense to give the right 
 proportions (compare the saving in manufactures 
 effected by a knowledge of chemical proportions). 
 
 (2.) The vegetable nutriment must be get-at-able, 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. J31 
 
 without chemical process, which would destroy the plant- 
 form. 
 
 Hence most poisonous plants are excluded from 
 being sources of food, but not all. For example, 
 tapioca comes from a highly poisonous plant, but 
 then the poison is very volatile, (chiefly prussic acid), 
 and only needs heat (and no chemicals) to drive it 
 away. 
 
 All chemical processes, including even boiling, or 
 maceration, in hard water, tends to injure food. 
 
 ^"o one who has ever tried fairly the use of pure 
 soft water would go back to hard. Vegetables keep 
 their beautiful colours when boiled properly in soft 
 water, and no cook would wish to colour up with salt 
 or soda, who has fairly tried the pure water. By 
 "water" I always, like all chemists, mean H 2 0, not a 
 solution of lime-salts, and other abominations. 
 
 Already a grand step in the right direction has been 
 made by the " Salutaris" Water Company, which sup- 
 plies distilled water, without aeration, at a cheap rate. 
 But every house in our towns ought to have pipes 
 supplying really pure water. And if we remember that 
 by taking off the pressure of the air, water can be 
 made to boil at the freezing-point, there can be no in- 
 superable obstacle in the way of a cheap and abundant 
 supply of evaporated and re-condensed water; once 
 its dietic value is recognized. In the country, when 
 sufficiently far from towns and factories to have pure 
 air, the sky is, in our climate, an all-sufficient source of 
 pure water, if a proper provision were made for its 
 collection and storage, only needing to be boiled. 
 
 But, for fear of seeming to be an advocate of nettles 
 and soft water only, as the Diet of Health, let me 
 
132 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 again remind the reader of the Bounty of Nature. I 
 have spoken of nettles as staving off starvation, but 
 Health is equally far from starvation as from gluttonous 
 repletion in her Diet. In the beautiful words of the 
 poet Spencer : 
 
 " There Alma, like a virgin queene most bright, 
 Doth florish in all beautie excellent ; 
 And to her guestes doth bounteous banket dight, 
 Attempred goodly well for health and for delight."* 
 
 * The Faery Queene, Canto xi., 2. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 133 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF USING NO INTRACTABLE MATERIALS 
 FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. 
 
 WE all acknowledge the horrible evils which follow 
 the use of fusel oil, or the maddening ingredient of 
 new ardent spirits. Can we find a tincture that is not 
 itself tinctured with fusel oil ? Not one. As prepared 
 according to the pharmacopoeia with rectified spirits 
 diluted down to proof. 
 
 But our observation is not limited to the case of 
 tinctures, nor is fusel oil our only enemy. Nothing of 
 the drug-nature, nothing that stays as a secret enemy, 
 or even lingers as a tiresome guest, has any business 
 ever to enter our bodies. 
 
 Ancient Philosophy and modern science agree 
 exactly on this one point viz., that our bodies are, by 
 natural law, in a state of flux. Like that of a mountain- 
 torrent, our very existence, so far as regards our bodily 
 life, depends upon the ceaseless continuance of the 
 flow ; when the stream fails our places know us no 
 more. 
 
 Mother Nature is always an Alma Mater to those 
 who keep her statutes and observe her laws, and even 
 to the transgressors, though their way is indeed hard, 
 her way is always to be doing the very best, most kind, 
 wise, and healing thing she can, from moment to 
 moment. 
 
 Do not force her to build your House of Life with 
 
134 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 wrong, or defective, materials. Help Alma to repair 
 her castle- walls, and above all aid her in the grand 
 endeavour of her very being, to drive back and keep out 
 all intruders. Then the Mystery of Pain will find in you 
 that solution which, after all, is the only satisfactory 
 solution, viz., that there should be " NO MORE PAIN." 
 
 Bodily pain is simply Alma's voice, rallying her 
 forces, trooping her guard, or calling out for assistance. 
 She keeps up her cry, often full of unspeakable agony 
 when it is disregarded, or, more agonizing still, is mis- 
 understood, until it is silenced in despair, or changed 
 into the strain of victory the voice of joy and health. 
 
 "What is your life? Ye are a vapour that 
 appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away,"* 
 is the demand and answer of a sacred writer, and 
 modern chemistry vouches for the literal truth of the 
 description as regards our bodies, for we are indeed 
 principally water-dust. This is all as it should be, 
 the watery part is, if anything, the most precious part 
 of our atmosphere, and in its myriad manifestation is 
 a power for good, which makes habitable the earth 
 and glorifies the heavens. But a drugged body is like 
 a smoke and poison-laden fog, and where there is an 
 assemblage of them, it makes " a pestilent congrega- 
 tion of vapours." 
 
 How much of that strange restlessness, combined 
 with a still more strange narrowness, and even cramped- 
 ness of mind like the fixed unfixedness of a mono- 
 maniac's ideas, which characterizes so much of what 
 passes for scientific speculation may be very easily 
 explained as due to drugged brains. 
 
 "I cannot give you a wholesome answer," says 
 
 * St. James' Ep., chap. IV., v. 14, Rev. Vers. 
 
THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 135 
 
 Hamlet, "my wit's diseased." Many great actors 
 on the stage of science now assume the part of 
 Hamlet, and fearfully unwholesome are the answers 
 we get. 
 
 Look at the death-bed of the late Emperor of 
 Germany. Look at it, as all the world was lately 
 forced to do, (however unwilling to enter into so 
 sacred a place except with hushed and reverent sym- 
 pathy) in its medical aspect. 
 
 See the representatives of the healing- science of 
 this age, the best presumably that the world could 
 offer, crowding round that Sufferer of needless agony, 
 and thronging the torture-chamber made such by their 
 own acts. 
 
 Frederick the Noble has died before his time, but 
 he has neither lived nor died in vain. He lived to 
 make, or help in making, his loved Fatherland great, 
 united, strong, and free. He died, and not Germany 
 only, but the world will be helped towards its de- 
 liverance from a bondage which shortens and em- 
 bitters life, and makes death horrible. 
 
 The general truth, that a drugged organism cannot 
 heal itself, has been taught us, in the fact, acknow- 
 ledged by every honest medical man, that no truly 
 organic disease is curable. 
 
 But have we not had more than enough of that 
 wretched lesson ? Cannot we now turn to the con- 
 verse truth ; that NO LIMIT CAN BE SET TO THE CURA- 
 BILITY OF DISEASE ORGANIC AS WELL AS FUNCTIONAL 
 IN AN UNDRUGGED AND RIGHTLY-FED BODY ? 
 
 To this fact I can testify, from my own observation 
 and practice. But once the fact is fully grasped, 
 and when the study of these general truths, as illus- 
 
136 THE BIOLOGY OF DAILY LIFE. 
 
 trated throughout the living world, has woven them 
 into the conceptions of things, then we shall realize 
 something of the enormous mischiefs which the dis- 
 regard of Nature's clear teaching has caused, and 
 (happier and more useful result) the limitless advan- 
 tages of attending to this teaching. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 EBBATUM. Page 60, line 4 from top, for Bechat read Bichat. 
 
15 YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 
 LONDON, October 1889. 
 
 Mr Redway's Publications 
 
 New and Forthcoming Works 
 
George Redways Publications. 
 
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 In Tennyson Land : 
 
 BEING A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE HOME AND EARLY SUR- 
 ROUNDINGS OF THE POET LAUREATE, AND AN ATTEMPT 
 TO IDENTIFY THE SCENES AND TRACE THE 
 INFLUENCES OF LINCOLNSHIRE IN 
 HIS WORKS. 
 
 BY J. CUMING WALTERS. 
 ILLUSTRATIONS BY F. G. KITTON. 
 
 CONTENTS: Tennyson as an Artist Specimen Pictures His Range of Style Love of 
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 This work is choicely illustrated by drawings from photographs and sketches 
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George Redway's Publications. 
 
 subject, for in addition to a long and general practical experience, he held 
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 The Philosophy of Mysticism 
 
 (PHILOSOPHIE DER MYSTJK). 
 
 BY DR CARL DU PREL. 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY C. C. MASSEY. 
 
 CONTENTS : Introduction Science : Its Capability of Development On the Scientific 
 Importance of Dream Dream a Dramatist Somnambulism Dream a Physician The 
 Faculty of Memory The Monistic Doctrine of the Soul. 
 
 Extracts from a lengthy notice (over two columns) in the Spectator, Sept. 
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 by Mr C. C. Massey whose version of a good many passages we have 
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 one thing namely, consciousness which is always with him in waking hours, 
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 " In the present work, which fills two sturdy volumes, he [Baron Du Prel] 
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George Redways Publications. 
 
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 German, is exceedingly readable, save in the more subtle philosophical 
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 " We could wish to follow up his fascinating speculations further in 
 their bearings on the questions of immortality, ethics, and all the most im- 
 portant problems of the world. Du Prel's speculations differ from all others 
 of the kind in this, that they purport to rest upon a basis of demonstrable 
 facts. Whether these facts are genuine is a question worthy of more atten- 
 tion than it has hitherto received. He has the further advantage of being 
 well equipped scientifically as well as metaphysically. Darwin and the 
 scientists are as familiar to him as Kant, Schopenhauer, and Hartmann. 
 Whether he has succeeded in pointing out a new path of psychological 
 investigation it would be too soon to say definitely. But he has produced 
 a very remarkable and striking book, and all who take an interest in these 
 questions will do well to read it in Mr Massey's excellent translation." 
 Literary World. 
 
 ' ' If the members of the Psychical Society have not already mastered the 
 ' Philosophic der Mystik ' of Baron Carl du Prel, doctor of philosophy, they 
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 with Mysticism not as something unknowable, or isolated from experience, 
 but as organically related with ' the totality of things.' The dream-life, our 
 author undertakes to show, is as worthy of study as the waking life. . . . Dr 
 du Prel's work teems with illustrations, derived from innumerable sources, of 
 the wonders of somnambulism and clairvoyance, of the restorative virtue of 
 the somnambulist's sleep, the health-prescriptions and cures of the clairvoyant, 
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 fact, there is more than sufficient to illustrate the dualism of consciousness, 
 and to exercise alike the open-minded and the credulous." Saturday Review. 
 
 ' ' The exceedingly difficult and interesting questions relating to memory 
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 apparent permanence of all impressions as shown by the reproduction of the 
 most distant, complicated, and improbable in sleep or trance the extraordi- 
 nary gaps in the life of a somnambule, caused by the double state, are described 
 most carefully." Scots Observer. 
 
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 labour, will be welcome to every one who is interested in the collateral 
 development of German transcendental philosophy." Scotsman. 
 
 " Speculations ingenious and far-reaching. . . . We thank Mr Massey 
 for the general clearness of his rendering and for his lucid and persuasive 
 introduction. . . . We cannot help feeling some interest and sympathy in 
 the Baron's futile ingenuities and innocently boastful eclecticism : he is so 
 bitter an opponent of narrow eighteenth century Aufklarung, and himself 
 such a charming type of nineteenth century Aufklarung; he has read and 
 misunderstood so much ; he is so guilelessly persuaded he possesses the 
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 WITH EIGHTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
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 curious learning on such matters as the following : 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MAGI. 
 ASTRONOMY OF THE MIND. 
 SYMBOLISM AND THE SUPERNATURAL. 
 TEMPLARS AND THE FIRE PHILOSOPHY. 
 MAGNETIC SPECULATIONS. 
 SYMBOLISM OF COLOURS. 
 ROSICKUCIANS AND BUDDHISTS. 
 BRAHMINISM AND TRANSCENDENTALISM. 
 THEORY OF CASTE, &c., &c. 
 
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 Bacon, Shakespeare, and the 
 Rosicrucians. 
 
 BY W. F. C. WIGS TON. 
 
 WITH Two PLATES. 
 
 CONTENTS : Chapter I. John Heydon The Rosicrucian Apologist His Family And 
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 Bacon's Hand to be traced in the famous Rosicrucian Manifestoes Discovery of his 
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 The Development of Marriage 
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 BY C STANILAND WAKE, 
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 CONTENTS: Preface. Introduction Sexual Morality. Chapter I. Primeval Man. 
 II. Supposed Promiscuity. III. Primitive Law of Marriage. IV. Group Marriage. V. 
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 Monogamy. 
 
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 further inquiry rather than close it, as theories too often tend to do." 
 Scots Observer. 
 
 " Brimful of curious information ; a work that all interested in genealogical 
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 pleasure in studying." REV. C. H. EVELYN WHITE in The East Anglian 
 or Notes and Queries, &*c. 
 
 " We shall not pretend to decide upon the correctness of any par- 
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 in which sexual relations are considered in all their different forms of poly- 
 andry, polygyny, monandry, and monogamy, and the curious group mar- 
 riages of the Australian aborigines and the Hawaiians, gives ample evidence 
 that the author has made a thorough study of the subject in the light of 
 the most recent researches, and has spared no pains in the collection of 
 facts. His work is certainly a valuable contribution to the study of a very 
 interesting and important subject." Scotsman. 
 
 " Regarded as a mere storehouse of curious information as to the mar- 
 riage customs which have at different times prevailed among different races, 
 there is a great deal which is interesting in the volume before us." John 
 Bull. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 1 1 
 
 Demy%vo,pp. 315, Cloth, IQS. 6d. 
 
 Lives of 
 Alchemystical Philosophers. 
 
 BASED ON MATERIALS COLLECTED IN 1815, AND SUPPLEMENTED 
 BY RECENT RESEARCHES. 
 
 WITH A PHILOSOPHICAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE TRUE PRINCIPLES OF 
 THE MAGNUM OPUS, OR GREAT WORK OF ALCHEMICAL RE-CON- 
 STRUCTION, AND SOME ACCOUNT OF THE SPIRITUAL CHEMISTRY. 
 
 BY ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ALCHEMY AND 
 HERMETIC PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 LIVES OF THE ALCHEMISTS : Geber Rhasis Alfarabi Avicenna Morien Albertus 
 Magnus Thomas Aquinas Roger Bacon Alain of Lisle Raymond Lully Arnold De 
 Villanova Jean De Meung The Monk Ferarius Pope John XXII. Nicholas Flamel 
 Peter Bono Johannes De Rupecissa Basil Valentine Isaac of Holland Bernard 
 Trevisan John Fontaine Thomas Norton Thomas Dalton Sir George Ripley Picus 
 De Mirandola Paracelsus Denis Zachaire Berigard of Pisa Thomas Charnock 
 Giovanni Braccesco Leonardi Fioravanti John Dee Henry Khunrath Michael Maier 
 Jacob Bohme J. B. Van Helmorit Butler Jean D'Espagnet Alexander Sethon 
 Michael Sendivogius Gustenhover Busardier Anonymous Adept Albert Belin 
 Eirenaeus Philalethes Pierre Jean Fabre John Frederick Helvetius Guiseppe Francesco 
 Borri John Heydon Lascaris Delisle John Hermann Obereit Travels, Adventures, 
 and Imprisonments of Joseph Balsamo. 
 
 " The chapter about Flamel is one of the most interesting in the book, but 
 the longest and most enthralling is that containing a full account of the 
 career of the infamous Cagliostro, whom Carlyle has immolated. This is 
 really a romance of the highest interest. . . . There is abundance of interest 
 in Mr Waite's pages for those who have any inclination for occult studies, 
 and although he founds his work upon a book which was published in 1815 
 by an anonymous writer, yet he adds so much fresh matter that this is practi- 
 cally a new work. A valuable feature for students is the alphabetical cata- 
 logue which Mr Waite has prepared of all known works on hermetic 
 philosophy and alchemy." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 " Mr Waite has undoubtedly bestowed a vast amount of patient and 
 laborious research upon the present work, inspired by the double conviction 
 that the original alchemists had in fact anticipated and transcended the 
 highest results of chemistry in the metallic kingdom, and had discovered in 
 the twilight of the Middle Ages the future development of universal Evolution. 
 The biographical sketches of the alchemists, both true and false, are curious 
 reading, and the alphabetical catalogue of works on Hermetic Philosophy is 
 surprisingly suggestive of ages when leisure was less scarce, and literature 
 scarcer, than in modern days." Daily News. 
 
 " The alchemists more popularly known, such as Albertus Magnus, Roger 
 Bacon, Raymond Lully, Flamel, Paracelsus, and Basil Valentine are dealt 
 with fairly and fully, and the travels and adventures of Joseph Balsamo, alias 
 Cagliostro, with his somewhat peculiar developments of Egyptian Free- 
 masonry, are excellent and interesting reading. . . . Such an intelligent study 
 
1 2 George Redways Publications. 
 
 of the subject must bring into relief the infinite possibilities which are con- 
 tained in a combination of psychical insight with physical knowledge. " Light. 
 
 "The lives of the philosophers themselves are interesting and curious 
 reading ; the stories of Lully, Flamel, Valentine, Trevisan, and Zachaire are 
 full of glimpses of mediaeval times. To us, the most instructive and valu- 
 able of the lives is that of the prince of impostors, Joseph Balsamo, or Comte 
 de Cagliostro, who died at the end of the last century. Spectator. 
 
 "The old alchemists . . . may, however, with justice be regarded 
 as the first experimentalists in analytical chemistry, and on this account are 
 entitled to the gratitude of subsequent generations. The lives of the princi- 
 pal alchemists are briefly recorded, and their works mentioned. Amongst 
 them are such familiar names as Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Paracelsus, 
 Helvetius, and Delisle. The volume also contains an alphabetical catalogue 
 of works on hermetic philosophy and alchemy." Morning Post. 
 
 "A curiously interesting book which well deserves a place in the 
 already extensive catalogue of remarkable books published by Mr Redway. 
 Mr Waite has certainly not spared himself in the preparation and production 
 of his work. . . . The narratives are in most cases romantic enough to interest 
 the general reader, and will be more than acceptable to the mystic and 
 occultist." Liverpool Daily Post. 
 
 " A perfect storehouse of alchemystical lore. The lives of the princi- 
 pal alchemists are pleasantly and fluently told. . . . Then there is an essay 
 on the true principles of the magnum opus of the alchemists, and an account 
 of the so-called spiritual chemistry. Finally there is a bibliography of 
 alchemy and hermetic philosophy. . . . There is doubtless something in 
 Mr Waite's contention that modern psychical research tends to verify the 
 alchemists' hypothesis of development in its extension to human intelligence. 
 It is in accordance with the fitness of things that these ancient seekers after 
 knowledge should have found in an age which is disposed to treat them with 
 scant courtesy a conscientious, not to say enthusiastic, biographer, and 
 apologist. " Manchester Examiner. 
 
 Price 6d. 
 
 Catalogue 
 
 Of a Portion of 
 
 The Valuable Library of the late Walter Moseley, 
 
 Esq., of Buildwas Park, Shrewsbury, and 
 
 other Important Books and Manuscripts 
 
 RELATING TO OCCULT PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY; EM- 
 BRACING COLLECTIONS OF WORKS ON ASTROLOGY AND 
 DIVINATION, SPIRITUALISM AND MESMERISM, ALCHEMY 
 AND MAGIC, THEOSOPHY AND MYSTICISM, ANCIENT RELI- 
 GIONS AND MYTHOLOGY, FREEMASONRY AND THE Rosi- 
 CRUCIAN MYSTERY, DEMONOLOGY AND WITCHCRAFT, 
 GHOSTS AND VISIONS, IN THE ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, 
 ITALIAN, AND LATIN TONGUES. 
 
George Redways Publications. T 3 
 
 2 Vols. Demy 8vo, pp. 791, Cloth, price 21 s. 
 
 The White King ; 
 
 Or, Charles the First, 
 
 MEN AND WOMEN, LIFE AND MANNERS, LITERATURE AND ART 
 OF ENGLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE i yTH CENTURY. 
 
 BY W. H. DAVENPORT ADAMS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF VOL. I.: Personal History of Charles I. Some of the Royal Children : 
 Princess Elizabeth, Duke of Gloucester, Princess Mary, and Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans 
 The Court of Charles I.: Philip, Earl of Pembroke, The Countess of Carlisle, Sir 
 Kenelm Digby A King's Favourite : George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham Notes 
 A Moderate Statesman : Lucius Gary, Lord Falkland An Absolute Statesman : The 
 Earl of Straffprd A Philosopher of the Reign of Charles I. : Edward, Lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury Glimpses of Life and Manners : The Strafford Letters Appendix Notes and 
 Corrections Index to Vol. I. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. : Three Noble Ladies : Margaret, 
 Duchess of Newcastle, Lady Anne Fanshawe, Mrs Hutchinson The Arts in England 
 during the Reign of Charles I. : i. Music; 2. The Drama; 3. Painting and Architecture 
 Literature in the Reign of Charles I. : i. The Courtly Poets ; 2. The Serious Poets Men 
 of Letters in the Reign of Charles I. Appendix Notes and Corrections Index to Vol. II. 
 
 "These two volumes belong to the gossip of history, they are essentially 
 personal, and throw light upon much that is merely suggested in grave records. 
 Mr Adams relates with vivacity, yet always with a careful regard of historical 
 truth. . . . The scope of Mr Adams's work is comprehensive. He has 
 carried it out with an intelligent thoroughness worthy of praise. Taken 
 all in all, from the point of view of the general reader, his book is a satisfac- 
 tory study in the intimate history of one of the gravest, yet also one of the 
 most romantic cycles of our national life. " Morning Post. 
 
 ' ' A peculiarly personal, and therefore interesting and readable book, while 
 many of the pictures of social life and notable people are admirably vivid. 
 Mr Adams has devoted special care to a narrative of the great Trial, and his 
 chapters on the arts in England of that period are full of interest, those on 
 the drama being quite worthy of preservation as a text-book for those seeking 
 information of that particular kind. The author of ' The White King ' has 
 unquestionably done his work with a thoroughness which stamps it as a labour 
 of love, and the two entertaining and instructive volumes are creditable alike 
 to his industry and discrimination." Court Jotirnal. 
 
 " There is both judgment and eloquence in this story of the eventful life of 
 the White King. . . . Like this popular writer's previous publications, this en- 
 tertaining book is not meant to supersede history proper; it is rather an artistic 
 clothing of the skeleton work of others, a graceful investing of dry details 
 with circumstantiality, beauty, and realism. Nowhere is there to be found so 
 ample and so faithful an account of the unfortunate Charles Stuart's doings 
 and principles. ... It needs a master hand, like Mr Davenport Adams, to 
 evolve order from confusion, to define the one central figure, the King, around 
 whom all, friends and foes, consciously or unconsciously revolved, and to 
 demonstrate the influence and counter-influence of himself and his immediate 
 surroundings on all England." Whitehall Review. 
 
14 George Redways Publications. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. Crmvn 8vo, Cloth, price 6*. 
 
 Dreams and Dream-Stories. 
 
 BY ANNA BONUS KINGSFORD, 
 
 M.D. OF PARIS ; PRESIDENT OF THE HERMETIC SOCIETY ; PART 
 
 AUTHOR OF "THE PERFECT WAY ; OR, THE FINDING OF CHRIST.' 
 
 EDITED BY EDWARD MAITLAND. 
 
 " Charming stories, full of delicate pathos. . . . We put it down in won- 
 derment at how much it outstrips our great, yet reasonable expectation, so 
 excellent and noteworthy is it ; a book to read and to think over." Vanity 
 Fair. 
 
 " Curious and fascinating to a degree ... by certainly one of the most 
 vivid dreamers, as she was one of the brightest minds, of her generation. . . . 
 A curiously interesting volume." Court Journal. 
 
 "Wonderfully fascinating . . . with invention enough for a dozen romances 
 and subjects for any number of sermons." Inquirer. 
 
 " More strange, weird, and striking than any imagined by novelist, play- 
 wright, or sensational writer ... for the marvellous, the beautiful, and the 
 vraisemblable, having Hawthorne's marvellous insight into the soul of things." 
 Lucifer. 
 
 ' ' The preface is as singular as the stories themselves. " Literary World. 
 
 " All who knew Mrs Kingsford will remember that she was not only an 
 Idealist, but an exceptionally gifted woman. ... It is given to very few 
 writers, even when broad awake, to tell such weird and striking stories in 
 such lucid and admirable style." Lady's Pictorial. 
 
 Crown 8vo, Cloth, 6s. 
 THE NEW AMERICAN NOVEL. 
 
 The Stalwarts; 
 
 Or, Who were to Blame ? 
 
 BY FRANCES MARIE NORTON, 
 
 THE ONLY SISTER OF CHARLES J. GuiTEAU. 
 
 "The English reader will appreciate the excellent sketches of a settler's 
 life in the far West, which form an important part of the book, and throw 
 curious side lights on some phases of existence on the other side of the 
 Atlantic." Morning Post. 
 
 "The murder of President Lincoln and the plots and counterplots of 
 American politics are interwoven with many bright and evidently faithful 
 descriptions of life in the Eastern villages, the Western prairies, and the great 
 cities of America. We cannot help wishing that the author had spared us the 
 political incidents and contented herself with the family histories she relates 
 so well. ... A high tone pervades the book, but while the women, with 
 but one exception, are self-sacrificing, devoted, pure and pious, the men are 
 very poor creatures and in every way unworthy of their feminine belongings." 
 Literary Churchman. 
 
George Redways Publications. 1 5 
 
 SECOND EDITION. Demy 8vo t about SOD//., 8s. 6d. 
 
 Christian Science Healing, 
 
 Its Principles and Practice, with full Explanations 
 for Home Students. 
 
 BY FRANCES LORD, 
 
 CO-TRANSLATOR OF FROBEL'S "MOTHER'S SONGS, GAMES AND STORIES." 
 
 CONTENTS: The Twelve Lectures which usually constitute "A Course of Instruction in 
 Christian Science " A Simple Plan for Treatment (also arranged for use during six days) 
 General Directions on Healing The Healer's Self-Training Teaching Books Ought 
 Christian Science Work ever to be paid for ? Home-Healing (Character and Conduct) 
 Circumstances Children and Education A simple Account of the Doctrine of Karma or 
 Re-incarnation A short Abstract of the Bhagavad Gita. 
 
 "There can only be one opinion about the work before me. A high moral 
 tone, a lofty spirituality, a devout enthusiasm and large-hearted benevolence, 
 are the characteristic features of the volume. I confess that in this age of 
 materialism, gross and refined, it is refreshing to read a book, the supreme 
 purpose of which is the bold assertion of the supremacy of spirit. Without 
 professing to agree with all or even any of its conclusions, I have read the 
 work with growing interest. 
 
 " The vital part of Christian Science appears to be the denial of sin and 
 disease, as real entities in the world. And here the gifted authoress, I think, 
 is perfectly right. Hell, sin, and disease have no Divine authority for their 
 existence. They are the creations of man's fallen nature. There is but one 
 life in the universe God. The Christian scientist not only, however, denies 
 the reality of sin and disease which in a certain sense, is true but goes a step 
 further, and avers that they can be denied away denied out of existence 
 altogether. 
 
 " While I believe there is a considerable amount of error mixed with truth 
 in this volume, I still think it will do great good in directing attention to 
 the source of all disease, and in its continual insistence on a life of truth and 
 purity. It only remains for me to say that it is written in a very charming 
 style. " Rev. P. RAMAGE in The Dawn, a New Church Home Journal. 
 
 Crown Svo, Cloth, with Frontispiece, price 6s. 
 
 Lesbia Newman. 
 
 A Novel. 
 
 BY HENRY RORERT S. DALTON. 
 
 ' ' There is so imtch life in the book, it is sometimes so really clever, and it 
 has such a fascination of audacity about it, that one gets along over the vicious 
 chapters in hope that they will be redeemed." Inquirer. 
 
1 6 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Demy 8vo, Cloth, $s. 
 
 The Influence of the Stars. 
 
 A Treatise on Astrology, Chiromancy, and 
 Physiognomy. 
 
 BY ROSA BAUGHAN. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED A TREATISE ON THE ASTROLOGICAL 
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MOLES ON THE HUMAN BODY. 
 
 Illustrated with a Facsimile of the Mystical Wheel of Pythagoras, 
 and other Plates. 
 
 " Difficult as it may seem in this age of realism to attach any im- 
 portance to what are generally considered accidents of birth, the fact that for 
 many centuries every peculiarity of form or character was ascribed to astral 
 influence by the most learned men of the time, may entitle the believers in 
 astrology to an impartial hearing. The author of * The Influence of the 
 Stars' is evidently a firm believer in this and other occult sciences, and 
 should she fail to convert her readers to her way of thinking the fault wil not 
 be hers." Morning Post. 
 
 "Full of wonder, mystery, and suggestion. ... Miss Baughan's volume 
 is decidedly entertaining and instructive. Her researches have been 
 deep, and she brings a mass of almost unique information into her pages 
 for the reader to digest. . . . The book is got up in Mr Redway's well- 
 known style, and is quaintly illustrated." Birmingham Daily Gazette. 
 
 "Miss Baughan's book is distinctly interesting." Graphic. 
 
 " Miss Baughan's book (Mr Redway should be praised for its not inelegant 
 saffron binding) is not confined to palmistry. She has something to say about 
 astrology and a good deal about physiognomy. . . . Upon chiromancy Miss 
 Baughan discourses with the depth and subtlety which one expects from 
 ladies when they take up with mysticism. Great high priestess of the art 
 though she be, she cannot tell much about chiromancy that is not known to 
 every haunter of tea-tables. But at least she makes her meaning clear, which 
 is more than can be said of most feminine mystics. " Scots Observer. 
 
 BY A NEW WRITER. 
 
 Reggie Abbot: 
 
 An Historical Romance 
 
 BY NELSON P R O W E R. 
 
George Redways Publications. 1 7 
 
 ESSAYS IN THE LITERATURE OF ALCHEMY. 
 Small tfo, White Cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 The Magical Writings of 
 Thomas Vaughan. 
 
 (EUGENIUS PHILALETHES.} 
 
 A VERBATIM REPRINT OF HIS FIRST FOUR TREATISES : 
 
 ANTHROPOSOPHIA THEOMAGICA, ANIMA MAGICA 
 
 ABSCONDITA, MAGIA ADAMICA, THE 
 
 TRUE CCELUM TERR.E. 
 
 WITH THE LATIN PASSAGES TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, AND WITH A 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL PREFACE AND ESSAY ON THE ESOTERIC 
 
 LITERATURE OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM. 
 
 BY ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE. 
 
 " Some of Vaughan's reflections remind us of Jacob Boehm, but the Welsh 
 mystic is, as a rule, more easily followed than his German brother. Indeed, 
 with a few exceptions, the sense is clear enough to make the volume agree- 
 able reading even to the uninitiated. . . . The seventeenth century was 
 an age of plain speaking, and Vaughan, when differing from anyone, some- 
 times uses terms more forcible than elegant. Mr Waite supplies some 
 interesting information about the history of occultism in his * Introductory 
 Lecture on the Esoteric Literature of the Middle Ages, and on the Underlying 
 Principles of Theurgic Art and Practice in Western Christendom.'" Glas- 
 gcnv Herald. 
 
 I vol., aboiit los. 
 
 Life and Writings of Jacob 
 Behmen. 
 
 BY DR FRANZ HARTMANN. 
 AUTHOR OF "LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PARACELSUS," ETC. 
 
 Writing only a few months ago, Mr Arthur Lillie said: "It is a pity 
 Bohme's works are so scarce, for his philosophy, though clothed in somewhat 
 obscure language, is really fine. . Seen from the standpoint of Bohme, all the 
 mythologies of the past become part of a vast science. 
 
 The publisher long ago sought to meet this want of a popular summary of 
 Bohme's philosophy, but it was difficult to find anyone competent to under- 
 take such a task. Dr Franz Hartmann however at length was persuaded to 
 furnish a work which should be a pendant to his admirably succinct account 
 of the teachings of Paracelsus. 
 
1 8 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL WORK ON PRACTICAL MAGIC. 
 Crown 4*0, Cloth, Leather Back, Gilt Top, 25*. 
 
 The Key of Solomon the King. 
 
 (CLAVICULA SALOMONIS.) 
 
 Now FIRST TRANSLATED AND EDITED FROM ANCIENT MSS. 
 IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 
 
 By S. LIDDELL MACGREGOR MATHERS. 
 
 AUTHOR OF "THE KABBALAH UNVEILED," "THE TAROT," ETC. 
 
 With Plates. 
 
 This celebrated Ancient Magical work, the foundation and fountain head of 
 much of the Ceremonial Magic of the Mediaeval Occultists, has never before 
 been printed in English, nor yet, in its present form, in any other language, 
 but has remained buried and inaccessible to the general public for centuries. 
 It is true that in the seventeenth century, a very curtailed and incomplete 
 copy was printed in France, but that was far from being a reliable reproduc- 
 tion, o\ving to the paucity of the matter therein contained, the erroneous 
 drawing of the Pentacles and Talismans, and the difficulty experienced at 
 that time in obtaining reliable MSS. wherewith to collate it. There is a 
 small work published in Italy bearing the title of the "Clavicola dl Salomone 
 Ridotta," but it is a very different book to this, and is little better than a 
 collection of superstitious charms and receipts of Black Magic, besides bearing 
 a suspicious resemblance both to the " Grimorium Verum," and the "Grim- 
 oire of Honorius." / 
 
 Among other authors both Eliphas L6vi and Christian mention the "Key 
 of Solomon " as a work of high authority, and the former especially refers to 
 it repeatedly. 
 
 The Key of Solomon gives full, clear, and concise instructions for Talis- 
 manic and Ceremonial Magic, as well as for performing various Evocations ; 
 and it is therefore invaluable to any student who wishes to make himself 
 acquainted with the practical part of Occultism. 
 
 Besides Seals, Sigils, and Magical Diagrams, nearly 50 Pentacles or Talis- 
 mans are given in the Plates. 
 
George Redways Publications. 1 9 
 
 Crown &v0, cloth, price 4^. 6</. 
 
 Paul of Tarsus. 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR OF "RABBI JESHUA." 
 
 " 'Paul of Tarsus,' by the author of 'Rabbi Jeshua,' is a work of very 
 considerable ability. . . . Literary facility, brilliancy of word-painting, 
 wealth of what it is the fashion to call ' local colour,' this book undoubtedly 
 possesses." Literary World. 
 
 " The writer has carefully studied the history and characteristics of the time, 
 and in an artistic, although very compressed form, and with GREAT LITERARY 
 BEAUTY, he creates the historic surroundings and the atmosphere of his hero." 
 Nonconformist and Independent. 
 
 " Whoever the author of this work may be, and speculation has been rife 
 as to whether it should be assigned to a distinguished Eastern explorer or to 
 the late head-master of the City High Schools, it is certain that he is 
 thoroughly at home in the details of Oriental life, and capable of presenting 
 a life-like picture of the beginnings of Christianity stripped entirely of super- 
 naturalism. The book as we say has vraisemblance. The writer carries us 
 through the scenes of Paul's life and journeys, and fills up the background 
 with such local colouring and scholarship that the readers are apt to forget 
 how much is purely conjectural. . . . We commend the work, not as a 
 contribution to the history of Paul of Tarsus, but as a picture of the times 
 in which Christianity emerged." Freethinker. 
 
 " This is a beautiful book. ... It is a book of fascinating freshness and 
 vigour. ... It is most eloquently written, with great charm of style, and 
 one devours it with that eager zest with which he devours a great imaginative 
 work." Birmingham Daily Post. 
 
 ' ' Those who have read ' Rabbi Jeshua ' will know what to expect in ' Paul 
 of Tarsus,' from the pen of the same anonymous author. The work is most 
 readable, though it is not at all like the popular biographies of the Apostle 
 which appear in so great numbers. The authors of these are generally careful 
 to show their erudition. The author of this work seems to be careful to hide 
 his, great and evident though it be. The justice of its local colour through- 
 out, and the vividness of the pictures of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Rome, 
 bespeak a scholar ; while the charming style of the work, its simplicity and 
 directness, show a writer of no mean literary skill. " Scotsman. 
 
 "A remarkable book. . . . The author has realised in his own mind a 
 picture of Paul which, whether true or false, is vivid, and this he has repro- 
 duced in a style of unusual brilliance and power." Manchester Guardian. 
 
 "The author has knowledge, imagination, and marked literary facility, 
 and the result of these combined gifts is found in sketches which are rich in 
 light, colour, life, and picturesqueness." Manchester Examiner. 
 
 "Among those strange people who regard 'Robert Elsmere' as embody- 
 ing in an attractive form the main teachings of Christianity, ' Paul of Tarsus ' 
 may find favour for its merely literary excellence, which is undeniable." 
 Morning Post. 
 
 " A considerable sensation was created seven or eight years ago by the 
 publication of ' Rabbi Jeshua, ' a brilliant rhetorical study of the life of Jesus 
 
2O George Redways Publications. 
 
 by one who regarded Him as no Messiah, but as a pure-minded and high- 
 souled enthusiast. The anonymous author now comes forward with a 
 similar study. He fairly warns those * whose hearts are firmly fixed in the 
 lessons of their childhood,' and 'pious souls ' who do not want their faith 
 disturbed, to stop at the preface. . . . The great value of the work lies in its 
 wonderfully vivid pictures of the social, religious, and political life of the 
 times pictures composed of skilfully grouped hints derived from a wide 
 reading of contemporary, classical, and Talmudic literature." Christian 
 World. 
 
 " Such books as these, being diplomatic intermediaries between extreme 
 agnostics and extreme dogmatists, can do nothing but good." Truth. 
 
 A Magnificent Folio Edition of 
 
 Goethe's Faust. 
 
 FROM THE GERMAN BY JOHN ANSTER, LL.D., 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY BURDETT MASON. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY FRANK M. GREGORY. 
 
 Mr Redway has the honour to announce the publication by him of the 
 most magnificent edition of this immortal work yet produced. 
 
 The size is grand folio, 20^ by 15$ inches. 
 
 The text is by Dr John Anster, who was the earliest translator of Faust 
 into English. His version, first published in 1835, gave pleasure to Coleridge, 
 and is liked in Germany. 
 
 The illustrations (eighteen in black and white, ten in colour) form the 
 special attraction of the volume. The charm of these illustrations is due hardly 
 less to the artists who reproduced them than to Mr Frank Gregory, from 
 whose wonderful drawings they were made. The new photo-aquarelle process 
 has enabled us to embellish each copy of the book with a set of illustrations in 
 colour, which an expert alone could determine were not actual water-colour 
 paintings. 
 
 Mr Gregory, an American artist of undoubted genius, and secretary of the 
 famous Salmagundi Club of New York, took up his residence in Germany in 
 order to accomplish satisfactorily the work he had undertaken of illustrating 
 Faust. He visited the scenes of Goethe's life and the supposed scenes of 
 the Faust legend. His models of Marguerite, Mephisto and Faust were of course 
 found in Germany ; the elaborate costumes were kindly lent by the manage- 
 ment of the Munich theatre, and all the accessories carefully supervised by 
 those to whom Faust has been a life- long study. 
 
 The result is a splendid example of the bookmaker's art which should be 
 in the hands of every connoisseur. 
 
 The entire edition (265 copies) has been produced in Germany, with the 
 exception of the binding, which is the work of Messrs Burn & Co., London, 
 from a striking design supplied by the artist. 
 
George Redways Ptiblications. 2 1 
 
 I vol., about "js. 6d. 
 
 The Occult Sciences. 
 
 A CYCLOPAEDIA OF TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE AND 
 EXPERIMENT, IN FOUR PARTS, 
 
 EMBRACING CHAPTERS ON THEOSOPHY, MESMERISM, SPIRITISM, FAITH 
 
 HEALING, THE MYSTICS, THE ROSICRUCIANS, THE FREEMASONS, 
 
 DIVINATION, ASTROLOGY, AND ALCHEMY. 
 
 r ' Written by Mr Waite, assisted by writers eminent in their own departments 
 of study, this volume presents to the general reader an outline of every branch 
 of occult science now studied. Facts are given profusely, opinions but spar- 
 ingly. Vexed questions have been treated with respect for the views of ex- 
 perts who, equally eminent, differ. This single volume will serve many as 
 well as a Library ; others who wish to probe deeper into the mysteries of 
 occult lore, will find themselves directed to those large and expensive works 
 which the editor has throughout consulted. 
 
 612 Pages, Large 8vo, with Plates, \$s. 
 
 The Hidden Way across the 
 Threshold ; 
 
 Or, The Mystery which hath been hidden for 
 Ages and from Generations. 
 
 AN EXPLANATION OF THE CONCEALED FORCES IN EVERY MAN 
 
 TO OPEN THE TEMPLE OF THE SOUL, AND TO LEARN 
 
 THE GUIDANCE OF THE UNSEEN HAND. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AND MADE PLAIN WITH AS FEW OCCULT PHRASES AS 
 POSSIBLE, 
 
 BY J. C. STREET, A.B.N. 
 
 This is a very extraordinary book. Its reputed author is known to be 
 incapable of producing such a work, and the explanation of its appearance 
 has been thus given by a lady who is well acquainted with him : 
 
 " His book is a mere compilation of noble sayings, scrawled down out of 
 books and from the lips of the adepts with whom he certainly has associated, 
 and who have taught him some secrets." 
 
 This lady, one of the most cultured women of our time, has been content 
 to become the pupil of an illiterate man, who, a few years ago, occupied a 
 humble position in a drapers' shop, because he is known to be the medium 
 of higher teachers. The book which bears his name has thus a peculiar 
 interest for students of the " occult." 
 
22 George Redways Publications. 
 
 I vol., about "js. 6d. 
 
 A Walk from London to Fulham. 
 
 BY THE LATE THOMAS CROFTON CROKER, F.S.A. 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED BY 
 G. W. REDWAY, F.R.Hist.S. 
 
 WITH NEARLY 200 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The copyright of Mr Croker's charming work, published by his son in 1860, 
 having fallen into my hands, I have determined to reissue the book with such 
 alterations in the text as the lapse of thirty years has rendered necessary ; and 
 with such large additions as will be involved by the extension of the ' Walk ' 
 to Hyde Park Corner and Knightsbridge, Kensington Gore and Old Bromp- 
 ton, places Mr Croker did not visit in 1860. It will be my aim to eschew 
 the ' dryasdust ' element that so often prevails in works of this kind, and to 
 give information that shall be absolutely trustworthy about objects of interest 
 by the way. 
 
 THE LATEST WORK ON CHIROMANCY. 
 Crown 8vo, with 12 plates, Cloth, 2s. (x.i. 
 
 Palmistry 
 
 And Its Practical Uses. 
 
 WITH CHAPTERS ON ASTRAL INFLUENCES, AND THE USE OF 
 THE DIVINING ROD. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS, BIBLE REFERENCES, &c. 
 BY LOUISE COTTON. 
 
 i vol., about 2s. 6d. 
 
 Vegetarianism. 
 
 BY REV. JOHN H. N. NEVILL. 
 
 An attempt to popularize some of the teachings of Biology, and to show 
 that abstinence from flesh-eating is really enforced by the teachings of 
 generally accepted science. 
 
George Redways Publications. 23 
 
 Just published, small 4/0, *sy* pp. > price "js. 6d. 
 
 A NEW POSTHUMOUS WORK OF DR ANNA KINGSFORD, 
 
 FORMING A COMPANION BOOK TO 
 
 "THE PERFECT WAY." 
 
 Clothed with the Sun, 
 
 BEING THE BOOK OF THE ILLUMINATIONS OF 
 ANNA (BONUS) KINGSFORD. 
 
 WITH PREFACE, NOTES, AND APPENDIX, EXEGETICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 EDITED BY EDWARD MAITLAND. 
 
 "A worthy companion to 'The Perfect Way' as a lasting monument to 
 Mrs Kingsford's wonderful genius, great spirituality, and marvellous lucidity 
 of insight into the ' hidden things of Nature and Religion.' " Lticifer. 
 
 " Of surpassing interest to the psychologist, who, it seems to us, will regret 
 that Mr Maitland has not taken advantage of the opportunity of prefixing to 
 the present volume a biographical sketch of a singularly gifted woman. That 
 Mrs Kingsford was a seer of the rarest lucidity and inspiration it would be 
 easy to demonstrate. Rarely has the faculty of mental vision been so mar- 
 vellously developed. Her book of ' Dreams and Dream-Stories ' contains 
 overwhelming evidence of some of the highest qualities of the poet ; nor did 
 she lack the power of adequate and beautiful expression. Of her in her 
 character of prophetess and ' foremost herald of the dawning better age ' 
 an age when the falsifications and corruptions of Christianity will have been 
 replaced by the restoration of the great original truths of the primitive gospel 
 we must confess ourselves by no means qualified to speak. . . . 
 
 ' ' Apart from these highest purposes which the volume is meant to serve, 
 there is much that is interesting to an ordinary mortal, though, as has been 
 indicated, it is in the main of a personal description. One is intrigtie, by 
 Mrs Kingsford herself, rather than concerned about her doctrines ; and yet 
 some of these see, for example, the very first chapter ' concerning the three 
 veils between man and God ' are presented in so poetic and luminous a 
 manner that, allowing always for varieties of interpretation, one cannot but be 
 struck by their truth. . . . The appendix contains an account, all too short 
 for the attention the subject awakens, of the overtures made to Mrs Kingsford 
 and the editor of the late Laurence Oliphant as the representative of that 
 arch- mystic Thomas Lake Harris. We have made no attempt to give any 
 indication of Mrs Kingsford's views on the more serious subjects of which she 
 speaks; they can be properly learned from the volume alone." Glasgow 
 Herald. 
 
 " The pure, sublime, and raptly abstract Anna Kingsford, being dead, yet 
 speaketh. The pale, thin lady, the recondite student, the illumined seer, who 
 yet occasionally on public platforms grasped the problems of exoteric life by 
 the horns, has been gathered to her rest, the excalibar blade of the spirit 
 having worn out its somatic sheath ; but the visions that came to her by day 
 and the dreams that visited her by night are by a loving hand unfolded before 
 us. Happy was this gentle seer of visions and dreamer of dreams that her 
 
 E 
 
24 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 /kindred spirit, Edward Maitland, survived her to perform her literary obse- 
 quies with affection and fidelity. . . . Not merely is it claimed for the writer 
 of this extraordinary volume that she beheld with supersensuous vision the 
 arcana covered by the timal conception of the Now, but that the Past lay be- 
 fore her as an open book, and that on its pages she could trace clearly the 
 evolutionary history of her own previous existence on all the plains of purga- 
 torial Karma. Such a claim was, perhaps, never before so gravely made by 
 any human being. A writer who claims to definitely trace back the egoism 
 of her own ego through all the countless aeons of cosmogenesis, at the bare 
 contemplation of which the brain absolutely reels, is certainly endowed with 
 faculties possibly denied to every other individual of the human race. " 
 Agnostic Journal. 
 
 Vols I. and II., 4*0, Cloth, 2 is. each. Vol. III. in preparation. 
 Subscribers' names are now being received. 
 
 Devonshire Parishes. 
 
 BY CHARLES WORTHY, ESQ. 
 
 " A very painstaking and pleasant volume [Vol. I.] which will be read with 
 great interest by the topographer and genealogist." Vanity Fair. 
 
 " In this volume [Vol. II.] Mr Worthy has given us the rest of his account 
 of certain parishes in the Archdeaconry of Totnes, and the work, as a whole, 
 forms a respectable addition to the number of our local histories. Records 
 of this kind are often the means of ensuring the preservation of valuable 
 objects. Mr Worthy has devoted considerable space to tracing the descents 
 of manors and to the genealogies of the families which held them." Saturday 
 Review ; July 6th, 1889. 
 
 With 8 illustrations^ Cloth, price "js. 6d. 
 
 The Light of Egypt ; 
 
 Or, the Science of the Soul and the Stars. 
 
 This anonymous work is of American origin. It has been the subject of 
 some controversy owing to the fact that it contains all the teaching which its 
 author formerly imparted to pupils for a fee of 100 dollars. The pupils now 
 complain that it is placed before the public for a few shillings. The author 
 alleges that he has felt bound to try and check, by the publication of this 
 book, the spread of " the subtle, delusive dogmas of Karma and Re-incarna- 
 tion as taught by the sacerdotalisms of the decaying Orient." 
 
George Redway s Publications. 25 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. viii. and 446, Cloth extra t Js. 6d. 
 
 The Real History of the 
 Rosicrucians. 
 
 FOUNDED ON THEIR OWN MANIFESTOES, AND ON FACTS 
 AND DOCUMENTS COLLECTED FROM THE WRIT- 
 INGS OF INITIATED BRETHREN. 
 
 BY ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE. 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CONTENTS: Mystical Philosophy in Germany The Universal Reformation Fama 
 Fraternitatis Confession of Rosicrucian Fraternity Marriage of Christian Rosencreutz 
 Rosicrucianism, Alchemy, and Magic The Case of Johann Valentin Andreas Progress of 
 Rosicrucianism in Germany Rosicrucian Apologists: Michael Maier, Robert Fludd, 
 Thomas Vaughan, John Heydon Rosicrucianism in France Rosicrucians and Freemasons 
 Modern Rosicrucian Societies, &c. 
 
 "We desire to speak of Mr Waite's work with the greatest respect on the 
 points of honesty, impartiality, and sound scholarship. Mr Waite has given, 
 for the first time, the documents with which Rosicrucianism has been con- 
 nected inextenso" Literary World. 
 
 " There is something mysterious and fascinating about the history of the 
 Virgin Fraternity of the Rose." Saturday Review. 
 
 "A curious and interesting story of the doings of a mysterious association 
 in times when people were more ready to believe in supernatural phenomena 
 than the highly-educated, matter-of-fact people of to-day." Morning Post. 
 
 "... The work not only of a refined scholar, but of A MAN WHO KNOWS 
 WHAT HE is WRITING ABOUT, and that is a great deal more than can be 
 said for other books on the same topic. . . . Much that he has to tell us 
 has the double merit of being not only true, but new." John Bull. 
 
 " Mr Waite's book on ' Rosicrucianism ' is a perfect contrast to the one 
 which we noticed a month or two back. The latter is a farrago of ill-digested 
 learning and groundless fancies, while the former is, at all events, an honest 
 attempt to discover the truth about the Society of the Rosy Cross. . . . The 
 study of ' Occultism ' is so popular just now that all books bearing on such 
 topics are eagerly read ; and it is a comfort to find one writer who is not 
 ashamed to confess his ignorance after telling us all he can discover." West- 
 minster Review. 
 
 "Mr Waite is A GREAT AUTHORITY on esoteric science and its literature. 
 Those who have read his extremely interesting work upon the writings of 
 Eliphas Levi, the modern magician, will expect in his ' History of the 
 Rosicrucians ' a treatise of more than ephemeral importance, and they will 
 not be disappointed. . . ." Morning Post. 
 
 " Some of the most interesting chapters in the book are devoted to an 
 account of the four great apologists for Rosicrucianism : Robert Fludd, 
 Michael Maier, Thomas Vaughan, and John Heydon. Each of these 
 
26 George Redways Publications. 
 
 chapters contains much curious matter, very metaphysical and very transcen- 
 dental, but worth being studied by those who appreciate the influence which 
 the many forms of occultism have exercised upon civilisation." St James s 
 Gazette. 
 
 " To many readers the most fascinating pages in 'The Real History of the 
 Rosicrucians' will be those in which the author reprints Foxcroft's 1690 
 translation of The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosencreutz, which had 
 originally appeared in German in 1616. THIS STRANGE ROMANCE is FULL 
 OF WONDERFUL THINGS." Saturday Review. 
 
 "We would recommend Mr Waite's very painstaking volume to all who 
 may be desirous to get to the back of the Rosicrucian mystery. ... So 
 much nonsense has been talked and written about this imaginary order that 
 it is quite refreshing to find a writer competent and willing to reduce the 
 legend to its true proportions, and show how and when it had its origin. " 
 Knowledge. 
 
 " We have rarely seen a work of this description that was so free from all 
 attempts at the distortion of facts to dovetail with a preconceived .... His 
 style is perspicuous. . . . The most interesting portions of the book are those 
 where the author is willing to speak himself. . . . To those students of 
 occultism, whose palates, undebauched by the intellectual hashish of the 
 rhapsodies of mysticism and the jargon of the Kabala, can still appreciate a 
 plain historical statement of facts, we gladly commend the book. Nature. 
 
 " ' The Real History of the Rosicrucians ' is a very learned book that will 
 be read with deep interest by every one who has the slightest knowledge of 
 the subject." Court Journal. 
 
 "MR WAITE'S PAINSTAKING AND WELL WRITTEN BOOK is ONE TO BE 
 THANKFUL FOR. . . . The subject has too long (and never more than at the 
 present) been the property of pseudo-learned mystery-mongers. ... But 
 scant justice can be done to a book like Mr Waite's in a short notice such 
 as this, and therefore all that remains possible is to draw the attention of 
 all interested in such literature to the careful chapters on the English mystics 
 Fludd, Vaughan, and Heydon and to emphasise the estimate with which 
 we commenced." Manchester Examiner. 
 
 "There was need of a clear and reliable book on the subject. This need 
 Mr Waite has supplied. He is a cultured writer, and has mastered the 
 entire literature of his subject, the most of which is in the German language. 
 His ' Real History ' cannot fail to interest any curious reader. . . . The 
 author is not a Freemason, and speaks slightingly of our fraternity ; but he 
 has undoubtedly produced THE MOST RELIABLE BOOK which has yet appeared 
 in the English language on Rosicrucianism, and it- will deservedly attract 
 the attention of all scholars and curious readers who are interested in the 
 subject." Keystone (New York). 
 
 " Mr Waite has done an excellent service in reprinting in this handsome 
 volume translations of the chief documents bearing on the secrets of the Rosy 
 Cross." Literary World (Boston). 
 
 " Mr Waite is not a trader upon the ignorance and curiosity of readers. 
 . . . His own book is simply the result of conscientious researches, whereby 
 he succeeded in discovering several unknown tracts and manuscripts in the 
 library of the British Museum; and these, with other important and avail- 
 able facts and documents, ... he now publishes, summarised or in extcnso, 
 according to their value, and thus offers for the first time in the literature of 
 the subject, THE ROSICRUCIANS REPRESENTED BY THEMSELVES." Phila- 
 delphia Press. 
 
George Redways Publications. 27 
 
 3 vols. Crown Svo, Cloth, 6s. per vol., SOLD SEPARATELY. 
 
 Dreamland and Ghostland : 
 
 An Original Collection of Tales and Warnings 
 from the Borderland of Substance and Shadow. 
 
 EMBRACING REMARKABLE DREAMS, PRESENTIMENTS, AND COIN- 
 CIDENCES, RECORDS OF SINGULAR PERSONAL EXPERIENCE 
 BY VARIOUS WRITERS, STARTLING STORIES FROM INDIVIDUAL 
 AND FAMILY HISTORY, MYSTERIOUS HINTS FROM THE LIPS 
 OF LIVING NARRATORS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES, 
 GRAVE AND GAY. 
 
 " It is a remarkable fact that men and women do like ghost stories. They 
 enjoy being thrilled, and many of them read with avidity tales which deal 
 with things out of the ordinary physical ken. IN THESE THREE VOLUMES 
 
 THEY MAY SUP FULL OF THESE DELIGHTS." Scotsman. 
 
 " There is plenty of amusing reading of this sort to be found in these 
 volumes, both for believers and disbelievers in the supernatural." Court 
 Journal. 
 
 "Volumes which will test the credulity of the reader to the utmost, and 
 the commencement of one of the stories might very well have served for the 
 motto for the whole collection : ' It is almost useless to tell you the story, 
 because I know you will not believe it. ' We do not say for a moment that 
 we disbelieve all the stories told here." Court Circular. 
 
 "The psychological student would be wise to exercise a certain amount of 
 caution. The general reader who likes ghost-stories and dream-stories for 
 their own sake, in the straightforward old fashion, will find plenty of enter- 
 tainment in these three volumes, and, thanks to the variety of sources from 
 which the contents are drawn, no sort of monotony." Graphic. 
 
 "The great novelty of the work is that the author has so arranged and 
 trimmed the chain of narratives as to make them read like a three volume 
 novel. ... In truth, it is a novel in which the characters tell their own 
 stories in their own way, and in their own language." Christian Union. 
 
 " SHOULD BE SPECIALLY RELISHED THESE WINTER NIGHTS." The World. 
 
 " Stories of the weird and eerie complexion which so many like to cultivate 
 of a winter's night." Globe. 
 
 " There is nothing that is in any way unhealthy in character. Those, 
 therefore, who have a taste for the mysterious and the curious will find in 
 ' Dreamland and Ghostland ' A REAL TREAT. The narratives are at once 
 both grave and gay, with touches of strangeness as to miraculous incidents 
 and supernatural occurrences. But from first to last there is a rationalism as 
 well as a piquancy in the records that make them instructive reading. Indeed, 
 we believe that THERE is NOT A BETTER WORK OF ITS KIND, so varied, so 
 enchanting, and so well edited ; or one that may be read with such profit." 
 Christian Union. 
 
28 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Large Crown 8vo, the Cover emblazoned and floriated with Stars and 
 
 Serpents and Sunflowers, and the Arms of France and of Navarre. 
 
 Gilt top, los. 6d. 
 
 The Fortunate Lovers. 
 
 Twenty-seven Novels of the Queen of Navarre. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL FRENCH BY 
 ARTHUR MACHEN. 
 
 EDITED AND SELECTED FROM THE " HEPTAMERON," WITH 
 
 NOTES, PEDIGREES, AND AN INTRODUCTION, BY 
 
 A. MARY F. ROBINSON. 
 
 WITH ORIGINAL ETCHING BY G. P. JACOMB HOOD. 
 i 
 
 " After Boccaccio's, these stories are perhaps the best of their kind." 
 Scotsman. 
 
 " Miss Robinson's notes, and more especially her ably written introduction, 
 which is practically a biography of Margaret of Angouleme, will enable 
 readers to appreciate the 'personalities' in the stories more keenly than 
 would otherwise be possible. Scotsman. 
 
 "These tales of old-world gallantry cruelly depict certain phases of the 
 life of an age as brilliant as it was corrupt, and must ever prove attractive to 
 the antiquarian and the scholar. Mr Machen well preserves the incisive and 
 quaint tone of the original text." Morning Post. 
 
 "A REALLY CHARMING WORK OF ART AND OF LITERATURE. " Athenimm. 
 
 " Super-realistic as the love-stories now and then are, according to our 
 notions of modesty, they have, one and all, a wholesome moral, and go far 
 to throw light on an interesting period in the history of France. Handsomely 
 bound and 'got up,' and furnished with a charming etching by Mr Jacomb 
 Hood as frontispiece, the volume may well be recommended to all readers, 
 and particularly to all students of history. " Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 " The ' Heptameron ' is itself, and independent of externals, an exceedingly 
 pretty book, ... a book of interesting and rather puzzling authorship, and 
 lastly, one which strikes the key-note of a certain time better almost than any 
 other single work." Athenaum. 
 
 "No reader can resist the charm of these old-world stories. . . . Miss 
 Robinson has exercised a sound and judicious discretion . . . without sacri- 
 ficing too much of the large utterance and the rich aroma of the originals." 
 Daily News. 
 
 " The book may be recommended to all who wish to understand that 
 singular mixture of piety and voluptuousness which distinguishes the French 
 Renaissance. " Athenteum. 
 
 " The book is not quite one for indiscriminate presentation, but it is exceed- 
 ingly well done, and is beautifully printed and bound." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 " We owe her [Miss Robinson] thanks for having put in a worthy form 
 
George Redways Publications. 29 
 
 before a new public a work to a great extent forgotten, and most assuredly 
 not deserving forge tfulness." Athenaum. 
 
 " Nothing can be better than the introductory chapter, and the notes and 
 genealogical tables show that care for minute accuracy which is the fashion 
 of the present day, and a very good fashion too." Westminster Review. 
 
 " A book that people who like to saunter along the by-paths of history 
 will revel in. As, at the present time, there are thousands of people who 
 only care to read the gossip and scandal in 'society journals,' so there are 
 readers of history who chiefly delight in the gossip and scandal of bygone 
 days. From such people ' The Fortunate Lovers ' is certain to meet with a 
 hearty welcome, while even the more serious students of history will rise 
 from its perusal with a fuller and better knowledge of the times it deals 
 with." Literary World. 
 
 " Many of the stories are not particularly edifying. . . . Has a distinct 
 value as a contribution to historical literature." Court Circular. 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. viii. and 260, Cloth gilt, 6s. 
 
 Charles Dickens and the 
 
 Stage. 
 
 A RECORD OF HIS CONNECTION WITH THE DRAMA AS 
 PLAYWRIGHT AND CRITIC. 
 
 BY T. EDGAR PEMBERTON. 
 
 WITH NEW PORTRAITS, IN CHARACTER, OF Miss JENNIE LEE, 
 MR IRVING, AND MR TOOLE. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Stage in his Novels Dickens as a Dramatist Dickens as an Actor 
 Adaptations and Impersonations The Stage in his Speeches The Stage in his Letters 
 Dickens as a Dramatic Critic. 
 
 "The book is readable, as anything about Dickens is sure to be." 
 Scotsman. 
 
 " A CHARMING WORK. Mr Pemberton has spared no pains to look up all 
 sorts of details, and has added a full and excellent index." Birmingham 
 Post. 
 
 "He has done his work so completely that he has left little or nothing for 
 anyone who should desire to follow in his steps." Literary World. 
 
 " BRIMFUL OF ANECDOTE AND REMINISCENCES of a generation now passing 
 away, the book is stimulating as well as useful." Publisher's Circular. 
 
 " An example of book-making that will not be viewed with disfavour by 
 lovers of Dickens. . . . The book shows diligent research in many 
 directions. " Saturday Review. 
 
3<D George Redway's Publications. 
 
 Crown Svo, pp. xiv. and 360, Cloth, "js. 6d. 
 
 Posthumous Humanity ; 
 
 A Study of Phantoms. 
 
 BY ADOLPHE D'ASSIER, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE BORDEAUX ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 TRANSLATED AND ANNOTATED BY HENRY S. OLCOTT, PRESIDENT 
 OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 CONTENTS : Facts Establishing the Existence of the Posthumous Personality in Man- 
 Its Various Modes of Manifestation Facts Establishing the Existence of a Second 
 Personality in the Living Man Its Various Modes of Manifestation Facts Establishing 
 the Existence of the Personality in Animals, and concerning a Posthumous Animality 
 Fluidic Form of Vegetables Fluidic Form of Gross Bodies Character of the Posthumous 
 Being Its Physical Constitution Its Aversion to Light Its Reservoir of Living Force 
 Its Ballistic The Nervous Fluid Electric Animals Electric Persons Electric Plants 
 The Mesmeric Ether and the Personality which it Engenders The Somnambule The 
 Sleep-talker ;The Seer The Turning-table The Talking-table-^-The Medium Miracles 
 of the Ecstatics Prodigy of Magic The Incubus The Obsessing Spirit Causes of the 
 Rarity of the Living Phantom Causes of the Rarity of the Trans-sepulchral Phantom 
 Resemblance of the Spiritistic Phenomena to the Phenomena of the Posthumous Order 
 Lycanthropy Glance at the Fauna of the Shades Their Pre-occupations How they 
 Prolong their Existence The Posthumous Vampire. 
 
 Truth says : " If you care for GHOST STORIES, DULY ACCREDITED, EX' 
 CELLENTLY TOLD, AND SCIENTIFICALLY EXPLAINED, you should read the 
 
 translation by Colonel Olcott of M. Adolphe d'Assier's * Posthumous 
 Humanity,' a study of phantoms. There is no dogmatism so dogged and 
 offensive as that of the professed sceptic of the scientific sceptic especially 
 who ex vi termini ought to keep the doors of his mind hospitably open ; and 
 it is refreshing, therefore, to find such scientists as Wallace, Crookes, and M. 
 d'Assier, who is a Positivist, in the ranks of the Psychical Research host. 
 For my own part, though I have attended the seance of a celebrated London 
 medium, and there convinced myself beyond all doubt of his imposture, I no 
 more think that the detection of a medium fraud disposes of the whole 
 question of ghosts, &c., than that the detection of an atheist priest disposes 
 of the whole question of Christianity. Whatever view you take of this con- 
 troversy, however, I can promise you that you will find the book interesting 
 at least if not convincing. " 
 
 "This collection of hopeless trash . . . Col. Olcott's notes are beneath 
 contempt ... a more piteous literary exhibition than the entire volume has 
 rarely come under our notice." Knowledge [?]. 
 
 " An interesting and suggestive volume." New York Tribune. 
 
 "The book is written with evident sincerity." Literary World. 
 
 " There is no end to the wonderful stories in this book." Court Circular. 
 
 "The book may be recommended to the attention of the marines." 
 Scotsman. 
 
 '* A book which will be found very fascinating by all except those persons 
 who have neither interest nor belief for anything but what they can under- 
 stand." Manchester Examiner. 
 
George Redways Publications. 3 1 
 
 " The subject is treated BRILLIANTLY, ENTERTAININGLY, AND SCIENTIFI- 
 CALLY." New York Com. Advertiser. 
 
 "Though this is a good deal to say, Mr George Redway has hardly 
 published a more curious book." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 "The ghostly will find much comfort in the book." Saturday Review. 
 
 "The book has an interest as evidence of that study of the occult which is 
 again becoming in a certain degree fashionable. " Manchester Guardian. 
 
 Demy &vo, pp. xiv. and 307, Cloth, 'js. 6d. 
 
 The Life, Times, and Writings 
 of Thomas Cranmer, D.D., 
 
 The First Reforming Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 BY CHARLES HASTINGS COLLETTE. 
 DEDICATED TO EDWARD WHITE, 93110 ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 CONTENTS : Cranmer at the University of Cambridge Cranmer's Participation in the 
 Proceedings of the Divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine His Second Marriage as a 
 Priest His Oaths on Consecration as an Archbishop The Fate of Anne Boleyn : Henry's 
 Marriages with Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, 
 and Cranmer's alleged Participation in these Acts Henry VIII. 's Political and Social 
 Reforms under Cranmer's alleged Guidance Persecutions, and Cranmer's alleged Par- 
 ticipation in them The Progress of the Reformation under Henry VIII. and Edward VI. 
 Cranmer's Fall and Martyrdom His alleged Recantations His Writings John Fox, 
 the Martyrologist The Beatification of Bishop Fisher, the Chancellor More, and others, 
 as Martyrs. 
 
 "Mr Collette brings to his task both breadth and depth of knowledge, 
 and a desire to be scrupulously free from prejudice." Globe. 
 
 " He is animated by an anti-Papal spirit. . . . nevertheless, his book is 
 readable. " Scotsman. 
 
 " No future student can afford to neglect his work." British and Colonial 
 Printer. 
 
 " His book deserves to be read, and his pleadings should be well con- 
 sidered." Anglican Chiirch Magazine. 
 
 " HE HAS STATED HIS EVIDENCE WITH A FULNESS AND FAIRNESS BEYOND 
 CAVIL." Daily News. 
 
 "Mr Collette avoids bitterness in his defence, and does not scruple to 
 blame Cranmer when he thinks blame is deserved." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 " On the whole, we think that we have in this book a just and impartial 
 character of Cranmer. " Record. 
 
 ' ' This book is a valuable contribution to the literature concerning a period 
 which to the lover of religious liberty is of the deepest interest. ... it is 
 a work of research of learning, of sound and generally of impartial judg- 
 ment." Rock. 
 
32 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 Post Svo, with Plates, pp. viii. and 359, Cloth gilt, los. 6d. 
 K ABB ALA DENUDATA, 
 
 The Kabbalah Unveiled. 
 
 CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING BOOKS OF THE ZOHAR : 
 
 1. THE BOOK OF CONCEALED MYSTERY. 
 
 2. THE GREATER HOLY ASSEMBLY. 
 
 3. THE LESSER HOLY ASSEMBLY. 
 
 TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH FROM THE LATIN VERSION OF 
 
 KNORR VON ROSENROTH, AND COLLATED WITH THE 
 
 ORIGINAL CHALDEE AND HEBREW TEXT, 
 
 BY S. L. MACGREGOR MATHERS. 
 
 The Bible, which has been probably more misconstrued than any other 
 book ever written, contains numberless obscure and mysterious passages 
 which are utterly unintelligible without some key wherewith to unlock their 
 meaning. That key is given in the Kabbala. 
 
 "A TRANSLATION WHICH LEAVES NOTHING TO BE DESIRED." Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 " Mr Mathers has done his work with critical closeness and care, and has 
 presented us with a book which will probably be welcomed by many students. 
 In printing and binding the volume is all that could be desired, and the 
 diagrams are very carefully drawn, and are calculated to be very useful to all 
 who are interested in the subject." Nonconformist. 
 
 "We may add that it is worthy of perusal by all who, as students of 
 psychology, care to trace the struggles of the human mind, and to note its 
 passage from animalism through mysticism to the clearness of logical light." 
 Knowledge. 
 
 " Mr Mathers is certainly a great Kabbalist, if not the greatest of our 
 time. " Athena-tini. 
 
 The Kabbalah is described by Dr GINSBURG as " a system of religious 
 philosophy, or more properly of theosophy, which has not only exercised for 
 hundreds of years an extraordinary influence on the mental development of 
 so shrewd a people as the Jews, but has captivated the minds of some of the 
 greatest thinkers in Christendom in the i6th and I7th centuries." He adds 
 
 that "IT CLAIMS THE GREATEST ATTENTION OF BOTH THE PHILOSOPHER 
 AND THEOLOGIAN." 
 
George Redways Publications. 33 
 
 Crown 4/0, wrapper, \s. 
 JOURNAL OF THE WAGNER SOCIETY. 
 
 The Meister. 
 
 EDITED BY W. ASHTON ELLIS. 
 
 Contains translations from the literary works of Richard Wagner; extracts from 
 letters that have passed between the Poet- Composer and other men who have left their 
 mark upon the art life of the day ; original articles and essays explanatory of the inner 
 meaning of Wagner's dramas; articles upon kindred topics of aesthetics, metaphysics, or 
 social questions in this category, reference to the works of Liszt and Schopenhauer will 
 naturally take a prominent position; notes upon the course of events in Europe and 
 America bearing upon Wagner's dramas, &c., &c. 
 
 Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Crown Svo, etched Frontispiece and Woodcuts, pp. 324, Cloth gilt, Js. 6d. 
 
 Magic, White and Black; 
 
 Or, The Science of Finite and Infinite Life. 
 
 CONTAINING PRACTICAL HINTS FOR STUDENTS OF OCCULTISM. 
 
 BY FRANZ HARTMANN, M.D. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Ideal The Real and the Unreal Form Life Harmony Illusion- 
 Consciousness Unconsciousness Transformations Creation Light, &c. 
 
 The Saturday Review says: "In its closely-printed pages students of 
 occultism will find hints, ' practical ' and otherwise, likely to be of great 
 service to them in the pursuit of their studies and researches. ... A book 
 which may properly have the title of Magic, for if the readers succeed in 
 practically following its teaching, they will be able to perform the greatest of 
 all magical feats, the spiritual regeneration of Man. Dr Hartmann's book 
 has also gone into a third edition, and has developed from an insignificant 
 pamphlet, 'written originally for the purpose of demonstrating to a few 
 inexperienced inquirers that the study of the occult side of nature was not 
 identical with the vile practices of sorcery,' into a compendious volume, com- 
 prising, we are willing to believe, THE ENTIRE PHILOSOPHIC SYSTEM OF 
 OCCULTISM. There are abundant evidences that the science of theosophy 
 has made vast strides in public estimation of late years, and that those 
 desirous of experimenting in this particular, and in many respects fascinating, 
 branch of ethics, have leaders whose teaching they can follow with satisfaction 
 to themselves." 
 
 The Scotsman says : " Any one who studies the work so as to be able to 
 understand it, may become as familiar with the hidden mysteries of nature as 
 any occult philosopher ever was." 
 
34 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 4/0, //. 37, Cloth extra, 3*. 6d. The woodcuts coloured by hand, $s. 
 Issue limited to 400 copies plain and 60 coloured. 
 
 The Dance of Death, 
 
 In Painting and in Print. 
 
 BY T. TYNDALL WILDRIDGE. 
 WITH WOODCUTS. 
 
 Probably few subjects have excited more conjecture or given rise to more 
 mistakes than the " Dance of Death." The earliest painting of the Dance is 
 said to be that at Basel in 1431. The first printed edition was published about 
 1485. The blocks illustrating Mr Wildndge's work are a series found in a 
 northern printing office many years ago. They seem to be of considerable 
 age, and are somewhat close copies of Holbein's designs so far as they go, 
 but in which of the hundred editions they originally appeared has not to the 
 present been ascertained. 
 
 Fcap. Svo, pp. 40, Cloth limp, is. 6d. 
 
 Light on the Path. 
 
 A TREATISE WRITTEN FOR THE PERSONAL USE OF THOSE WHO 
 
 ARE IGNORANT OF THE EASTERN WISDOM, AND WHO 
 
 DESIRE TO ENTER WITHIN ITS INFLUENCE. 
 
 WRITTEN DOWN BY M. C. 
 
 NEW EDITION, WITH NOTES BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 " So far as we can gather from the mystic language in which it is couched, 
 ' Light on the Path ' is intended to guide the footsteps of those who have dis- 
 carded the forms of religion while retaining the moral principle to its fullest 
 extent. It is in harmony with much that was said by Socrates and Plato, 
 although the author does not use the phraseology of those philosophers, but 
 rather the language of Buddhism, easily understood by esoteric Buddhists, 
 but difficult to grasp by those without the pale. * Light on the Path ' may, we 
 think, be said to be THE ONLY ATTEMPT IN THIS LANGUAGE AND IN THIS 
 CENTURY TO PUT PRACTICAL OCCULTISM INTO WORDS ; and it may be added, 
 by way of further explanation, that the character of Gautama Buddha, as 
 shown in Sir Edwin Arnolds' ' Light of Asia,' is the perfect type of the be- 
 ing who has reached the threshold of Divinity by this road. That it has 
 reached a third edition speaks favourably for this inultum in parvo of the 
 science of occultism ; and * M. C.' may be expected to gather fresh laurels in 
 future." Saturday Review. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 35 
 
 $2mo, pp. 60, Cloth gilt> is. 6d.; with pack 0/78 Tarot Cards, 5*. 
 FORTUNE TELLING CARDS. 
 
 The Tarot ; 
 
 Its Occult Signification, Use in Fortune Telling, 
 and Method of Play, &c. 
 
 BY S. L. MACGREGOR MATHERS. 
 
 "The designs of the twenty-one trump cards are extremely singular ; in 
 order to give some idea of the manner in which Mr Mather uses them in 
 fortune-telling it is necessary to mention them in detail, together with the 
 general significance which he attaches to each of them. The would-be carto- 
 mancer may then draw his own particular conclusions, and he will find con- 
 siderable latitude for framing them in accordance with his predilections. It 
 should further be mentioned that each of the cards when reversed conveys 
 a meaning the contrary of its primary signification. No. I is the Bateleur or 
 Juggler. The Juggler symbolizes Will. 2. The High Priestess, or female 
 Pope, represents Science, Wisdom, or Knowledge. 3. The Empress, is the 
 symbol of Action or Initiative. 4. The Emperor, represents Realization or 
 Development. 5. The Heirophant or Pope, is the symbol of Mercy and 
 Beneficence. 6. The Lovers, signify Wise Disposition and Trials sur- 
 mounted. 7. The Chariot, represents Triumph, Victory over Obstacles. 8. 
 Themis or Justice, symbolizes Equilibrium and Justice. 9. The Hermit, 
 denotes Prudence. 10. The Wheel of Fortune, represents Fortune, good or 
 bad. ii. Fortitude, symbolizes Power or Might. 12. The Hanged Man 
 a man suspended head downwards by one leg means Devotion, Self- 
 Sacrifice. 13. Death, signifies Transformation or Change, 14. Temper- 
 ance, typifies Combination. 15. The Devil, is the image of Fate or Fatality. 
 1 6. The Lightning-struck Tower, called also Maison-Dieu, shows Ruin, Dis- 
 ruption. 17. The Star, is the emblem of Hope. 18. The Moon, symbolizes 
 Twilight, Deception and Error. 19. The Sun, signifies Earthly Happiness. 
 20. The Last Judgment, means Renewal, Determination of a matter. 21. 
 The Universe, represents Completion and Reward, o. The Foolish Man, 
 signifies Expiating or Wavering. Separate meanings, with their respective 
 converses, are also attached to each of the other cards in the pack, so that 
 when they have been dealt out and arranged in any of the combinations 
 recommended by the author for purposes of divination, THE INQUIRER HAS 
 
 ONLY TO USE THIS LITTLE VOLUME AS A DICTIONARY IN ORDER TO READ 
 HIS FATE." Saturday Review. 
 
36 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Crown %vo,pp. iv. and 256, Cloth (Cheap Edition), 35. 6cl. 
 
 A Professor of Alchemy 
 
 (DENIS ZACHAIRE). 
 BY PERCY ROSS, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "A COMEDY WITHOUT LAUGHTER." 
 
 "A clever story. . . . The hero is an alchemist who actually succeeds in 
 manufacturing pure gold." Court Journal. 
 
 ' Shadowy and dream-like. " Athenauw. 
 
 'An interesting and pathetic picture." Literary World. 
 
 'The story is utterly tragical, and is powerfully told." Westminster 
 Review. 
 
 'A vivid picture of those bad old times. "Knowledge. 
 
 'SURE OF A SPECIAL CIRCLE OF READERS WITH CONGENIAL TASTES." 
 Graphic. 
 
 " This is a story of love of deep, undying, refining love not without sug- 
 gestions of Faust. The figure of Berengaria, his wife, is a noble and touch- 
 ing one, and her purity and sweetness stand out in beautiful relief from the 
 gloom of the alchemist's laboratory and the horrors of the terrible Inquisition 
 into whose hands she falls. The romance of the crucible, however, is not all 
 permeated by sulphurous vapours and tinged with tartarean smoke. There is 
 often a highly dramatic element." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo, pp. 56, Cloth limp, is. 
 
 The Shakespeare Classical 
 Dictionary ; 
 
 Or, Mythological Allusions in the Plays of 
 Shakespeare Explained. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND SHAKESPEARE READING 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 BY H. M. SELBY. 
 
 "A handy little work of reference for readers and students of Shakespeare. ' 
 School Board Chronicle. 
 
 "The book presents a great deal of. information in a very small compass.' 
 School Newspaper. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 37 
 
 " Will be found extremely useful by non-classical students of Shakespeare, 
 . . . and even to the classical student it will convey much useful information. " 
 Educational Times. 
 
 " Will be greatly appreciated in the class-room." Glasgoiv Herald. 
 
 "Carefully compiled from more authoritative books of reference." Scots- 
 man. 
 
 "The unlearned reader is thus enabled to increase very greatly his enjoy- 
 ment of Shakespeare." Literary World. 
 
 " WE HAVE TESTED THE BOOK by looking for several of the obscurest 
 mythological names mentioned by Shakespeare ; in each case we found the 
 name inserted and followed by a satisfactory explanation." The Schoolmaster. 
 
 Demy 8vo, pp. iv. and 299, Cloth gilt, id*. 6d. 
 
 Serpent Worship, 
 
 And other Essays, with a Chapter on Totemism. 
 
 BY C. STANILAND WAKE. 
 
 CONTENTS: Rivers of Life Phallism in Ancient Religions Origin of Serpent Worship 
 The Adamites The Descendants of Cain Sacred Prostitution Marriage among Primitive 
 Peoples Marriage by Capture Development of the "Family" The Social Position of 
 Woman as affected by "Civilization" Spiritism and Modern Spiritualism Totems and 
 Totemism Man and the Ape. 
 
 " The most important of the thirteen essays discusses the origin of Serpent 
 Worship. Like other papers which accompany it, it discusses its subject from 
 a wide knowledge of the literature of early religions and the allied themes of 
 anthropology and primitive marriage. . . . The remaining essays are WRITTEN 
 WITH MUCH LEARNING AND IN A CAREFUL SPIRIT OF INQUIRY, happily 
 free from the crude mysticism with which the discussion of these subjects has 
 often been mixed up. They may be recommended to the attention of all 
 interested in anthropology and the history of religion as interesting labours 
 in this field of research and speculation." Scotsman, October 31. 
 
 " So obscure and complex are these subjects that any contribution, how- 
 ever slight, to their elucidation, may be welcomed. Mr Wake's criticism of 
 the systems of others is frequently acute. . . . Mr Wake is opposed to those 
 who hold that kinship through females and the matriarchate preceded paternal 
 kinship and the patriarchal family, and who connect the phenomena of 
 exogamy and of totemism with the matriarchal stage of society, and with 
 belief in a definite kinship of man with the remainder of the sensible universe. 
 He looks upon female kinship as having existed concurrently with a quasi - 
 patriarchal system. " Athenccum. 
 
 "Able, and REMARKABLY INTERESTING." Glasgow Herald. 
 
38 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. viii. and 632, Cloth gilt, los. 6J. 
 
 In Praise of Ale; 
 
 Or, Songs, Ballads, Epigrams, and Anecdotes 
 relating to Beer, Malt, and Hops. 
 
 WITH SOME CURIOUS PARTICULARS CONCERNING ALE-WIVES 
 AND BREWERS, DRINKING-CLUBS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 COLLECTED AND ARRANGED BY W. T. MARCHANT. 
 
 CONTENTS : Introductory History Carols and Wassail Songs Church Ales and 
 Observances Whitsun Ales Political Harvest Songs General Songs Barley and 
 Malt Hops Scotch Ale Songs Local and Dialect Songs Trade Songs Oxford Songs 
 Ale Wives Brewers Drinking Clubs and Customs Royal and Noble Drinkers Black 
 Beer Drinking Vessels Warm Ale Facts, Scraps, and Ana. 
 
 "Mr Marchant has collected a vast amount of odd, amusing, and (to him 
 that hath the sentiment of beer) suggestive and interesting matter. His 
 volume (we refuse to call it a book) is A VOLUME TO HAVE. If only as a 
 manual of quotations, if only as a collection of songs, IT is A VOLUME TO 
 HAVE. We confess to having read in it, for the first time in our lives, the 
 right and authentic text of * A Cobbler there was ' and * Why, Soldiers, 
 why ; ' and to have remarked, as regards the first, that our ancestors were 
 very easily amused, and, as regards the second, that it has a curious air de 
 famille with the triolet. These are very far from being Mr Marchant's only 
 finds ; but that is all the more reason why we should linger upon them. " 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 " A kind of scrap-book, crowded with prose and verse which is ALWAYS 
 CURIOUS AND VERY OFTEN ENTERTAINING, and it may be read at random- 
 beginning at the end, or in the middle, or at any page you like, and reading 
 either back or forwards almost as easily as the ' Varieties ' column in a 
 popular weekly print." Saturday Review. 
 
 "While, on the one hand, the book is, as nearly as possible, a complete 
 collection of lyrics written about the national beverage, ... it abounds, on 
 the other hand, in particulars as to the place which ale has held in the 
 celebration of popular holidays and customs. It discourses of barley-malt 
 and hops, brewers, drinkers, drinking clubs, drinking vessels, and the like ; 
 and, in fact, approaches the subject from all sides, bringing together, in the 
 space of 600 pages, A HOST OF CURIOUS AND AMUSING DETAILS." Globe, 
 April 9. 
 
 "Mr Marchant is a staunch believer in the merits of good ale. In the 
 course of his reading he has selected the materials for a Bacchanalian antho- 
 logy Which MAY ALWAYS BE READ WITH AMUSEMENT AND PLEASURE. His 
 materials he has set in a framework of gossiping dissertation. Much curious 
 information is supplied in the various chapters on carols and wassail songs, 
 church ales and observances, Whitsun ales, harvest songs, drinking clubs and 
 customs, and other similar matters. At snug country inns at which the 
 traveller may be called upon to stop there should be, in case of a rainy hour 
 in the day, or an empty smoke-room at night, a copy of a book which sings 
 so loudly the praises of mine host and his wares. " Notes and Queries. 
 
George Redway s Publications. 39 
 
 " The memory of John Barleycorn is in no danger of passing away for lack 
 of a devoted prophet. The many songs, poems, and pieces of prose written 
 In Praise of Ale form a fine garden for the anthologist to choose a bouquet 
 from. . . . It is plainly AN ORIGINAL COLLECTION, made with diligence 
 and good taste in selection. . . . Mr Marchant's anthology may be recom- 
 mended to the curious as an interesting and carefully compiled collection 
 of poetical and satirical pieces about beer in all its brews. " Scotsman. 
 
 " The author has gone to ancient and modern sources for his facts, and 
 has not contented himself with merely recording them, but has woven them 
 into a readable history with much skill and wit." American Bookseller. 
 
 "Although its chief aim is to be amusing, it is sometimes instructive as 
 well. . . . His stories may at times be a little long, but they are never 
 broad." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 " What teetotallers would call A TIPPLER'S TEXT-BOOK . . . a collection 
 of songs and ballads, epigrams and anecdotes, which may be called unique'' 1 
 Pali Mall Gazette. 
 
 " Beer, however, in conjunction with mighty roast beef, according to Mr 
 Marchant, has made England what it is, and accordingly he writes his book 
 to show how the English have ever loved good ale, and how much better 
 that is for them than cheap and necessarily inferior spirits or doctored wines. 
 Be that as it may, we have here a collection of occasional verse satires, 
 epigrams, humorous narratives, trivial ditties, and ballads VALUABLE AS 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF MANNERS." Literary World. 
 
 Demy Svo, Cloth, red edges, Js. 6d. 
 
 The Theological and Philosophical Works 
 
 OF 
 
 Hermes Trismegistus, 
 
 CHRISTIAN NEOPLATONIST. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK, WITH PREFACE, NOTES, 
 AND INDICES. 
 
 BY JOHN DAVID CHAMBERS, M.A., F.S.A., 
 
 OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD, RECORDER OF NEW SARUM. 
 
 OPINION OF THE AUTHORS OF " THE PERFECT WAY." 
 
 " The book is most scholarly and learned, and of great value for its colla- 
 tion of the Bible, Plato, and other Scriptures with the Hermetic, showing 
 one system of thought as pervading them all. He comes to the conclusion 
 which we also entertain that the so-called Hermetic books, while repre- 
 senting, in part, ancient Egyptian doctrine, belong to an early Christian 
 or, perhaps, slightly prae- Christian period, and are intended to show the 
 identity of the outgoing and incoming systems, and bridge over the gap 
 between them, if any. He omits the Virgin of the World, as belonging to 
 some other school, and also the Asclepius, or Treatise on Initiation, so that 
 the book does not supersede that which we translated and edited. The 
 author, or rather editor, is not an occultist, but, barring this element, his 
 work is a great addition to Hermetic literature." 
 
40 George Rcdways Publications. 
 
 Wrapper, price is. 
 
 Journal of the Bacon Society. 
 
 PUBLISHED PERIODICALLY. 
 Vol. I. (Parts i. tovi.),pp. x. and 278, Svo, cloth, 6s. 6d. 
 
 The main objects for which this Society has been established are : (a) To 
 study the works of Francis Bacon, as Philosopher, Lawyer, Statesman, and 
 Poet, also his character, genius, and life, his influence on his own and suc- 
 ceeding times, and the tendencies and results of his writings ; (b) To 
 investigate Bacon's supposed authorship of certain works unacknowledged by 
 him, including the Shakespearian dramas and poems. 
 
 Small 8vo, While Cloth, 4*. 6d. 
 
 Through the Gates of Gold: 
 
 A Fragment of Thought. 
 
 BY MABEL COLLINS. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Search for Pleasure The Mystery of the Threshold The Initial 
 Effort The Meaning of Pain The Secret of Strength. 
 
 Crown &vo, pp. xii. and 666, Cloth, lay. 6d. 
 
 Myths, Scenes, and Worthies 
 of Somerset. 
 
 BY MRS E. BOGER. 
 
 CONTENTS : Bladud, King of Britain ; or, The Legend of Bath Joseph of Arimathea 
 and the Legend of Glastonbury Watchet, The Legend of St Decuman Porlock and St 
 Dubritius King Arthur in Somerset St Keyna the Virgin, of Keynsham Gildas 
 Badonicus, called Gildas the Wise, also Gildas the Querulous St Brithwald, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury King Ina in Somerset, Ina and Aldhelm St Congar and Congresbury 
 Hun, the Leader of the Sumorsaetas, at the Battle of Ellandune King Alfred in Somerset, 
 and the Legend of St Neot St Athelm, Archbishop of Canterbury Wulfhelm, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury The Landing of the Danes at Watchet The Times of St Dunstan; His 
 Life and Legends Muchelney Abbey Ethelgar, Archbishop of Canterbury Sigeric or 
 Siricius, Archbishop of Canterbury Elfeah, ElpWge, or Alphege, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury Ethelnoth, or Agelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury Montacute and the Legend of 
 Waltham Cross Porlock, and Harold son of Godwin Glastonbury after the Conquest, 
 Bishop Thurstan William of Malmesbury, called also " Somersetanus" The Philo- 
 sophers of Somerset in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries The Rose of Cannington ; 
 Joan Clifford, commonly called "Fair Rosamond" John de Courcy St Ulric the 
 Recluse, or St Wulfric the Hermit Sir William de Briwere Woodspring Priory, and the 
 Murderers of Thomas a Becket Richard of Ilchester, or Richard Tocklive or More 
 Halswell House, near Bridgewater The Legend of the House of Tynte Witham Priory 
 and St Hugh of Avalon (in Burgundy) William of Wrotham Joceline Trotman, of Wells 
 
George Redways Publications. 41 
 
 Hugh Trotman, of Wells Roger Bacon Sir Henry Bracton, Lord Chief Justice in the 
 Reign of Henry III. William Briwere (Briewere, Bruere, or Brewer) Dunster Castle, 
 Sir Reginald de Mohun, Lady Mohun Fulke of Samford Sir John Hautville and Sir 
 John St Loe Sir Simon de Montacute The Evil Wedding, Chew Magna and Stanton 
 Drew Robert Burnel Somerton, King John of France Stoke-under-Ham, Sir 
 Matthew Gournay Bristol (St Mary Redcliffe), The Canyges ; Chatterton Thomas de 
 Beckyngton The Legend of Sir Richard Whittington The Legend of the Abbot of 
 Muchelney Sebastian Cabot Taunton and its Story Giles Lord Daubeney and the 
 Cornish Rebellion, King Ina's Palace and South Petherton John Hooper, The Marian 
 Persecution The Paulets, Pawlets, or Pouletts, of Hinton St George Richard Edwardes 
 Lord Chief Justice Popham The Last Days of Glastonbury William Barlow and the 
 Times of Edward VI. Robert Parsons, or Persons Henry Cuff Sir John Harrington 
 The Wadhams, Wadham College, Oxford ; Ilminster, Merrifield, Ilton Samuel Daniel 
 Dr John Bull Thomas Coryate, of Odcombe, in Somerset John Pym Sir Amias Preston 
 Admiral Blake William Prynne Sir Ralph, Lord Hopton Ralph Cudworth On 
 Witches, Mrs Leakey, of Mynehead, Somerset John Locke Thomas Ken, D.D., some- 
 time Bishop of Bath and Wells Trent House, Charles II. and Colonel Wyndham The 
 Duke of Monmouth in Somerset Prince George of Denmark and John Duddleston 
 of Bristol Beau Nash, with some Account of the Early History of the City of Bath 
 Wokey or Ockey Hole, near Wells Captain St Loe The State of the Church in the 
 Eighteenth Century, Mrs Hannah and Mrs Patty More and Cheddar Dr Thomas 
 Young Edward Hawkins, Provost of Oriel and Canon of Rochester Charles Fuge 
 Lowder A Tale of Watchet, The Death of Jane Capes Captain John Hanning Speke 
 Cheddar Cheese, West Pennard's Wedding Present to the Queen, 1839 In Memoriam, 
 1811-1833. 
 
 "Mrs Boger is to be praised for her enthusiasm and zeal. She is of 
 Somerset, and she naturally thinks it the wonder of England, if not of the 
 w orl d . " L iterary World. 
 
 " Every addition to the local collections of the myths and legends of our 
 country districts is to be welcomed when it is as carefully made as Mrs 
 Boger's laboriously compiled work, which TEEMS WITH QUAINT STORIES, 
 SOME OF WHICH ARE EVEN BEAUTIFUL." Westminster Review. 
 
 " This is the kind of book, we imagine, in which Thomas Fuller would 
 have expatiated with delight. Less topographical than his ' Worthies,' it 
 does what that delectable book did not profess to do ; it gives not only an 
 account of the illustrious natives, but the legends, traditions, historical 
 episodes, and general memorabilia which pertain to one famous county. Mrs 
 Boger's book ranges from Bladud, King of Britain, B.C. 900, to Arthur 
 Hallum, who died in 1833." Notes and Queries. 
 
 "Mrs Boger writes with such ability and enthusiasm. The work is one 
 which will have an influence in limits far wider than the borders of Somerset, 
 
 for FEW CAN READ IT WITHOUT PLEASURE, AND NONE WITHOUT PROFIT. 
 
 ... To read her book carefully is to master the hagiology of the county. " 
 Jlforning Post. 
 
 GEORGE REDWAY'S 
 
 Classified Catalogue of Books, 
 
 RELATING TO OCCULT PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHEOLOGY; EMBRAC- 
 ING COLLECTIONS OF WORKS ON ASTROLOGY, MESMERISM, 
 ALCHEMY, THEOSOPHY, AND MYSTICISM; ANCIENT RELIGIONS 
 AND MYTHOLOGY ; ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES ; FREEMASONRY 
 AND SECRET SOCIETIES; WESTERN PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE. 
 
 " It is certain that one branch at least of historical enquiry that which deals with the 
 origin and development of religious belief throughout the world is attracting to itself an 
 increasing degree of attention and interest." Quarterly Review, July, 1886. 
 
42 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 The Literature of Occultism 
 and Archaeology: 
 
 BEING A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS ON SALE RELATING TO 
 
 Ancient Worships, Astrology, Alchemy, Animal Magnetism, Anthropology, Arabic, 
 Assassins, Antiquities, Ancient History, Behmen and the Mystics, Buddhism, Clair- 
 voyance, Cabein, China, Coins, Druids, Dreams and Visions, Divination, Divining Rod, 
 Demonology, Ethnology, Egypt, Fascination, Flagellants, Freemasonry, Folk Lore, 
 Gnostics, Gems, Ghosts, Hindus, Hieroglyphics and Secret Writing, Herbals, 
 Hermetic, India and the Hindus, Kabbala, Koran, Miracles, Mirabilaries, Magic and 
 Magicians, Mysteries, Mithraic Worship, Mesmerism, Mythology, Metaphysics, 
 Mysticism, Neo-platonism, Orientalia, Obelisks, Oracles, Occult Sciences, Phallic 
 Worship, Philology, Persian, Parsees, Philosophy, Physiognomy, Palmistry and Hand- 
 writing, Phrenology, Psychoneurology, Psychometry, Prophets, Rosicrucians, Round 
 Towers, Rabbinical, Spiritualism, Skeptics, Jesuits, Christians and Quakers, Sibylls, 
 Symbolism, Serpent Worship, Secret Societies, Somnambulism, Travels, Tombs, 
 Theosophical, Theology and Criticism, Witchcraft. 
 
 " Books on witchcraft, magic, and kindred subjects realize high prices, and a few years 
 hence will be difficult to procure at all, unless, indeed, Mr Redway or some other astute 
 
 Sirchaser cares to duplicate his stock while there is time, and keep it under lock and key, 
 r the benefit of the next generation." 7 'A* Atlumettm, Feb. 2, 1889. 
 
 List of Books 
 
 Chiefly from the Library of the late Frederick Hockley, Esq., 
 
 CONSISTING OF IMPORTANT WORKS RELATING TO THE OCCULT 
 SCIENCES, BOTH IN PRINT AND MANUSCRIPT; 
 
 NOW ON SALE AT THE PRICES AFFIXED, BY 
 
 GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. 
 
 " The study of occultism is not without its charms; and, when an author has anything 
 to say about magic and magicians, about alchemy or astrology, or any other black art, 
 properly so called, he is justified in describing his book as a contribution to the literature 
 of occultism. But the ravings of ' illuminated ' persons who have gone mad upon a diet 
 of tetragrams, pentagrams, and pantacles soon pall, and the student turns joyously to the 
 folios of the olden propers after the Philosopher's Stone. There he finds a treasure of 
 delightful literature, in which amusement is artfully blended with instruction, and where 
 moral maxims are scattered about the pages which teach you how to subject your enemies 
 to a horrible death. The old magicians in their books are equal to any emergency. They 
 will tell you how to raise the devil, and compel him to enrich you with hidden treasures ; 
 how to bring the reluctant fair to your arms; how to cast your own nativity; or, if you 
 trouble about none of these things, and incline to lighter sports, they will give you a recipe 
 for charming fish out of the water, or enable you to dream that you are in whatever you 
 may deem to be the right paradise. With speculations about the why and the wherefore 
 of things they will not trouble you. They prefer to dilate upon the wonders of black magic, 
 and to gloat over the one hundred thousand pounds' weight of fine gold which a friend of 
 Raymond Lully's made by alchemical means. These musty tomes, full of significant circles 
 and magic triangles, of red dragons and black hens, embellished with portraits of the 
 demoniacal hierarchy and drawings of the essential implements for evoking spirits, have a 
 pleasant flavour of romance. The quaint Latinity and the odd jumble of tongues in which 
 the conjurations are written are as fine in their way as anything that ever was printed in a 
 folio. But it is needful to beware of the endless volumes of modern ravings about the so- 
 called occult ; for that way madness lies." Saturday Review, April 23, 1887. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 43 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. 375, Cloth, Js. 6d. 
 
 Theosophy, Religion, and 
 Occult Science. 
 
 BY HENRY S. OLCOTT, 
 PRESIDENT OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 WITH GLOSSARY OF EASTERN WORDS. 
 
 CONTENTS: Theosophy or Materialism Which? The Theosophical Society and its 
 Aims The Common Foundation of all Religions Thesophy : the Scientific Basis of 
 Religion Theosophy : its Friends and Enemies The Occult Sciences Spiritualism and 
 Theosophy India : Past, Present, and Future The Civilisation that India needs The 
 Spirit of the Zoroastrian Religion the Life of Buddha and its Lessons, &c. 
 
 The Manchester Examiner describes these lectures as "RICH IN INTEREST 
 AND SUGGESTIVENESS," and says that "the theosophy expounded in this 
 volume is at once a theology, a metaphysic, and a sociology," and concludes 
 a lengthy notice by stating that " Colonel Olcott's volume deserves, and will 
 repay, the study of all readers for whom the byways of speculation have an 
 irresistible charm." 
 
 Demy 8vo, pp. xii. and 324, Cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 Incidents in the Life of Madame 
 Blavatsky. 
 
 COMPILED FROM INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY HER 
 
 RELATIVES AND FRIENDS, 
 AND EDITED BY A. P. SINNETT. 
 
 WITH A PORTRAIT REPRODUCED FROM AN ORIGINAL PAINTING BY 
 HERMANN SCHMIECHEN. 
 
 CONTENTS : Childhood Marriage and Travel At Home in Russia, 1858 Mme. de 
 Jelihowsky's Narrative From Apprenticeship to Duty Residence in America Estab- 
 lished in India A Visit to Europe, &c. 
 
 Truth says : " For any credulous friend who revels in such stories I can 
 recommend 'Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky.' I READ EVERY 
 
 LINE OF THE BOOK WITH MUCH INTEREST." 
 
 Theosophists will find both edification and interest in the book. 
 
44 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Post &vo, pp. viii. and 350, Cloth gilt, -js. 6J. 
 
 The Blood Covenant, a 
 Primitive Rite, 
 
 And its Bearings on Scripture. 
 
 BY H. CLAY TRUMBULL, D.D. 
 
 CONTENTS \-The Primitive Rite Itself. <i) Sources of Bible Study (2) An Ancient 
 Semitic Rite (3) The Primitive Rite in Africa (4) Traces of the Rite in Europe 
 (5) World-wide Sweep of the Rite, (6) Light from the Classics (7) The Bond of the 
 Covenant, (8) The Rite and its Token in Egypt (9) Other Gleams of the Rite. 
 Suggestions and Perversions of the Rite. (i) Sacredness of Blood and of the Heart 
 
 (2) vivifying Power of Blood (3) A. new Nature through new Blood (4) Life from 
 any Blood, and by a Touch (5) Inspiration through Blood (6) Inter-communion through 
 Blood (7) Symbolic Substitutes for Blood (8) Blood Covenant Involvings. Indications 
 of the Rite in the Bible. (i) Limitations of Inquiry (2) Primitive Teachings of Blood 
 
 (3) The Blood Covenant in Circumcision (4) The Blood Covenant Tested (5) The Blood 
 Covenant and its Tokens in the Passover (6) The Blood Covenant at Sinai (7) The 
 Blood Covenant in the Mosaic Ritual <8) The Primitive Rite Illustrated (9) The Blood 
 Covenant in the Gospels (10) The Blood Covenant applied. Importance of this Rite 
 strangely undervalued Life in the Blood, in the Heart, in the Liver Transmigration 
 of Souls The Blood-rite in Burmah Blood-stained Tree of the Covenant Blood- 
 drinking Covenant Cutting Blood-bathing Blood-ransoming The Covenant-reminder 
 Hints of Blood Union Topical Index Scriptural Index. 
 
 " An admirable study of a primitive belief and custom one of the utmost 
 importance in considering the growth of civilisation. ... In the details of 
 the work will be found much to attract the attention of the curious. Its 
 fundamental and essential value, however, is for the student of religions ; and 
 all such will be grateful to Dr Trumbull for THIS SOLID, INSTRUCTIVE, AND 
 
 ENLIGHTENING VfORK." Scotsman. 
 
 Square i6mo, Cloth, gilt edges, $s. 
 
 The Art of Judging the 
 Character of Individuals 
 
 FROM 
 their Handwriting and Style. 
 
 WITH 35 PLATES, CONTAINING 120 SPECIMENS OF THE 
 HANDWRITING OF VARIOUS CHARACTERS. 
 
 EDITED BY EDWARD LUMLEY. 
 
 CONTENTS, AND LIST OF PLATES. <i) Art of Judging the Character by the Handwrit- 
 ing, now first translated from the French: a. Introduction ; b. Character of Men from the 
 Handwriting ; c. Art of Judging Men by their Style (Plates i to 22) -(2) Account of alleged 
 Art of Reading the Character of Individuals in their Handwriting, by Dr W. Seller (Plates 
 23, 24, 25) (3) On Characteristic Signatures, by Stephen Collet, A.M. (Thomas Byerley} 
 ^Plates 26 to 32) (4) Autographs, by Isaac D'Israeli (5) Hints as to Autographs, by Sir 
 John Sinclair -(6) Characters in Writing, by Vigneul Marville (Dom Noel Dargonne) (7) 
 The Autograph a Test of Character, by Edgar A. Poe (Plates 33, 34) <8) Of Design, 
 Colouring, and Writing, by the Rev. J. Casper Lavater (Plate 35). 
 
George Redways Publications. 45 
 
 Post Svo, pp. xiii. and 220, Cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 The Life 
 
 OF 
 
 Philippus Theophrastus, Bombast of Hohenheim, 
 
 KNOWN BY THE NAME OF 
 
 Paracelsus. 
 
 AND THE SUBSTANCE OF HIS TEACHINGS CONCERNING 
 
 COSMOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, PNEUMATOLOGY, MAGIC 
 
 AND SORCERY, MEDICINE, ALCHEMY AND 
 
 ASTROLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 
 
 AND THEOSOPHY. 
 
 EXTRACTED AND TRANSLATED FROM HIS RARE AND EXTENSIVE 
 WORKS, AND FROM SOME UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS, 
 
 BY FRAN2 HARTMANN, M.D. 
 
 CONTENTS: The Life of Paracelsus Explanation of Terms Cosmology Anthropology 
 Pneumatology Magic and Sorcery Medicine Alchemy and Astrology Philosophy 
 and Theosophy Appendix. 
 
 - St James's Gazette describes this as "a book which will have some per- 
 manent value to the student of the occult," and says that "STUDENTS 
 SHOULD BE GRATEFUL FOR THIS BOOK, despite its setting of Theosophical 
 nonsense. " 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. x. and 124, Parchment, 6s. 
 
 The Raven. 
 
 BY EDGAR ALLAN POE. 
 WITH LITERARY AND HISTORICAL COMMENTARY BY JOHN H. INGRAM. 
 
 CONTENTS: Genesis The Raven, with Variorum Readings History Isadpre 
 Translations : French German Hungarian Latin Fabrications Parodies Biblio- 
 graphy Index. 
 
 "An interesting monograph on Poe's famous poem." Spectator. 
 
 " THERE is NO MORE RELIABLE AUTHORITY ON THE SUBJECT THAN MR 
 JOHN H. INGRAM. Much curious information is collected in his essay. 
 The volume is well printed and tastefully bound in spotless vellum. "- 
 Publishers' Circular. 
 
46 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. xxviii. and 184, Cloth, 5-r. 
 
 The History of Tithes, 
 
 From Abraham to Queen Victoria. 
 
 BY HENRY W. CLARKE. 
 
 CONTENTS: The History of Tithes before the Christian Era From the Christian Era 
 to A.D. 400 From A.D. 400 to A.D. 787 From A.D. 787 to A.D. 1000 From A.D. loooto A.D. 
 1215 From A.D. 1215 to the Dissolution of Monasteries Monasteries Infeudations 
 Exemption from Paving Tithes The Dissolution of Monasteries The Commutation Act 
 of 1836, 6 and 7 Will. IV., c. 71 Tithes in the City and Liberties of London Redemption 
 of Tithe Rent Charge Some Remarks on "A Defence of the Church of England against 
 Disestablishment," by the Earl of Selborne. 
 
 "An impartial and valuable array of facts and figures, which she 
 by all who are interested in the solution of the tithe problem." / 
 
 which should be read 
 -Athentzurn. 
 
 "THE BEST BOOK OF MODERATE SIZE YET PUBLISHED for the purpose of 
 
 enabling an ordinary reader to thoroughly understand the origin and history 
 of this ancient impost. " Literary World. 
 
 Crown Svo., pp. viii. and 184, Cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Burma as it was, as it is, and 
 as it will be. 
 
 BY JAMES GEORGE SCOTT. 
 
 (Shway Yoe.) 
 
 CONTENTS: I. The History Burma according to Native Theories Origin of the Bur- 
 meseEarly History First appearance of Europeans in Burma Worrying our Repre- 
 sentatives War with Burma The Inevitable End. II. The Country Lower Burma 
 Upper Burma The Irrawaddy to Mandalay Mandalay The Irrawaddyabove Mandalay. 
 IIL The People Burmese Kings Burmese Officials The Hloat-daw The Officers of 
 the Household Method of Appointment and Payment The People Their Faults- 
 Excellence as Buddhists Doctrine of Good Works Superstitions Lucky and Unlucky 
 
 Days The most Sociable of Men Freedom of the Women A Nation of Smokers 
 
 Contented with British Rule Ascendency of the Chinaman Trade Hill-tribes Their 
 Religion Hope for the Nomads The Kachyens. 
 
 The Saturday Review says : " Before going to help to govern them, 
 Mr Scott has once more written on the Burmese . . . Mr Scott claims 
 to have covered the whole ground, and as there is nobody competent to 
 criticise him except himself, we shall not presume to say how far he has 
 succeeded. What, however, may be asserted with absolute confidence is, 
 that he has written A BRIGHT, READABLE, AND USEFUL BOOK." 
 
George Redway's Publications. 47 
 
 LARGE PAPER EDITION, Royal 8vo, pp. xvi. and 60, ?s. 6d. 
 
 An Essay on the Genius of 
 George Cruikshank. 
 
 BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY. 
 Reprinted Verbatim from " The Westminster Review? 
 
 EDITED WITH A PREFATORY NOTE ON THACKERAY AS AN 
 ARTIST AND ART CRITIC, BY W. E. CHURCH. 
 
 WITH UPWARDS OF FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING ALL THE 
 
 ORIGINAL WOODCUTS, AND A NEW PORTRAIT OF CRUIKSHANK 
 
 ETCHED BY F. W, PAILTHORPE. 
 
 As the original copy of the Westminster is now excessively rare, this 
 re-issue will no doubt be welcomed by collectors. The new portrait of 
 Cruikshank by F. W. Pailthorpe is a clear firm etching. 
 
 Pp. 102, Cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Pope Joan 
 
 (THE FEMALE POPE); 
 A Historical Study. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK OF EMMANUEL RHOIDIS, 
 WITH PREFACE BY 
 
 CHARLES HASTINGS COLLETTE. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE TAKEN FROM THE ANCIENT MS. NUREMBERG 
 CHRONICLE, PRESERVED AT COLOGNE. 
 
 " The subject of Pope Joan will always have its attractions for the lovers of 
 the curiosities of history. Rhoidis discusses the topic with much learning and 
 ingenuity, and Mr Collette's Introduction is full of information. " Globe. 
 
48 George Redway's Publications. 
 
 Crown 8vv, pp. 40, printed on hand-made paper > Vellum Gilt, 6s. 
 
 The Bibliography of Swinburne ; 
 
 A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST, ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 ORDER, OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS, IN VERSE AND 
 
 PROSE, OF ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE 
 
 (1857-1887). 
 
 Only 250 copies printed. The compiler, writing on April 5, 1887, says: 
 "Born on April 5, 1837, in the year of Queen Victoria's Accession, of which 
 the whole nation is now celebrating the Jubilee, Algernon Charles Swinburne 
 to-day attains the jubilee or 5oth year of his own life, and may therefore be 
 claimed as an essentially and exclusively Victorian poet." 
 
 INDISPENSABLE TO SWINBURNE COLLECTORS. 
 
 Demy %vo t pp. xxiv. and 104, Cloth extra, Js. 6d. 
 
 The Astrologer's Guide 
 
 (ANIMA ASTROLOGI^E) ; 
 Or, A Guide for Astrologers. 
 
 BEING 
 
 THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIX CONSIDERATIONS OF 
 THE FAMOUS ASTROLOGER, GUIDO BONATUS, TRANS- 
 LATED FROM THE LATIN BY HENRY COLEY, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 THE CHOICEST APHORISMS OF THE SEVEN SEGMENTS 
 
 OF JEROME CARDAN OF MILAN, EDITED BY 
 
 WILLIAM LILLY (1675). 
 
 Now FIRST REPUBLISHED FROM A UNIQUE COPY OF THE 
 ORIGINAL EDITION, WITH NOTES AND A PREFACE, BY 
 
 WM. C ELDON SERJEANT, 
 
 FELLOW OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 *' Mr Serjeant deserves the thanks of all who are interested in astrology for 
 rescuing this important work from oblivion. . . . The growing interest in 
 mystical science will lead to a revival of astrological study, and ADVANCED 
 
 STUDENTS WILL FIND THIS BOOK AN INDISPENSABLE ADDITION TO THEIR 
 
 LIBRARIES. The book is well got up and printed." Theosophist. 
 
George Redways Publications. 49 
 
 i6tno, pp. xvi. and 148, Cloth extra^ 2s. 
 
 Tobacco Talk and Smokers' 
 Gossip. 
 
 AN AMUSING MISCELLANY OF FACT AND ANECDOTE RELATING 
 
 TO THE " GREAT PLANT " IN ALL ITS FORMS AND 
 
 USES, INCLUDING A SELECTION FROM 
 
 NICOTIAN LITERATURE. 
 
 CONTENTS: A Tobacco Parliament Napoleon's First Pipe A Dutch Poet and 
 Napoleon's Snuff- Box Frederick the Great as an Ass Too Small for Two A Smoking 
 Empress The Smoking Princesses An Incident on the G.W.R Raleigh's Tobacco Box 
 Bismarck's Last Cigar Bismarck's Cigar Story Moltke's Pound of Snuff Lord Brougham 
 as a Smoker Mazzini's Sang-froid as a Smoker Lord Clarendon as a Smoker Politics 
 and Snuff-Boxes Penn and Tobacco Tobacco and the Papacy The Snuff-Mull in the 
 Scotch Kirk Whateley as a Snuff-Taker The First Bishop who Smoked Pigs and 
 Smokers Jesuits' Snuff Kemble Pipes An Ingenious Smoker Anecdote of Dean 
 Aldrich Smoking to the Glory of God Professor Huxley on Smoking Blucher's Pipe- 
 Master Shakespeare and Tobacco Ben Jonson on Tobacco Lord Byron on Tobacco 
 Decamps and Horace Vernet Milton's Pipe Anecdote of Sir Isaac Newton Emersonand 
 Carlyle Paley and his Pipe Jules Sandeau on the Cigar The Pickwick of Fleet Street 
 The Obsequio of Havana The Social Pipe ( Thackeray) Triumph of Tobacco over Sack 
 and Ale The Smoking Philosopher Sam Slick on the Virtues of a Pipe Smoking in 1610 
 Bulwer-Lytton on Tobacco-Smoking Professor Sedgwick St Pierre on the Effect of 
 Tobacco Ode to Tobacco (C. S. CalverleyjTAzzt and Drink (Charles 
 
 Meerschaum (O. IV, Holmes) Charles Kingsley at Eversley Robert Burns's Snuff-Box 
 Robinson Crusoe's Tobacco Guizot Victor Hugo Mr Buckle as a Smoker Carlyle on 
 Tobacco A Poet's Pipe {Baudelaire)^ Pipe of Tobacco The Headsman's Snuff-box 
 The Pipe and Snuff-box (Cowper) Anecdote of Charles Lamb Gibbon as a Snuff-Taker 
 "Charles Lamb as a Smoker Farewell to Tobacco {Chas. Lamb} The Power of Smoke 
 (Thackeray) Thackeray as a Smoker Dickens as a Smoker Chewing and Spitting in 
 America Tennyson as a Smoker A Smoker's Opinion of Venice Coleridge's First Pipe 
 
 Richard Person Cruikshank and Tobacco Mr James Payn Mr Swinburne on 
 Raleigh The Anti-Tobacco Party "This Indian Weed " Dr Abernethy on Snuff-Taking 
 
 Abernethy and a Smoking Patient Tobacco and the Plague "The Greatest Tobacco 
 Stopper in all England " Dr Richardson on Tobacco Advice to Smokers Some Strange 
 Smokers The Etymology of Tobacco The Snuff called "Irish Blackguard" A Snuff- 
 Maker's Sign Mr Sala's Cigar-Shop Death of the "Yard of Clay" A Prodigious 
 Smoker A Professor of Smoking Tobacco in Time of War Ages attained by Great 
 Smokers A Maiden's Wish " Those Dreadful Cigars " How to take a Pinch of Snuff 
 The Tobacco Plant Fate of an Early Smoker Adding Insult to Injury Tom Brown on 
 Smoking The Snuff-Taker Tobacco in North America National Characteristics 
 Smoking at School Carlyle on ''The Veracities "Children's Pipes The Uses of Cigar 
 Ash An Inveterate Smoker A Tough Yarn Some French Smokers Riddles for Smokers 
 Cigar Manufacturing in Havana. 
 
 " One of the best books of gossip we have met for some time. ... It 
 is literally crammed full from beginning to end of its 148 pages with well- 
 selected anecdotes, poems, and excerpts from tobacco literature and history." 
 
 Graphic. 
 
 "The smoker should be grateful to the compilers of this pretty little 
 volume. . . . No SMOKER SHOULD BE WITHOUT IT, and anti-tobacconists 
 have only to turn over its leaves to be converted." Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 (t Something to please smokers ; and non-smokers may be interested in 
 tracing the effect of tobacco the fatal, fragrant herb on our literature." 
 Literary World. 
 
50 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Demy 8vo, pp. xliii. and 349, with Illustrations, Cloth extra, los. 6J. 
 
 The Mysteries of Magic ; 
 
 A Digest of the Writings of Eliphas Levi. 
 
 WITH BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL ESSAY 
 BY ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE. 
 
 CONTENTS: INITIATORY EXERCISES AND PREPARATIONS RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSO- 
 HICAL PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES The Hermetic Axiom, Faith The True God The 
 i hrist of God Mysteries of the Logos The True Religion The Reason of Prodigies, or 
 the Devil before Science SCIENTIFIC AND MAGICAL T HEOREMS On Numbers and their 
 Virtues^ Theory of Will Power The Translucid The great Magic Agent, or the 
 Mysteries of the Astral Light Magic Equilibrium The Magic Chain The great Magic 
 Arcanum THE DOCTRINE OF SPIRITUAL ESSENCES, OR KABBALISTIC PNEUMATICS ; WITH 
 THE MYSTERIES OF EVOCATION, NECROMANCY, AND BLACK MAGIC Immortality The 
 Astral Body Unity and Solidarity of Spirits The great Arcanum of Death, or Spiritual 
 Transition, Hierarchy, and Classification of Spirits Fluidic Phantoms and their Mysteries 
 Elementary Spirits and the Ritual of their Conjuration Necromancy Mysteries of the 
 Pentagram and other Pantacles Magical Ceremonial and Consecration of Talismans 
 Black Magjc and the Secrets of the Witches Sabbath Witchcraft and Spells The Key 
 of Mesmerism Modern Spiritualism THE GREAT PRACTICAL SECRETS OR REALISATIONS 
 OF MAGICAL SCIENCE The "Magnum Opus" The Universal Medicine Renewed Youth 
 Transformations Divination Astrology The Tarot, the Book of Hermes, or of Koth 
 Kternal Life, or Profound Peace EPILOGUE SUPPLEMENT The Kabbalah Thaumatur- 
 gical Experiences of Eliphas LeVi Evocation of Apollonius of Tyana Ghosts in Paris 
 J'he Magician and the Medium Eliphas LeVi and the Sect of Eugene Vintras The 
 Magician and the Sorcerer Secret History of the Assassination of the Archbishop of Paris 
 NOTES. 
 
 " Of the many remarkable men who have gained notoriety by their profici- 
 ency, real or imaginary, in the Black Arts, probably none presents a more 
 strange and irreconcileable character than the French magician Alphonse Louis 
 Constant. . . . Better known under the Jewish pseudonym of filiphas 
 Levi Zahed, this enthusiastic student of forbidden art made some stir in 
 France, and even in London. . . . His WORKS ON MAGIC ARE THOSE OF 
 AN UNDOUBTED GENIUS, and divulge a philosophy beautiful in conception, if 
 
 totally opposed to common sense principles There is so great a fund 
 
 of learning and of attractive reasoning in these writings, that Mj: Arthur 
 Edward Waite has published a digest of them for the benefit of English 
 readers. This gentleman has not attempted a literal translation in every 
 case, but has arranged a volume which, while reproducing with sufficient 
 accuracy a great portion of the more interesting works, affords an excellent 
 idea of the scope of the entire literary remains of an enthusiast for whom he 
 entertains a profound admiration. . . . The reader may with profit peruse 
 carefully the learned dissertations penned by M. Constant upon the Hermetic 
 art treated as a religion, a philosophy, and a natural science. ... In view 
 of the remarkable exhibitions of mesmeric influence and thought reading 
 which have been recently given, it is not improbable that the thoughtful 
 reader may find a clue in the writings of this cultured and amiable magician 
 to the secret of many of the manifestations of witchcraft that formerly struck 
 wonder and terror into the hearts of simple folks. . . ." The Morning 
 Post. 
 
George Redways Publications. 5 1 
 
 "The present single volume is a digest of half-a-dozen books enumerated 
 by the present author in a 'biographical and critical essay' with which 
 he prefaces his undertaking. These are the Dogme et Ritual de la Haute 
 Magie, the Histoire de la Magie, the Clef des Grands Mysteres, the 
 Sorrier de Mcndon, the Philosophic Occulte, and the Science des Esprits. 
 To attack the whole series which, indeed, it might be difficult to obtain 
 now in a complete form would be a bold undertaking, but Mr Waite 
 has endeavoured to give his readers the essence of the whole six books in a 
 relatively compact compass. . . . THE BOOK BEFORE us is ENCYCLOPEDIC 
 IN ITS RANGE, and it would be difficult to find a single volume which is better 
 calculated to supply modern inquiries with a general conception of the scope 
 and purpose of the occult sciences at large. It freely handles, amongst 
 others, the ghastly topics of witchcraft and black magic, but certainly 
 it would be difficult to imagine any reader tempted to enter those pathways 
 of experiment by the picture of their character and purpose that Eliphas L6vi 
 supplies. In this way the intrepid old Kabbalist, though never troubling his 
 readers with sublime exhortations in the interests of virtue, writes under the 
 inspiration of an uncompromising devotion to the loftiest ideals, and all his 
 philosophy ' makes for righteousness.' " Mr A. P. Sinnett in Light. 
 
 "We are grateful to Mr Waite for translating the account of how L^vi, in 
 a lone chamber in London, called up the spirit of Apollonius of Tyana. 
 This very creepy composition is written in quite the finest manner of the late 
 Lord Lytton when he was discoursing upon the occult." The Saturday 
 Review* 
 
 Demy iSmo, pp. vi. and 132, with Woodcuts, Fancy Cloth, \s. 
 
 John Leech, Artist and 
 Humourist. 
 
 A Biographical Sketch. 
 
 BY FRED. G. KITTON. 
 
 New Edition, Revised. 
 
 " In the absence of a fuller biography we cordially welcome Mr Kitton's 
 interesting little sketch. " Notes and Queries. 
 
 "The multitudinous admirers of the famous artist will find this touching 
 monograph well worth careful reading and preservation." Daily Chronicle. 
 
 "THE VERY MODEL OF WHAT SUCH A MEMOIR SHOULD BE." Graphic. 
 
52 George Redways Publications. 
 
 4/0, with Frontispiece, pp. xxx. and 154, Parchment, los. 6d. 
 
 THE HERMETIC WORKS. 
 
 The Virgin of the World 
 
 OF 
 
 Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus. 
 
 Now FIRST RENDERED INTO ENGLISH, WITH ESSAY, 
 INTRODUCTIONS, AND NOTES, 
 
 BY DR ANNA KINGSFORD AND EDWARD MAITLAND, 
 
 AUTHORS OF "THE PERFECT WAY." 
 
 Published under the auspices of the Hermetic Society. Essays on "The 
 Hermetic Books," by E. M., and on "The Hermetic System and the 
 Significance of its Present Revival," by A. K. " The Virgin of the World " 
 is followed by " Asclepios on Initiation," the " Definitions of Asclepios," 
 and the " Fragments of Hermes." 
 
 " It will be a most interesting study for every occultist to compare the 
 doctrines of the ancient Hermetic philosophy with the teaching of the 
 Vedantic and Buddhist systems of religious thought. THE FAMOUS BOOKS 
 OF HERMES seem to occupy, with reference to the Egyptian religion, the 
 same position which the Upanishads occupy in Aryan religious literature." 
 Theosophist, November, 1885. 
 
 Imperial \6mo t pp. 16, wrapper, printed on Whatman's hand-made paper. 
 250 copies only, each mimbered. $s. 
 
 A Word for the Navy. 
 
 BY ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE. 
 
 "Mr Swinburne's new patriotic song, ' A Word for the Navy,' is as fiery 
 in its denunciation of those he believes to be antagonistic to the welfare of the 
 country as was his lyric with which he startled the readers of the Times one 
 morning. " Athenaum. 
 
 The publisher of this poem is also the sole proprietor of the copyright ; it cannot 
 therefore be included in Mr Sivinbume's collected works. 
 
George Redways Publications. 53 
 
 4/0, //. 121, Illustrated with a number of beautiful Symbolical Figures, 
 Parchment gilt ', price ios. 6d. 
 
 ASTROLOGY THEOLOGIZED. 
 
 The Spiritual Hermeneutics of 
 Astrology and Holy Writ. 
 
 BEING A TREATISE UPON THE INFLUENCE OF THE STARS 
 
 ON MAN AND ON THE ART OF RULING THEM BY 
 
 THE LAW OF GRACE. 
 
 (Reprinted from the original of 1649.) 
 
 WITH A PREFATORY ESSAY ON THE TRUE METHOD OF 
 INTERPRETING HOLY SCRIPTURE, 
 
 BY ANNA BONUS KINGSFOto. 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. 
 
 CONTENTS : What Astrology is, and what Theology; and how they have reference 
 one to another Concerning the Subject of Astrology Of the three parts of Man; 
 Spirit, Soul, and Body, from whence every one is taken, and how one is in the other 
 Of the Composition of the Microcosm, that is Man, from the Macrocosm, the great World 
 That all kind of Sciences, Studies, Actions, and Lives, flourishing amongst Men on the 
 Earth and Sea, do testify that all Astrology, that is, Natural Wisdom, with all its Species, 
 is and is to be really found in every Man. And so all things, whatsoever Men act on 
 Earth, are produced, moved, governed, and acted from the Inward Heaven. And what 
 are the Stars which a Wise Man ought to rule. Touching a double Firmament and Star 
 in every Man; and that by the Benefit of Regeneration in the Exercise of the Sabbath, a 
 Man may be transposed from a worse nature into a better Touching the Distribution of 
 all Astrology into the Seven Governors of the World, and their Operations and Offices, as 
 well in the Macrocosm as in the Microcosm Touching the Astrology of Saturn, of what 
 kind it is, and how it ought to be Theologized A Specifical Declaration, how the Astrology 
 of Saturn in Man ought to be and may be Theologized. 
 
 The St James's Gazette says : " It is well for Dr Anna Kingsford that she 
 was not born into the sidereal world four hundred years ago. Had that been 
 her sorry fate, she would assuredly have been burned at the stake for her 
 preface to ' Astrology Theologized.' It is a very long preface more than 
 half the length of the treatise it introduces ; IT CONTAINS SOME OF THE 
 FINEST FLOWERS OF THEOSOPHICAL PHILOSOPHY, and of course makes 
 very short work of Christianity." 
 
54 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Crown Sv0, pp. 56, printed on Whatman* s Handmade Paper, Vellum Gilt, 6s. 
 
 Hints to Collectors 
 
 Of Original Editions of the Works of 
 Charles Dickens. 
 
 BY CHARLES PLUMPTRE JOHNSON. 
 Including Books, Plays, and Portraits, there are 167 items fully described. 
 
 "This is a sister volume to the ' Hints to Collectors of First Editions of 
 Thackeray,' which we noticed a month or two ago. As we are unable 
 to detect any slips in his work, we must content ourselves with thanking 
 him for the correctness of his annotations. It is unnecessary to repeat our 
 praise of the elegant format of these books." Academy. 
 
 Crown %vo t pp. 48, printed on Whatman's Handmade Paper, Vellum Gilt, dr. 
 
 Hints to Collectors 
 
 Of Original Editions of the Works of William 
 Makepeace Thackeray. 
 
 BY CHARLES PLUMPTRE JOHNSON. 
 
 " . . . .A guide to those who are great admirers of Thackeray, and are 
 collecting first editions of his works. The dainty little volume, bound 
 in parchment and printed on hand -made paper, is very concise and convenient 
 in form ; on each page is an exact copy of the title-page of the work 
 mentioned thereon, a collation of pages and illustrations, useful hints on the 
 differences in editions, with other matters INDISPENSABLE TO COLLECTORS. 
 . . . Altogether it represents a large amount of labour and experience." 
 Spectator. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 55 
 
 Large Crown $>vo, pp. xxxii. and 324, Cloth extra, Gilt Top, los. 6d. 
 
 Sea Song and River Rhyme, 
 
 From Chaucer to Tennyson. 
 
 SELECTED AND EDITED BY 
 
 ESTELLE DAVENPORT ADAMS. 
 
 WITH A NEW POEM BY ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE. 
 
 WITH TWELVE ETCHINGS. 
 
 In general, the Songs and Poetical Extracts are limited to those which 
 deal with the Sea and Rivers as natural objects, and are either descriptive or 
 reflective. The Etchings are printed in different colours ; the headpieces are 
 also original. 
 
 "The book is, on the whole, one of the best of its kind ever ptiblished." 
 Glasgow Herald. 
 
 "The editor has made the selection with praiseworthy judgment." 
 Morning Post. 
 
 " Twelve really exquisite and delicately executed etchings of sea and river- 
 side accompany and complete THIS BEAUTIFUL VOLUME." Morning Post. 
 
 ' ' A special anthology, delightful in itself, and possessing the added graces 
 of elegant printing and dainty illustrations." Scotsman. 
 
 "The volume is got up in the handsomest style, and includes a dozen 
 etchings of sea and river scenes, some of which are exquisite." Literary 
 World. 
 
 Crown 8vo, pp. xl. and 420, Cloth extra, los. 6d. 
 
 The History of the Forty Vezirs; 
 
 Or, The Story of the Forty Morns and Eves. 
 
 WRITTEN IN TURKISH BY SHEYKH-ZADA ; 
 DONE INTO ENGLISH BY E. J. W. GIBB, M.R.A.S. 
 
 The celebrated Turkish romance, translated from a printed but undated 
 text procured a few years ago in Constantinople. 
 
 "A delightful addition to the wealth of Oriental stories available to 
 English readers. . . . Mr Gibb has considerately done everything to help 
 the reader to an intelligent appreciation of THIS CHARMING BOOK."- 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 SIR RICHARD F. BURTON says : " In my opinion, the version is definite 
 and final. The style is light and pleasant, with the absolutely necessary 
 flavour of quaintness ; and the notes, though short and few, are sufficient and 
 satisfactory." 
 
56 George Redway's Piiblications. 
 
 Complete in 12 Vols. 3 nett. 
 
 The Antiquarian Magazine and 
 Bibliographer. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 EDWARD WALFORD, M.A. AND G. W. REDWAY, F.R.H.S. 
 
 This illustrated periodical, highly esteemed by students of English 
 antiquities, biography, folk-lore, bibliography, numismatics, genealogy, 
 &c., was founded in 1882 by Mr Edward Walford, and completed in 
 1887 under the editorship of Mr G. W. Redway. ONLY SOME THIRTY 
 COMPLETE SETS REMAIN, and they are offered at a very moderate price. 
 
 CONTENTS OF VOLS. XI. AND XII. : Domesday Book Frostiana Some Kentish 
 Proverbs The Literature of Almanacks " Madcap Harry " and Sir John Pophatn 
 Tom Coryate and his Crudities Notes on John Wilkes and Boswell's Life of Johnson 
 The Likeness of Christ The Life, Times, and Writings of Thomas Fuller Society in the 
 Elizabethan Age Chapters from Family Chests Collection of Parodies Rarities in 
 the Locker- Lampson Collection A Day with the late Mr Edward Solly The Defence 
 of England in the i6th Century The Ordinary from Mr Thomas Jenyn's Booke 
 of Armes A Forgotten Cromwellian Tomb Visitation of the Monasteries in the Reign 
 of Henry the Eighth The Rosicrucians The Seilliere Library A Lost Work Romances 
 of Chivalry Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland The Art of 
 the Old English Potter The Story of the Spanish Armada Books for a Reference Library 
 Myth-LandSir Bevis of Hampton Cromwell and the Saddle Letter of Charles I. 
 Recent Discoveries at Rome Folk-Lore of British Birds An old Political Broadside 
 Notes for Coin Collectors Higham Priory By-Ways of Periodical Literature Memoir 
 of Captain Dalton A History of the Parish of Mortlake, in the County of Surrey 
 Historic Towns Exeter Traits and Stones of Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese The Pre- 
 History of the North The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman The 
 Curiosities of Ale The Books and Bookmen of Reading How to trace a Pedigree 
 The Language of the Law Words, Idioms, &c,, of the Vulgar The Romans in 
 Cumbria The Study of Coins An Un-bowdlerised Boccaccio The Kabbalah The 
 House of Aldus Bookselling in Little Britain Copper-plates and Woodcuts by the 
 Bewicks Excavations at Ostia Sir Sages of Somerset The Good Queen Bertha The 
 popular Drama of the Past Relics of Astrologic Idioms A Leaf from an Old Account 
 Book The Romance of a Gibbet General Pardons Thorscross or Thurscrpss(Yorkshire) 
 The Genesis of " In Memoriam " The Influence of Italian upon English Literature 
 The Trade Signs of Essex The Ancient Cities of the New World The Legendary 
 History of the Cross History of Runcorn The Rosicrucians ; their Rites and Mysteries 
 Old Glasgow Families The House of Aldus Merlin, the Prophet of the Celts A 
 facetious Advertisement Funeral Garlands Bookselling on London Bridge Millom 
 Cumberland A forgotten Children's Book of Charles Dickens The Rothschilds; a 
 Trilogy of the Life to come The Beer of the Bible Story of the Drama in Exeter 
 By-Ways of Periodical Literature Reading Anecdotes Tennysonian and Thackerayan 
 Rarities The Origin and History of Change Ringing More Vulgar Words and Phrases 
 The popular Drama of the past Some Poems attributed to Byron The Marriage of 
 Cupid and Psyche Sketches of Life in Japan The first nine years of the Bank of 
 England The Brunswick Accession History of the Bassandyne Bible Peculiar Courts 
 Vulgar Etymologies Nuremburg Metal Pan-making in England The Pews of the 
 Past Octocentenary of the Death of William the Conqueror A Black Magician The 
 Allegorical Signification of the Tinctures in Heraldry The Purpose of the Ages The 
 Sieges of Pontefract Castle A Life of John Colet The History of Sport in Cheshire- 
 Tom Coryat and his Crudities The Tarot : an Antique Method of Divination Law 
 French The Pews of the Past Shropshire Folk-Lore The Printed Book St Mary 
 Overies Priory Church, Southwark Some curious passages from Baker's Chronicle The 
 resting-place of Cromwell A Library of Rarities Europe in the reign of James the 
 Sixth Myths, Scenes, and Worthies of Somerset Herefordshire Words and Phrases 
 Chronicles of an Old Inn Epitaphs The Gnostics and their Remains Collectanea 
 Meetings of Learned Societies News and Notes Obituary Memoirs Correspondence 
 Vos Valete et Plaudite. 
 
George Redway's Publications. 57 
 
 Large Demy 8w, pp. xx. and 268, Cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 Sultan Stork; 
 
 And other Stories and Sketches. 
 
 BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY. 
 
 (1829-1844.) 
 Now FIRST COLLECTED. 
 
 To WHICH IS ADDED THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THACKERAY, REVISED 
 AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED. 
 
 Contains two unpublished letters of A. C. Swinburne, Thackeray's contributions to "The 
 National Standard," "The Snob," also " Dickens in France," " Letters on the Fine Arts," 
 " Elizabeth Brownrigge : A Tale," &c. 
 
 " Thackeray collectors, however, have only to be told that NONE OF THE 
 
 PIECES NOW PRINTED APPEAR IN THE TWO VOLUMES RECENTLY ISSUED by 
 
 Messrs Smith, Elder, & Co., in order to make them desire their possession. 
 They will also welcome the revision of the Bibliography, since it now 
 presents a complete list, arranged in chronological order, of Thackeray's 
 published writings in prose and verse, and also of his sketches and drawings." 
 Daily Chronicle. 
 
 '"Sultan Stork' .... is undoubtedly the work of Mr Thackeray, and 
 is quite pretty and funny enough to have found a place in his collected 
 miscellanies. ' Dickens in France ' is as good in its way as Mr Thackeray's 
 analysis of Alexander Dumas' 'Kean' in the 'Paris Sketch-Book.' . . . 
 There are other slight sketches in this volume which are evidently by Mi- 
 Thackeray, and several of his obiter dicta in them are worth preserving. . . . 
 We do not assume to fix Mr Thackeray's rank or to appraise his merits as an 
 art critic. We only know that, in our opinion, few of his minor writings are 
 so pleasant to read as his shrewd and genial comments on modern painters 
 and paintings." Saturday Review. 
 
 "ADMIRERS OF THACKERAY MAY BE GRATEFUL FOR A REPRINT OF 
 
 ' SULTAN STORK.' " Athenicum. 
 
58 George Redways Publications. 
 
 Demy Svo, pp. viii. and 68, Parchment, Js. 6ti. 
 
 Primitive Symbolism as 
 Illustrated in Phallic Worship; 
 
 Or, The Reproductive Principle. 
 
 BY HODDER M. WESTROPP. 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY GENERAL FORLONG. 
 
 " This work is a mult urn in paruo of the growth and spread of Phallicism, 
 as we commonly call the worship of nature or fertilizing powers. I felt, when 
 solicited to enlarge and illustrate it on the sudden death of the lamented 
 author, that it would be desecration to touch so complete a compendium 
 
 by ONE OF THE MOST COMPETENT AND SOUNDEST THINKERS WHO HAVE 
 
 WRITTEN ON THIS WORLD-WIDE FAITH. None knew better or saw more 
 clearly than Mr Westropp that in this oldest symbolism and worship lay the 
 foundations of all the goodly systems we call Religions." T. G. R. FORLONG. 
 "A well-selected repertory of facts illustrating this subject, which should 
 be read by all who are interested in the study of the growth of religions." 
 Westminster Revinv. 
 
 Fcap. Svo, 80 pp., Vellum, los. 6d. 
 
 Beauty and the Beast; 
 
 Or, a Rough Outside with a Gentle Heart. 
 
 A POEM. 
 BY CHARLES LAMB. 
 
 Now FIRST REPRINTED FROM THE ORIGINAL EDITION OF 1811, 
 WITH PREFACE AND NOTES BY RICHARD HERNE SHEPHERD. 
 
 For three quarters of a century this charming fragment of Lamb's genius 
 lay buried ; even the author seems to have forgotten its existence, since 
 we find no reference, either direct or indirect, to the little tale in Lamb's 
 published correspondence, or in any of the Lamb books. The credit of a 
 discovery highly interesting to all lovers of Charles Lamb is due to the 
 industry and sagacity of Mr John Pearson, formerly of 15 York Street, 
 Covent Garden. 
 
 The publisher has now endeavoured to place the booklet beyond future 
 chance of loss by reproducing ONE HUNDRED COPIES for the use of libraries 
 and collectors. 
 
George Redways Publications. 59 
 
 iSmo, pp. xxvi. and 174, Cloth extra, 2s. 
 
 Wellerisms, 
 
 From " Pickwick " and " Master Humphrey's 
 Clock." 
 
 SELECTED BY CHARLES F. RIDEAL, 
 AND EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION, BY CHARLES KENT. 
 
 Among the Contents are : Sam Weller's Introduction Old Weller at Doctor's Commons- 
 Sam on a Legal Case Self-acting Ink Out with It Sam's Old White Hat Independent 
 Voters Proud o' the Title The Weller Philosophy The Twopenny Rope Job Trotter's 
 Tears Sam's Misgivings as to Mr Pickwick Clear the Way for the Wheelbarrow Unpack- 
 ing the Lunch Hamper Battledore and Shuttlecock A True Londoner Spoiling the Beadle 
 Old Weller's Remedy for the Gout Sam on Cabs Poverty and Oysters Old Weller on 
 Pikes Sam's Power of Suction Veller and Gammon Sam as Master of the Ceremonies 
 
 Sam before Mr Nupkins Sam's Introduction to Mary and the Cook Something behind the 
 Door Sam and Master Bardell Good Wishes to Messrs Dodspn & Fogg Sam and his 
 Mother-in-Law The Shepherd's Water Rates Stiggins as an Arithmetician Sam and the 
 Fat Boy Compact and Comfortable Apologue of the Fat Man's Watch Medical Students 
 Sam Subpoenaed Disappearance of the "Sausage" Maker Sam Weller's Valentine Old 
 Weller's Plot Tea Drinking at Brick Lane The Soldier's Evidence Inadmissible Sam's 
 " Wision " Limited A Friendly " Swarry " The Killebeate Sam and the Surly Groom 
 Mr Pickwick's Dark Lantern The Little Dirty-faced Man Old Weller Inexorable Away 
 with Melancholy Post Boys and Donkeys A Vessel Old Weller's Threat Sam's Dis- 
 missal of the Fat Boy Is she a " Widder " ? Bill Blinder's Request The Watch-box 
 Boy. 
 
 " . . . . THE BEST SAYINGS of the immortal Sam and his sportive parent 
 are collected here. The book may be taken up for a few minutes with the 
 certainty of affording amusement, and it can be carried away in the pocket. " 
 Literary World. 
 
 " It was a very good idea . . . the extracts are very numerous . . . here 
 nothing is missed.'' Glasgow Herald. 
 
 Demy 8v0, pp. 99, with Protractor and 16 plates, coloured and plain. 
 Cloth gilt, is. 6d. 
 
 Geometrical Psychology ; 
 
 Or, The Science of Representation. 
 
 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THEORIES AND DIAGRAMS OF 
 B. W. BETTS. 
 
 BY LOUISA S. COOK. 
 
 "His attempt seems to have taken a similar direction to that of George 
 Boole in logic, with the difference that, whereas Boole's expression of the 
 Laws of Thought is algebraic, Betts' expresses mind-growth geometrically ; 
 
60 George Redways Publications. 
 
 that is to cay, his growth -formulae are expressed in numerical series, of which 
 each can be pictured to the eye in a corresponding curve. When the series 
 are thus represented, they are found to resemble the forms of leaves and 
 flowers." Mary Boole, in " Symbolic Methods of Stttdy." 
 
 The Pall Mall Gazette, in a characteristic article entitled, " Very Methodi- 
 cal Madness," allows that " Like Rosicrucianism, esoteric Buddhism, and 
 other forms of the mystically incomprehensible, it seems to exercise a 
 magnetic influence upon many minds by no means as foolish as its original 
 inventor's." 
 
 "This work is the result of more than twenty years' application to the dis- 
 covery of a method of representing human consciousness in its various stages of 
 development by means of geometrical figures it is, in fact, THE APPLICATION 
 OF MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLOGY TO METAPHYSICS. This idea will be new 
 to many of our readers ; indeed, so far as we know, Mr Belts is the only 
 man who has tried to work out a coherent system of this kind, though his 
 work unfortunately remains imperfect." Theosophist, June 1887. 
 
 8w, pp. 32, Wrapper, is. 
 
 On Mesmerism. 
 
 BY A. P. SINNETT. 
 
 Issued as a Transaction of the London Lodge of the Theosophical Society, 
 of which Mr Sinnett is President, this pamphlet forms AN ADMIRAUI.I. 
 INTRODUCTION to the study of Mesmerism. 
 
 LONDON: GEORGE REDWAY.