&3i |Vv^383L [857 UC-NRLF $B E5? fllb ms ir. iv' adar5 of the English Langu€«fet 1^ .;-.>4-^ .^*v- ^''3:ir..j tiiroiiglioiit tke .b:1 f^? Territories. D. APPLETON & CO., ciitin^' orncr.i with tiio iit^iost oxaitaess and dispatch. CO- GET THE y; CORNELL'S GEOGRAPHIES buupass „ll oxngis BEKo.n: 1st. In philosojgUg &vrav^Sxdnt. 2d. In the gradual progres^on of their steps. 3d. In presenting one thing at a time. 4th. In the adaptation of each part to the age and grade of scholaruhip for which it is intended. 5th. In the admirable mode they prescribe for memorizing the contents of a map. Sth. In their fnll explanations and explicit directions for describing the natural divisions of the earth, Tth. In their judicious selection of facts. 8 th. In the appropriate and instructive character of their illusfcrations. 9 th. In consistency between maps and text. M^ 10th. 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PUBLISHEES%IMPOIlTEIlS, Have constantly on hand a very Extensive and choice Collection of ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, EMBRACING THE BEST EDITIONS OF THE BEST AUTHORS. TKEIR OWN PUBLICATIONS Comprise some of the most Important Works in the English Language, wlSch include every Department of Humam Kuowledge. Catalogues sent gratis, upon application. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY D . APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY. ADTEKTISEIIENT. i' The recent publication of the improred abridgments of Dr. Webster's American Dictionary has made it necessary to re- vise the Elementary Spelling-Book, that in its Notation, as well as in Orthography and Pronunciation, the series may be consistent. The modifications, especially in Notation, are im- portant, as by the new system, the nicer shades of difference in the vowel sounds are given, and the curve C^) is restored to its original and legitimate office in noting* the regular short sound of the vowels. But a little attention to the Icey to the sounds of the pointed letters^ and to the remarks prefixed, will prevent any inconvenience or embarrassment either to teachers or classes. rW. a WEBSTER. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 185T, by EMILT W. ELLSWORTH, JULIA W. GOODRICH, ELIZA S. W. JONES, WILLIAM G. WEBSTER and LOUISA WEBSTER, (surviving children of the late Noah Webster, LL.D.) In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Connecticut. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by G. &. C. MEKRIAM, In the Clerk'g Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. D. APPLETON & CO., 846 & 348 BROADWAY, NKW YORK, Putliab a Compuetk Desceiptive CATALoauB of SonooL, Aoadimio, and Colleoiatb Tiuer-BooKB (including the Department of English, Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish, HebrcTV, and Italian), a copy of which will be sent by mail, free of charge, to any one applying for it. PREFACE. This Elementary SpeUing-hooJc is designed as an improve- ment on tlie American Spelling-book ; a work whose exten- sive and increasing circulation manifests tlie estimation in whicli it is held by the citizens of the United States. The classification of words in that work has been universally ad mitted to be a great improvement on all the schemes which had preceded it, and the pronunciation, with few exceptions, is in exact accordance with the best usage both in England and tho United States. The classification, however, which was imperfect in that work, is here completed, and the few errors in orthography and pronunciation, which occur in that, are corrected in this work. Indeed, the plan of classification here executed is extended so as to comprehend every impor- tant variety of English words, and the classes are so arranged, with suitable directions for the pronunciation, that any pupil who shall be master of these Elementary Tables^ will find little difficulty in learning to form and pronounce any words that properly belong to our vernacular language. The tables intended for Exercises in spelling and forming words, contain the original words, with the terminations only of their derivatives. These tables will answer the important purposes, of teaching the manner of forming the various deriv atives, and the distinctions of the parts of speech, and thus an ticipate, in some degree, the knowledge of grammar; at the same time they bring into a small compass a much greater number of words than coula ^*e otherwise comprised in so small *'^^'- _ _ ivi5S9778 The pronunciation here given, is that which is sanctioned by the most general usage of well-bred people both in the United States and in England, This fact is stated from personal knowl- P RKr A C E. edge. There are a few words in both countries whose pronun- ciation is not settled beyond dispute. In cases of this kind, I have leaned to regular analogies, as furnishing the best rule of decision. There has been, for half a century past, an affectation of pro- nouncing the English u asyu, in a multitude of words, in which this sound had before been unknown. This affectation resulted in changing d before u into j, as gradual [grajual], and t into chy as in nature [uachure], and one author went so far as to change s into sA, in words beginning with super, as superior, [shooperior] ; with a like affectation, d before i in immediate, obedience, was changed into j [immejeate, obejeence]. The mischiefs resulting from this affectation, in changing the proper sounds of the letters, and thus impairing the use of the alpha- bet, have been very extensive, and can not be easily repaired, But the good sense of the intelligent part of the British pub- lic has, in some degree, checked the evil ; and a recent wiitar on orthoepy has rejected the chu, and dje, smddju, from eveiy word in the language^ In orthography there are some classes of words in which usage is not uniform. "No two English writers agree on this subject ; and what is worse, no lexicographer is consistent with himself. In this branch of English philology, I have adopted, both in this work, and in my dictionary, that orthography which is most simple, and which is now the best authorized. I ihave pursued the rules which are held to be legitimate, and rendered all classes of words, falling within the rules, uniform in orthography If established rules and analogies will not control the practice of writers, I know of no authority by which uniformity can be produced. In this work, the sounds of the vowels in accented syllables are represented by points or marks attached to the letters. It is highly desirable timt this mode of remedying, in some mea- sure, the evils of a very irregular orthography, which can not be reformed, might be adopted in all printed books. It was adopted in the Ilebrew language, and is used in the German, Swedish, and Danish at this day. This would serve to fix the pronunciation of words, facilitate the acquisition of it both by foreigners and our own children, and probably contribute to the propagation of the English language, and of Christianity,! among distant nations. '^ 1 PREFACE. Tlio vowels in unaccented syllables are, for the most part, left unpointed ; as I am convinced that any attempt to desig- nate sounds so slight and indeterminate, -would do more haiin than good* Letters printed in the Italic characters are mute ; but by the classification of words here adopted, few of these charac- ters are necessary. The reading lessons are adapted, as fer as possible, to the ca- pacities of children, and to their gradual progress in knowledge. These lessons will serve to substitute variety for the dull mo- notony of spelling, show the practical use of words in signifi- cant sentences, and thus enable the learner the better to under- stand them. The consideration of diversifying the studies of children, has also had its influence in the arrangement of the lessons for spelling. It is useful to teach children the significations of words, as soon as they can comprehend them ; but the understanding can hardly keep pace with the memory, and the minds of children may well be employed in learning to spell and pronounce words, whose signification is not within the reach of their ca- pacities ; for what they do not clearly understand at first, they will understand as their capacities are enlarged. The objects of a work of this kind being chiefly to teach or- thography and pronunciation^ it is judged most proper to adapt the various tables to these specific objects and omit extraneous matter. In short, this little b®ok is so constructed as to con- dense into the smallest compass a complete System of Ele- ments for teaching the language ; and however small such a book may appear, it may be considered as the most important class-book, not of a religious character, which the youth of our country are destined to use. In the plan and execution of this work, I have had the ad- vice and assistance of some of the most experienced iHstructor& in New York, to whom I would present my grateful acknowi^ edgment». THE ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS OF SOUNDS IK THE EKaLISU LANOUAQE, Language or Speecli is tlie utterance of articulate sounds or voices, rendered significant bj usage, for fhe expression and communication of thoughts. Articulate sounds, are those which are formed by opening and closing the organs. The closing of the or- gans is an articulation or jointing, as in eb, ed^ et The articulations are represented by the letters called conso- nants. The sounds made with the organs open, are called vowels, as a, e^ o. Sounds constitute the spohen language, addressed to the ear ; letters or characters, representing sounds, con- stitute written language, which is presented to the eye. The letters of a language, arranged in a certain order, compose what is called an Alphabet, The English Alphabet consists of twenty-six letters, or single characters — a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r, g, t, u, V, w, x, y, z. The compounds cA, sh^ thj and ng are also used to represent distinct sounds; and another sound is expressed by 5^, or z ; as, in hror- sier, azure^ pronounced hra'zher^ azhlur. Of the foregoing letters, a, e, o, are always vowels ; i and t* are vowels or diphthongs ; w is also a vowel ; and y is either a vowel, a diphthong, or a consonant. Each of the vowels has its regular long and short sounds which are most used ; and also certain occasional sounds which occur more rarely, as that of a in last^ far^ care, tall, what; e in her, there, P'r^ ; i in firm, ma-- rine ; o in dove, hooh, wolf, prove; and u in rude and pull. These will now be considered distinctly. A. The regular long sound of a is denoted by a hori J SPELLINa-BOOK. zontal mark over it ; as, an' cient, pro-fane' ; and the regular short sound bj a curve over it ; as, cat, pSr'ry. Occasional sounds, — The Italian souird is indicated by two dots over it ; as, bar, farther ; — the broad, or Ger« man sound, by two dots below it ; as, ball, stall ;— the short sound of broad a, by a single dot under it ; as, what, quad'rant ; — the short sound of the Italian a, by a single dot over it ; as, fast, last ; — ^the sound of a be- fore T in certain words like care^ fair^ &c., is represented by a caret over the a, as, care, hair, fiiir, &c. E. The regular long sound of c is indicated by a hori- zontal mark over it; as, mete, se-rene'; the regulax short sound, by a curve over it ; as met, re-bel'. Occasional sounds. — The sound of e like a in care is indicated by a caret over the e, as in their, where ; and of short 6 before r in cases 'where it verges toward short w, by a single dot over it ; as, her, pre-fOr'. I, 0, U. The regular long and short sounds of % o, and u are indicated like those of a and e by a horizon- tal mark or curve ; as, bind, bin ; dole, doll ; tune, tun, Occassional sounds. — When i has the sound of long e it is marked by two dots over it; as, fa-ti'gue^, ma-fine'; — ^when has the sound of short u, it is marked by a single dot over it ; as, dove, son ; — when it has the sound of 00, it is marked with two dots over it ; as, move, prove; — the two letters oo, without marks, have the sound of the French ou ; as, boom, loom ; — when u is sounded like short oo, it has two dots under it ; as, full, pull ; while its occasional sound, as when preceded by r, is indicated as in rude, rubral, ru'by. Note. — The long u in unaccented syllables has, to a great extent, the sound of short oo, preceded by y, as in \\educate, pronounced ed'yoo-kate; na^i^re, pronounced Jntiate'yoorr 10 THE ELEMENTARY The long sound of a in late^ when shortened, coincides near- ly with that of e in let ; as, adequate^ disconsolate^ inveterate. The long e, when shortened, coincides with the short i in pit ; as, in feet, fit. This short sound of i is that of y unac- cented, at the end of words ; as, in glory* The short «ound of broad a in hall^ is that of short o in holly, and of a in what. The short sound of oo in pool^ is that of v, in pull, and oo in The short sound of o in not, is somewhat lengtheneS and 2 stand for one and the same articulation, attended with hissing ; s without sound ; z with sound. Sh and zh have the same distinction as s and z, aspi rated and vocal ; but zh not occurring in English words, the eonnd is represented by si or other letters ; as, in fusion^ osier, azure, Ng represent the articulation of the body of the tongue SPELLING-BOOK. JJ with the roof of the mouth, la certain words, as'in sing^ the articulation is moderately close, with a nasal sound ; in other words, as in finger^ the pressure is more close, stopping all sound. A closer pressure is represented by nk^ as in hank. The difference is obvious in hang^ angei\ hank^ but the articu- lation is the same in all cases. See Section 139. ■ B has one sound only, as in lite ; and after m is mute, as in dumb C has tlie sound of k before a, o, and w, as in cat^ cotj cup ; and of s before e^ % and y, as in cell^ cit, cycle. It may be con- sidered as mute before k ; as, in sick^ thick, C, when followed by e or i before another vowel, unites with e or i to form the sound of sh. Thus, cetaceous^ gracious^ conscience^ are prO' nounced ce-ta'sluis^ gra'shus^ conshense. T> has one sound only ; as, in day^ bid. ^ F has one sound only ; as, in life, f every except in of, in which it has the sound of v. G before a, o, and w, is a close palatal articulation ; as, in gave, go, gun ; but before e, i, and y, it is sometimes a close articulation, and sometimes it has a compound sound, like^'; as, in gem, gin, gyves. Before n it is silent ; as, in gnaw, n is a mark of breathing or aspiration. After r it has no sound ; as, in rhetoric, I in certain words has the use of y consonant ; as, in million, pronounced mill'yun^ Before r it has the sound of short u ; as, in bird, flirt, J represents a compound sound, that may be expressed by dzh ; as, in joy. K has one sound only; as, in king. It is silent before n ; as, in knave, ^ L has one sound only ; as, in lame, m,ill. It is sometimes silent before k, as in walk ; before m, as in calm ; and before /, as in calf, M has one sound only ; as, in man, flame, N has one sound only ; as, in not, sun. It is silent after m; as, in hymn, solemn, T has one sound only ; as, in pit, lap. Before s it is silent; as, in 2^>iCilf>^* Q has precisely the power of k, but it is always followed by u ; as, in question, S has its proper sound ; as, in send, less, or the sound of z ; as, in rise. Followed by i preceding a vowel, it unites with tlie vowel in forming the sound of sh ; as, in mission, pro* Dounced mish'un ; — or of zh ; as, in osier, pronounced o'zher. 12 THE ELEMENTARY When it has the latter sound, it is indicated in this book by a vertical line through it ; as $. T bas its proper sound ; as, in turn^ at the beginning of words and end of syllables. Before f, followed by another vowel, it unites with i and forms the sound of sh^ as in nation^ partial^ patience^ pronounced na' shorty par^shal^ pa'shense, A few exceptions are, when s or x precede t, as in bastion, chris- tian, m£a:^io?i,« pronounced hdsifijun, Jcrlst'yan, miJcst'yun* y has one sound only ; as, in voice, live, and is never silent. W before r is silent, as in wring, wrong. In most words be- ginning with wh, the h precedes the w in utterance. Thus- when is pronounced hwen, X represents Ics, as in wax ; but is soanetimes pronounced like gz ; as, in exact. At tlie beginning of words it is pro- nounced like z,; as, in Xenophon, Z has its proper sound, which is that of the vocal s, or a hissing with sound ; as, in maze, Ch have the sound nearly of tsh ; as, in church, or the sound of h ; as, in character ; or of sh, as in machine. Oh are mute in every English word, both in the middle and at the end of words, except in the following : cough, chough, dough, enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. These words close with the sound of /, so that gh may be said not to have their proper sound in any English word. Ph have the sound of/, as in philosophy^ except in Stephen, pronounced Ste'ven, Sh have one sound only ; as, in shall, Th have two sounds ; aspirate, as in think, both ; and vocal, aa in thou, this, "When vocal, the th are marked thus, (fh), as in thou. Sc have the sound of sh, before a, o, u, and r ; as, in scale, scoff, sculpture, scroll ; and the sound of s only before e, i, and y ; as, in scene, scepter, science, Scythian, Two vowels in a syllable, when only one is pronounced, are called a digra-ph. , The pronuiici^tlon of the diphthongs oi and oy is the same and uniform ; asj" %^Jom, joy. The pronunciatioft 4i£ the»diphthongs oil and ow is the same and uniform ; as, in sSdndi, now. But in the termination ous, ou is not a diphthong, and. the pronunciation is us ; as, in pious, glorious. ^> The digraphs at and cltj, in words of one syllable, and in ac cented syllables, have the sound of a long, in the unaccented syllables of a few words, the sound of a is nearly or quite lost ; SPELLING-BOOK. 13 as, in certain^ curtain. The digraphs au and 'iw^ have the sound of broad a, as in fall ; ew, that of u long, as in new ; and ey, in unaccented syllables, that of y short, as in valley. When one vowel of a digraph is pointed or marked, the other has no sound ; as, ^in court^ road^ slow. The digraphs ea, ee, ei, ie, when not pointed, have, in this work, the sound of e long ; as, in nearj meet^ seize, grieve. The vowels in Section 143 are exceptions. The digraph oa, unless pointed, has the sound of o long. In a few instances, words of disputable pronunciation are distinguished by this mark f . Vowels, in words of one syllable, followed by a single con- sonant and e final, are long ; as, in fatCj mete, mite, note, mute, unless pointed, as in dove, give. The accented syllable of words is designated by the mark ('). The double accent ('^) in such words as pre'^cious, am-M'tious (Section 135), shows that the subsequent c or ^ has the sound of sh. The double accent in such words as an'^ger, ^lan'^gor (Section 139), indicates that ng are pronounced with a close articulation. OF ACCENT, EMPHASIS, AND CADENCE. Accent is a forcible stress or impulse of voice on a letter or syllable, distinguishing it from others in the same word. When it falls on a vowel, it prolongs the sound, as in glory ; when it falls on a consonant, the preceding vowel is short, as in hahit. The general rule by which accent is regulated, is, that the stress of voice falls on that syllable of a word, which renders the articulations most easy to the speaker, and most agreeable to the hearer. By this rule has the accent of most words been imperceptibly established by a long and uniycfeal consent. When a w^ord consists of three or more ^Hables, the ease of speaking requires usually a secondary accent, of less forcible utterance than the primary, but clearly distinguishable from the pronunciation of unaccented syllables ; as in superfluity , literary. In many compound words, the parts of v/hich are important words of themselves, there is very little, distinction of -accent ; as, ink-stand, ckurch-7/ard. Emphasis is a particular force of utterance given t« a par- ticular word in a sentence, on account of its importance. Cadence is a fall or modulation of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence. 14 THE ELEMENTARY KEY TO THE SOUNDS OP THE POINTED LETTERS, YOKELS. Regulae Long and Short Sounds. LojS'G-.— a, m in fame; e, asinmefe; i, as in. Jlne; o, as in note ; oo, as in moon ; u, as in mute ; y, as in fiy. Short. — a, as in fat;, e, as in met; i, as in fin; 6, as in not; Uj as in hut; y, as in auT/, Occasional Yowel Sounds. EXAMPLES. a as m mre < a Italian^ .' . a as in lost^ . a as in aiZ, a as in zi^Aa^, . 6 like a, . . e as in termj , e like long a, 1 like long e, , 1 as in bird J 6 like sborfc t^, o like 'long oOj o like short oo, oo (short oo), . u long, preceded bj r, n like oo (short oo), . .' e (italic) marks a letter silent, iiir, share, pair, beaiSL father, far, balm, path, ask, grass, dance, branch, call, talk, haul, swarm. Wan, wanton, wallow, fhere, heir, where, ere. Ycrge, verdure, prefer, prey, they, trey, pique, machine, mien, firm, virgin, dirt, dove, son, done, worm, prove, do, move, tomb, wolf, wolsey. foot^ book, wool, wood, rude, -rumor, rural, bull, put, push, pulL fellen, token. CONSONANTS. KXAMP-LE S. c soft (unmarked), like s sharpy •e hard^ like h^ , . . . . . ch (unmarked), as in . . . . ch soft^ like sh^ €h hard^ like k^ g ^arc? (unmarked), . . . . g soft, like/, ....... s 5Aarp .(unmarked), . . . . $ soft, like z, th sharp (unmarked), . . . . ihfiai or vocal, cede, mercy. €all, €arry. child, choose. maOhine, chaise, ■chorus, epo^h. go, gallant, gentle, aged, same, gas. ha$, amu$e. thing, path, thine, their. . SPELLING-BOOK. 15 THE ALPHABET. ftmtA^S I^TTERa ITAUC. NAMES Oy iBTTEBS. ^ a A a A a b B b B be , c C c C ce ^ d D d D de e E e E e f F f F ef g g €f je li H h H he, or aytch i I i I i J J J J- ja • k K h K ka 1 L I L el * m M in M em n N n N en o o P J p- P pe q Q 1 Q cu r R T R ar s & s 8 es t T t T te u U u U u V V V V Ve w W w W 00 X X X X eks ' y I y Y wi or ye z Z z Z ze i &* &* and j DOUBLE LETTEBS. ! _ ff, ffl, fi, fl, ffi. ♦ This is not a letter, but a ch!\ractor standing for and. Children therefor* rfiouM be taught to call it and ; not and-per-ae. 16 THE ELEMENTAEY I, I, See., long; I, t, &&, short;— bae, lIst, elEU, rviLi,-wH4.T; nts, PRgy, th£bk OlD ENGLISH. ^2Je35ISiF<^|i^SSI^mWS #D; s ? SCRIPT. Q^ !W ^ m) s (^ ^ r ^ ■ of / (W^^ Q/6 qjY ^ '^ ^ M (^ qT % ^ "W ^ f^ ■ j u z\ irj^S4^^7^^ Ko. L-I. ba be bi bo bu ea ce ci €o * €u da de di do do fa fe fi fo fu ga ge gi go gu by fy gy spblling-booe:. 17 bIbd, mabinb; mote, s<5n, ■WQLT ; BtLB, pijiLL ; € AS k; 6 Afl j; s AS z ; Sh A3 su. go on by me it is is he go in we go to me he is go np to us to be I am an 02: do go on No. 2.-IJ. It on us ha he hi ho . hu ty ja JS --ji 30 j^ if ka ke ki ko ku ky . la le li 16 1^ I7 ma me mi mo mu my na ne * ni no nu ^7 IS he in do go on is it on he is in I do go on it is on is he up is it so is it in ho is up it is so No. 3.-111. it] Ls m pa pe pi po ^^X !>? ra re ri . ro ru ry sa se si so su sy ta te ti to tu ty va . Ye vi vo YU n wa "we wi wo WU ■wy is he to go % is it by us we go to it he- is to go it is by us he is by me am I to go if he is in so he is up I am to go go up to it so I am up No. 4.-IV. * ab eb ib 6b fib ae ee ie ' 6e ue ad ed id 6d M af ef .if 6f iif ag eg Jg : 6g «g 18 THE ELEMENTARY X, JE, &0., long; 1, B, &c, short ;— ba-k, lIst, ^Ibe, vj^lLjWsl^t ; niu, PBJSY, TKfiBI ; am I to go in so hi i is to go up 1 I am to go in is he to be by me is lie to go in lie is to be by me lie is to go in • No. 5.- I am -V. to be by it aj * ej ij q fij ak ek ik ok uk al nel il 61 iii* am em im 6m um an -:. en in 6n un ap ^ ep ip op up '■^■r' No. 6- -VI. ar er V ir or ur as es 13 OS us at et It 6t Tit av ev iv 6v - uv ax ex IX ox ux az ez ,> 6z nz : is lie to do so by me it is to be by i tne he is to do so by me by me it is to be | BO I am to be in I am to be as he is he is to go up by it. • No. 7.- lie is 711. to be aa I am bla ble bli bio *lu blj? €la €le €li elo elt €ly fla fle fit flo flu fly ^ gl^ gle gli glo glu giy ' pla pie pli plo plu ply sla sle sli slo slu sly N0.8.-VIII. bra bre bri bro brA bry em ere €rl evo erd €ry dra dre dri dro drU dry SPELLING-BOOK - i»i BiajD, MAR'iwK; MOVK, b6n, wqlf; h^le, VY[LL ; € AtJ K LE, PTTLL ; € A3 K; 6 AS J; S AS Z ; Ch AB SH. No. 26.-XXVI. WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE FIRST. ba' ker tro ver so lar wo ful pa pal sha dy ^lo ver po lar po em €o pal • la dy do nor lu nar fo rum vi al ti dy ya por so ber sa tan pe nal ho ly fa vor pa cer fii el ve nal li my fla vor ra cer du el fi nal sli my sa vor gro cer €r1i el o ral * bo ny ha lo ci der grU el ho ral po ny so lo spi der pu pil mu ral po ker he ro wa fer la bel na $al ti ler ne gro €a per li bel fa tal caper tyro tiger local natal pa per bu bo ma ker fo cal rA ral ta per sa go ta ker v6 €al vi tal vi per tu lip ra ker le gal to tal bi ter ce dar se ton re gal o val fe ver bri er rli in di al pli ant 6 ver fri ar hy men tri al gi ant Bakers bake bread and cakes. t like to play in the shady grove. Some fishes are very bony. I love the young lady that shows me how to read. A pony is a very little horse. We poke the fire with the poker. The best paper is made of linen rags. Vipers are bad snakes, and they bite men. An ox loves to eat clover. The tulip is very pretty, growing in the garden. A dial shows the hour of the day. Cedar trees grow in the woods. The black-berry grows on a brier. 26 THE ELEMENTARY i, £» &c., long; i, S, &o., short;— BAU, lIst, €1eb, f^vI'I^ wh^t ; niu , pebt,th£»k; Cider is made of apples. A tiger will kill and eat ( % man. A raker can rak^ J hay. A vial is a little bottle. A giant is a ver} The Holy Bible : ' stout, tall man. Is the book of God. No, 27.- XXVII. S€ab ^ab €rib drib griib shrub bled bred plod trod stag scrag blab slab squib chub stub shad sped shred scud stud snag drag €rab €lub •clad shed sliig swag drab glib snub s^riib glad brad sled shod brag crag flag sh5>m snib ' drub fled Na. 28.-: clod KXVIII shag cram €lam dram slam prim trim swim scan clan plan spin grin twin trap scrap^ strap slip grip scrip swam stem skim brim grim from scum plum griim . drum span bran glen chin skin No. 29,- chap clap flap slap snap -XXIX. chip ship skip clip flip drip trip strip frit split chop char flat slit blot sliit shop slop ■erop stop swop spar star . stir blur slur plat spat brat fret whet smit spit split grit scot clot plot spot grot trot smut glut strut flax flux S€ar spur tret shot shut floss SPELLING-BOOK. 4 bIbd, mae?ne ; move, b6n, wqlp ; ntu :, pTJLl; € as k ; A as j; s as z ; Cn as sh. | Ann can spin flax. He must not drink a A shad can swim. dram. He was \ glad to see me. He set a trap for a rat. | The boy can ride on-a L Ships go to sea sled. The boy can chop. | A plum will han^ by a .- The man shot a . ball. stem I saw her skim the milkj The boy had a drum. in a pan. No. 30 .-XXX. bulb bold band. brand wend fond barb eold hand end blend pond garb gold land bend bind fund herb fold rand fend find bard verb hold bland lend hind •eard eiirb mold grand mend kind hard child sold gland rend mind lard. mild told sand send rind pard wild seold stand tend wind searf old and strand No. 31.- vend ^bond -XXXI. bird herd surf such lanch bunch latch eurd seurf filch blanch hunch match surd rich milch branch lunch • patch turf much patch stanch punch snatch arch pouch crotch ditch switch crutch march €rouch botch hitch twitch. dutch starch torch blotch pitch sketch plush harsh church itch stitch stretch flush marsh lurch bitch witch elutch €rush To filch is to steal we must not flick 1 A bird sits on a branch to sing. 28 THE ELEMENTARY A, E, l, wh^^t ; h&b, pkst, THftRK; badge fadgp edge hedge ledge pledge^ fledge house louse mouse souse €urse purse parch perch scorch sledge wedge midge ridge bridge lodge podge Ho. 45~XLV. biidge judge grudge hinge €rmge fringe swinge twinge lounge plunge serge verge dirge gorge urge giirge purge surge germ €6pse Ho. rich belch birch bench blench drench french tench trench 46,-XL quench stench wench inch •clinch finch flinch pinch winch VI. munch gulch batch hatch -catch snatch scratch etch fetch parse erse terse verse €6rse gorse morse kgtch retch flitch notch potch hutch s^lph l5'mph nymph The razor has a sharp edge. A. ledge is a large lay or mass of rocks. The farmer splits rails with a wedge. A judge must not be a bad man. Doors are hung on hinges. Birch wood will make a hot fi;re. If you go too near a hot fire it may singe or scorch your frock. The troops march to the sound of the drum. Six boys can sit on one long bench, "he birds fly from branch to branch on the trees and clinch their claws fast to the limbs. The first joint of a man's thumb is - one inch long. wish I had a bunch of sweet grapes. SPBLIING-BOOK. 37 BiRD, marine; move, b6n, -w^lf ; e'&le, p^ll; € as k ; 6 as j ; • ab z ; Ch as sil A cat can catch rats and mice ; and a trap will catch a fox. A hen will sit on a nest of eggs and hatch chickens. The latch holds the door shut We can light the lamp with a match. Never snatch a book from a boy. A cross cat will scratch with her sharp nails. •No. 47.-XLVII. ri^e -elo$e u^e gmde tJ^yme wi^e no$e fti^e guile shrine gui^e r6$e mu$e quite sphere cho$e pro$e phrase phleme grime A wise man will rise with the sun, or before it. The sun will set at the close of the day. Good boys will use their books with care. A man can guide a horse with a bridle. ^he earth is not quite round. It is not so long from north to south as it is fi^om east to west. A sphere is a round body or globe. In the nose are the organs of smell. We love to hear a chime of bells. ^ shrine is a case or box. A great heat will fuse tin. Style not in verse is called prose, A phrase is a short form of speech. : 2Jo. 18.-XLVIII. void oil boil -eoil foil roil. spoil point noi:|e broil coin poi$e soil loin -eoif •toil join quoif oint groin quoit joint quoin foist hoist pound joist round moist ground bound sound found wound hound mound 38 THE ELEMENTARY i, 5, &c., long ; I, k*&c., short ;— bak, lIst, €!iKE, f^ll, wh^t ; ntn, pk^y, TnfiEE loud proud €loud shroud ounce bounce flounce trout chouse grouse spouse rou^e brow$e tou^e pounce €rown grout frown €rout town No. 49.- pouch foul owl €owl prowl seowl stout brown elown gown -XLIX. flour sour €ount fount fowl howl growl rout couch slouch mount out . bout scout gout shout lout' • our s€our Z^our ^lout flout snout pout spout sprout choice voice poi$e noi^e We burn fish-oil in lamps. We boil beets with meat in a pot. Pears are choice fruit. When you can choose for yourself, try to make a good choice. The cat and mouse live in the house. The owl has large eyes and can see in the night.* One hand of a watch goes round once in an hour. Wheat flour will make good bread. Limes are sour fruit. A h'og has a long snout to root up the ground. A trout is a good fish to eat. An ox is a stout, tame beast Fowls have wings to fly in the air. Wolves howl in the woods in the night. A dog will growl and bark. The cold frost turns the leaves of the trees brown, and makes them fall to the ground. Rain will make the ground moist. You can broil a beefsteak over the coals of fire. We move our limbs at the joints. SPELLING-BOOK.. 39 bIbd, MAEiNE ; MOVE, SON, WQLF ; Et>LE, p^jLL ; €A8k;^&abj; sasz; Chassh. Land that, haS][^a*rich2soil will bear lar^ crops of grain'and grass.; A pin has a'^head and a point. A dime is a small coin worth ten cents. Men play on^the base- viol. A great gun makes a loud noise. Men hoist "^ goods from the hold of a ship with ropes.' The beams of a wooden house are held up by posts and joists : these are parts of the frame. God makes the ground bring forth fruit for mau and beast. The globe is nearly round like a ball. The dark cloud will shed its rain on the ground and make the grass grow. sea No. 60.-L. read aid gourd peace heave pea goad laid source lease weave flea load maid course praise leave plea road staid crease -coarse blue bead toad board grease hoarse flue mead woad hoard cease breve glue bye lye eye ea$e tea$e baize rai^e maize sheaf leaf neaf cheese oaf No. 51.~L I loaf fief chief lief brief seize grief waif each beach bleach peach reach breach preach teach vbleak €6ach fleak roach speak broach peak leash sneak beak creak leak freak Few men can afford to keep a coach. 40 THE ELEMENTARY A, E, .. farmers contrive to procure a good living, . by honest laboF, and commonly succeed. It is not honorable to dispute about trifles. SPBLLTNG-BOOK. 79 nVRT), MAU'lNH" ; MOVB, SON, WOLK ; rOlR, PTTLL ; € A3 K ; 4 AB j'; S ABZ ; CU AS 8IL A field requires a good fence to secure the crops. llie clouds often ol)8eure the sky in the night, and deprive us of the light of the moon and stars. You must not try to deceive your patents. The buds" of the trcQS survive the winter ; and when the warm sun shines, in the spring, the leaves and blossoms come forth upon the trees, the grass revives, and springs up from the ground. Before you rise in the morning or retire at night, give thanks to God for his mercies, and implore the continuance of his protection. No, 92.--XCII. WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. be tween €a reen €am pai^n ar rai^n or dain dis dain re gain €om plain ex plain a main de mfiin do main re frain re strain dis train €on strain ■eon tain ob tain de tain per tain at tain dis tain sus tain €a jole €on sole pis tole mis rule liu mane in sane ob scene . gan grene ter rene ■eon vene ■eom bine de fine re fine eon fine sa line de ^line €a nine re pine su pine en shrine di vine en twine post pone do throne en throne a tone je June tri line €om mune at tune es eape e lope de €lare in sn^e de spair pre pare re pair eom pare im pair sin cere ad here eo here aus tere re vere se vere ■eom peer €a reer bre vier bab oon buf foon dra goon rae eoon doub loon bal loon gal loon shal loon • plat oon lam poon har poon mon soon bas soon fes toon pol troon di$ owxi un A-novm 80 THE ELEMENTARY A, £, Ac, long ; X, S, &o., short ;— bab, lIst, €1kb, ^A^^ wh^lT ; n]fcR, PBgY, thSbh un sown a li^/it a wait eon tour a do de light de ceit be side$ out do a Tight €on ceit re cei^t a go af fright a mour re lieve When tlie moon passes between the earth and the sun, we call it new ; but you must not tliink that it is more new at that time, than it was when it was full ; we mean, that it begins nncw to sh®w us the side on which the sun shines. " God ordained the sun to rule the day ; and the moon and. stars to give light by night." The laws of nature are sustained by the immediate presence and agency of God. The heavens declare an Almighty power that made them. The science of astronomy explains the causes of day and nighty and why the sun, and moon, and stars appear to change their places in the heavens. Air contains the vajiors that rise from the earth ; and it sus- tains them, till they fall in dews, and in showers of rain, or in snow or hail. Grape-vines entwine their tendrils round the branches of trees. Laws are made to restrain the bad, and protect the good. Glue will make pieces of wood adhere. The careful ant prepares food for winter. We often compare childhood to the morning : morning is the first part of the day, and childhood is the first stage of hu- man life. Do not postpone till to-morrow what yon should do to-day. A harpoon is an instrument for striking whales. Monsoon is a wind in the East Indies, that blows six months from one quarter, and then six months from another. Be careful to keep your house in good repair. Eefrain from all evil ; keep no company with immoral men. Never complain of unavoidable calamities. Let all your words be sincere, and never deceive. A poltroon is an arrant coward, and dcserres the contempt of all brave men. Nevei- practice deceit, for this is sinful. To revere a father, is to regard him with fear mingled with respect and affection. Brevier is a small kind of printing letter. SPELLING-BOOK. 8lj BiSD, MAEINB ; MOVB, SON, WgLF ; E^LR p]jLL ; € AS K ; G A8 J ; B A3 z ; Cn AS sir. No, 93.- -XGIII, WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, THE FULL ACCENT ON THE THIRD,! AND A WEAK ACCENT ON THE FIRST. | an te ced^ ent mal e fac tor dis a gree ment ben e fac tor cir €uni ja cent met a pliy$ ics re en force ment math e mat ics pre en gage ment dis in her it en ter tain ment ev a nes cent in €0 her ent €on va les cent in de ci sive ef flo res cent su per vi $or €or res pond ent €on ser va tor in de pend ent des pe ra do re im biirse ment bas ti na do dis €Gn tent ment brag ga do cio cm ni pre$ ent mis de mean or in ad vert ent ap pa ra tus pre ex ist ent af fi da vit €o ex ist ent ex ul ta tion in ter mit tent ad a man tine in ter mar ry man u fa^t ure o ver shad 6w su per struct ure ac ci dent al per ad vent ure in ci dent al met a mor pho$e o ri ent al ' in nu en do fun da ment al su per car go or na ment al in ter niin cio sac ra ment al ar ma dil lo reg i ment al man i fes to det ri ment al laz a ret to mon u ment al dis en cum ber in stru ment al pred e ces sor hor i zon tal in ter ces sor dis a vow al 82, THE ELEMENTARY | A., K, , mablnk; movk, box, -wpLr; r'&le, pitll; € as k; a as j; s as z; Cii as sir. re al i ty de spond en cy hy poe ri sy le gal i ty e mer gen cy ti mo-e ra cy re gal i ty in elem en cy im pi e ty fru gal i ty -con sTst en cy va li e ty for mal i ty in solv en cy e bri e ty €ar nal i ty de lin quen cy so bri e ty neu tral i ty . mo not o ny . pro pri e ty as cend en cy a pos ta sy sa ti e ty The winters in Lapland are severe. The people of that conn' try dress in furs, to protect themselves from the severity of the coli. Major signifies more or greater ; minor means less. A majority is more than half; a minority is less than half. Phirality denotes two or more. In grammar, the plural number expresses more than, one ; as, two 171671, ten dogs, A majority of votes means more than half of them. When we say a man has a plurality of votes, we mean he has more than any one else. Members of Congress and Assembly are often elected by a plu- rality of votes. Land is valued for its fertility and nearness to market. Many parts of the United States are noted for the fertility of the soil. The rapidity of a stream sometimes hinders its navigation. Consistency of character is a trait that commands esteem. Humility is the prime ornament of a Christian. No. 102.-CII, WORDS OF FIVE SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. €0 tern' po ra ry de elam a to ry ex tgnsL po ra ry ex €lam a to ry de r6g a to ry in flam ma to ry ap pel la to ry - ex plan a to ry €on sol a to ry de €lar a tcb. MARINE ; MOVE, BON, w^LF ; eOlb, p^ll ; €AflK; ^ASJ; SASZ; Qhas sh. A mansion is a place of residence, or dwelling. A fraction is a part of a whole number. Fiction is a creature of the imagination. Caution is prudence in the avoidance of evil. Auction is a sale of goods by outcry to the highest bidder. Option is choice. It is at our option to make ourselves re- spectable or contemptible. 9 No. 117.-CXVII. WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. vsu prem^ a cy €om pul bo ly pro lix i ty the 6e ra cy ol fae to ry un cer tain ty de ino^ ra cy re frae to ry im mod est y eon spir a cy re fe€ to ry di$ hon jest y ge 6g ra phy di ree to ry so lil o quy bi 6g ra phy €on sis to ry hu man i ty €03 mog ra phy i dol a try a men i ty ste nog ra phy ge om e try se ren i ty zo og ra phy im men si ty vi cin i ty to pog ra phy pro pen si ty af fin i ty ty pog ra phy ver bos i ty di vin i ty hy drog ra phy ad ver si ty in dem ni ty phi los o phy di yer si ty so lem ni ty a €ad e my ne ces si ty fra ter ni ty e £6n o my i den ti ty e ter ni ty a nat o my €on €av i ty bar bar i ty zo ot o my de prav i ty ^vul gar i ty e piph a ny Ion gev i ty dis par i ty phi Ian thro py ae liliv i ty ce leb ri ty mis an thro py na tiv i ty a lae ri ty pe riph er y ae tiv i ty sin cer i ty ar til le ry eap tiv i ty ce ler i ty hy drop a thy fes tiv i ty te mer i ty de liv er y per plex i ty in teg ri t;^ - dis eov er y €on vex irttj dis til ler y 110 THE ELEMENTARY A, E, &c., long; 1, e, &c., short ; — bar, lIst, €ark, f^ll, wu^t; uer, pkby, th£ke Theocracy is governmeiit by God himself. The government of the Jews was a theocracy. Democracy is a government by the people. Hydropathy, or water-cure, is a mode of treating diseases by the copious use of pure water. Geography is a description of the earth. Biography is a history of a person's life. Cosmo^aphy is a description of the world. Stenography is the art of writing in short-hand. Zoography is a description of animals ; but zoology means the same thing, and is generally used. Topography is the description of a particular place. Typography is the art of printing with types. Hydrography is the description of seas and other waters, or the art of forming charts. Philanthropy is the love of mankind ; but misanthropy signi- fies a hatred of mankind. The olfactory nerves are the organs of smell. Idolatry is the w^orship of idols. Pagans worship gods of wood and stone. These are their idols. But among Chris- tians many persons worship other sorts of idols. Some wor- ship a gay and splendid dress, consisting of silks and mus- lins, gauze and ribbons ; some worship pearls and diamonds ; but all excessive fondness for temporal things is idolatry. No. 118.-CXVIII. WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. ju rid' i €al fa nat i ci$m ob liv i on €011 viv i al ex or di um in ^og ni to di ag o nal mil len ni um €o part ner ship pen tag o nal re pub li€ «n dis sim i lai- tra df ' tion al me rid i an ver na€ u lar in ten tion al un nat u ral o ra€ u lar per pet u al €on je^t tir al or bie u lar ha bit u al cen trip e tal par tie u lar e vent u al €on tin u al ir reg u lar un mer ci ful ef feet u al bi valv u lar SPELLING-BOOK. Hlj BIRD, makTne; movh, goN, wqhF ; r&lh, pgLL; « AS K ; d AB J ; B AS z ; Su as sh. un pop u lar - a nal j sis ex tem po re tri an'' gu lar de lir i ous en tab la tilre pa rish ^n er in diis tri ous dis €6m fit ure di am e ter il liis tri ous pro -eon sul ship ad min is ter las civ i . ous dis €6n so late | em bas sa dor ob liv i ous a pos to^late LS ob se qui ous pro gen i tor a nom a loi: €om p6$ i tor e pit o mize 0€ €a $ion al j me trop o lis a pos ta tize pro por tion al [ e phem e ris im mor tal ize heb dom a dal 1 No. 119.-CXIX. WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, HAVING THE ACCENT^ ON THE j SECOND, WITH A SLIGHT ACCENT ' ON THE FOURTH WHEN MARKED LONO. as Sim' i late ■eon tam i nate prog nos ti€ ate dis sem i nate per am b u late re €rim i nate e ja€ ii late a bom i nate im mae ii late pre dom i. nate ma tri€ H late in tem per ate ges ti€ u late re gen er ate, v. in 6e u late •eo op er ate eo ag ii late ex as per ate de pop ii late €om mi$ er ate ■eon grat ii late in vet er ate €a pit ii late re it er ate ex post u late ob lit er ate a mal ga mate ^ e va€ u ate ex liifa rate at ten 11 ate, v. le git i mate, v. ex ten ii ate ap prox i mate in ad e quato €on €at e nate ef feet u ate sub or di nate, v. per pet li ate ^, - o rig i nate as sas sin ate 1 . i 112 THE ELEMENTARY i, K, &c., long ; jL, 2, &c., ehort ;— bab, lIst, cIbe, f^ll, wh^t ; hee, prsy, xnfeRB; pro €ras ti nate pre des ti nate, v, eom pas sion ate, dis pas sion ate af fe€ tion ate un fort u nate e mSn ci pate de lib er ate, v. in €ar cer ate eon fed er ate, v. €on sTd er ate pre pon der ate im mod er ate ae eel er ate in di£ a tive pre rog a tive V ir rel a tive ap pel la live €on tern pla tiye su per la tive al ter na tive de €lar a tive €om par a tive im per a tive in dem ni f^ per son i f y re stor a tive dis qnal i ly Ho. 120.-CXX. WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. al lu^ vi on sa lu bri ous lux u ri ous pe tro le um ce rH le an le vi a than li bra, ri an a gra ri an pre €a ri oug vi €a ri ous ne fa ri ous gre ga ri ous o va ri ous im pe ri ous mys te ri ous la bo ri ous in glo ri ous cen so ri ous Yi-Q to ri ous no to ri ous ux 6 ri ous in ju ri ous pe nu ri oxm op pro bri ous u $u ri ous vo lu mi nous o be di ent ^ ex pe di ent in gre di ent im mil ni ty €om mu ni ty im pu ni ty •eom pla cen cy in de cen cy di plo ma cy trans par en cy A library is a collection of books. A librarian is a person who has charge of a library. The laborious bee is a pattern of industry. That is precarious which is uncertain ; life and health are pre- carious. SPELLING-BOOK. 113 BIJaD, MABIXE ; MOVE, SON, W^LF ; uOlE, pull ; 6 AS K ; ^ AS J ; B AS Z ; SU A3 8IL. Vicarious punishment is that which one person suffers in the place of another. Gregarious animals are such as herd together, as sheep and goats. 'Salubrious air is favorable to health. A covetous man is called penurious. To escape from punishment is impunity. Do nothing that is injurious to religion, to morals, or to the interest of others. No. 121 ~C XXI. WORDS OF SEVEN SYLLABLES, HAVING THE ACCENT ON THE FIFTH. ^ ' im ma te ri aF i ty im pen e tra bil i ty in di vi$ i bil i ty . in el i gi bil i ty in di vid u al i ty im mal le a bil i ty in €om pat i bil i ty per pen die u lar i ty in de struct i bil i ty in €om press i bil i ty im per cep ti bil i ty in de fen si bil i ty ir re $ist i bil i ty val e tu di na, ri an in €om bus ti bil i ty an ti trin i ta ri an WORDS OF EIGHT SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SIXTH. an in tel li gi bil' i ty in €om pre hen si biF i ty The immateriality of the sonl has rarely been disputed. The indivisibility of matter is supposed to be demonstrably false. It was once a practice in France to divorce husband and wife for incompatibility of tempers ; a practice soon found to be incompatible witb social order. The jncompressibility of water has been disproved. We can not doubt the incomprehensibility of the divine attri- butes. Stones are remarkable for their immalleability. The indestructibility of matter is generally admitted. Asbestus is noted for its incombustibility. The irresistibility of divine grace is disputed. A valetudinarian is a sickly person. 114 THE ELEMENTARY j A, K, «fec., lonjE: : a, k. &c. short;— BAB, lapt, €Aitp., i\\i .!., Wn4LT; nER,rE5Y, THtEK 1 Ko. 122.-CXXII. WORDS IN WHICH tk HAVE THEIR ASPIRATED SOUND. | ^' ther thor' ough ath let' ie ja' cinth thir' teen me theg' lin the' sis thou' $and •ea thar' tie ze' nith a' the i$m a the ist' ie thick' et . the' o ry the o ret' ie.al thun' der the' o rem me thod' ie al this' tie hy' a cinth math e mat' ies thros' He •eath' o lie Ie vi' a than throt' He ap' o the^/m en thu' $i a$m thirst' y thun' der bolt an tip' a thy thrift' y ep' i thet a rith' me tie length' wi$e lab' y rinth an tith' e sis length' y leth' ar gy mis an' thro py threat' en ing pleth' o ry phi Ian' thro py au' thor pleth' o rie ean thar' i de$ au' thor Tze sym' pa thy tlie oe' ra cy au thor' i ty am' a ranth the 61' gj au thor' i ta tive am' e thyst the 6d' o lite meth' od ap' a thy ther mom' e ter an' them €an' the rus ea thol' i eon diph' thong math' e sis my thol' o gj eth' ks syn' the sis or thog' ra phy pan' ther pan the' on ty p5th' e sis sab' bath e the' re al li thog' ra phy thim' bk €an' tha ris li thot' o my Thur$' day €a the' dral a poth' e ea ry triph' thong u re' thra ap the' sis in thrall' au then' tie pol' y the i$m a thwart' pa thet' ie bib li the' eal oe troth' syn Lhet' ie itih thy 61' o gy thii'^y aean' thus or ni th6r o gy SPELLINO-BOOK. 115 BiED, maeYne ; MOVE, SON, w^LF ; R^LB, p^ll; € AS k ; 4 AS J ; ■ AS z ; Oh Afi SH, No. 123.-€ XXIII. WORDS mf WHICH tk HAVE THEIR VOCAL SOUND^ ei' {her nei {her hea {hen £l6th. ier rafh er fafh om ga{h er hi£h er fur {her bre{h ren whi{h er whe{h er lea{h er fea{h er iie{h er •we{h er prifh ee bur then south ern tefh er {hifh er wi{h er lath' er fa {her far thing fur {hest p6{h er broth el br6{h er wor thy moth er smoth er 6th er wi{h er$ be nea{h' be queath with draw' an 6 th' er to ge{h' er un w6r'' {hy {here wi{h al' nev er {he less' The heatheii are those people wlio worship idols, or who know not the true God. Those who enjoy the light of the gospel, and neglect to ob- serve its precepts, are more criminal than the heathen. All mankind are brethren, descendants of common parents. How unnatural and wicked it is to make war on our breth- ren, to conquer them, or to plunder and destroy them. It is avery man's duty to bequeath to his children a rich inher- itance of pious precepts. No, 124.-€XXIV. Words of three syllables, accented on the second. a€ €6m' plish es tab llsh em bel lish a bol ish re plen ish di min ish ad mon ish pre mon ish as ton ish dis tin'' guish ex tin" guish re lin quish ex €ul pate ■eon cen trate re mon straii^e 116 THE ELEMENTARY i, £, (fee, long ; i, b, &c., short ; — bab, lIst, ^Iee, f^ll, wh4.t ; etee, pAjy, thSbk il lus trate em broid er ADJECTIVES. e nor mons di$ as trous mo ment ons por tent ous a bun dant re dun dant dis €or dant tri umph ant as sail ant so no rous a ce tons •eon 6a vous A man who saves tlie fragments of time, will accomplish, a great deal in the course of his life. The most refined education does not embellish the human character like piety. Laws are abolished by the same power that made them. Wars generally prove disastrous to all parties. We are usually favored with abundant harvests. Most persons are ready to exculpate themselves from blame. Discordant sounds are harsh, and offend the ear. No. 125 -ex XV. WORDS OF FIVE SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE THIRD. in ter me^ di ate dis pro por tion ate cer e mo ni al mat ri mo ni al pat ri mo ni al an ti mo'ni al tes ti mo ni al im ma te ri al mag is te ri al min is te ri al im me mo ri al sen a to ri al di-e ta to ri al e qua to ri al in ar tie u late il le git i mate m de term in ate e qui p6n der ate par ti cip i al in di vid u al" . in ef fe^t u al in tel le€t u al pu sil Ian i mous dis in gen u ous in sig nif i -eant e qui pon der ant cir "Bum am bi ent an ni ver sa ry par lia ment a ry tes ta ment a ry al i ment a ry sup pie ment a ry el e ment a ry sat is fa€ to ry SPBLLING--BOOK. 117 bIbd, MAEiiirE ; move, 86n, wqlp ; e^le, p^jji-l ; € as k ; 6 as j ; » as z ; Ch as sh. €on tra die to ry val e die to ry in tro due to ry trig o nom e try a re om e try mis eel la ne ous sub ter ra ne ous sue ce da ne ous SI mul ta ne ous in Stan ta ne otis horn o ge ne ous eon tu me li ous ae ri mo ni ous par si mo ni ous del e te ri ous mer i to ri ous dis o be di ent in ex pe di ent - eon ti nti i ty im pro pri e ty Senate originally signified a council of elders ; for men, before their minds were perverted and corrupted, committed tlie public concerns to men of age and experience. The maxim of wise men was, old men for counsel ; young men for war. But in modern times the senatorial dignity is not always connected with age. The bat is the intermediate link between quadrupeds and fowls. The orang outang is intermediate between man and quadrupeds. Bodies of the same kind or nature ^re called homogeneous. Reproachful language is contumelious. . Bitter and sarcastic language is acrimonious. Simultaneous acts ar6'*tho^e which happen at the same time Many things are lawful which are not expedient. ^ No. 126.-CXXVI. delve twelve nerve ■ eurve elf shelf self pelf ash eash dash gash hash lash flash plas]^ slash mash smash rash erash trash flesh mesh fresh dish fish . pish wish gush hush blush eriish frush tush next text twixt minx sphinx change mange range grange forge ■ 118 THE ELEMENTARY A, K, &0., long ; 1, E, &C., short ; — uiu, lAst, €akk, v^\hL, wu^x ; iitu, piicr, TnfiiiB baste chaste haste waste lute the fho^e this that thine flute mute brute fight light bh"ght plight sight night "Wight right tight hight slight blowze MONOSYLLABLES WITH tk VOCAL. thy them tithe then thence lithe thus than writhe thou blithe scythe thee hithe though frounce rounce trounce €7^a$m pri$m smooth soothe they there their THE FOLLOWING, WHEN NOUNS, HAVE THE ASPIRATED SOUND OF th IN THE SINGULAR NUMBER, AND THE VOCAL IN THE bath bath^ swath swath$ mouth mouthy lath lath$ €l6th €l6th$ wreath wreath^ path path$ moth m6th$ sheath sheath^ The number twelve forms t dozen. To delve is to dig in the ground. When the nerves are affected the hands shake* Turf is a clod of earth held togethet hy^vjfie roots of,^ass. Surf is the swell of the sea breaking on the shore. Gash is properly a chest, but it now signifies money. An elf is a being of the fancy. A flash of lightning sometimes hurts the eyes. Flesh is the soft part of animal bodies. Blushes often manifest modesty, sometimes shamCr Great and sudden changes sometimes do hurt. A grange is a farm and farm-house. A forge is a place where iron is hammered, A rounce is the handle of a printing-press. To frounce is to curl or frizzle, as the hair. Great haste often makes waste. It is no more right to steal apples or water-melons from an- other's garden or orchard, than it is to stc:J mcncj ,^r : ~" his desk. Besides, it is the meanest of all low tricks to creep into a man's inclosure to tako his property. How SPELLINO-BOOK. 119 BiBD, makink; move, son, W9LF ; Ki^LB, pjtll; € as k; g as J ; s AS z; Cn as sh. much more manly is it to ask a friend for cherries, peaches, pears or melons, than it is to sneak privately into his or- chard and steal them. How must a boy, and much more a man, blush to be detected in so mean a trick ! No. 127.-~C XXVII. LJT THE FOLLOWING WORDS, k IS PRONOUNCED BEFORE W ; THUS whale IS pronounced kivale ; that is, hooale : loken^ is hwen ; that is, hooen. whale wheat wharf what wheel • wheeze whee' die whine while white whi' ten white wash whi tish whi ting why whet which whilk whiff whig whim whin whip whelm whelp . when whence whi&k whist whit whiz where whey wher^ ry whefh er whet stone whif fle whig gish whig gi$m whim per whin ny whin yard whip eord whip graft whip saw whip stock * whis per whis ky whis ker whis tie whif h er whit low whit tie whirl whirl pool whirl wind whirl bat whirl i gig wharf age wharf in ger IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS, W IS SILENT, w\i6 who ev er ^(;h6m ivho so ev er who^Q ^i;li6m so ev er ^^hole whole sale Z(;hoop w\i6\q some Whales are the largest of marine ammals. They afford us oil for lamps and other purposes. Wheat is a species of grain that grows in most climates, and its flour makes our finest bread. 120 THE ELEMENTARY i, K, &c., Iqb^ ; I, 2, &c, short ; — bab, lIst, €1ee, f^ll, wh^-t ; h4e, PBgY, thSbe ; The two longest wharves iu this country are in New Haven . and Boston. "Wheels are most admirable instrnments of conveyance ; carts, wagons, gigs, and coaches run on wheels. Whey is the thin watery part of milk. Bad boys sometimes know what a whip is by their feelings. This is a kind of knowledge which good boys dispense with. White is not so properly a color as a want of all color. One of the first things a little boy tries to get is a penknife, that he may whittle with it. If he asks for a knife and it is refused, he is pretty apt to whimper. The love of whisky has brought many a Btout fellow to the whipping-post. Large bushy whiskers require a good deal of nursing and trim- No. 128.-CXXVIII, IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS, X PASSES INTO THE BOUND OF gz, ex a€t' ex ag' ger ate ex or'di um ex alt^ ex am' me ex 6t' k ex empt' ex am pie ex em' plar ex erf ex an' i mate ex' em pla ry ex haust' ex as' per ate .^i^'^x em' pii fy ex liort' ex e£' u tive ex emp' tion ex lie' ex e€' u tor ex on' er ate ex ist'^ ex e-e' u trix ex or' bi tance ex lilt' ex hib' it ex or' bi tant ex hale' ex ist' ence ex u' ber ant The word exact is an adjective signifying nice, accurate, or precise ; it is also a verb signifying to demand, lequire, or compel to yield. Astronomers can, by calculating, foretell the exact time of an eclipse, or of the rising and setting of the sun. It is useful to keep very exact accounts. A king or a legislature must have power to exact taxes or du- ties to support the government. An exordium is a preface or preamble. SPELLINa-BOOK. ^121 BiBD, makinje; move, b6n, w^lf ; aui^ ryLL; € as k ; g as J ; s as z ; Cn as so. " Take away your exactions from my people." Ez. 14. To exist signiiies to be or to have life. Immortal souls will never cease to exist. We must not exalt ourselves, nor exult over a fallen rival. It is our duty to exert our talents in doing good. We are not to expect to be exempt from evils. Exhort one another to the practice of virtue. Water is exhaled from the earth in vapor, and in time the ground is exhausted of water. An exile is one who is banished from his country. In telling a story be careful not to exaggerate. Examine the Scriptures daily and carefully, and set an example of good works. An executor is one appointed by a will to settle an estate after the death of the testator who makes the will. The President of the United States is the chief executive officer of the government. Officers should not exact exorbitant fees for their services. Charitable societies exhibit proofs of much benevolence. The earth often produces exuberant crops. Every man wishes to be exonerated from burdensome services. No. 129.-CZXIX. IK THE FOLLOWINa WORDS, tiaU AND tiOTl ARK PRONOUNCED NEARLY chun, bas^ tion ad ts' tion in di ges' tion •Ghris tian €on ges tion ex haus tion mix tion di ges tion ex us tion ques tion ad mix tion sug ges tion fus tian £om bus tion in ges tion IN THE FOLLOV/ING WORDS, i IN AN UNACeENTED SYLLABLE AND FOLLOWED BY A VOWEL, HAS A LIQUID SOUND, LIKE y CONSONANT ; THUS Ctl kn, IS PRONOUNCED dl yen, AND elotli ier, ^loth yer. al ien * sav ior . sen ior ■eourt ier pav ior bil ious ■eloth ier jtin ior bill ion 122 THE ELEMENTARY A, E, &c., long ; X, i;, &c., short ; — bas, lIst, cIee, f^ll, wn.i.T ; pKii, trht, thSeb ; bill iard$ €ull ion mill ion min ion min ious pill ion pm ion runn ion seiill ion trill ion triinn ion brill iant fil ial €611 ier pann ier pon iard val iant on ion bnll ion ar ien ate bir ia ry briir ian cy brill' iant ly mir ia ry var iant ly var iant ness ■com mun' ion yer mir ion pa vir ion pos tiir ion fa niir iar bat tar ion No. 130 -ex XX. •eom pan ion ras €ar ion do min' ion mo diir ion o pin' ion re bell' ion re beir ions ci vir ian dis iin' ion be hav' ior pe -eiir iar in ta^^r io se ra^r io fa mir iar ize o pin' ion ist o pin' ion a ted IN THE FOLLOWma WORDS, THE SYLLABLES Sier AND ZlCr ARE PRONOUNCED zhcT OX zhuT^ siou ARE PRONOUNCED zkuTl^ AND Sia ARE PRONOUNCED zlta. bra $ier gla zier gra zier ho $ier o $ier €ro $ier fu jjsion af fu' $ion €0 he' $ion ad he' $ion de Iti' $ion e ro' $ion e va' $ion pro fa' $ion a bra' $ion €ol Iti' $ion ■eon -elii' $ion €on fu' $ion •eor ro' $ion o« -ea' $ion per va' $ion e lu' $ion dif fiV ^ion dis plo' $ion ex plo' $ion ef lu' $ion il lu' $ion in fu' $ion in va' $ian suf fu' $ion dis sua' $ion per sua' $ion am bro' ^ia am brr")' $ial ob tru' $ion de tru' $ion ill tru' $ion pro trii' $ion ex tru' $ion SPELLING-BOOK. 123 BiEiD, mae'ink; move, s6n, wqlf ; bule, pyLL ; € as k; g as j; s as z; Cn as an. IN THE FOLLOWINa WORDS THE TERMINATING SYLLABLE IS PRONOUNCED zliun, OR THE VOWEL i MAY BE CONSIDERED AS LIQUID, LIKE ab sci$' $ion pro vi^ ion in ci$ ion €ol \\^ ion re vi$ ion mis pri$ ion ^ de ci$ ion re sci$ sion pre vi$ ion de ri$ ion ■Gon ci$ ion e ly$ ian e li$ ion ex 01$ ion cir €um ci$' ion pre ci$ ion di vi$ ion No. 131.-CXXXI sub di vi$' ion WORDS IN WHICH C BEFORE k HAS THE SOUND OF 1c, Christ €liem ist an' €ho ret • €hyle •€hrist mas areh' i te-et scheme •Chris tian ar^h' i trave a-ehe mas ti-eh ar-eh' e ty^pe -elia^m e^h o hep' tar ehy €hri$m eliron i-e ma^h' i nate €}i6rd sehed ule •Ghris ten dom •ehyme pas €hal bra^h' i al I6€ll ■ehlo rite la^h' ry mal school €h6l er sae' -aha rme ehoir •eho rist syn' ehro ni>^m eho' rus sehol ar mi€h' ael mas €}io ral mon ar^li dior' is ter ar €liive$ stom a^h ■ehron' i -ele €ha OS an' ar ^liy or' €hes tra a ehor €hrys' o lite o-eh' i my ep o€h •ehar' ae ter pa' tri areh i €hor •eat' e €hi$m eu' €ha rist o €lier pen' ta teu^h ■ehi me' ra tro €hee Sep' ul €her pa ro' -ehi al an €hor te^li' ni€ al , 6ha me' le on 124 THE ELEMENTARY i, E, &c., long; X, H, &c., short ; — ^bab, lIst, caee, f^ll, "wh^t; itAr, PBgY, thISbb ; €hro mat' ie syn ee' do ^he the 6m' a €hy me -ehan' ie mo nareh' ie al mel' an €liol y elia 6t' ie bron €li6t' o my pa' tri areh y seho las' tie ehro nol' o gj hi' er areh y ea chex' y -ehi rog' ra phy 61' i gar €hy eha lyb' e ate €ho r6g' ra phy eat e ehet' ie al a naeh' ro ni$m €hro n6m' e ter ieh thy §1' o gj Experience keeps a aear scliool, but fools will learn in no other. Chyle is tlio milky fluid separated from food by digestion, and from this are formed blood and nutriment for the support of animal life. An epoch is a fixed point of time from which years are reck- oned. The departure of the Israelites from Egypt is a re- markable epoch in their history. A patriarch is the father of a family. Abraham was the gr^at patriarch of the Israelites. Sound striking against an object and returned, is an echo. The stomach is the great laboratory of animal bodies, in which food is digested and prepared for entering the proper ves- sels, and nourishing the body. If the stomach is impaired and docs not perform its proper functions, the Yfhole body suffers. No. 132.-CXXXII. WORDS IK WHICH ^ HAS ITS HARD OR CLOSE SOUND BEFORE e t AND y. gear ea ger erag ged gib bous geese mea ger digger gid dy : ; geld gew gaw dig ging giggle gift ti ger rig gmg gig gling give to ged rig ged gig let gig big gin rig ger giz zard gild . brag ger flag ging gim let gimp dag ger flaggy girl ish gird €rag gy sog gy '•: jag ged girth. Mg gy. gibber jaggy SPELLING-BOOK 125 BiED, mabYnb ; ] aovE, 66n, wqlp; b^le, f^ll; « as k ; d AS J ; s AS z ; ^h As sh. leg ged twig ged nog gin gag ging leg gin twig gen tar get brag ged pig giif twig gy flog ged brag ging quag gy wag ging flog ging bagging rag ged wag gish gift ed geld ing trigger auger hiig ged gild ing serag ged boggy hug ging gild ed S€rag gy %gy shrug ged gild er shag gy elog ged shrug ging swag ger | shag ged €l6g ging ru^ ged swag gy slug gish eloggy tiig ged gird le lugger €6g ged tug g^rxg gird er snag ged €6g ger lug ged be gm' siiag gy dog'ged liig ging • wag' ged sprig gy dog gish mug gy wag' ger y sprig ged jog ged fag ged . log' ger head stag ger jog ging ■ fag ging or gtr lous stag ger$ jog ger gag ged to geth' er Ko. 133 -CXXXIII . IN THE rOLLOWINO, C ACCENTED, OB ENDING A SYLLABLE, HASJ THE BOUND 01 ^ S, AND g^ THAT OF j. 1 mag' ie tac'.il J pac' i fy trag' ie ag'ii :ate » pag' i nal ^ ag' lie leg'i ble reg' i cide ac'id vig'i lant reg' i men dig' it reg'i ment reg' is ter fac' lie prec' e dent spec' i fy frag' lie prec' i pice mac' er ate frig' id rec'i pe mag' is trate rig' id dec' i mal mag' is tra cy plac' id dec'i mate trag' e dy sig' il lac' er ate vie' i nage 126 THE ELEMENTARY 1, 5, (fee., long ; 1» 5, &c., short ;— bab, lIst, ^Ibe, f^ll, wn4.T ; Him, pbby, xHfiEB ; veg' e tate veg' e ta ble log' ie proc' ess €6gM tate prog' e ny il lie' it im plic' it e lie' it ex plic' it so lie' it im ag' me au dac' i ty €a pac' i ty fu gac' i ty lo quae' i ty men dac' i ty il leg' i ble rig' i nate S.O lie' i tor fe lie' i ty mu nic' i pal an tie' i pate par tic' i pate sim plic' i ty me die' i nal so lie' i tilde tri plic' i ty ver tic' i ty rus tic' i ty ex ag' ger ate mor dac' i ty nn gac' i ty o pac' i ty ra pac' i ty sa gac' i ty •bel lig' er ent o rig' i nal ar*mig' er ous ver tig' i nous re frig' er ate rec i ta' tion veg e ta' tion ag i ta' tion €og i ta' tion o le ^g' i nous au then tic' i ty e las tic' i ty du o dec' i mo in €a pac' i tate ab o rig' i nal ee cen trie' i ty mu ci lag' i nous mul ti plic' i ty per spi eac' i ty per ti^nac' i ty tac i tur' ni ty mag is te' ri al a troc' i ty fe roe' i ty ve 16c' i ty rAi noc' e ros rec i proc' i ty im ag in a' tion ex ag ger a' tion re frig er a' tion so lie i ta' tion fe He i ta' *tion leg er de main' No. 134.-C XXXIV. VORDS IN WHICH C^, ci, H AND 5^, ARE PRONOUNCED AS sh, Gre' eian gra cious spa cious spe cious spe cie$ so cial gen tian ter tian eon science €ap tioua fae tious fie tious lus cious frae tious €au tious €6n scious as so ciate, v, €on so ciate, v, dis so ciate e ma ciate, v. ex ert ciate ex pa tiate in gra tiate ne go tiate SPELLING-BOOK. 127 bIbd, marlnb; move, son, wqlf ; e^lk, ptjll; € as k ; ^ as j ; s as z ;. Cn as sh. in sa tiate an nun ciate ll.cen tiate sub Stan tiate nup' tial par tial es sen^ tial po ten tial pro vin cial pru^den tial €om mer cial im par tial sub Stan tial con se quen' tial eon fi den tial pen i ten tial prov i den tial rev e ren^tial e qui noe tial un ^ub Stan tial un es sen tial in flu en tial pes ti len tial au da' cious ca pa cious fa ce tious fal la cious a tro cious fe ro cious lo qua cious pro ca cious ra pa cious sa ga cious se qua cious te na cious vex a tious vi va cious vo ra cious ve ra cious crus ta ceous €on ten tious in fee tious sen ten tious li cen tious in -eau tious •eon tu ma' cious ef fi ca cious OS ten ta tious per spi ca-cioua per ti na cious eon sci en tious pa' tient quo tient an cient tran sient par tiaF i ty im par tial' i ty No. 135~CXXXV. WORDS IN WHICH ci AND ti ARE TRONOUNCED AS sh, AND ARE UNITED TO THE PRECEDING SYLLABLE. pre cious spe" cial vi" cious yf tiate ad df tion am br tious aus pr cious of f r cious w// • ea pn cious nu trr tious de li" cious am br tious fae ti" tious fie tr tious pro pr tiate den tf tion fru i' tion es pe'' cial op ti" cian mo ni" tion mu m' tion eon tri" tion at tri" tion nu tri" tion eog nf tion ig ni" tion eon di" tion in i" tiate de f i" cient de li" cious dis ere" tion e di" tion ef f i" cient 128 THE ELEMENTARY A, K, &c., long; i, E, &c., short ; — bar, lAst, €iiiE, f^ll, wh^lT; hek, PRgY, xniKK fla gf tious fru r tion ju dr cial lo gf ciau ma gi" ciau ma If cious mi ir tia mu $rcian no vi" tiate of {f ciate of f r' cious pa trr ciau par tr tiou per di" tiou per ui" cious pe tr tiou pro if cient phy $r ciau po ^f tiou pro pr tious se dr tiou se dr tious sol str tial suf f i" cient sus -pf cious vo If tiou ab o If tiou a€ qui $r tiou ad mo nf tiou ad veu ti" tious am mu ni" tiou pre mo nf tiou dis qui ^f tiou in qui ^i" tiou rep e ti'' tiou in hi bi" tiou & po $r tiou ap pa ri" tiou ar ti if cial ap po ^f tiou eb ul If tiou er li dr tiou ex hi hf tiou im po $r tiou op po ^f tiou prej u di'' cial pol i if ciau prep o $r tiou prop o $r tiou pro hi hf tiou Ko. 136~CXXXVI. su per if cial su per str tiou sup po ^f tioi\ sur rep if tious mer e tri" cious av a rf cious in au spr cious beu e if cial €0 a If tiou •com pe tr tiou €om po |i'' tiou def i nf tiou dem o If tiou dep o $r tiou dis po $r tiou prae tr tiou er a rith me tr ciau ae a de mf cian georu e trfciau in ju df cious de if cieu cy ef f i" cieu cy pro if cien cy ju di'' cia ry uu pro pf tious THE FOLLOWING WORDS, ENDING IN W, MAY HAVE, AND SOME OF THEM OFTEN DO HAVE, THE SYLLABLE al ADDED AFTER ic, AS co77iic, comical; and the adverbs in It/ derived FROM these words ALWAYS HAVE al, AS IN classically. THE ACCENT IS ON THE SYLLABLE NEXT PRECEDING ic. €au' stie ceu trie •elas sie €liu i€ .€6m i« €6n ie crit ie €u bie cyu ie eth ie eth nie log ie SPELLING-BOOK 129 ,BiED, marine; m6vb,86n, WQLF ; Rfi^LE, P^LL ; € AS K ; 4 AS J ; « AB z ; Cn AS en lyr i€ op tie stat ie trag ie mag ie phihl^ ie sto ie typ ie mu $ie • skep ti^f styp tie rus tie mys tie spher ie top ie graph ie WORDS OF THREE SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE SECOND. | THESE MAY RECEIVE THE TERMINATION al FOR THE ADJEC- TIVE, AND TO THAT MAY BE ADDED ly TO FORM THE AD- VERB ; AS, agrestic , agrestical^ agrestically, 1 ab bat ie ge ner ie pla ton ie a eron ie gym nas tie j9neu mat ie a gres tie har mon ie po lem ie , al ehem ie lie bra ie prag mat ie as cet ie her met ie pro lif ie ath. let ie hys ter ie pro phet ie au then tie i den tie r/^ap sod ie bar bar ie in trin sie ro man tie bo tan ie la eon ie ru bif ie ea thar tie lu cif ie sa tir ie elas stf ie lu erif ie scAi$ mat ie' €0$ met ie mag net ie seho las tie dl dae tie mag nif ie seor bu tie do mes tie ma jes tie • so phist ie dog mat ie me ehan ie sper mat ie dra mat ie mo nas tie sta lae tie dru id ie mor bif ie stig mat ie dys pep tie nu mer ie -sym met rie ee cen trie ob stet rie syn od ie ee lee tie or gan ie ter rif ie ee stat ie OS sif ie the ist ie e lee trie pa cif ie ty ran nie em pir ie pa thet ie vi vif ie er rat ie ■ pe dant ie e las tie fa nat ie phleg mat ie bom bast ie ■ fo ren sie phre net ie sta tist ie 180 • THE ELEMENTARY i, i, Ac, long ; I, i, &c., short ;— bar, lAbt, caee, f^ll, wh^t ; heb, peby, THftRi; WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE THIRD. a€ a dem' 16 dol o rif ie par a lyt ie al 6hem ist i^ em blem at ie par a phrast ie al pha bet i^ en er get m par a sit ie ap o plee ti6 e nig mat i^ par en thet ie an a log i^ ep i lep tie par a bol ie an a lyt ie ep i dem i€ path o log ie an a tom i€ ep i sod ie pe ri 6d ie ap OS tpl i-e ' er e. mit ie phil o log ie ar ith met ie eii eha rist ie phil o soph ie as tro log ie ex e get ie phil an throp ie as tro nom ie frig or if i-e phar i sa ie a the ist i€ ge o log ie prob lem at ie at mos pher ie ' ge o met rie pu ri tan ie bar o met rie hem is pher ie pyr a mid ie be a tif ie his tri on ie pyr o tee/i nie bi o graph ie hyp o erit ie scT en tif ie eab a list ie hy per bol ie sye o phant ie eal vin ist ie hy po stat ie syl lo gis tie ea$ u ist ie hy po thet ie sym pa thet ie eat e ehet ie id i 6t ie sys tem at ie eat e gor ie in e las tie tal i$ man ie ehro no log ie jae o bin ie the o log ie eol or if ie lap i dif ie . the o er^t ie eo$ mo graph ie math e mat ie the o ret ie dem o erat ie* met a phor ie to po graph ie di a bol ie met a phy'^ ie ty po graph ie di a lee tie myth o log ie zo o graph ie dip lo mat ie ne o ter ie zo o log ie di a met rie or tho graph ie iin pre lat ie di u ret ie pan the Ist ie ge o cen trie Thermometrical observations show the temperature of the air in winter and summer. SPELLING-BOOK. 131 bIbd, mabinb ; move, bon, wqlv ; kOle, tttll ; € as k ; 6 A3 j ; 8 as z ; Sh as sh. WORDS OF FIVE SYLLABLES, ACCENTED ON THE FOURTH. an ti s€or bu^ tie gen e a log ie ar is to €rat ie lex i eo graph ie ■ehar ae ter is tie . mon o syl lab ie . ee ele $i as tie or ni tho log ie en thn $i as tie os te o log ie en to mo log ie pliy $ i o log ie ep i gram mat ie ieh thy o log ie THE FOLLOWING WORD^ RARELY OR NEVER TAKE THE TERMINATION aL * bi quad rat' ie gal' lie plas' tie eath' o lie goth' ie pub^ lie ce phar ie hym' nie pu^ nie eha 6t^ ie ^ i taF ie re pub' lie eon cen' trie me MY lie tae^ tie e Ie' gi ae me te or' ie are' tie ee stat' ie me tal' lie pep' tie ep' ie o Tym' pie fus' tie ex of ie par e gor' ie cys' tie THE FOLLOWING USUALLY OR ALWAYS END IN al. bib' li eal il log' ie al eom' ie al ea non' ie al in im' i eal met' ri eal ehi mer' i eal me thod' ie al phy$' ie al eler' ie al far' ci eal prae' ti eal eo^' mi eal med' i eal rad' i eal eor' ti eal trop' ie al ver' ti eal do min' i eal top' ie al vor' ti eal fin' i eal drop' si eal whim $i eal THE FOLLOWING NEVER TAKE THE TERMINATION al. ap o stroph' ie pleth' o rie tal miid' ie bi$' muth ie splen' e tie the' o rie ehol' er ie bu' ber ie ' tur' mer ie lu' na tie sul phti' rie e met' ie 132 THE ELEMENTARY A, 5, &c., long; i, i, &c., short ; — bae, lIst, €1ee, f^ll, wh^t; h4b, pbby, thAek; WORDS ENDING IN flTi, 671, OR 07i, IN WHICH THR VOWEL IS MUTE OR SLIGHTLY PRONOUNCED. art^ i $an her' is son jet' ti son ben' i $on gar' ri son or' i $on ■ea par' i son cit' i zen par' ti $an €om par' i son den' i zen ^ u' hi son €our' te $an am'' a zon yen' i $on WORDS ENDING IN iSM, RETAINING THE ACCENT OF THEIR PRIMITIVES. mo nas' ti ci$m per i pa tet^ i ci$m no 61' o gi$m pro vin' cial i$m at' ti ci$m * an" gli ci$m goth' i ci$m van' dal i$m pa ral' o gi$m gal' li ci$m A mer' i €an i$m ped' a gog i$m ep' i £u ri$m pu' ri tan i$m Je|' u it i$m Pre$ by te' ri an i$m lib er tin i$m par' a sit' i$m ma to' ri al i$m par' al lei i$m mon' o the i.^m sa' bi an i$m nat' u ral i$m. hu' lo the i$m pa' tri ot i$m fa' vor it i$m pol' y the i$m so cm i an i$m pros', e lyt i$m pa ra-e/i' ro ni$m phar' i sa i$m re pub' li^ an i$m Prof est ant i$m see ta' ri an i$ih prop' a gand i$m S€ho las' ti ci$m No. 137.-CXXXVII, WORDS ENDING IN iZC^ ACCENTED ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE. an' thor ize mor' al ize mag' net ize bas' tard ize dram' a tize mod' ern ize civ' il Ize em' pha size ag' o nize ^ can' on ize * gal' van ize pul' ver ize le' rral ize her' -bo rize ster' il ize SPELLIITG-BOOK. 133 BIRD, maeYnb ; MOVE, sdN, WQLF ; eCle, p^tll ; 6 AS K ; d AS J ; s AS z ; Ch AS sn. sub' si dize tyr' an nize sys' tern ize meth' od ize jour' nal Tze bru' tal ize €6r o nize en' er gize" e' qual Ize gar' ga rize hu' man ize Ju' da ize or' gan ize pat' ron ize sat' ir ize tan' tal ize ' tar' tar ize vo' €al ize €au' ter ize bar' bar ize bot' a nize das' tard ize det' o nize dog' ma tize dram' a tize fer' til ize gen' til ize i' dol ize mel' o dize ox' yd ize po' lar ize re' al ize the' o rize tran' quil ize tern' po rize Ro^ man ize No, 138.-C XXXV III. WORDS OF FOUR AND FIVE SYLLABLES, RETAININa THE ACCENT OF THEIR PRIMITIVES. al' €0 hoi ize lib' er al ize prod' i gal ize al' le go rize ma te' ri al ize pros' e lyt ize a nath' e ma tize me mo' ri al ize pu' ri tan ize an' i mal ize min' er al ize pro verb' i al ize e pis' to lize mo nop' o lize re piib' lie an ize bes' ti al ize hy' dro gen ize sanet' u a rize £ar' di nal ize nat' tl ral ize see' ti lar ize e nig' ma tize . me' te or ize sen' su al ize ehar' ae ter ize . ox' y gen ize spir' it u al ize cit' i zen ize par tie' ti lar ize sye' o phant ize e the' re al ize pan' e gyr ize vit' ri ol ize gel' a tin ize pe eti' liar ize vol' a til ize gen' er al ize pop' ti lar ize chev' er il ize Ko. 139~CXXXIX. THE COMBINATION OP LETTERS ng HAS TWO SOUNDS, THE OPEN, AS IN 8ing^ singer J long ; and the close, as in finger, linger J longero m THIS WORK, THE. OPEN SOUND OP ng IN ACCENTED STLLA 134 THE ELEMENTARY A, B, (fee, long; X, £, &c., short; —BAB, lAST, €lEE, F^LL, WIL^T ; HBB, PBSY, THSm! ; BLES, IS MARKED WITH A SINGLE ACCENT, A^D THE CLOSE | SOUND WITH A DOUBLE ACCENT, THE FOLLOWING HAVE THE OPEN SOUND. | among' hang' er sing' ing strung J bang hang' man song string' ing bring hang' ing$ sung strong bring' ing hiing slang strong' ly bung king sling swing €lang ling sling' er swing' er | €ling long slung swing' ing €ling' ing lung^ spring swung ^lung pang sprang tang dung prong spring' er thing fang rang spring' ing thong ' fling ring sting tongue fling' er ring' ing sting' er twang fling' ing ring let sting' ing wang flung rung stung wring gang sang string -i^ring' er hano; sing string' ed '^^;ring' ing hang ed sing' er string' er lUTong IN THE FOLLOWING WOKDS, THE SOUND OF n^ IS CLOSE, AND IS MARKED WITH A T)OUBLE ACCENT. an ' ger ' •elan gov jan" gler an'' gry €on' 'go ' jan'gling an" gle dan" ^le jin'gk^ an'' gler din^' gle Ian" guid an" gli €an fan" gle Ian" guish an" gli C] $ni fin" ger Ion" ger an" gli cTze fin" gus Ion" gest an" guish hun 'ger man" gle an" gu lar hun 'gry man" gler bran" gle in" gi(3 man" go bun" gle jan gle min" gle SPELLING-BOOK 135 BiED, mabYnk; move, 86n, wqlf ; KtjLE, 1'tjll; € as k ; ^ as-j; • as z ; Cu as sh. mon'^ ger inon'' grel fetron'' ger stron'' gest tan'' gle tin'' gle t6?ran" gle No. 140.--0XL. e Ion'' gate e ryn" go sy rin" ga stran" The pronunciation of the words in the following table is marked in different ways by writers on orthoepy. 1. Natshure, jointshure, etc., with ti long. This is a false no- tation ; the words neither in England nor the United States being ever pronounced with u long. 2. Natshur, jointshur, etc., with u short. This pronunciation' is commoil in both countries, but not the most elegant. 3. Nateyur, jointyur. This pronunciation, though a departure from the rules of the language, by prefixing the sound of y to u short, is at present fashionable, among elegant speakers. The latest writer limits this anomaly almost wholly to a few words of two syllables. eapt' ure cin^t' uro .•feat' ure fut' tire joint' tire jtin€t' tire le€t' tire mixt' tire moist' tire nat' tire ntirt' tire past' ure pun£t' \SrQ pi€t' tire p^t' tire rapt' ure rtipt' tire Script' tire S£ulpt' lire stat' tire strict' tiite strti€t' tire stit' ure text' tire tin€t' tire tort' ure vest' tire The lungs are the organs of respiration. If any substance, except air, is" inhaled and comes in contact with the lungs, we instantly cough. This cough is an effort of nature to free the lungs. i A finger signifies a taker, as does fang. We take or catch things with the fingers, and fowls and rapacious quadrupeds seize other animals with their fangs. ! A pang is a severe pain ; anguish is violent distress. A lecture is a discourse read or pronounced on any subject ; it is also a formal reproof. 136 THE ELEMENTARY i, £, &c., long ; i, i, &o., short ; — bar, lXst, €aiie, p^Uo, wu^t ; hee, pksy, rafiEK ; Whatever is wrong is a deviation from right, or from the laws of God or man. Anger is a tormenting passion, and so are envy and jealousy, To be doomed to suffer these passions long, would be as se- vere a punishment as confinement in the State's prison. An anglicism is a peculiar mode of speech among the English, Lova is an agreeable passion, and love is sometimes stronger than death. How happy men would be if they would always love what is right and hate what is wrong. No. 141.-CXLI. g AND k BEFORE Tl ARE ALWAYS SILENT. gnar gnarl gnash gnat gnaw gno^ mon gnos' ti-es gnos' ti ci$m knab knack knag knag gy ^ knap knap' sack knap' weed knur knave knav' er y knav' ish knav' ish ly knav' ish ness knead knee kneel knife kniglit knight er^ rant knighV ho9d knight' ly knit ^ knit' ter knit' ting knob knob' bed knob^ by knock knock^ er knoll knot knot' grass knot' ted knot' ty knot' ti ly knot' ti ness knot' less knout know know' a ble know' er know' ing know' ing ly tnowV edge knu€k' le knurl It is very useful to bread to knead it well. The original signification of knave was a boy ; but the word now signifies a dishonest person. A knout is an instrument of punishment, consisting of a nar- row strap of leather which inflicts severe torture. SPELLING-BOOK. 137 BisD, M ar'inb ; MOTE, SON, wQUf ; E^LK, p^LL ; €A8k; 4asj; BAflz; Shasbh. No. 142.-CXLII. IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS, ck HAVE THE BOUND OF skj AND IN MOST OF THEM ^ HAS THE SOUND OF 6 LONG. chaise cha made' cham pai(/ii' chi -eane' chev a lier' chiv' al ry chan de lier' che mi$e' chan' €re •eap u chin' mag a zine' sub ma rine^ trans ma rine' bom ba $m' brig a dier' €an non ier' cap a pie' ear bin ier' No. U3.~CXLIII. €av a lier' €or de lier' man da vrnf €ash ier' ma rine' der nier' po lice' fas cine'^ fron tier' IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS, THE VOWEL a OF THE DIGRAPH ea, HAS NO SOUND, AND € IS SHORT. THUS, bread, earth, tread, are pronounced bred, erth, tred, it is very de- sirable THAT THIS useless AND PERPLEXING LETTER a SHOULD BE REJECTED. ITS LOSS WOULD DO NO HARM, BUT MUCH GOOD. jeal Otis jeal ous y zeal ous zeal ous ly zeal ot plea$ ant pea$ ant plea$ ure mea$ ure trea$ ute treach er y en deav or re hearse threat en bread sweat ear ly dead search earn est head health re search tread wealth €lean ly dread stealth heav 6n stead €lean$e leav en thread earl heav y spread pearl read y breast earn health y breadth learn wealth y breath yearn feath er earth meant leath er dearth dreamt leath ern threat realm tread \e 138 THE ELEMENTARY A, E, «fec., long ; X, K» ifec, short ; — bas, lAst, €1ee, f^ll, wu^t ; heb, peby, tuSiee ; No. 144.-CXLIV. IN THE FOLLOWING, ^ IS SILENT. P. stands for past tense ; ppr. for participle of the present tense. VKEBS. p. rpR. AGENT. VEEBS. p. PPK, AQEHT Sign ed ing er re $ign ed ing er as sign ed ing ef im pugn ed ing er €on sign ed ing er op pugn ed ing er de ^ign ed ing er im pregn ed ing ma lign ed ing er €aun' ter sign.ed ing ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS. eon dign' in dign for' eign en' sign be nign ma lign sov' e reign en' sign cy IN THE FOLLOWING, THE SOUND OF ff IS RESUMED. as sig na' tion in dig' ni ty im preg' na bk des ig na' tion in dig' nant op piig' nan cy re$ ig na' tion dig' ni ty^ re pug' nant be nig' nant dig' ni fy re pug' nan cy be nig' ni ty pi'eg' nant sig' ni fy ma lig' ni ty preg' nan cy sig ni fi ca' tion ma lig' nant im preg' nate sig nif ' i cant Ko. 145.-CXLV. WORDS IN WHICH 6, ^, AND 0, BEFORE W, ARE MUTE. THOSE WITH V ANNEXED, ARE, "OR MAY BE USED AS VERBS, ADMIT- TING ed FOR THE PAST TIME, AND illff FOR THE PARTICIPLE. ba' con bra' zen bid' den bea' con bro' ken box' en beech' en black' en bound' en ba' sin bat' ten but' ton beat' en beck' on broad' en bit' ten bur' den cho' $en bla' zon bur' then clo' ven SPELLINa-BOOK. 139 BiltO, MAIUNB ; MOVK, SON, WQLF ; ELLE, TFLL ; € AS K ; ^-AS J ; S A8 Z ; Ch AS SH. No. 146.-^ XL VI. THE DOa. This dog is tlie mastiff. He is active, strong,, and used as a watch-dog. He has a large head and pendent ears. He is not very apt to bite ; but he will sometimes take down a man and hold him down. Three mastiffs once had a combat with a lion, and the lion was compelled to save himself by flight. THE STAG. The stag is the male of the red deer. He is a mild and harmless animal, bearing a noble attire of horns, which are shed and renewed every year. His form is light and elegant and he runs with great rapidity. The female is called a hind ; and the fawn or young deer, when his horns appear, is called a pricket or brocket. 140 THE ELEMENTARY i, £, :CED. Au gust, the month, au gust', grand. bow, to bend. bow, for shooting arrows, bass, a tree, a fish. bass, lowest part in music. con jure, to entreat. con' jure, to use magic art. dove, pa^t tense of dive. dove, a pigeon. gal lant, brave, gay. gal lant', a gay fellow, gill, the fourth of a pint, gill, part of a fish. hm der, to stop. hind er, further behind, in' va Hd, one not in health, in val' id, not firm or binding. low er, to be dark. low er, not so high, live, to bo or dweU. live, having life. mow, a pile of hay. mow, to cut with a scythe. read, to utter printed words, read [red], past tense of read. re' pent, creeping. re pent', to feel sorrow, rec' ol lect, to call to mind, re col lect', to collect again. re fbrm', to amend. re' form, to make. anew, rec' re ate, to refresh. re' ere ate, to create anew. slougr,^, a place of mud. slough [sluff ], a cast skin, tar ry, like tar. tar ry, to delay. . tears, waters of the oyea. tedrs, [he] rends, wind, air in motion, wind, to turn or twist. WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERENT IN ORTHOGRAPHY. ail, to be in trouble. al tar, a place for offerings. ale, malt hquor.. air, the atmosphere. Tieir, one who inherits, all, the whole, awl, an instrument. al ter, to change, ant, a little insect, awnt, a sister to a parent. ark, a vessel arc, part of a circle. 146 THE ELEMENTARY 1 A, E, &c., long ; A, K, &c., short ;— bab, LlST, €!A11E, F^-VLL, WU^T ; uAs, PKKT, THIIBB ; as cent, steepness. can non, a large gun. as sent, agreement. can on, a law of the chi*ch. au ger, a tool ces sion, a grant. au gur, one who foretells.. ses sion, the sitting of a court. bail, surety. , can vas, coarse cloth. bale, a pack of goods. can vass, to examine. ball, a sphere. ceil, to make a ceiUng. bawl, to cry aloud. seal, to fasten a letter. base, low, Yile. seal ing, setting a seal. bass or base, in music ceil ing, of a room. beer, a liquor. cens er, an incense pan. bier, to carry dead bodios. cen 8or, a critic. bin, a box. course, way, direction. been, pcirticiple of he. coarse, not fine. ber ry, a little fruit. cote, a sheep-fold. bury, to inter. coat, a garment. beat, to strike. core, the heart. beet, a root. corps, a body of soldiers. blew, did blow^ cell, a hut. blue, a dark color. sell, to dispose o£ boar, a male swine. cen tu ly, a hundred jea^s. bore, to make a hole. cen tau ry, a plant. bow, to bend the body. chol er, wrath. bou^Ti, a branch- col lar, for the neok. bell, tcj-ing. cord, a small rope. belle, a fine lady. chord, a line. beau, a gay gentleman. cite, to summon. bow, to shoot with. site, situation. bread, a kind of food. sight, the sense of seeing. bred, educated. chron i cal, of long continuance. bur row, for rabbits. chron i cle, a history. bor ough, an incorporated town. com pie ment, a full number. by, near at hand. com pli ment, act of pohteness. buy, to purchase. coua in, a relation. bye, a dwelling. coz en, to cheat. bay, an inlet of water. cur rant, a berry. bey, a Tui'kish governor. cur rent, a stream. be, to exist. deer, a wild animal. bee, an insect. dear, costly. beach, sea-shore. cask, a vessel for liquids. beech, a tree. casque, a helmet. boll, a pod of plants. CO dar, a kind of wood. bowl, an earthen vessel ce der, one who CQdcs. bole, a kind of clay. cede, to give up. but, a conjunction. seed, fruit, offepring. butt, two hogsheads. cent, the hundredth part of a dollar brake, a weed. sent, ordered away. break, tQ part asunder. scent, a smell. Cain, a man's name. eel. lar, the lowest room. cane, a shrub or staff. sell er, one who sella. call, to cry out, or name. clime, a region. caul, i* util iiJLcloBiiig ilid bowela. cUmb, to ascend. SPELLING-BOOK. 147 • BteD,.MAK'iNE; MOVE, 8<5n, WQLF ; B^LB, PI^^L ; € AS K; 6 AS J; i as Z; C« A8'8B cotin cil, an assembly. hail, to call, or frozen rain. c»Tm gel, adricG. hale, healthy. sym bol, a typo. hart, a beast. cym bal, a musical instrmnent. heart, the seat of life. col or, hue. hare, an animal. cul lor, one who selects. dam, to stop water. ^- here, in this place. d-am??, to condemn. hear, to hearken. dew, falling vapors. hew, to cut. due, owmg. hue, color. die, to expire. him, objective of he. dye, to color. hjTwi, a sacred song. doe, a female doer. "hire, wages. dow^^, bread not baked. high er, more high. fane, a temple. heel, the hinder part of the foot feign, to dissemble. heaJ, to cure. dire, horrid. haul, to drag. dy er, one who colors. hall, a large room. dun, to urge for money. I, myself. dun, a brown color. e}"e, organ of sight. done, performed. isle, an island. dram, A drink of spirit. aisle, of a chuxch. drac/tm, a small weight. in, within. lis ion, the act of cutting offi inn, a tavern. lya ian, a place of joy. in dito, to compose. ere, before time. in diet, to prosecute. ear, the organ of hearing. "kill, to slay. you, second person. kilTi, for burning bricks. yew, a tree. foiap, a protuberance. ewe, a female sheep nap, a shoit sleep. fiiir, handsome. jbiave, a rogue. fare, customary duty. nave, of a wheel. feat, an exploit. Z*nead, to work dough. feet, plural of foot. need, necessity. freeze, to congeal. 7cnee\ to bend the knee. frieze, in a building. neal, to heat. hie, to hasten. i^ew, did know. high, elevated, lofty* new, fresh, not old. flea, an insect. Jcnow, to understand. flee, to run away. no, not. flour, of rye or wheat. A:night, a title; flow er, a blossom. night, darkness. - forth, abroad. toot, a tie. fourth, in number. not, no, denying. foul, filthy. lade, to fill, to dip. fowl, a bird. laid, placed. gilt, with gold. lain, did lie. gwilt, crime. lane, a narrow street. grate, iron bars. Ifeek, a root. great, large. leak, to niin out. grown, increased. less on, a reading. groan, an expression of pain. les sen, to diminish. 148 THE ELEMENTART i, i, «fec., long; I, i, &c., short ;— bab, lA8t €lRE, Fi'^-Li.., W114.T ; h£e, PKgT, th£ee ; -li ar, one who tells lies. net, a woven snare. li er, one who lies in wait nett, or net, clear of charges. lyre, a harp. aught, any thing. led, did lead. ought, bound. lead, a heavy metaL oar, a paddlo. lie, an untruth, ore, of metal. lye, water drained through ashes. one, a single thing. lo, behold. won, did win. low, humble. oh, alas. lac, a gum. owe, to be indebted. lack, want. our, belonging to us. lea, an inclosed field. , ^our, sixty minutes. lee, opposite the wind. plum, a fi*uit. leaf, of a plant. plum&, a lead and line. lief, willingly. pale, without color. lone, sohtary. pail, a vessel. loan, that is lent pain, distress. lore, learning. pane, a square of glass. low er, more low^ pal ate, part of the mouth. lock, a catch to a door. pal let, a painter's board, a bed. loch, a lake. pleas, pleadings. main, ocean, the chiefs please, to give pleasure. mane, of a horse. pole, a long stick. made, finished. poll^ the head. maid, an unmanned woman, . peel, to pare off the rind. male, the he kind. peal, sounds. mail^ armor, or the- bog for letters. pair, a couple. man ner, mode of action. pare, to cut off the rind. man or, lands of a lord. pear, a Iruit. meet, to come together,. plain, even or level meat, flesh, food. plane, to make smootiL mete, measure. pray, to implore. mien, countenance. prey, a booty, plunder. mean, low, humble. prin' ci pal. chief. mewl, to cry. prin' ci pie, rule of action. mule, a beast. proph et, a foreteller. mi ner, one who works in a mme. profit, advantage. mi nor, less, or one under age. peace, quietude. moan, to grieve. piece, a part. mown, cut down. pan el, a square in a door. moat, a ditch. • pan nel, a kind of saddle. ^ mote, a speck. raise, to lift. more, a greater portion. raze, to demolish. mow er, one who mows. rain, water falling firom olouds. mite, an msect. reit/Uj to rule. might, strength. rap, to strike. met al, gold or silver, &a tfn-ap, to fold together^ met tie, briskness. read, to peruse. nit, egg of an insect. reed, a plant. . knit, to join with needles. red, a color. nay, no. read, did read. neigh, as a horse. reek, to emit steam. SPELLINa-BOOK. 149J BIBD, MUtINK ; MOVE, 86n, WQLP J kOlB PTjLL ; « AS K ; d AS J ; b as z ; ;;h as sh. w;reak, to revenge. sum, the whole. rest, to take ease. some, a part. ti;rest, to take by force. sun, the fountam of light. rice, a sort of grain. son, a male child. rise, source, beginning. Btare, to gaze. rjo, a sort of gTain. fitair, a step. wvy, crooked- steel, hard metal. ring, to sounjd, a circlo steal, to take by theft. wring, to twist. (Sac cor, help. rite, ceremony. suck er, a young tvng. right, just. sleight, dexterity. iimte, to make letters with a peiL slight, to despise. t^;right, a workman. sole, of tJie foot rode, did ride. soul, the spiiit road, the highway slay, to MIL rear, to raise. sley, a weaver's reed. rear, the hind part. sleigh, a carriage on runners. rig ger, one who rigs vessels. sloe, a fruit. rig or, severity. slow, not swifK rout, a confused quarrel. stake, a post. route, rout, a way or course. steak, a shce of meat. rough, not smooth. stile, steps ever a fenco» ruif, a neck-cloth. style, fashion, diction. roto, repetition of words. V tacks, small nails. ii'rote, did write. "* torx, a rate, tribute. roe, a female deer. throw, to cast away. row, a rank. throe, pain of travail. roar, to sound loudly. : tear, to rend. row er, one who rowa. tare, a weed, allowance of weight. rab bet, to join. tear, water from the eyes. rab bit, a quadruped. tier, a row= sail, the canvas of a ship. team, of cattle. sale, the act of selling. ^ teem, to produce. eea^ a large body of water. tide, flux of the sea. see, to behold. tied, fastened. sa ver, one who saves. tlieir, belonging to them. sa vor, taste or odor. there, in this place. seen, beheld. the, definite adjective. scene, part of a play. thee, objective case of thoa. seine, a fish net. too, likewise. sen lor, older. two, twice ond. seign ior, a Turkish king. tow, to drag. seam, where the edges join. too, extremity of the foot. seem, to appear. yaO, a covering. shear, to cut with shears. vaJe, a v^illey. sheer, clear, unmixed. vial, a httle bottle. sent, ordered away. viol, a fiddle. • scent, smell. vein, for the blood. shore, sea-coast. vane, to show which way the shore, a prop. wind blows. so, in such a manner. vice, sin. sow, to scatter seed. vise, a screw. . 150 THE ELEMENTARY 1, S, &c, long; I, E, (fee, sliort ; — bIe, lIst, cIre, f^t^l, wh^t ; nfin, PBgY, rnfeBB ; wait, to tariy. weight, heaviness. wear, to carry, as clothes, ware, merchandise. waste, to spread. waist, a part of tho body, way, road, course. What ails the child? Ale is B. fermented liquor, made from malt. The awl is a tool used by shoemak- ers and harness-makers. All quadrupeds which walk and not leap, walk upon four legs. The Prince of Wales is- Jteir to the crown of England. We breathe air. The moon alters its appearance ererj night. The Jews burned Bacrifices upon an altar of stone. Cruel horsemen leat their horses. Some people make molasses from leets. A fine beau wears fine clothes. The rainbow is caused by the sun's shining upon the falling rain. Beer is an excellent drink for the table. A bier, is a hand-barrow on which dead bodies are carried. Tho great bell in Moscow, woiglis two hundred and twenty tons. The beUes and the beaux are fond of fine shows. Black hefries and raspberries -grow on briers. The farmer when he plants seeds, buries them in tho ground. Wheat is a better grain than rye. One who lays a wager is a bettor. The wind Ihw. The color of tho sky is blue. A father's or mother's sister is an aunt The little anis make hil- lock^ Carpentei-s bore holes with an avr ger. An augur foretells. Boys love to play ball. Children bawl for trifles. Bears five in the woods. An oak bears aooms. weigh, to find the weight week, seven days, weak, not strong, wood, timber, would, past time ofvnll weather, state of the air. wether, a sheep. We bear evils. Trees hare of leaves. Beech wood makes a good fire ; the waves beat on the beach. A wild boar is a savage beast. Miners bore holes in rocks, and burst them with powder. The boU of plants is a seed vesaeL The turner makes bowls. The planks of our national vessels are fastened with copper boltsi. Millers separate the bran from the flour by large sieves called bolts. The breech of a gun is its butt or club end. A ram butts with his head, and wo import butts of spirits. Brakes are useless weeds. We break flax and hemp in dressing. Well bred people do not always eat wheat bread. A butt contains two hogsheads ; but a barrel, 30 or 32 gallons. We judge of people's motives by their actions. We can. not buy a seat in heaven with our money. Clothiers smooth then: clothes with calenders. Almanac makers publish new calen- dars every year. Sails are made of canvas. Inspec- tors canvass votes. The courts of New York hold their sessions in. the City EalL Since the cession of Florida, the United States have been bounded on the south by tho Gulf of Mex- ico. We call the membrane that covers tho bowels a caul. Live fish are kept in the water, near our fish markets, iu cavfs: Consumptive people ai'o afflicted with bad coughs. i SPELLIN&-BOOK. 151 BiRD, MA.BINB ; MOVE, 86 X, TV^LF ; RULE, P^LL, € AS K ; 6 AS J ; 8 A3 Z ,' CH AS 8H. Braes cannon are more costly than iron. Church laws are canons. Farmers are sellers of apples and cider, which till our cellars, \ Zmr is not behoved, rhe lyre is a musical instrument. 'Gralileo made the telescope. Virginia was a handsome maid. The l^Iissouri is the main branch of the Mississippi. A. horse's fno.ne grows on his neck. The male bhd has a more beautiful plumage tlian the female. The mail is opened at the post-of- fice. .Children should imitate the mannera of pohte people. Che farms of the English nobility- are called manors. A. TRite is an insect of little might Mead is a pleasant innocent diink. Lying is a WAian practica We m^an to study grammar. Xhe Hudson and East rivers meet at the Battery. Salt will preserve meat Miners work in mines. 'Minors are not aUowed to vote. David ntbaned the loss of Absalom. When grass is mown and dried we call it hay. Ports are surrounded by a moat ' Mote is an atom. A brigade of soldiers is more thaa a regiment. Mowers mow grass. Brass is a compound metal. A. lively horse is a horse of mettle. Fishes are caught in a net. Clear profits are called n^t gain. Boats are rowed with oars. Ores- are melted to separate the metal from the dross. A. bird flew over the house. The smoke ascends in i\\Qflue. Gums ooze through the porea of wood. The tanner puts his hides into ooze. We carry water in ^ai&. Gardens are sometimes surrounded by a j)ale fence. Sick people look paU. Panes of glass are cut in oblong squares. Pains are distressing^ Shoes are sold by pairs. People pare apples to make piea * Pears are not so common as applea A person who has lost hia pdiait " can not speak plain. The fine painter holds his pallet in his hand. The chUd sleeps on a pallet. The comma is the shortest pavis^ in reading. Bears seize their prey with their pavjs. Good peoplo love to hve in peax^e. Our largest piece of silver coin is a dollar. The peak of Teneriflfe is fifteen thousand feet high. The Jews had a pique or ill will against the Samaritans. On the fourth of July, the bells ring a loud peal. The farmer peels the bark from treee for the tanner. The British Parham^nt is a legisla^ tive assembly, consisting of the House of Peers and the House of Commons. Our vessels He near the piers in oui harbor. The carpenter planes boards with hi£ plane. The essential principles of religion are written in j?Zam language. Babylon stood upon an extended plain. Polite ^eo^Xe please then* companions. The courts of coinmon pleas are held in the court-houses. The builder uses the phimh and line to set his walls perpendicular. One dollar is one hundred cents. The worst gambler won the money. Plums grow on trees. The cat preys upon mice. We should pray for our enemies. The student pores over bis books. The Niagara river pours down a precipice of a himdred and fitly feet. 152 THE ELEMENTARY A, B, &c., long ; 1, i, &c., short ;-^bab, lIst, «1kb, f^li^ wn^LT ; hAb, PBgY, thSek ; We sweat through the pores. The Hudson is the principal river of New Yc^k. A man of good principles merits our esteem. There is no profU in profane swear- ing. The prophet Daniel was a piisoner in Babylon. Panel doors are more expendve than batten doors. The court impanel jurors to judge causes in court. God sends his rain on the just and unjust. Horses are guided by the reins of the bridle. Queen Victoria reigns over Great Britain. The barber shaves with a razor. Farmers are raisers of grain. The Laplander wraps himself in furs in the winter, When we wish to enter a house, wo rap at -the door^ Reeds gi*ow in swamps. We should read the Bible with seri- ousness. We should, often think upon what we have read. A hyacinth is a large red flower. Nero wreaked his mahce upon the Christians. Brutus held up the dagger reeking with the blood of Lucretia. We rest on beds. The Enghsh lorested Gibraltar from the Spaniards. Rice grows in warm climates. The rise of the Missouri is m the Rocky Mountains. Ladies are fond of gold rings. The beU rings for church. Washerwomen wring clothes. Riggers rig vessels. Hannibal crossed the Alps in the rigor of winter. Baptism is a riiQ of the Christian* church. It is not right to pilfer. Wheelwrights make carts and wag- Cimiberland road leads from Balti- more to Wheeling. King David rede upon a mule. Watt Tyler made a great rout in England. The Israelites took their route through the wilderness of Arabia. Children often learn tt^e alphabet by rote before they know the letters. OHver Goldsmith wrote several good histories. Paste is made ofrye flour. Children make wry fiices when they eat sour grapes. A roe deer has no horns. Com is planted in rows. Oarsmen row boats with oars. The joiner rabbets boards. Rabbits are Hvely animals. The river Danube runs into the Black sea. Owls can not see well when the sun shines. Seals are caught in the southern seas. We seal letters with wafers and sealing-wax. Masons ceil with Emc-mortar. A plastered ceiling looks better than a ceiling made of boards. We have never seen a more daz- zling object than the sun. A thunder storm is a sublime scene. Fishermen catch shad in seines. The city of Paris stands on the river Seine. John Smith, Senior^ is father to John Smith, Junior. The Grand Seignior of Turkey is an absolute monarch. The sun seems to rise and set. Neat sewers make handsome seams. Sheep-shearers shear the sheep. When the wolf sees the sheep well guarded he sheers off. Waves dash against the shore. When ship-builders 'build vessels they shore them up with props. The writer signs his name. Heavy .clouds are signs of rain. Mankind slay each other in cruel wars. A sleigh runs on snow and ice. SPELLINa-BOOK 153 bIbd, marine ; vGve, s6n-, wolf , e0le, p^jll; € as k ; 6 as j; b ab z ; Cu as an. Cli«ildreii should never sligM their parents. Indians live in very slight buildings. Some have a good sleight at work, A sloe is a black wild plum. Tho slotii is slow in moving. The lark soars into the sky. A boil is a sore swelling. A sower sows -his seeds. Wq all have some knowledge. The sum of four and five is nine. The sole of a shoe is the bottom. The sun is the sole cause of day. Our sovls are immortal. Tents are fastened with stakes. Beefsteaks are good food. '* A wise son makes a glad father." Without the sun all animals and vegetables would die. The Jews were not permitted to have stairs to their altars. The owl stares at the moon. Let not children sta/re at strangers. Stiles are steps over fences. Q-oldsmith wrote in a plain style. Saul ihreio his javehn at David. The Israehtes went through the sea. Tares grow among wheat. Grocers subtract the tare from the gross weight. Never tear your clothes. The plumb-Une hangs straight to- ward the center of the earth. The s9raii3 of Gibraltar separate Spain from Morocco. Succor a man in distress. Suckers sprout from the root of an old stock. Shoemakers drive tacks into the heels of shoos. People pay a heavy tax. Lions have long bushy tails. The tale of Robinson Crusoe is a celebrated romance. Ladies wear sashes round the waist, Poolish children waste their time in idleness. Time waits for no one. * Butter is sold by weight. Earthen ware \a baked in furnaces. A Turk wears a turban instead of a hat. Sickness makes the body weak. Seven days constitute one week. We weigh gold and silver by Troy weight. The way of a good man is plain. The weatJier is colder in America than in the same latitudes in Eu- rope. Wether sheep makes the best mut- ton. Men have a great toe on each foot. Horses tow the canal boats. Tow is hatcheled from flax. Good scholars love tJieir books. TJiere are no tides in the Baltic sea. Women wear vails. The vaUey of the Mississippi is the largest vale in the United States. The vane shows which way the wind blows. Arteries convey the blood from the heart and veins. A i)ioI of laudanum. A'hasc'Viol is a large fiddle, and a violin is a small one. We shed tears of sorrow when we lose our friends. Ships often carry two tiers of guns. A team of horses will travel faster tban a team of oxen. Farmers rejoice when their farmr teem with fruits. The tide is caused by the attraction of the sun and moon. A black ribbon tied on the left arm is a badge of mourning. Many things are possible which are not practicable. That is possible which can be performed by any means ; that is practicable which can be performed by the means which are in our power. Bank notes are redeemable in cash. 154 THE ELEMENTARY i, B, &G., long ; I, i, ifcc, short ; — uar, lIst, €are, f^vll, wu^t ; hkk, phky, TnfeiiE' No, 148.-CXLVIII. WORDS OF IRREGULAR ORTHOGRAPHY, WUITTEN. PEONOFNCED. WTHTTEX. PKONOTTNOED. "VTRITTEN. PBOJ^rOTTNOKD. any many disme ba teau beau beaux bu reau been bu TJ bu ri al bus y isle is land does en^ ny men ny deem ba to^ bo b(3ze bu' ro bm ber' ry ber' e al biz' zy lie i land duz girl firm ghost corps aclie half calf calve one gerl form gost core ake haf caf cav wiin once "wunce done dun says sez said sed lieu III a dieu a du' gone folks ra tio va lise o cean could would gaun fokes ra' she va lece o' shun ■eood wood should debt phlegm croup tomb womb wolf yacht dough neigh sleigh weigh gauge bough slough doubt is sue tis sue shood det* flem croop toom woom woolf yot do na sla wa gage bou slou dout ish' shu tish' shu bus i ness bus i ly CO lo nel haut boy masque sou, sous guit ar pur lieu su gar vis count ap ro pos PRONOITNOED. biz^ ness biz' i ly cur' nel ho' boy mask soo git ar' piir' In shoog ar vi' count ap ro po flam beau right eous car touch in veigh sur tout ron deau wo men bis cuit cir cuit sal mon isth mus PKONOU>'CED. flam' bo ri chus €ar tooch' in vay sur toot' ron do' wim' en bis' kit sir' kit sam' on 1st' inus SPELLING-BOOK. 155 BIRD, MAKiNB ; Movs, SON, WQLF ; kDlk, pttll ; € AS K ; ^ AS J ) s A3 z ; T^n AS sn. WBlTrKN. PEONOTJNCEIK WErrraN. peonounoed. neigh bor na' bor mort gage mor' gaje piq uant pik' ant seign ior seen yur . piq uaii cy plk' an cy se ragl io se ral' yo ptis an tiz' an asth ma ast' ma phthis ie tjz' ic beau ty bu' ty sol dier sor jer beau te ous bu' te ous vict uals vit' tl$ bdel Hum. del' yum ca tarrh ■ea tar' ca noe -ea noo' pty a lism tf a li$m dia mond di' mond bru nette bru net' plaid plad ga zette ga zet' schism sizm in debt ed in det^ ed feoff ment fef ment lieu ten ant lu ten' ant hal cy on haP se on qua drille ka drlF mis tie toe miz' zl to pneu mat ic nu mat' ik psal mo dy sal' mo dy IN THE FOLLOWING, I IS SILENT. | balk chalk talk €alk stalk -walk: THE FOLLOWING END WITH THE SOUND OF /. | chough rough cough ~cauf] plough slough trough traufj hough e nough laugh laf] h AFTER r IS SILENT. • rheum L rhfi' barb rheu mat' ie rhet' ric rheu' ] ma ti$m rhap' so dy rhyme ; rhi noc' e ros ff IS SILENT BEFORE n. deign ed ing reign ed ing feign ed ing poign' ant 156 THE ELEMENTARY A, K, &c., long ; X, K, &c., .« ibort ;— BAE, lAst, €iEE, F^LL, wh^lT ; HiE, PEfiT, th£ek ; I BEFORE m IS SILENT -IN THE FOLLOWING. •ealm •ealm ly •ealm ness be €alm balm balm y em balm alm$ alm$ house alm$ giv ing psalm qualm qualm ish ;3salm ist !iolm IN THE FOLLOWING, cheon^ AS geon Ai^D gion are PRONOtJNCED Asjun; chun ; geous and gious, as jus. bliid' geon dud' geon gud' geon bur' geon sur' geon stir geon cy dun' geon pig' eon ^ pro dl" gious pun' cheon trun' cheon scutch eon stur' geon . wid' geon es eut' cheon le' gion lun' cheon €ur mud' geon . re' gion ■eon ta' gious gor' geous • €on ta' gion , e gre' gious sa€ ri le" gious re li" gion re li" gious . ir re li" gious IN TIIE FOLLOWING OU AND au ARE PRONOUNCED AS UW^ ANd| gh ARE MUTE. bought brought fought ought sought thought t(;rought naught fraught IN THE FOLLOWING Ue AT THE END OF THE PRIMITIVE •VTORdJ ARE SILENT. • plague vague league teague brogue rogue vogue tongue m6sque ob lique' paque' u nique' ; Dique ! lar angue' ap' o logue €at' a logue di' a logue ee' logue SPELLING-BOOK. .157 liiiiD, mabYnb; move, son, wqlf; eule, ptill; € as k ; a as j ; s as k; « ir as sn. No. 149.-CXLIX. Begula/r verhsform tJiepasi tense, and pariiciple of the past, by taking ed, and the participle of the present tense by taking ing ; as, called, calling. I from call. Tlie letter p stands for past tense ; ppr. jfbr participle of the present tense ; and a for agent. p. ppr, p. ppr. p. ppr. call ed ing pray ed ing *al loTT ed ing turn ed ing cloy ed ing a void ed ing burn ed ing jest ed ing em ploy ed ing plow ed ing abound ed iiig purloin ed ing sow ed ing ab scond ed ing rep ro sent ed ing plant ed ing al lay ed ing . an noy ed ing Monosyllabic verbs ending in a single consonant after a single vowel, and other verbs ending in a single a/xented consonant after a single vowel, double the final consonant in the derivatives. Thtcs, eibety abetted, abet- ting, abettor. p. ppr. a. p. ppr. a. p. ' ppr. c. a bet ted ting tof wed ded ding tre pan ned ning ner fret ted ting ter bar red ring defer red ring man ned ning ex pel l»d ling ler ab bor red ring rer plan ned ning nor re be! led ling ler in cur red ring Verbs Jtanng a digraph, diphthong, or long vowel sound before ihe last consona/iyt, do not double that consonant. p. ppr. a. p. ppr. a. p, ppr. a. seal cd ing er claim ed ing er re coil ed ing heal ed ing er cool ed ing er ve neer ed ing oil ed ing er ap pear ed ing er a vail ed ing hail ed ing er re peat ed ing er 'o strain ed. ing er Y&rbs ending in two consonants, do not do::'^v. the loM. ppr. a. p. ppr. a. ing er vo sist ed ing er ing er con vert ed ing er ing er dis turb ed ing er Verba endin-g in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowei, the last con- sonant or syllable not being accented, ought not to double the last consonant i^ tJie derivatives, p. ppr, p. ppr. p. ppr. bi as ed ing lev «1 ed ing grav el ed ing bev el ed ing coun sel ed ing grov el ed ing can eel ed ing cud gel ed ing hand sel ed ing car ol ed ing driv el ed ing jew el ed ing cav il ed ing du el ed ing kern el ed ing chan nel ed ing e qual ed ing la bel ed ing chis el ed ing gam 1:^1 ed in^ lau rel cd ing p- ppr. a. P- gild ed ing er dress ed long ed mg paint ed watch ed mg er charm ed 1 5i ^ THE E L E M E N T A R Y i &C. long; i, 5, &c , short ; -BAE, LAST, -garb, fall, WU4.X; H±K, PRgY, THlxftR ; lev el ed ing ri val ed ing mod el ed ing li hel ed ing row el ed ing wag on ed ing aciar shal ed ing ehov el ed ing clo3 et ed ing i parcel ed ing sliriv el ed ing rivet ed ing pen cil ed ipg tram mel ed iug lim it ed ing pom mel ed ing trav el ed ing ben e fit §6. ing juar rel ed ing tun ncl ed ing prof it ed ing \ rev el ed ing wor ship , ed ing buf fet ed ing TT'.s Tiame of the agent^ when the verb admits of it, is formed in like manner, vH'houi doubling the last consonant, as, caviler, worshiper, duelist, libeler, trn yeler. So also adjectives -are formed from these verbs without doubling 'ih'i last consonant, as, Ubelous, marvelous. TT^ftO;^ verbs end in e after d and t, the final e in the past t&nsG andpariiciph of the perfect tense, unites luiih d and forms an additioroal syllable, but it is dro2)ped before ing. thus abate, abated, abating. lb di Gate d ing de grade d ing cor rode d ing led i catQ d mg suf fb eato d mg de lude d mg med i tate d mg ed u eato d mg in trade d mg ;m pre cate d mg in vado d mg ex plode d mg v'm di cat© d mg con code d nig de ride d mg h, verbs ending in e after any other consonant than d a/nd t, the past tense is formed by the addition of d, and this letttr with the final e 'inay form a distinct syllable ; but usually the e ts dropped and d is blended with the last syllable of the verb. Thus abridged, is pronounced ahridid ; abased, abasto. Before ing, e is dropped. a baae d ing pro nounce d ing crifc i cise d ing a bridge d mg man ago d mg em bez zlo d ing con fine d mg re joico d mg dis blige d mg com pose d mg cat chiso d mg dis iig ure d mg re fuse * d mg com pro miso d mg un der val uo d mg Note. AWiough ed in the past tense and participle is thus bknded with tlie last syllable of tlie verb, yet when a noun is form.ed by adding ness to such participles, the ed becomes a distinct syllable. Thus blessed may be pro- nounced in one syllable ; but blessedness 7nust be in three. Verbs ending in ay, 07, ow, ew, and oy, Jiavo regular derivatives i7ied and ing. ar ray ed ing al loy ed ing re new ed al lay ed mg em ploy Qd mg con vey ed pray ed mg de stroy ed mg fol low ed stray ed mg an noy ed mg be stow ed de lay ed mg eu dow ed mg con vey ed mg A few monosylUibles, as pay, say, a?id lay, change y tJiio i, as paid, said, laid. Vhrls ending in j, clmnge y into i in the past tense and participle of ilie perfect, but retain it in the participle of the present tense. cry cried cry ing dry dried dry ing do fy de fied de ^y ing car ry car ried car ry ing ed i ^y ed i fied ed i fy ing - mar ry mar ried mar ry-jng S P E L L I N a - B K . 159 bJbp, marine; liovB, son, w^lf ; BfiLK, pjjll; e as k ; 6 as j ; « as z ; Ch as sn. "Fer&5 ending in y change this letter to i in the second and third persons, and in the name of the agent Thus : iSolemn Style. JFamiliar Style. Agent. I cry tliou criest ho crielh he cries crier I trj thou triest ho trieth he tries trier Past tense. I cried thou criedst he wo ye they cried I tried thou triedst he we yo they tried Vcrls ending in ie are thus formed. ppr. I die thou diest he dieth or dies dying . I lie thou Host . he Ueth or Ues lying I tie thou tiest ' ho tieth or ties tying I hie thop hiest he hieth or hies hying I vie thou viest he vioth or vies vying The past tense, and participle of the present, are regular. died lied tied hied vied Fo7'mation of the plural number of nouns. The rnguhr plural of nouns is formed by the addition of 8 to the singular, which letter unites unih most consonants in ths same syllahle, but sounds like z after all the consonants except f, p, q, t, k, or c with the sound of k. sing. plu. sing. plu. roll rolls strait straits ham hams post posts chain chains port ports crop crops sight sights back backs tear tears sign signs When the noun ends in o, if s will coalesce with the preceding consonant, it forms no distinct syllable. bride brides knave knaves bone bones blade blades date dates cake cakes smile smiles " note notes flame flames If s will not coalesce with the preceding consonant, it unites with e, and forms an additional syllable. grace graces maze mazes pledge pledges Bpice spices fleece fleeces " stage stages When nowns end in ch, sh, ss, and x, theplu/ral is formed by the addition of es. church churches bush bushes dress dresses peach peaches glass glagf=res fox f<^xas Kouns ending in y after a consonant, form the plural by the changing ofy into i, and the addition of es ; the termination ies being pronounced ize, in monosyllables, and is in most other word^. fly flies du ty du ties fu ry fu ries cry cries glo ry glo ries bcr ry ber Ties sky skies ru by ru bies mer cy raer cies cit y cit ies la dy la dies va oan cy va can ciea sing. plu. slab slabs lad lads chief chiefe 160 THE ELEMENTARY i, K, cfco, long ; I, £, &c., short ;— bar, lIst, €1ke, f^ll, wh^lT ; nin, prby, THfisB ; -^^o«7^s crk?% zw ay, ey, oy, ow, ew, tahe s ow/y ^o /orw the phraL day days val ley val leys boy boys way ways mon cy men eys bow bows bay bays at tor ney at tor nays vow vows do lay de lays . sur vey sur yeys clew clewa Nouns ending in a vowel tales s or es. sea seas hoe hoes wo or woe woes pie pies When the singular ends in f, the plural is usuaUy formed "by changing {into V, with es. life lives loaf loaves calf calves wife wives leaf leaves half halves knife knives Bhelf shelves sheaf sheaves beef beeves wharf wharves thief thieves Adjectives formed from nouns ly the addition of y. n bulk flesh a n a n a J silk y . pith y y milk y meal y Som^ nov/ns when they take y, lose e fiTiaX n- a rain y liill y flake plumo flaky scale scaly plumy smoke smoky Adjectives formed from nouns ly ly. stone stony bone bony n friend home a n a n a ly love ly , man ly ly time ly cost ly n a earth ly lord ly Nouns formed from adjectives in y, ly changing j into i a/nd taking ness. a n a n a n an hap py X ness la zy i ness drew sy* i ness sha dy i nesp loft y i ness emp ty i ness diz zy i nees chil ly i ness Adverbs formed from adjectives in j, by a cha/nge ofj into i, and the addition of\j. a ad a ad a ad a '^ ad craft y i ly luck y i ly loft y i ly gloom y i ly Adverls formed from adjectives ly tJie addition oflj, a. ad a ad a ad fer vent ly brill iant ly em i nent ly pa tient ly op u lent ly per ma nent ly Kouns formed from adjectives hj ness. an an an an da cious ness of fl cious ness ra pa cious ness ca pa cious ncsa li cen tious ness in ge ni ous ness Adjectives formed from nouns ly less, adverls ly ly, and nouns ly nesa bound less ly ness blame less ly nees fear less ly nesa need less ly nass hope less ly ness fatth less ly nees SPELLING-BOOK. 161 Adjectives formed from nouns hy fal, from which adverls are formed ly Ij and nouns by ness. n a ad n n a ud n n a ad n art M ly ness pain ful I7 nesa skill ful }j ness oare M ly liesa grace ful ly nosa peace ful ly ness JJie termination ist added to words denotes an agent. art ist form al ist loy al ist or gan ist du el ist hu mor ist In some words, j is changed into i. zo ol o gy zo ol o gist or ni thol gy or ni thol o gist The prefix ante denotes before. date aute-datd chamber ante-chamber - diluvian ante-diluvian past ante-past penult ante-penult nuptial ante-nuptial The prefix anti usuaUy denotes opposition or against. Christ anti-christ Christian anti-christian febrile anti-febrilo Be, a prefix, denotes nearness or intensity, daub be-daub dew be-dew friend be-friend labor be-labor siege be-siego moan be-moan speak be-speak sprinkle be-sprinkle The prefix con, or co, denotes with or against j con is cicanged into col he- fore 1. \ co-equal co-exist co-habit con-form co-eval co^extend con-firm con-join The prefix counter dSnotes against or opposition. balance counter-balance act counter-act evidence counter-evidence plead counter-plead work counter^work part counter-part The prefix do denotes from 0^* down. base de-base bar de-bar compose de-compose cry de-cry form de-form fame de-fame face de-faco garnish do-gamish Dis denotes separation, departure, and hence gives to vjords a negative sense. able dis-able agree dis-agree allow dis-allow belief dis-belief credit dis-credit esteem .dis-esteem grace dis-grace honor dis-honor Pore denotes before in time, sometimes in place. bode fore-bode father fore-father know fore-know noon fore-noon tell fore-tell taste, fore-taste warn fore-warn run fore-run In, which is sometimes changed into il, im, and ir, denotes on, upon, or against ; h>ence it often gives to a word a negative sense ; sometimes it only gives mare strength to tlie sense of a word; as, bank, imbank ; brown, im- brown; bitter, imbitter. In. (he following, it gives a negative sense. material im-material moderate im-moderate mutable im-mutable 162 THE ELEMENTARY pure im-puro articulate in-articiilato defensible in-defonsible religious ir-religious active m-activo attention in-atteution discreet o in-discreet reverent ir-rovereut applic^le in-applicable cautious in-cautious distinct in-distinct revocable ir-revocablo Kon is used as a prefix, giving to vjords a negative sense. appearance conformist non-appenrance non-conlbrmist compliance resident non-compliance non-resideiit Out, as a prefix, denotes beyond, abroad, or at a distance. out-leap live out-livo venom out-venom vreigh out-weigh Over, as a prefix, denotes above, beyond, excess, too mucb. - balance over-balance . bold over-bold burden over-burden charge over-charge -dinve over-drive feed over-feed pay over-pay leap tloi^' over-charge over-flow •diive over-drive load over-load Trans, a prefix, signifies beyond, across or over, plant trans-plant Atlantic trans-atlantit caution pre-caution mature pre-maturo conceive pre-conceivo Pre, as a prefix, denotes l^efore, in timo or rank. determine pre-determine eminent pre-eminent pre-ocGupy pre-concert occupy concert suppose pro-suppose exiiit pre-exist assert re-assert dissolve re-diss\.'lve assume re-assume commence re-commence export re-export Ee, a prefix, d&iotes again or repetition. bound re-bound enter • re-enter collect re-collect examine re-examine people re-people assure ro-assure embark re-embark capture i%-capture ' conquer re-conquer pay re-pay Un, a prefix, denotes not, and gives to words a negative sense, abashed un -abashed al)ate, is always the path of safety. Be veiy cautious in beUeving ill of your neighbor ; but more cautious in reportinf? it. SPELLING-BOOK. 163' OF NUMBERS. NAMES. NUMERAL AUJECTIVKH. | 1 I one I first 2 II two I I second 3 III three III thhd 4 lY four 1 1 1 1 fourth 5 V five 1 1 1 1 1 fifth 6 VI six 1 1 1 1 1 1 sixth •7 YII sev^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 seventh 8 VIII eight IIIIIIII eighth 9 IX nine IIIIIIIII ninth 10 X ten IIIIIIIII I tenth 11 XI eleven eleventh 12 XII twelve twelfth 13 xiir thirteen thirteenth 14 XIV fourteen fourteenth 15 XV fifteen fifteenth 16 XVI sixteen sixteenth IT XVII seventeen seventeenth IS XVIII eighteen eighteenth 19 XIX nineteen nineteenth 20 XX twenty twentieth 30 XXX thiJ-ty thirtieth 40 XL forty . fortieth 50 L fitty fiftieth 60 LX . sixty sixtieth 10 LXX seventy seventieth 80 LXXX eighty eightieth 90 XO ninety ninetieth 100 G one hundred one hundredth 200 CO two hundred two hundredth 300 ceo three hundred three hundredth 400 COCO four hundred four hundredth 500 D five hundred five hundredth 600 DO six hundred six hundredth 700 DOC seven hundred seven hundredth 800 DCCC eight hundred eight hundredth nine hundredth 900 DCCCO nine hundred 1000 M one thousand, &c. one thousandth 1829 MDCCOXXTX one thousaud eight hundred and twenty-nine | i one half. } one sixth. yV one tenth. 1,1 1,11111 1,111111111 i one third. 4 one seventh. f two fifths. 1,11 1,111111 11,111 i one fourtli. 1 one eighth. 1 four fifths. 1,111 1,1111111 1111,1 i one fifth. 1 one ninth. ^jj- nine tenths. 1,1111 1,11111111 111111111,1 164 THE ELEMENTARY WOEDS AND PHRASES FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES, FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. L. stands for Zatin, F. for French, 8. for Spanish. Ad captandum vulgus, L. to capti- vate the populace. Ad finem, L. to the end. Ad aominem, L. to the man. A' infinitum, L. to endless extent A. L libitum, L. at pleasure. Ad referendum, L. for further con- sideration, [value, A.d valorem, L. according to the Alma mater, L. a cherishing mother. A mensa et toro, L. from bed and board. Anglice, L. in English, or the En- ghsh manner. Avalanche, F. a snow-slip; a vast body of snow that slides down a mountain's side. Auto da f6, S. act of faith, a sen- tence of the Inquisition for the punishment of heresy. Beau monde, E. the gay world. Bona fide, L. in good faith. Bon mot, F. a hvely phrase. Cap-^-pie, F. from head to foot. Caput mortuum, L. dead matter. Carte blanche, F. blank paper ; per- mission without restraint. Chef d'oeuvre, F. a master-piece. Comme il faut, F. as it should be. Compos mentis, L. of sound mind. Coup de mam, F. a dextrous enter- prise. Dernier resort, F. the last resort Dieu et mon droit, F. God and my right.- Ennui, F. lassitude. E pluribus unum, L. one of many, union, confederation ; the motto of the United States. Ex, L. out ; as, ex-minister, a minis- ter out of office. Excelsior, L. more elevated; motto of the State of New York. Ex officio, L. by virtue of office. Ex parte, L. on one side only. Ex post facto, L. after the fact, or commission of a crime. Fac siraUo, L. a close imitation. Fille de chambre, F. a chamber- maid. Fortiter in re, L. with firmness in acting. G-ens d'armes, F. armed police. Habeas corpus, L. that you have the body ; a lorit for delivering a per-^ soTkfrorii 'prison. Hie jacet, L. here lies. Honi soit qui mal y pense, F. shame be to him that e\il thinks. Hotel dicu, F. a hospital. Impromptu, L. without previous study ; an extompftraneoua com- position. In statu quo, L. in the former state. In toto, L. in the whole. Ipse dixit, L. he said. Ipso facto, L. in fact. Jet-d' eau, F. a water-spout. Jeu d' esprit, F. a play of wit. Lex talionis, L. the law of retalia- tion ; as, an eye for an eye. Literatim, L. letter for letter. Locum tenens, L. a substitute. Magna charta,- L. the great charter. Memento mori, L. be mindful of death. Minimum, L. the smallest. Mirabile dictu, L. wonderful to tell. Multum in parvo, L. much in a small compass. Nem. con., or nom. dis., L. unani- mously. Ne plus ultra, L. the utmost extent. Nolens volens, L. whether bo will or not *^ ISTon compos mentis, L. not of a sound mind. Par nobilo fratrum, L. a noble pair ojf brothers. Pater patriae, L. the father of his country. Per annum, L. by the year. Per diem, L. by the day. Per cent, L. by the hundred. Prima facie, L. at the first view. Primum mobile, L. first cause of motion. [good. Pro bono publico, L. for the pubhc Pro et con., L. for and against Pro patria, L. for my country. SPELLING-BOOK. 165 BiliD, MAEINK ; MOTE, 66n, WOLF ; ELLE, PTTLL ; € A3 BT; G AS J ; 5 AS Z ; ClI AS SH. Pro tempore, L. for tho time. Pro re nata^ L. as the occasion re- . quires. Pugnis et caloibus, L, with fists and feet. Quantum, ij.*how mucii. Quantum sufficit, L. a sufficient , quantity. Qui transtulit sustinet, L. he who has borne them, sustains them. Quid nunc, L. a newsmonger. He infecta, L. the thing not done. Sanctum Sanctorum, L. tho Holy of. HoUes. Sang froid, 3'. in cold blood, indif- ference. Sana souci, F. free and easy. Secundum artem, L. according to art. Sic transit gloria mundi, L. thus passes away the glory of the world. Sme die, L. without a day specified. Sine qua non, L. that without which a thing can not be done. Soi disant, F. self-styled. Suaviter in modo, L. agreeable in manner. Sub judice, L. under consideration, Summum bonum, L. the clnef good. Toties quoties, L. as often as. Toto coelo, L. wholly, as far as pos- sible. Utile dulci, L. tho useful with the agreeable. Yade mecum, L. a convenient com- panion. Yeni, vidi, vici, L. I camo, I saw, I conquered. Versus, L. against. Via, L. by the way of. Vice versa, L. the terms being ex- changed. Viva voce, L. with the voice. ABBEEYIATIONS EXPLAINED. A. A. S. Fellow of tho American Academy. A. B. Bachelor of Arts. Abp. Archbishop. Acct. Account. A D. Anno Domini, the year of our Lord. Ala. Abcbaraa. A. M. Master of Arts ; before noon; in the year of the world. Apr. April, Atty. Attorney. Aug. August. Bart. Baronet. B. D. Bachelor of Di- vinity. B. V. Blessed Virgin. Bbl. Barrel. 0. Centum, a hundred. Cant. Canticles. Capt, Captain. Chap. Chapter. Col. Colonel. Co. Company. ,Com. Commissioner, Commodore. Cr. Credit. Cwt. Hundred weight. Chron. Chronicles. Cor. Corinthians. Conn, or Ct. Connecti- cut. C. S. Keeper of the Seal C. P, S. Keeper of the Privy Seal C. A. S. Fellow of the Connecticut Acade- my. OL Clerk, Clergyman. Cong. Constable. Cts. Cents. D. D. Doctor of Divin- ity. • Dea. Deacon. Dec. December. Del. Delaware. Dept. Deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. Ditto, the same. Dr. Doctor, or Debtor. E. East. Eccl. Ecclesiasticus. Ed. Edition, Editor. E. G. for example. Eng. England, English. Eph. Ephesians. Esa. Esaias. Ep. Epistle. Esq. Esquire. Etc. and so forth, et csetera. Ex. Exodus, Example. Exr. Executor. Feb. February. Fr. France, French, Frances. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society [Eng.] Gal. Galatians. Gen. General. Gent. Gentleman. Geo.' George, Georgia. Gov. Governor. G. R. George the King [of England.] n. S. S. Fellow of the Historical Society. Heb. Hebrews. Hon. Honorablo, Hund. Hundred. H. B. M. His or Her Britannic Majesty. THE ELEMKNTAEY. ■#6G__ ^ . H. CM. Jiis *mo3t'Jifat.2iIatthew. q. d. as if ho should say. Christian or Catholic M. 1)^ Doctor of- Physic, q. 1. as much as you King [of Franco ari^ Md. iy;«ry laud. please. ^ [tity. SpainJ. il^ MJ^iuG. q. ^. a sufficient quan- Hhd. Hogshead. • Hr. Master, Sir. . Regr. Register. Ibid. In the same place. Messrs. G entlomen, Sirs. Bop. Representative. i. e. .that is [id est]. id. the same. Ind. Indiana^ Inst. Instant. Is. Isaiah. Jan. January. Ja. James. Jac. Jacob. Josh. Joshua. Jun. Junior. K. King. Km. Kingdom. Kt. Knight. K. C. B. Knight Com- MS. Manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. Mrs. Mistress. N. North. ' ]Sr. B. Take notice. N. C. North CaroUna. N. H. New Hampshire. N. J. New Jersey. No. Number. Nov. November. N. S.Nev/ Stylo. N. W. T. North West- ern Territory. N. Y. New York. mander of the Order Obj. Objection. of the Ba4;h. Obt. Obedient. K. G. C. Knight of the Oct. October. Grand Cross. [Garter. 0. S. Old Style. K. G. Kuiglit of the Pari. Parliament. [nia. Rev. Reverend, Reve- lation. Rt. Hon. Right Honor- able. R. I. Rhode Island. S. South, Shilling. S. C. South Carolina. St. Saint. Sect. Section. Sen. Senator, Senior. Sept. September. Servt. Servant. S. T. P. Professor of Theology. S. T. D. Doctor of Di- vinity. ss. to wit, namely, Siu-g. Surgeon. Tenn. Tennessee. Theo. Theophilus. the yard. Tlio. Thomas. Per Cent. /By the liun- U. C. Upi>er Cano/la. Ult. tb^ last, or the last month. U. S. A. United States of America. y. Vide, See. Va. Virginia. Phihp- dred. et. Peter. PhU.. Philip, plans. ; Philom. A lover of learn- ing- I P. M. Post Master, Af- viz. to wit, namely. L. C. Lower Canada. Pa. Penn^ Pennsylva- L. or Ld. Lord or Lady, per, by; aa> per yai'd, by Tliess, Thessalouians. Lev. Leviticus. ... _. „. Lieut. Lieutenant. Lend. London. Lon. Longitude. Ldp. Lordship. Lat. Latitude. Lou. Louisiana. LL. D. Doctor of Laws.' lbs: Pounds. L. S. Place of the Seal. \l. Marquis, Meridian. Maj. Major. Mass. Massachusetts. Math. Mathematics. M. B. Bachelor of Phys- Prof Professor. ic 0^- Medicine. Q. Questio^, Queen. punctVation. . Punctuation is the division of a a sentence by points, to mark the p; show the connection of tlie several The comma ( , ) indicates a pause ternoon.' P. 0. PostiOffice. P. S. Post^ript. Ps.' Psalm. Pres. President. Vt. Yermont. "Wt. Weight. Wm. Wiiham, "Wp. Worship, Yd. Yard. &. And. &c. And so forth. imposition into sentences or parts of ses to bo observed in reading, aind iarts or clauses. . f the length of a monosyllable, or the time of pronouncing one. The s^nicolon (; ) indicates a pause of two monosyllables; acolon(:) of threes a period (.) four. The period is placed at the close of a sentence. J . The interrogation point ( ? ) donotei that a question is asked, as, wliai do you 5ee ? BiKD, MABJfNK ; m" An exclamation . Lion, exprasscd b/ tl - 1" A parenthesis ( ) inc' which are to bo nttorod ii3 a i :-'.'.t i. .:o <.»r vo.; ^. , i Brackets or hookg [ ] ara soinetirrvs used for noariy the same purpose « as the parenthesis, or to IdcIucIo f.oii:o explanation. A dash ( — ) denotes a sudden stop, or a change of subject, and requh-e.^ a pause, but of no definite length. the A - caret. ( a ) shows tho omission of a word or letter, thus, give me hook. A An- apostrophe (' ; denotes cne omission of a letter or letters, thus, lov'd tho't. • A quotation is indicated by these pomts " " placed at the beginnmg and end of the passage. The index ( ^^^ ) points to a passage which is to be particularly noticed. The paragraph ( *|[ ) denotes the beginning of a new subject. The^star or asterisk ( * ), the dagger ( f ), and other marks ( t, §, | ), and sometimes letters and figures, are used to refer tho reader to notes in the margin. The diaresis ( " ) denotes that the vowel under it is not connected with tho preceding vowel. - CAPITAL LETTERS. _ A capital letter should be used at the beginning of a book, chapnfer, sec- tion, sentence, and nota It should begin all proper names of persons, cities, .towns, villages, seas, rivers, mountains, lakes, ships, &c. It should begin every line of poetry, a quotation, and often an important word. The name or appellation of God, Jehovah, Christ, Messiah, &c., should begin with a capital. The pronoun I and inteijection ai'e always m capitals. Ko. 150 -OL. THE LETTER q IS EQUIVALENT TO k, aq^ ue du-et in iq^ ui tous liq^ uid ate aq' ui line liq' uid liq uid a tion an tiq^- ui ty liq' .uid ness liq' uid ness eq' ui ty . liq' uor ob liq' ui ty eq' ui ta ble liq' ue fy u Mq' ui ty , eq' ui ta ble ness liq ue fae' tion piq' uant eq' ui ta bly liq' ue f i a ble req' ui $ite in iq' ui ty liq' ue fy ing req ui ^f tion IN TUB EOLLOWINa WORDS, t IS NOT PRONOUNCED. clias ten glis' tm moist' en has tdn fast' en oft' en €liris ten . list' en soft' en • AS J ; i AS z ; Cn Aa sh. \vords with the same — ~)ffcei?.^t a loss to recol- -JI'.'_a1 . o.u,ii..iS nrst , I have therefore ar- ranged the principal words of tliese classes in two distinct tables, that pupils roay commit them to memory, so that the order mt\j h(3 made as iamiliar as letters of the alphabet. WORDS IN WHICH THE LETTER € STANDS BEFORE i. . ceil disseize receive ceiling disseizee receipt conceit disseizin seignior conceive either seine deceit neither seize deceive obeisance seizin perceive . obeisant seizure #bRD3 IN WHICH THE LETTER t STANDS BEFORE e. achieve fierce relievo • .grieve lief retrieve grievance liege . shield • grievous lien shriek aggrieve mien siege belief piece thief believe pier thieve brief pierce tier chief priest tierce fief relief wield field ■ relieve yield fiend bombardier financier | brigadier grenadier cavalier brevier ■eannonie:^ chevalier 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 3lMY'83ffg ^^^ ■4V ^ ^. 'b^ ^'^'i Rf=:C'D LD OCT 2 8 '63 - 10 PM NOV l!986 RECCIRC DE.C1 7 '« LD 21A-50m-ll,'62 (D3279sl0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley d YA nQ,^,-^:^ '^'^hltlf'^ '^'^?t^^^'^ ^ ^ fi^O^^ ► ^rK^,v^^^<^/=^ i46 & 348 GENERAL LIBRARY -U.C.BERKELEY OMTNtlS' GLABS-1 "^ TLLESPIE'S PlL^VC'l xv^i^i. ouKVii^YlNa 8vo, . "VEEN'S JPRIJlAriY^ BOTANY., Beautifully I1!ustratojAT->fTt-?S.f'«4GES. rrJCE 55. CENTS, SINGLE MUMP. •.•]:, *< **' Oii $3 PER ANNUM, BY MAIL, POST-PAID.. Neiu iReeidmg Matter-in every Number. Oombining the ftalarcs of a Magazine with that of a Railway Guide. 171 vine wit 4r n inokM . O 1-i K. . Koy to otoddard's Iiitvi".?';; -T I. MISTICAL S.EK1EP. _."-.-. I ;;nwary >rhool^. l^^cei^l.. ,ie. i^* i'l-