PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, 1867. REPORTS OF 'THE .UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. REPORT COTTON, BY E . K . M IT D <3r E , UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER, WITH A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, JiY B. F. NOUBSE, HONORARY COMMISSIONER. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1869. PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, -1867. REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. EIP O R T UPON COTTON, BY E . R . M IT D Cr E , UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER, WITH A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, BY B. F. NOURSE, HONORARY COMMISSIONER. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTIXG OFFICE. 1869. CONTENTS. REPORT UPON COTTON BY THE SUB-COMMITTEE, PARIS, 1867. List of cotton samples exhibited and referred to in the reports. p. 8. SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT. CHAPTER I. THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. Repeal of the cotton tax and its effect The planting in 1868 Estimated crop of 1868- '69 and its consequences Deficiency in the cotton supply The future product Past accumulation Present and future increase of wealth in the cotton States Opportu- nity for cotton-spinning Want of laborers Large plantations must give place to small cotton farms Restoration of worn-out soils The South Carolina phosphates . Improvements Selection of seed, &c. pp. 9-22. . CHAPTER II. SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. Introductory United States First cotton planting Prominent incidents in colonial times Invention of cotton spinning machinery First exports Whitney's cotton gin Comparative progress of cotton consumption Sea Island cotton Statistics of cotton production British India Egypt Brazil West Indies and Guiana Tur- key Other countries. pp. 22-50. CHAPTER III. COTTON MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES. Prominent events in the history of the cotton manufacture Statistics of manufacture Averages of spindles Returns from cotton mills Comparative statement of the movements of cotton in Europe and the United States Conclusion. pp. 50-69. APPENDICES. Page. A. CAPITAL INVESTED IN THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN 1835 70 B. THE AUGUSTA COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF AUGUSTA, GEORGIA 71 C. NATIVE PHOSPHATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA 71 D. BRITISH COTTON TRADE AND MANUFACTURES 74 E. EXPORTS OF COTTON GOODS FROM NEW YORK 86 F. COTTON-SPINNING IN THE UNITED STATES 88 G. EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM THE UNITED STATES 89 H. COTTON-GROWING IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES REPORT OF THE PRO- CEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION 90 I. NOTICE OF ERRONEOUS COTTON STATISTICS 91 K. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS OF COTTON AND OF THE AWARDS 93 L. EEPORT UPON THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON, by M. ENGEL DOLLFUS, Mem- ber of the International Jury. [Translated from Vol. VI of the " Rapports du Jury International."] 9(5 EEEATUM. Page 19, line 18, for " adequate," read inadequate. COTTON. KEPOET OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE. FROM THE COMMITTEE ON RAW MATERIALS AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF, ETC. The few samples of cotton exhibited from the United States were not worthy of special mention as representing this great staple. The i < Cotton Supply Association" of Manchester, England, had, however, prepared and sent to the Exposition some cases, in which were arranged, suitably for comparison and contrast, samples of all the cotton of the world that is to say, samples from every country and of every kind from each country, whence was produced the cotton which made up the commercial supply of the world for the past year. The Committee regarded this, as in itself, a literal and truthful exhibition of the cotton " of all nations," and there- fore a better and more convincing report than anything descriptive that could be written to show the present position of our country in relation to others in cotton growing. By the aid and courtesy of the secretary of the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, a similar collection of samples, but more full and complete, was prepared at Manchester by request of the Committee, and is hereby submitted in connection with this report, and with the suggestion that the two cases containing the collection be placed for preservation and reference in one of the public offices at Washington. In the two cases are 154 1 samples from more than 40 different countries or localities, and 12 samples of cotton seed. During the progress of our civil war the scarcity of cotton carried prices very high, reaching in Liverpool to 3ld. per pound for middling Orleans, and 24rf. for fair Surats. The high prices and extraordinary demand thus created caused and extended the cultivation of cotton throughout the world wherever the proper physical conditions existed. In 1860 the cotton product of the United States supplied home con- sumption, and 85 per cent, of that of Europe. In 1864 the United States imported cotton from Liverpool and from some producing countries, and of the consumption of Europe less than 10 per cent, was of the growth of the United States. Two remarkable effects resulted during this period : first, the improve- ment and adaptation of machinery for spinning the short staples of India, China, Japan, &c.; second, an improvement, still more important as favoring their use in the place of American cotton, obtained in the char- acter of their staple by the use annually of American or Egyptian seed. This change of seed has produced in the east cotton which approaches 1 See list of these appended hereto. -IjNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. closely our up?and cotton in spinning value. A further change for the better has beeii\made in the preparation for market of the great bulk of India cotton, which formerly was so badly charged with field waste and other dirt that the classifications of American cotton could not be applied to it. This adulteration has been lessened very materially. Thus it appears that the improved character of the cotton, in staple and cleanliness, con- curs with the improved machinery and methods of use, to make India cotton approximate much nearer the value of American cotton for all coarse and medium work than before the war. British India is our chief competitor in supplying the world with cotton We have noticed their relative improvement during our disability. It should be noted here that our country offers a higher price for labor than any other. The cotton-growing States cannot be an exception. Other countries that produce cotton to any considerable extent, such as Egypt and India, have labor at the lowest price that of a cheap subsistence. The position of the planter in America should be contrasted with that of the planter in India, both hiring labor, the one at the practical cost of $25 per month, the other at a cost of $25 per year. A like contrast should be made between the ryot of India and the farmer of America, such as it is hoped and believed will be most of our southern citizens, both white and black, who have no labor but their own and their families, when the only salable product of their few acres shall no longer be taxed. The annual cotton statistics of the United States are made up to 1st September. It is the point of time between the old crop just gone and the new crop just coming in. It is a fair time at which to take the annual average price. Middling cotton was worth in New York 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. September 1 Cents. 22 Cents. 52 Cents. 67 Cents. 187 Cents. Cents. 45 35 Average of the year ending September 1 18 431 76 117 60 1 38 Owing to the great fluctuations in the rates for sterling exchange, or gold, the price at New York varied from that in Liverpool, where cotton statistics are made at the end of the year, when the price was for mid- dling Orleans: 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. December 31 Pence. 12 Pence. 22 Pence. 27i Pence. 27 Pence. 21 Pence. 15 A verBge of year 7| 16 26J 19 COTTON. 5 For the five years, 1856-'60, the average consumption of cotton in the world was, per anmini In Europe N 3,755,000 bales, or 1,574,700,000 pounds. In the United States 720,000 bales, or 331,300,000 pounds. Total amounts 4,475,000 bales, or 1,906,000,00ft pounds. Of which was grown in the United States 3,585,000 bales, or 1,606,000,000 pounds, equal to 84.26 per cent, of the whole. In 1864 the whole import of cotton into Great Britain was 2,587,000 bales, of which only 197,000 bales, or less than eight per cent. (7.62) were of United States growth; while other countries supplied 92.38 per cent., or 2,390,000 bales, so rapid was the increase in their production. In 1865 and 1866, countries other than the United States supplied 83.28 per cent, and .69 per cent, respectively, or 2,293,000 bales, out of an import of 2,755,000* bales, and 2,587,000 out of an import of 3,750,000, notwithstanding that 50 per cent, had been lost from the highest price, or from 31 pence per pound in 1864 to 20 pence in 1865, and 15 pence in 1866. At this time (August, 1867) the value of cotton is still declining. In England the decline encountered already since the close of our war has been most disastrous to importers and others dealing in cotton ; and it is believed that prices will fall to or below seven pence per pound for fair Dhollerah, (Surats,) and nine pence per pound for middling Xew Orleans, which last price would be equivalent to 20 cents per pound in Xew York, or 19 cents per pound in Xew Orleans. The import to Europe (principally to Great Britain) from India is already large, and will probably exceed 1,500,000 bales for this year, or nearly the same as last year; while the crop of the United States for 1866- 7 7, including the stock remaining September 1, 1866, will hardly exceed 2,000,000 bales, from which 700,000 must be taken for home use, leaving for export only 1,300,000 bales, or less than the supply to Great Britain from India alone. Thus it appears that while prices have fallen so far, and are yet falling from year to year, the production of cotton in other countries is contin- ued on a scale so large that a large surplus remains over at the end of each year, and the United States crop supplies only about 35 per cent, of the European consumption. It is estimated that our crop this year will be more than 2,500,000 bales, if the picking season be favorable, and that other countries will produce as much as the average of the last, three years, if not more, which may be shipped to Europe in greater or less quantities, as the prices shall be higher or lower. Should these estimates be sustained by the fact, it seems to follow as a necessity of the bad state of the trade that prices shall decline to a range below a just value in view of the probable future supply, and far below the cost to tjie planter who has hired labor to make his crop. For the moment, the effect of so great 6 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. cheapening of prices is to lessen the demand instead of increasing it, because the business of manufacturers, which is the source of demand for consumption, is itself suffering and unprofitable under a great decline in the value of their products, and the trade insists upon further conces- sion in view of the present and impending decline in the raw material. Suppose cotton shall decline to 20 cents per pound for middling in New York. This would return to the planter only 16 cents on his plantation, and the planter who has been able to make his crop with hired labor at a cost not exceeding 16 cents must have had very favorable conditions. If the price shall be only 16 cents in ]S"ew York, (which should not be regarded as impossible in view of the possible supply, and the fact that the average price before the war was for many years below 10 cents,) if the price shall be only 16 cents in New York, or 12 cents to the planter, he cannot pay his hired laborers with the entire net proceeds. A tax of 2 cents per pound on 16 cents, if the planter shall get so much, is equal to 15f per cent, arid on 12 cents is 20f per cent. 1 When the first excise tax of 3 cents per pound was laid upon cotton, middling American cotton was worth 50 cents per pound. At such a price there would have been great profit in cotton growing, if fair crops were obtained, and the tax would have been lightly felt. The price fell to 35 cents the following year, notwithstanding such a failure of the crop as left that price unremunerative, and at the close of the last ses- sion Congress reduced the tax to 2J cents per pound. When Congress again assembles the price of the new crop will be known, and the proportion which 2 cents per pound bears to it. During many years the English manufacturers have sought to extend and improve cotton planting in various countries. In promoting this object the Manchester Cotton Supply Association has been the chief, as it has been the most able and efficient, agency. Its thorough organiza- tion for gathering and transmitting information to and from all parts of the world prepared it for the emergency occasioned by our war, when it was necessary, by prompt diffusion of information, encouragement, seeds, machinery, &c., to avert the threatened exhaustion of the supply of this important material, and mitigate the evils of its scarcity. All the energy and perseverance of this association, guided by wise counsels and unceasing experiments, supported by the wealth it could combine with the favor and assistance of the British government, had failed to achieve success in introducing the culture of cotton anywhere, or to extend it where previously existing, as in British India, so as to compete in any appreciable degree with the cotton product of the United States. 1 In proof that this industry cannot bear this tax, it is only necessary to call attention to the samples of India cotton, which, when selling in Liverpool at 5roduce of the country, and not to any considerable extent drawn from the accurnlating capital of planters. The capital which had built the few cotton and other factories and the machine shops had also accrued chiefly from charges upon the produc- tions of the country. What, then, was done with the $60,000,000, or whatever other sum represented the true annual gains of agriculture in these States ? The statistics of population show pretty clearly that a great part of it was expended in importing slaves from other States. 1 PRESENT AND FUTURE INCREASE OF WEALTH IN THE COTTON STATES. When considering this subject in its economical aspect only, special effects bearing upon individuals or classes are to be disregarded for the general results affecting the Avhole community. Population is wealth. Money sent from Alabama to Virginia to increase the laboring power of Alabama, even by importing slaves at $2,000 each, added in some degree to the wealth of that State. But if laborers of equal productive power could have been introduced without expending anything for them, the capital expended in the other case would have been saved, and the community would have gained its use in some other form of productive power, as in tools, machinery, or ani- mal labor, with which to supplement and increase the value of manual labor. To the whole people, or the State, that is just the difference, in the investment, between importing a slave and importing a free laborer of equal capacity. There are other differences to the State, scarcely less important in an economical view, all in favor of the free laborer. What- ever the cotton-producing States expended for slaves above the cost of importing an equal amount of free-labor power was twice lost to the community. 2 lieckouing the slaves in the cotton States prior to 1861 at 3,000,000 in number, of the average nominal value of $500, equal to 1,000,000 full hands, at $1,500 each, we had an investment of $1,500,000,000; and to replenish this force a large sum, much needed for other uses, was annu- ally drawn from the gains of those States. If, in 1860, the people, by unanimous consent, had declared the eman- cipation of all those slaves, whether with or without compensation to those who had owned their service, there would have been neither loss nor gain to the community, except as the change might increase or diminish the efficiency of labor or the cost of its maintenance. There would have been no "annihilation of property," for the whole labor 1 See Atkinson's "Cheap Cotton by Free Labor," page 30, and DeBow's Analysis of the Census of 1850, quoted in the former. 2 See Appendix A, capital invested in the cotton culture. COTTON. 17 power would have remained as before, only it would have changed owners. Precisely so stands the effect of the decree of emancipation, made as an act of war, with this difference, however, that the laborers of both races were sadly reduced and demoralized by the incidents of the war which wrought the change. The same laboring force still exists, with the exception mentioned, and except, also, that the sudden and violent change in relations between capital and labor render further time and experience necessary to make it fully effective. While it is indisputably true that free labor is always cheaper than slave labor, when each is under its most favorable conditions, the dem- onstration of that truth needs more favorable circumstances than were found in the years 1866, 1867. The prejudices of those .who must use it were arrayed against it. Scarcity of food and of other necessaries of life followed an exhausting war. The sufferings of the very poor of both races were alleviated by government rations and by private beneficence ; but planters were compelled to supply all the wants of themselves and their laborers, while breadstuff's were at very high prices, and imple- ments, farming animals, and their subsistence were equally scarce and dear. At first the freedmen were not disposed to work for hire demanded excessive wages, and after accepting them, too often ren- dered poor service. The crops of both cotton and grain failed, more or less, in both those years throughout the south. In some cases there was failure to fulfil contracts on the part of the employer, from disability or other causes, while the " shares of the crop," which had been accepted by the freedmen as wholly or in part in lieu of wages, too often resulted in " nothing but loss/ 7 leaving the freedmen destitute and the .planter in a condition not much better. It was not until 1868, the third season of the free-labor experiment, that it became generally successful in its operation and results. Then improvement appeared, and the harvest, abundantly supplying the peo- ple with cheap food, leaves a surplus stored up for the future. The profit arising from the sale of the exportable productions of the same season will amount to $250,000,000 ; and a reasonable forecast of the [future sees a promise of equal gain in some of the succeeding years, the increase of quantity compensating for any reduction of price. The annual gain, be it 150,000,000 or $250,000,000, is no longer to be wasted in the purchase of labor, when as good, or better, will be obtained without purchase 5 yet the capital must be employed and will seek invest- ment. For some years very little will be needed in opening fresh lands, of which there is already too much open for the labor applicable to it. After meeting the demands of agriculture it will seek other profitable uses, as in banking, railroads, manufactures, machine-shops, and the other active employments which capital finds for itself. Prominent among the improvements, that of reconstructing the levees and reclaim- ing the most fertile of cotton and cane lands should be one of th,e first, 18 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. and, rightly conducted, one of the most profitable for the employment of money. OPPORTUNITY FOR COTTON SPINNING. Proximity to cotton fields abundance of water power and of building materials in healthy localities, as well as of fuel, both wood and coal, and cheap labor, not suitable for the field, begging employment, all indi- cate the advantages and certainty of rapidly extending works for the manufacture of cotton in the cotton-growing States, especially for the spinning and export of coarse yarns. 1 WANT OF LABORERS. Now that capital is returning into the cotton States, the great want there will be labor, a better use of what they have and more of it, to extend their profitable agricultural business, yet carry forward the other works which will be required. So far, the prevailing conditions in the south have not been attractive to immigrants. Poor crops, dear food, destitution of the common laborer, and these evils too often aggravated by disorder and violence, were reported during the years 1866 and 1867. The prosperity of 1868 stands in marked contrast to the adversities of the two years preceding. A similar prosperity repeated in succeeding years until it shall be regarded as the rule and not the exception, sup- ported by assurance of peace and safety, will turn the tide of emigration freely from the northern States and from Europe to the cotton-growing States. During the present year the Pacific railroad will be completed and opened, a highway by which the Chinese and other coolies or Asiatic laborers may reach the cotton fields of the United States. They are industrious, frugal, quiet, and numerous. 1 The publications of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters con- tain some correspondence, from which we select the following statement from South Carolina. (See appendix B for an account of the Augusta factory.) "Mr. L. D. Child, of Columbia, S. C., presents the following statement of the advan- tages which that section of the country offers to cotton manufacturers : "'1. Climate. Requiring but little fuel. Fires necessary only two or three months in the year. Good resinous-heart pine wood, cut and corded within one mile of the factory, can be procured at only one dollar per cord. Our total cost for fuel for, say, three months in the year, is less than one-te;.th of a cent per pound on manufactures of those months. " '2. Wages. Land is cheap and we are enabled to give each family of operatives a very large garden large enough to enable them to raise their year's supply of vegetables. Wages are consequently lo\v. " ' 3. Operatices.Tlie supply is far greater than the demand. They are frugal and indus- trious. Girls are white. Some few of the men are black. <4 ' 4. Freights. We save the freight on bagging and rope and waste, an important item, as we can sell our waste to local paper mills at nearly, if not quite, northern rates. In the sum- mer of 1867, freight on one bale of cotton, worth, say, $80, from Charleston to New York, was from $2 to $4 50. On yarn, worth, say, $1 20 per bale, only 60 cents, a difference of about 2 per c^nt. on the value. " '5. Cation. We purchase of the producer or his agent. The commissions, brokerage, and other, charges paid by northern mills are therefore avoided. Reclamation easy and direct.' " COTTON. 19 The people of the south, who are to be the immediate beneficiaries of rapidly increasing wealth, will become large consumers of the produc- tions of other States and otlier countries, and in that capacity will con- tribute scarcely less than as producers to the general welfare, the exten- sion of trade, and the payment of the national debt. LARGE PLANTATIONS MUST GIVE PLACE TO SMALL COTTON FARMS. It seems to be conceded in the south that the large plantation system must generally be abandoned, in the culture of cotton, for smaller hold- ings of land more thoroughly worked under the direction of the pro- prietors. This will favor a more general industry, more numerous pro- prietary interests requiring personal care, better economies, and a con- stantly improving agriculture, which will preserve the fresh lands in good fertility and restore those which have been over-cropped. In cotton growing as in market gardening, or any other tillage of the soil, it pays better to keep a small body of land (just enough for a full and fair use of the labor that can be applied to it) under high culture by thorough working and the use of fertilizers, than to half cultivate a larger area with the same or any adequate force. Since the war, experiments made to ascertain how much cotton can be produced upon a single acre, have exhibited remarkable and gratifying results. When made with " spade culture," stirring the soil deeply and often, after enriching it with guano and phosphates, the product has been very large. In one case, reported upon what seems to be good authority, the product of one acre was four bales, or over 1,600 pounds of clean cotton. In past times one bale to the acre has been regarded as a fair crop, and two bales a very large one on the very richest lands, while half a bale, or about 250 pounds, was for many years a satisfactory result in Georgia and the Carolinas, where the lands were badly worn. The story of 1,600 pounds seems almost incredible, 1 yet it is no more in excess of ordinary products than were some remarkable root crops ruta- bagas and mangel wurtzels that have been obtained by the same pro- cess of spade culture. Improvement by better farming, to get more cotton from less land, is practicable, and should be sought as the method of true economy, saving in labor, in manure, and all other outlay, yet increasing the income. RESTORATION OF WORN SOILS MINERAL AND ORGANIC MANURES. The value of the calcareous and phosphatic marls, found in various parts of the country, for fertilizing and renovating impoverished soils, has long been known. They were freely used in the older portion of the cotton-growing States with beneficial effects. During the few years 1 " Mr. D has eyes to observe, and reports exactly what he sees. He tells me that he knows several instances where double the usual crops have been made on small patches, and one case where a man raised four bales of cotton on one acre of ground, the whole acre culti- vated by hand, no mule needed, nor ass either." Extract from letter. 20 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. prior to 1861 some importations were made at the south of various com- mercial fertilizers, guanos, ground bones, and certain nitrates, phosphates, and superphosphates, some very good and some having very little value. The importation and use of these artificial manures had been greatly extended just before the war. The really valuable among them, such as the true guanos and superphosphates, had a marked effect in the increase and better quality of the cotton produced, and this was as apparent on the light and much worn lands of the Carolinas and Georgia as upon the heavier and fresher lands further west. THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHOSPHATES. Since the war, a discovery of exceeding value to the agriculture of the whole country, and especially to the cotton culture, has been made in the " native bone phosphate,' 7 vast beds of which have been found lying all along the coast of South Carolina and on the Sea Islands ; but crop- ping out and most easily accessible along the banks .of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Eicher in these phosphates than any other natural deposits yet discovered, these beds lie just beneath the supersoil, at the very doorway into the cotton- growing country. A description of them and of the circumstances leading to their discovery will be found in the Appendix C, in a letter from Dr. N". A. Pratt, whose researches, aided by others, have opened up a treasure whose value cannot now be measured. This store of phosphates, thus prepared in nature's laboratory and laid up until the day of special need, contains just the chemical properties wanted for the cotton plant, and which the cotton seed had been abstract- ing from the soil. So long as cotton seed was returned to the soil upon which it was grown the deterioration of the land was slow, for the fibre of cotton took but little from it. 1 But cotton seed had acquired a com- mercial value for the oil to be expressed from it, and for the rich food for cattle and sheep, which was found in the " cake" from which the oil 1 S. L. Goodale, esq., secretary of the board of agriculture in Maine, a writer upon agri- cultural chemistry, writes thus : " I can conceive of no reason why cotton culture should not be less exhaustive than that of any other agricultural crop with which I am acquainted. Look at it ; the product desired is merely cellulose or woody fibre. In this form it possesses a market value of, we will say, $100 per acre, but to return to the soil it is of no more manu- rial value than so much saw-dust or wood in any other form, consequently it may be exported with impunity. Besides this there is a side product of seed which draws heavily upon the soil ; but this may be utilized and all of value to the soil be returned to it. The seed may be decorticated, and the oil expressed and sold with no loss of ash constituents from the soil. The cake remaining possesses both feeding and manurial value in a high degree. Ground to meal arid fed in connection with corn-fodder and annual grasses, (if no more permanent grasses can be grown with improved management, ) it can be converted into meat and manure, and thus fertility be fully maintained or even increased. " Phosphatic and alkaline constituents exist in decorticated cotton seed in large proportion. Its ash is abundant, being not less than 7^ 01 8 parts in 100, and of this ash 39 per cent, is phosphoric acid, chiefly in combination with potassa, a little with magnesia, and a very little with lime. Thus a ton of cotton seed cake that is, of seed with the hulls taken off and the oil pressed out contains about 60 pounds of phosphoric acid, which in a soluble form, as COTTON. 21 had been expressed. It could no longer be carted back upon the land as a manure. The land, already worn by many years of improvident crop- pin g, having this further loss, rapidly failed. Some portion of the needed restoring and fertilizing remedies could have been found in the artificial superphosphates and guanos of commerce, but these had become almost inaccessible. Often badly adulterated, and year by year advancing in price as the demand outran the supply of the good articles, while many of the planting people had become unable to buy them, except in very insufficient quantities, there was a great and urgent need of something to replace the cotton seed, and restore to the soil those chief ingredients, indispensable to the production of a good cotton crop phosphoric acid, or soluble phosphates. In this emergency came the discovery of those natu- ral deposits. Already too much space has been given to the effort to report faith- fully the condition of the cotton culture of the United States, at the close of the year 1868; especially to exhibit the wonderful change from its con- dition one year previous, and from all the circumstances to draw a fair statement of the promise of the future for this great interest. OTHER IMPROVEMENTS SELECTION OF SEED, ETC. It might be useful, did space permit, to notice in detail other move- ments in progress for the improvement of cotton culture, prominent among which would stand the valuable experiments in " improvement by selection of seed 77 from year to year, always guided by rules which define the object sought in cotton, spinning qualities, such as length, strength, fineness, and the cohering together of the fibres; rapid growth and early maturity of the plant, and a habit of yielding well. Intelligent men are engaged in these efforts in various parts of the south, and of their results attained there are good reports from Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas. One new kind of cotton, the " Peeler/' originating in Mississippi, is already in market, and bears a price 25 or 30 per cent, higher than other green seed cotton of the same grade, because of its superior staple. phosphate of potash, and with its combined alkali, cannot be deemed worth less than 10 cents per pound I think it should be rated higher, but, say $6 00 "The same cake contains 6 per cent, of nitrogen, say 130 pounds to the ton, and this, rating it at what is paid for it in Peruvian guano, say 17 cents per pound, amounts to 22 10 "So we have as the manurial value of one ton of decorticated cotton seed cake, at least.. 2810 " It is well to bear in mind that the larger part of this (when the cake is fed to stock) would pass away in the liquid excreta, and unless the urine was absorbed or somehow saved, nothing like this value would be realized. In the light of these facts it is easy to see how wide a difference may be occasioned by the loss of the seed on the one hand and its use on the other." CHAPTER II. SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. INTRODUCTORY UNITED STATES FIRST COTTON PLANTING PROMINENT INCIDENTS IN COLONIAL TIMES INVENTION OF COTTON SPINNING MACHINERY FIRST EX- PORTSWHITNEY'S COTTON GIN COMPARATIVE PROGRESS OF COTTON CONSUMP- TION SEA ISLAND COTTON STATISTICS OF COTTON PRODUCTION BRITISH INDIA EGYPT BRAZIL WEST INDIES AND GUIANA TURKEY OTHER COUNTRIES. Cotton, the great commercial staple of modern times, was a native plant in Asia and America, and probably in Africa. . Herodotus (450 B. 0.) describes the clothing of the people of India as made of cotton, " the frnit of trees grown like wool but finer than the wool of sheep," the earliest mention of cotton that can be found except perhaps in the ancient Hindoo writings. Cotton cloth, as worn in India and Persia, was mentioned by Strabo (A. D. 45) and fifty years later. Pliny wrote of the use of cotton in upper Egypt towards Arabia and near the Persian gulf. 1 In the first or second century of the Christian era cotton and its fabrics were first mentioned as articles of trade, when Arab traders brought India cottons to the Bed sea. The culture and manufacture of cotton were introduced into Europe as early as the tenth century through Spain by the Moors, who used it very extensively and made fine cloths from it. It is said that the plant was brought into Italy and cultivated in the fourteenth century when cotton was used to some extent in the place of silk and flax, and about the sixteenth century raw cotton was taken to the Low countries, Great Britain and other parts of Europe, as a mate- rial for textile manufactures. Its early use in Europe was chiefly in the manufacture of fustians and dimities or mixed with flax, a cotton weft with a linen warp, and in all forms the consumption of cotton was of small amount until the eigh- teenth century. It was not until machinery was invented for the manufacture of cot- ton that its fabrics could be produced possessing goodness of quality and cheapness combined sufficient to displace the fabrics of linen and of wool. Upon the discovery of America, cotton was found among the native productions of the West India islands, Mexico and Central and South 1 Quoted from Baine's History of Cotton Manufacture. COTTON. 23 America, where the arts of spinning and weaving it were known to the aborigines, who made " beautiful cloths," some of which was dyed with colors " extremely fine. 7 ' But in the territory, afterwards that part of our republic known as the ll cotton-growing States," whence, previous to 1861, the commercial world derived nearly all of its grand supply of raw cotton, the cotton plant was unknown until A. D. 1621. UNITED STATES. FIRST COTTON-PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES. Bancroft, writing of Wyatt's administration in Virginia, says: "The first culture of cotton in the United States deserved commemoration. This year (1621) the seeds were planted as an experiment, and their 'plentiful coming up 7 was, at that early day, a subject of interest in America and England." "A Declaration of the State of Virginia," a tract published in Lon- don, 1620, 1 quaintly says: "Wee rest in great assurance that this countrey, [Virginia,] as it is seated neere the midst of the world, 2 between the extreamities of heate and cold ; so it also participateth of the benefits of bothe, and is capable (being assisted with skill and industry) of the richest commodities of most parts of the earth." The same tract mentions cotton wool and sugar-canes in its enumeration of the " naturall commodities dispersed vp and downe the diuers parts of the world, * * * all of which may there [in Virginia] also be had in abundance with an infinity of othermore." The cotton thus early introduced, by seed probably from the Levant or the West Indies, no doubt improved in the more favorable climate and fertile soil of this country, as all varieties of the annual cotton plant have improved upon their original quality, when cultivated here, wher- ever may have been their origin. Yet its cultivation was for a long time limited to gardens or small patches for domestic use. It was distributed northwardly, for we find traces of its culture afterwards in Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and even in New Jersey, down to the period of the revolutionary war, when it is recorded, the home-grown cotton near Pennsylvania was sufficient for their domestic wants. Then, how- ever, the people were clad chiefly with linen and woollen fabrics, and very little cotton was required. A list of articles " growing or to be had in the [Virginia] collouy" in 1621 and giving the valuation of each, includes cotton icool, Sd. per pound, and flax at about 3d. or 26 shillings per cwt. Although the experiment of cotton-planting in Virginia was success- ful, it was not followed by an increased culture beyond domestic wants. Explanation is found in the greater profit of tobacco-growing in that colony where labor was scarce and dear, so that the cost of hand-clean- 1 Force's Collection, vol. 3, p. 4. 2 Virginia seems to have a prior title to the position claimed for Boston by The Autocrat. 24 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. ing, or separation of the seed by hand, before a gin had been invented, exceeded the commercial value of the cotton so cleaned. PROMINENT INCIDENTS IN COLONIAL TIMES. To encourage ship-building and textile manufactures at the same time? the general court of Connecticut, in 1640, ordered " that a trade in cotton wooll be set upon and attempted." A vessel was built and sent upon her voyage ; and later, the several towns were required to take each its share of the cotton wool so imported, the share of Hartford being 200 worth. In 1641, the general court of Massachusetts, in apprehension of a scarcity of clothing for the ensuing winter, offered premiums for linen, and, as a present means of supply, "till cotton may bee had," directed the use of wild hemp. In 170S-'15, the importation of cotton was continued in small quanti- ties by the northern colonies, chiefly from Barbadoes, but some also from Smyrna and other places where trade extended. The cultivation of cotton was early introduced also into the Carolinas and Georgia, and into the French colony of Louisiana ; yet a half century elapsed before its culture was so extended as to find mention as an arti- cle of importance in the chronicles of the day, and then after many importations of seed from various countries and renewed attempts to extend the cultivation. Cotton seed was brought into Carolina by Mr. Peter Purry, who settled a colony of Swiss near Purrysburg in 1733, and who, in his description of Carolina in 1731, says: "Flax and cotton thrive admirably," from which it is evident that some kind of cotton had preceded his own planting. About the same date (1734) it was planted in Georgia from seed sent to the trustees by Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England. In the collection of the Georgia Historical Society we find mention of cotton several times in the early papers concerning that colony. In "A new and accurate account of the provinces of South Carolina and Georgia," a tract ascribed to General Oglethorpe, London, 1733, and in "A Voyage to Georgia, began in the year 1735," by Francis Moore, London, 1744, cotton was mentioned as having been introduced ; and in 1741 l a sample of Georgia cotton was taken to England. The deposition of Samuel Auspourguer, a Swiss who had been living in Georgia, was taken for the use of the trustees of the Georgia grant, in London, 1739, in the controversy about the introduction of slaves, which had been disapproved by Oglethorpe and some others of the company, and opposed by the Highlanders (Scotch) and S<zburgerS) who had been settled in Georgia. This deponent said, 2 "that the climate of Georgia is very healthy j * * * that the climate and soil is very fit for raising silk, wine and cotton; * * and 1 Collection of Georgia Historical Society, I, 164. 2 Collection of Georgia Historical Society, T, 191. COTTON. 25 that the cotton, by this deponent's own experience, who has planted the same there, grows very well in Georgia. A specimen of this cotton this deponent brought over with him and produced before the trustees. All which produces, this deponent saith, can be raised by white persons without the use of negroes." In Louisiana, in the year 1742, M. Dubreuil, a French planter of skill and enterprise, invented a machine for separating the seed from the fibre. It is to be inferred that the culture of this plant had become somewhat extensive to call thus early for such a machine. It greatly stimulated the cotton culture in that colony, imperfect as it was ; probably only an adjustment of rollers, like another contrivance by Crebs, of Florida, in 1772, which was the best machine for cleaning cotton until the invention of the saw-gin by Whitney. Previous to these primitive instruments cotton fibre was detached from the seed by the tedious process of picking with the fingers, the evening task of many members of the household in the early days of cotton grow- ing. The bow-string, in its use, intermediate between the fingers and the primitive gins, and used for beating up as well as cleaning the cot- ton, was borrowed from India, where it was used in ancient times ; and having been first introduced into Georgia, gave occasion for the term u bowed Georgia, 7 ' as still applied to cotton in Liverpool, with British persistency, although not a pound of bowed Georgia cotton has been in that market for fifty years. The practiced skill of the people of India had wrought works of mar- vellous fineness and delicacy for many ages, spinning their Banga cot- ton more finely by hand than any machinery has ever equalled, until very recently, and then from the finest Sea Island fibre. But the use of cotton in Europe and America was recent, it had increased but slowly, and the product was neither fine nor cheap enough to compete with linen and woollen goods for common wear. The annual value of the cotton manufactures of Great Britain, in 1767, was estimated at 600,000, 1 and then the goods were a compound of linen warp and cotton weft. INVENTION OF COTTON SPINNING MACHINERY. In 1767 Hargreaves invented his " spinning jenny." In 1769 Arkwright obtained his first patent for a " spinning frame," though his second patent for the complete machine was not taken out until 1775. About 1770 James Watt obtained his patent for the steam-engine, which was applied to machinery in cotton mills in 1785. Thereafter the cotton manufac- tures of Great Britain went forward with rapid increase and general prosperity. Just when these discoveries in Great Britain called for larger supplies of raw cotton, the inventive genius of Whitney gave to the cotton culture in America the saw-gin, which was to be a benefit and 1 Baine's History of Manufactures, p. 216. Other authority had stated the amount at 200,000 only. 3 C 26 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. source of power corresponding here to the great discoveries in mechan- ism which had just preceded it in England. Cheap cotton and cheap cloth were thenceforward to be supplied to all the world. THE FIRST EXPORTS OF COTTON GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES. There are some interesting points in the history of American cotton cul- ture in the latter half of the eighteenth century worth noting here, if only as a chronological statement of them, down to the time Avhen the magnitude of the cotton production and trade secured for them regular annual statistics. During the year 1747, several bags of cotton, valued at 3 11s. 5d. per bag, were exported from Charleston. Some American writers have expressed a doubt if this cotton was of American growth, but English writers 1 mention it as an import of Carolina cotton. "Some cotton" is mentioned among the exports of Carolina in 1753, and of Charleston in 1757 ; and a London publication in 1762 says, " What cotton and silk both the Carolinas send us is excellent, and calls aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in a place well adapted to raise both." 2 In 1753 a liberal citizen of Delaware offered premiums for the promo- tion of industry, among them one of "4 for the most and best cotton off an acre." In 1770 there were shipped to Liverpool three bales from Tew York four from Virginia and Maryland, and three barrels full from North Carolina. The assembly of the province of Virginia, on the 27th March, 1775, in view of the changing relations with Great Britain, adopted a plan for the encouragement of arts and manufactures, including resolutions of non-importation 5 and "that all persons having proper land ought to cul- tivate and raise a quantity of hemp, flax, and cotton, not only for the use of his own family, but to spare to others on moderate terms." The planting of cotton had been recommended in the previous January by the first provisional Congress held in South Carolina. In 1784, about 14 bales of American cotton were shipped to England^ of which eight bales were seized in Liverpool as improperly entered, on the ground that so much cotton could not have been produced in the United States ; and this was more than 150 years after the first importa- tion to England of cotton grown in the same country. Thus slow was the progress of this culture. Just at the close of the eighteenth century was the beginning of the export trade which in the next 60 years was to grow to proportions so large in quantity and value, and so important in the trade of the world, as to involve the welfare of nations in its fate. In 1785 five bags of cotton arrived at Liverpool from America. 1 Cotton ; an account of its culture in the Bombay Presidency, by W. R. Cassels, London, p. 5, and others. 2 Quoted in Bishop's History of American Manufactures, in which work many references and citations were found which have been useful in the preparation of this chapter. COTTON. 27 During the next five years the imports there of American cotton were, in 1786, 900 pounds; 1787, 16,350 pounds; 1788, 58,500 pounds; 1789, 127,500 pounds; and 1790, 14,000 pounds. Upland cotton in 1788 was worth 2s. 2d. per pound, and only Wd. in 1790. This may account for the small shipments of American cotton in the latter year. It was probably of poorer staple than the upland of the present day. EFFECT OF WHITNEY'S INVENTION OF THE SAW-GIN. In 1794, the year after the completion of Whitney's saw-gin, the exports of the United States rose to 1,600,000 pounds, and to 5,250,000 pounds the next year. In 1805, ten years later, the exports had increased to 40,383,000 pounds. COMPARATIVE PROGRESS OF BRITISH COTTON CONSUMPTION AND AMERICAN COTTON PRODUCTION. The following table from Baine's History exhibits the quantities of cotton of all growths imported, exported, and retained for home con- sumption in Great Britain for each of seven years near the middle of the last century : Imports and exports of cotton in Great Britain from 1743 to 1749. Years. Imported. Exported. Retained for home consumption. 1743 Pounds. 1, 132 288 Pounds. 40,870 Pounds. 1,091,418 1744 1, 882, 873 182,765 1, 700, 108 1745 1 469 523 73 172 1 369 351 1746 2 264 808 73,279 2, 191, 529 ' 1747 2 224 869 29 438 2 195 431 1748 4 852 966 291,717 4, 561, 249 1749 1, 658, 365 330,998 1,327,367 From this table it appears that the average annual consumption of cotton in Great Britain for the seven years, 1743 to 1749, was 2,062,350 pounds ; for the seven years 1794 to 1800, it was 32,543,000 pounds ; and for the seven years 1844 to 1850, 555,000,000 pounds ; an increase of six- teen fold in each fifty years. The average annual production of cotton in the United States for the same period was, for the seven years 1743 to 1749, not enough for the home consumption of the colonies; as contributing to foreign com- merce it was nothing; for the seven years 1794 to 1800 it was, as esti- mated, 30,000,000 pounds ; and for the seven years 1844 to 1850 it was, 981,500,000 pounds; a thirty-two fold increase in each 50 years. SEA ISLAND COTTON. About the year 1786 the sea island or black seed cotton was intro- duced, it is said, from the Bahamas. During the revolutionary war, or 28 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. soon after, Kinsey Borden, of South Carolina, invented, or applied another's invention of a roller-gin, " composed of pieces of gun-barrels fixed in wooden rollers, turned by cranks, 77 requiring two persons to use the machine, one to turn it and the other to feed in the seed cotton. His wife was said to have made the first attempt to grow the Sea Island cotton. But Mr. Seabrook says 1 that W. Elliott, on Hilton Head, was the first to grow a successful crop from five and a half bushels of seed purchased in Charleston, at 14 shillings per bushel. The price of Sea Island cotton was then lOd. to 2s. or 36-. per pound, according to quality. It was much improved afterwards by selection of seed and good culture, and its later value was 90 cents to $1 25 per pound. COTTON CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES FOM 1791 TO 1867. In 1791 the cotton crop in the United States was 2,000,000 pounds, of which three-fourths was grown in South Carolina and one-fourth in Georgia. Exports, 189,500 pounds, worth 26 cents, average. In 1795 Frederick Almy wrote to his partner, Samuel Slater, the leader of cotton manufacturers in America, that Georgia cotton of good quality was offered him in New York at one shilling sixpence per pound. Cot- ton was then still imported. The import for the year was 4,107,000 pounds, and the export was 6,276,000 pounds. In 1801 the cotton crop of the United States was 48,000,000 pounds, of which were contributed by South Carolina, 20,000,000 ; Georgia, 10,000,000^ Virginia, 5,000,000; North Carolina, 4,000,000 ; Tennessee, 1,000,000 pounds. Export 2 20,000,000 pounds. 1 Bishop's History of American Manufactures. 2 Prior to 1802 the tables of exports of cotton at the custom-house did not distinguish home-grown from foreign cotton. There were no full and reliable statistics, either com- mercial or official, of the cotton production and trade down to about 1825. " Woodbury's Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture, and Trade in Cotton," being a report of the Secretary of the Treasury, March 4, 1836, (House Doc. J46, 24th Congress, first session,) purports to array together all statistics then obtainable in regard to cotton. That report con- tains a great deal that is valuable, but some parts are inaccurate and adopted without due consideration. For instance, Woodbury's tables thus state the facts for the year 1801. Table A sets down .the production of the world in pounds : Pounds. In the United States .................................................... 48,000,000 In Brazil .................................................. ........... 36,000,000 In the West Indies .................................................... 10,000,000 In the rest of Africa, (excluding Egypt) .................................. 45, 000,000 In India .............................................................. 160,000,000 In the rest of Asia ..................................................... 160,000,000 In Mexico and South America, (excluding Brazil) ......................... 56, 000, 000 Elsewhere ............................................................ 15,000,000 These items make a total of ....................................... 530,000,000 He calls it 520,000,000 pounds, of which Great Britain that year imported only 56,000,000 pounds. Table C (Woodbury) says the price of American cotton in 1801 averaged 44 cents COTTON. 29 1805. Export, 38,400,000. 1806. Mexican cotton seeds introduced to Mississippi by Walter Bur- ling, of Xatchez, and supposed to have improved the character of cotton there grown. 1813. During the war, export, 19,400,000 pounds; price at home, 12 cents; in England, 16$. to 26<7. Of the cotton exported during the war, a considerable portion went in neutral vessels to Bremen and other neutral ports, whence doubtless it found its way to England. 1821. Crop, 180,000,000 pounds; exports, 124,000,000 pounds, price 16 cents here, in Liverpool 9 $d. 1822. Crop, 210,000,000 pounds. Exports, 144,700,000 pounds ; price, 16J cents here; in Liverpool, 8Jd. to Wd. First cotton from Egypt received in Liverpool this year. Cotton culture began in Texas. 1825. Crop, 255,000,000 pounds. Exports, 176,500,000 pounds. The prospects of the crop were very unfavorable, following a deficient crop in 1824. The price advanced from 15 cents here and 8d. in Liverpool, at close of last season to 25 cents here and lljtf. in Liverpool. Consump- tion was reduced. There was no killing frost in the cotton States that winter, and some cotton plants " rattooned 77 (sprouted from old roots) the next spring. The late bolls were opening and picking continued all winter. The reduction of use and the unexpected increase of supply reversed the position, prices fell fast and far, involving many merchants in ruin. Cotton costing 25 cents in Charleston was sold in Liverpool after a long holding, so as to return to Charleston only six cents per pound. The price of " fair upland 77 remained below Id. in Liverpool for the next seven years. The number of cotton spindles in the United States this year was said to be 800,000, using 100,000 bales cotton per annum. The following table gives complete statistics of the production and disposition of the cotton crops of the United States from 1826- 7 27, down to the present time. per pound ; and that the whole United States crop was worth $8,000,000. It will be observed that 48,000,000 pounds at 44 cents would amount to over $21,000,000. Table B (Woodbury) distinguishes the growth of the several States in 1801, as quoted in the text, the total being only 40,000,000 pounds, leaving 8,000,000 not located. The work referred to is often quoted for statistical purposes, and even the errors above indicated have been cited without notice of their inconsistencies. Too large a portion of our cotton statistics, down to a recent period, have been taken by estimation. It is much to be desired that the Statistical Bureau established at Washington shall prepare and publish, periodically, full and reliable statistics concerning all the important branches of business in this country, similar to those issued by the British Board of Trade ; and it is equally to be desired for the credit and business interests of the country that the Agricultural Bureau shall issue accurate statistics in place of its estimates of the cotton crop, which, from their sup- posed official character, have obtained credence, while erroneous beyond excuse, to the extent of about 300,000 bales inthe statement of production of each of the last three crops. 30 PAEIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION I I s I 1 i s 53" s s s s" l-l r-t * r~ to >o c? S" i g J CO 1C CO to O tO CO {- 00 CO 10" cf co" co" tcT QO -. ,-; rl Ct Oi TJ. O 1^ CJ rH r-l I ^ CO" ~ [I - S" co" - ef S sr i! s .2 O ?a 5 I ^ I o o o .5 c P5 fe < 1 I I | a S s .s 2 S fe fc PH Export to Great Britai Export to France Export to other c it Sf M a I 1 H QQ COTTON. -tf t- fl ss 5 m st 2 eo 2 f^ o 5 o< eo t^ ^H oo ci S S" S S S" ?3 eo c< 1-1 co t- ^5 00 00 CV gf S" 5 S B 5 S S Mi M ! ? * ::!::: I il 1 ! I 4 - - 1 I O fe o 2. 2 3 1 1 1 XXX WWW J H 31 32 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 1846-'47. OO O O UO CO t~ t~. O* O 00 >*< O> CO of o" o" r-~ co~ iri" oo" -* 10 0< 0* 01 OJ CO 1-1 CO t- S f- S g 5 S 1 8 S S o T oo *" ^T oo" CO TP CO OO O* r-i * a II 3 i 3 i s S 1 5 I S t^ |9 g 000 S - S 8 i 1845-'4( *f< ~- CO ' J*- i^- CJ 1O C< * W CO (M r-i (M i-i -0 ^ ill 1 "i *f S ^ S" S SB" i g CM -3< rH UO OS S CO 17? o i Ji J> . i CO O} f-^ n oo c* o 01 --H 23 1 a 1 III 1 O OJ o t^ t- t- 1843-'44 sf s" a" !? s" ^ OT co r-i "*< oo c^~ i of $ in 182 ! is C5 IO ^ OO ^^ Tf xf CO C t- C-J ID SB in S O5 IO SB || o 8 O CO s CO S 00 8 o t- oo 8 ' IS o 3 OD t^ 00 CO O IO "^ C-l Gi G5 CM ^ rH CN CO GO i i l> 1 o oo o 1O ^r O CX) CO rl 2 1 "1 t- c :n T3 1 4 i-s-s ,0 n; ^ - : S *j j w - "3 ^3 i, ; .2 ; : ; -2 -S '3 a 2 : 'sb '. ; ; ; > : : : a "S P ^ A to 1 o 1 ro - -s From Georgia From South Carolina From North Carolina and From Florida From Alabama From Louisiana From Texas Oc 1 I Total crop ol Average net Total net we Export to Great Britain . Export to France Export to other countries Total export Taken for home use nort Stock iu the ports Augut COTTON. 33 3 00 r- CO g s V TJ _. 51 t 3 11 EH P I ^ S 3 I i S I !| o fc 3 2 S -3 ~ "* w a w a 5 s s & c S s 34 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. COfOOS^tO-fOJlO ooiocoooor^tot^ r-XOCOTrTfOJOr-i S 8 8 S S S Sf 5" 8 Oi i; 2 S" 2" S N s s i C5* i^T oT CO CO ^ CO" *" I ci CO" 1 s | fSSSSSSSS aieMaiCocoTroco of CD" TJ<" of of to" in" co" 85 " S g J5 2 8 OS CO co" co" co" i CO" (N * 1 s III of 3 SI 1 s 1 g; 3 ! Si G 1 1. 1 | | 8 | | ' ^ O5 00 lo 5* co 10 of 3, 093, 737 TJ< ^ 9< oT to i I- c? 9 ^~ 2" S" t 1 -^ T" of ? 53 01 f g* 1855-'56. >o -^ 10 to i H 1853-'54. g-^ O ^ ^f >O *O O in >o * QO ,ci cj * Ot^^^^DCJCOTT co" to" of >o~ cc" to" o~ n ^-t r-4 Tf U7 CO *!< < co * r-i n co i-i c\r 35 E TJ." | CO c? J, 322, 24 0,970 1 S i oT co (?f 111 1 s" 2" ; ; ; ; ; ; ; OJOOOOOOO ^'C'O'a'O'C'a'O % . c T3 T , e n; '. ' % d o o T3 -O 2 o 0, 1 05 j From Georgia From South Carolina From North Carolina and Virginia From Florida From Alabama From Louisiana From Texas All other receipts at ports Total receipts at ports. . . . Used south, not received al 1 '2 t 4) XI O i I Average net weight per ba Total net weight of crop . . Export to Great Britain Export to France Expoi t to other countries Total export Taken for home use south Stock in the ports, August 31 00 COTTON. 35 I 88??S oo*oco~o<:au 0" 0' 0" rr" T oT *" -" oj-vOJntot-r-'t^ v ot ei co o 1-4 eo CO QD OO CO " s sf S of . - i i- i ; ! l-i - ,- ;' '= 5 10 4 O ! t~ i g Issf [if* i 00 04 i 1 of 1 " i : 1 i 1 I i 7 ;: f! r it i S Sil 1 ' i S i OfJOOTOJgSOO llfi'ii'i-i- S S of | of E ' ; ^ ! ! | i ? ; C [1 ! f- I 1 U ill SSI I = : . s .2 ' 1 4 f 1 r-T II eo" B 9 i CO < ^ ; I ^ " ; ? L T [S r ' !-! 1 S" n" : : g | S 1 1 1 < 09-6S8I " 2" g f 8 8" 8" kO O rn GO i ' C< rH in in" 1 i **" C -- : < - \ T - i ? " ( i 7 i? S! r i O 3 l-H f 52 S 5 1 ^H gj Ot i . f 1 is S 1 i s 7 i & 1 i i ; i i i i ^ i 4 j r j 3 4 o c c -0 -C ^n a j j : I I | 4 1 j i ^ i A 1 ; pts at por , not rece s o ft "o j f j "c T 1 * S IS Hi ee a - - ^ 5 O | | * ||||||| = Total recei Used south Total crop = i ' [ I 1 j ? | 1 ! -j 5 I -^ Export to France . . . Export to other coitntri Total expo Taken for home use no Taken for home use so Stock in the ports. Auo 36 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. DEFECTIVE STATISTICS. The annual statements of the cotton crops of the United States, pre- pared and published by the New York Shipping List, have for many years been recognized as supplying the standard statistics of cotton in this country, by the trade at home and abroad. So long as the entire crop (with immaterial exception, after supplying southern consumption) was shipped from ports in the cotton-producing States by sea, either coastwise or foreign, the method followed by the Shipping List was right and attained to very nearly accurate results. Before the war, some lines of railway had been completed connecting the cotton States with the north, and the western States with the east, upon which low rates of freight invited the transportation of cotton northward and eastward, especially for the cotton mills of New York and New England, This was interrupted by the war, but in 1SG4-'G5 it was resumed, and the inland transportation of cotton will this year probably exceed 600,000 bales. The old method of making up the annual state- ment^ is therefore liable to serious errors, and a change has become necessary. The preceding table follows very nearly the figures of the Shipping List in the amount of the annual crops and their distribution, to avoid conflict and preserve conformity with data hitherto recognized as correct, (and properly so down to the year 1865-'66.) It should be noted that there was no separate account of the cotton used in the south (" south of the Potomac and west of Virginia," as phrased in the Shipping List) until the season of 1S47-'4S. In the crop statements, annual quantities as large as 185,000 and 193,000 bales had been allotted for use in the south out of the cotton crop supposed to be baled and prepared for market. The entire spinning capacity of the machinery in the south before the war was never equal to the consump- tion of 90,000 bales. Yet the statement may have been nearly correct. There was a large use of cotton, both north and south, for other pur- poses than spinning; as for mattresses, and various kinds of upholstery. Many thousand cotton mattresses for beds were annually made in the south, for use there, and for shipment north. Indeed, during the war, when the scarcity of cotton became serious and its price advanced to $1 50 or more per pound, the contents of mattresses broken up in the northern States added materially to the supply of cotton for spinning. But since the war, the value of cotton has been too high to permit its use for such purposes ; hence the error of assigning to the south, as con- sumed there, twice as much cotton as all her spinning power can use. The weights per bale given in the table are net weights, to correspond with the British and other foreign statistics, where the weight is given less the tare. The cotton year in the United States ends September 30. COTTON. 37 BEITISH LN T DIA. CULTURE Am> IMPORTS OF COTTON. India contributes a supply of cotton next in importance to that from the United States. The earliest recorded importation of raw cotton from India to England (if not to Europe) was in 1783, when the quantity from India was only 114,133 pounds, in a total import from all countries of 9,735,663 pounds. India had supplied Great Britain with cotton yarn and cloth long before she furnished a pound of the raw material. 1 Such was the devotion to and care of the woollen manufacture in Great Britain, that great efforts were made, and with much success for a long time, to prevent or restrain the importation of calicoes and other Indian cotton goods, by excessive duties and vexatious restrictions; and this opposition to the trade from India continued for more than a century after the organization of the British East India Company. As late as the year 1700 an act of Parliament was passed interdicting the further importation of Indian goods, and in 1721, because of their continued intro- duction by smugglers, another act was passed imposing a penalty of 5 upon any person wearing such goods. 1 For many years the import of cotton from India to Great Britain was very small, as will appear by the following table : Imports of cotton from India to Great Britain. Years. Import of all growths. Import from India. Years. Import of all growths. Import from India. 1783 Pounds. 9 735 663 Pounds. 114, 133 1789 Pounds. 32, 576, 023 Pounds. 4,973 1784 11, 482, 083 11, 440 1790 31,447,605 422,207 1785* 18 400 384 99 455 1791 28 706 675 3 351 1786 19 475 020 1800 56 010 732 6 629 822 1787 23 250 268 1801 56, 004, 305 4,098,256 1783 20 467 436 * Arkwrighfs patent expired and Watt's steam-engine was applied in I? 85. The following table shows the comparative imports of American and Indian cottons, and the relative prices of Upland and Surats for the five years 1812 to 1816, (quoted from Cassell:) Imports of American and Indian cottons. Total imports Imports from Imports from Exports of all Pri< ;es. Years. into Great Britain. the United States. the East In- dies. growths. Upland. Surats. 1812 63 025 936 26,000,000 915, 950 1, 740, 912 13d. to 23Jd. I2d. to nid. 1813 50 966 000 (*) 497, 350 No record. 2l<2. toSOd. 15id. to 20d. 1814 60 060 239 (*) 4, 725, 000 6, 282, 437 23d. to 37d. 18d. to25d. 1815 99 306 343 45 666 000 8, 505, 000 6, 780, 392 I8d. to 25*d. 14id.to21d. 1816 93 920 055 57, 750, 000 10, 850, 000 7, 105, 034 I5d. to 21d. 14d. tolSW. * War between the United States and Great Britain. 'Cassell's Cotton Culture in the Bombay Presidency, p. 2. 38 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. In another place 1 will be found a full and comprehensive table of the statistics of British cotton trade and manufacture from 1816 to 1868, inclusive. EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION. The exports of cotton from India to Europe must not be taken as the measure of the production there, in any degree corresponding to the pro- portion which our exports to Europe bear to our production. The extent of the entire production of India has been much discussed by officials, economists, and others, who differ more or less widely in their conclu- sions. The usual bases of calculation have been the assumed area of land cultivated for cotton; and the population (180,000,000) requiring to be clothed almost entirely with cotton, at so many pounds of cotton per capita in addition to the known exports. The consumption of cotton in India for clothing and other domestic uses was estimated by Major General Briggs at 750,000,000 pounds, equal to 2,000,000 bales, (of 375 pounds each,) and by Dr. Wight at 3,000,000,000 pounds, equal to 8,000,000 bales. These may be regarded as the extremes, while Dr. Forbes Watson estimated the whole production at 2,432,395,875 pounds, equal to 6,500,000 bales of 375 pounds each, which he divided thus: For home consumption in India . . 2,160,000,000 pounds, 5,760,000 bales. For exportation 272,395,875 pounds, 740,000 bales. After much discussion Dr. Watson's estimate has been accepted with general favor, although Mann, the very careful writer upon cotton sta- tistics, says: "I am disposed to think, however, that Dr. Watson's esti- mate is rather over than under the mark." 2 Assuming that Dr. Watson's estimate of the cotton production of India in 1858 was correct, when stating it at 2,432,395,875 pounds, and com- paring it with the total production of the United States in the same year, 1,796,454,558 pounds, it appears that India produced (in pounds) 35 per cent, more cotton than the United States. The exports of cotton from all India and from each presidency, in annual averages of quinquennial periods for 24 years down to 1858, are stated in the following table, taken from Mann's statistics : Exports of cotton from all India. Years. Bombay. Madras. Bengal. Total, all India. 1835-'39 . Pounds. 91,309 665 Pounds. 13, 576, 300 Pounds. 31,380 575 Pounds. 136 266 540 1840-'44 141 802 690 18 992 400 13 976 820 174 771 910 1845-'49 . .. 133 886 826 13 969 569 9 900 497 157 756 892 1850-'54 179, 838, 889 18, 770, 256 22 663 188 221 272 333 1855-'58 222 076 713 15 962 242 9 702 974 247 741 929 'See Appendix D. 3 The Cotton Trade of Great Britain, by James A. Mann, F. S. S., &c., 1860, p. 65. COTTON. The distribution of these exports was as follows : 39 Years. Great Britain. China and other parts. Total. 1835-'39 Pounds. 51 161 059 Pounds. 85 105 481 Pounds. 136 266 540 1840-'44 88 868 685 85 903 225 174 771 910 1845-'49 70 757 425 86 999 467 157 756 892 1850-'54 130 557 160 90 715 173 221 272 333 1855-'58 185 229 082 62 512 847 247 741 929 Bombay supplies a large portion of the exports of cotton from all British India, and fortunately the statistical information from that presi- dency is quite full. From Bengal and Madras only partial returns have been accessible. Table of exports of cotton from Bombay, showing their distribution, for the eleven years 1858 to 1868, inclusive. Years. Great Britain. Cowes, &c., for orders. -3 If j W United States. a 1 Total bales. Total pounds. 1858 Bales. 324 675 Bales. 13 993 Bales. 19 542 Bales. Bales. 103 731 461, 941 177 847 285 1859 554 ggs 25 314 27 634 151 847 769 681 297 866 547 1860 469 611 5 525 17 257i 202 179 694 572i 270 883 275 1861 931 077 18 560 8 426 60 511 1, 018, 575 397 244 250 1862 , 923 140 3,757 20,833 7, 934 955,665 372, 709, 350 1863 945 454 2 867 48 788 3 394 1 000 503i 390 196 365 1864 873 627 54, 02H 706 928,354i 362,058 255 1865 1 074 158 36 362 800 13 40H 1 124 721 438 641 385 1866 922 330 33 205* 4 619i 960 155 367 739 365 1867 1 056 357 71, 374 48,236 1, 175, 967 449,219 394 1868 1 034 383 4 216 145 736 55 449 1 239 784 477 597 488 The foregoing table, compiled from accurate commercial sources, is entirely correct, except possibly a small error in the exports of the last sixteen days of 1868, which have been taken from telegraphic advices. The aggregates are substantially right ; the weights calculated from the average net weight of the Bombay cotton in England each year. The eleven years embraced in the table include three quite distinct periods : The three years (1858-'60) before the secession war had begun to influence the cotton trade of the world ; the four years of the war, 1861-'64, in two of which the export of cotton to China ceased, all of the exportable cotton of India being required for the western nations ; and China, for many hundred years an importing country, not only stopping its importation for the time, but contributing from its own deficient product a portion towards making good the greater deficiency in Europe ; 40 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. and four years, 1865-'68, since the close of the war, a period marked by extraordinary fluctuations, the price for fair Surats at Liverpool falling from 2ld.j the average of 1864, to 8Jd., the average of 1867, which also was the average of the year 1868, and the price at its close. It will be observed that the exports from Bombay have not fallen off, but have rather increased, notwithstanding the comparatively low range of price in the average of the last two years. The value of cotton exported from Bombay during the two years 1858 and 1859 was declared below 8,000,000 (eight millions pounds sterling) for both years. The value for the two years 1863 and 1864 was more than 55,000,000, (fifty-five millions sterling,) and at the selling value of the portion which reached Liverpool it was nearly 60,000,000, equal to $300,000,000 gold. The scarcity of cotton caused by the war compelled the consumption of all surplus reserves before the power of high prices and the strenuous efforts of governments, companies, and individuals everywhere interested had extended the production in other countries to a supply adequate even to the greatly reduced consumption. The renewal of production in the United States aiding the continued production of other countries has relieved the scarcity, but has not yet sufficed to replace the requisite reserves ; nor could it supply such an increased consumption as would ensue upon a return to former low prices, and is demanded by the increase of population and the wants of trade. The usual export of cotton from Bombay before the Avar was less than 700,000 bales per annum. This was not more than 12 per cent, of the total production, as the estimates of the latter were stated on a previous page. Under the influence of war prices the export has increased 50 to 60 per cent. At first, in 1861 and 1862, that increase was drawn from the existing reserves by stinting the home consumption. But it is reasonable to suppose that in later years the excess of former exports is the result of increased production stimulated by price and demand, facilitated by great extension of railways, and promoted by the inflow of an immense amount of money. The increase has probably reached its maximum, except as some peculiarly favorable season may enlarge the product of a year. The cost of production has been enhanced, and notwithstanding the advantages of railway transportation, it is not to be expected that India cotton will continue to be exported to Europe after its price shall have fallen to 4Jd. per pound for fair Dhollera, as in former times, if excess of supply shall bring that about. One large crop in the United States, in India, and other countries, simultaneously, would present a supply exceeding the present consump- tion of the world by more than 1,000,000 bales. Whenever this shall occur, and it may soon, the ability of each country to continue the con- tribution of its quota of cheap cotton will be tested. Much space has been given to the cotton statistics of the Bombay presidency, because its cotton constitutes about two-thirds of the whole COTTON. 41 East Indian supply. The exports from Calcutta (the Bengal cotton) were distributed as follows for three years : l Years. > Great Britain. France. China. Total bales. Total pounds. Ig65 Bales. 159 487 Bales. 3 216 Bales. 87 568 250 271 75 081 300 1866 337,030 4 698 69 702 411,430 ^ 122, 606 140 1867 235,510 6 314 191,041 432, 860 128, 128, 040 Without complete and reliable statistics from Madras for recent years, an approximation to the exports from that presidency for the three years 1865- 7 67 is attained by taking the import of Madras cotton to Great Britain and assigning to that a proportion of the whole export similar to that from Bengal. (The export from Madras for one year corresponds very nearly with the imports into Great Britain during the last seven months of that year and five months of the next year.) Thus ascertained, the export from Madras to Great Britain stands : For 1865 175, 000 bales, weighing 52, 500, 000 pounds. For 1866 275, 000 bales, weighing 82, 500, 000 pounds. For 1867 276, 000 bales, weighing 82, 800, 000 pounds. Assuming that the Madras export, other than to Great Britain, (to China, &c.,) bears a proportion much less than that from Calcutta and Bombay, the total export from the Madras presidency, for 1867, was approximately 300,000 bales, equal to 90,000,000 pounds. The total export of cotton in the year 1867 from the three presiden- cies, besides clothing their 180,000,000 of people, was thus: Bales. Pounds. 1, 175, 967 449, 219, 394 y 432, 865 128, 128, 040 From Madras, estimated 300,000 90, 000, 000 1, 908, 832 667, 347, 4:34 COTTON CULTURE IN EGYPT. It has been stated that cotton was grown in Upper Egypt in the time of Pliny, but the cultivation had been long discontinued, when, about the year 1821, that energetic viceroy, Mehemed Ali, having made some successful experiments in cotton planting, began the cultivation on a large scale in Upper Egypt, The result was very favorable. The pro- duct of the first year was 60 bags ; the second year, 50,000 ; the third year, 120,000; and in 1824 140,000 bags were obtained. 2 The bags varied in weight from 180 to 240 pounds. 1 See on page 38 a table showing the export of Bengal cotton down to 1858. 2 Baine's History of Cotton Manufacture, page 306. 4 C 42 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. In 1827 or 1828 a quantity of seed of the Sea Island cotton was planted in Egypt, where it flourished, and yields cotton second only to the Ameri- can Sea Island. About 1833 or 1834 the cultivation of cotton in Egypt fell to an inconsiderable quantity, but was afterwards increased^ as appears from the table of the quantities exported from Alexandria during the ten years 1850-'59 : Pounds. Pounds. 1850 46, 059, 965 1851 30,347,338 1852 66,424,960 1853 43,885,201 1854 43,546,500 1855 56,874,300 1856 54, 419, 904 1857 49, 489, 552 1858 52,369,408 1859 49,259,210 Averaging about 49,000,000 pounds, or 95,000 bales per annum. In Egypt, as elsewhere, the American war gave a new and forcible impetus to the cotton culture. Unfortunately the exact statistics are not at hand. The crops of 1864 and 1865 were very large, say 360,000 and 340,000 bales respectively. In 1866 and 1867 they fell off to 210,000 and 225,000 bales. The crop of 1868-'69 is estimated as equal to that of 1865, say 340,000 bales of 500 pounds each. It seems to be the fact that cotton culture in Egypt has reached its highest point, even under high prices, in the present condition of that country ; and that with lower prices the production will fall away and give place to grain crops. BRAZIL. The Maraiiham Company exported the first cotton from Brazil about 1760. The limited demand for it in Europe appears from this incident : A Portuguese merchant, in 1762, bought at the company's sale 300 bags, (the wild cotton of the province,) at 300 reis per pound. He sent it to Kouen, the only market, but was a loser because of the peace of 1763. At the next sale there was no bidder for any large quantity. The direc- tors took it at 160 reis, and were also losers. 1 England first received cotton from Brazil in 1782, although the Dutch colony of Surinam had sent cotton to Holland as early as 1735 ; thus early making known the quality of South American cotton. Its time had not then come. Soon after the introduction of Pernambuco cotton to Great Britain, the value of its staple was discovered, and as early as 1825 there was a large import to England of Brazil cotton. 1 Southey's History of Brazil, quoted in Bishop's American Manufactures. COTTON. 43 EXPORTS FROM BRAZIL. The exports from Brazil from 1840 to 1855 were stated in Mr. Ellison's hand book, as follows : Pounds. 1840 22, 335, 520 1841 22,140,030 1842 20,466,566 1843.. 22,324,718 1844 26,056,160 1845 26,446,240 1846.. 20,651,040 1847 19, 419, 224 Pounds. 1848 20,457,116 1849 :.. 27,181, 312 1850 35,498,048 1851 28,270,080 1852 28, 744, 000 1853 31, 933, 056 1854 28,551,584 1855 27,838,720 While there is no apparent limit to the capacity of Brazil to produce cotton on account of soil, climate, or other natural condition, economic reasons seem to have fixed an early limit. There was but very little increase in the production during the 16 years above stated. The rea- son is probably to be found in the greater profit of other crops, especially of coffee. Daring and since the war the cotton culture of Brazil has been largely extended. The import to Great Britain alone was in Year. Bales. Weight per bale. Pounds. 1864 01O ]QO Pounds. 1865 340 260 1866 1867 . 437 210 1868 Here was a progressive increase, and the estimate for the crop of 1868-'69 calls for further increase. It remains to be seen if the exten- sion of this culture in Brazil is to be permanent and progressive, irre- spective of occasional depressions of price; or if, upon the recurrence of a low range of prices, the effect of over supply, cotton will not again give place to the more profitable coffee. WEST INDIES AND GUIANA. At the time of the discovery of these islands by Columbus, the cotton plant was cultivated, and large quantities of its fiber were manufac- tured by the natives. The early cotton manufacture of England and other parts of Europe was supplied chiefly from the West Indian colo- nies, and from the Levant. In 1787 Great Britain imported from her West Indian colonies 6,600,000 pounds of cotton, or about 38 per cent, of the entire import to the United Kingdom. Our own early importations of cotton were chiefly from the same source. The quality is generally good, especially that produced in Guiana from the black seed, ranking nearly with the Egyptian. 44 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The successful culture of cotton in the United States, and consequent low prices, had caused a great falling oif in the West Indies, where sugar became the preferred crop as more profitable. British emancipation next occurred, and almost caused the abandonment of cotton culture. The diminution is shown in the following table of British imports from the West Indian colonies, embracing nearly the whole product for the several years. 1 They were from British imports of cotton from the West India colonies. Years. Demarara. Berbice. Grenada. St. Vincent. Barbadoes. The Bahamas. 1831 Pounds. 979 7-20 Pounds. 554 083 Pounds. 141 038 Pounds. 49 576 Pounds. 333 405 Pounds. 183 794 1836 818, 648 262, 049 117, 935 71,864 121 752 157 118 1841 83 285 3 154 61 776 49 622 99 032 905 751 1846 275 901 113 638 9 335 53 382 380 248 257 507 1851 157 596 24 715 42 687 86 948 8 532 1P56 210, 560 67, 760 35 616 51 632 1857 112 224 42 336 69 328 28 000 1 113 392 1858 227, 696 57, 476 57, 120 3, 472 In 1809, Great Britain imported from all COUD tries 440,382 bales, of which there were from the United States, 160,180 bales ; from Brazil, 140,927 bales 5 from the East Indies, 35,764 bales ; from the West Indies, &c., 103,511 bales. In 1815, the imports by Great Britain were 100,709,146 pounds ; from the United States, 54,407,299 pounds ; from the British West Indies and Guiana, 15,341,197 pounds; from all other sources, 30,960,650 pounds. In 1859, the production of cotton in the British West Indies and Brit- ish Guiana had so fallen off that the total import to Great Britain from all those possessions was only 6,800 bales, or 592,256 pounds. Here, as elsewhere, high prices, the effect of our Avar, induced a rapid restoration of the cotton culture. Nearly all the production of those British possessions is exported to Great Britain; therefore there will be no material error in taking the British imports as the measure of the colonial production for the last three years: 1866, 41,193 bales; 1867, 43,446 bales; 1868, 20,630 bales. The imports from the British West Indies in 1864 and 1865 were respectively 59,645 and 131,120 bales; but the greater part of these was of cotton from the United States which had run the blockade. In Turkey, &c., prior to the war, its stint of cotton and high prices, the commercial supply of cotton from Turkey and other countries on the Mediterranean (Egypt excepted) was too small to find separate mention in the commercial or any general statistics of the cotton trade. There, where cotton was first transplanted from the east, its cultiva- Mann's Cotton Trade of Great Britain, p. 81. COTTON. 45 tion bad long ceased, except for domestic use and as an insignificant article of local trade. Following the universal rule, there also the culture of cotton was quickly extended so as to afford a contribution of some magnitude! towards the needed supply after 1862. The statistics of that production are not accessible to us. The imports of cotton from Turkey, Greece, &c., to Great Britain, for the last five years, were: isi;4 62,052 bales. 1865 80,303 bales. 1867 16,615 bales. 1868 12,623 bales. 1866 32,632 bales. To these should be added the quantities taken for use in France and other portions of the continent of Europe. The rapid decline in the pro- duction from 1865 to 1868 will be observed. It indicates a probable cessation of the culture for export whenever the United States and other countries of abundant and cheap production shall again offer to the com- mercial world a full supply of cotton for its wants. OTHEK COUNTRIES, AND COMPARATIVE VALUE OF AMERI- CAN AND FOREIGN COTTON. The leading cotton-producing countries the United States, the East Indies, Egypt, Brazil, the British West Indies, and Guiana, and the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean having been passed in a rapid review of their past and present cotton supply, it remains only to notice briefly the culture in. other countries, extended or called into exist- ence by the recent famine and its prices. Samples from all these countries, showing the comparative length and quality of their respective staples, were exhibited at the Universal Expo- sition in a very interesting and well-prepared collection by the Manches- ter Cotton Supply Association. Through the courtesy of the officers of that association (acknowledged in the first part of our report) a similar but. even more complete collection of samples was prepared for and brought home by the commissioner for cotton who makes this report. During the war, and under the influence of high prices, experiments were made with both black and green seed wherever cotton planting was attempted, with few exceptions the former of American Sea Island and Egyptian, and the green seed principally of New Orleans and other superior staples. Australia, the South Pacific islands, South Africa, and the west coast of South America produced fine specimens of long stapled (black seed) cotton, vieing in spinning value with the best staples from Egypt, Surinam, Pernambuco, &c. Eastern Europe and western Asia exhibited specimens of green seed cotton grown from New Orleans seed that were much better than the native cotton, and quite equal to the upland cotton of the same grade in the United States, as were a few of the specimens from India obtained from the same seed. The commissioner is so convinced that cotton culture in most of the 46 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. places where these experiments were made will cease with the high prices that induced them, that he deems it unnecessary to make mention of them separately. The samples are all interesting as displaying evidences of what can be done under the power of price or necessity, and useful to the people where they were successful in testing the fitness of soil, cli- mate, and other conditions for cotton growing. But cotton growing will be a leading business permanently only in those countries where it can be made more profitable than other pursuits. Where indigo, rice, tobacco, sugar, coffee, or breadstuff's will pay better, or will better suit the soil, or climate, or the necessities, habits, or other conditions of a people, than cotton, the culture of cotton may be temporarily forced by the power of high price as well as by the decree of a Pacha, or by the Avell-directed efforts of a resolute, intelligent, and persistent manufacturing people; but it will be only temporary, like any other enforced industry attempted in defiance of the laws of true economy. * Those laws find a parallel and illustration in the laws governing the vegetable world. Indian cotton seed brought to the United States (from where it is a native to where it is an exotic) will produce a better cotton here than in India, tending to longer and better staple continually. On the contrary, Kew Orleans seed planted in India will produce cotton the first year nearly equal to its original, but every year of reproduction from the same seed will exhibit more and more deterioration until the product shall have assimilated to the native Indian cotton. The con- ditions of the two countries cause the characteristics of cotton to deter- mine in opposite directions ; hence the necessity for frequent renewals of good staple seeds in India. It is forcing a temporary deviation from nature's course, but always the tendency is to obey the natural law. COMPARATIVE VALUES OF AMERICAN AND OTHER KINDS OF COTTON. The classification or grading of cotton is not applied uniformly to the cotton of all countries, even in Liverpool, where all are found in market. " Fair" cotton from any part of the United States is a very high grade, almost clear of impurities and defects. It is four grades higher than the American " middling,' 7 yet the latter is a better grade in point of cleanliness than the grade of " fair" in Surats and some other sorts. These incongruities make it difficult to convey to any one not familiar with the trade and its technicalities a proper idea of the relative value of the several kinds of cotton by the quotations of a price list. The following arrangement, classing American "middling" with the "fair" cotton of other countries, will bring them all nearly to uniformity of cleanliness and appearance. Differences of price from a common level will then indicate the relative values of all kinds by their merits for ^ee, in the Appendix I, a report from the London Times of the last meeting of the Cotton Supply Association. COTTON. 47 spinning. The prices are those of December 30, 1868, at Liverpool, per pound : Long staple or black seed varieties. Sea Island, middling, 23d Egyptian, fair, Peruvian, fair, Pernambuco, fair, West Indian, fair, lid Green seed varieties. Orleans, middling, lid Mobile, middling, Upland, middling, Smyrna, &c., fair, Surats, Dharwars, fair, Surats, Dhollerahs, fair, Madras, fair, Bengal, fair, ANNUAL STATEMENT OF COTTON SUPPLY. Annual cotton statistics are made up in the United States to the 31st of August, and in Great Britain, and Europe generally, to December 31st. To make up tables for both Europe and the United States in which the statistics of Europe shall conform in date to our crop statements, the account must be taken in Europe about September 30. For the greater part of the European statistics of that date we are indebted to the val- uable tables of M. Ott-Trumpler, of Zurich. SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON. Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United' States for the year 1859- 7 60. Supply and consumption. Bales. Pounds. Bales. Pounds. Stocks of cotton in ports In Europe September 30 1859 750,000 315 750 000 In the United States August 31 1859 . . 150 000 67,050 000 Cotton crop of the United States for the year ending August 31, 1860 ,, 4,861 000 2,192 311,000 900,000 382,800,000 Import te Europe for year ending September 30, 1860 From India... .. 700 000 267 400 000 From Brazil 127,000 22, 987, 000 From Egypt and others 167, 000 68, 470, 000 5 855 000 2 551 168 000 s " ..%' Total supply Europe and America for the year. 6, 755, 000 2, 933, 968, 000 Consumption in the United States 978,000 441, 078, 000 Consumption of American cotton in Spain, RUB- 168,000 75,768 000 Consnmption in Great Britain all kinds ... 2 560,000 1, 113, 600, 000 ' Consumption in rest of Europe 1, 577, 000 654, 455, 000 5 283 000 2 284 901 . 000 Stocks on hand in United States August 31 1860 228 000 Stocks on band in Europe September 30 1860 1 244 000 1 472 000 649 067,000 48 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The foregoing table, or statement of 1859-'60, represents the year of largest supply ever known. Compare with it the following statement of the last complete cotton year, 1867-'68 : Supply and consumption of cotton in Europe and the United States for the years 1867- 7 68. Supply and consumption. Bales. Pounds. Bales. Pounds. Stocks of cotton in ports 1 092 000 404 040 000 In the United States August 31 1867 80 000 35 200 000 Cotton crop of the United States for the year ending August 31 1868 2 600,000 1, 157, 000, 000 1, 172, 000 439, 240, 000 Import to Europe for year ending September 30, 1868 1, 312, 000 478, 880, 000 675 000 106, 650, 000 233, 000 116, 500, 000 330, 000 66, 000, 000 5 150 000 1 925 030 000 6 322 000 2, 364, 270, 000 968 000 430 760,000 Consumption of American cotton in Spain, Rus- 35 000 15, 575, 000 Consumption in Great Britain all kinds 2, 822, 000 1, 001, 810, 000 Consumption in rest of Europe 1,845,600 645, 960, 000 5 670 600 o 094 105 000 Stocks on hand in the United States August 31, 1868 ... 37, 400 Stocks on hand in Europe September 30, 1868 614, 000 651 400 270 165 COO M. Triimpler's tables exclude the cotton trade of Spain, Kussia, and Sweden. The entire cotton crop of the United States being stated on the side of supply, it is necessary to state on the side of consumption the export of United States cotton to those countries. 1 1 See, in the Appendix G, a table of exports of American cotton to Spain, Russia, and Sweden and Norway, 1849 to 1867. COTTON. 49 Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United States, stated for a comparison of the three years 1858-'59 to 1860- 7 61 urith the two years 1866-'67 and 1867- ? 68, (the year ending August 31 in the United States, and September 30 in Europe.} Years. Stocks at beginning of year Europe and United States. f Imports to Europe of other sorts. Total supply, Eu- rope and United States. OQ Consumption Europe and United States. 1858-'59 Bales. 746, 000 900,000 1, 472, 000 1, 426, 700 1, 172, 000 Bales 4, 019, 000 4, 861, 000 3, 850, 000 2, 319, 000 2,600,000 Bales. 841,000 994,000 1,058,000 2, 601, 000 2,550,000 Bales. 5,606,000 6, 755, 000 6,380,000 6, 346, 700 6, 322, 000 Bale*. 900,000 1, 472, 000 1,112,500 1, 172, 000 651, 400 Bales. 4, 706, 000 5,283,000 5,267,500 5, 174, 700 5, 670, 600 Pounds. 1, 976, 520, 000 2, 284, 901, 000 2, 212, 350, 000 1, 893, 940, 000 2, 094, 105, 000 1859-'60 1860-'61 1866-'67 . 1867 '68 While the number of bales consumed during the last year exceeds that of 1859 r '60 (the largest previous to the year 1867->68) by 387,600, the number of pounds consumed the last year was less than that of 1859-'60 by 190,896,000, equal to 518,000 bales of the average weight of the last year. This exhibits the falling off in the average weight of bales since the proportion of American supply fell from seven-eighths to one-half of the whole supply. The consumption of cotton in Europe and the United States during the last year, 1867-'68, shows an increase upon the preceding year, 1866-'67, of 495,900 bales, or 200,165,000 pounds. CHAPTER III. COTTON MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES. PROMINENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN COTTON MANUFACTURE STATIS- TICS OF MANUFACTURE AVERAGES OF SPINDLES RETURNS FROM COTTON MILLS CQMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE MOVEMENTS OF COTTON IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES CONCLUSION. HISTORICAL M)TIE. The time allowed for preparing this report is too short to permit writ- ing a history of the early cotton manufacture in this country ; nor can space be given for any proper treatment of a subject so interesting. We pass over the period from 1620, when cotton was recommended for cultivation in Virginia as a useful material for textile fabrics, down to 1760-'80, when the inventions in England of spinning and other machines by Highs, Lees, Hargreaves, and Arkwright, gave a new value to and demand for cotton. The spinning and weaving in the colonies during that time was chiefly of wool and flax, and only for home wear, trade in such manu- factures being prohibited. Indeed, the history of that period tells of the policy and laws of the mother country toward the colonies, inter- dicting or repressing such industries as might compete with the manu- facturer at home or lessen his market. For the brief narrative which follows, of the prominent events in the history of the American manufacture of cotton goods, we are mainly indebted to Samuel Batchelder, esq., of Boston, who was a practical manufacturer at New Ipswich, K H., as early as 1808, and, though far advanced in years, still successfully directs the operations of one of the large corporations at Lawrence, Mass. In 18G3, Mr. Batchelder published a small book 1 containing such par- ticulars of the history of the cotton manufacture in this country as he had collected, guided by the personal recollections of himself and his early coteinporaries, which reached back almost to the time of Slater and the introduction of the first Arkwright machines. Spinning jennies and frames were put in operation in the United States very soon after they were started in England. Soon after the close of the war of the Revolution, in 178G-'S7, the legislature of Massachusetts offered premiums for the introduction and setting up of manufacturing machinery. In 1789, the " Beverly Manufacturing Com- 1 Introduction and Early Progress of the Cotton Manufacture in the United States. Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co. 1863. COTTON. 51 pany" was incorporated, whose works at Beverly, Mass., had been begun in 1787, and were in operation there at the time of Washington's visit in 1789 the first cotton factory in America. About the same time, Tench Coxe and others were actively promoting manufacturing operations in Pennsylvania. Machinery for making cot- ton goods was set up in Connecticut in 1790, in !New Jersey in 1792, and in New York in 1794. But Rhode Island was especially fortunate in securing the services of Samuel Slater, a practical machinist and manufacturer, who arrived from England near the close of the year 1789, and was soon employed by Moses Brown and Almy & Brown to take charge of their mills at Providence and Pawtucket. The mills which had been started at Beverly, Providence, Paterson, (New Jersey,) and Philadelphia, had the spinning jenny; but it was Slater who first introduced Arkwright's machinery. Thenceforward there was success, with rapid improvement, especially in Rhode Island and Massachusetts attributable in a great degree to the skill and teaching of Slater. Coxe's report upon the census of 1810 gives the number of cotton fac- tories in the country as follows : Maine 3 New Hampshire 12 Massachusetts 54 Vermont 1 Ehode Island 28 Connecticut ... 14 New York 26 New Jersey 4 Pennsylvania 64 Delaware '. 3 Maryland 11 Ohio 2 Kentucky 15 Tennessee 4 Total.. . 241 The number of spindles is not fully stated, but those of New Hampshire were less than 500 per mill, and in Ehode Island and Massachusetts less than 800 to each mill. The mills in the middle and western States were doubtless smaller still. Assuming the average of all at 400 per mill, the whole number of spindles would be 96,400. ] (In Woodbury's report to Congress, in 1836, the number for 1810 was stated at 87,000.) 1 Tench Coxe, in his "Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United States of America for the year 1810," (prepared in 1812, under instruction of Albert Gallatiu, Secretary of the Treasury,) says "the maximum of our exportation of cotton in any one year was sixty -four millions of pounds weight ; " that it was " worth then 12-J cents per pound at the planters' estates $8,000,000 ;" and that if the 64 ,000, 000 pounds of cotton could have been spun into yarn, (it would have required 1,160,000 spindles,) th weight of yarn would have been about 50,000,000 pounds, worth, at the price of the day, $1 18 per pound, and its value "would amount to $50,000,000, exceeding the aggregate value of all the exports of American articles in the most favorable year." He further says, that by weaving this quan- tity of yarn into cloth it would become worth $67,000,000, and by the process of printing and dyeing, its value would be further increased, so that "the aggregate value of our sur- 52 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The embarrassments to commerce growing out of the war in Europe, the Berlin and Milan decrees, orders in council, and our own embargo upon trade, had, prior to 1810, restricted the importation of foreign goods ; and the consequent advance in prices gave impulse to a rapid increase in the production of such fabrics as could be manufactured here, partic- ularly of cotton, to take the place of the foreign goods. Mr. Batchelder, who was then making cotton goods, says, "The war with Great Britain in 1812 raised the price of goods to such extravagant rates that articles of cotton, such as had been previously imported from England at 17 to 20 cents per yard, were sold by the package at 75 cents. This state of affairs caused a further large increase of the manu- facturing business during the war. In 1811, Mr. Nathan Appleton 1 and Mr. Francis C. Lowell, of Boston, having met in Edinburgh, determined upon plans for the introduction to this country of the power-loom, then recently put in operation in some of the cotton mills in Great Britain. Those plans were carried into effect by Messrs. Lowell, Appleton, ^atrick T. Jackson, and others, and power-loom weaving w r as successfully established in Waltham, Massa- chusetts, in 1814. Improvements to the machinery for spinning and weaving, for card ing and dressing, and other processes in cotton manufacture were dis- covered and applied in rapid succession by the ready invention of Paul Moody and others. These, brought into use by the enterprise and saga- city of Mr. Lowell and his associates at Waltham, gave, in the vicinity of Boston, an impulse which for its day was as valuable and effective as that given by Slater and his associates in the vicinity of Providence at an earlier date. The later one was a great advance upon the first, yet the value of either to the welfare of the whole country cannot well be over-estimated. 2 With the return of peace in 1815 the importation of foreign goods w r as resumed. The sudden fall in prices which followed was destructive of all profit in manufacturing operations, and brought ruin to many who were engaged in them. plus cotton, (64,000,000 pounds,) even when thus simply manufactured, would be raised from $8,000,000 or $9,000,000 to $75,000,000." The supplementary observations of Mr. Coxe, bearing- date September, 1814, "in regard to the uses of steam" as applied to the manufactures of cotton and other materials, to " the moving of boats and vessels freighted with those raw materials," and other labor-saving devices, are peculiarly interesting- now. J See Memoir of Hon. Nathan Appleton, prepared for the Massachusetts Historical Society by Hon. R. C. Winthrop, for interesting particulars concerning- the establishment of the earlier factories, introduction of the power-loom, &c. 2 Mr. Nathan Appleton, in the sketches of his own life, which he had drawn up about the year 1855, and handed to Mr. Winthrop a short time before his death in 1861, thus wrote of the labor-saving- machinery in the arrangement adopted by Mr. Lowell for the mill at Wal- tham prior to 1816. " It is remarkable how few chang-es, in this respect, have since been made from those established by him in the first mill built in Waltham." COTTON. 53 REPORT OF THE CONGRESSIONAL CO3DIITTEE IN 1815. A report of a committee of Congress in 1815 gave the following as the statistics of the cotton manufacture in the United States at that date. Capital employed $40,000,000 Operatives employed : Men 10,000 Boys. 24,000 Women and girls 66,000 100,000 Wages of the 100,000, at $1 50 per week, average $15,000,000 1 Cotton consumed per year, 90,000 bales Ibs . . 27,000,000 Yards of cloth produced 81,000,000 Cost, averaging 30 cents per yard $24,300,000 A statement of the spindles in three States was made as a basis for assessments to pay the expenses of an agent at Washington. It appears to have been carefully and correctly made up, and was as follows : Mills. Spindles. Rhode Island 99 68, 142 Massachusetts 52 39, 468 Connecticut 14 11,700 Total 165 119, 310 The foregoing statistics of 27,000,000 pounds of cotton used, producing 81,000,000 yards of cloth, or three yards of yard-wide cloth per pound of cotton, indicate an average of about No. 15 yarn. At the probable rate of that day, there should have been about 350,000 spindles in the United States to consume the 27,000,000 pounds of cotton. Up to this time (1815) the cotton machinery had been employed only in the production of yarn, which was woven upon hand looms, (the mill at Waltham, having power looms, being a recent exception.) Now came the necessity for adopting whatever would cheapen the process yet improve the product, and power looms soon came into general use. The great profits of the owners of cotton factories for a few years prior to 1813, and the desire to participate in them, led to the erection of new mills and their machinery, to a great extent, upon credit. Many had not the capital, which would have been required in ordinary times for a proper conduct of the business, and had ventured without it under the temptation of extraordinary prices. While all suffered, these were utterly disabled by the change that came with peace. All this large interest was prostrate. In the "Autobiographical Sketches" left by Nathan Appleton, he made notes of a visit which he and Mr. Lowell made to Ehode Island in 1816. He says : " We pro- ceeded to Pawtucket. We called on Mr. Wilkinson, the maker of 1 Should be $150,000. 54 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. machinery. He took us into his establishment a large one. All was silent not- a wheel in motion not a man to be seen. He informed us that there was not a spindle running in Pawtucket, except a few in Slater's old mill, making yarns ^ all was dead and still. * * * We saw several manufacturers ; they were all sad and despairing." Congress was petitioned for relief in the form of a protective tariff, and the policy of encouraging American industry in this way was earnestly advocated and carried by Calhoun, Clay, and other leading southern men in Congress, against the strenuous resistance of representatives from the New England and other districts largely interested in shipping and foreign commerce. The recovery from this extreme depression was slow and gradual. Adversity had compelled the adoption of the best labor-saving machinery which ingenious men could devise, and a resort to all the wise economies that should tend to cheapen the cost of production. Under favor of these benefits and the fostering effect of the protective tariff the manu- facturing interest regained a profitable position, and began a new period of growth and prosperity. It has since passed through adverse times, making losses and encountering changes of legislative policy that were discouraging ; but in spite of these and their checks to progress, it has increased from one decade to another, and has become one of the most important, as it is one of the most firmly established industries of our people. In 1821 Messrs. Nathan Appleton, Kirk Boott, P. T. Jackson, and Paul Moody started the improvement of the water-power on the Merrimack river, which created the city of Lowell. It was the origin and type of the many great manufacturing towns which have become the seats of wealth-producing power. Our limited time and space do not permit even a chronological state- ment in detail of the beginning and progress of the large manufacturing works at Saco, Biddeford, and Lewiston, in Maine ; at Great Falls, Sal- mon Falls, Manchester, and Nashua, in New Hampshire ; at Lawrence, Fall River, and the hundred other manufacturing cities and towns in Massachusetts ; nor of the extension of this business in the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut, dotting them all over with factories wherever a water-power could be utilized under the influences which began with and flowed from the success of Slater in 1789-'90. The early, persistent, and successful efforts for the promotion of manu- factures in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, and the results achieved, deserve special mention, but, like the others, must be passed over. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURE. It remains now to present such statistics as are obtainable to show the growth of this business from one decade to another and its present condition. COTTON. 55 The following table is made from the data gathered and presented to Congress by Mr. Woodbury in his special report, March 4, 1836. Few, if any, of its quantities could Jiave been taken from actual returns, and all are more or less the subjects of estimate. (The spindles in 1815 must have been over 300,000.) Mr. Woodbury explains that the quantities of cotton stated as consumed included the cotton used in families for home spinning and all other purposes. Xumber of spindles and consumption of cotton from 1805 to 1835 inclusive, according to Woodbury. Year. Number of spindles. Pounds of cotton used. Year. Number of spindles. Pounds of cottou used. 1805 4 500 11 000 000 18 I 230 000 50 000 000 1807 8 000 3825 . 800 000 1809 31 000 1828 1 250 000 60 000 000 1810 87,000 16, 000, 000 1830 1, 500, 000 1811 80 000 17 000 000 1831 77 500 000 1814 122 646 1833 82 500 000 1815 130 000 31 500 000 1835 1 759 000 100 000 000 1820 220 000 CENSUS RETURNS. The following table of statistics was compiled from the census returns of 1840. The number of cotton mills then returned exceeds the number now in existence. Either many have been discontinued, or some were included then that were not properly cotton factories. It will be noticed that there were no cotton mills in the States of Illi- nois, Missouri, Michigan, Florida, Wisconsin, Iowa, nor in the District of Columbia. Statistics of the cotton manufacture of the United States according to the census returns of 1840. . a 9 S s Q X ^ ^s E s "5L s. * 1 *.i States. g ^ ll 'o JT s 1 t*> -2 o u S -5 1 g 3 "A I" s S 3 ^5 1 6 29,736 3 $970, 397 1,414 $1. 398, 000 58 195 173 4 4, 142, 304 6,991 5, 523, 200 278 665 095 22 16, 553, 423 20,928 17, 414, 099 Rhode Island 209 518, 817 17 7, 116, 792 12,086 7, 326, 000 116 181 319 6 2, 715, 964 5,153 3, 152, 000 Vermont 7 7 254 113,000 262 118. 100 ,,7 211, 659 12 3, 640, 237 7,407 4, 900, 772 43 63, 744 13 2, 086, 104 2,408 1, 722, 810 106 146 494 40 5, 013, 007 5,522 3, 325, 400 11 24 492 332, 272 566 330,500 Maryland. .. 21 41,182 3 1,150,580 2,284 1, 304, 400 56 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Statistics of the cotton manufacture^ &c. Continued. tt> 'f 3 3 a '"2 i 1 3 c a s.* States. 5 -0 js *$ ft ft JB S3 53 a ,0 j d s Oi i, s .FH 3 > fc ll Q > ^ c 2 42 262 1 446 063 1 816 1 299 00 25 47 934 438 900 1 219 995 300 15 16 355 359 000 570 617 450 19 o 304 342 779 573 835 14 1 502 17 547 82 35 575 53 318 1 744 81* 6 420 2 706 18 900 23 22 000 Tennessee 38 16 813 325, 719 1 542 463 240 Kentucky 58 12, 358 5 329 380 523 316, 113 Ohio 8 13 754 139 378 246 113 500 12 4 985 1 135 400 210 142 500 Arkansas 2 90 7 2 125 Total 1 240 2 284 631 129 46 350 453 72 119 51 102 359 * Evidently erroneous ; probably three mills, and eighteen persons employed. The report of the seventh United States census (for 1850) does not men- tion cotton mills or spindles. Its statistics of the cotton manufacture specify the capital employed, value of the production, number of persons employed, and some other items of information that would be useful if they were reliable. It fails to supply the details necessary to a com- parision of the cotton manufacture ia 1850 with that of 1840 and 1860. In a compendium of the seventh census, prepared by J. D. B. DeBow in 1854, are to be found some statistics that were omitted in the large quarto report. Some of these are included in Table 196 in the compen- dium, upon " cotton manufactures, 1850." Still the table, 1 like the census report, omits mention of the cotton spindles, and as an exhibit of the manufacturing capacity of the cotton mills in the several States is very unsatisfactory and inaccurate. The number of mills in Ehode Island, their capital and their product, are set down as less in 1850 than they were by the census of 1840, when, in fact, there had been a large increase. According to the annual cotton crop statement, published by the New York Shipping List for the year 1849- 7 50, the total quantity of cotton taken for home consumption that year was 613,000 bales, for all uses, north and south, of which not more than 600,000 bales could have been consumed by the spinning machinery. DeBow's table states the con- ir fhe table referred to is copied (without credit, however) into the Supplement on Cotton Statistics and Manufactures, by P. L. Simmonds, appended to the edition of Ure's Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain, published by Bohn, London, 1861. Our country should sup- ply more carefully prepared statistics for use in the preparation of works so valuable as those of Ure and Simmonds. (See Vol. 1, page 436.) COTTON. 57 sumption of cotton at 641,240 bales, and so placed in the table as to bear the inference that it was consumed in the mills. If the cotton used in families for all purposes was included, then it would be nearer the right quantity. AVERAGES OF CONSUMPTION, SPINDLES, AND YARN. Through the well-directed efforts of the "National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters," during the past year, some data have been obtained that are reliable and valuable as supplying a basis for computations of past as well as present and future quantities. In another place we shall make free use of their tables. For the present these facts should be noted : The present average annual consumption of cotton in all the United States is at the rate of 65 pounds per spindle ; in the northern States the rate is 60.7 pounds, and in the southern States it is 138.12 pounds per spindle. The average size or number of yarn produced is as follows : In the United States, 27 J, in the north 28, in the south 121. There is a constant tendency to finer work as labor becomes more skilled and raw material more costly in proportion. Down to within a few years the number of yarn was as coarse as No. 14 in a large part of the northern production. The average now being 27J, it cannot be far wrong to place the average size of yarn for 1860, No. 23; for 1850, No. 22 J; for 1840, No. 20. The consumption of 65 pounds of cotton per year to each spindle, for an average of No. 27J yarn, after allowing 20 per cent, gross waste, produces 52 pounds of yarn, equal to 1,430 hanks, which, for 300 work- ing days, gives 4.76 hanks per day. The better machinery now affords a higher rate of production than was generally practicable for the same yarn in the same time some j-ears ago. The coarser the yarn on equal speed, the greater will be the quantity of cotton used. Comparing the work in 1850 with that now done, it will be well to assume, in the absence of stated facts, that in the year 1850 the average number of yarn was 22J ; the average rate, 4.8 hanks per day ; the cot- ton consumed in mills, 600,000 bales, equal to 264,000,000 pounds; which, at 80 pounds per year for each spindle, would require 3,300,000 spindles to work it up. Mr. Samuel Batchelder made a report to the Boston board of trade in 1861, upon the cotton manufacture, in which, by another process, he arrived at a result not widely different. DEFECTIVE STATISTICS. The errors in DeBow's compendium of the United States census for 1850 have been noticed. As the statistical work by the same compiler, J. D. B. DeBow, entitled "The Industrial Eesources, &c., of the South- ern and Western States," is often cited as good authority in matters per- 5c 58 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. taining to cotton, its trade, and manufacture, it is well to say here, and show reason for saying, that its statistics generally in regard to manu- factures of cotton are quite erroneous, and not to be accepted until veri- fied. 1 In volume 1, page 210, he says : "In 1840 the cotton used annually in our mills was 106,000,000 pounds; capital invested was [1] $80,000,000; annual value of cotton manufacture [2] $60,000,000. In the same year there were in operation in the New England States 1,590,140 spindles. The whole number of cotton spindles in the United States in 1850 was 2,500,000, showing an increase of 20 per cent, in the last ten years, [3.] Of the present actual condition of the cotton manufacture in this country we cannot speak with entire certainty until the returns of the census for 1850 are published. We are deficient in 'details, but for the figures given above, derived chiefly from a work on American cotton manufactures by Kobert H. Baird, 1851, we can speak with confidence of the 2,500,000 [4] cotton spindles now in the United States ; 150,000 are in the southern States and 100,000 in the western." The foregoing is a literal quotation. (1.) The census of 1840 stated the capital at $51,102,359. (2.) The census of 1840 stated the annual product at $46,350,453. (3.) Although the census of 1840 is not mentioned, and in other par- ticulars its statistics are displaced by his own, here Mr. DeBow refers to the number of spindles in the census of 1840, upon which there is an increase of 20 per cent. (4.) There is nothing but bare assertion for the 2,500,000 spindles in 1850. See its contradiction by himself below. From page 220 of the same volume is quoted: u The following returns, based partly on the official census, show the number of mills and spindles in each of the New England States using cotton wholly, leaving out all of those engaged in the manufacture of Avarps for satinets, merino shirts, mousselaine delaines, and shawls of mixed materials, of which it forms a component part : " Mills, spindles, and looms in New England. States. Mills. Looms. Spindles. 1850. 1840. 15 40 165 12 166 109 3,439 12, 462 32, 655 345 28, 233 6, 506 113,900 440, 401 1, 288, 091 31, 736 624, 138 252, 812 29, 736 195, 173 665, 095 7, 254 518,817 181,319 Total 507 * 82, 640 1 2, 754, 078 1, 597, 304 * The clerical errors in the footings follow the original. t Here we see 2,754,078 spindles for New England alone, whereas in the statistics which he " could use with confidence," Mr. DeBow stated the number to be 2,500,000 for all the United States. 1 See Appendix K for another of Mr. DeBow's tables of cotton statistics. COTTON. 59 "This shows a very considerable increase of production; being nearly 90 per cent, in the number of spindles." That there was no proper statement of the cotton manufacture in 1850, was attributable to Mr. DeBow, who had charge of the census statistics. He should have all the credit due to his work. 60 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. II .-lOTPt-Ot-HOOCO^OOO^OOrHt-O COOCOOCOCOOt'-Ot-^OOOCOO^HCOL'O in-^Goco-^CTiOt-i-icorfiooa-joiocoiQOT CO" CO" Of t-~ t-~ I-H" CO" Of r-T rH CO t-l rH O* O O QO QO i-i O 00 i-l g s ~ S" 5" i S" 1 i" 1 1 s " S" s " " K " s " 1 1 I" K I g s Ci r-l S *O UO Oi O O O O ' OJ^COMScO^CO co~ r-T o i 2 S ^f t- s s rM t- o CO OO OJ O CO i-H 00 CO 00 o" of t~-" co" ^H of o" in t>" O -H 10 CO OJ 05 -^ 10 10 Oi-H-^o^HOOC iO^-(OO^fOc;O r- oo G} o cc i^- o ^J 1 10" o" o" o" r-T of of iff >" o" oT >.o" GO" ^HOrt^Oi ICDLO^ft^OOOO^OO OOOO rHCOCOi-HOOO5OJCOC5-O r-T i>" m" co" of TjT r-T o o" o" o" o" cT *"' 10" oT ITS * CO S 3 S g S S . s o a O LO O rfi * 0< O TTi 10 c< i- oo go V of r-T i i s r= -S s S 5 .a j I iiiriiiniiiiiiiiifiji-iiii Sc8^3SSs^JOPM<1^HS<:EH t> S O K PH ^ COTTON. 61 the following averages per spindle From the foregoing table appear in most of the States : Averages per spindle according to the table States. Capital invested. Pounds cot- ton con- sumed. Product. Value per Ib. of raw material. Maine $20 36 78 13 $22 12 $0 12* 20 71 58 52 24 87 25 Vermont . . 16 10 56 20 18 13 12* Massachusetts 19 14 72 81 21 1 Rhode Island 15 00 50 30 16 00 13$ Connecticut 12 9'i 34 05 16 47 051 New York 16 50 79 11 2 73 Pennsylvania . ...... 23 00 91 60 32 79 201. 19 20 23 49 33 83 75 Delaware 22 25 105 72 35 76 Maryland ... 44 38 240 92 56 05 13f Ohio 16 67 121 00 41 97 13J Indiana . 22 73 72 72 31 73 12i Missouri 11 65 6 89 15 86 141 Kentucky. . . 10 95 32 74 17 63 441 Virginia 46 18 257 93 37 06 10i North Carolina 34 82 170 93 30 87 11 South Carolina 50 29 233 63 35 17 11 Georgia 41 85 292 87 50 00 13 Alabama 45 77 153 80 32 13 14i * The light quantity of cotton consumed and large value per pound of the raw material in New Jersey indicates thread spinning and the use of sea island and other costly cotton. This is confirmed by the small number of looms. The Preliminary Eeport on the Eighth Census, by J. G. C. Kennedy, superintendent, says of the facts exhibited in the foregoing census table : "The product per spindle varies in the different States, partly accounted for by the fact that many manufacturers purchase yarns which have been spun in other States. * * * * The quantity of cotton used in the fabrication of the above goods was 364,036,123 pounds, or 910,000 bales of 400 pounds each. Of this amount the New England States consumed 611,738 bales, and Massachusetts alone 316,655. The consumption per spindle in that year in the various sections was as follows : Consumption of cotton per spindle. No. of spin- dles. Pounds of cotton. Pounds per spindle. 3 959 297 237 844 854 61.8 In the middle States 861 661 76,055 666 88.26 *In the southern States .... 174, 340 40, 530, 003 232.48 In the United States .. 5, 035, 798 364, 036, 123 72.2 * We have interpolated this line showing in a separate aggregate the spindles and consumption of the south- ern States (outh of the Potomac) from the census table. The cotton consumed must include cotton used in families, or otherwise than upon mill spindles, the utmost capacity of which would be equal to the consump- tion of a quantity only about half as large as the above rate per spindle. 62 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. STATISTICS FROM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFAC- TURERS AND PLANTERS. Allusion has been made to the publications of the a National Associa- tion of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters." That association was organized in the early part of the last year, chiefly " to promote the cul- tivation of cotton in our country, and a recognition of the identity of interests between the cotton planters and manufacturers; and generally to accomplish by associated efforts whatever may be for the common good within the sphere of the association, shunning everything of a local or partial character." By the courtesy of the officers of that association we are permitted to take the following table and remarks from a report prepared by its sta- tistical committee, to be presented at an approaching meeting to be held in Baltimore. The table is compiled from the actual returns made from the mills, in number and locality as stated, and these carefully collected by the sec- retary of the association. The number of spindles is less than T Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869. States. Spindles. Average number of yarn. Cotton spun. Average per spin- dle. Cotton otherwise used. Maine 22 443 800 241 Pounds. 28 838 608 Pounds. 65 Pounds. New Hampshire . .... 49 734 460 25 48 089 439 65 46 1 297 600 Vermont 16 28 038 29 1 281 125 45.69 953 500 Massachusetts 150 2, 386, 002' 27 138 081 144 57 87 197 000 126 1 082 376 35i 51 938 373 47 06 890 800 Connecticut 81 545 528 29 31 652 920 58 492 500 New York 88 437 482 32i 22 097 044 50 51 4 125 000 New Jersey 30 175 042 32$ 10 767 600 61 51 7 000 Pennsylvania 71 384, 828 17 34, 806, 531 90.45 2 336 500 9 48 892 21 3 286 280 67 46 Maryland 11 45 502 12| 7 972 896 175 22 Ohio... . 5 22 834 13 3 170 000 138 82 GOO 000 Indiana 1 10, 800 14 1, 493, 061 138 26 Illinois 1 126 500 Missouri 4 13 436 10 2 475 000 184 21 Northern. 664 6 359, 020 28 385 952 021 60 7 11 026 400 10 36 060 15f 4 010 000 111 18 North Carolina 17 24 249 10 3 537 000 145 85 South Carolina. 6 31 588 13| 4 174 100 132 14 Georgia 20 69, 782 12 i 10 864 350 155 70 Alabama . . 8 25,196 17 2. 820. 596 112 1 See appendix (F) for the report upon cotton spinning in the United States, as made by the international jury of the Paris Exposition, 1867. 2 From the records of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters. COTTON. 63 Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869 Continued. States. | s a 1 Average number of yarn. Cotton spun. Average per spin- dle. Cotton otherwise used. Mississippi 6 8 752 9 1 457 000 166.48 4 8 528 9* 1 372 104 160 90 Arkansas . ... 2 924 8} 258 400 268 83 Tennessee 10 13 720 10 1 847 200 134 Kentucky 3 6 264 10 1 075 000 171 62 86 225 063 12f 31 415 750 138, 12 Northern States 664 6 359 020 28 385 952 021 60.70 11,026 400 Southern States . . . ....... 86 225 063 12| 31, 415, 750 138.12 Total 750 6 584 083 27* 417 367 771 64.88 11,026,400 *ij There are not probably more than 100 mills nor more than 250,000 spindles in the country not yet returned. The secretary has upon his list only 81 mills unreported, in which he estimates that there are 233,000 spindles. This list includes all of which he can get any mention whatever. In explanation of the greater number of, mills (1,091) reported in the census of 1860, he submits the following : Mills of which he has returns 750 Mills on his list not returned 81 Mills originally on his list not now using cotton : That have ceased running 72 Consolidated with others 14 Printing only 11 Weaving only 75 Using waste from other mills 10 = 182 Total.. 1,013 It is probable that many factories were classed as cotton mills in the census of 1860, which would be excluded by us as not properly cotton- spinning mills. The secretary finds that cotton in considerable quan- tities is " used otherwise than in cotton-spinning." He is trying to get complete returns of it, but finds obstacles not easily overcome, and is satisfied that the partial returns stated in the column for " cotton not otherwise used 77 do not represent one half the proper quantity. 64 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The mills reporting which spin cotton use per year 417, 367, 771 pounds. Eighty-one mills not reporting are estimated to use 27, 960, 000 pounds. Cotton otherwise used, that is, for textile fabrics, batting, &c., but not in cotton mills proper, esti- mated at 24, 672, 229 pounds. 470, 000, 000 pounds. Deduct, for the exceptional cases in which the quantity reported is the usual consuming capac- ity, and not the actual consumption of the year 20, 000, 000 pounds. Total consumption for 1868, (in part estimated, as above) .... 450, 000, 000 pounds. Of which was used in the southern States, about. 38, 000, 000 pounds. INCREASE OF MANUFACTURED GOODS. The sum of the increase of the manufacture of cotton goods and yarns in the United States is shown approximately in the following recapitu- lation of the aggregates at the decennial periods : Sum of increase of the manufacture of cotton goods. Year. No. of mills. No. of spin- dles. Pounds cot- ton con- sumed. Average per spin- dle. Average No. of yarn. 1840 ,. I 240 2 284 631 171 201 18 74 94 1850 3, 300, 000 264, 000, 000 80. 22 1860 915 5 035 798 364 036 123 7 2 03 1868 831 6 817 083 450 000 000 64 88 071 The rate of increase thus appears to have been 1840 to 1 850 ... in spindles 44.4 per cent in cotton used 54.2 per cent. 1850 to 1860. . .in spindles 52.6 per cent in cotton used 37.9 per cent. 1860 to 1868. . .in spindles 35.4 per cent in cotton used 23.6 per cent. 1840 to 1868. .in spindles 198.3 per cent., .in cotton used 162.8 per cent. We do not find any complete statistics of the various kinds of cotton goods produced. The custom-house returns aiford some materials for a table of cotton goods exported, which table will be found in the appen- dix, (E,) embracing, however, only plain white or brown goods, and only from the ports of !New York and Boston for the years 1849 to 1868, inclu- sive. This table shows nearly the whole export of domestic cottons, and in a comparison of the several years the fluctuations of increase and diminution maybe observed. In the appendices (D) and (H) will be found a table containing the principal facts of the British trade and manufac- COTTON. 65 ture of cotton. The statement for the calendar year 1868, in Great Britain, stands thus : 1 Imports, exports, and consumption in Great Britain, 1868. Bales. Pounds. Stock held by spinners January 1 80 000 30 253 000 Stock in the ports January 1 554 800 191 415 360 3 660 130 1 296 957 930 Total supply 4 294 930 1 518 625 290 915 120 315 195 100 Stocks held by spinners December 31 80 000 28 953 000 497 870 178 280 090 Total deduction 1 492 900 522 428 190 Leaving as the actual consumption ... .. 2,801 940 996, 197, 100 Which compares as follows with the preceding nine years : Year. Bales. Pounds. Year. Bales. Pounds. 1868 2 801 940 996 197 100 j 1863 1,303,500 476,445 000 1867 2 552 498 954 517 505 1862 1 185 500 449 821 000 1866 2 406 394 890 721 031 : 1861 2 363 600 1 005 477 000 1865 2 034 730 718 651 000 I860 2 523 000 1 079 321 000 1864 1 566 400 561 196 000 1859 2 296 700 977 633 000 In order to give a correct comparison of the amount of cotton con- sumed in each of the past ten years, we have reduced the bales to the uniform weight of 400 pounds each, as follows : Amount of cotton consumed, 1859 to 1868. Year. Total in bales of 400 pounds. Average per week. Years. Total in bales of Average 400 pounds. per week. 1868 2 490 490 47 890 1863 1, 191, 110 | 22, 910 1867 2 386 290 45 890 1862 1,124,550 21,620 1866 2 226 800 42 820 , 1861 2,563,690 49,300 1865 1 796 639 34 550 ' i860 2, 698, 300 ! 51, 890 1864 1 402 990 26 980 ! 1859... 2, 444, 080 1 47, 000 As compared with 1867, the consumption of 1868 shows an increase of only 2,000 bales of 400 pounds per week. In Siinmonds's statistical supplement to Ure's Cotton Manufacture of 1 From Ellison & Hay wood's Annual Review, for the year 1868, published in Liverpool January 14, 1869. 66 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Great Britain, London, 1861, page 397, the items of the following table are found : Year. Pounds cotton consumed. No. of persons employed in cotton mills. No. of spindles. Average weight of cotton con- sumed per spindle. 1856 891 400 000 379 213 28 010 217 31^ pounds. Ig59 976 600,000 415, 423 30 759 368 3 If pounds. I860 1, 050, 895, 000 446, 999 33, 099, 056 31f pounds. A parliamentary return stated that there were in Great Britain, in 1850, 20,858,062 spindles, consuming 629,798,400 pounds cotton, equal to 30 pounds per spindle. The increase of cotton spindles in Great Britain since 1860 is estimated to exceed 10 per cent. If now only 36,500,000 in number, and using the same number of pounds of cotton per spindle when fully employed, as in 1859-'60, they would require about 1,159,000,000 pounds. The quantity used in 1868, 996,197,000 pounds, was only about 85 per cent, of the quantity required for the machinery to run full. The following very interesting statistics of European cotton trade and manufacture are derived from the Annual Eeview of Messrs. Ellison & Haywood, of Liverpool, who give credit for some of the continental figures to Messrs. Stolterfoht, Sons & Co. : COTTON. 67 1 \l of I 1 1 s * i" ^' ^ 1 1 OOJ-"- S S 2" g 8 S3" S S t t* CO CO i * of S S S S 8" tr O i CO of " 816, 819, g s" s" 1 1 of 88 cl S ilt! I & 5 2 1 5 '3 o 5 EH 68. PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. < 1 ? j i i I ! | | gf S S ^ 8 rt LO CC CO irf CO C5 -H-HCOCiCOr-l MO O5 d r 1 T t TJ r-l S S 1C G>J w CO* CO s "3 i eoc*5O-'* cS >> 3 1 CO t-OJCTtC'TiOlfMTf'* co" ^-T cf z--~ i-T c\T co" 53 S i" & CO O"*iioocoaooo 38?S,3g^5 gf eo~ co" r-T of r-T co" m" CO IO 1C i> f 12 Oi co co" : : ouutries. 3" a> 9 P< ^" O ^r S 3e and America O S ;:::::: j illlliiil -.Sol3a3'uaS c5feWOHC3aj Total for Ei United Stal Total Euro COTTON. 69 The deliveries to Great Britain in 1868 show a decrease of 343,500 bales (of average of 400 pounds each) compared with I860, while those to Holland and Germany together show an increase of 128,000 bales of same weight. The absolute increase in the consumption of Great Bri- tain in 1868 over 1867 was only a trifle over the increase in Germany, the figures being 115,000 and 112,000, respectively. The aggregates for the several years in the foregoing table differ a little from those in our own comparative table on page 49, because the latter were computed for years ending 30th September in Europe and 31st August in the United States, while the former represent the results for the calendar years. (See Table H in the Appendix.) CONCLUSION. The experience of the past year fully justifies the conclusion stated in the report made from this commission in August, 1867. The peculiar advantages of our country for producing cotton are rapidly regaining the position held before the war quite fast enough, in view of the extra- ordinary change in the condition of the laboring population and of the wastes by war. The cotton-planting States should continue to produce, as of first necessity, ample supplies of food for home use. The power of high prices (the seasons being favorable) will not fail to secure a progressive increase in the production of cotton at a cost cheapening from year to year, until its excess shall at length drive from competition the cotton of less favored countries. B. F. NOUBSE, Commissioner. BOSTON, February 1, 1869. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. CAPITAL INVESTED IN THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN 1835. The following statement of the capital invested in the culture of cotton in 1835 is taken from " Woodbury's Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture and Foreign Trade of Cotton" a report to Congress March 4, 1836, before cited in this report. "The crop of 1834-'35 was set down by the same authority, and cor- rectly, at 460,000,000 pounds, which would be 230 pounds per acre on the area of land as stated below. "The capital invested in cotton lands under cultivation at 2,000,000 acres, and worth, cleared, on an average, $20 per acre, is $40,000,000 "The capital in field hands, and in other lands, stock, labor, &c., to feed and clothe them, at $100 per year, on 340,000 in number, would require the interest or income of a capital at 6 per cent, of 544,000,000 " The maintenance of 340,000 more assistants, &c., at $30 each per year, would require the income of a capital at six per cent, of 167,000,000 "The capital to supply enough interest or income to pay for tools, horses for ploughing cotton, taxes, medicines, overseers, &c., at $30 for the first 340,000, would be 167,000,000 " Making in all a permanent capital equal to 018,000,000" Apply to this formula the quantities and values of 1860, and we should have a total capital of $2,682,000,000 employed in producing the crop oi 1859-'60, allowing 240 pounds to the acre. The capital now required for the production of 3,000,000 bales per annum, of 450 pounds each, is but little more than the value of about 8,000,000 acres of land, and buildings which at present values can hardly exceed $100,000,000, and so much more capital as would pay from its interest the \vages and maintenance of laborers a few months until crops begin to come in. The latter portion of the required capital rests chiefly in the surplus of crops for subsistence carried forward from the previous harvest. COTTON. 71 APPENDIX B. THE AUGUSTA COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF AUGUSTA, GA. It appears from the report of the president of the company, Mr. Wil- liam E. Jackson, that the gross earnings of the company during the six months ending June 30, 1868, amounted to $135,510 65; interest received, $3,921 65; total, $139,432 30. The expenses and taxes for the same time were $31,898 16; leaving a net profit of $107,544 14. Two divi- dends amounting to $60,000 were paid, enabling the company to carry to the credit of profit and loss account $47,534 14, making the amount at present to that account, $224,798 22. The goods manufactured from December 14, 1867, to June 13, 1868, were, pounds, 1,184,845; pieces, 98,348; yards, 3,888,301. The cotton consumed amounted to 1,362,571 pounds; average cost of cotton, 19.98; the average number of yards per loom made daily was 49 1-5 ; number of looms running, 505 ; number of hands employed, 507 ; aggregate wages paid,$87,546 93; aggregate sales, $519,965 01. Between June 13, 1865, and June 30, 1868, the com- pany increased its machinery to the extent of $92,686 76 worth, and paid to the stockholders $360,000. The company commenced business with a capital of $60,000. The gold value of their property on the 30th of June last, irrespective of the $224,798 22 before mentioned as standing to their credit, was $600,000. The aggregate sales of the company since their organization have amounted to $3,765,301 80; the wages paid to $622,280 15; average number of hands employed, 578, and the average number of yards per loom per day 45.90. Their production during three years was, pounds, 6,261,655; pieces, 527,114; yards, 20,364,919. The original factory property was purchased about ten years ago from the city of Augusta for $140,000, on ten years' credit. Already the entire property has been paid for. APPE]ST>IX C. NATIVE PHOSPHATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Dr. ^T. A. Pratt, the chemist and general superintendent of the Charles- ton, South Carolina, Mining and Manufacturing Company, has contributed an article to the Southern Cultivator upon the discovery and extent of the phosphatic deposits, and the following is abridged from his descrip- tion. The calcareous beds of South Carolina are justly considered the most remarkable perhaps in the world, and very early attracted attention; and in the time of the late venerable Edmund Euffin, esq., were extensively explored and analyzed. Many subsequent explorers amon g whom stand pre-eminent Professor M. Tuomey, State geologist of South Carolina, 72 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. and Professor F, S. Holmes, of the Charleston college have so system- atically explored and studied these beds that, previous to the year 1850, they were as well and widely known geologically and palceontolo- gically as any other equally extensive in the world. The calcareous marls of South Carolina have been closely studied, classified, and analyzed, and their value as marls, containing a small per- centage of phosphate of lime, has ben known for 20 years; but there is another bed, not of marl, but adjacent to these, equally well known and described, the composition of which has, until lately, been unknown and misunderstood. Reference to the Geology of South Carolina, by Professor M. Tuoniey, published in 1848, will show all that was known of them up to the year 1867, viz: 1st. That the calcareous beds of this section had been carefully studied, classified, and analyzed, and were known to contain from 50 to 85 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and from 2 to 9.20 per cent, of phosphate of lime. 2d. That the rnarlstones, nodules, or conglomerates, (constituting a bed which overlies the newer eocene marls,) bedded in the clay, were universally considered as silicified, having lost all or most of their lime, which rarely exceeded six per cent. (Tuomey's Geology of South Carolina, p. 165.) 3d. That the fossil bones, marine and terrestrial, were also considered petrified or silicified. See, also, the magnificent work on the "Post Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,'* by Professor F. S. Holmes, (1859), Introduction, p. ii. These are the published records ; but Professor Holmes has informed Dr. Pratt that Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of these nodules some years ago, and he thought the estimate was fifteen to sixteen per cent, of phosphate of lime, but not enough to counterbalance the car- bonate of lime, iron, and sand which they also contained, and it was con- sidered unavailable for agricultural purposes. During the late war, while in charge of the chemical department of the C. S. Mtre and Mining Bureau, and engaged in inspecting the salt- petre beds of Charleston and Ashley river, w r hich were constructed under the charge of Prof. F. S. Holmes, Dr. Pratt's attention was repeatedly directed by Prof. Holmes to the remarkable accumulation of fossil bones in a bed long since described and known as the " Fish Bed of the Charles- ton Basin/' and also to the existence of from two to nine per cent, of phos- phate of lime in the heavy marls below, as indicated by the analysis of Prof. C. U. Shepard, published in the Geology of South Carolina in 1848. Knowing that the marls of Georgia were comparatively poor in that ingredient, rarely exceeding three per cent., the contrast was too strik- ing to escape notice ; and the doctor took various samples to Augusta, Georgia, for examination, but more urgent matters at that time pre- vented the analysis, and the fact was almost forgotten. COTTON. 73 Later, in May, 1867, Dr. Pratt was fortunate enough to discover that a bed outcropping within ten miles of Charleston contained as large a percentage of phosphate of lime as any of the phosphatic guanos imported from the tropical islands, and used in this country and abroad, for the manufacture of fertilizers. This bed has been long known in the history of the geology of South Carolina as the "Fish Bed of the Charleston Basin," on account of the abundant remains of the marine animals found in it, Professor Holmes, of the College of Charleston, having in his cabinet not less than 60,000 specimens of sharks' teeth alone, some of them of enormous size, weigh- ing from two to two and a half pounds each ! The bed outcrops on the banks of the Ashley, Cooper, Stono, Edisto, Ashepoo, and Combahee rivers, but is developed most heavily and richly on the former, and has been found as far inland as 40 or 50 miles. Xi'ar the Ashley river it paves the public highway for miles; it seri- ously impedes and obstructs the cultivation of the lands, affording scarcely soil enough to " hill-up the cotton rows, 77 and the phosphates have been for years past thrown into piles on the lawns, or into cause- ways over ravines, to get them out of the reach of the ploughs ; it under- lies many square miles of surface continuously, at a depth ranging from six inches to twelve or more feet, and exists in such quantities that in some localities from 500 to 1,000 tons or more underlie each acre. In fact, it seems that there are no rocks in this section which are not phos- phates ! Chemical analyses made by Dr. Pratt, in the laboratory of Dr. Bave- nel, showed that samples from different localities contain from 34 to 55 and 67 per cent, of phosphate of lime. A company was soon after organ- ized for thoroughly working this invaluable deposit, and South Carolina has now become the exporter rather than the importer of fertilizers. 6c 74 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. i II s 111! i 1 i 1 II i S 1 0> g I o 5 8 55 8 8 | g 05 i> C^ g 1 S g" | f 8 ^ is . | 00 II- ill 1 i 11ISI1 jss | " o 00 3 8 UO 00 r-l 5 1 ggQO^^COg.g s < g 1 2 pi" S 5 's 5 " 11" 1 2 5 C3i O O IO O O ilillSlli w" a? cr* oi o o s s OO CO O ll 00 ^^^^! S 1 oo sf oT 1 s o s -S p w g> g> S 55 o S 5 8 8 8 S S T 1 ** ci r* o **t* to Ci O rH CO t" CD O t-~ oo" t-~ cf C^ O 00 CO CO Tf O rH o oo s CO C* rH Ci CO o 1 ^ S) 00 V : 1 (^ 3 8 8 S 00 O iO CO i-H C* % &C ^H r-l CO ^< rH rH o |Jgi s * g <** ^ l^. GO | g | O 1O O ISOOQOO-^OO * .3 "" * .2 c i" 8 n IH M 8 5 1 g o co ^ o g SI < -& 'I g M" 00~ 1 ill as 00 "^ =3 1 g ^ 2 : : : : -S : j ^ -j : : -2 1 .3 - S g a.g II! ,2 C 3j T3 t3 T3 T; o o a ! ^^2^,0 ^S^ 51 5 |5 J f o c a ,|"3 . -.& 00 * ^ ^ ! a *S V - = J c .s ^ ^ S I 1 1 : .2 - o S- T3 5 2 "e S r ^ I i -s 1 1 g a a -s i TABLE I. $f ^ stock in Liverpool, April 29, g equal to only about one -f on of cotton from America into L Britain, January 1, all kinds.. Britain, January 1, all kinds. . ,r,r.l,r f^r- J| "3 W a c 'S * i i 1 1 *C >> a ? g P PQ P | 3 s g j 2 S 2 S S j g CM w < ; .scat i | 1 1 1 ; ^ " pq w p Britain from East Indies Britain from West Indies, &c import .3 .3 a -r g ^ ^ 2 g a S3 S *- cc - * "3 ^ 3 g J 8 f f * R i ^ M 1 s B - S , t, C3 / 0, ft S - '-g S - a c tt ^ ^ * = 3?l|llrf| Issllitli ^c3c3SSSOj2^ ^^SSpg^S^ o - o o g .5 f Upland, in Liverpool, per po f Surats, in Liverpool, per pou n Liverpool, New Orleans, "f I ! 3 | i h 5 3 J 1 j EI Jl C 1 * Stock in Great ] Stock in Great 1 * 1 1 8 fc C5 O O C 3 O 5< -, 4s -Js 4= -. U .3 ^ ^ H 1 1 lit i! 51 H 2 cj cS "3 Z S 2 -S 5 O - = o Bill a. c. 4 3 s a ^ to fl a PQ fl o = 111 E. <2 _ o. : Jllflii illssl*! ==. i S 5 S"! 11 3 I1 a !!!! * , 5 .* x , W ? Ill I S S I - . _ _ 76 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. O5 O D O CO tfff S3 8 8 S o o -r of ocT g s ^ s 3 i 5 S Sf i co o m CO * 00 no oo oo tO ; SS 03 cS a a ! 5 '3 m l B ^ ' .2 ^ 3 1 1 1 1 a ! -S 3 g O O o * a 2323 g -8 3 2 02 02 b :- c5 O 3 3 -e bo a c8 ' ^ H .5 I * 111 !'i s - 5M 5 PQ O -w a 2 | 5 H o sis ? O M fcC 5 3 1!! a _o o Iff I I i M -T o r-O ^ O> S " w "* Sf < <^(T. CO r: CO i-H 00 r^ COTTON. lllllilll 77 . M s -s s s sf a" 5 S S Sg" S 2" 8" -i 2* t' -i ot - 'NtC " co" t-" irf =T crT -T co" " co" t-" < c ino *: >7 , O | | ii I! M fe ;- i Jj: g c. JJ: I I I ! Ill N cooc5ca*- ^o 2 a 2 II III ^ r E s s M If 3 "= ll c! CS S w > ny ft- S ^ QO II I | ?! i & - 33 *S, II 3 S 5 5 O n < W & S "II ^j H i? E'i S 3 W ^< 78 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. f of o" st in of o" ** o" c" jf f s ~ gf o" 2 g g2 ef 888 s " S s " ^ S 8 8 S 8 n -" OTI< *" o" ro~ cf o" cf o" o" Ci^t*l^CCO CiOC^r-rf" rjcicioooio t^r---Hn ^O T I Oi t^ "^ t^ 80 PAKIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION. -2 8 co oo GO co co o cr. co o 01 * co i-i o CJ T t- i-l r-i Tf i I Of r-T r-~ 1 s s s f | I- Oi t- 8288 S 2~ o- g Of r-T o o co o op ,0 CO" r-T OOO o" of irf co" T oo~ o" o~ t-T o~ t-" ODt^COOOOCr^O COOCO CO i I CO i-* CO CO C2 r ' Of -T CO" r-T CO" Ol CO OJ of 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 CO -I CO 5 S Of rn" o 1 S S" I 5 1 I - "" t- O< CO Oi co r-T II B" .5" M c t rz * c ^c s ? 1 ^ '. a ! E i- y >, 2 .i i >0 hftl^hh4MQP> -c -c -C a o S o. &, P. & -^ ts 5 a g 4, ^ a - c*3r5 g . . i 1 1 ? | s . S 8 3? 2 g i" 1 i.-f V i.*:" as" t~ s 1 1 1 tO 5 igg CO PH" 1 llllli 1 1 i I * of sf 5l O O O ^ t> O -H O Ci 5 S 3 S 8 TT rn- O (?< O O CC 00<0 to C Si TT OCOCO co" r-T 82 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. ~ S 55 of s s r-l O 8 O5 O of CO r-T -r in" K O O . ^* o~ co~ <" 10" co LO o 8888S8S8 S 00 O5 C< co~ t-" o" S S ?f o i- TP n n 8 i3 I g oT e # r. - - e sll oo~ t~-" r^" cf i^" oT o" CO CO OS i "0 0> CJ j; 8 s co "* o oo 2. ^ ? "* c3 "2 5Q I i 1 'E >. s I ^? < t H W s s 5 * ;s * E 'C PQ - III .2 3 'C 'E PQ pq O O 3 -S u- lllll rf"S S I s 5 p. a a a o ^ b v, cs g, .2 - O '-2 '^3 ft B | I l-s .9" >j *; a" 1 J5 c t3 os" a 1 5g 2. - 1 1 E>- .5 03 ^ I I I 1 1 f S 3 cs a S S .S & s .-a 13 c CO I 61 COTTON. 83 This table of the statistics of British cotton trade and manufacture, and two others of the more extensive and valuable tables published herewith, are taken from the publications of the "National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters." They had been compiled by the writer of this report, -for the use of that association, from the best authorities, chiefly from the statistics of the cotton trade published by Messrs. George Holt & Co., of Liverpool. IMPORTATION OF COTTON WOOL. TABLE II. Estimated yearly average importation of cotton wool into Great Britain at various periods prior to 1816, (in pounds.) 1701 a 1705 . . 1 200 000 1801" 56 000 000 1809 92 800 000 1716a 1720 2 200 000 1802 60 300 000 1810 136 500 000 1771 a 1775 4, 800, 000 1803 53 800 000 1811. 91 600 000 1776 a 1730 6 700 000 1804 61 900 000 1812 63 000 000 1781ol78o 10 900 000 1805 59 700 000 1813 51 000 000 1786 a 1790 25 400 000 1806 58 200 000 1814 60 100 000 1791 a 1795 26, 700, 000 1807 74 900 000 1815 99 300 000 1796 a 1800 37 300 000 1808 43 600 000 1 SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF COTTON. TABLE III. Sources of tlie cotton supply of Great Britain for ten years, 1806 to 1815, inclusive, (packages.) United States. Brazil. East Indies. W. Indies, &c. Total. 1806 124 939 51 034 7 787 77 978 261 738 1807. 171 267 18, 981 11, 409 81,010 282 667 1808 37,672 50,442 12, 512 67,512 168 138 1809 160 180 140 927 35 764 103 511 440 382 1810 246 759 142 286 79,382 92 186 560 613 1811 128 192 118 514 14, 646 64,879 326 231 1812 95 331 98,704 2,607 64,563 261 205 1813 37,720 137,168 1,429 73,219 249 536 1814 48 853 150 930 13 048 74 800 287 631 1815 203 051 91 055 22 357 52 840 369 303 Total 1 253 964 1 000 041 200 941 752 498 3 207 444 84 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. i 1 1 1 i S fill 5 O O O 5 C to O 3 00 n CO to 1 1 1 1 1 1 oi i S 1 1 5 GO o co ^ OB rr! a - 1 1-1 to to 01 oo co t-- m o to o ir^ co OO i-l in C-i Ol rH 7 1 1 1 S 1 ! 1 S ^ II o o o P< Pi Pi i i 1 o" in" of o" m" e of S o! g g ^ 1 1 1 1 [III ii i of g" 2 - r^ n Ln n i4 1-1 | | g | GO I 3 S i ; 1 " 1 P o CO p- 1 sf I* *g ! i 1 1 1 1 1 1 iiil i SI 0) z 1 1 " co" oo" *" * co" OO CO OU O O Ol ilS| ? SJ S 5 QO O O i- in" co' co" o" m" I ~ l -T CD cT of o" c- r co" oo" 1 EH ^ 1 ^- 5< oJ o^ S t^ CO ^ ^ O rH i^ r ; s oi e I C3 "^ m . cS O5 ^ p. pq Jj o o co oo to o* to llll llll Si "3 o EH ^ ou 1" 1 i S" 1 03 8111 f S" o 8 5 to CO i 5 cS o >^> o -.3 & 1 1 9 1 s" g 5 1 ^ S t-" of CO" of to" '""' rf~ 05 n rH CO Ot "o 1 O -fe p. in -o .0 "P. H ^ fcD a! ! i 1 1 1 1 1 1 llll iiil 'o ^ i. O S -U n a i i 1 S 1 1 i O IO 00 CO O Tf s 00 to" of co" o" co" e o" CO O3 to O O O -H 00 CO 00 P- t--" of of co" of " co" o r- in in -i oo 08 _ S a o a < ' -d LO ! o 01 in Jg J2 g 5 I I I 1 1 i "S _2 |x <3 1 G i 1 t^ 1C t"* Tf O O *O ^ LO 1-1 O CO O O E5 i S 1 C^ ^ O? 1 S S 2 ^ ^5 ,_, E>> F -a a to S "S rfj o - 1 1 o 5 aj >> d EH 8 1 "3 < 1 1 = ^ [ fee p I o S &0 a _o ^ ** ^ 1 1 'O ^ s >S -^ .2 "3 ^ 1 P> | 73 1 * c M ^ O t, - OJ a P HH =*i 1 S i g tf S 5 H Hi i I ^" 3 O c8 13 'G Z & a o o s c> Op, T g eS ^ | ^^ o "o 9 * 1 & l! rrj 05 2 > 1 J x | Si i a a c ^ .2 5 S H 1 7 1 1 1| | ? M 1 's .2 '^ a > y | | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tilt all cS es ^ I ?! 2 1 g 1 !'! 3 t^, 51 "S ill 1 * "s 1 it ^ j i ^ 9 S to ^ 1 iilllll Pi o K K t> a* f pf g" a" " o S3 *2 8 5 8 3 i S I s " I" ill -T -- n" o' c: i- s ' o ci <* -H 8 5? a a o o mmi I" I sf I i of o" i o~ I H gf 2" S " S " II <* of gf s S 5 II 3- - 1 1 1 1 1 2 I! g" "" II g" II n II w" -r K "* 1 8 86 i] II ^ .2 I! si II ? II js 5 s fi w V O C5 ^ 11 -O .-S 5g o ^ 15 PH O O o p SI It who d, o i KZ^ ^ Oi ^ -4-* o | . 'S 1^ o D. r-" a .s s y a 3 III 3JS PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. . 10 t W S> C~ 5* If5 r-i CO CO ' O* CO CD O CD O; 15" I S-^fr i 0000 is < OJ O i 1 00 O o>-^coio i i O ^ O i I 00 O O CO 1C iOr-(e*aoioc^o*^ioco i 1 ^ 00 rH C$ G5 I*- CO co * 01 co i CO" -T CO SI O CO O C5 O> O O ^f OO CO S3 fi S S ?. CO T-l Of asocot^ li IrHOO HO c* r-i ^ 01 o 01 TTr-i^co ssssis^llS " " *- 3 fff CO S g S 2 " Or-i * J? t-HOi s" s" ! & d ^ ^ ! !I a fl So s 1! II EH < - " . g QO * ci 8 ^ I B8S COTTOX. S g n S 8 t- CO ^-1 CJ r- t- mnto~-o*tt S3 S = S g rn- II 8 = i i ' of o n ot " oi i-T QO" r-T ^T rt ^ S 5 " 85 5: S ^ < 05 cc co to w o o; oo o ot n o as t^ QO 00 P5 I- CJ S 2 w York ton iijii : : & o & i : 1* I ; : a s. a ges es s , Illll i 1 ! 3 - p9 V * II I 111 EH < EH 87 88 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX F. COTTON SPINNING IN THE UNITED STATES. [La filature du coton des Etats Unis.] "Apres I'Angleterre viennent, comme importance dans Pindtistrie du coton, les Etats Unis, qui comptent aujourd'hui pres de 8,000,000 de broches. Les renseignemeiits statistiques que nous avons pu nous procurer et tirer des publications du Congres sont moms precis que ceux que nous possedons siir les autres pays. La filature du coton date, en Amerique, de 1824 settlement ; Lowell, le Manchester Americain, possede des etablisseinents tres-importants qui, il y a quinze ans, ne comptaient encore que 5,500,000 broches ; mais, depuis la reconstitution de 1'Union et 1'elevation des tarifs protecteurs, le nombre des filatures tend a s'accroitre rapidement, et avant peu les Etas Unis auront plus de 8,000,000 de broches. D'apres des chiffres officiels, 100,000,000 de kilogrammes de coton etaient, sur la recolte, conserves chaque annee en Amerique, alors qu'il n'y avait a alinienter que 5,500,000 broches; aujourd'hui les Americains doivent done en conserver 145,000,000, qui, convertis en fils de numeros geiieralement assez gros, suffisent a leur consommation et leur permettent meme une exportation considerable dans FAmerique du Sud ; ils n'ont done a tirer de TAngleterre que les numeros plus fins.'' (From the Rap- ports du Jury International^ Exposition Untierselle, de 1807. ) COTTON. 89 APPENDIX G. EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM THE UNITED STATES. Table of exports of American cotton from the ports of the United States to Sweden and Norway, Russia and Spain, for the years ending 30th of June, from 1849 to 1867, inclusive, giving pounds and value. (Compiled from official records for Mr. Bourse.) Years. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. RUSSIA. SPAIN. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1849 7, 030 ? 305 3, 624, 123 5, 160, 974 5, 939, 025 6,099,517 9,212,710 8, 428, 437 17, 289, 637 10, 038, 095 4, 057, 593 11, 032, 609 11, 662, 859 582, 831 $482,474 412, 132 571, 616 510, 103 613, 857 898,926 741, 278 1, 652, 049 1,249,042 458, 776 1, 268, 302 1, 306, 071 73,822 10, 650, 631 4, 338, 705 10, 098, 448 10, 475, 168 21, 286, 563 2, 914, 954 448, 897 4, 643, 384 31, 933, 534 32, 110, 204 43, 619, 863 21, 698, 054 4,251,273 $852, 198 540,422 1,297,164 962, 346 2, 254, 345 301, 293 48, 647 514. 161 4, 267, 234 4, 122, 996 5, 432, 422 2, 644, 514 543,432 23, 285, 804 27, 676, 266 34. 272, 625 29, 301, 928 36, 851, 042 25, 024, 074 33, 071, 795 58, 479, 179 45, 557, 067 39, 630, 463 60, 522, 742 44,021,833 11, 155, 049 582, 747 $1, 527, 720 3, 170, 086 4, 387, 262 2, 262, 195 3, 932, 095 3, 683, 045 3, 320, 134 5, 841, 517 6, 165, 751 4, 862, 777 7, 222, 908 5, 268, 397 1,262,136 98,411 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858. 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863-'65 1866 323,380 125, 845 2, 685, 884 5, 089, 784 1, 065, 803 1, 553, 995 8, 815, 730 11, 034, 094 3, 802, 040 3,110,838 3867 The above table was compiled for this work by the careful and accu- rate statistician of the ]$ew York Journal of Commerce. 7 C 90 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX H. COTTON-GROWING IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIESREPORT OF THE PRO- CEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, [From the London Times of December 26, J868.] At the usual meeting of the executive committee, held Tuesday, Decem- ber 22, a letter was read from Dargeeling, Bengal Presidency, stating- that the views which the writer expressed when in England six years ago, and which were founded upon personal experience during 12 years' res- idence in various parts of India, have since been fully confirmed, and that he is more than ever convinced of the possibility of securing a suc- cessful cotton field in India. New Orleans and Egyptian seed can be advantageously cultivated in that portion of the Bengal Presidency with which he is connected, as he has satisfactorily proved ; and, he has no doubt, also in the neighboring districts of Doar Teraies, which contains hundreds of thousands of rich, unreclaimed acres, similar in soil and sub- soil, as shown by chemical analysis, to the cotton soils of Georgia and Alabama, and capable of yielding large future supplies of fine cotton. The natives, however, are so averse to change their rude agricultural system, and are so firmly attached to their patriarchal method of hus- bandry, that it is extremely difficult to persuade them to enhance the value of their crops by means of superior seed and a better mode of cultiva- tion. Moreover, the common country churka is not well adapted for cleaniDg New Orleans and Egyptian cotton, and they are therefore nat- urally disinclined to cultivate crops from foreign seeds, the produce of which, unginned, is actually of less local value than the crops from infe- rior indigenous seed. It was therefore resolved to send out, at the expense of the association, some gins to meet the exigency, as well as a fresh supply of New Orleans and Egyptian seed. A letter was received from Broach, stating that a prize list of the Broach exhibition, which was to open on the 22d of December, has been forwarded, and, conse- quently, that the medals and money offered by the association will be immediately awarded. A letter was read from the Cape of Good Hope, acknowledging a grant made by the association of seed, which has been publicly offered for distribution to all persons willing to give cotton cul- tivation a fair trial in the colony. The only article of export (wool) being very low in price in the home market, it has become necessary to try some other industry, and it is expected that self-interest will induce many to grow cotton largely, though the people are somewhat apathetic. His excellency the governor has taken an interest in the subject, and it is hoped that government influence will have a beneficial effect upon the natives. All that is wanted to make the colony a valuable cotton-pro- ducing country is a little enterprise, and some capital judiciously ex- pended. A report, forwarded by the foreign office, upon the cultivation of cotton at Guayana was received from Her Majesty's charge d'affaires COTTON. 91 at Caracas, and a consular return from Eio Grande do Sul. In Venezue- lan Guayana, want of agricultural laborers, owing to a scanty population and the discovery of rich gold fields, are, and will continue to be, the only hindrances to the extensive cultivation of cotton in this state. Vene- zuelan Guayana offers to the cotton planter all the advantages that could be desired an immense territory traversed by navigable rivers and streams, which facilitate the means of transport, abundance of excellent pasturage and agricultural lauds, and well-distributed seasons for sow- ing and picking. Cuidad Bolivar, the capital of the state, is the only port on the Orinoco for embarcation, and every facility exists for stor- ing and shipping produce. The local tax on cotton amounts to 100 cents, and the export duty to 80 cents per 100 poun4s. The cotton shipped from this port to Liverpool, New York, Hamburg, and Bremen, is brought from the adjacent states, but principally from the state of Zamoza, ( Varinas.) The cotton exported during the year to the above-mentioned ports amounts to 225,400 pounds, and the stock on hand to 1,024 bales of 100 pounds. In the province of Eio Grand do Sill cotton cultivation has proved unsuccessful. Though the plant was not uncommon in many gardens and fields, where it grew spontaneously, no cotton previous to the American war was raised for export. In the year 1864, its cultiva- tion on an extended scale was commenced by Mr. John Proudfoot ; he sent to Scotland for laborers, and introduced the most modern and approved agricultural implements, as well as quantities of foreign or exotic seeds. This seed he distributed gratuitously to every person who would accept it, and he agreed to purchase, at remunerative rates, all the cotton they could raise. His exertions and outlay were not, however, successful 5 the laborers he brought out were novices in the science of cotton cultivation, equally with the natives of the country. It was an experiment begun by people having no practical experience j various mis- takes were made in consequence, and to this may be attributed, in a great measure, the failure of cotton cultivation in this province. In the Ger- man colonies very little cotton is now planted j as long as other agricul- tural produce obtains such high prices as hitherto, cotton will be neg- lected as an article of export. In these colonies a good deal of flax is produced and spun. Many of the colonists wear home-made clothing. The climate is considered better adapted for flax than for cotton. APPENDIX I. NOTICE OF ERRONEOUS COTTON STATISTICS. The following extract is from DeBow's " Industrial Eesources of the Southern and Western States, vol. 1, p. 216: u It has already been stated in a former part of this work that Massa- chusetts is the principal manufacturing State in this country. An act 92 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. was passed by the senate and house of representatives of that State, in 1837, for the purpose of obtaining i statistical information in relation to certain branches of industry within the commonwealth.' The following table is copied from the report of the secretary of the commonwealth, which he prepared from the returns of the assessors in the various towns and cities in the State : Statement of the cotton manufactures in twelve of the States in 1831. States. Capital. Number of spindles. Yards of cloth produced y'rly Pounds cloth produced y'rly Pounds cotton consumed y'rly Maine $765 000 6,500 1, 750, 000 525 000 588 500 5 300 000 113 776 29 060 500 7 255 060 7 845 000 295 500 12 392 2 238 400 574 500 760 000 Massachusetts 12 891 000 339 777 79 231 000 21 301 062 24 871 981 Rhode Island 6 262 340 235 753 31, 121, 68J 9 271 481 10 414 578 Connecticut ,. 2 825 000 115, 528 20, 055, 500 5, 612, 000 6 777 209 New York 3, 669, 500 2 027 644 157, 316 62 979 21, 010, 910 5 133 776 5, 297, 713 1 877 418 7, 661, 670 5 832 204 3 758 500 120 810 21 332,467 4,207 192 7 111 174 Delaware 384 000 24, 806 5, 203, 746 ' 1, 201 , 500 1 435 000 Maryland 2 144,000 47,222 7, 649, 000 2, 224, 000 3, 008, 000 290 000 9 844 675 000 168 000 1 152 000 Total 40 612 984 1 24G 703 230 461 990 54 514 926 77 457 316 " The preceding table shows the extent of the cotton manufacture in the United States in 1831 j since that time there has been a considerable increase." It will be observed that the foregoing extract from DeBow purports to give the statistics of the cotton manufactures in 12 States in 1831, from the returns made by the assessors in the various towns and cities in the State of Massachusetts in obedience to a law passed in 1837. The apparent incongruity may have occurred by a mistake in arrange- ment. But there are errors in the table which cannot be excused, and indicate that it was made up from random estimates without proper data. The present average number of yarn is 27 J j in 1831 it was not prob- ably finer than No. 18. The present average consumption of cotton per spindle is 65 pounds 5 and in the southern States, on an average of about No. 13 yarn, it is 138 pounds per spindle each year; the number of spin- dles employed and pounds of cotton consumed in 1831, according to the table, allow only 62J pounds per spindle, or less than the present rate ; spinning, 50 per cent, finer. The difference between the pounds of cotton consumed and the pounds of cloth and yarn produced should be the ;< waste' 7 in working. With medium grades of cotton, producing medium goods, the waste now would be about 16 per cent. In 1831 it was probably 20 per cent. In Mr. De Bow's table the waste in 1831 was shown to be, in New Hampshire, 7J per cent. ; in Maine, 10 per cent. 5 in New York, 30 per cent. ; in-Penusyl- COTTON. 93 vania, 40 per cent. ; in New Jersey, 67 per cent. ; in Virginia, 85 per cent. As only pounds of cloth are stated in the table for production, some allowances should be made for yarn produced and sold unwoven ; but this would furnish a correction only in the cases of excessive waste, for it would aggravate the error when the waste is too small already ; and then Mr. 3}e Bow appends, below the table quoted, another one, in which he gives the number of looms employed in 1831 as 33,433, equal to one for each 37 spindles, quite enough to weave all the yarn produced, even if the waste was less. APPENDIX K. LIST OF PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS OF COTTON AND OF THE AWARDS. ENGLAND MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. The collection of samples of cotton from the localities mentioned in the list given on page 9, was made and exhibited by the Manchester Cotton Supply Association. It comprised samples from most of the cotton-producing countries, and from nearly all of the sources mentioned in the catalogue appended to the report of the International Jury. (See Appendix L.) EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES. ALABAMA, STATE OF. Samples of cotton. Silver medal and honorable mention. HODGSON, J., Alabama. HUMPHRIES, JOHN 0., parish of Eapides, Louisiana. Samples of cotton. Bronze medal. ILLINOIS CENTRAL EAILROAD COMPANY. Hemp, flax, cotton, and tobacco. Silver medal. JOHNSON, C. G., New Orleans, Louisiana. Specimen of cotton; in the Louisiana cottage. MAGINNIS, A. A., New Orleans, Louisiana. Cotton seeds. MEYER, VICTOR, parish of Concordia, Louisiana. Sample of cotton. Gold medal. MISSOURI, STATE OF. Cotton, hemp, cashmere wool. OGLESBY, J. H., New Orleans, Louisiana. TOWNSEND, J., Edisto Island, South Carolina. Specimen of fine sea island cotton. TRAGER, Louis, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana. Samples of cotton. Gold medal. WELLS, J. M., parish of Eapides, Louisiana. 94 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. EXHIBITORS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. We have not space to name in detail the exhibitors from other countries, who were very numerous. There were 20 from Greece; 35 from Italy ; 50 from Turkey and other parts of the Ottoman Empire 5 60 from Algeria, (in which Kabyle and Arab names mingle with French names;) and goodly numbers from Egypt, Brazil, British India, China, Hawaii, the South American Eepublics, the colonies of Spain, Portugal, England, France, and other countries in Europe; from nearly all the South Sea islands, Polynesia, the islands of the Indian ocean, and all the coasts of Africa, Asia, &c. Contrasted with all these, the samples from the United States were insignificant in number and quality, as they were unworthy to represent the principal source of the commercial cotton supply of the world. It must, therefore, have been rather of courtesy than of right, rather of prior knowledge of the true position of our country in the produc- tion of cotton, than of evidences presented at the Exposition, that such liberal recognition of exhibitors from the United States was made in the distribution of recompenses. LIST OF AWARDS. [Exhibitors of long staple cotton marked.*] GRAND PRIZE. To Algeria, Brazil, -Egypt, Ottoman Empire, British India, Italy. GOLD MEDALS. To L. Trager, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana, United States; Victor Meyer, Concordia, Louisiana, United States; Masquelia fils et Cie., * Saint Denis du Sig., Algeria; Towns, *Brisbane, Queens- land, Australia. SILVER MEDALS. To Herzog, *Oran, (province of) Algeria; L. Dacosta,* Bio Grande du Sud., Brazil ; The State of Alabama, United States; Sideri, Naples, Italy. BRONZE MEDALS. To *Davis, Queensland, Australia; to *Dufourg, Biskra, Algeria ; to *Fleury, Heiinaya, Algeria; to*Ferre, Oran, Algeria; to *Soarez & Cie, Tahiti, French colonies; to * Winter, Guiana, English colonies ; to Davies, Cumana, Venezuela ; to J. C. Humphries, Louisiana, United States ; to Dodero, Barcelona, Spain ; to The Baroness Canio- rata, Scorazzo, Italy ; to Basetto Fisola, Venice, Italy ; to Senoval, Porto Rico, Spanish Antilles ; to Cabrera, Porto Rico, Spanish Antilles ; to Ali Pacha, , Egypt ; to Pic aine, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to John Proudfoot, Bio Grande, Brazil. HONORABLE MENTION. To * Winter, Guiana, English colonies; to *Bellecote, Boue, Algeria; to *Dante, Oran, Algeria ; to *Goulard, Constan- tine, Algeria; to *Guieysse, Algiers, Algeria; to * Jacques, Elezane, Alge- ria ; to *Laquiere, Boue, Algeria ; to *Lescure, < )ran, Algeria ; to * Vallier, Lac Hall oula, Algeria; to *Viret,Dellys, Algeria; to *Cordier,LaRassau- ta, Algeria; to *Chuffart,Oued-el Haleugh, Algeria; to *Goussons, Oued- COTTON. 95 el-Haleugh, Algeria; to* Sebourt, Saint-Denis-du-Sig., Algeria; to*Sceurs Saint Bernard, Saint-Denis-du-Sig, Algeria; to*Hallaire, Italy; to*Bar- bolace, Calabria ; to *F. L. Davis, Venezuela ; to *Panton, Queensland, English colonies ; to *Orr, Queensland, English colonies ; to *P. F. Fair- burn, British (iuiana, English colonies ; to *Leroux, Preville, Martinique, French colonies ; to *Albert, Preville, Martinique, French colonies ; to *Bonneville, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Bonnet, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Monegre, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Heil- niann, Senegal, French colonies ; to *N'Gour Coumba N'Dar, Senegal, French colonies ; to * John Gregor, New South Wales, English colonies ; to J. L. Michael, New South Wales, English colonies ; to Ensworth, New South Wales, English colonies ; to O. B. Zanellia, New South Wales, English colonies ; to Sub-Commission of Lecco, Italy ; to Jourdou, Naples, Italy ; to Societe Cipontine, (Bro's Menzini,) Italy ; to Don Emmanuel Lisi, Italy ; to Grossi, Italy ; 'to Gallozzi Freres, Naples, Italy ; to Gamier, Duvivier, Algeria ; to State of Alabama, United States ; to Achinet Bey, Salonica, Turkey ; to Adolphe Kunge, Porto Eico, Brazil ; to Almeida, Mossamedes, Portuguese colonies ; to Botelho, Novo Rotundo, Portuguese colonies ; to Alvez, Mozambique, Portuguese colonies ; to Xavier, Pangein, Portuguese colonies ; to Count d'Audlau, Martinique, French colonies ; to Abbe Granger, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to Beauperthuy, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to Goyriena, French Guiana, French colonies ; to Arda d'Elteil, Senegal, French colonies ; to Fritz Kocchlin, Senegal, French colonies ; to Touaris Freres, Reunion, French colonies ; to Lopez de Oliveira, Saint Paul, Brazil; to Mavanhas, Brazil; to Jose Barboza, Brazil; to Le Marechal del Duero, Spain ; to the Viceroy, Egypt ; to Francois, Tournabene, Catania, Italy ; to Jardin Botanique de Naples, Italy ; to Hortoles fils, Montpellier, France; to Lacan, Calvi, France. 96 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX L. REPORT UPON THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON. BY M. ENGEL DOLLFUS, MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. [Translated from Volume VI of the "Rapports du Jury International." l ~\ I. PBODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR OF THE UNITED STATES. It would be difficult to find in the annals of industry a situation so threatening and perilous as that whicl* the prospect of a prolonged war in the United States offered to industrial Europe in the year 1860. The fate of the most important of our industries was regarded with increasing anxiety at the thought of seeing the almost exclusive sources of cotton supply exhausted ; especially in England, where the manufac- ture of cotton employs directly 400,000 to 500,000 persons in 2,715 estab- lishments, containing 28,000,000 spindles and 368,000 looms, the danger causing preoccupations of the gravest nature to agitate the public mind. Thought had been given many times to the terrible contingency of a scarcity of this raw material. The continued extension of its consump- tion ; the possibility of a conflict with the United States ; the conscious- ness of a dependence so exclusive, which might chance at any moment to give to foreign policy a direction hardly conformable to the demands of national self-respect ; and finally a very active desire to promote colo- nial production, and particularly that of India, had, since 1858, led Eng- land to study the means of escaping a monopoly which might become a real danger to that country. These sentiments had found their most characteristic expression in the formation of an association for the development of the cultivation of cot- ton, 2 (Cotton Supply Association of Manchester,} a vigilant forerunner, 1 It is the cause of much regret that by a series of misfortunes I was deprived of the vol- ume (sixieme) of the " Rapports du Jury International de 1'Exposition Universelle de 1867, a Paris," which contained the jury report upon the production of cotton, while writing the report of our commission upon that topic, and did not see it until my work had gone to press. This fact will explain, what otherwise might seem discourteous, the absence in that work of all reference to the interesting report by M. Dollfus. For the satisfaction of our readers, especially the American planters, a translation of the jury report, with its statistics, is here given almost entire. B. F. N. 2 The Cotton Supply Association was founded in 1856. Its object, to use its own expres- sion, is to develop as soon as possible, and by all sorts of means, the fitness of countries other than the United States to produce cotton, and it has energetically performed this duty. A voluntary subscription to meet its expenses was raised for 1866-'67 to 42,000 francs, which amount was expended in the purchase of seeds and gins for distribution in the distant countries ; in the printing of information and advice to planters ; in the getting-up of peti- tions to obtain or hasten the construction of means of communication, and other great works in India ; and in the expenses of administration and correspondence. An idea can be formed of the extent of the relations of the association by the figures of COTTON. 97 possessing in the highest degree the energy, the capacity, and the activity of association, produced spontaneously in England, when great difficul- ties are to be conquered; but until 1860 they had not obtained " effect- ive" results, because public opinion was but partially interested. It is difficult, ^indeed, to make foresight concur with the logic of eco- nomical laws, when applied to prediction of events contingent, or at least to the accidental. The most justifiable fears, the most urgent appeals had to remain unheeded in view of the moderate cost of cotton from the United States ; based upon excellence in qualities, advantage of prox- imity, and the habits of daily exchange mutually favorable. The crises of 1861->65 found England and the continent unprepared ; the markets, it is true, held over large stocks from the two most produc- tive cotton seasons which had ever occurred, 1 but were without visible resources for replacing them. The first efforts which had been made for the development of cotton culture could not be fruitful in important results. Yery rarely had the stocks in the ports been more considerable, 2 and the uncertainties relative to the duration of the strife, the inexperience in the matters of culture, the habit of dependence upon another routine, and the very natural idea that the most favorable lands for cotton-growing had been already occupied, could not fail to be the attendants of this beginning. Changes of crops and methods of culture are accomplished very slowly and with caution ; they are consequently unfit to satisfy new and sudden wants. Besides, the culture of cotton is one of the most delicate ; there are few plants which have so many enemies; there are few which depend so much upon the experience of the planter, the climate, and the nature of the soil. What more natural than the hesitations which marked the years 1861 and 1862? The years 1863 and 1864 witnessed more commendable and more deci- sive efforts everywhere ; industry, in spite of its distress, found capital available for the promotion of cotton-planting and for advances to plant- ers. Companies were formed, but these attempts, very limited in view of the object sought to be obtained, and impeded by divers circum- stances, attained nowhere a magnitude to compensate for, or neutralize the effects of, the enormous deficiency which existed in the supply from J,140 letters and appeals for information received in 1867, from the following countries: India, Java, New South Wales, Queensland, Feeie, Friendly islands, Navigators' islands, Hayti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Tobago, and other parts of the West Indies ; Brazil, Argentine Republic, Peru, and other parts of South and Central America; English Caffraria, Cape Coast, Algeria, Syria, Egypt, Bursa, Belgrade, Beyroot, Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, Latakia, Bagdad, Scutari, Jaffa, Caiffu, Greece, Ionian islands, Russia, Trieste, Vienna, Genoa, Turin, Naples, Terranova ; that is to say, its relations embrace the whole world 1 Crop of the United States, 1859-'60 4,662,000 bales. Crop of the United States, 1860-'61 3, 656, 000 bales. 2 Stocks in the ports : Fnd nf thP n 5 Ports in America, September 1, 1859-'60 1,472,000 bales. End of the season, . Q EuropCj Oc r tober tj 1 8 60-'61 1 , 1 02, 000 bales. 98 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. the United States. We then saw the prices of cotton, after a short period of hesitation, rise successively under the impulse of immense speculations, since dearly expiated, and attain their highest range in October > 1863, at the price of 29J pence (or 3.09 f. 1 ) per pound for mid- dling New Orleans at Liverpool, and 3.85 f. for bas Louisiana at Havre that is to say, prices more than four times their normal value. Here are shown the fluctuations or average prices in each year of New Orleans middling cotton at Liverpool, according to Messrs. Hollings- head & Co. : From October 1 to September 30. Years. Francs per kilog. Pence per pound. Years. Francs per kilog. Pence per pound. 1853-54 1 30 5 60 1861 '62 3 43 14 81 1854 '55 1 31 5 63 1862 '63 5 34 23 04 1855-'56 1 39 6 1863 '64 6 67 28 3* ]856-'57.. 1 80 7 go 1864 '65 4 73 20 47 1857-'58 1 65 7 14 1865-'66 4 06 17 53 1858-'59 1 63 7 03 1866 '67 2 98 12 85 ]859 '60 1 53 6 61 1867 (October) 1 97 8 50 160-'61. 1 77 7 68 See, again, the extreme prices of bas Louisiana in Havre at different periods : Approximate prices per 50 kilograms at Havre. Years. Lowest, in francs. Highest, in francs. Years. Lowest, in francs. Highest, in francs. 1860 82 103 1864 310 382 1861 94 150 1865 190 343 1862 145 160 IbU 1866 165 257 1863 245 385 It does not come within the scope of this note to develop the gradual and fatal consequences of an increase of price without precedent, plac- ing the calicoes and prints of the working classes at the high prices heretofore held by the finest tissues, inverting old relations by making Liverpool a market of supply for American manufacturers, 2 quadrupling the cost while unsettling the value of products, and monopolizing among the most privileged the inadequate resources available for preventing the partial or complete stoppage of thousands of industrial establish- ments. 1 One has to look back to 18J4 to find in England the price of 30 pence (or 3.15 f.) and to 1806 in France to find that of 5 francs the kilogram. 2 Re-exportation of cotton from Liverpool to the United States and Canada, 1863 : Ameri- can, 3,580,050 kilograms. Indian, and others, 2,937,150 kilograms. Total, 6,517,200 kilo- grams. COTTON. 99 TUe phases of this crisis belong to the history of cotton manufacture, and we will notice only two features the admirable resignation of the working class, deprived of work for want of cotton, and the brotherly assistance bestowed in England 1 and France by all classes of society; the remarkable bearing of French industry, and particularly that of Alsace,- which has known how to keep constant activity in its work- shops. The object sought by our work should be to state the quantity of cot- ton available to-day for the general market in comparison with that received in 1860-'(>1, before the war in the United States, and to deter- mine, for each producing country of ancient or modern date, the part which it has contributed to the general supply during the last six years. We shall seek to establish these figures and complete them, by a com- p.irisoii of the respective qualities and an exhibit of the prices at dif- ferent epochs of the exceptional period that we have under considera- tion. Before all we should make reservations as to the relative signifi- cation of some of our tables. Let it be understood that the quantities absorbed by consumption are not equal to the quantities produced, as expressed in statements of the crops. It is admitted that no positive idea exists of the actual production of cotton in India, the estimates of statisticians differing widely, some being twice as large as others. The consumption of that country itself is immense, and this consumption varies according to the price. The same facts are repeated in the Levant on a more limited scale. Italy itself, so near us, does not give the exact figure of its production. Eus- sia imports a certain quantity of cotton overland from Asia. On the other hand, to avoid the arbitrary estimates habitually given of the consumption in the American manufactories, we have for many years vainly Bought to obtain the number of spindles worked in the United States. Hitherto unable to obtain this information, we were upon the eve of the decennial census, which perhaps would have in- structed us, when the war broke out. Under these circumstances atten- tion ought to be fixed less upon the production of the world than upon the importation in Europe. We will make it the basis of our deductions. The English statistics and those so remarkable which M. Ott Triim- pler, of Zurich, communicates so liberally to his friends, and of which we have made great use, are made out in bales of average number of pounds. We have adopted the same units, which will be converted into kilograms in all cases where this conversion will ofter special interest. 1 In England, where the factories were sooner and more generally stopped, 457,000 work- ers received help before the end of 1863. 2 Forget not, especially, that if so many establishments in Alsace and other places were enabled, not without great sacrifices, to be exceptions to the common rule by continuing full work, it was only by the aid of the raw material left at their disposal by the equal standing still of other wheels of industry. 100 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Here follows the average of weights by pounds according to the Liverpool brokers, (the English pound equal to 0.4531 kilograms :) 1 Average weight of bales of cotton. 1861. 1865-'66. 1866-'67. Lbs. Eng. Kilo. Lbs. Eng. Kilo. Lbs. Eng. Kilo. 438 493 440 499 338 180 430 380 198i 223 1994- 226 153 J 81J 195 172 423 160 492 375 240 230 191J Ilk 223 170 109 104 441 174 490 370 326 230 200 79 222 167* 147* 104 Mobile - Florida Brazil Egypt East Indies. Other sorts . 200 90^ Average weights of all sorts imported into England. Pounds. Kilograms. 1859 421 190.75 1860 421 190.75 1861 415 188. 1865-'66 365 165.35 1866->67 371 168.10 Having these preliminaries adjusted we can proceed to our inquiry, applying it directly to the sorts other than those of the United States. II. COTTONS OTHER THAN THOSE OP THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL IMPORTATION INTO EUROPE. * Two season^ before the American war, (seasons from 1st October to 30th September:) Bales in 1859-'60. Bales in 1860-'61. Cotton from India 700, 000 782, 000 292 000 276 000 Total 992 000 1 058 000 * These cottons were principally those of Brazil and West Indies, including a small portion irom Hayti, Central America, and the South Seas. Average of the two years, 1,025,000 bales. In the face of a consumption which was then more than 4,000,000 bales, the figures of 292,000 and 276,000 bales, averaging 284,000 bales, presented but a feeble interest. Let us see what they have become : 1 These are the figures given in the original, equivalent of the avoirdupois pound. It is usual to regard 0.4536 kilograms as the COTTON. , .,,,-, .,.-, , 1Q1 General importation into Europe of the same sorts : Importation, by bales, into Europe. Bales Bales in!865-'66. in 1866-'67. Cotton from India 1,992,000 1,524,000 Cottonfrom Brazil 518,000 481,000 Cotton from China and Japan 19,000 9,000 Cotton from Egypt 248,000 228,000 Other sorts, from Turkey, Italy, West Indies, Central America, South Seas, Persia, Algeria, and Africa 397,000 359,000 Total 3, 174, 000 2, 601, OCO r^is -.UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. f I I 1 * S S, g i 3 oT to" oT co to CJ O* CO ?5 C3 s H 1 > < 1 s .- a %, "33 * ; s J3 O CO rH CO -, j ^ o 1! 05 CO ff 382, 157 H 1 s .'1 s S i i i i! S s CO 1 ^ . ^ - ,. a- 32 33 H f E Illtilli H CJ 11 s s? s s ^ lO CO <7 1 1 s !5 o * " ^ {~ 5" JT d 1 s C* CO CO CO ?: s 1 "p 1 1 rf ^, cc o " 00 r 3 o || llEtlli 1 _< in JO a S P 2 p i5 vr r-" o" of 3 - o to GO | B 2 S 8 I s O ' CO * H " w 33 n 0^00 s s ^ | H p Ii2 | S" d t S H g M S 13 ft ij5 S; g g 1 1 5 1 s _g 1 m ~ s * CO H ^ \ "Sb ^ HHilP ^| Qs * |-g p 1| s s *~^ 2 a 8 ^ CB t o 2 ^> ^ ofl p 5 < .2 ^ * S l ^l s s s a ? g P ii? ^"1=2 _ w COTTON. 103 The report of the jury of the Exposition at London estimated as fol- lows the consumption of Europe in 1860-'61 : Imported from Kilograms. United States 716, 000, 000 East Indies 92, 000, 000 Egypt 27, 000, 000 West Indies 10, 000, 000 Other sorts 5, 000, 000 850, 000, 000 or 4,388,000 bales, averaging, at 188 kilograms, 825,000,000 kilograms only. We proceed to put in comparison the European consumption in 1861-'62 and 1862- 7 63, the years when the least American was used and when consumption fell to its lowest point. Consumption 1861->62, (applying the average weights of 1861 in the absence of others :) Kilograms. From the United States. . . 562, 000 bales, at 192 kil. . . 107, 900, 000 From India, (East) 1, 090, 000 bales, at 172 kil ... 187, 500, 000 From Egypt 164, 000 bales, at 195 kil ... 32, 000, 000 From Brazil 122, 000 bales, at 82 kil ... 10, 000, 000 Other sorts 55, 000 bales, at 90 kil ... 5, 000, 000 1, 993, 000 bales 342, 400, 000 Consumption, 1862->63 : Kilograms. From the United States. . . 133, 000 bales, at 192 kil ... 25, 500, 000 From East Indies 1, 464, 000 bales, at 172 kil ... 251, 800, 000 From Egypt 227, 000 bales, at 195 kil ... 44, 200, 000 From Brazil 160, 000 bales, at 82 kil ... 13, 100, 000 Other sorts 162, 000 bales, at 90 kil... 14,600,000 2, 146, 000 bales 349, 200, 000 See again the figures of 1866-'67, which indicate a well-marked turn back to the normal situation : Kilograms. From the United States ... 1, 548, 000 bales, at 200 ....... 309, 600, 000 From the Indies 1, 592, 000 bales, at 167 286, 600, 000 From Egypt 315, 000 bales, at 222 47, 700, 000 From Brazil 450, 000 bales, at 79 35,500,000 Other sorts 342, 000 bales, at 104. . . '.. . 35, 600, 000 4, 14?, 000 bales, or 695, 000, 000 at 168 kilograms, average would be 696,700,000 kilograms. To complete this statistical exhibit, without pretending to be rigor- ously exact, which is impossible, but at least with a sufficient degree of V ,;, 104 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. approximation, .we will give here the analysis of the 368,000 bales of other kinds than those of the following countries : America, the Indies, Brazil and Egypt, imported to Europe from the 1st October, 1866, to the 30th September, 1867, viz : Importations in England, 153,000 bales ; importations direct to the continent, 225,000 bales 5 total 378,000 bales, from which to deduct 10,000 bales re-exported from the continent to England. (-The cottons of Naples and Sicily, which remain in the places of production, or which went to other parts of Italy by Genoa and Leg- horn, do not appear in this table.) IMPORTATIONS INTO EUROPE, 1866- 7 67. Analysis of the 368,000 bales of other sorts. From Ports of England. French ports. Other ports of the con- tinent. From Ports of England. French ports. Other ports of the con- tinent. Peru Bales. 53 000 Bales. J4, 000 Bales. Algiers Bales. Bales. 4 000 Bales. Central America 43, 000 20, 000 44 000 China and Japan 19, 000 28 OdD 77 000 58 000 Italy 6 000 2 000 Total 143 000 121 000 104 000 From the preceding tables we have the following results : 1. That the total consumption of Europe, stated at 850,000,000 of kilograms for 1860-'61, is reduced, by the effect of high prices, to 349,000,000 kilograms in 1862-'63, and to 342,000,000 kilograms for 1861-'62, which, taking the average of these two quantities, shows a diminution of 505,000,000 of kilograms, or nearly 60 per centum of the consumption in the normal year 1860-'61. It has again risen to 694,000,000 for the year 1866-'67, which shows a diminution yet of 156,000,000 of kilograms, or 18 percentum below that of 1860-'61. 2. That the quantities which have been contributed to the general supply by the countries formerly productive and those of new and acci- dental culture during the two years since the war, 1865-'66and 1866-'67, amounted to only 31 per cent, of the consumption during the two nor- mal years 1859- ? 60 and 1860-'61 before the war, thus : Countries formerly producing cotton Kilograms. 20 per cent., India 169, 500, 000 3 per cent, Brazil 27, 000, 000 3J per cent, Egypt 29, 500, 000 226, 000, 000 Countries newly producing 4J per cent 38, 000, 000 Total , 264, 000, 000 COTTON. 105 or 31 per cent, of the consumption in the normal year l60- ? 61, of which 26J per cent, from old cotton-producing countries, 4J per cent, from countries where the culture is accidental or wholly new.. . " It should be noted that we have included among the countries of acci- dental or irregular culture the Levant, Italy, Malta, Persia, West Indies, Algeria, Spain even, and many other countries which, before the seces- sion war, contributed their quota, more or less, according to the course of the day, to the supply of the European markets. A more minute analysis exhibiting the extent of the temporary capa- city of supply by the countries not usually productive, and the rank of those (other than the United States, India, Brazil and Egypt) which contributed to the supply of the 368,000 bales imported into Europe in 1866-'67, is given in the official table, placed in the order following : Bales Turkey, Greece, Persia, Malta, Italy, &c 171, 000 West Indies and Central America 107, 000 Peru 67, 000 China and Japan 19, 000 Algeria 4, 000 368, 000 which arrangement assigns to the Levant the first rank among the countries of secondary production. To sum up, we find that British India has brought the most effective aid to Europe in her distress, and that this aid, or excess of their usual exportation, has only been the equivalent of 20 per cent, of the normal consumption of Europe, the remaining 11 per cent, being furnished in three nearly equal parts by Brazil, Egypt, and the countries where cot- ton culture is new. This proves, in the matter of cotton-growing, that if the productive faculties seem to be in some sort indefinite with the stimulant of high prices and the infinite areas which remain accessible to this culture, time (that is to say, a sustained confidence in the maintenance of these high prices and the delays inseparable from a culture both difficult and touch- ing, under certain relations to industry, the important process of clean- ing from seed) is an element with which it is necessary to reckon more, even, than with the success of the plant itself and that which it will always carry, whatever may be done the inevitable hindrances to the restoration of an equilibrium too rudely broken. III. STATISTICS OF PEODUCIKG COUOTKIES. In the second part of this report we shall follow summarily the coun- tries which are the principal producers of cotton, in the different phases of their culture, before and after the war, in giving, with the indications of the prices of these last years, some details upon the qualities of the products. 8 C 106 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. A general table, recapitulating the production for these last years of cotton dearth, will end our work. UNITED STATES, The American statistics have naturally been interrupted by the war. We borrow the following figures, which offer some interest in spite of the vacancies, from the Circular of Mr. Win. P. Wright, of New York : Statistics of production and consumption in the United States. Apparent crop. Consumption in the north. Consumption elsewhere. Total consump- tion in the United States. 1866 '67 Bales. 1, 9951, 988 Bales. * 573, 367 Bales. 280, 672 Bales. 854, 039 1865 '66 2, 151, 043 540, 652 126, 640 667, 292 1860 '61 3 786 986 650 557 193 383 843, 740 1859 '60 4 675 770 762, 521 185, 522 978, 043 *Mr. Wright's figures follow the tables of the New York Shipping List, which, in its division of the Ameri- can consumption in 1866-'67, erred by assigning to the northern consumption 135,000 bales less than the actual, and a corresponding excess to the consumption elsewhere. B. F. N. By these figures it may be seen what a terrible shock the American culture received (Mien, they say, to 500,000 bales for 1863-'64, and 300,000 for 1864-'65) since the crop formerly supplied an annual average of 4,000,000 bales ; that it attained in 1866- 7 67 to only 2,000,000 of bales, and that it is estimated at only 500,000 bales more for the following season. Let us state that the beautiful long staples of Georgia have wholly disappeared from the market. The classes 1, 2, 3, are completely ex- hausted, and as the islands of Georgia and Carolina, alone capable of producing the most beautiful kinds, have been from the first devastated throughout, it is probable that the fine specimens, results of a culture wholly artificial and of seed selected of the best, year after year, will not be restored for two or three years. The manufacture has, however, known how to satisfy its necessities by spinning the grades less fine; but the prices, 80 to 100 pence the pound English, (24 francs the gross kilo- gram,) paid for the choice Georgia sea island cotton, will not the less remain a testimony of an unheard-of and exceptional penury. BRITISH INDIA. A memorial address by the Cotton Supply Association of Manchester gives the following details: the sum paid to India for cotton has risen from less than 8 8 ,000,000 francs in 1860 to more than 705,600,000 francs in 1864 ; more than 630,000,000 francs were paid to India in 1865, arid more than 636,000,000 in 1866. COTTON. Here we give the comparison of productions : GREAT BRITAIN ONLY. Five years before the war. 107 Year. Importation. Official value. 15(56 Bales. 463, OCO 680, 500 361, 000 510, 700 563, 200 Pounds. 3, 572, 000 5, 458, 000 2, 970, 000 3, 939, 000 3, 373, 000 Francs. 89, 300, 000 136, 450, 000 74, 250, 000 98, 475, 000 84, 325, 000 jg57 1858 1859 I860 3, 862, 000 96, 575, 000 Five years following the beginning of the war. i86i . . .. Importation. Official value. Bales. 986, 000 1,072,439 1,223,700 1, 399, 500 1, 266, 520 Pounds. 9, 459, 000 22,042,000 ; 34,700,661 38,214,723 25, 005, 856 | 25.884.646 i Francs. 261, 475, 000 551, 050, 000 867, 516, 525 955, 368, 075 625, 146, 400 647.116.150 1862 1863 1864 1865 Makiner an annual average of. . . Prices were quoted as follows at Liverpool for fair Dhollera, (Hollins- head's Circular) for the kilogram, and in francs : 1859-'60, 0.46 francs ; 1860->61, 0.57 francs; 1861- ? 62, 1.03 francs; 1862->63, 1.83 francs ; 1863-'64, 2.45 francs ; 1864-'65, 1.47 francs ; 1865-'66, 1.42 francs ; 1866-'67, 1.06 francs. According to the Annales clu Commerce Exterieur^ the importations of India cottons direct to France have been, in Metrical tons, 1860 1,828 1861 2,407 1862 2,989 1863 9,339 1864 12,617 1865 9,645 Added to which should be all the cotton (Indian) received from London, from Liverpool, and by transit for Switzerland and the Zollverein, the figures of which we have not at hand. 108 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Of cotton from India consumed. By all Europe. By Eng- laDd. By the con- tinent. 1859 60 Bales. 592 000 Bales. 207 000 Bales. 385 000 1862 '63 1 464 000 905 000 559 000 18G6-'67 . 1 592 000 815 000 777 000 The samples of cotton from the Indies, grown from American and Egyptian seed, have, in several experiments, proved that with more care and better processes of culture, India can realize vast progress in the improvement of qualities. A considerable step has been taken in many districts ; they will be still more decisive because of the appointment of agricultural commis- sioners who know the language of the country and the character of the natives. Already the government of India has named one for the dis- tricts of the central provinces and the Berars, and it is a question of extending the same measure to the presidency of Madras, including Coimbatore, and at Scinde for the parts more to the north. English industry, by its variety of manufactures, has, more than that of France, the opportunity to use profitably the cottons of India in their imperfect state, as well as when properly cleaned, as they may appear in market ; however, thanks to improved machinery, a rapid and con- siderable progress has at the same time been made in our country in the use of these common sorts, and we believe that their use advantageously acquired will continue, and, to a certain degree, aid the establishments producing coarse fabrics. [The remainder of the section treating of the cotton culture in India is devoted to a description of the public works for irrigation " Grands travaux d'irrigation" and an enthusiastic statement of their actual and possible benefits for both transportation and irrigation. Want of space compels its omission here.] EGYPT. The importation of this excellent sort of cotton, suitable for the spinning of numbers of yarn, fine and half fine, (from 50 to 120) but often used for medium numbers, (28 to 40,) in consequence of the scarcity of American cotton, had been as follows in Europe before the war : Bales. 1856-'57 204,000 1857-'58 124,000 1858-'59 159,000 1859-'60 266,000 Annual average 188,250 bales, of 430 pounds English, (195 kilo- gram s)=36,660,000 kilograms. COTTON. 109 We have seen the consumption of Europe raised successively to Bales. 1862- ? 63 227,000 1863->64 124,000 1864-V>,j 374,000 of 490 pounds, English, (222 kilograms) 83,000,000 kilograms. England is said to have received 365,000 hundred-weight, English, in 1861, or 18,250,000 kilograms, against 1,580,000 hundred -weight, English, in 1865, or 79,000,000 kilograms. These remarkable results were due to the natural richness of the soil, and to the propitious measures decreed by the Viceroy ; exemption from contributions for the new lands devoted to the culture of cotton, gifts of seeds, grants of the use of the steam-ploughs and other perfected agricul- tural machines, employment of better gins, all had been put to work for the encouragement of this cultivation. But it is only necessary to say that the first power moving this important increase had been, there as elsewhere, the high price of this raw material. FairEgyptain ("jumel fair") which was worth in Liverpool, the principal market for its import- ation, 1 franc 96 centimes the kilogram in January, 1861, rose to 6 francs 80 centimes in October, 1863. There was in this extraordinary advance a premium which could not but stimulate the production ; it has been indeed greatly developed, but it would have been much more so without the epidemic which ravaged the country in 1865- 7 66. The quality of the staple varies from one season to another, and depends much in the whole crop upon the general conditions that may favor or impede the plant to the time of its maturity ; the finer and higher the quality sought to be produced, the more it is subject to these variations. With this reservation it may be admitted that, contrary to what often happens, the extension of this culture and coincideutly that of the relative production by " feddan," the agrarian measure (or divis- ion of lands) of Egypt have not impaired the quality of cotton there. The effect of the epidemic in 1865- ? 66 was shown in the temporary low- ering of the quality; but on the other hand, the perfected cotton-gins of Platt had given to consumption a better cleaned material properly handled, (that is, without broken staples; and the use of these gins is made so common by the erection of vast establishments for their con- struction, that the McCarthy gin is no longer found in market,) which indicates for this operation a marked superiority over the same grade cleaned by the Egyptian mill or by the roller gin, these means of clean- ing the cotton from the seed being now the exception. BRAZIL. We designate under this generic name cottons of diverse qualities and values, which, by the use of different methods of cleaning from the seed, are rendered even more dissimilar in market. Taking the crops through- out, the cotton of Brazil (the types of which have heretofore been repre- 110 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. sented by the Bahia and Pernambuco cottons) have rather depreciated in value. One seldom fears to employ the saw- gin to obtain a mistaken economy from the expenses of cleaning saved, and a larger net weight, without ceasing, on the other hand, to leave in the cotton, as cleaned by other processes, a certain proportion of seeds which the buyer takes for cotton. We hope this last abuse will cease. The sorts of Brazilian cotton which come upon the European markets, are the Aracati, Bahia, Ceara, Camouchi, Pernambuco, Parahyba, Minas, Maceio, Maranham, Para, Eio Grande. The price before the war was 8J to 9 pence, or l.Tofr. to 2.10fr. the kilo- gram. The price at the moment of highest cost was 29 pence, or 6.70fr. the kilogram. Before the war Europe received only the following quantities from Brazil : 1856-57 165,000 bales. 1857-58 124,000 bales. 1859-60 127,000 bales. 1860-61 . . . t 96,000 bales. 1858-59 116,000 bales. of 180 pounds, or 81.5 kilograms each=:7,SOO,000 kilograms. The consumption of these cottons, (of which England has taken two- thirds,) under the force of circumstances, has risen successively to 1861-62 122,000 bales. 1862-63 160,000 bales. 1863-64 208,000 bales. 1864-65 324,000 bales. 1865-66 423,000 bales. 1866-67 450,000 bales. of 174 pounds, or 79 kilograms each=35,500,000 kilograms. It has, then, more than quadrupled. The whole of the vast territory of the Brazilian empire is suitable to the culture of cotton ; but it is chiefly the south (albeit it is the north which now exports) which supplies the finest qualities, of which that of Eio Grande should be cited before all. It is agreed by all that this cul- ture is susceptible of an immense development. OTHER SOURCES OF PRODUCTION. A quantity of 368,000 bales, or in weight 4J per cent, of the 850,000,000 kilograms of cotton which Europe consumed in 1860- 7 61 such is the account of what has been produced by the efforts made to introduce cotton culture in new countries, and to extend it in countries where it had already existed on a small scale. It is at once little and much ; little, if compared with the wants to be satisfied ; much, if we take account of the difficulties overcome ! It is the fact, that in this culture the capacity to produce is far from being a pledge or giving assurance of production. The conditions of capital, of skill, and labor ; those even of political or administrative regulation, play parts of an importance nearly equal to the influences of climate and geographical situation. It would be difficult to say at present which will be the new countries COTTON. Ill permanently acquiring the cotton culture; but there are some where it will infallibly extend, because there it succeeds perfectly. Queensland and Tahiti stand in the first line for their long staples (soies.) As to those countries where the culture has been a long time established and developed, as in the Indies, Brazil, and Egypt, it is evident that from them will be received the most important assistance in a time of scarcity. The further we advance in our task the more difficult it becomes to follow each country in its successive steps of progress in the cotton cul- ture. The extent of a work of this kind will be better understood, and the absence of interest which would attach to it if pushed to its extreme limits, when it is known that, in addition to the sources of supply to which Europe habitually looks, there happen to be one hundred and sev- enty-one places of production, and that in observing the arrivals in the ports we constantly learn of new ones. We will then only pause a moment at those which, like Turkey and Greece, are too near us not to feel the effect of our stimulations to a larger production, and in closing we will devote a few lines to our colonies. TURKEY, GREECE, PERSIA, MALTA, ETC. Importation into Europe, 163,000 bales in 1866->67. In an address to the Sultan in July, of this year, on the occasion of his visit to England, the Cotton Association congratulated him that the exportation of cotton for England, from the states of his dominion, had increased from 41,212 hundred weight, (2,060,600 kilograms,) which it attained in the year 1862, to 223,000 hundred weight, (11,150,000 kilo- grams.) There had been, as there ought to be, under the influence of repeated encouragements, a very considerable increase, independent of an improvement of quality, from the use of better gins and seeds. The steps accomplished in respect of quantity would have been even more conspicuous but for the extreme haste attending the shipments. Especially was there very great improvement upon the cotton of Salo- nica, Yolo, and Piree, both in staple and cleanliness. The contributions from Smyrna and Syria have equally presented good results, whereas the cotton from Egypt and Algeria has, on the contrary, left something to be desired in respect both of strength and length (of fibre.) The cot- tons of Cyprus are not improved. ITALY. Importation into France : In 1861, in 1,000 kilograms 30 In 1862, in 1,000 kilograms 37 In 1863, in 1,000 kilograms 441 In 1864, in 1,000 kilograms In 1865, in 1,000 kilograms 3,150 112 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Estimate of crops : Manchester, upon the Italian data given, valued that of 1863 at 89,000 bales of 100 kilograms ; i an exaggerated figure. For 1865, the estimate was 8,500,000 kilograms. These statistics want exactness. The mills of the country retain a good part of the cotton which grows at their doors. Here are yet further figures that we owe to a house in Naples, who regret their inability to give only approximations : 1. Before the American war we estimated the production of the Nea- politan provinces at 1,335,000 kilograms ; that of the Sicilian provinces the same ; say, together, 2,670,000 kilograms. 2. In 1864 and 1865, we estimated the production of the Neapolitan and Sicilian provinces each at 4,450,000 kilograms ; together, say, 8,900,000 kilograms. Whereas the exportation (it being relieved of the duty imposed upon the foreign article) in 1864 was 2,581,000 kilograms, and in 1865 it was 4,005,000; the remainder has thus been consumed at home, especially by the mills in the north part of Italy. SPAIN. The decrees of 1810 and 1811, which regulated the right of admission for cotton and wool into France, treat with comparative favor the cottons of Naples (Castellainare) and those of Spain, (Motril ;) but the differential dutjc disappeared in 1814, and soon with them the names even of the Clstellamare and Motril cottons, which the generation that preceded us had heard so often while the continental system endured. We have mentioned the resumption of the cotton culture in Italy. It was in 1865 only that it appeared to have had a place at Motril, a small port near Grenada. They estimate the crop of 1865-'66 at 630,000 kilograms ; of 1866- 7 67 at 840,000 kilograms ; and it is supposed that the crop of 1867-'68 will attain to 1,000,000 kilograms. The larger part of these cottons have been spun by an establishment at Malaga. Only a small quantity has been shipped u England, and none of it to France. It is sold at the current price of Egyptian, with which it corresponds in quality. Some cotton has been grown at Iviza, (Balearic Isles,) and sold to the spinners at Barcelona. These appear to be the limits of the attempts at cotton culture in Spain. 1 Weights of bales fictitious, for the bales of Castellamare are reckoned among the heavi- est that appear in market. COTTON. 113 FRENCH COLONIES. The following are the quantities taken for consumption in France, for the several years and the places of production, (in kilograms :) 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. \lgeria 246,000 134,000 157,000 443,000 560,000 105 000 242 000 Martinique . . 50,000 65 000 187 000 639 000 304 000 The importation of cotton from Algeria constituted in 1860 and 1861 only .05 (five hundredths of one) per cent, of the general importation ; but this quantity, so insignificant in appearance, represented not less than five or six per cent, of the manufacturing demand for fine cottons, long staple, and has rendered precious service. So we shall be happy to see realized the hopes which depend upon the great works of damming destined to bestow upon Algeria the means of irrigation, indispensable to ts cotton culture, so often compromised by drought. Guadaloupe, which has produced about one-half less than Algeria, appears to be stopped in its attempts ; and it is grievous, for its fitness to produce the finest sort of long staple remains undisputed. Guiana, Oochin-China, Senegal, Corsica, even our own departments du Midi, which had for a time believed they could enter the listl } forget- ting that they lacked two months of sun, are not outside the limits of attempts more or less successful, of which the results are too limited to enter into statistics. IV. SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF COT- TOX EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURES, 1864 TO 1867. [Long-stapled sorts are marked *.] Alabama United States. Arica ... *Peru. Aricati 1 ... 'Brazil. Adenos Levant. Arkansas United States. Angola West Africa. Algeria *Africa. Armenia Asia. Acre, (St. Jean d') Syria. Akoot Hindostan. Banda *Dutch possessions. Barbadoes * Antilles. Bahia "Brazil. Broach Hindostan. Bourbon *French possessions. Bermuda ^English possessions. Bahamas English possessions. 9 c Bownuggur Hindostau. Barri Italy. Bagdad Turkey in Asia. Ceylon British India. Candia Archipelago. Camptah Hindostan. Cassaba .Smyrna, (Levant.) Caraccas 'Central America Cyprus Levant. Ceara "Brazil. Candahar . . . , East Indies. Carthagena "Venezuela. Coimbator Hindostan. Cote Ferine. Cumana "Central America. Castellamare Italy. Cayenne * French Guiana. 114 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. China. C^mouchi *Brazil. Carolina United States. Cuba .^Spanish Antilles. Casma *Peru. Caramania Turkey in Asia. Cephallonia Ionian Isles. Coted'Or Senegal. Caucasus Asia. Constantinople Turkey. Cocanadah Hindostan. Catania Italy. Calabria Italy. Dhollerah Hindostan. Dharwar Hindostan. Demarara * English Guiana. Dardanelles Turkey in Europe. Elias *Peru. Feejee Islands Florida *United States. Francavilla Italy. Georgia, (uplands) United States. Georgia, (Sea Island ).* United States. Guadaloupe *Little Antilles. Guayaquil ^Ecuador. Grenada Spain. Galles of the South East Indies. Hayti *Grand Antilles. Hinghenghaut East Indies. Jumel "Egypt. Jamaica * West Indies. Idelep Syria. Java *Isles of Sunda. Japan Asia. Jujures Jumboreer Hindostan. Kandish Hindostan. Kircagach Levant. Kurachee Hindostan. Kinick .. Levant. Kirekly Hindostan. Louisiana United States. La Guayra * Venezuela. Lagos Africa. Liberia Africa. Livadi Greece. Loanda Africa. Latakia Syria. Majorca "Spain. Manjalore * Hindostan. Minas ^Brazil. Macedonia Turkey. Malta English possessions. Maceio *Brazil. Metelin Turkey. Madras Hindostan. Martinique *Little Antilles. Mobile United States. Maranham * Brazil. Mazzara Italy. Marocco Africa. Nevis Little Antilles. Navigator's Island Polynesia. Nasca *Teru. Naplouse Syria. Natal Africa. New Orleans United States. Nicaragua *Central America. Oomruwuttee Hindostan. Philippine islands South Seas. Pay ta .. . *Peru. Persia Asia. Pisco "Peru. Paraiba *Brazil. Porto Rico * Antilles. Para *Brazil. Puerto Cabello * Venezuela. Paramaribo *Dutch Guiana. Pirseus Greece. Pouille Italy. Pacchino Italy. Pernambuco *Brazil. Queensland * Australia. Rangoon India. Realejo ^Central America. Rio Grande *Brazil. Red Western Madras. Rio Hacha *South America. Rarotonga South Sea islands. Surat Hindostan. Smyrna Turkey in Asia. Senegal Africa. Surinam * Dutch Guiana. Sonboujeac Levant. Scinde East Indies. Somanco Salonica Turkey. Syria Asia. Shanghai China. Salem *Hindostan. Sciacca Italy. Siam * Asia. Singapore Asia. Seychelles Indian ocean. Sardinia South Seas Tahiti ^Society Islands. Tobago English Antilles. Tinnevilly Madras. COTTON. 115 Tennessee United States. Tortola . * Antilles. Trinidad de Cuba *Spanish Antilles. Texas' United States. Toomels Hindostan. Tarsus Turkey in Asia. . Tripoli Barbary states. Trebizcnd Asia. St. Thomas * Danish Antilles. Tunis Barbary States. Terranova Italy, Tampico Mexico. Tarranto Italy. Uruguay * South America. Virginia United States. Varinas Venezuela. Venezuela * South America. Volo Macedonia. Weraoul Hindostan. Yucatan *Mexico. Zante Ionian Isles. New Zealand English possessions. The foregoing catalogue concludes the section of the jury report by M. Dollfus upon the production of cotton. This catalogue is given in full here because it is nearly identical in extent and details with the list of samples of the cotton of all countries exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 by the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, and with the excellent collection of samples sup- plied to the United States Commission to the Exposition, by the cour- tesy of the same association, as described in the first part of this report. . 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. LD LD A 4 -8 AM APR 2 01970 REC'D LD MA - 21 70 '1PM LD 21A-40m-4,'63 (D6471slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley YC 18514 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY