Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN EX BIBLIOTHECA CAR. I. TABOFU S. A GLOSSARY OF THE CLEVELAND DIALECT EXPLANATORY, DERIVATIVE, AND CRITICAL. BY THE REV. J. C ATKINSON, INCUMBENT OF DANBY, IN CLEVELAND J DOMESTIC CHAPLAIN TO THE LATE VISCOUNT DOWNE ; AUTHOR OF 'SKETCHES IN NATURAL HISTORY,' 'BRITISH BIRDS' EGGS AND NESTS, &c. &c. Honfcon : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, SOHO SQUARE. M.DCCC.LXVIH, OXFORD: HY T. COMBE, M.A., E. B. GARDNER, E. P. HALL, AND H. LATHAM, PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED (BY PERMISSION) TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF ZETLAND, LORD-LIEUTENANT OF THE NORTH RIDING OF THE COUNTY OF YORK, BY HIS OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT THE AUTHOR. 1C9C773 PREFACE. 1 EN years ago the work which has resulted in the publication of this book was somewhat more than merely entered upon. But I am not able to say how long it is ago since the first thoughts of publication in the present, or in any, form definitely presented them- selves : it was not, however, until some time after the labour bestowed had begotten greater interest, and the interest had stimulated not only increased painstaking but more diligent and systematic study. In the hope the book may prove that neither the labour nor the study has been quite without effect towards the illustration of an interesting subject and in the cause of philology, it is now submitted to the judgment of the public. No one can be more sensible than the author of its many imper- fections and deficiencies. Many errors, many failures, many short- comings will inevitably be pointed out. Working alone and unassisted, as he has done, in a singularly remote district, far from any accessible collection of books which might have been of aid, or from habitual intercourse with cultivated minds, with the duties of a very wide Moor- land parish to attend to, with his children to teach himself, it could hardly fail to be so, however honest and hearty the labour bestowed in his not too abundant spare time might be. This is not written to deprecate criticism. He would, indeed, rather invite it. For fair and candid criticism might be an assistance to him if he should ever be in a position to carry out a plan, much more than half formed, of compiling a systematic Glossary of the great vi PREFACE. Northumbrian Dialect as a whole, or both as written in the past and as yet spoken in the present. It would be an assistance also to others whose object it might be to illustrate the dialects of their several districts as the author has sought to do for that of Cleveland. One of the chief difficulties in the task of compiling this Glossary has been in deciding what words were, and what were not, to be admitted. The principle which was finally adopted was not to admit any word, unless, either in its form, its application, its meaning or one of its mean- ings, it deviated sensibly from recognised or classical usage. This prin- ciple in some cases has seemed to require, rather than only to justify, the giving of the standard or classical definition of an admitted or clas- sical word, in order to trace the connection of that meaning which warranted or called for the insertion of the word itself as a provincial word. No doubt words have crept in which ought to have been ex- cluded : more than two or three such words have been noted while cor- recting the press. But it is hoped their number is not considerable. Not a very few words also, which were standard words at a given date past, which, in a sense, are standard words still, as resting on some such authority as that of the English Bible, words of which bid, bidden are fair types, have been unhesitatingly admitted, because they have quite dropped out of use over possibly the greater part of the kingdom, although still in utterly familiar use in Cleveland. With reference to the definitions, they have been constructed with great care ; and it may be stated, as not quite wide of the purpose, that so far from having been drawn up to suit the derivation (real or assumed) in each several case, a very large proportion of the whole had been composed, and fac-simile copies of them sent to the Secre- tary of the Philological Society for use in the preparation of the Society's Dictionary, before systematic enquiries as to derivation or connection had been, in the majority of instances, so much as commenced.* Some few modifications of the original definitions have, it is true, been made ; but the percentage of cases in which this is so is very small. In probably forty-nine out of fifty instances the MS. printed from has been the MS. from which the copies for the Phi- lological Society were actually taken. PREFACE. Vll Besides the care taken in framing the definitions, the author has, in every case which seemed to require it, endeavoured to give effective illustration by the aid of copious at least, of sufficient examples of usage, a large proportion of which he had noted down as heard by himself at the mouth of some one or other of his Dales friends and neighbours. As to the other illustration appended to a considerable proportion of the words constituting the Glossary, it must speak for itself; and it is perhaps not strictly necessary for the author, in conclusion, to dis- claim any intention to assume the mantle of the etymologist. He has simply sought to record, to derive or connect, and as far as his reading would allow, to illustrate. INTRODUCTION. >ORN and brought up in one of the Eastern Counties, and translated, a few years after taking my degree, into the North, first into Berwick- shire, then permanently into Yorkshire, the difficulties and whimsicalities attendant on the efforts after mutual comprehension between myself and the countryside northerners, with whom my clerical and other duties brought me into continual contact, were great enough, and often amply quaint enough, of themselves to induce, even had there been no natural liking and inclination, some notice of the circumstances in which our mutual complications originated. I did not comprehend their spoken dialect, and they did not understand my Southern English and pronun- ciation : and the reason was, not only that a very large proportion of their stock of current words, and especially in the case of elderly and untaught people, were not to be found in the English Dictionary, but that also the vowel and many of the consonantal sounds, as their words were spoken, were entirely different from those of the accredited English standard.* This statement, which is true of the North generally, is I believe, as strictly and emphatically true of Cleveland as of any other part of ancient Northumbria : perhaps I should be almost justified, from circumstances and facts to be mentioned below, if I said more true. * As illustrative of this statement I may mention a circumstance which occurred to myself within a short period after my commenced residence in the North. I had occasion to engage a servant, and as there were reasons which rendered it difficult to fix a date for her coming, it was necessary to know her name and address. Her name was Charlotte Lamb, but the patronymic on her tongue sounded so utterly unlike Lamb to my untutored ear, that it was some minutes, and not without some trouble and evident annoyance on the poor girl's part at not being understood, that I came at last to the perception that, as she spelt it letter by letter, /, a, m, b, might in a northern mouth represent a sound very dif- ferent from that of English lamb. The sound to my ear was lorm or laum, in which every vocal element was altered except the initial /. b X INTRODUCTION. On coming into permanent residence in Cleveland twenty-one years ago, it was natural that my thoughts should return from time to time to this subject, and equally natural that the recurrence of such thoughts should lead to speculation and eventually to study; and it is now more than twelve years since I began to collect and compare, and, in a measure, to investigate. I had already made a fair beginning of the Cleveland vocabulary when the Whitby Glossary was brought under my notice; a book of which I may say here, that the fidelity with which the words, and even, in many cases, their spoken sounds,* are indicated, the general accuracy of the interpretations annexed, and above all, the inte- resting and instructive examples in many cases added independently of the philological value of no small part of its contents make it worthy of a noticeable place in the class of local Glossaries. Taking that book in a certain sense as my text-book, I have, during the period just now indicated, pursued the subject systematically, alike in the study and among the people, and some of the processes and results and of both the study and the collection will be found in the following pages and in the Glossary which succeeds them. Every language and dialect of a language, when duly interrogated, must always and without dwelling on what it will reveal, if the enquiry be fully prosecuted, of the essential physical and psychical history of those who speak, or have spoken, itt be able to give in reply much of its own history in connection with its origin, connection, and changes ; and it is impossible for any one fairly familiar with the dialect spoken in Cleveland, and only moderately acquainted with the Scandinavian languages and dialects, or even with any one of them, not to be struck with the curious family likeness obtruded on his notice between no scanty portion of the Cleveland words and those in current use among the Danes, Norwegians and Swedes of our own day. And not only in the case of words: idioms, modes of expression, habitual phrases, * I refer to such instances as barzon, laabtle, sbarve; greeave, beeaf, &c. (the true orthography of which is Bizen, litle, Slave ; grave, Hofe, &c.) : the value of such phonetic forms being often exceedingly great in the investigation of dialectical origin or peculiarities. See below, pp. xxix, xxx, et seq., p. 318, &c. t ' The study of words may be tedious to the schoolboy, as breaking of stones is to the wayside labourer ; but to the thoughtful eye of the geologist these stones are full of inte- rest ! be sees miracles on the highroad, and reads chronicles in every ditch. Language, too, has marvels of her own, which she unveils to the enquiring glance of the patient student. There are chronicles below her surface, there are sermons in every word.' Lec- tures on tbe Science of Language, by Max Miiller, 1st Ser. p. 2. ' If a general destruction of books, such as took place in China under the Emperor Thsin- chi-hoang (213 B.C.) should sweep away all historical documents, language, even in its most depraved state, would preserve the secrets of the past, and would tell future genera- tions of the home and migrations of their ancestors.' Ib. p. 214. INTRODUCTION. XI proverbs or proverbial sayings are found to occur, which, in many cases, are so nearly identical that what is ordinarily called translation is scarcely requisite in order to enable the Clevelander to appreciate the Danish saying, or the Dane the Cleveland formula. Thus, Professor Worsaae's expression, at pladske paa seen, is our t' blash upo' t' seea ; jeg har intet imod det, our Ah. hes nowght agen that; han lever inte ved dovv riodd, our he deean't luik as if he lived upo' deeaf nuts ; eg er boden tolv daler, our Ah was bodden (or boden) tolf pund; e hele by er boden til arvel, our t' 'heeal toon 's bodden (or boden) te t' burial, which last word half a century since would probably have been replaced by Arval. All these phrases and numberless others must and do strike upon the observation of the Yorkshireman who is brought into contact with modern Scandinavian either by means of the written tongues or by oral communication : and when one begins to study the matter out, the coincidences, in a percentage of cases which is very large indeed, resolve themselves into identity. It is now several years since, having become myself thoroughly inte- rested in the processes of collection and investigation of the constituents of the Cleveland dialect, and wishing to interest some of my Dales neighbours and parishioners in the subject also, with the hope of, by that means, paving the way for the reception of some assistance in my researches from among them, I threw together notes for a lecture on ' The Traces left by the Ancient Danes in Cleveland/ In the introduc- tory portion of this lecture I drew an outline, necessarily imperfect, but still as faithful and accurate as I could make it within the narrow limits allowed me, and drawing upon both Danish and English historical sources, of the incursions and invasions of the Danes, ending, as they did, in permanent dominion hi Northumbria a dominion, moreover, which in many districts of the province in question most certainly rested upon systematic and effectual colonization of wide tracts.* Inasmuch, however, as Cleveland is not specialty named in this page of history, * ' After the destruction of Repton, the Danes divided themselves into two armies, one of which, under the command of Halfdene, marched to complete the conquest of North- umbria, which they accomplished during the ensuing winter, and extended their depreda- tions as far north as the country of the Picts and Strathclyde Britons. The lands were then parcelled out among the soldiers, who, growing weary of a marauding life, longed to possess settled habitations and fixed property of their own, and, exchanging the sword and battle- axe for the plough, applied themselves to cultivate and beautify the realm which they had so long delighted to devastate.' St. John's Four Conquests of England, i. 265. This was in 876. In 880 a still larger body of military colonists received allotments in the same district and settled upon them. The same thing would, of course, occur again and again without special historical notice where smaller numbers of settlers were concerned, and I have only given the above extract as a sort of embodiment of statements that appear not infre- quently in the pages of both ancient annalists and modern historians. Xii INTRODUCTION. I scarcely think it necessary to give even an outline of it here : it has been done by various hands, both English and foreign, and, with what- ever variation or discrepancy as to minor particulars, yet without any material difference as to the great facts of Danish occupancy, sove- reignty, and lasting local, and even national influence. * Of course what was true of Northumbria generally, of very consider- able tracts in Yorkshire particularly, was as likely, a priori, to be true of Cleveland individually as of any other part of the district ; and consider- ing the geographical position of the tract in question, with Tees-mouth at one extremity and the Esk- mouth at the other, even more likely still. Nay, the very name itself Cleveland the moment enquiry began to turn in the direction indicated, was capable of becoming a witness to the fact that our Dales country, with its fair and fertile valleys and nobly wooded hills, had not been overlooked by the Danish invaders and in- tending settlers. Camden held that Cleveland was ' so called, as it should seem, from precipices, which we call cliffs ;' and although others are found to contend that ' the primary and leading idea of the name is undoubtedly not cliff, but clay, as descriptive of its soil' (Graves' Cleveland, p. 33), yet the existing Old Norse name, Klifflond, not only sets that question at rest by proving the correctness of Camden's sug- gestion, but places in a prominent position the facts that it is of Danish origin ; that the Danes took or obtained sufficient interest in the district to rename it ; and that their influence was sufficiently lasting and power- ful to give the new name currency and permanence. The merest glance beyond the name of the district itself, and directed at what the district contains or includes of the same nature, is sufficient to fix the attention upon the Saxon name Streoneshalh in the South-East, replaced by the Danish name Whitby, and Whitby itself one of a group of equally marked Scandinavian names, Prestebi, Stachesbi, Overbi, Nethrebi, Thingwala ^ Helredale, Gnip or Hauchtsgard, Normanebi, Bertwait, > * ' " Sweyn, king of Denmark, and Olave, king of Norway, a short time before invaded Yorkshire, and reduced it to subjection. For there is, and long has been, a great admix- ture of people of Danish race in that province, and a great similarity of language." Wal- lingford's Chronicle, Gale, p. 570. " Giraldus Cambrensis and John of Wallingford assert in direct terms that there was a strong infusion of Danish in the population and language of our Northern provinces." ' Garnett's Pbil. Essays, p. 187. t The name Thingwala alone, which occurs in the Memorial of Benefactions to Whitby Abbey, quoted entire by Young, pp. 908-913: ' Villam et portum (Maris) de Witebi ; Overbi; et Nethrebi, id est Steinsecher; Tbingwala; Leirpel; Helredale; &c.': this name alone is so marked that it is difficult to conceive it should never have attracted atten- tion from any local historian or antiquarian before. ' Tingwall, hvor, som navnet (\>inga- vbllr) antyder, Oernes Hovedthing gjennem Aarhundreder blev holdt,' as Worsaae says of the famous Thingwal of Shetland, are words fully as expressive, beyond doubt, and as capable of application in the case of the Whitby Thingwala, as in Chester, Orkney, Ross- INTRODUCTION. xiii Setwaii, Thordisa, and others, all included within the limits of what is now the parish of Whitby; and, on the North- West, upon Mtdleburg, now Middlesborough, with its neighbour Arusum, Aresum or Harhusum (Aarhuus],* now Airsome, together with the closely adjoining Lachenebi, Leisingebi, Ormesbi, Englebt, Tormozbt, Linthorpe, Arnodestorp, and the like, all of them equally suggestive with the Whitby group of local names. In fact, the more closely investigation of this kind is pushed the more striking is the result ; and an analysis of the Cleveland names as given in the Domesday Survey, with occasional illustration or addition from other ancient documents, will I think prove not uninstructive. Taking Cleveland proper, together with Whitby and so much of the adjoining district as is grouped with it in the Domesday Summary of ' Langeberge Wapentac,' we have the following names of places, ending I. in bi. Witebi (Whitby) Prestebi (lost) Normanebi (Normanby, near Whitby) Ulgeberdesbi (Ugglebarnby) Baldebi (Baldby Fields, near Whitby) Staxebi (Stakesby) Barnebi (Barnby) Alewardebi, or Elwordebi (Ellerby) Michelbi (Mickleby) Grimesbi Bergelbi, Bergebi (Borrowby) Rozebi, Roscebi (Roxby) Asuluebi, Asvluesbi (i. e. Asolf's-by, Aislaby) shire, or Shetland itself. It was, as surely as in these other cases, the bovedtbing or principal political and judicial meeting-place for the district ; and it speaks very intelligibly of the extent to which the district was not only under the influence of, but inhabited by, men of Northern or Danish origin, that such a place of meeting should have existed in Cleveland. * On the South Jutland coast there are two towns nearly adjacent, one of which is Midle- burg, the other Aarhuus. It is scarcely possible that the coincidence of name in the case of the two Cleveland Danish settlements and in their S. Jutland neighbours should be merely accidental. Again, the name Upsal occurs once in Cleveland, and, besides, just on the borders. I believe one Essex village has forty-eight representatives and namesakes in New England (Gent. Mag. vol. ii. 1863, p. 698), to say nothing of the literally innumerable examples of which Boston or Chelmsford is a type. Even our own Danby is born again in Canada West, in the name given by an emigrant from hence to the settlement he has formed near Niagara. Beyond any reasonable doubt the same feeling and practice in the days of the Old Northmen originated such Cleveland names as those now under notice : in other words, that emigrants from Upsala, Aarhuus, Midleburg, named their new residences after their ancient or original ones. XIV INTRODUCTION. Bollebi, Bolebi (Boulby) Danebi (Danby) Lesingebi, Leisingebi, Lesighebi (Lazenby) Lachenebi, Lachebi (Lackenby) Normanebi (Normanby, near Eston) Ormesbi (Ormsby) Bernodebi (Barnaby) Esebi (Easby) Badresbi (Battersby) Tollesbi (Tolesby) Colebi (Coulby Manor) Maltebi (Maltby) Englebi (Ingleby Hill) Turmozbi, Tormozbi (Thornaby) Steinesbi (Stainsby) Berguluesbi, Bergolbi Turoldesbi, Toroldesbi (Thoraldby) Rodebi (Hutton Rudby) Englebi (Ingleby Greenhow) Cherchebi (Kirby, near Stokesley) Dragmalebi (Dromonby) Buschebi (Buzby) Feizbi, Fezbi (Faceby) Englebi (Ingleby Arncliff) Bordalebi, Bordlebi (Mount Grace Priory) To these may be added, from other sources : Swainby Newby (in Seamer) Yearby (in Kirkleatham) Netherbi, Overbi (in Whitby) II. in thorpe. Ugetorp, Ughetorp (Ugthorpe) Roschetorp, Roscheltorp (possibly Hailthorpe, near Sca- ling) Arnodestorp (probably Arnold's Toft near Linthorpe, in Acklam) Torp (Kilton Thorpe) Torp (Nunthorpe) Torp (Pinchingthorpe) INTRODUCTION. XV Besides Ainthorpe (in Danby)* Sneatonthorpe Linthorpe or Leventhorpe III. in urn. Jarum (Yarm) Morehusum, Morhusum (Moorsholm) Locthusum, Loctusum (Lofthouse) Westlidum, Westlidf (Kirkleatham) Upelider (Upleatham) Lid (Lythe) Florum, Flore (Flowergate, Whitby) Achelum, Aclun (Acklam) Laclum, Lelun (Lealholm) Toscotnm, Tocstune (Toccotes) Cotum (Coatham) Ergun * The history of this name is rather a curious one. In a Register of Burial, 1623, the name is written Armitthwaite ; in the map in Graves' Cleveland it is Armanthwaite ; in a plan of the Manor, dated A.D. 1751, and hanging in the entry of Danby Lodge, it is Arm- thwaite. But the tbwaite has completely given place to the tborpe, and in the customary pronunciation in the mouth of a true Clevelander it becomes Ain-t'rup, the b being almost entirely suppressed. This provokes comparison with the like names so frequently occurring in Denmark, and in which the old j>or/> has given place to the modern tr-up. f 4 I look upon Westlid and Lid as unquestionably abbreviations for Westlidum, Lidum. !t is worthy of notice that, independently of Domesday Westlidum, we have also another ancient form of the same name in Lithum, besides the forms Uplium and Lyum for Upleatham. It is a matter of tolerable certainty that all these names in -um are simply datives plural. There is no doubt in such cases as Morehusum, Locthusum, Arusum or Arhusum, Toscotum, Cotum, and Lidum. About Jarum, Achelum, Laclum or Lelun, and Ergum, it is necessary to speak with more reserve, from uncertainty as to their etymology. The locality of the last-named is uncertain. ' Dimidium piscariae de Hergum ' is mentioned in the Whitby ' Memorial of Benefactions' given by Dr. Young (p. 908), and, according to that author, the Ergum or Hergum in question is 'near Bridlington' (p. 912). As far as one can derive a suggestion from the geographical course taken by the Domesday scribe, the Cleveland Ergun may have been in the neighbourhood of Ayton. In the Summary, the order is Ormesbi, Upeshale, Bernodebi, Torp (Pinchingthorpe), Ergun, Arun, Neuuetun, Mortun, Torp (Nunthorpe), &c. In the notice of the King's Lands, it is Upesale, Torp, Ergun, Atun, Neuueton, Mortun, Torp. The only existing name, however, anywhere in the vicinity, which presents any resemblance or analogy to Ergum is Arcan, given in Ord's Map : Arcan Hill, a little way north of Seamer. The Ordnance map makes this Harker Hill ; but unfortunately local names have been put in so recklessly in these otherwise ad- mirable maps that that authority is less than nothing in such questions. It may be men- tioned, however, that the ' Ergum or Hergum near Bridlington' is no doubt coincident with what is written Argam in the Ordnance maps. Xvi INTRODUCTION. Also Arusum, Aresum, Harhusum (Airsome) IV. in clif. Cmmbeclif, Crumbeclive (Crunkley) Roudeclif, Roudclive (Rockcliff) Jerneclif, Gerneclif, Erneclive (Arncliffe Ingleby) V. in borg. Golborg. Goldeburg (Goldsborough) Ghigesborg, Gighesborc, Ghigesburg (Guisborough) Also Mydelburghe, Midlesburg (Middlesborough) VI. in dale. Childale (Kildale) Camisedale (Commondale) Besides Westerdale Basdale, Basedale Glasdale, Glasedale Handale or Grendale Scugdale VII. in grif. Grif (Mulgrave) Also Skynnergrefe, Skinergreive, Skengrave (Skinningrove) VIII. in al. Upeshale, Upesale (Upsal) Wercheshala, Wercesel, Wyreshel (Worsall) Tonestale, Tonnestale (Tunstal) IX. not admitting of classification. Ghinipe (' Gnip, i. e. Hauchesgard ;' Gnipe Howe near Hawsker, Young, p. 909). Figelinge, Figlinge, Nort Figelinge (Fyling Dales) Breche, Brecca (Brackenridge, near Whitby) Semer, Semers (Seamer) INTRODUCTION. xvii Mersch, Mersc (Marske) Dunesla, Dunesle (Dtmsley) Ildreuuelle, Hildreuuelle (Hinderwell) Berewic (Berwick) Cratorn, Cratorne (Crathorne) Stocheslag, Stocheslage (Stokesley) Codreschelf, Codeschelf (Skutterskelf) X. in ham. Neuham, Neuueham, Niweham (Newham in Acklam) Neuham, Neueham (Newholm, near Whitby) XI. in ton or tun. Snetune, Sneton (Sneaton) Hotune, Hotone (Hutton Mulgrave) Neutone (Newton Mulgrave) Egetune (Egton) Scetune, Scetun (Seaton Hall) Esingetun, Esingeton (Easington) Liuretun (Liverton) Steintun, Esteintona (Stanghow) Chiltune, Chilton (Kilton) Brotune, Broctune (Brotton) Sceltun, Scheltun (Skelton) Midletun, Middeltone (Middleton, near Guisborough) Hotun (Hutton Lowcross) Tornetun (Thornton Fields) Wiltune, Widtune (Wilton) Astun, Astune (Eston) Atun (Great Ayton) Atun alia (Little Ayton) Neuuetun, Nietona (Newton) Mortun (Morton) Martun, Martune (Marton) Himelintun, Himeligetun (Hemlington) Steintun (Stainton) Torentun (Thornton) Tametun (Tameton, or Tanton) Hiltun, Hiltune (Hilton) Mideltun, Middeltun (Middleton) Fostun, Foxtun (Foxton, High and Low) Broctun, Broctun magna (Great Broughton) Xviii INTRODUCTION. Broctun alia (Little Broughton) Hotun (Hutton Rudby) Carletun (Carlton) Blatun Gotun, Goutun, Golton (Goulton) Wirueltun (Whorlton) Rontun, Rantune (Rounton) Lentune, Leuetona (Kirk Levington) Leuetone alia (Castle Levington) Apeltune (Appleton on Wiske) On the whole, there are in the above list 119 names of places as given in Domesday, of which thirty-eight end in -by, six in -torp, twelve in -urn, three in -cltf, two in -borg, two in -dale, one in -grif, three in -al, all of which are indisputably of Danish origin. There are besides eleven not admitting of classification, of which, however, several must be Danish ; as, for instance, Ghinipe, Figlinge, Semer, Mersc, Cratorne, Codreschelf ; and also, two in -ham, thirty-nine in -ion. Of the latter it is only neces- sary here to say, that, while it is a mistake to assume -ton to be an exclusively Anglo-Saxon termination in names of places (tun being also an Old Norse word and still used in Iceland in connection with a farmer's residence), in not a few cases among these Cleveland names in -tun or -ton we find the same prefixes as are met with in other names of undoubted Danish origin and etymology. For instance, Childale, Chiltune; Sceltun, Scalethwaite, Skelderskeugh ; Mideltun, Midelburg. Others again for instance, Carletun, Astun, Tornetun as in the case of such names as Baldersbi, Leisingebi, Danebi, Cratorn, leave but little doubt that the former element in them is Danish; and thus, on the whole, we come to something like the conclusion that at least seventy- five per cent, of the Domesday names of Cleveland localities is certainly Old Danish, and very possibly a larger proportion still. But independently of the names recorded in Domesday there are mul- titudes of others, an enumeration and examination of which advance the conclusion just stated more convincingly yet. The names of the several townships of the divers parishes not separately specified in the Domes- day record are, in many cases, more decidedly Old Danish than even the names of the parishes themselves. Thus in Whorlton parish are the townships of Swainby, Huthwaite, Scarth or Scarth-wood, Potto (Pot- howe), Trenholm, Scugdale ; all, without an exception, of distinct or exclusive Northern origin. In short, of some twenty-four or twenty-five such Cleveland names, we have three in -by, one in -thwaite, two in -thorpe, three in -howe, one in -holm, five in -dale, one in -grif, six in -wick, one in -burn, one in -car, three not classed, of which one INTRODUCTION. XIX Staithes is surely Norse Slod (see Staith), leaving Picton as almost, if not quite, the only name of Anglo-Saxon origin. But, supposing the investigation to be pushed further yet, and espe- cially with the aid which ancient documents give in addition to the in- formation derivable from still existing or identifiable designations, the result is even still more conclusive. Thus in the case of Whitby as above noticed Overbi, Nethrebi, Thingwala, Helredale, Gnip, Bertwait, Setwait, Sourebi, Thordisa, all appear in deeds connected with the Abbey, as the names of Whitby localities. In the parish of Danby, again, besides Ainthorpe, already named, as the township of Glaisdale, as also Danby Botton, Dale Head, Clitherbecks, Butterwick, Fryop, Houlsyke : and this without mentioning similar names that is to say, all of direct Danish origin distinguishing local divisions of lesser im- portance. But the evidence derivable from the local terminology of the district, striking and conclusive as it is as to the facts of the effectual and per- manent occupation of Cleveland by the Northmen, is not only supple- mented, but rendered vastly more striking and unquestionable, by a mass of testimony of a different kind, and supplied by the Domesday volume. At the time of the survey therein recorded, or, rather, shortly pre- ceding it, the owners of landed property in Cleveland were almost exclu- sively distinguished by Danish names. Thus, Hauuard (Havard) had possessions in Yarm, Kirk Levington, Easby and Battersby. Siuuard (Siward or Sigur^r) in Ugthorpe, Liverton, Lofthouse, Upleatham, Acklam. Ulf in Crathorne. Ligulf in Kildale, Ugthorpe, Normanby. Archil (Arnkell) in Faceby, Thoraldby, Marton. Ulchel (Ulfkell) in Ayton, Nunthorpe, Guisborough, Marton, &c. Aschel (Askell) in Ayton. Torchil (Thorkell) in Kilton. Orme or Orm in Ormsby, Appleton, Kildale, Danby, Commondale. Leising or Lesing (Leisingr, a freed man) in Faceby, Tunstal, Tameton, Guisborough, Normanby, Busby, Acklam, &c. Gamel in Skutterskelf. Game (? Gamel) in Ugthorpe. Tor (Thor) in East Rounton. Altor (Althor) in Wilton. Carl (Karl or Karle) in East Rounton. Aluer (Alfr) in Hilton. C 2 XX INTRODUCTION. Turorne (Thorarinn) in Ayton. Norman (Nor i 6mtt6r, a Norwegian) in Ayton, Broughton, Hinder- well, Marske, Kirkleatham, Wilton, Upsal. Suuen (Sweyn) in Egton, Lythe, Goldsborough, Mickleby, Bor- rowby, Roxby, &c. Walteof (Valtheofr) in Eston. Malgrim in Ingleby Arncliffe. Gospatric in Whorlton, Carlton, Seamer, &c. Aldred in Ayton. Uctred in Stokesley, Seaton, Skelton, Brotton, Moorsholm, Guis- borough, Stainsby, &c. Edmund in Ayton, Pinchingthorpe, Marton, Toleby, Stainton, &c. Magbanec in Newton. Lieuenot in Lazenby. In all, we have here twenty-seven names (without allowing for possible duplicates, the existence of which may be suspected in one place, if not in more) : of these twenty-seven, Magbanec would almost seem to be Celtic ; Lieuenot, unless it be Norman-French, is hard to class ; Edmund and Aldred are Anglo-Saxon ; all the rest are Danish : and, what is remarkable, with one exception that of Orm different from those of the original nomenclators of the settlements or properties or manors possessed by them a fact that shews most conclusively not only the extent or prevalence of the Danish colonization, but also its secured permanency. * * This may be the best place to advert to a singular and extremely interesting confir- mation of the views advanced in the text, which has been afforded during the latter half of the year 1867 by the disclosures made in the course of the works connected with the rebuilding of Kildale Church. In digging for the foundations of the new north wall, and also in excavating along the middle of the nave for the reception of the warming-apparatus, a number of skeletons, in perfect preservation, were dug upon, in company with several of which were objects of bronze, and weapons of iron (swords, daggers, and a battle-axe) of such a distinctly marked character that there could be as little doubt of their origin as of their antiquity. They were unmistakeably Danish, and there could be no room left for uncer- tainty as to the fact that the mediseval church, the last remains of which had been so lately removed, had been built upon the site of a cemetery which had been such from the ninth century, downwards. It may be also mentioned that among the skulls obtained, but not from the skeletons in connection with the arms only in company with them as co-tenants of the same burial-ground were some of such singularly marked dolicho-cephalic character as to raise the question whether they could be accounted for otherwise than by supposing them to have been the heads of captives or ' thralls ' brought from the remote North by the immigrant Danish appropriators of the place in question. All these weapons and other objects passed under the hands of the writer, and the skulls were measured by him, and his accounts and measurements submitted to some of the most eminent archaeologists of the day, as well as to the London Society of Antiquaries ; his conclusions being admitted, on all hands, to be entirely satisfactory and well established. INTRODUCTION. Xxi But not only were the lords of the soil thus unmistakeably Danish at the time of the Conquest, the inferior orders or sons of the soil must have been so as well. For in a charter of Henry I, confirming certain gifts to Guisborough Priory, made by members of the Lascelles family, we find specified, among such gifts, certain persons and families, who, as villanes, were transferred like so much stock of any other description, and whose names were as follows : Robert, the son of Ketell ; Godwin ; Ervice, the son of Aslac ; Wigan, the son of Gamel ; Robert, the son of Ralph ; Ralph, the son of Godwin ; Ingeberg, the son of Aslac ; Alice, the wife of Serlo, with their followers (children) ; Ralph, the son of William, the son of Turgis, with all his followers; Gunilda, mother of the same. Ketell. Aslac (two of the name), Ingeberg, Gunilda, Gamel, Ralph, Turgis, Godwin but little in the way of comment is required when such names preponderate. They speak very intelligibly as to the ori- ginal nationality of no small proportion of the lower orders of the popu- lation in certain districts of Yorkshire some two generations later than the Conquest. After the production of such a mass of evidence as that which has thus been closed we can have no hesitation about admitting such state- ments as John of Wallingford's touching the ' great admixture of people of Danish race' in Yorkshire, and applying them especially to Cleveland; and the further allegation as to the ' great similarity of language,' follow- ing necessarily as a corollary, must be admitted with equal frankness. But still the question remains as to the measure or degree of ' similarity' between the Scandinavian tongues and the Old Northumbrian, even on the admission that it was really ' great ;' and the question is one which has been differently dealt with by different writers, and consequently fur- nished with different solutions. Some would make Northumbrian a Scandinavian dialect, and others ignore no small proportion of what in it is certainly Scandinavian or nothing. And even in the case of others more moderate and impartial, and perhaps also better qualified, by their general learning as well as by their philological attainments, to pro- nounce with some decision upon the subject mooted, there is no little difference as to the relative amounts of the elements which go to make up the mingled mass they agree in calling a Dano-Saxon dialect. Thus Mr. Garnett decides that because ' in the Scandinavian dialects the de- finite article is uniformly postpositive and coalesces with its substantive,' and in the Northumbrian dialects the same article is a distinct prepo- sitive term, therefore the said article is not the Scandinavian article.* Mr. Peacock, on the other hand, contends and the fact that his con- * Garnett's Collected Essays, p. 49. xxii INTRODUCTION. elusions are published in the Transactions of the Philological Society lends them a positive weight, which otherwise they might not carry not only that the grammar of the dialects in question is in many particulars Scandinavian, but that ' the first and most remarkable characteristic of Northumbrian is the definite article or more properly the demonstrative pronoun, 't which is an abbreviation of the Old Norse neuter demon- strative pronoun hit, Sw. and Dan. et.'* ' There have been retained,' he continues (Ib, pp. 6, 7), ' amongst the Northumbrian dialects certain expressions which are identical with Scandinavian ones at the present day, and these leave it beyond doubt that the word so abridged is no other than the Scandinavian neuter art. hit or et. . . . In Tauchnitz's Swed. and Eng. Dictionary (pocket ed. Leipzig 1861) under the word brost = Eng. breast, among other phrases connected with that word, we find "Att gifva barnet brostet To give the child suck" (lit. to give the child the breast). ' In N. Lonsdale and in Westmoreland the same phrase would be " At give 't barn 't brest." where we find the two expressions identical, word for word, except for the postpositive situation of the Swedish article et, which twice occurs as a suffix to the nouns barn and brost. Now suppose, by way of illus- tration, we make the Sw. art. /^positive instead of /w/positive, the sentence would then stand thus : Sw. Att gifva et barn et brost, Northumb. At give 't barn 't brest, and the identity of every word is at once apparent; the only difference being that the initial letter e in the article suffers aphaeresis in the provincial of Northumbria.' t Mr. Peacock further considers the apparent ' outrage on the Scandi- navian idiom' herein involved, the result of an ' amalgamation of their languages' among the two races ' the established Saxon settlers,' and * Some leading Characteristics of the Dialects spoken in Ancient Nor.'bumbria, p. 5. t Mr. Peacock's want of full acquaintance with the Scandinavian tongues disqualified him for perceiving the fallacy of his argument, not to say its intrinsic worthlessness, origi- nating in the circumstance that he argues on the supposition that all nouns are simply neuter. It so happens in the sentence quoted that both the nouns, barn and brost, are neuter, and therefore both take the postpositive et. But what is to be said of sluitningen = Northumb. ' t' slope," bistorien = ' t' history,' both feminine and both occurring in the first sentence of the first Swedish book lying near enough to me to be opened ? Of kroppen = ' t' body,' bamnen = ' t' spirit ' (or uncorporeal part), brodren = ' t' brother,' &c., all mascu- line, and to say nothing of the inflections, in the plural, of these masculine and feminine nouns nay of the neuter ones also ? The fact is, Mr. Peacock's theory scarcely applies to one case in twenty that would occur in every-day, homely talk in a Swedish company, and becomes less available still as applied to the Old Norse definite nouns, as the merest glance at Rask's Grammar by Dasent, pp. 74, 75, abundantly shews. Out of the sixty-four case- endings of definite nouns given there, precisely four are found with the final t or it. . INTRODUCTION. XX111 the invading Northmen consequent on their eventual intermixture. He assumes ' a fusion of language, the grammar as well as the voca- bulary, continuing to gravitate until it came to something common to both/ The definite article would have of course to be dealt with among other things, and would present one of the greatest difficulties, but the difficulty would 'end in a compromise in which the Saxon adopted the Scandinavian article, and the Northman became reconciled to the Saxon mode of placing it.' (Ib. p. 8.) But not to dwell upon the unnecessary ingenuity displayed in thus accounting for the form of the Northumbrian definite article, it may be observed that the writer, equally with Mr. Garnett, overlooks the fact that the prepositive definite article is not unknown in the Scandinavian dialects ; in other words, is not ' uniformly postpositive,' does not ' uni- formly coalesce with its substantive.' ' The most striking peculiarity about the South Jutland dialect,' says Mr. Kok, ' is that it does not apply the coalescing (vedhcengte) or definite post-positive article (endear tikel). Either no article at all is employed, as om Dag, om Nat, om Summer, &c., or it is replaced by den, det, de t as den Hostruper, the Hostrup man, de Tanderinger, the T0nder folks ; or, what is most common of all, by simple e or #-, which is used pre- positively and is the same for all genders and numbers ; as, e By, e Barn, e Bynder, the farmers, e hele Hus! * The same writer, in reply to the remark that the article in question, the prepositive e or ce, is a proof of German, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon or English influence, proceeds as follows : ' In our oldest Danish that of the thirteenth century the postpositive article -en, -et, -ene, is of very rare occurrence ; a circumstance which, as Molbech observes, may very well corroborate Grimm's remark, that the usage in question " may well appear to be one of later introduction and originally unknown in the Northern speech, but which becomes of more frequent occurrence the lower we come down in the stream of time."t In Henrik Harpe- streng's (died 1244) Lcegebog it is met with only two or three times. Much the same is true of the Haderslev and Flensborg Stadsretter, the latter bearing date 1284, the former 1292, and both written in the speech * Det Dansbe Fottesprog in Sanderjylland, ved Johannes Kok, Sogne przst i Barkal ved Tander, p. 161. t ' It is also concluded that the final article was not in use in the more ancient periods (of the speech), and that it was at a comparatively later time that it came into that general use which we are accustomed to. Even as it is, in certain cases it is dropped in familiar language ; for instance, in neuter nouns in e, where the suffixed t is not sounded, as in Belte(t); and also in feminines in a, where the added n in all cases drops out, as in /Wo/Wor for klakkan.' Aasen's Norsk Grammatik, p. 157. xxiv INTRODUCTION. % of the burghers of that time. The postpositive article occurs from time to time, but frequently it is either omitted altogether, or else replaced by the pronoun than, that, te (den, det, de) ; as the Bymen, the townsmen ; then By, the town or village, the Born, the bairns ; tha mugha thefrander ei takce the Born meth thera gooz i.thera goma, utan the/rander gores full wissa : in that case the relatives must not take the children into their guardianship, except the relatives give full security, &c. ' From the pronoun than, that, the,' continues Mr. Kok, ' the article e or a has been derived on this wise: hurried articulation has first dropped the final n or /, and next the aspirated or lisping initial conso- nant th (}>), so that nothing but e or ce was left remaining. Correspond- ing rejections of the final n or / are of continual occurrence in the common speech of Norway, in the dialect of Funen, and in North Jutland, and even, finally, in the ordinary or every-day conversational speech of the Danes, as de mand, de Hus. But, perhaps, the most con- vincing proof that the article e is thus derived is found in the South Jutland dialect, which still employs den, det, de, where the standard lan- guage uses the postpositive article ; as, det er de Pikers Lam : that is the girl's lamb, for det er Pigernes Lam; de Tendringer, de Abollinger, de Shatter, &c. ; and, in the Bible, de Romere, de Korintier, &c. This use of the pronoun den, de can only be regarded as a trace still remaining of a once general Danish mode of speech which the Jutlanders have omitted to change as time rolled on.' This may serve, perhaps, to throw some light upon the true nature, or origin and history, of the Northumbrian definite article. On the one side, Mr. Garnett's statement is seen to be by far too sweeping. On the other, there seems to be no necessity for subscribing to Mr. Peacock's theory of amalgamation and compromise. It is a fact that up to the end of the tenth century the influx of the Danes had not materially changed the written dialect of Northumbria. * In the fourteenth cen- tury, however, the innovations, alterations and additions due to them * ' It appears that the admixture of the Northmen in the population of the Northum- brian provinces had not produced its full effect upon the language in the tenth century ; as, with the exception of one or two isolated words, there is nothing that can be satisfactorily referred to that class of dialects, either in the Durham Texts or the Rushworth Gospels. In the fourteenth century the traces of this influence become much stronger. The ' Cursor Mundi* and the Northumbrian metrical version of the Psalms abound with words totally unknown in the Saxon dialects, but of regular occurrence in Icelandic, Danish and Swedish. One of the most remarkable of these is the Scandinavian prefix to infinitives, at think, at do, instead of to tbink, to do, which is an unequivocal criterion of a purely Northern dialect, and an equally certain one of the Scandinavian influence whereby that dialect has been modified.' Garnett's Phil. Essays, p. 188. The author then proceeds to give several other illustrations of Danish words and grammatical forms. But neither he nor any other writer INTRODUCTION. XXV had been fully effected, although at what particular epoch in the interval we have no evidence to shew. The inevitable inference, of course, is, that the change which is faintly becoming sensible in the tenth century goes steadily on and is accomplished within the next two or three gene- rations ; in other words, becomes un fait accompli at a period somewhat antecedent to that of what Mr. Kok calls ' our oldest Danish' (celdste Dansk), when the postpositive article was of very rare occurrence and open to be characterised as an innovation unknown to the: original Northern speech (en sildigere for de Nordiske sprog oprindelig ubekjendt Indretm'ng), and when, in the Danish writings still extant, the preposi- tive definite article perpetually took the form of the, or more rarely thet. If we further bear in mind that our English sound of th was unknown almost impossible to the Scandinavian tongue ; that as Thor was and is sounded almost as we sound Tor,* so the must have been sounded nearly as our te; we arrive at the conclusion that the Northumbrian definite article, after all, may be, or rather almost certainly is, the Old Danish definite article, but that its proper form is /', and not '/, as Mr. Peacock would write it. Again, while strongly asserting the importance of the particles in indicating the origin of a dialect or language, Mr. Garnett seems scarcely to allow for the number actually existing in the Northumbrian dialects, and still less for those which may have once been in use, but have since passed out under the inevitable influence of advancing knowledge and intercourse with the more Saxon parts of the kingdom. ' The presence or absence of a few Norse particles/ he says, ' proves nothing decisive either way. Those which are wanting may have become obsolete, and those which actually occur might be introduced by the Danish invaders.' t But our question being ' How much in our dialect is due to the in- on the subject seems to make any allowance for what not only may, but must, have been lost. In this one district alone the author of the Wbitby Glossary and myself have noted probably not less than fifty words hitherto unrecorded, of which the great majority may be pronounced to be exclusively Scandinavian. A few years more and these would have been finally lost. Nay, it is a common remark among many of the more intelligent of the Cleveland Dalesmen, when led to speak on the subject, that their dialect has lost not only sensibly but very considerably within their own recollection a fact that I am myself able to bear personal testimony to. And it is idle to suppose that Cleveland affords an excep- tional case in this particular. Probably many hundreds of words, which have never been written, are lost for ever, and a slow but perpetual change in idiom and construction has now nearly reached its last stage ; namely, that characteristic of mere ordinary or homely English. * Note the name Tor in the Domesday list of owners of land. f Pbil. Essays, p. 51. The author is contesting the position that Lowland Scottish is to be regarded as a Scandinavian dialect ; and regarding, as he of course does, Scottish as ' standing in the closest affinity to that used on the bank of the Tees and the Tyne ; being, d XXVi INTRODUCTION. fluence of the Daman invaders ?' the reasonable course appears to be to enquire how many of our existing particles are either certainly or most probably Scandinavian in origin, and what likelihood there is that others may have become obsolete. I. As certainly Scandinavian I specify aback, behind, in the rear of, O. N. dbak. amell, between, O. N. dmilli. amid, among, O. N. dmedal. at, to, O. N. at, apud, cum, quod attinet ad. an, than, O. N. an, Sw. an. an, if, O. Sw. cen. at, that, O. N. at, Sw. att, &c. at efter, afterwards, N. atefter, Dan. efter at. efter, after, O. N. eptir, eftir. fra, frav, from, O. N.frd, which as spoken becomes frav before a vowel. fur, for, O. N. fyr,fyrir. i, iv, in, O. N. i. of, off, * of, from, out of, Dan. of. intil, intiv, into, Sw. intill. til, tiv, to, O. N. til. wi', wiv, with, O. N. vf, Dan. ved. helder, rather, in preference, O. N. helldr. inoo, mow, presently, Dan. / et nu. backlings, t backwards, S. Jutl. baglcengs. parlous, greatly, terribly, Da.n.fertich. sae, so, Sw. sa, Dan. saa. sair, very, exceedingly, Dan. saare. nine ! be off, away with you, Dan. hedan. II. As probably Scandinavian : a, J in, on, O. N. d, in, upon. The compounds with a, as afoore, aside, asteead, &c. off on. out in (perhaps Dan. utari). in fact like that Northumbrian Saxon, with a strong infusion of Danish,' what he ad- vances with respect to the former must be, in the main, held to be applicable to the latter. * As in the phrase ' A foal off yon meear.' t This is a representative of a numerous class; as, nearlings, maistlings, fair- lings, &c. In such phrases as ' It ligs a that hand.' INTRODUCTION. XXV11 noo, now, Sw. nu. oft, offens, often, Dan. ofte. sen, syne, Sw. sedan. Both these lists might be increased : the latter largely so. The pecu- liar Northern interjections a ! eh !, and the adverbial forms in som, * as what-som, how-som, in whatsomever, howsomever compare Dan. hvadsomhelst, &c. are almost certainly Scandinavian, and so_also are the assentative and negative particles ay, neya (Sw. nej, &c.), not to mention other less obtrusive forms. But independently of what actually remains, what presumption is there that the Northumbrian dialects still retain all the particles originally in- troduced by the Northern invaders ? Mr. Garnett adverts to an ' inscription commemorating the foundation of the edifice, or more probably of a preceding one/ still extant in Aid- burgh Church, Holderness, in the following terms Ulf het arcean cyricefor hanum and for Gunihara saula : Ulf bid erect the church for him and for the soul of Gunthar, as remarkable in a philological point of view. The word hanum is the O. N. dative of hann (he), Sw. honom, ' a form unknown in all the Saxon dialects.' f What has become of that dative? This Aldburgh inscription is the sole remaining testimony to what we know, as well as if our own ears had listened to the speech of those days, must have been the almost exclusive equivalent for our modern to or for him. Again, amell has nearly passed out of use. I have not heard it myself once in the twenty-one years of intercourse I have had with the Cleveland Dalesmen ; that is to say, as a word con- tinuing in familiar use. Many of them are still familiar with its meaning, and it remains in the compound word Amell-door ; but another gene- ration will not know either its sound or its meaning. Arval, too, has * ' Another remarkable Scandinavianism is the particle sum in the sense of as, Dan. som : e. g. " Swa sum we forgive oure detturs." This form appears to be now obsolete.' Garnett, Phil. Essays, p. 189. t Pbd. Essays, p. 188. It is worthy of notice that another and like inscription, dis- covered in 1771, over the south door of Kirkdale church, near Kirby Moorside (Young's Wbitby, p. 741). and fixing its own date to about 1055-1064, is conceived in Anglo-Saxon words although commemorating the pious deed of Orm the son of Gamel ; names as exclu- sively Scandinavian as the Ulf of the inscription commented on by Mr. Garnett. It was perhaps natural, not to say necessary, in the relative conditions of intellectual culture of the resident Anglo-Saxons and the invading Danes, that the language of the former should be, so to speak, the language of literature, and the repository of most of the records which it was desirable to make. There is abundant reason for supposing that the invaders and the invaded found little difficulty in making themselves mutually intelligible, and this would furnish another reason why Anglo-Saxon might by common consent continue in use as the written language, for even some considerable time after the spoken language had become almost or even far more Danish than Saxon. da XXviii INTRODUCTION. gone quite, and I question if there be two men in the existing population of this parish who can remember having heard it in common use. The common English word 'burial/ with a sufficient latitude of meaning assigned to it to make it imply ' entertainment on occasion of the burial,' has replaced it. Probably the history of our dialect, in common with its co-members of the general Northumbrian tongue, has been for some centuries one of slow alteration, due to the substitution of English words and forms for Northumbrian ones; the substitution itself origi- nating in the greater diffusion of the standard tongue by means of books, enlarged intercourse with people who used it, attendance on the public ministrations of the Church, and the gradual innovations of in- creasing connection with the outer districts. It might be a work of time ; but most of the causes specified have been more or less strongly in operation since the Reformation, and some of them would begin to operate from the time that the provinces began to be really and effec- tually constituent parts of one consolidated kingdom. And thus not only hanum would give place to A. S. and O.E. him, him, but igjennem would yield to \urh (through), leaving only gain, gain-way as its repre- sentatives ; among, amang would encroach upon amell ; or, nor, owther, nowther, and so forth, assume and maintain their present exclusive right of usage.* Aljowing then for the tolerably lengthy list of particles of Northern origin which are still in use (or only just obsolete) and for the inevitable loss of sundry others, there must have been originally not simply ' a few,' but a goodly number of these 'winged words' introduced by the old Danish invaders. A few words next on the subject of accents f may perhaps not be out * Some twelvemonth ago, on going through Towiiel. Myst. again, I jotted down the words which, appearing in it, from their absence in the local glossaries seemed to be no longer current either in West Yorkshire or any other part of the county. The list, though formed with no special object, and therefore somewhat loosely and carelessly made, numbers forty-eight words, and a selection made almost at random shews the nature of the gaps indicated : and, spirit, breath, O. N. andi, Dan. aande ; ro, rest, O. N. ro, Dan. ro ; syn, sinew, O. N. s/, Dan. sene; rose, rouse, praise, celebrate, O. N. brosa, Dan. rose; bodworde, precept, O. N. bodord; skete, quickly, O. N. skjott, Dan. skjat; layn, conceal, O. N. leyna, N. loyna, Sw. D. lona; and so on. A similar examination prosecuted carefully and systematically in Hampole's writings, Sir Gawayne and Grene Knight, E. Eng, Allit. Poems, and other like sources, would, there is no doubt, give a very long list indeed of purely Scandinavian words which have dropped out of use during the last four or five centuries. t Mr. Garnett, Phil. Essays, p. 62, remarks upon ' the importance of the accents of words in etymology,' and proceeds to illustrate the subject as follows : ' Frav, Frev, from Craven Gl., Cumbrian. Barbarous corruptions ! many of our readers will say. They are nevertheless genuine descendants of the Scandinavian frd, still pronounced frav in Iceland. We may add, that in the Icelandic Lexicons we find d (agna, ovis feminina) a word to all INTRODUCTION. XXix of place, nor without some value in indicating something more as to the measure in which our dialect is indebted to the ancient Danes. We have two words which are homonyms for ' little,' lile and lahtle, the former of which is referred to Dan. /*'//an kaisere.' Before the caiser. Again, to mention but one other like instance, we find our common expressions gan nor stand, gan or ride (equivalent to ' walk or stand,' ' walk or ride'), not only in Layamon, but the latter also in Piers Ploughman, the idiom, in the Vision, corresponding to the former being steppe ne stand. I turn now to ask attention to a very few grammatical peculiarities. The definite article has been already dealt with. Some few plurals in en yet remain ; as owsen, housen, een, (eyen). Childer is also heard : but beyond these forms there is no deviation from the ordinary English noun forms, except indeed as to the genitive. The Cleveland man invariably says bird nest, not ' bird's nest,' men names, not ' men's names,' stee foot, bank top, instead of ' foot of the Stee' (ladder), 'top of the Bank' (hill) a construction of frequent occurrence in Chaucer, and met with in P. Ploughm.* Merlin, Halt Meidenhad, S. Marherete, &c., as well as in Towneley Myst. and other books of Northumbrian origin, passim. The relative pronoun at (see At, below, in the Glossary) is still in full use, while wheea, corresponding to O. N. hverr, supplies the inter- rogative form. The second personal pronoun, thou, is of continual use among the people themselves, but you, nolye, plural. Among the adjectives are a few which are compared by the addition of more and most as suffixes, instead of in the ordinary manner, as bettermore (usually bettermy or bettermer), nearmer, farmost, backmest, &c. The forms farr = further, narr = nearer, farr'st, neest = furthest, nearest, are also in continual use. In the class of verbs, there are some noticeable deviations from English usage. Thus sleep, creep, hear, in their pr,eterite forms become sleep'd, creep' d, hear'd (sounded heerd : not as E. heard is). Wash, wax, snow, make wesh, wex, snew. Freeze gives fraze, rise, v. a., rase, rive, rave, steal, stale, swear (pr. sweer), sware, speak, spak, break (pr. breke), brak; while teach, if used at all (learn is the word in almost invariable use in the sense to teach), makes teacht, hold (pr. ho'd), nodded, heave, heaved (hove being some- * ' pat brekeb menne begges.' Skeat's edit. p. 76. ' And se)>J>en seth and his suster sed.' Ib. p. 118. INTRODUCTION. xli times heard), weave, weaved and wove. Find (pr. finnd) again makes fan', fun', bind, bun', wind, wun'; but blind gives blinded, ding both ding'd and dang, hing (for hang) hing'd and hung ( as in 'bull').* (^ But it is in the p. participle that the greater number of peculiarities is observable. Stand, stooden, get, gitten, cleave, clowen, shear, shoren, creep, croppen or cruppen (u as in ' bull' or as oo in ' stood'), sleep, sleppen, cheeas (for choose), chozzen or chossen, knead, knodden, freeze, frozzen, come, cummen, rive, rowen, swear, sworen, weave, wowen, break, brokken, drive, drowen, thrive, throwen and throdden, hold, hodden, take, takken, tekken or tukken (u as the oo in 'took'), bind, bun' and bunden, wind, wunden, find, fun' and funden, &c. Traces of the pres. participle in -and are met with also, but they are now only traces, unless indeed the universal suppression of the final g be looked upon as tantamount to the continuance of the and form. Gannan I look upon, from its unmistakeable sound, as really gannan(d) and not gannin(g) ; wakan' (pr. wakkan) too, I think it is, and not wakin' ; and so of a few others, as laitan', lakan', &c. But ridin', not ridan', fiytin', not flytari ', helpin' and not helpari is, I am sure, the rule, and so of the great preponderance. The inflection of the present tense of verbs conforms pretty closely to the general Northumbrian rule ; as SING. PLUR. I (Ah) is. We is. Thou is. You are. He is. They is. Ah gans. We gans. Thou gans. You gan. He gans. They gans. The imperfect of the verb substantive is SING. PLUR. Ah, thou, he, wur. We, you, they, wur. Emphatic, the word becomes war (sounded like the E. sb.). * Seen as the pret. of ' see,' is not in infrequent use ; as, Ah seen 'im a week syne, as pawky a lahtle chap as iwer Ah seen. So also gaed is of perpetual occurrence as the pret. of gae in preference to E. went. Steead for stood, deean for done, are merely phonetic variations. f X 1 i i INTR OD UCTION. What is called the. gerundial construction is of perpetual occurrence, as in he'll be to lite on, they 's to lait, bad to beat, ill to see, &c. The future of intention or purpose is frequently rendered by s', as in thou s' ha'e, Ah s' gan, for thou shalt have, I shall go, where I look upon s' as undoubtedly the result of a double contraction of the usual Northumbrian form sal, first into s'l, the / being slurred as in ordinary talk, and then into s', the / being dropped altogether. Wheea s' aw or owe ? is also explained on this principle. The future of necessity is rendered in a slightly different manner. A man may say to another, thou has t' gan, implying the necessity of his going, and the ' has ' may be rendered emphatic. But thou is t' gan is equally good Cleveland, and not infrequently the form as actually sounded is simply thoust gan ; thus, Miles, t' maaster says thoust gan te Stowsley t' moorn, where the emphatic form would be, thou is t' gan, a' t' same. At, as the sign of the infinitive mood, is lost, or so nearly so that it is unrecognised among the people themselves. I sometimes hear the form what 's a' deea now ? in which I believe the a stands for at, and I have suspected that the expression nowght t' say might rather be written, judging by the sound, as nowght 't say, that is, nowght at say, or ' nothing to say.' The tendency of the dialect to use adverbial forms in -lings has been remarked on. Adjectives in -some, as ridsome, viewsome, langsome, fearsome, are fully as characteristic as adverbs in -lings, -ment also, as a common termination of nouns, deserves notice; as perishment, dazement, trashment, muckment, minglement, and very many more. A few remarks upon the vowel and consonant sounds may, perhaps, be not quite uncalled for. A has the four sounds noted below : 1 . Long, or as in fate. 2. Short, or as in fat ; in yal, Mally, dander, &c. 3. Broad, or as between the o in 'hole' and au in 'maund;' in such words as hand, man, land, stand. 4. Before /, that of aw, the consonant being suppressed, as in cau'f for calf, sau't for salt. E has the ordinary long and short sounds of English e, as in perching (pr. peerching), pettle. INTRODUCTION. xliii / has three sounds : 1. Long, as a + e, or Gr. m. See above, p. xxix, and under Litle. 2. Short, as in ' hit/ ' pit/ 3. Before r (as in 'bird'), that nearly of o in ' Boz/ as ho't = hurt, bo'd = bird. O has five sounds : 1. Long, as eea dissyllable; the ee as in 'feet,' but with a quick impulse of the voice, the a as in missal, or the short a at the end of Latin words ; as stone, steean, bone, beean, &c. 2. Short, as in 'hot.' 3. Before r, as with i before r, when the sound is as in 'word,' not in ' lord.' 4. Long, before /, as au, suppressing the consonant, as cau'd, bau'd, for ' cold,' ' bold.' 5. Short before /, as in ' sod,' suppressing the consonant, as ho'd for ' hold.' U has five sounds : 1. Most generally as in E. bull, as in lumbering (pr. loom- mering), clunter, cluther, cumber (pr. coommer), &c. 2. As in E. ' dull,' in a few words only, as duzz, changed from drose. 3. Before r, as i and o before r. 4. The peculiar sound noted under Tuflt or Teuflt, nearly approaching to, if not coincident with, that of Dan. y. The transition from this sound into that of Clevel. oo in ' fool,' ' school,' ' door,' or of long o as in ' stone,' ' bone,' or of long a as in ' dale/ seems a very easy one. 5. As in bou'k for ' bulk.' Cf. howk, vb., with Sw. hulke. Eo, in ' yeoman/ is sounded as e, as yemman. Compare ' weapon.' Ei, in ' eight/ much the same as in E. height. Oo has two sounds : 1 . As in ' door/ ' school/ ' fool/ and the name Foord, as o long ; deear, scheeal, fecal, Feeard. 2. Sometimes, as in 'book/ ' nook/ as eu. But the forms beeak, neeak, obtain more generally than beuk, neuk. f2 Xliv INTRODUCTION. Ou has two sounds : 1 . As in ' hound/ not as in ' wound,' as lound, stound, ought, nought, outher, nouther, &c. 2. As in huflf, as in through (pr. thruff), sough, &c. . For the consonants, it may be noted that b after m is either suppressed as in numb, or changed into another m, as in slumber, cumber, lum- ber (pr. sloommer, coommer, loommer). Z>. 1. In the middle of a word is very frequently sounded as th hard ($), as in dither, dother, flither, for didder, dodder, fltdder. 2. Final, as in and, and in the preterites and p. participles of verbs, bound, bund, fund, is slurred over or sup- pressed. 3. After n takes the sound of a second n in some words, as in thunder, sounded thoonner. But in winder, sunder, it is sounded with distinctness, and slurred rather than changed in blunder, blundered, &c. G. 1. After n is sounded as in Germ, schlangen, Dan. anger, as in angered, nang-nail, &c. 2. Final, is almost invariably suppressed; thus both the ^'s in hinging-mind are subject to these two rules respectively. 3. Guttural, or as in Eng. through, Dan. plog, becomes a labial, as in thruff, pleaf or pleuf, beuf or beeaf (bough). A very considerable number of Cleveland words depend upon this principle, and in some of them the form ch or gh, intermediate between an original g and our ff, is not easy to trace. See Arf, Mauf, &c. 4. Simply guttural as in enough, of which 'enew' does not fairly represent the sound. Sc. eneuch is nearer. K before s, either immediately or with a silent vowel intermediate, as in Stokesley, is softened into w, as Stowsley. L after a, o, u, ou is usually suppressed as in ' calf,' ' balk,' ' old,' 'cold/ 'mouldie/ 'bulk/ which become cau'f, bau'k, au'd, cau'd, mou'die, bou'k. Qu is changed into w, as in ' quick/ wick, ' quaint/ went or waint, &c. INTRODUCTION, xlv R after a is in some words suppressed, as a't for 'art/ a'm for ' arm,' pa't for ' part,' ga'n, gain, for garn, gairn, ' yarn,' &c. T in the middle of a word in some cases becomes th, as in daugh- ter, pronounced dowth'r. Th at the commencement of a word in the mouths of many is sounded simply as /, as trone for ' throne/ trow for ' throw/ while / by itself in the same place sometimes sounds as th, as in thrimm'l for ' tremble.' Wh initial is usually spoken with a strong aspirated breathing, as in wheea, woll, for ' who/ interrogative, ' whole.' So also in whewt. X, or the sound of k before s is in many words softened into ws or ss, as in owse, owsen, Rousby, assel, for ' ox/ ' oxen/ ' Roxby/ ' axle/ W and Y are frequently prefixed to words beginning with a, o, as in wots (o as in ' hold/ but sounded short), wossel, wost'us, for ' oats/ ' hostle/ ' host-house/ yal, yan, yacker, yabfole, for al (ale), an (one), ' acre/ ' able/ LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND PRINCIPALLY REFERRED TO. O. N. < Old Norse. Isl. Icelandic. Hald.* Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum, B. Haldor- sonii. Havn. 1814. Egils. Egilsson's Lex. Poeticum Antiq. Linguae Sep- tentr. Hafn. 1860. Mobius. Altnordisch. Glossar, von Dr. Th. Mobius. Leipz. 1866. Rask's Icelandic Grammar, by Dasent. Lon- don. 1843. O. Sw. Old Swedish. S. G. Suio-Gothic. * Having made by far the most use of Haldorsen's Lexicon, until within the last two or three years, I have in the majority of instances quoted O. N. words with his orthography. Greater correctness would have been obtained by altering all the tf's in words properly spelt with ft, and so also of words which by Mobius and Egilsson are written with a j instead of the i exclusively employed by Haldorsen. Remarks of the same kind apply to Molbech's Danish and Dialect Lexicons in reference to the employment of i instead of the more approved _;' of the present day, and instead of o. As a rule I have simply copied the words quoted faithfully from the pages of the author in whose book I found them. clviii Sw. D. Prov. Sw. Sw. Dan. Dan. D. D. Dial. D. D. O. Dan. N. A.S. E. Ihre. Gloss. Suio -Gothicum, &c., auct. Joh. Ihre. Upsalise. 1769. Swedish Dialects. Rietz. Ordbog ofver Svenska Allmoge-spraket af Joh. Ernst Rietz. Lund. 1862-8. Swedish. Dalin. Ordbog ofver Svenska Spraket. Af A. F. Dalin. Stockholm. 1850. Tauchnitz' Pocket Swedish-English Dictionary. Danish. Molb. Dansk Ordbog af C. Molbech. Ki0benhavn. 1859- Ferr. Ferrall og Repps Dansk -Engelske Ordbog. Kj0benhavn. 1861. Rosing. Engelsk-Dansk Ordbog af C. Rosing. K0ben- havn. 1863. Danish Dialects, Provincial Danish. Molb. Dansk Dialekt- Lexicon ved C. Molbech. Ki0b. 1841. Kok. Det Danske Folkesprog i S0nderjylland, v. J. Kok. K0b. 1863. Old Danish. Molbech, Dansk Glossarium. Ki0benhavn. 1857. Norse. Aasen. Ordbog over det Norske Folkesprog af Ivar Aasen. Kristiania. 1850. Norsk Grammatik af I. Aasen. Christiania. 1864. Anglo-Saxon. Bosw. Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language, by Rev. J. Bosworth, LL.D. London. 1838. Compendious ditto. 1855. English. TITLES OF BOOKS. xlix O.E. M.E. Sc. Rich. Wedgw. Hall. Jam. G. O. H. G. ) AL / M. H. G. Pl.D. N. S. L. Germ. Hilp. Fris. O. Fris. N. Fris. Du. Dut. Swab. Bel. Fl. Welsh Gael. IT. Bret. Lat. M. Lat. Rom. Old English. Middle English. New Dictionary of the English Language. London. 1856. A Dictionary of English Etymology, by H. Wedgwood, M.A. London. 1859-67. A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial words, by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. London. 1850. Scottish. Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan- guage, by John Jamieson, D.D. Edinburgh. 1808. German. Old High German. Middle High German. Platt Deutsch, Nether Saxon, Low German. A Dictionary of the German and English Lan- guages, by J. L. Hilpert. London. Frisian, Old Frisian, North Frisian. Dutch. Swabian. Flemish. A Dictionary of the Welsh Language, by W. Owen Pugh, D.C.L. Denbigh. 1832. Gaelic. Irish. Breton. Latin, Middle or Mediaeval Latin. Romance. g i LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND Fr. O. Fr. Sansc, Pr. pr. Landnam. Gam. Dan. Mind. Worsaae, Wycl. Lay. French, Old French. Sanscrit. Pronunciation. Pronounced. Flatey. Flateyarbok. En samling af Norske Konge- sagaer. Christiania. 1860. Islands Landnamabok. Havnise. 1774. Gamle Danske Minder inFolkemunde; af Svend Grundtvig. Kj0benhavn. 1855-61. Minder om de Danske og Nordmsenderne i England, Skotland og Irland, af J. J. Worsaae. Kjbb. 1851. Den Danske Erobring af England og Nor- mandiet ved J. J. Worsaae. Kjob. 1853. War. och Wird. Warend och Wirdarne. Ett fdrsbk i Svensk Ethnologi, af G. O. Hylten Cavallius. Stock- holm. 1863. Arne. Arne, af Bj0rnstjerne Bj0rnson. Bergen. 1859. North. Gosp. Die vier Evangelien in Alt-Northumbr. Sprache von K. W. Bouterwek. Gutersloh. 1857. A. S. Gosp. The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels, with the Wycliffe and Tyndale Versions, by Rev, J. Bosworth, D.D. London. 1865. The same. La3amon's Brut, or Chronicle of Britain, ed. by Sir F. Madden. London. 1847. Ancr. Riwle, The Ancren Riwle. Ed. by James Morton, B.D. London. 1853. Orm. The Ormulum. Ed. by R. M. White, D.D. Oxford. 1852. P. Ploughm. The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman. Ed. by Thos. Wright, M.A. London. 1856. Townel. Myst. The Towneley Mysteries. Surtees Society ed, London, 1836. TITLES OF BOOKS. li Pr. of Consc. E.E.T.S. Skeat's P. Ploughm. E. E. Allit. Poems. Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. Rel. Pieces. Gen. and Ex. Meid. ) . Meid. j H. Meid. Hal S. Marh. Merl. K. Horn. Kn.of LaTour-Landry Man. Voc. Percy's Fol. MS. Phil. Soc. Trans. Garnett. Tylor. Kelly. The Pricke of Conscience. A Northumb. Poem. Ed. by R. Morris for Phil. Society. Early English Text Society. The Vision of William concerning Piers Plow- man. Ed. by Rev. W. W. Skeat. Alliterative Poems in the West Midland Dia- lect. Ed. by R. Morris. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. Ed. by R. Morris. Religious Pieces, in Prose and Verse. Ed. by Geo. Perry, M.A. The Story of Genesis and Exodus. Ed. by R. Morris. Hali Meidenhead. Ed. by Oswald Cock- ayne, M.A. Seinte Marherete, the Meiden ant Martyr. Ed. by Oswald Cockayne, M.A. Merlin, or the Early History of King Arthur. Ed. by H. B. Wheatley. King Horn, with Fragments of Floris and Blauncheflur, and of the Assumption of our Lady. Ed. by J. R. Lumby. . The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry. Ed. by Thos. Wright, M.A. Manipulus Vocabulorum, by Peter Levins. Ed. by H. B. Wheatley. Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript. Ed. by J. W. Hale and F. J. Furnivall. Transactions of the Philological Society. Philological Essays of Rev. R. Garnett. Lon- don. 1859. Early History of Mankind, by E. B. Tylor. London. 1865. Curiosities of Indo-European Traditions and Folklore, by Walter K. Kelly. London. 1863. lii LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND Patr. Purg. Brand. Ord. Graves. Chaucer. Grimm. Burnt Njal. Orig. and Hist. Eng. ) Lang. / Lect. on Eng. Lang. Dip. Angl. Gloss, of Architect. St. Patrick's Purgatory. By Thomas Wright, M.A. London. 1844. Observations on Popular Antiquities, by John Brand, M.A. Ed. by Sir H. Ellis. Lon- don. 1841. The History and Antiquities of Cleveland, by J. W. Ord. London. 1846. The History and Antiquities of Cleveland, by Rev. J. Graves. Carlisle. 1808. The Works of GeofTery Chaucer. By John Urry. London. 1771.* The same. Bell's Edition in the Aldine Poets. 8 volumes. Deutsche Mythologie, Von Jacob Grimm. Gottingen. 1854. The Story of Burnt Njal. Translated by Geo. Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. Edinburgh. 1861. The Origin and History of the English Lan- guage, by George P. Marsh. 1862. Lectures on the English Language, by George P. Marsh. New York and London. 1862. Lectures on the Science of Language, by Max Muller. London. 1861. Diplomatorium Anglicum ^Evi Saxonici, by B. Thorpe. London. 1865. History of the Four Conquests of England, by James Augustus St. John. London. 1862. A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture. Oxford. '845- * The references to this editon are usually made by the number of the page, sometimes to the number of the line in the separate Poem or ' Tale' quoted. TITLES OF BOOKS. liii Hist, of Whitby. A History of Whitby and Streoneshalh Abbey, by the Rev. Geo. Young. Whitby. 1817. Pr. Pm. Promptorium Parvulorum sive Clericorum. Dictionarius Anglo -Latinus princeps. Ed. by Albert Way, A.M. London. 1864. Brock. A Glossary of North Country Words in use, by John Trotter Brockett. Newcastle-on- Tyne. 1825. Carr, or Cr. Gl. The Dialect of Craven, with a Copious Glos- sary, by a native of Craven. London. 1828. Wh. Gl. A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases collected in W T hitby and the neighbourhood, by an Inhabitant. London. 1855. Lincolns. Gl. Provincial Words and Expressions current in Lincolnshire, by J. Ellett Brogden. Lon- don. 1866. Joco-Ser. Disc. A Joco-Serious Discourse, in two Dialogues, between a Northumberland Gentleman and his Tenant, a Scotchman. London. 1686. I will only add further, that the books which I have found most useful in my inquiries touching the origin or derivation- of our various dialect words have been Mr. Wedgwood's Dictionary of English Etymology, Dean Rietz's Swedish Dialect Dictionary, Aasen's Norse Glossary, and Molbech's Danish Dialect Lexicon. I have found Mr. Wedgwood's book most suggestive and full of varied learning and material, which, even where I was unable to agree with him in his conclusions, was sure to be of use, and instructive, in the general course of study and research. My obligations also to the Swedish Glossary named are very great in- deed. It is, I think, the most carefully compiled and comprehensive liv LIST OF CONTRACTIONS, ETC. book of the kind I am acquainted with, and, in countless instances, so complete an account of the word under notice and its various cognate words in other languages and dialects is given, that a perfect word- study is afforded at a glance. It is impossible to speak too highly of this excellent book. Aasen's Dictionary is also an admirable work, and it is to be hoped that it will before long be given to the world in its second edition. One feature in the book, that of giving the synonymes of the words dealt with as well as their varying forms, might be imitated with advantage in all like publications. GLOSSARY. GLOSSARY OF THE CLEVELAND DIALECT. A ! int. An exceedingly common inter]., expressive of different emo- tions, surprise, sympathy, &c. : sometimes used singly, sometimes in conjunction with another word. See A ! but. ' A ! man : that war a yarker ! ' A Ihesu Crist, Lorde, full of myghte.' Rel. Pieces, p. 67. A, num. adj. (pr. yah). One. O. Sw. a, one : ' in Dalekarlia, Westrobothnia, Gothlandiaque unitatis nota est.' Ihre ; written ae by Jam., Scott, &c. Under A the former observes that it, A, ' is used by our oldest writers in the sense of one. The signification is more forcible than that of a in Eng. before a singular noun, for it denotes not merely one out of many, but one exclusively of others, in the same sense in which ae is vulgarly used.' But it must be observed that Cl. a (pr. yah) and one (pr. yan) are not interchangeable, and therefore are not equivalents. Ane may stand by itself, absolutely or pronominally : a never does; it is always adjoined to a noun expressed, as, ' yah day,' ' yah lass :' while, on the other hand, it is, ' yan iv 'em,' ' nivver a yan,' and so forth. The same remark applies to Sc. ae and one, and is borne out in regard to a in all the quotations from early writers adduced by Jam. '"You have two daughters, I think, Mr. Deans?" " Ae daughter, sir; only one."' Heart of Mid Lothian. ' Ony one or two o" ye come forward.' Black Dwarf. 1 Ae body at a time.' Tb. ' Ah seen yan o's brithers, a week gone Saturday.' ' They're twea lads an" yab lass in family.' Cf. ' The Trynyte .... thre persouns and a Godd, es maker of all thynges .... Haly Kirke oure modere is hallyly ane thorow oute t>e werlde.' Rel. Pieces, p. 3. The usage, however, in these writings is not strictly uniform ; as the line, p. 59, ' a god and ane Lord yn threhed,' shews. Aback, adv. Behind, in the rear. O.N. dbak, dbaki; O.S. onbaec. ' J?e justise for schyndisse : nolde loke J>erto. Ac bihuld abac and tournde his e3en.' Sein/e Margarete, p. 28. V, B 2 GLOSSARY OF THE ' Thou shalle abak, bewshere, that blast I forbede.' Townel. Myst. p. 241. ' Deean't t'e thrust sae mich aback there.' Cf. ' Ok kuomu \>ar er \>eir tnenn voru er Lappir beita, \>at er a bak Finnmork; and arrived at that place where the men who were called Laps were. That is aback of Fin- mark.' Flat. I. 219. Aback-o-beyont, adv. At an indefinitely great distance ; too remote to be within reach or accessible from. ' I wish they were all aback o' beyont ;' of persons occasioning annoyance. Wh. Gl. ' We were all thrown aback o' beyont the day through ; ' could never recover the ground lost by delay in the morning. Ib. Abear, v. a. To endure, to put up with. Abide, v. a. To endure, to put up with. See Bide. A. S. bidan, abidan. ' Abide and able (like guide and guy, Prov. gtiidar and guiar, It. gridare, and Fr. crier) are essentially the same verb under different forms, of which abide has descended to us from our Saxon ancestors, while abie has come to us through the medium of the French.' Wedgw. Able (pr. yabble), abable (pr. yabbable), ablish (pr. yabblish), adj. i. Competent or possessing a sufficiency, in respect to bodily strength or ability. 2. Possessing a competency, in respect of property or worldly means. 0. N. afl; O. Sw. afl, afwel; A. S. dbal, ability, power of body. O. N. afla signifies both I can, I am able, and, I get or procure or acquire. Ihre says, ' As the Latin idiom applies parere to the acquisition of any matters, so also afla fee means to get property ; whence is derived aflan, afling, what is gotten or acquired. Thus, aflinge gods, acquired property, is opposed to arf, byrd, fadernes-jord, &c., hereditary possessions. 1. ' "A yabble kind of a man;" a strong, stout person.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Neea. Nanny B. is nane sae needful ; she 's a yabble body eneugh.' ' " They 're a yabblisb lot ;" a rich family.' Wb. Gl. Ablins (pr. ablins), adv. Perhaps, possibly. Comp. O. N. afla, I am able ; the idea being that of possibility. Aboon, abune, prep. Above, higher in respect of place or position. A. S. be-ufan, bnfan, abiifan. ' The Queen 's aboon us all.' Wb. Gl. ' Will you ax my lord ? He "s over mich aboon us.' Cf. also, ' Godd }>at es abouene hym.' Rel. Pieces, p. 45. ' Godd is abouen all thynge," Ib. p. 46 ; and, ' large and wyde abowne,' Ib. p. 48. ' With floodes that from abone shal falle.' Townel. Myst. p. 23. Aboon-heead, adv. Above, over one's head. ' " It wets aboon-beead ;" it rains.' Wb. Gl. A ! but. Used interjectionally, but with a tacit reference to some mental comparison or remark of the speakers. ' A ! but, that was a big yan;' big compared to all the others. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 3 Ac-corn, sb. (pr. yak'ron). An acorn. Pr. Pm. ' Accorne, or archade, frute of the oke. Glans.' Addle, v. a. To earn, acquire by labour. A. S. edlean, aedlean, a reward, recompense, requital ; whence the vb. edleaenan, edleanian, to reward, recompense. But cf. especially O. N. odlaz, to obtain, make one's own, acquire. ' Ah 's nowght bud what Ah addles ;' I have nothing beyond my earnings or wages. Add lings, sb. Earnings, money got by labour. ' " Poor addlings;" small pay for the work done.' Wb. Gl. ' Hard addlings ;' returns laboriously obtained. Ib. ' Saving's good addling;' the terse sense of which is obvious. Ib. Afore-lang, adv. Before long, soon. Comp. the parallel forms among, bimong in the following passage, Ancr. Riwle, 102 : ' pu ueir bimong wummen, and bimong engles )>u meiht don )>erto : J>u schalt siker elles hwar beon ueir nout one among wummen, auh among engles.' Chaucer writes tofore, as well as afore, aforne, aforen. A. S. cetforan. Observe the idiomatic use of our word in the example. " It will happen afore long gans ;' before any long time elapses.' Wb. Gl. Afterbirth, sb. The placenta. O.N. eftirburdr; O. Sw. efterbord; Dan. efterbyrd. Agait, agate. Astir, agoing, on the move. See Gate, Gait. Rich, remarks that the word gait ' is applied not only to the way gone, but also to the going, the motion in going.' Hence a-gait or on-gait, implying the action of going or moving. They 've getten fairly agate ;' they have well begun. ' Thou 's early agate this morning.' Agee, ajee, adv. To one side, awry, askew. Jam. observes that Serenius ' gives Sw. gaa as signifying both to budge, and to turn round.' Gee is here, as elsewhere, the carter or ploughman's word to his horses when he desires them to turn to the right. No doubt the connection of the word is with O. Sw. ga, and cognate verbs, and that originally some adjoined particle decided the direction of the motion when it ceased to be straightforward. Comp. the terms used in directing the move- ments of oxen by their driver : when he desired them to turn from him, or to the right the same as when gee is used the word was bop, or bop off'; the turn to be made being a turn to what is termed the q^side. Gee thus derived, agee would be formed as are a-skew, a-ivry, and the like. ' " It was all agee;" quite crooked.' Wb. Gl. Agin, conj. As if. Probably a contracted Pr. of as gin. Ahint, adv. (pr. ahmt). Behind; i. In respect of place or position. 2. In respect of time. 3. In respect of advantage. The pronunciation of our word is its chief peculiarity, and one which deserves notice, B 2 4 GLOSSARY OF THE inasmuch as it retains the short i which belongs to all its etymons, as also to the modern Germ, binter. 1. ' He's close abint.' 2. ' " I 'm afraid I 'm late?" " Nae, thou's nane sac mich abint." ' 3. ' " They say Josey 's come badly on ? " " Nae, he 's not that far abint." ' Aim, v. a. i. To intend or purpose. 2. To presume, suppose, or conjecture. 3. To expect or look for, to anticipate. Garnett remarks, Phil. Essays, p. 60, 'Aim is from the Germ, abmen ; Bav. amen, btimen, properly to gauge a cask, also to fathom, measure. This is evidently the sense in Mr. Boucher's second quotation from Langtoft ; " A water in Snowden rennes, Auber is the name, An arm of the sea men kennes, and depnes may none ame." We are not aware of its ever being used by the Germans to denote compute, reckon, as it seems to be in the passage, " Of men of armes bold, the number they ame." The connection between the two ideas is however obvious enough. A diligent examination of our old writers would perhaps decide whether our aim comes immediately from this source, or more indirectly so through the medium of the Fr. esmer.' Mr. Wedgwood takes the latter view. 1 . Ah aims t' gan.' Ah 's seear he aimed o' coming.' 2. I aim that is the place.' Wb. Gl. What o'clock is it, aim you?" Ib. 3. I aimed he 'd be here by now.' I never aimed he wad ha' ganned yon gate.' Aim, sb. Iron. O. N. iarn, O. Sw. and Dan. tern. Airt, airth, sb. Quarter of the heaven, direction or point of the compass. O.N. titt; O. Sw. alt, quarter of the heaven, district, country. Cf. Suduratt, the south quarter ; Nordnratt, the north. 1 The wind is in a cold airt.' " Did ye hear t' guns at Hartlepool, yesser neeght, John?" " Ay, I heerd a strange lummering noise. I aimed it cam' fra that airt." ' Airtling, pcpl. (Pr. of ettling). Aiming or intending to proceed in a given direction. See Ettle. Aither, sb. A ploughing. Wh. Gl. gives, as the meaning of this word, ' furrowed ground,' and then, as the instance of usage, a sentence which clearly refers only to the act of ploughing, and not at all to the land or ' ground' ploughed. See example. I believe the meaning to be restricted to the ploughing or furrowing. See Arder, in Brock. O. N. eria,yria, imp. arfti, or wrft/; O. Sw. aria; M. G. arian; A. S. erian; O. H. G. erren ; Germ. eren. Cf. also A. S. yri$, ploughed land. The connection with the Bible word ear is evident ; ' He will take your sons, . . . and will set them to ear his ground,' I Sam. viii. 12. ' The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground,' Is. xxx. 24. ' " The first or second aitber;" the first or second ploughing.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 5 Ak, sb. (pr. yak). The oak. O. N. eik, eyk ; Sw. ek; Sw. D. eik ; Dan. eeg, eg; A.S. ac, er \>o aulmusur bea mer. So, in Cleveland a messenger is sent to a shop for, suppose, a shilling's-worth of such and such an article, and returning with what seems to the purchaser a very small proportionate quantity, is greeted with the remark, ' Why what an ommus thee has getten ;' as if, like alms, it had 6 GLOSSARY OF THE been sparingly or grudgingly doled out. Cf. the Lincolnsh. use of the word quoted by Hall. : ' When a labourer has been filling a cart with manure, corn, &c., he will say at last to the carter, " Have n't you got your awmous ? " ' I. ' "Pray you can I beg my aumas of you?" Formerly the ordinary address of the mendicant : now, rarely if ever heard.' Wb. Gl. ' Those that trow in my myght and luf welle almus dede, Thay shalle shyne as son brighte, and heven have to thare mede.' Townel. Myst. p. 292. All out, adv. Altogether, utterly, beyond comparison. " Yon 's t' best, Joss." " Ay, all out." ' Comp. the usage in Ancr. Riwle, p. 22, where the writer is giving directions for the ordering of the anchoresses' private devotions : 4 Et (at) Placebo je muwen sitten vort (as far as) Magnificat, and also et Dirige, bute (except) et le lescuns & et te Miserere, & from Laudate al ut.' All-to-nought (pr. a\v-to-nowght). A phrase occurring with differ- ences of sense and application, but always as implying an approach towards nothingness more or less real and effectual. ' " He has gone away all to nowgbt ;" he has wasted away to a mere shadow.' Wb. Gl. ' " Ah aims yon 's t' best stirk, Jooan." " Ay, man, it beats t' ither all to nowgbt." ' Cf. ' Secnndus demon. Alas, that ever cam pride in thoght, For it has brought us alle to nogbt.' Townel. Myst. p. 5. Along of, prep. In consequence of, owing to. ' It 's all along o' his deeins we 's i' this needcessity.' ' Josepbe, soliloquising on the circumstance that the V. Mary was " found to be with child," ' Certes, I forthynk sore of hir dede, Bot et is long of yowth-hede, Alle siche wanton playes.' Townel. Myst. p. 78. And bad heom leoten weorpen : & fondien leod-runen, whaeron hit weore Hong : }>at )>e wal J>e wes swa strong, ne moste niht longes : nauere istonden.' Lay. II. 225. Al-us, sb. (pr. yall'us). An alehouse. Comp. S. Jutl. e/'s = el-bus. Amaist, adv. Almost. See Ommost. A* mak's (pr. au-macks). All sorts, of all descriptions or kinds. See Mak'. Amang, prep. Northumbrian form of among. ' And for t>at it wounte to be thus in manges mene, )>at }>e ffadir was mare ffebill )>an )>e sone for his elde, and )>e sone mare vnwyse J>an )>e ffadire for his jouthe.' Rel. Pieces, p. 45. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 7 Amang-hands. A phrase or qualifying expression applied descrip- tively to work or business of such a nature as to admit of being carried on or completed coincidently with other work or business. ' " We can do it amang-bands ;" that is, we can do it together, or at the same time, with certain other work we have on hand.' Wb. Gl. Amell, prep. Betwixt, between, in the midst. O. N. dmilli, O. Sw. emellan, Dan. imellem, Dan. D. (S. Jutl.) amelle, amelle. ' They cam" amell seven and eight o'clock." Wb. Gl. ' Chop in amell;' direction to a Colley or sheepdog. ' He fand it amell t' shafts ;' he found it among the sheaves. ' Secvndus miles. My Lord, ye have a manner of men That make great mastres us emelle.' Townel. Myst. p. 55. Amell-doors, sb. Doors between the outer door and that of an inner room. Ance, adv. (pr. yance). Once. Comp. Jutl.jens, which is almost exactly coincident with our yance. Ancle-bands, sb. Sandals, the support for low shoes so called; leathern straps for the shoes, to which they are attached behind, button- ing in front over the instep. Wh. Gl. Ane, num. adj. (pr. yan). One. See A. O. Sw. an; O. N. einn; Dzn.een; M.G.ain; O. H. G. and N. Germ, ein ; Dut. een ; A. S. an, am. The S. Jutl._/e, which corresponds almost precisely in form and sound with our yan, is especially noteworthy. Ane : t' ane replied to by t' ither ; but, more frequently, t' tane or the t' ane, answered by t' tither or the tither. ' Tak' thou the fane, an' Ah'H tak' the titber.' Cf. ' When thou ministers at the hegh autere With bothe hondes thou serve tho prest in fere, The ton to stabulle the (other Lest thou fayle, my dere brother." Boke of Cvrtasye. ' ffor it kennes vs to knawe te gud and >e ill, and alswa to sundire \>e tane fra \>e /ojw.' Rel. Pieces, p. u. The to\>er, in the sense of the second, is of perpetual occurrence in the writings last quoted. Anenst, prep. Against; i. In the sense of near to. 2. In the sense of opposite or over against. Jam. says, ' Some derive this from Gr. avavrt, oppositum. Skinner prefers A. S. nean, near. The Gr. word, as well as ours, together with M. G. and, Alem. andi, S. G. and, anda, contra, seem all to claim a common origin. But I suspect that anens is corrupted from A. S. ongean, ex adverse.' Comp. the forms following, -foran ongean, opposite, Bosw. ; foran gen, foran gen Meldry\>e alter ; over against Mildred's field, Thorpe's Diplomat, p. 341 ; Scottish fore-anent,f omens, aforenent, &c., and I think we may see how 8 GLOSSARY OF THE anenst written anence in Rel. Pieces, pp. 2, 5 originates, without much trouble. The last reference is interesting in another connection. It runs, ' Of the whilke tene (commande- mentis) be thre bat ere firste awe us hallyly to halde anence oure Godd, and be seuene J>at ere eftyre anence oure euen cristene ;' and it gives an instance of what may be called the transitional meaning between ' ouer against, opposite to," and ' touching, or pertaining to," as in Sc. anent, tbereanent, (onont in Halt Meidenhad, pp. 9, 1 7, Ancr. Riwle, pp. 4,10,1 IO.) Comp. also the forms again, against, and the meaning, by the side of, of the latter. 1. ' I sat close anenst him." 2. There, set your name in this spot, anenst his ;' over against his. To a witness about to attest a man's signature to his will. Mr. Wedgwood thinks the word anenst shews a northern influence, from the Isl. giegnt, Sw. gent, opposite ; gent bfwer, over against. It is more than possible, notwithstanding the passage from Thorpe. Angry, angered, adj. (pr. with a suppressed g, or with the sound that letter has at the end of the words pang, fling, &c.) Of a sore, i. That looks very red and inflamed; 2. That is very irritable and painful. 0. N. dngr ; dngra, grief or pain, anguish; to give uneasiness; O.Svf.dngra; Sw. D. anger, sorrow, pain, anguish; N. D. angersom, painful. Nu befir mig angrat sfiSan frost : the frost has occasioned me much suffering since. Flat. I. 330. ' Jesu Criste bat tholede for me Paynes and angers bitter and felle, Late me neuer be partede fra be Ne bole be bitter paynes of helle.' Rel. Pieces, p. 72. ' Holy seintes, What penance and poverte And passion thei suffrede In hunger, in hete, In alle manere angres.' P. Plougbm. p. 311. For the Pr. it coincides precisely with the Dan., Swed., O. N., and Germ., as in Icengere, anger, schlangen, Sec. 1. ' " Hoo 's Willy's leg t'moorn?" " Whyah, it's nae better. It's desput sair an' angerd." ' 2. ' It leeaks desput angered an a'.' Anon, non. An interrogative exponent of uncertainty, whether as to the meaning or the substance of the words addressed, on the part of the person to whom they were addressed ; and equivalent to ' What did you say, Sir?' or, ' What may that mean, Sir, if you please?' Anan in former times, and even yet in country places more to the south. Hall, says of the latter that it is ' a corruption of anon, immediately.' I think it is cer- tain that it is not so : the etymology of anon (A. S. on an, in one, jugiter, continue, sine intermissione Lye) settles the question. Anon or anan is much more likely to be an interjectional sound of doubting enquiry, similar to the utterly inexpressible (by letters) sound of assent or attention which is employed by many Yorkshire people when listening to a narrative or a remark where verbal observations are unneeded. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 9 Anonsker, adj. Eager, very desirous, set upon a thing. 0. Sw. onska ; O. N. oska, to wish, almost or quite to the extent of praying for ; A. S. wiscan, whence our current English word wish. Comp. also Dan. enske, to wish. ' They have set the lad anons/eer about gannan' to sea.' Wb. Gl. Anotherkins, adj. Of another or a different kind or character. Comp. Lane, anotber-gates, bearing nearly the same signification : though this seems to look more to the manner of action peculiar to the person qualified, while the Cleveland word adverts to the indoles, the peculiarity of nature or breed of the actor. The kins in all these compound words, nae kins, onny kins, &c., it hardly need be observed, is the genitive case, following the old usage. ' He was anotberkins body te t' ither chap.' Anthers, ananthers, enanthers, conj. In case that, lest. Corrupted from N. Fr. aventure, which occurs in the form avntre in Chaucer. Comp. the form perawnter, Rel. Pieces, p. 2, and peradventure. Hall, gives anters in the senses, both current in the North, of I. In case that ; 2. adventures. Compare auntrous, adventurous. ' Thou 'd best tak' t' umbrella, anantbers it rains.' ' I weant be far anthers he comes.' The an is scarcely a reduplication of the first syllable : but probably a corruption of on ; thus, on auntre, on adventure. Cf. on a venture, at a venture. A-quart, adj. In a state of variance, or mutual opposition. See Quart. ' "What, then, Marget an' her man hae getten aquart agen?" "Ay: they's had another differing-bout." ' Arf, arfish, adj. i. Afraid or fearful. 2. Reluctant, backward. Brock, quotes A. S. yrb$, sluggishness, cowardice or dread, and gives the form airlb as well as arf, adducing as example, ' an airthful night ; i. e. a fearful night :' but there can be no doubt that the words arf and airtb are both but other forms of the word which Jam. writes arch, argb, airgb, ergb (guttural), and which bears almost exactly the same signi- fications with arf; and this is etymologically the same as O. N. argr, as well as quite coincident in meaning ; O. Sw. arg, a coward ; A. S. earg, earb, timid, slow or slothful. 1. ' Ah felt arfsb in the dark.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Ah's arf about gannin'.' Ib. ' Nis he erub chaumpion >et skirmeS touward J>e uet?' Is he not a cowardly champion who strikes at the feet? Ancr. Riwle, p. 274. In another text the word is written arch; in Lay. i. 185, eeer^b; iii. 266, arS ; and in Pr. Pm. arwe, arbwe, arowe. Repeated instances of the substitution in our dialect of the /-sound for the guttural cb, g, or gb will be met with in the following pages. Cf. the form arch, as also O. E. grucb, our gruff. Argufy, v. a. To argue, dispute. ' It 's t' nae use argufying the matter.' Wb. Gl. ' " He 's ower fond o' argufying ;" too ready to gainsay or dispute.' Ib. Aries, sb. Earnest-money given to a servant on concluding the con- tract of service or hiring. Elsewhere, arles-penny. See God's penny, Pesting-penny. ' Aries is a diminutive from Latin arra, which is itself an abbreviation from arrbabo, 10 GLOSSARY OF THE formed as in many other cases by adding the termination le.' Arrbabo or arrha denoted, in general terms, an earnest or pledge for the completion of any contract, and at the same time implied or, in a sense, proved, the contract to have been made. Arr, sb. i. A scar or cicatrix, a mark left by a wound or ulcer. 2. Hence a guilty recollection, as if a mark left on the conscience. 0. Sw. cerr ; O. N. brr ; Dan. ar. 1. ' I '11 gie thee an arr thou '11 carry t" thee grave.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' It 's nobbut a black arr, thae deeings o' thahn (thine) wi' t' aud man ;' the way you dealt with the old man must have left a black mark on your conscience. Arridge, sb. i. The edge of a squared stone or piece of timber. 2. ' The ridges of furniture,' Wh. Gl. 3. The edge or selvedge of a piece of cloth or cotton, &c. The derivation of this word seems uncertain, as also its orthography. Jam. gives ' arms, arress, the angular edge of a stone or beam. Lothian.' Hall, gives ' arridge, the edge of anything that is liable to hurt or cause an ar;' an etymological definition which at least has the merit of simplicity. In some MS. annotations on Brockett's Gl. which have come into my hands, with permission to make use of them, I find arish given as a Durham word, and signifying an edge ; while, further, it is derived from arete (Old French areste) : ' L'angle saillant que forme deux faces.' Diet, de I' A cad. It seems more probable that the Yorkshire arridge, Durham arz's& and Lothian arras all originate in the same older word, from which also the French arete may descend through another channel. I suspect a connection with O. N._/at>arr or ja'ftar, Sw. D.jiider, an edge, extremity, list or selvedge, but cannot make it out. Arse-end, sb. Lower or bottom-end, of a sheaf of corn, for instance ; of what stands on a lower end, generally. O. N. and O. Sw. ars ; S. Jutl. arts, abs, ats, the hinder part of man or beast. ' Mellem to stole fuller artz paa jorde :' between two stools, &c. ; artslangs, in a backward direction, with which comp. arselins, Norf., given by Halliwell. ' Pick thae stocks doon, and let t' arsends o' t' shaffs lig i' t' sun a bit.' Arsey-varsey. Topsey-turvey, in confusion, contrariwise. ' Etymology obvious.' Brockett. Arval, sb. A funeral entertainment. ' In the North the funeral feast is called an arval or anil-supper ; and the loaves that are sometimes distributed among the poor, arval-bread.' Douce's Illustrations, II. 203. Halli- well says, ' Arval supper is a funeral feast given to the friends of the deceased, at which a particular kind of loaf, called arval-bread, is sometimes distributed among the poor. Arval- bread is a coarse cake, composed of flour, water, yeast, currants, and some kind of spice ; in form round, about eight inches in diameter, and the upper surface always scored, perhaps exhibiting originally the sign of the Cross.' Jam. remarks that ' The term arval may have been left in the north of England by the Danes : for although A.S.^r/denotes an inheritance, I see no vestige of the composite word in this language.' There can be no question that arval heir-ale, as Dr. Dasent Englishes it is a Scandinavian term. S. G. arful makes so much quite apparent ; while Wormius gives the combination arfwol as an ancient Danish term, the modern Danish form being arvol. As to what the arval or arvel was, Dasent tells in a few terse words, as follows : ' On great occasions, as at the Yule feasts in honour of the gods, held at the temples, or at arvel CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 I " heir-ale" feasts, when beirs drank themselves into their fathers' land and goods there was no doubt great mirth and jollity, much eating and hard drinking of mead and fresh-brewed ale.' The usage which seems to have had the force of a law was that no heir could take possession of his inheritance before giving the arval feast. In the early Christian times, the complete funeral rites were solemnised on the day of the funeral : after- wards on the seventh day after, then on the thirtieth day, and ultimately at the expiry of the year from the death ; and the inference from Ihre's statement on the subject is, lhat the day thus set apart was also fixed upon, by use and custom, as the day on which the division of the deceased man's goods was formally made, and on that account the occasion was designated arful or arfwisol. Besides these northern etymologies, the Celtic term for full funeral rites is stated as arwyl. That the observances still kept up at our Cleveland funerals, and, certainly not less, some of those which have only recently passed into desuetude, evidently descend from the old Scandinavian arful, will be sufficiently apparent from a brief account of them, for a part of which I arn indebted to the Whitby Glossary, though most of it is of wonted occurrence in my own parish and in the country part of the district at large. On the occasion of the death of an inhabitant, one or more persons, according to the extent of the deceased person's acquaintance, or the esteem in which he was held, go through the parish to the several houses of the neighbours and relatives, and of others who are to be invited, to bid them to the burying. These persons are designated the Bidders. Occasionally the friends and others thus bodden or boden amount to two or three hundred, and the provision that is necessarily made for them is of a proportional magnitude. On more than one occasion within the last ten years, in the author's parish, the number of stones of beef and ham provided for the funeral of a well-known or much-respected parishioner has been specially quoted afterwards. Compare the above extract from Dasent's Introductory Chapter to Burnt Njal, and this from Landnamabok, Part III, ch. x. ' That arval (erfe) which Thorward and Thord held in honour of their father, was the most famous ever known in Ireland. They bade (frudo) all the principal people round, and the number of those that were bidden (bodsmenn) was twelve hundred ;' and it must be borne in mind that the hundred was what is still known in Cleveland having been introduced by the countrymen, perhaps kinsmen, of these very Icelanders as the Lang-hundred, or six score. The company assembled and the bidding is usually for an hour preceding midday the hospitalities of the day proceed, and after all have partaken of a solid meal, and before the coffin is lifted for removal to the churchyard, cake, or biscuits, and wine are handed round by two females whose office is specially designated by the term Servers. ' At the funerals of the rich in former days,' says the compiler of the Wb. Gl., ' it was here a custom to hand Burnt wine to the company in a silver flagon, out of which every one drank. This cordial seems to have been a heated preparation of port wine with spices and sugar. And if any remained it was sent round in the flagon to the houses of friends for distribution.' Reference is also made to the disinclination, on the part of many of the older inhabitants, to be carried to their last home in a hearse : they prefer ' to be carried by hand and sung before' as their fore-elders had been. ' Uncovered coffins' of wainscot were common some years ago, with the initials and figures of the name and age studded on the lid in brass- headed nails ; but coffins covered with black cloth are now commonly seen. The coffin is almost never borne on the shoulders, but either suspended by means of towels passed under it, or on short staves provided for the purpose by the undertakers, and which were custo- marily, in past days, cast into the grave before beginning to fill it up. The author saw one of these bearing-staves dug out when re-digging an old grave in August 1863. Men are usually borne by men, women by women, and children by boys or girls according to sex. Women who have died in child-birth have white sheets thrown over their coffins. In the case of an unmarried female, the custom, until recently, was to carry a Garland, composed of two circular hoops crossing each other, dressed with white paper cut into flowers or leaves (Young's Hist, of Whitby), or in the form of a wreath of parti-coloured ribbons, C 2 12 GLOSS 'A RY OF THE having a white (paper ?) glove in the centre inscribed with the name, or initials, and age of the deceased. This garland was laid on the coffin during its passage from the church to the grave, and afterwards, at least in some cases, suspended from the ceiling of the church. In the chancels at Hinderwell and Robin Hood's Bay some of these garlands were still in being only a few years since. Compare with all this, the picture drawn by Shakspere of a Danish damsel's funeral : ' Her obsequies have been as far enlarged As we have warranty : her death was doubtful ; Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home Of bell and burial ; ' where crants is simply the O. N. and S. G. krans, a garland or chaplet. Truly our Cleve- land custom is here figured forth, as vividly as the anal-feast in the ' funeral baked meats,' which did ' coldly furnish forth the marriage tables.' Other peculiarities in the conduct of a Cleveland funeral are yet, or have been till lately, that when the corpse of an unmarried female is carried to the churchyard, the bearers are all single, and usually young women dressed in a kind of uniform, in some places all in white, in others in black dresses with white shawls and white straw bonnets trimmed with white. The Servers also always precede the coffin as it approaches the churchyard, or is borne to the grave, sometimes in white, more usually in black with a broad white ribbon worn scarf-wise over one shoulder and crossing over the black shawl ; or else with knots or rosettes of white on the breast. Verses of a hymn or psalm often selected before death by the person about to be buried are sung at lifting the body, as houses are passed on the way to the church, and on approaching the church-gate more nearly ; and the chief mourners kneel round the coffin, which is usually laid in the chancel in former times just in front of the altar railing during the reading of the Psalm and Lesson, the males with their hats always on ; and after the Lesson three verses of a Psalm are usually sung before leaving the Church. Arval-bread, sb. (pr. averil-breead). A species of bread, or rather cake (see Spice-bread), specially prepared in days gone by for con- sumption at the Arval or Burying. Confectioners at Whitby still pre- pare a species of thin, light, sweet cake for such occasions. Asher, adj. Made of ash, ashen. ' An asber pail ;' ' an asber broom.' Egton Sword Dance Recit. Ask, hask, esk, sb. The newt, eft, or water-lizard, supposed by those who know no better to be venomous, as is noticed also by Brockett. Gael. asc. It is somewhat singular that the Celtic name of this creature should have maintained itself against any competitor from the northern dialects. A. S. apexe and Germ. eidecbse are the nearest in sound perhaps : Old N. edla, S. G. odla do not seem to approach in any particular. See Fleein'-hask. Ass, sb. Ashes. O.N., O. Sw. aska; Dan. aske; M. G. asgo or as/a; O.K. G. asca; G. and Dut. ascbe ; A. S. asce, axe, axse, abse. The sound of the double consonant seems to have been softened down as in several other cases ; e.g. assel for axle, Stowsley for Stokesley, Rousby for Roxby, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 13 and thus aska or axse has become ass ; a change which seems to have already, in Anglo- Saxon times, taken place in some degree, if we may found a surmise on the form abse. 4 " Burnt tiv an ass ;" burnt to a cinder.' Wb. Gl. ' Clamed wiv ass ;' smeared over with ashes. Ass-card, ass-eaird, sb. A fire-shovel for cleaning or carding up the hearth-stone. See Card. Ass-coup, sb. A kind of tub or pail to carry ashes in. See Coup. Assel-tree, sb. An axle-tree. Brock., besides adducing Fr. asseul and Ital. assile, in both of which the x of axle is simi- larly softened, quotes also Gael, aisil. The change is one which occurs not infrequently in the Cl. D. ; as owsen for rjxen. See also the instances quoted under Ass. Ass-hole, ass-pit, sb. The place provided for receiving the ashes, usually a hole or pit, and so differing from the dust-heap of the South. Also applied to the square hole beneath the fire-place devised for collecting the ashes. Assil-teeth, sb. The grinders. O. N. jaxlar, denies molares, maxillares ; Sw. D. aksla-tand ; Sw. oxeltand; Dan. axel- tand. For the softening of the *-sound comp. Sw. oxel, N. asall, names of the Sorbus aria. Ass-manner, sb. Ash-manure : manure, so called, of which the chief constituent is ashes, especially peat or turf ashes. Ass-midden. The heap of ashes collected by the daily casting forth of the ashes of the household. See Midden. Ass-riddling. Riddling or sifting of ashes; on the hearth, namely. On St. Mark's Eve the ashes are riddled on the hearth, for the super- stition still lingers, though it may be partially veiled under the guise of laughing incredulity, that if any of the inmates of the house be going to die within the year, the print of his, or her, shoe will be found impressed in the soft ashes ; a superstition which has led to many a thoughtless, but very cruel and mischievous, practical joke. See CauflF-riddling, Marks E'en. At. Now rarely used before the infinitive instead of to. Common to the Scand. tongues. Cf. Dan. De gave mig eddike at driJtke; they gave me vinegar to drink. Ferguson gives an instance or two in which at still takes the place of to, with the infinitive, in the Cumb. dialect ; and I have, though rarely, heard it in Clevel., in such phrases as ' What 's at do, now ? ' Hall, gives two instances out of the many afforded by MS. Lincoln, ' I have noghte at do with the,' and ' that es at say,' that is to say. There is little doubt that the idiom was common throughout this district fifty years ago. At, rel. pr. That, which. It is usually supposed, or rather taken for granted, that this is merely a vocal corruption 14 GLOSSARY OF THE or contraction of that. However there is no question (see Jam. in v.) that in the'Northern dialects it was of old continually written at ; for instance : ' Claudyus send Wespasyane Wyth that Kyng to fecht or trete, Swa that for luwe, or than for threte, Of fors he suld pay at he awcht." Wyntown, v. 3. 89. It is, in fact, the O. N. rel. pr. at, unaltered. Thus, bvar er sd at gat? where 's him at gat it ? And it is used indifferently in either number ; sd at, he that ; \>eir at, they that. ' " Is there nought at Ah can dee ?" " Nowght, at Ah can tell." ' Cf. ' That at is dry the erth shalle be,' Townel. Myst. p. 2 ; and, ' bot if we make assethe in }>at \>at we may,' Rel. Pieces, p. 6, side by side with ' ftbr as many we sla in }>at at we may, als we slaundire or backbite.' Ib. 5. At, conj. That. O. N. at; O. Sw. and Sw. alt; Dan. at. Jag will att tv gor (bat: in the Clevel. form, Ah wishes at thou wad dee it. Ok sva var gert at benni uar gert annat bal, en Sigurdi annat ; and so it came to pass that one bale-fire (funeral pile) was made for her, and another for Sigurd. Flat. I. 355. ' Ah said at Ah wad, an' Ah ded." ' Weean't ee ? Bud Ah '11 see at thou diz.' At, prep. i. To. 2. Of or from. 3. With, a person namely (the sense of the Lat. apud} ; as with the intent of urging a suit, or hearing a purpose or resolution. 0. N. at, ad, usque, apud; Sw. D. at; Sw. at, to, at, with; A. S. at, at, to, with, of, from : ' because you approach a person or thing when you wish to take something away, as they say in and about Nottingham ; Take ibis at me, i. e. from me.' Bosw. 1. ' Ah caan't dee owght mair at it;' spoken by a workman of a job of work he had been labouring at. ' What did he do at thee ? ' A very common formula. Cf. ' What aileth this same love at me, To blinde me so sore?' Chaucer, Rime of Sir Topaz. 2. ' T' maaster wur here a bit syne, an" he wur speirin' at me about apples.' Cf. O. N. Nema at monnum, to learn from men ; A. S. Mt bwam nima\> cyningas gafol oftfte toll? of whom do kings take custom or tribute, Matt. xvii. 25. And begeat med bis smeb wrencan . . er J>re Out of J>e lond into J>e see, armes as )>ei be.' Athout, prep, and conj. Without. A corruption of without. Jam. gives betbout as a Fifeshire form, adding that ' it may be analogous to A. S. be-utan, sine.' Home Tooke observes that 4 but and without have exactly the same signification ; that is, neither more nor less than be-out. And they were both originally used either as conjunctions or prepositions,' which renders such an analogy more than possible. Betbout may form the link between without and atbout, the be initial getting changed, in course of time or use, into a, as in the case of abint for bebint, atwixt for betwixt, &c. Atter, atteril, sb. i. Purulent matter from an ulcer or sore. 2. The fur on the tongue in cases of fever, &c. A. S. dttor, after, poison, matter, pus: Bosworth. Comp. O. N. eitr; O. Sw. etter, eiter; Dan. edder ; O. H. G. and Germ, eiter; Dutch eyter : both the latter bearing the sense, matter or pus. The original application of the word in each of these tongues seems to have been in the sense of poison, the root being supplied (see Ihre in v. Etter) by the O. H. Germ, eiten, urere, from the 'eating' or consuming nature of many poisonous sub- stances. In connection with this the O. N. word a/a, which signifies both a consuming efficacy and a cancer or ' eating ' sore, deserves notice. 1. ' " Whyah, Willy's han's brussen then?" "Ay: an' a strange vast o' bloody otter's coomed frae it." ' A thick yellow atteril.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Mally 's varrey dowly te day : her tongue 's a' covered ower wiv a thick white after.' Atter-cop, sb. A spider. It would be strange if this word, which is familiar in Northumb., Durham, Cumb., and South Scotland, should not be retained or remembered in Clevel. According to all analogy it must have once been freely current here, but it is now of very rare occurrence. A. S. atter-coppa. Jam. writes, ' evidently from alter venenum, and copp calix : receiving its denomination partly from its form, and partly from its character : q. d. a cup of venom.' No doubt alter, venenum, is the prefix in the word in question, but the rest of the pro- posed etymology is less satisfactory. Upon the O. Sw. kopp, which, he says, survives only in the word koppe fund, occurring in an ancient legal enactment, and there means bee, Ihre remarks that it must once have had a wider signification, and denoted all kinds of insects. ' I conjecture this," he adds, ' from the fact that in other Scythian dialects the word is used for spider ;' and he quotes the Germ, spinneltopp for the creature itself, besides E. cobweb, Belg. kopwebbe ; and he might have added Dan. edderkop, O. Sw. eterkoppa, Wai. adargop, and Sw. D. etterkoppa, ederkoppa. He also adduces the Welsh cop or coppin, in the word gwer-coppyn, spider's web. On the Germ, spinnekopp his comment is, that it does not mean caput (one of the meanings of kop or koppe) filum ducens, but an insect possessing the power of such production. Rietz, however, thinks etterkoppa may properly signify etter-pase that is, venom-bag from the great bag of eggs the spider is wont to carry, the Dalecarlian word leuppe being synonymous with pdse, bag, pouch. Palsgr. gives addircop as equivalent to ' spinner's web,' which according to Ray is.the case in both Cumb. and Yorkshire. 1 6 GLOSSARY OF THE In Townel. Myst. p. 1 1 3, the word batters stands for spiders : ' But batters I can find no flesh, Hard nor nesh, Salt nor fresh, Bot two tome platters, Whik catelle bot this, tame nor wylde None, as I have blysse.' Aud, auld, adj. Old. A. S. alda, aid, eald. The corresponding O. N. noun is alldr, Dan. alder, Sw. alder; but there seems to be no Scand. adj. from the same root. Aud-farrand, adj. i. As applied to adults, sagacious with the saga- city of experience. 2. As applied to children, gravely or quaintly wise or sagacious beyond their years ; ' old-fashioned,' as copying the manners and expressions of their elders. 0. N. and O. Sw. fara; O. H. G.faran, to gain experience, become used to a thing, or experienced in it. Comp. erfarenhet, skill or use, acquired by practice. Brock, quotes Dan. erfaren, Dutch ervaren, experienced. 1 . ' Ay, he 's an aud-farrand aud chap : he 's oop tiv ought.' 2. ' A-but she 's an aud-farrand lahtle lassie ! She 's like a lahtle gran'mother 1* Aud-lad, Aud-scrat. Names for the devil, prompted perhaps by a feeling of unavowed fear, or a disinclination to mention the being in question by his more forcible appellation. O. N. skratti, a fiend, an evil spirit ; skrattin, the devil ; Sw. D. skrate, skrat, skret, a spirit, ghost, nisse ; skratten, the devil ; O. H. G. scrato, a ghost, bugbear ; M. H. G. scbrate, schratze; Cam. scbrdtt; Slav, sbkrat, id. ; Boh. scret, cobbold or nisse. Hence, no doubt, the English by-name Old Scratch. The common E. name answering to T' aud lad, is ' the Old Boy,' as often heard in the South. Aud-like, adj. Having the appearance of age. ' " He is beginning to look varrey aud-like ;" to .become much aged." Wb. Gl, Aught, ought, sb. (pr. owght). Anything;, opposed to nothing. Ought or nought ;' something or nothing. ' He 's owthef ought or nought ;' of any profession or none : that is, virtually of none, an idler. Aund, auned, awned, adj. Fated, destined, ordained. The instance of usage given by Jam. in v. An almost justifies the assumption that that word and the word awn or aun used in Cleveland, as well as in other parts of Yorkshire and the North, are the same ; ' Y take that me God an,' which is thus explained, ' What God owes me : i. e. means to send me.' How ' What God means to send me' becomes equivalent to ' what God owes me,' or. how it is right or correct, in any sense, to say that ' God owes' anything, is another question. To justify it at all, an is derived from S. G. egna and assumed to mean ' to appropriate, to allot as one's own.' Certainly egna does mean to appropriate, to make one's own, but the action is in the person appropriating, not in another : the idea being strictly of taking, and not of receiving. This, however, is the CLEVELAND DIALECT. 17 direct converse of the sense of our word aimed, and of the word an in the quotation adduced. A more probable etymology might perhaps be sought in O. Sw. ana, animo praesagire, ominari ; Dan. one, Germ, abnen. Still, I believe the origin of our word will be found elsewhere. Mr. Hylten Cavallius, speaking of the relics still to be met with in South Sweden of the heathendom of remote antiquity, says there is still a very deep-rooted conviction in Warend of the existence of a blind, all-controlling destiny, called Ode ; and on the next page goes on thus : ' More- over in the popular language of the district the word bden, den, on is still in common use as applied to what is destined or ordained by fate ; as, for instance, " ass ja a den te a loiva tess den daen kommer :" if I am auned to live till that day comes ; " ban va inte ben te a fa sot sia boira vdxena :" he was not auned to see his sons grown up.' Cf. O. N. undid: ' audid verdr \>ess :' it is auned to happen. This is not the only curious instance, by many, of illus- trations of Cleveland words from the expressions or practices of Warend, in South Sweden. See Nock-reel. Auntersome, adj. Adventurous, bold, ready for any risk or ad- venture. See Ananthers or Anthers. The sense is precisely that implied in avntre in Chaucer's line, I wol aryse and auntre it, by my fay.' Pr. Pm. ' Auntron, aventryn. Fortuno.' ' To aunter, put a thing in danger, adven- ture.' Palsgr. ' " Dinnot be ower auntersome ;" do not be too rash.' Wb. Gl. Awanting, adj. Needed, required. ' " Well, I hope, Mr. B., its going to take up and be fine weather." Mr. B. " It 's to be hoped sae. It 's sair awanting." ' Away-gannan-crop, away-going-crop, sb. The crop of corn which an outgoing tenant is entitled to sow and reap on his late farm, in con- sideration of, and in proportion to, the quantity of land duly fallowed and manured by him during the last summer of his occupancy. The rules which regulate the proportion of land thus appropriated vary slightly, I believe, according to the district. Awe, v. a. To own, to possess, have belonging to. A. S. agan, at ilke gude bat we lufe oure-selfe.' Rel. Pieces, p. 7. With this form cf. O. N. pres. a (of eiga), A. S. 3rd pers. pres. ab. See Wheeas a' P and cf. O. N. bverr d ? which is exactly equivalent in form and sense. D 18 GLOSSARY OF THE Awebun', awebund, adj. i. Under restraint or discipline, so as to be orderly, obedient, attentive. 2. Submissive to authority. Jam. ' hesitates whether to view this as formed from the sb. awband, or as compounded of awe and bound.' Awband is a Lanarkshire and Lothian name for a peculiar apparatus used for fastening unruly cattle by the neck to the rudstake. And there is an Isl. word bdband, which signifies a ligature (of hide) applied to the legs of sheep in such a way as to prevent them from leaping or straying far. The similarity of sound and application between awband and bdband is certainly suggestive, and probably, if not surely, supplies the deriva- tion of the sb. aweband in the sense of, i. check or restraint; and, 2. a moral restraining influence. The word awebund, however, can scarcely proceed from this source ; for the verb is not awbind, but awband, O. N. at bdbenda, still in use in Lanarkshire ; and one is accordingly thrown back upon the more obvious compound derivation. ' " Thae bairns are sadly ower little awebun ;" too little under discipline, ill-trained.' Wb. Gl. ' " They were awebun nowther wi' God nor man ;" disregarded all precepts human and divine.' Ib. Awf, sb. i. An elf, or fairy. 2. A fool, a silly or half-witted person. See Awflsh. O. N. alfr, alfi; O. Sw. cdf; Dan. alfe; A. S. alf, celf. ' The word elf,' says Sir Walter Scott, Minstrelsy, ii. no, ' which seems to have been the original name of the beings after- wards denominated fairies, is of Gothic origin, and probably signified simply a spirit of a lower order.' To these spirits were attributed the various operations of nature, and conse- quently various kinds of elfs were distinguished. The Scandinavians divided them into svart alfar and lias alfar, black elves and white. The Anglo-Saxons ' had not only dun-elfen, berg-elfen and munt-elfen, spirits of the downs, hills and mountains ; but also feld-elfen, wudu-elfen, sae-elfen, and wteter-elfen, spirits of the fields, of the woods, of the sea, and of the waters. And in Low German, the same latitude of expression occurs ; for night-hags are termed aluinnen and aluen. But the prototype of the English Elf is to be sought chiefly in the berg-elfen or duergar of the Scandinavians. From the most early of the Icelandic Sagas, as well as from the Edda itself, we learn the belief of the Northern nations in a race of dwarfish spirits, inhabiting the rocky mountains, and approaching, in some respects, to the human nature. Their attributes, amongst which we recognise the features of the modern fairy, were supernatural wisdom and prescience, and skill in the mechanical arts, especially in the fabrication of arms. They are further described as capricious, vindictive, and easily irritated," Minstr. ib. This ' harsher character of the Elves' seems never to have quite passed away in the folk-lore of this district, as in Southern England, giving place to the gentler, more amiable, though still, possibly, capricious attributes of the Fairy proper a circumstance which stands out strongly in the notions connected with the words next fol- lowing ; the explanation of which probably is that the traditions of the district, under the one name ' Fairy,' confound the persons of the Dwarf proper and the Elf proper. The Fairies in Cleveland make and wash butter, and even tub it, or put it down for keeping ; wash their linen industriously, nay often noisily ; fire their bolts at animals ; dance around the fairy-ring ; are capable of inflicting mischief on mankind ; take charge of deserted chil- dren, rear them to manhood, protect them through life, and bury them when dead ; abstract children ; stand in need of the services of human midwives ; resist the building of churches, destroying the work done in the day and flitting the materials to a spot less objectionable to themselves, by night ; haunt certain tumuli or Houes as their chosen residence ; live under ground ; and the like. The author has collected various legends embodying all these notions, and all with a distinct locality assigned to them. Claymore Well, a certain spring in Baysdale, and a stream in the vicinity of Egton Grange, besides Fairy Cross Plains in the CLEVELAND DIALECT. 19 parish of Danby, and other places in the neighbourhood, are specially famous in the fairy- lore connection. But most of these legends point distinctly, as an attentive study of the less disintegrated folk-lore of North Continental Europe abundantly shews, to the Dwarf or Troll as the agent, and the small remainder to the Elf proper. Thus the Dwarf or Troll does not dance, the Elf does. The Elf uses its supernatural artillery, the Dwarf does not. But while the abstraction of children is a trick of the Troll or Dwarfs, the detention (or re- tention) of mankind in fairy haunts may belong to either Troll or Elf. All stories, how- ever, which involve the practice of any handicraft or manual operation seem to belong to the Dwarf society by special prescription. As to our Clevel. form Awf, comp. the form oupbe, and ' Oberon, that is, Auberon for Alberon.' Grimm, D. M. p. 421. Awfish, awvish, adj. i. Half-witted, silly, dull. 2. Out of sorts, in the sense of not feeling well without being positively poorly ; neither sick nor well. This must surely be referred to awf, oupbe, elf, er-of jns foule barne-tyme highte Envye, the to>er highte Pride,' &c. Rel. Pieces, p. 57. Bairnwort, banwort, sb. The common daisy (bellis perennis). Spelt also Banwood. An apparent derivation is offered in A. S. bdn-vjyrt; banewort, a violet, perhaps the small knapweed. Bosw. Hall, gives ' a violet, Dunelm.,' and then adds, ' According to Cooper, bellis is the white daysy, called of some the margarite, in the North banwoort.' A. S. dceges- eage is the original of E. daisy ; and it certainly seems, both on that ground, and on account of the accentuation and consequent sound of bdn-wyrt, that the plant indicated by that name was distinct from the daisy and our Bairn- or Ban-wort. Dr. Prior gives banewort, ' from its baning sheep, by ulcerating their entrails,' as ranunculus flammea. There is very great perplexity about the majority of the local names of plants, from the uncertainty (or worse) of their application ; the same name being often applied to two, three, or more plants which are perfectly distinct. Bake-house, sb. (pr. backus). A baker's oven, or rather the building containing it. Pr. Pm. ' Bakbouse, or bakynge howse. Pistrina.' This is of course the origin of the prevalent North Country name Backhouse, which in the Danby Registers, 150 to 200 years ago, appears in the form Backus or Bakkvs. And, rather quaintly, on the same page in one instance I find the name (still borne in the district) of Venus or Venis : a name much more difficult to account for. Baking, sb. The quantity of corn varying with the size of the family sent by the several farmers to the mill to be ground, and which is fetched away by the Cadger at stated times. What Batch is in connection with the oven (comp. Dan. bcegt, Sw. bag, &c.), that Baking is in reference to the mill ; that is, as regards the usage of the word. Baksta'n, bakstone, sb. A circular plate of iron with an iron Bow to hang it by, to bake cakes upon. It is sometimes, though rarely, formed of slate. Comp. O. N. bakstjdrn, literally, bake-iron, or iron for baking purposes. The transition of sound from what I take to be the O. N. original to the Clevel. word as spoken (the j sounding as y), is simple when once the sense of the original has ceased to be noticed. The Leeds Gl. spells the word bakstan, varying that spelling in the explanation with backstone, baxstone, or baxston. Brock, gives backstone, with the definition, ' a heated stone or iron for baking cakes ;' and Cr. Gl. backstone, ' formerly a slate, but now a plate of iron on which oatcake is baked.' The author of the Gl. named first describes the Bakstan as a stone fitted by shape and dimensions for insertion in the ordinary fire-side ovens, but adds afterwards, ' A baxston' cake is now made when the stones are nil by taking one of the iron shelving-plates out of the oven, fixing it over the fire, and placing the cake thereon.' This is the true use of the Bakstan, and for my own part I doubt if stone ever were, or could conveniently be, used in the way the real Bakstan is applied. In ' Hire cake beamed o )>e stan,' Hali Meid. p. 37, we have a reminder of the Alfred legend, the cakes burning on the hearth-stone. 2,6 GLOSSARY OF THE Bakster, baxter, sb. A baker. A. S. baecestre, a woman who bakes, a baker. ' Baker, or baxter, bakstar. Pistor, panicius, panifex.' Pr. Pm. Balk, sb. (pr. bawk). i. A beam. 2. A ridge of land left between two furrows, or by the wall or hedge-side. Hald. gives bjalki, a beam; Dan. bjcelke; and Ihre, balk, a ridge between two furrows. A. S. balca bears both meanings. Comp. also O. N. bdlkr, a wooden partition ; e. g. a planked wall of or in a house, or merely a means of separation between cattle. According to Ihre, Gudmund Andr. remarks that Icel. bdlkr signifies not only the ridge left in plough- ing, but any low ridge. Sw. D. ballea, bolka, is to miss certain ridges or strips in ploughing ; balk, a beam, a wooden partition, a strip in a ploughed field left untouched by the plough. Pr. Pm. ' Balke, trabs ; balke, of a lond eryd. Porca.' ' With his own hand he made them laddirs thre To climbin by the ronges, and by the stalkes Into the tubbis hanging by the balkes ;' of the roof namely : Miller's Tale, p. 28. See Hay -banks, and cf. ' The owle all neght aboue the balkes wonde.' Legende of Philomela, p. 354. ' He can well in myne eyin sene a stalk, But in his own he can nought sene a balk.' Reve's Prologue, p. 30. For the second sense, comp. ' Primus Pastor. To my shepe wylle I stalk and herkyn anone, Ther abyde on a balk, or sytt on a stone Full soyne.' Townel. Myst. p. 99. Ball, sb. i. Of the hand, the palm. 2. Of the foot, the sole. Dan. balde, ball of the hand or foot, as balde i baanden, balde under foden; Sw. D. band- ball, palm of the hand ; fotball orfoteball, planta pedis, sole of the foot ; Genn.fuss-ballen. Comp. Lat. vola. ' About t' bigness o' t' ball o' my hand.' Bally-bleeze, sb. A bonfire. A. S. bdl-blcese, bcel-blise, the blaze of a funeral pile. The Scand. languages and dialects give equivalents for both the parts of this compound word ; thus O. N. bed and blossi ; O. Sw. bal and bloss ; Dan. baal and blusser; but they are not met with in the same con- junction. Sw. D. bal, ' or the more usual form offerbal, denotes a pile of boughs, stones, and other materials of every description, thrown up by means of the contributions of passing wayfarers on the place where a human being has lost his life ; the object of the contri- butors being by this means to bind the spirit (att binda gasteri) and render it harmless quoad se' Rietz. To this Mr. Hylten Cavallius, War end ocb Wirdarne, p. 161, adds that the piles thus formed are from time to time burnt, and that such burning is expressed by the words att brdnna bal, and that even as late as 1828 divers prohibitions are met with as issued by the authorities against such bale-burning. The Dan. Dial, gives the vb. baale, to make a blaze, or a great blazing fire ; the connection of idea with Dan. baal, a funeral pile, or pyre, being evident enough. What the blaze of the funeral pile, or bal, must have been may be easily conceived by any one who has ever seen the opening of a tumulus containing CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2J an interment after burning. The writer has met with many urns in which the remains of the human body were reduced to two or three handfuls of crumbling bones ; and in some cases incredible quantities of charcoal still in close company. Again, in Flat. I. 355, Bryn- hilldr is described as first slaying her seven thralls and her five maids, then stabbing herself, and ordering herself, still living, to be carted away together with the twelve dead bodies to the funeral pile (til bah) to be burnt : ' And so it came to pass that there was one bal for her and one for her husband Sigurdr.' But imagine the pile required for consuming thirteen human bodies to ashes. It need scarcely be added that any assumption of an etymological connection between the name Baal and this word Bally-bleeze must be groundless. Even in the Gaelic form baltein, while tein is equivalent to our Bleeze, Dan. blysse, Sw. bloss, Sec., I doubt if bal be radically distinct from E. bale, Sw. bal, &c. In other words, I do not for a moment suppose that the worship of Baal, any more than that of Balder, or Apollo, or Pbcebus, considered as persons with distinct ethnic names, was intended in these bale-fires. It was the worship of the Sun-god simply, and his name not even hinted at in that of the fire-rites involved. ' Firste to brenne the body In a bale of fiir, And sythen the sely soul slen, And senden hyre to belle.' P. Plougbm. Creed, 1329. Balm-bowl, bawm-bowl, sb. An urinal, chamber-pot. Only a cant term, probably. There is a Teut. word barme, with a signification which would probably include urine ; and if the word is really an old word, that is its probable derivation. Hald. also gives bambur, a vessel of corresponding form, a bowl or pot. Balrag, ballyrag, bullyrag, vb. To abuse violently; to pour foul or savage words and epithets on ; to banter contemptuously and angrily. Also spelt balarag, ballerag, bullirag. There can be little doubt of the essential identity of our word with bully-rook. ' Host. What says my bully-rook f Speak scholarly and wisely.' M. Wives of W. i. 3. Wedgw. connects bully-rook or -rock, ' a hectoring, noisy fellow," with PI. D. buller-brook, buller-jaan, buller-bak ; and these words, together with E. bully, he links with Dut. bolderen, bulderen, verbulderen, to bully with loud menaces ; G. poltern, Sw. butter, noise, outcry ; buller-bas, a blusterer. Baiter, v. n. (pr. bauter). To trample or tread heavily or clownishly. The connection of this word is not very evident. On one side we have Germ, poltern, to beat, thump, strike heavily or noisily; Sw. bulta; Lat. pultare ; with which may possibly be classed Sw. D. bullta, to drive a roller ; bulltklabb, a bittle, battledoor. On the other, Sc. paut, Sw. D. pallia, to hobble, to walk with faltering, uneven steps; pjallia, id.; and possibly our own paddle, with all the class of words it introduces. Baltiorum, sb. Riotous proceedings; the boisterous merry-making which often accompanies a bonfire. ' They played the very baltiorum.' Wb. Gl. I do not find this word printed anywhere except in Wb. Gl. ; nor is its alleged resem- blance to Beltane in Jam. very suggestive of any reference to the customs described under that word. E 2 28 GLOSSARY OF THE Bam, v. a. i. To put a joke or trick upon one. 2. To take in or delude. Br. batnein, to bewitch, cheat. Bam, sb. i. A deception. 2. A trick, or imposition. I. ' " It 's all a bam;" all a deception, or take in.' Wb. Gl. a. ' " Thae 'v' putten a bam on him ;" played him a trick or " made a fool" of him.' Ib. Bamsey, sb. A fat, red-faced female. Wh. Gl. Cf. Sw. D. bdmmba, a stout bulky woman ; Swab, bambel, bampel, bompel, a stout slut of a woman. Ban, v. n. To curse, blaspheme. Pr. Pm. ' Bannyn, or waryyn. Imprecor, maledico, execror.' O. N. and O. Sw. banna, to interdict, to denounce by ecclesiastical authority. But O. Sw. bannas was applied to such as made use of wicked imprecations in their talk. Ihre. The same author also quotes O. N. bannaz and Belg. bannen in the same sense. * " He banned till all was blue ;" gave loose to furious imprecations.' Wb. Gl. ' Primus Pastor For this trespas, We wille nawther ban ne flyte, Fyght nor chyte.' Townel. Myst. p. 115. Ban, sb. A curse. O. Sw. bann or ban; O. N. bann; A. S. ban; Dan. band. The meaning of the O. Sw. and O. N. words seems to have been to interdict, or prohibit. The primitive meaning of the O. E. or A. S. word seems to have been to summons the army. Wedgw. Thence was derived the sense of exclusion from the privileges of religion ; and from this the meaning which our present word still bears. And it is worthy of note that, inasmuch as there was a formal publication of the summons, or prohibition, or interdict, the word bann came to be applied to other formal proclamations ; as, e.g. that of the purpose of marriage between any two contracting parties : whence the phrase, ' banns of marriage.' Band, sb. i. Small string or twine. 2. A rope of small or moderate size. 3. The ligature of a sheaf of corn. 4. Thin straw rope twisted by hand, employed to secure the thatch of stacks, &c. 0. N. band seems to have had a sense almost exactly coincident with our first ; viz. thread, small ties whether of wool, linen or other material. The ordinary sense of O. N. and O. Sw. band was simply (from binda, to bind ; pret. band) something bound, that is, applied in binding ; a ligature, fillet, surgical bandage ; and thence the other meaning just noted. 1. ' Such and such a thing is not worth a band's end ;' i. e. it is valueless. 2. ' " There 's a band for thee ;" there "s a rope : go and hang yourself.' Wb. Gl. Band-maker, sb. i. A twine-spinner or rope-maker. 2. The per- son, usually a lad, who makes the Bands for tying up the sheaves of the newly-cut corn. The operation of Band-making is performed by twisting lightly together, at the ear end, two handfuls of the long corn ; and the Band, so made, is carefully laid on the ground so as CLEVELAND DIALECT. 29 not to untwist before the substance of the sheaf is laid upon it. Comp. Dan. baande, to twist straw rope for binding sheaves. Bands, sb. Hinges. A pair o' bands ;' a couple of hinges. Wb. Gl. Cf. O. N. kroka-par, par fibularum. ' David. For of this prynce thus ere I saide ; I saide that he shuld breke Youre barres and bandes by name, And of youre warkes take wreke." Townel. Myst. p. 248. ' Et solvit Ricardo Smyth pro clavis, bandis et crowkis pro tenementis in Elvett.' Pr. Finch, p. ccclx. Bandster, sb. The person who binds the sheaf laid upon the Band, as described under Band-maker, by the Gretherer, usually a woman, who follows the mower with a light four-toothed rake to collect the corn into masses sufficient to form each a sheaf. Bank, sb. i. The steep hill-side running up to the moor-edge. 2. Any hill-side. 3. A road running up a hill-side. A. S. bane, and O. Sw. bcenk, the idea implied in each word being, according to Ihre, of a thing which rises from or above the ordinary level. Sw. D. bank, meaning a cloud-bank or fog-bank, must be collated with N. bakkje, O. N. bakki, with the same signification. And these forms are coincident with Sw. backe, a hill, hill-side. The phrase en brant backe, a steep hill, is one of continual occurrence, and answers with the closest correspondence to our own a brant bank. We may observe that like as bane, bank, backe vary in form only by the presence or absence of , so the Sw. adj. brant differs from O. N. brattr, but no further. 1. ' " Have you seen my brother, Josey?" " Aye, Ah seed him gannan' alang t' bank- side an' oop til t' moor nae lang tahm syne." ' 2. ' A brant bank;' a steep hill. Cf. ' And up that bank that was so staire.' Percy's Fol. MS. I. 244. 3. ' T' bank 's desput sleeap wiv ice, t' moorn ;' the road is in a very slippery condition with ice. Banky, adj. i. As applied to land; steep, lying on the hill-side. 2. As applied to a road ; hilly, abounding in steep places. 1. ' Aye, he 's getten t' farm nane sae dear : but there 's a vast o' banky land iv it.' 2. ' T' rooad to Whitby 's sair an' banky.' Bar, adj. Bare. ' Primus Tortor. To bett his body bar I haste, withoutten hoyne.' Townel. Myst. p. 206. ' Nobbut t' bar walls ; that 's a' he 's getten ;' of a man who had had a house left him, but everything else bequeathed some other way. Barfam, barfan, sb. A horse-collar. See Bumble-barfan. The derivation of this must have seemed as uncertain as its orthography. It is written barfam, barfbame, barribam, barson, barkbam, barkbaam, braffam, brougham, baurgbam, baurgbwan, brecbam, brecbem. Jam. says ' Gael. Ir. braigb, the neck ; whence braigb 30 GLOSSARF OF THE aidain, a collar. The last syllable has more resemblance to Teut. bamme, a collar.' The last sentence shews he is not satisfied with the suggested derivation : and no wonder. Brocket! gives, ' Barkbam, a horse's collar, formerly made of bark ;' the derivation hinted at being, however, even less satisfactory than the Gaelic one. Under bames or beams, Mr. Wedgwood gives what is, beyond doubt, the true origin of the word : ' The stuffing of hay or straw by which the hames were prevented from galling the shoulders of the horse was called bamberwe, or banaborougb, a coarse horse-collar made of reed or straw ; from berwe or borough, shelter, protection against the hames. The same elements in the opposite order may be recognised in Prov. E. baurgbwan, braucbin, a collar for a horse, made of old stock- ings stuffed with straw (Grose) ; and in Sc. brecbame. " The straw brecbame is now sup- planted by the leather collar." Jam.' Our Barfan or Barfam, allowing for the g or gb concealed under f, presents the true word only slightly disguised : bargb-(b)am' '. Comp. the Pr. Pm. forms; berwbam, berubam; and bargbeame in Catbol. Angl, Bargh, foarugh, baurgh, sb. (pr. barf). A hill, usually one forming a low ridge by itself; as Lang-barugh in Cleveland. O. Sw. berg; O. N. berg, biarg; Dan. bjcerg ; O. H. G. berg; M. G. bairg; A.S.beorg, beorb. The word barf (Lincolns. Gl.) is merely the phonetic way of spelling Bargh or Baurgh, and the closest analogy is found in the Clevel. Pr. of through, though, plough, &c. : namely, tbruff, tbqf, pleeaf or pleuf. Comp. O. N. pl6gr, plough ; plogjarn, coulter, with Dan. plov, plovjern, coulter ; Clevel. pleuf, pleufiri -aim ; for a parallel softening of the gut- tural. Langbaurgh is written in Domesday and other ancient documents Langeberg ; and so of other places now known as Bar ugh. or Baurgh. Barguest, sb. An apparition in the form of some animal, most fre- quently a large shaggy dog, but always characterised by large saucer eyes and a terrible shriek or roar. Correctly, no doubt, this word should be bier-gbost ; Germ, babr, gelst; Dan. baare, geist. Scott's Minstrelsy 1, cix. note. Several other derivations have been proposed, all more or less absurd ; but Sir Walter's, besides falling in with the still commonly received notion once, I believe, universal that the Barguest is, in its proper office, a harbinger of death, at once suggests a comparison with the Sw. kirke-grim, Dan. kirke-varsel or kirke- vare. See Monthly Packet, xxix. 247. It was the custom, in the countries referred to, for the workmen engaged in building a church to take the first living creature which crossed their path on the day the work was to be completed, and build it in alive in the wall. It became afterwards the office of this animal to give warning of approaching death to the people of the township it belonged to. Thus, animal forms of many kinds belonged to the several kirke-grims of a district ; and similarly, in Yorkshire we hear of Barguests in the form of a mastiff, a pig, a large donkey, a calf, &c. Other names for the Barguest are padfoot (East Yorkshire and Leeds) ; gytrash (Leeds) ; skriker, trash (Lancashire ; Choice Notes, p. 23), shuck, &c. Barkened, adj. Coated or crusted over with dirt ; or with anything calculated to form a dry superficial coating. S. Jutl. borken, a scab, or crust forming over a sore. ' T' puir bairn's heead an' feeace an" airms an a' wur fairly barkened ower wi' dry muck.' Barley-bairn, sb. A child born too soon after the wedding of the parents. So called, it is said, because the barley-crop comes forward sooner than other corn. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 31 Wb. Gl. See Barley-crop. But the explanation is unsatisfactory. There is a word commonly used in the North, quoted by Brock., Hall., and Jam., and current also in Lancashire, with the sense, to bespeak, put in a claim. The word referred to is barley ; and its special sense would give a significance to Barley-bairn not alien to the Northern genius ; that is to say, a bairn already bespoke before the formal rites of marriage. Barley-crop, sb. Not quite synonymous with Barley-bairn, inas- much as it is applied rather to the fact of the too early birth than to the child born. Thus : ' So and so 's getten a barley-crop, then ;' in reference to the circumstance that his wife has getten her bed within too short a time after marriage. Barm, sb. Yeast. O. Sw. berma; Dan. beerme; A. S. beorma; Dut. barm. Barren, sb. The external part of a cow's sexual organs ; the ' shape.' Hall, extends the meaning, further and makes it the ' vagina of an ani- mal :' but I think mistakenly. The cow seems to be the only animal to which the word is applicable. Sw. D. bdrane, a cow's sexual parts ; other forms being bdranne, borne, bare. Dan. D. bcerend, bcerild; Old D. bartenda, bter&nde. Cf. Germ bdrmutter, Dut. baarmoeder. The word is closely connected with O. N. bera, O. Sw. bine leode. Among thy people & heore beoden bidde^S.' And their beads bid. Lay. 1 1 . 404. ' To ihesu l>ei bede a bede.' Assumpcio B. Mare. E. E. T. S. p. 99. ' Scheome ich telle uorte beon euer her itold unwurS, and beggen ase on harlot, jif hit neod is, his liueneo", and beon otSres beodemon, ase ?e beoft, leoue sustren ;' Ancr. Riwle, p. 356 : shame I reckon (it) for to be ever here reckoned unworth, and (to) beg as a harlot, if it need be, one's living, and (to) be others' headman, as ye be, dear sisters. Beadswoman, bedeswoman, bead-'us-wife. The same as Beads- man, sex being altered: or, more strictly, the female inmate of a Bead-'us, or alms-house. Pr. Pm. ' Bedewoman. Oratrix, svpplicatrix.' Beaker, sb. A large glass or tumbler standing on a stem and foot like those of a wine-glass ; an old-fashioned tumbler or beer-glass. Pr. Pm. ' Byker, cuppe. Cimbium.' O. N. bikar; Sw. bagare; Sw. D. bekare; Dan. bteger, a cup, goblet, chalice ; Germ, be cber ; Dut. beker. Beal, v. n. i. To bellow, to low as a cow. 2. To raise the voice above its usual pitch, as in singing, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Bellyn, or lowyn as nette. Mvgio.' O. N. belia, bavla; O. Sw. b&lia, bala ; Sw. bola; N. bavla, belja; Germ, bellen; A. S. bellan ; Dan. D. ball a. Sw. D. has belja, bdlja, bblja, bavla, to cry at the full pitch of the voice as a child does ; as well as to bellow. I. ' What gars yon coo beeal sikan a gait?' a. ' She wares maist ov her tahm i' beealin' an' singin' ;' she spends most of her time in squalling and singing. Bear, bere, sb. A variety of barley, otherwise called Bigg. A. S. bere, barley ; N. Fris. berre, bar, bar; M. G. baris; O. N. barr, corn ; Sw. D. bar, corn, corn intended to be ground. Of E. barley Mr. Wedgw. says, it ' seems derived from W. barllys, which might be explained, bread-plant, from bara, bread, and llys, a plant." Beared, pret. of Bear. Beast, sb. An individual animal of the ox kind. The plural of this word is Beeas or Boas ; applied to cows or fatting stock collectively. F 2 36 GLOSSARY OF THE Beastlings, beeslings, sb. (pr. bizlin's). The first milk drawn from a cow after calving. A. S. beost, bysting, Englished in Bosw. by ' biestings.' Pr. Pm. ' Beestnynge. Collus- trum.' In Leeds Gl. the word beest appears, as well as beeslings. Hall, also gives beest as in prov. use, and Brock, quotes Dut. blest. Possibly beest and beestings are due to an A. S. origin, and bislings, beeslings to a Scand. form. And it is observable that a word biding is given by Ihre, and is conjecturally referred by him to the word beta, pascere. Beastling-, beesling-pudding, sb. The pudding to the composition of which the Bisslings are applied, and for which concoction, regarded as a great delicacy, the milk in question is much prized. The usual custom is to portion the Beastlings out among such of his neighbours as the owner of the cow wishes to shew a little kindly attention to. But, in the great majority of cases, the jug or other vessel containing the present is scrupulously returned unwashed. Not a few persons in this district, and in S. Lincolnshire also, send with the present a special direction that the containing vessel be not washed out, as otherwise, besides the general reason, it is unlucky,' the particular unluck of the newly-born calf's death would be sure to befal. Beb, v. n. To drink, in small quantities, but for a lengthened time ; to soak. Comp. E. bib, bibber, and A. S. bebr, a cup. ' He wad sit bebbing an' soaking fra moorn an" while neeght.' Wb. Gl. Beck, sb. The general name for a stream of running water. O. N. becltr; O. Sw. back; Dan bak; N. beltlt ; A. S. becc ; Germ, bacb; Dut. beek, &c. ' Fryup Beck," ' Goathland Beck,' &c. The Esk, after it has received Commondale Beck, Danby Beck, and two or three other and smaller streams, is called ' T' Gret Beck.' Beck-stanes, sb. Stepping-stones, by means of which the foot pas- senger may, in the absence of a bridge, cross the beck dryshod. Beclamed, adj. Smeared over with dirt or mud or any equivalent of ' dirt ;' dirtied, bemired. Comp. A. S. beclamed, glued to or together, plastered over. Cf. O. N. kleimi. See dame. Beclarted, adj. Bemired, smeared over with dirt, smirched. See Clarty, Clart. Bedfast, adj. i. Confined to one's bed by chronic ailment or in- firmity; bedridden. 2. Confined to one's bed by sickness, or for a time only. We have also the word house-fast, sometimes, though rarely, varied by home-fast. I do not think these compounds are analogous to the A. S. compounds with fast, ' denoting fast, very, perfectly, effectually ; as ceiv-fast, fast in the law, firm, religious ; soS-fast, fast in truth, true, just; stafiol-fcest, of a firm foundation, stable, firm.' Bosw. The idea is rather of being fixed or fastened in or to a place, as in the Sw. Dial, word fast and our own fast (see Fast), both of which signify not only incapable of further action (hindrad aft g'6ra CLEVELAND DIALECT. 37 bt'ad man or anmodad om : prevented from doing that which one has a mind to do) ; but also unable to leave one's place of stay or residence (bindrad att lemna sitt bent; sam ei kan komma bemifr&n). Comp. our weatherfast, and with it Sw. D. bar-fast, detained by want of a favourable wind; and Sw. and Dan. jord-fast, fast or fixed in the earth, of large stones ; almost equivalent to our Moor-stone. The A. S. equivalent to onr word is bed-rida, bedd-redda, bedd*reda, whence E. bedridden : in Pr. Pm. bedered-man, bedlawer. Bed-happings, sb. Bed-clothes ; sheets, blankets, and coverlet See Hap, Happings. Bed-stocks, sb. The bedstead proper, exclusive of the accompani- ment of sacking, &c., by aid of which it becomes capable of supporting the bed. O. N. stockr, O. Sw. stock, both signify bedstead, or rather, bed-frame. Whether bed is a quite modern prefix, or merely presents an analogy to such compounds as O. Sw. bvgg- stock, a chopping-block, is not perfectly apparent, although Sw. song-stock, O. Sw. seenga- stukkr present the strictest analogy to Bedstock : on the other hand, Sc. stock coincides with Scand. stockr. The original meaning of stokker or stukker was a beam pointed at the ends. Rietz. He 'ad getten his legs ower t' bedstocks. But he cou'd nowther gan ner stand ; an' afore Ah could win tiv 'im he 'ad tummled his lang-length o' t' fleear.' In one of the Witchcraft cases in York Castle Depositions, p. 65, the word bedstoupe occurs : and in the Glossary, the bedstoope is defined as one of the principal timbers in a bed that runs into the posts or stocks. The thin laths or spars that run across the bed from one stoop to another were called bedstaves. ' I think this is written mistakenly : the stoops are the posts, the stocks the timbers running into the stoops. What the inference may be which arises from the original difference in meaning between E. bedstead and Clevel. Bed- stocks, Scand. stock, I must here leave undiscussed. Beeagle, sb. An oddly or grotesquely dressed figure ; ' a fright/ as used of a person ill-dressed and in bad taste : also ' a guy,' ' a scare- crow.' I think this word, which occurs in the Leeds Gl., written beagle, and in Wb. Gl., written as above, is merely bogle or bogill, with the Clevel. prn. of long o as in steean for stone, beeam for borne, &c. ; and that the sense is merely an accommodation from that of Flay- boggle See Boggle, Boggart. ' A bonny beeagle ;' equivalent to What a guy I ' Wb. Gl. Beeas, beas, sb. The collective plural of Beast. Bee-bee. A word in continual use among such as have charge of very young children, and applied when the latter are apparently sleepy, or when it is time for them to be put to sleep. ' Baby go bee-bee now;' or, ' Poor baby wants to go bee-bee.' Hald. gives bi-bi, the soothing voice of nurses when lulling their little charges. Bee-bike, sb. See Bike. Beeld, sb. i. A shelter; or, rather, anything which affords a shelter from the wind, or from inclement weather. 2. Hence a shed, a hovel, 38 GLOSSARF OF THE or a mere stone wall, or walls, though without roof. Also spelt Bield, Beild. The derivation of this word is, like its orthography, uncertain. O. N. ball and b6l both signify the den of, or cave inhabited by, wild beasts ; and the former means also the haunt or abode of lawless men. O. Sw. bole has a very similar application, besides the word bol, which, in either tongue, signifies a dwelling, a homestead. I. ' Ay, it 's a gay good bield when t" wind blaws fell ;' said of a very large and bushy holly growing in the fence of a field. i, ' " A bit of a bield in a field neuk ;" a hovel or cattle-shed, in a field corner.' Wb. Gl. Bee-skep, sb. A bee-hive. See Skep. Bee-sucken, adj. Quoted in Wh. GL from Marshall's Yorkshire, where it is defined as ' cancerous, black and turgid ;' applied to the bark of the ash. A curious word and worthy of preservation. Possibly the derivation may be obvious. ' Natural history teaches,' says Grimm, ' that swarms of bees settle on the sweet sap of the ash, and the Edda declares that a dew drips from the holy ash Yggdrasil, which is called honeydew, and supplies nutriment to the bees.' D. M. p. 659. But, recollecting the familiar fact that the woodpecker specially affects such trees as would be termed bee-sucken, and that a name for the woodpecker is bienenwolf, contracted into the A. S. forms beovulf, beov, beav ; Scand. biar, btaf (See Grimm, D. M. p. 342); and the meaning which O. N. sucka, and sucken in bame-sucken, eventually take namely one involving more or less of the idea of wasting, injuring, ruining, or destoying it appears at least possible that the deri- vation of bee-sucken may not be the apparently obvious one. The remark that if a woodpecker be seen busy about an ash-tree, symptoms of disease will always be found at the spot or spots visited a remark I have heard made once and again is, in this con- nection, noteworthy. Befonded. Probably the true form of Baffounded in the Wh. Gl. See Baffounded. Beggar-staff, sb. Used to imply the state or condition of beggary, or impoverishment ; a long staff being one of the insignia of the beggar when beggars were ' an institution.' ' " They brought him to beggar-staff;" to beggary or ruin.' Wb. Gl. Compare the phrase, ' we are brought to begger-stqffe,' which occurs in the Plympton Correspondence, p. 199. Hall. Frequent reference is made in the Old English ballad poetry, and else- where, to this customary part of the equipment of the professional beggar. Thus in ' Robin Hood, a Beggar, and the Three Squires,' Bp. Percy's Folio MS. i. pp. 1 6, 17, we find Robin Hood exchanging clothes with a beggar, and then, ' Now Robin he is to Nottingham bound, With his bags hanging down to his knee, His staf and his coat, scarce worth a groat, Yet merrilie passed he.' And again : ' But Robin cast down his baggs of bread, Soe did he his staffe with a face.' Begging-poke, sb. The beggar's bag, or scrip, in which to put the CLEVELAND DIALECT. 39 scraps of food, &c., given him on his rounds. Another of the equip- ments of the genus Beggar. See Poke. ' " He coomed t' tak' oop wi' t* begging-pooak ;" was reduced to the condition of begging his bread from house to house." Wb. Gl. Besides the extracts given under Beggar-staff, compare these from p. 14 of the same volume. ' An old patcht coat the beggar had one, Which he daily did use for to wear, And many a bag about him did wag Which made Robin Hood to him repair. Now a change, a change, cri'd Robin Hood, Thy bags and coat give me, And this mantle of mine, ile to thee resign, My horse and my braverie.' Behalden,beha'den, pcpl. (pr. behodden). Under obligation, indebted. A. S. bebealdan, p. p. bebealden, to hold to, to incline ; the prefix be rather intensifying the action. Thus ' beholden is holden, bound, obliged.' Rich. The old word bolde is used in the same sense. Thus ' . . . To hym in special!, Aboue all other, I am most bolde.' Ffor be fyrste (that God made us) es man haldene till hym for to lufe hym with all his herte.' Rel Pieces, p. 32. ' Tercius Magister. Mekylle I thynk that thise prophetys Are bolden to God.' Townel. Myst. p. 159. Shakspere, Two Gent, of Verona, iv. 4, uses the word in an active form : ' She is beholding to thee, gentle youth.' ' Ah 's mickle bebodden t' ye, Ah 's seear.' Cf. Lonsd. misbebodden, unsuitable : of words ; cross, angry. Behint, adv. Behind. See Ahint. Belantered, adj. Belated, benighted. See Lantered. Belder, v. n. i. To bellow, as a bull or cow. 2. To cry or shout vociferously and continuously. 3. To cry loudly or roar, as a hurt or cross-tempered child. Comp. O. N. buldra, to be noisy, to bellow ; Sw. bvllra ; Dan. buldre, to roar, bluster, storm, knock thunderingly ; Sw. butter bas; Sw. D. butter bokk, butter bake, a noisy bois- terous fellow. See also Bolder. Although I quote these words as possibly closely con- nected with our word, yet with the parallel forms, E. winnow, Cl. winder; Sw. bvllra, O. N. buldra; O. N. spinna, Dan. spinde ; and the many similar instances in which d takes the place of the second of two n's or two /'s ; it is at least equally probable that bolder is simply another form of . bellow, A. S. bellan, Germ, bellen, O. N. bylia (pret. buldi), Sw. biila, Sec. 1. ' What 's thae kye beldering that gate for?' 2. ' " What 's yon lad beldering sae for?" " Wheea, he 's laitin' his broother !" ' 3. ' Whisht ! bairn, whisht ! thoo 's beldering like 's thah leg wur btussen." 40 GLOSSARY OF THE Belderment, sb. A loud continuous crying or shouting, such as may be made by one child crying loudly and purposely, or by a party of children at their play, and raising their voices altogether, especially in make-believe crying or singing. Belike, adv. Possibly, likely, very likely. See Like. Belk, v. n. To belch ; to vent wind from the stomach. Mr. Wedgwood looks upon belch, belk, bolk, or bake as ' doubtless an imitation of the sound.' See Bolk or Bouk. 4 In slewthe then thai syn, Goddes warkes thai not wyrke, To belk thai begyn and spew that is irke.' Townel. Myst. p. 314. ' I shall opyn my mouth in parables ; I shal bolke out hid thingus fro makyng of the world.' Matt. xiii. 35 ; Wycl. Version. Belk, sb. A belch ; a single act of belching ' He bigan Benedicite with a bolk, And his brest knokked And raxed and rored And rutte at the laste.' P. Plougbm. p. 100. Bell-house. The name of a lonely house in the parish of Danby, close to the line of the former Causey, which ran across the moors from below Castleton to Staithes, and which is said to derive its name from the circumstance that the bells worn by the leading horses in the train were customarily suspended here during the night halts. Bell-house, sb. The bell-tower, church-tower, belfry. The A. S. word belle-bus occurs, but it does not seem to have been applied exclusively, as our present word is ; one meaning given by Bosw. being mansion. Belly-timber, sb. Food; a supply of material for the belly or stomach. A. S. timbrian is employed in a metaphorical way which is worthy of notice, and gives point to the accommodation existing in our word ' to prepare wood for building ; to build with timber or wood ; the first building being probably of wood : hence, generally, to build, to erect. From this the sense passes to that of building up the mind; to instruct, to edify.' The transition of idea in Belly-timber is not nearly so startling as in the notion of mind-timbering. Comp. also the following, Flat. ii. II : ' Gerdizst ok stio at fullkomliga JramkucEmduzst ord ok atquce.de \>essa goda guds astuinar Olafs konungs Trygguasonar at bans samnafne Olafr Haralldzson upp TIMBRADE \>at sama smide beeilagrar truar sem adr var giftuliga grunduallat :' and so it came to pass that fully accomplished was the word and saying of the good God's fast friend King Olaf Tryggvason, that his namesake Olaf Haraldsson built up the same fabric (literally, timbered up the same smith-work) of Holy Faith, of which had the foundation before been happily laid. Comp. also 'timbrunge touward blisse.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 124. Belly-wark, sb. (the a in wark sounded as in lark). The stomach- ache, colic, gripes. See Wark. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 41 Belong, v. a. To be the property of, or most closely connected with. See example, and comp. use of Speak. ' A coat belonging Thomas.' ' Wheea 's thae tweea ladies, sa" thee ? Whah ! they belongs me they "s our Janey and Mally.' Ben't, baint, (pr. beeant). Be not. ' " T beean't seea ;" it is not so.' Wb. Gl. ' Him an' me beean't no ways kin ;' we are not any relations. Bent, sb. A kind of short, wiry, dark-coloured grass, which forms the chief herbage (of the grass kind) of the moors and moor-banks. Cr. GL mistakenly makes it Triticum junceum. The word is loosely applied to any short, harsh, blue-looking grass growing in such places. 1 Tercius Pastor. Bot fulle ylle have I ment, As I walk on this bent I may lyghtly repent.' Townel. Myst. p. 101. ' Maria. And alle my brethere dere, that ar on this bent, Take tent to my taylle tille that I have told Of my dere son,' &c. Ib. 303. Benty, adj. Short, wiry, blue-looking ; applied to pasture herbage. * Nobbut puir benty mess wiv nae natur in it.' Be-out, prep. Without. A. S. be-utan. Sc. but, is simply thecontr. form of our be-out. Hall, gives bawt= without, which would seem to be merely a corruption of be-out. The ' Doctor," in the Clevel. Sword Dance Recitation, says of his ' gret gran'mother,' ' Her said ef her lived t' have nahnty nahn tahms As mony long years as Methusalahm's, Her'd niwer be be-out a box o' mah pills.' ' And J>eonne }>ouht ich gon awei, uor me luste slepen : and nolde buten leaue :' and then thought I I would go away, for I longed to sleep; and I would not be-out leave. Ancr. Riwle, p. 238. ' Nexst flesche ne schal mon werien no linene cloiS, bute jif hit beo of herde (See Hards), and of greate heorden (See Harding). Stamin habbe hwose wule : and hwose wul mei beon buten.' Ib. 418. Berries, sb. Gooseberries, par excellence. ' Gan an' pick berries, honey ;' go and pick gooseberries, dear. See Blackberries and Curran'-benies. Berry, v. a. To thrash. O. N. beria, to strike, to thrash ; O. Sw. bceria, id. ; N. berja, to thrash ; O. Dan. bcergba ; Sw. D. bargd, to thrash newly-harvested corn hastily or carelessly. Rietz collates A. S. berian, to strike ; O. H. G. perian ; Germ, beren, beeren ; but I do not find the first 42 GLOSSARY OF THE in Bosw., nor the last-named in Hilpert. Comp. Sc. berry, to thrash. The word is extinct here as to daily use, and only preserved in a couplet connected with the ' Hob* traditions. See Hamp. Berth, sb. An abode, fixed residence. The usage in the following example from Wb. Gl. is peculiar, and justifies the insertion of this word : ' He has nowther bairn nor berth ;' he has neither family nor home ; is a roving bachelor, with no domestic ties of any kind, even such as are implied in the possession of ' rooms,' or lodgings. It may also imply friendless and homeless, in a sadder sense. Besom, sb. (pr. bezum). A broom, whether made of Birk or Ling. See Wire-ling. A. S. besem, besm, bism; Germ., Dut. besem; N. S. bessen. Pr. Pm. ' Besme or besowme, besym. Scopa.' ' As fond as a besom ;' absurdly foolish ; apt to commit frequent and absurd mistakes. Besom-head, sb. One who, besides Fondness, or ordinary folly, has stupidity in his composition. Besom-headed, adj. Stupidly foolish. Bessy-bab, sb. One fond of childish amusements. Hall, gives this word in the form of Bessy-bad, which is probably an error. Comp. Southern Molly-coddle; and 'don't be a Bessy,' as said to a person who inter- meddles with feminine matters or businesses. The final syllable bab is simply babe or baby : hence the slightly contemptuous meaning of the word in its ordinary usage. ' Deean't be sikan a great bessy-bab ;' to a big boy playing with a little girl's doll. The Leeds Gl. gives a further instance of the meaning of the word. The whimperings of a spoilt child are of the 'bessy-bab' order; ' Coom te thee mammy, then, thou little bessy-bab. She does nowt bud spoil thuh !' Better, adj. The right; as applied in connection with the words hand, foot. An exceedingly interesting instance of usage. Comp. A. S. swift band, strong hand, the right hand, or switSre band, the stronger hand ; the word swtfSre alone sometimes signifying the right hand. Bosw. Comp. also Dan. beire, Dan. D. boger, O. N. bcegre, from hagr or bcegr, habilis, easy to use, or handy ; Sw. boger; and not less E. rigbt, straight, direct whence the application to the hand which is most directly made use of ; Mr. Wedgw. says, ' which it is right to make use of.' Garnett remarks, ' that the phrase rigbt band was intro- duced into the Teutonic tongues at a comparatively recent period ; and that there is an older form than even swi^re in Caedmon, viz. teso, which he connects with Sanscr. daksbina ; Gr. 5ei6s, Stgirepos ; Lat. dexter ; Lith. deszine ; Goth, taibswo ; O. G. zeso, zeswo ; Ir. and Gael, deas, whence deasil ; Welsh debeu :' in all of which words, probably, the idea of dexterous, handy originally took precedence of that of right, as applied to hand, foot, &c. Bettermy, bettermer, adj. Superior, belonging to a better class. Bettermy, which is the form in current use, is no doubt a vocal corruption of bettermore, which, with its similar superlative bettermost, finds an exact parallel in furthermore, further- most ; further being the regular comparative of forth, as better is of good. ' She was nane o' your commonality, but quite a bettermy soort o' body.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 43 Bettermest, adj. Best of two or more ; the best. See Bettermer. Betterness, sb. Amendment or improvement in respect of health. ' As for ma ailment, Ah finds nae betterness in it.' Wb. Gl. Betottled, betwattled, adj. Bewildered, confused or confounded, stupefied. Comp. Sw. D. bettuttad, bewildered, confused; S. Jutl. betuttet : ' Men w, and Wycl. clepe, in the place), is strictly parallel to our bid to a burying. Comp. S. Jutl. ' e bele By er boden til JiLrvol :' the whole town is bidden to the Arval. It may be noted that there is a good deal of the imperative in the bidding phrase or formula, ' You are expected," or ' You are desired to attend the burying' of so and so. Still, the term is used in the simple sense of inviting; as ' Ah bad him t' tea ;' ' Maist pairt o' t' parish wur bidden te t' tea-feast.' Note, besides the pret. bad or bod, the pcpl. bidden, boden, or hodden ; and, with the example, ' Ah'd ten pund an* a crown hodden me tweea tahms i' t" oppen mark't ,' comp. the S. Jutl. ' Eg er boden fern (five) daler ;' and also the usage in the following passage from Townel. Myst. p. 177: ' Judas. Sir, a bargain bede I you ; By it if ye wille.' Mr. Wedgwood's remark on Bid is : ' Two words are here confounded of distinct form in the other Teutonic languages : i . To bid in the obsolete sense of to pray ; in this sense the word is the correlative of Goth, bidjan ; A. S. biddan Germ, bitten ; Icel. bidbja. i. To bid, in the sense of offering, bringing forwards, pressing on one's notice, and conse- quently ordering or requiring something to be done : Goth, bjudan, in anabjvdan, faur- bjudan, to command, forbid ; A. S. beodan ; Germ, bielen, to offer ; Dut. bieden.' The two senses of our vb. both belong, of course, to the verbs of the second class defined in the extract. For an analogue to those of the other class see Be adman. 44 GLOSSARY OF THE Bidden, bodden, boden, pp. of to Bid. Bidder, sb. The person deputed to ' bid to a burying.' Comp, S. Jutl. bydsven, Funen bydster, of exactly equivalent meaning. In many or most cases, in days hardly quite past yet, the parish clerk was the person customarily engaged for this service : sometimes the sexton, or rather, Dog-whipper. His business was to visit the neighbours' houses, with scarcely an exception in some instances, and formally bespeak their attendance at the funeral. Bide, v. a. and n. i. To wait, stay, or tarry. 2. To dwell, have one's habitation. 3. To bear, endure, put up with. 0. N. bida (pr. bid), to await, to stay, to be affected with sorrow, to endure ; O. Sw. bida ; O. Dan. bide, Dan. bie, to tarry, to await ; M. G. beidan, to look for ; A. S. bidan, abidan, gebidan, to abide, tarry, wait. 1. 'Sit ye doon, an' bide a piece, while Ah gets it.' ' Bide a wee ! Ye're gannan ower fast by owght.' 2. ' Where does thee bide, noo?' where do you live? 3 ' It 's bad to bide ;' said of anything very painful or trying to one's fortitude ; ' a thorn in the flesh,' or bereavement, or things capable of irritating sorely. ' " He wean't bide crossing ;" won't bear, or put up with, contradiction." Wb. Gl. ' " He can still bide a vast, thof he 's bodden a deal in his day ;" he is still strong, though he has undergone many hardships in his past life.' Ib. Comp. ' Arft Su setSe tocymende wses, oSSse we o'Seres bidas.' Nortbumb. Gosp, Matt. xi. 3- ' Thou shuld have bide til thou were cald ; Com nar, and other drife or hald.' Townel. Myst. p. 9. ' Tercius Magister. The Holy Gost shalle in hyr lyght, And kepe hir madyn hede fulle cleene, Whoso may byde to se that sight Thay ther not drede I wene." Ib. p. 159. Mr. Wedgwood's remark, that ' in O. E. the active sense of looking out for a thing was much more strongly felt in the word abide than it is now, when the signification is nearly confined to the sense of continuance, endurance,' may, as the first extract of those just given shews, be extended to the language of the Northumbrian Version. This is even more apparent in Mark xv. 43, where the Engl. Version description of Joseph of Arimathaea, ' which also waited for the kingdom of God,' stands thus : ' sefte a?c he Godes ric bidend waes.' Big, adj. Strong, violent ; of the wind. 4 Aye, it 's a varry big wind." Big, v. a. To build. O. N. byggia, Sw. bygga, Dan. bygge, A. S. byggan. ' He says oure temple he shalle downe bring, and in three dayes big it on hy.' Townel. Myst. p. 308. ' Secundus Dar marga menn med ser: sumir slearu kornn sitmir bundu sumir baru beitn kornn, sumir blodu : ' he had there many men with him ; some shore (reaped) the corn, some bun' it, some bare it home, some lathed it (stacked or put it in the barn). The pronunciation of this vb. coincides closely with that of the Scand. vb. binda, and I have no doubt that in the following extract from Townel. Myst. p. 12 1, the sound of y in fynde, wynde, bebynde, bynde was precisely as in lordynges, or coincident with the pronun- ciation of i in our find, behint, bind, and E. sb. wind. 46 GLOSSARY OF THE ' Nunciits. And, certes, if I may any fynde, I shalle not leyfe oone of them behynde. Herodes. No, bot boldly thou thaym bynde And wyth the leyde ; Makowne that weldys water and wynde The wyshe and spede. Nuncius. Alle peasse, lordynges, and hold you stylle To I have sayde what I wille.' For pcpl. form bun, comp. ' Deus. Thi devoute prayers have me bun.' Ib. p. 36. Binder, sb. The person, usually a man, whose work it is in the harvest-field to tie up the sheaves. Also called the Tier. See Band, Bandster. Bink, sb. i . A bench ; a form or long seat without a back. 2 . A long, flat slab of stone of fourteen or fifteen inches wide set benchwise near the house door, and used for various purposes other than only those of sitting on ; such as setting out the freshly scoured dairy utensils to dry and air, and the like. 3. A rack, or set of shelves, for plates and dishes. O. Sw. bank ; O. N. beckr ; Dan. bank ; A. S. benc. The absence of the n in the O. N. word, as in the former instance of brant (O. N. brattr), is to be remarked here also. See Summer-binks. Birk, sb. The birch-tree (Betula alba}. O. N. bjork, birki; Sw. bjbrk; Sw. D. berk, birk, bijrk, bark ; Dan. birk ; A. S. birce, byrce, beorce ; Germ, birke ; Dut. berk, &c. Birks, sb. A coppice or small wood in which the growth chiefly consists of birches. Birr, sb. Forceful or rapid motion, a strong impulse. Hall, says, ' Any rapid whirling motion. It is applied to the whizzing of any missile violently thrown, as in Wickliffe, Rev. xviii.' Comp. our "Widder or Wither and E. whirr. ' And he saith to hem, Go jee. And thei goynge out wente in to the hoggis ; and loo ! in a great hire al the droue wente heedlynge in to the see, and thei ben dead in watris. 1 Matt. viii. 32, Wycl. Vers. ' Uxor. Thei water nyghys so nere that I sit not dry, Into ship (the Ark) with a byr therfor wille I hy For drede that I drone here.' Townel. Myst. p. 29. Bisen, sb. (pr. bahz'n). i. A spectacle, or sight, or show, in an invi- dious or offensive sense. 2. A person or object held up to contempt or disgrace. O. N. bisn, something portentous, a prodigy ; A. S. bisn, bysn, byssen, an example. The O. N. bisn, from its accent, is clearly the origin of our word, and with the same accommo- dation of sense as is perceived in our standard uses of the word monster. The same uncer- tainty of orthography is noticeable in this word as in so many others : bizon in Brock, and CLEVELAND DIALECT. 47 Hall., barzon in Wb. Gl., bysn, bysning in Jam. (who appears to have classed together, as also does Rietz in v. Bisa-vigg, derivatives from bysn and from bysmr). Bisen, with the i long, is, however, adopted here, as obviously suggested by the derivation. 1 . ' He 's a greedy bisen wi' nivver a penny to spare for a puir body's need.' Wb. Gl. ' Loo' ye ! Didst 'ee ivver see sike a mucky bisen !' 2. ' What a " holy bisen" she be, for seear :' spoken of a tawdrily dressed female, of pos- sibly rather less than questionable character. The allusion may be to the tawdry finery of popish saints, but much more probably points to the custom, practised within the memory of living men in some of our Dales churches, of setting offenders against morality, supposed or required to be penitents, arrayed in white sheets, on the stool of repentance during the hours of Divine Service. Bisshel, sb. Pr. of Bushel. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Byscbelle or buschelle (bysshell, otherwyse called busshell, P.). Modius, chorus, bussellvs.' Mr. Morris, Gramm. Introd. to E. E. T. S. Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. vi. writes : ' In the works of the Southern writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries we find the words Jist, bill, tbin, sin, &c., written fust, bul, tbun, sun, &c. Our modern pronunciation coin- cides generally with the Northern dialects, in which this substitution of u for i was unknown.' In the present word we have a curious instance, not without parallel (comp. the surname Ridsdale as sounded, Rudsdale as written) of the substitution of i for u. I may add that, whatever the date of the introduction of the substitution of u for i into the Northern dia- lects, it is not unknown now. In Cleveland we say tunder for tinder, brussel for bristle, and in York Cast. Depos. p. 161, note, bussbop is four times written for bisbop. There is also one Scottish district in which almost every short i is changed into a. Bite, v. a. i. To partake of food, chiefly used in the pass. pcpl. 2. To make an impression ; of a cutting instrument on some hard sub- stance ; e. g. a file upon hard steel, a knife or axe on case-hardened metal, &c. 3. To adhere by friction, in opposition to to slip; as of the driving wheels of a locomotive engine upon the rails, and the like. Cf. O. N. bita, to cut ; Dan. bide, to cut ; of cutting instruments. The O. N. usage is well illustrated in the following passage from Flat. I. 258 : ' Thorsteinn steighed up to the bedstocks and took down the sword and drew it. He stripped the bed-clothes off the giantess. He saw she was all covered with shaggy hair, save one little spot under the left arm ; (this) saw he that it was smooth. He thought for sure that in this spot the sword would bite (\>arjarn bita) or in no place else. He sets the sword to this same spot and drives with the hilt. The sword bites so (sverdit bitr sva) that the point stuck in the mattress.' 1. 'Ah've nivver sae mich as bitten sen yestreen;' I have taken no food at all since yesterday evening. 2. Under this sense comp. ' ba scipen biten on bat sond : & al j>at folc code an lond.' Lay. I. 76. The second text reads smiten, which makes the word in the first even more interesting. Under 3. comp. N. ' bit i mig' sagde lynget : ' take fast hold of me,' said the ling; and bet sdfast : took such fast hold. Arne, pp. 6, 7. Bite, sb. A piece bitten, a morsel ; anything to eat. O. N. biti, a mouthful or morsel ; Dan. bid. ' Ah hev'n't had nowther sup nor bite sen moom.' ' Please you, bestow a bite o' bread iv a puir aud chap.' 48 GLOSSARY OF THE Bittle, bittle and pin. See Batteldoor. ' The bittle is a heavy wooden battledore, the pin is the roller ; and with the linen wound round the latter, it is moved backwards and forwards on a table by hand-pressure with the battledore.' Wb. Gl. A. S. bytl, bill, biotul ; N. S. betel, a beetle, hammer. Mr. Wedgw. quotes ' bytl, a bat for washing.' Cf. E. beetle. Ant )>er je schulen iseon bunsen ham met tes deofles bettles :' Ancr. Riwle, p. 1 88 ; and ye shall see bunch them with the devil's bittles. Comp. ' Ferritorium, a battynge staff, a batyll dyr, or a betyll.' Pr. Pm. note on p. 482. Blackavisod, adj. Dark complexioned, tawny visaged. Comp. E. visage. Blackberries, sb. Black currants. What are called blackberries in South England here are Brambles, Brammles, Brummies, Bum- melkites, &c. Black-clocks, sb. Black-beetles. See Clocks. Black starved, adj. Blue with cold; thoroughly chilled, so that the complexion shews it by becoming leaden or blue-coloured. See Starved. Black to t' bone, adj. Said of a person with hollow features and a complexion darkened by disease. Wh. GL Bladdry, adj. Muddy, dirty. In Leeds GL the word ' blather' is given, meaning ' mud or puddle so thin that it will splash when trod upon.' In fact the sound of the d in Clevel. frequently passes into that of th hard, or . Sw. D. bladda, sb. soft wet dirt; and vb. to splash with dirt. Comp. also ko-bladde, fresh cow-droppings. Blae, adj. (pr. bleea). Of a livid or pale bluish colour : also written bla, blaa. O. N. blar (bid fem. and in compounds), blue, of a dusky colour. The original mean- ing of blar, as Rietz observes, seems to have been black ; thus bldfeldr is a black robe or cloak ; bldmadr, an Ethiop, a black man ; bldfidradr, having black feathers, &c. Sw. bla, Sw. D. blar, blaer ; N. bla, Dan. blaa. Comp. the A. S. form bleo, Germ, blan, Dut. blaew, &c. ' " He leuks as bleea 's a whetstone ;" of a person leaden-blue with cold.' Wb. Gl. ' He 's getten his bats : his feeace 's black and bleea wi 't.' Blaeberry, sb. The common bilberry ( Vacdnium myrtillus). Comp. 0. N. bldber, Dan. blaabar. Blaeberry-wires, sb. The small shrubs or stems on which the Blaeberries grow. See Wires. Comp. O. N. bld-beria-lyng, the blaeberry-shrub. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 49 Blae milk or blue milk. Milk from which the cream has been removed after it has stood some time. The skim-milk, or sky-blue, of the South. Blair, blare, vb. i. To bellow as a cow. 2. To cry loudly or noisily as a child that is much hurt or frightened. 3. To protrude the tongue as a furious animal of the ox tribe when bellowing. Jam. gives Teut. bl&ren, mugire. In Leeds Gl. it is said that ' an impudent and ill- trained child " blairs out" its tongue to the passer-by' a usage of the word identical with the third signification above. Cf. with this usage, Sw. D. bl'ddra, to vibrate or brandish, as in the example langltusen blddrar stygnet : the snake vibrates its sting, i. e. its tongue. Mr. Wedgw. takes Dut. blaeren to be contracted from bladeren, and parallel with it is Sw. D. bladdra, to prate, chatter, make a loud talking ; other forms of which are blarra, bldddr, with a further meaning, to bleat as a sheep. What bladeren, bladdra, blarra are to blair or blare in its first two senses, that bl'ddra seems to be to blare in its third sense. Indeed I am much inclined to believe that, notwithstanding an apparent sequence of idea in the several meanings of the word before us, there may be in reality two separate words involved. Dean Rietz collates O. N. blaka with bl'ddra, and supposes it connected with O. H. G. blajan or bldban. Pr. Pm. gives ' Blerynge wythe mowe makynge. Patento, valgio ;' and mowynge wythe the mowthe :' and in a note is added, ' I gyue him the best counsayle I can, and the knaue bleareth his tonge at me, tirer la langue. Palsgr.' Blake, adj. Of a fair, soft, yellow colour or tone, not so deep as that of fine bees' -wax : applied to describe the colour of fine spring butter or very beautiful cream. O. N. bleikr; Dan. bleg ; Sw. blek ; Sw. D. blejk ; A. S. bloc; Dut. bleek ; Germ, bleicb Pr. Pm. ' Bleyke of coloure. Pallidus, subalbus.' ' Ay : t' creeam 's to'nned gey an' bloke, noo t' kye ha' getten te t' grass agen.' 4 As bloke 's butter.' The sense of the word in O. E. cf. the extract from Pr. Pm. is diverse from ours. Comp. Lay. ii. 411, 4 aenne stunde he was bloc : one while he was wan, And on heuwe swiSe wac;' and in hue exceeding pale. And again : 4 Hire bleo bigon to blakien for J>e grure J>e grap hire,' Seinte Marberete, p. 9 ; her colour began to grow pale for the terror which seized her. Blane, v. n. (pr. bleean). To become white, to bleach. O. N. bleikna, to grow or become pale or white; Sw. blekna; Dan. blegne. These words are derivatives from the act. vbs. bleikja, bleka, blege, to bleach, to make white ; and Sw. blekning (I believe also Dan. blegning) is applied in exactly the same sense as our blaning. The words in fact are simply coincident. ' Tak' they cleeas oot and lay 'em on t' gerss t' bleean' Blash, v. a. and n. i. To splash with water, clean or dirty. 2. To splash, as water under foot, or in puddles when trod in, and the like ; or from a pail or other vessel in consequence of the ill-regulated motions of H 50 GLOSSARF OF THE the bearer. 3. To have to do with water, as the seaman has. 4. To blaze abroad a private matter by dealing with it as a subject of general gossip. Sw. and O. Sw. plaslta ; Dan. pladske, to splash in or with water. Comp. the third mean- ing with the following (WSrsaae, Minder om de Danske og Nordm&ndene, &c., p. 149) : ' De luxrmest Efterkommere afsaadanne M weak, shamefaced, bashful ; Swiss blod. In Gloss. Remarks upon bli&ere, Lay. i. p. 328, ' For ne funde we na bltiSere : for we are no cowardlier J>enne beoS J?a Bruttes ;' than are the Britons. Sir F. Madden says : ' In the A. S. Orosius this adj. is used in the cognate sense of effeminate, and it seems to be allied with the Isl. blayta, blautr, Sc. blate.' Comp. the use of the word in North. Gosp. Matt. vi. 22 : ' Gife Bin ego bid bliSe, all iSin licboma bift lebt ; gife Sin ego btiS unblifte t yfel wyrcende biG ; ' and again, Luke xi. 34 : ' Gif Sin ego milde 1 blifie t bilwit bift,' wherein the sense is coincident with that of blod, bled, blautr, &c. ' He 's ower blate for owght. T" lasses has t' kittle him.' Blather, v. a. and n. i. To talk fast and of anything that comes uppermost. 2. To talk much nonsense. 0. Sw. and Sw. D. bladdra, to prate, gossip, talk loud and fast ; Germ, blattern, bladern, plaudern; Swiss bladern; Sw. pladdra; Lat. blaterare. Rietz collates also D. Dial. blaffre, blabre ; Eng. blab and brabble. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Blaberyn, or speke wythe-owte resone.' See Blether, which is essentially the same word, only with a more special appli- cation or meaning. Comp. also Blair. 1. ' " How cam' you t' hear yon, Mary ?" " Wheeah, aud Jenny Deeal, she bin blatberin' 't a' ower t' toon." ' 2. ' His charts hing lowse. He 's alias blathering and talking.' ' He 's a fond blatberin' chap, that yan.' Blear, v. n. To expose oneself to the wind, or to the cold wind, thence to cold generally. I find this word in no collection with the exception of Wb. Gl. ; but I am assured by an intelligent Craven woman that it is current there also. The second example is given me by her. The association is with blare, to cry with a loud, blatant noise, as in the blare of a trumpet. Note also, ' Blore signifies a roaring wind : " hurried headlong with the S. West blore." ' Pr. Pm., note to ' Bloryyn or wepen (bleren). Ploro,Jleo.' ' They run blearing about without either hat or bonnet.' ' Blearing out in the cold, bareheaded and with no happings.* Bleb, blob, sb. i. A drop of water, or of any other and more viscid fluid. 2. A bubble, on water or other liquid. 3. A blister, such as may be caused by a scald, an ill-fitting shoe, or a tool on hands unused to work. Jam. and Rich, both quote Skinner's derivation of this word from Germ, blaben, to swell, puff up. Mr. Wedgwood looks upon blab as a radical syllable adopted for the purpose of ' representing the sound made by collision of the wet lips in rapid talking," as in Eng. blab, Dan. blabbre, to babble, gabble ; PI. D. blabbern ; G. plabbern, id., &c. ; and equally 4 employed to signify the sound of something wet or soft falling or striking against anything, and hence to designate the object making such a sound ; a lump of anything wet or soft, drop of liquid, bubble, &c.' n 2 52 GLOSSARY OF THE 1 . ' A bleb of water.' ' Nose-Wo&s.' 2. ' Soap-Wots." 4 T* pool 's a' ower Wo&s ;' from the falling of heavy rain-drops. 3. ' He hannles "s tool agin he 'ad blebs iv his haands.' Block, sb. The black substance or grease at the axle-tree of a wheel ; blackened oil or grease at any centre of friction in machinery. ' Blaec. According to Kennett, MS. Lansd. 1033, " the greas taken off the cart-wheels or ends of the axle-tree, and kept till it is dry, made up in balls, with which the taylors rub and blacken their thread, is called in Yorkshire bltek." ' Hall. ' Bleke (blecke). Atramentum,' Pr. Pm. ; and in a note, ' Herman says, " Wrytter's ynke shuld be finer than blatche." " Bleche for souters, atrament noyr." Palsg.' A. S. blcec, atramentum ; O. N. blek ; Sw. black; Dan. blcek, id. ' Thee's getten the-sel a' clamed wi" cart bleck, honey !' Blee, sb. A tear. This word does not appear to have been hitherto written except in Wh. Gl. At least it is not in Jam., Hall., or Brockett, nor in any other collection of local words accessible to me. It is surely connected with the extensive family of words of which blican, to glitter, is the A. S. representative ; blicka, to glance, shine, look, the Sw. : and thus there is no real difference between it and blee or ble, complexion, colour. ' That bride soe bright of blie.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 105. Sw. D. blig, meaning a glance (of the eye, namely ; Sw. blicli), and bearing in the pi. the signification of the eyes themselves, gives us, together with a singular approximation in sound, another and an analogous variation of meaning as compared with O. E. blee and our own word. But perhaps the most interesting illustration is in an example given in the Wh. Gl. under Blink, which is simply blick with the ' nasal inserted' (Wedgw.), and therefore closely related to Blee. The example in question is, ' " She never blinked a blee for him ;" never shed a tear for him.' ' " A sau't blee;" a salt tear.' Wb. Gl. Blendcorn, sb. (pr. blencorn). Wheat and rye mixed; the seed having been mingled previously to sowing. Sw. D. blandkorn, mixed rye and oats; Dan. blandleorn, blandingskorn, meslin ; O. N. and Sw. blanda, to mingle; Dan. blonde; A. S. blendan. Sw. D. also has the form leorn- bland. This is one of the multitudes of purely Scand. words which still remain in use in our district. See also Blendings. For the composition with blend, note ' The teares he for his master wept Were blend water and bloude.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 236. Blendings, sb. A mixture of peas and beans. Comp. Dan. blanding, mixture, a composition of different materials ; Sw. D. bldnning, spring-rye and oats mixed ; and blandsdd, barley and oats mixed. Another noteworthy application of the word is O. N. blendingr, a being of mixed blood ; as, e. g. born of a Troll and a human female. Sw. D. blening, the same ; also any cross among animals. Blether, v. n. To cry loudly, like a fractious child. The same word as Blather, slightly altered in Pr., and with this definite meaning attached to it. Note Blethering, sb. and pcpl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 53 Blethering, sb. Loud, vulgar talking. Blethering, pcpl. Talking loudly ; noisy. ' " A gret blethering chap, allays i ' some tow-row or ither ;" always in some loud, angry squabble.' Wb. Gl. Blink, v. a. and n. i. To move the eye involuntarily, to wink; as when an object suddenly comes near the eye. 2. To shew emotion or attest affection by some (quick) action of the eye. 3. To evade or avoid. Sw. blinka, to twinkle, blink ; O. N. blika, to shine, twinkle ; Dan. blinke, blikke ; A. S. blican; Germ, blicken; N. S. bleben; Sw. D. blika, bleka, bliga. In O. N. avgablik, an instant of time, lit. eye-blink, E. 'twinkling of an eye'; Sw. bgonblick or ogonblinkj G. augenblick ; the rapid or glancing motion of the eye in winking or blinking is necessarily implied. Note the relative forms blikk, blink, as in bratt, brant, &c. See Blee. I. ' T' bairn *s a bau'd lahtle chap. He nivver blink't at t' flash nor t' thunner-crack.' ' " She nivver blink't a blee for 'm ;" she never shed a tear, or shewed any sign of emotion at his death.' Wb. Gl. The Leeds Gl. example is of a woman who does not ' blink her ee' at her husband's funeral. 3. ' Nobbut he disn't blink 't ;' only, or provided he does not evade it, get out of it, escape direct action. Blish-blash, sb. Nonsense, foolish tittle-tattle. Blob, v. n. To bubble, to rise in bubbles ; as water in the action of boiling, or when anything is thrown in. See Bleb. Blobbing, sb. The rising of air-bubbles on the surface of liquids. Blood-boar, blood-sow, sb. A boar or sow of the smoother, more highly-bred stock of swine; in opposition to the long-haired, shaggy animal, of what is called the Coarse or Large Breed. Blood-iron, sb. A fleam, or lancet for bleeding horses or cattle. Pr. Pm. ' Bloode yryn, Bledynge yryn. Fleosotomivm.' Blood-stick, sb. A heavyish knobbed staff or stick, used for striking the fleam in the operation of bleeding a horse. Bloody, adj. Well-bred, as to genealogy; having good blood in its veins, of different kinds of stock. See Blood-boar. Comp. Blood- horse. ' A desput Wooflfy-looking lahtle meear.' ' A canny gilt, enew ; she cooms ov a bloody sort.' Blotch, v. a. To blot ; as paper, or the leaves of a book. Mr. Wedgw. collates Dut. placke, plecke; Sax. bleck, a blot, stain ; plack-papier, blotting- paper ; A. S. blteco, a discoloured spot on the skin, blatch or blotch. Comp. Sw. D. blaga, to smear, bedaub ; blage, a spot or lump of wet filth ; en stor blage pa gollet : a great blotch (of wet dirt) on the floor. Illustrative of Mr. Wedgwood's remark, that ' the word blot arises from an attempt to represent the sound of a drop of liquid or portion of something wet 54 GLOSSARY OF THE or soft falling on the ground,' blaga has the second meaning of to thrash, to overwhelm with blows ; while bldka means both to strike, strike so that the blows resound, and to pour down with rain ; da blakar som bimlen vore bppen : it blotches down as if the heavens were open. Blotch-paper, sb. Blotting-paper. Blue-flint, sb. The local name for the whinstone or basalt derived from the basaltic dike which runs across the N. Riding from out of Dur- ham, in a direction southerly of east. It is extensively raised in many places to be used as Road-metal, alike for home use and export. See also White-flint. Blunder, v. a. i . To disturb water or other liquid so as to render it turbid or muddy. 2. To derange the works of a lock, so that it refuses to act. Rich, gives the derivation of this word as ' from blon, the pret. of A. S. blinnan, to come to a stop ; and to blunder is said to be ' to act like one whose faculties halt, or come to a stop.' Mr. Wedgw., however, regards the ' original meaning of blunder to be to dabble in water,' and itself to be, ' a nasal form of such words as blotber, blutter, bluiter ; all representing the agitation of liquids ; and then generally idle talk. Dan. pludder, earth and water mixed together, puddle, idle talk ; pluddre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle. Then with the nasal, to blunder water, and metaphorically, blunder, confusion, trouble.' Comp. ' To shuffle and digress, so as by any means whatsoever to blunder an adversary." Dillon, quoted by Rich. ' Noe. I shalle make ye stille as stone begynnar of blunder ! I shalle bete the bak and bone, and breke alle in sunder, Townel. Myst. p. 30 ; where the blunder referred to is the confusion and trouble occasioned by his wife's dispu- tatious, contrarying spirit of opposition. 1. ' Moother, t' bairns ha bin an" blundered t* waiter, while its a' 's thick as soss;' all a puddle together. 2. ' Tak' heed, lad, or thee'll blunder t' lock wi' thor aud kays." Blur, v. a. To blot, to smear. Mr. Wedgw. looks upon blur and blear in the expression ' to blear one's eye' (of frequent use in Chaucer ; for instance, Reve's Tale, 939, ' They wenin that no man mowe them begyle ; But by my thrift yet shall I blere their eye.') as identical ; and in a passage which he requotes from Rich., the expression of ' eyes blurred with the darkness of vices' occurs. ' In this sense,' he adds, ' it agrees with Bav. plerren, a blotch, a discoloured spot on the skin.' Still, collating Dut. blader, blaere ; ader, aere, ear of corn ; Eng. slubber, slur ; he thinks it probable that ' blur may be from bludder, blutber, blubber, to make a noise with the mouth, disfigure with crying ; bluter, to blot, dirty, blubber.' But assuming blur and blear to be, at least, different forms of the same word, I think I would rather connect it with bladder, blader, blaere, which I take to be cognate with plerren an idea suggested by bloivre, Townel. Myst. p. 62, where the reference is to the plague of Mains and boils : ' For we fare wars than ever we fowre (fared) ; Grete loppys over all this land they fly ; And where thay byte thay make grete blourre, And in every place oure bestes dede ly." CLEVELAND DIALECT. 55 Here bloivre is clearly equivalent to swelled or inflated spots or tumours ' a boil breaking forth with blains upon man and upon beast ;' and its relationship must surely be with blaere, bladder, rather than with bluter, bludder, blubber. Cf. N. S. bledder ; Dan. blare ; N. blcera ; O. Sw. bladra : the origin of the family of words being O. H. G. blajan, G. bldben, to inflate, render turgid. Rietz. Blur, sb. i. A blot, a smear. 2. The same, metaphorically; i.e. the blot or stain left on one's character by misconduct. I. ' Thee's getten a blur i' tha' buik, Joanny.' 2. ' He'll nivver cast t' wyte on it. It has left a sair blur ahint it ;' he will always be blamed for that. It has left a sad blot on his character. Blurred, pcpl. Stained or blemished, metaphorically. ' He 's getten a sairly-Wrrec/ neeam wiv it.' Wh Gl. Blurt, v. a. i. To speak in jerks, or bit by bit, without connection or coherency, 2. To speak not so much, inconsiderately, as by con- straint of a sudden impulse : one, perhaps, which gathers force until it becomes overpowering ; as in the case of an impulsive, excitable man, or of one who longs to speak but is held back by considerations of timidity or shame, and the like. ' Related to blutter, bludder, as splirt to splutter,' Wedgw ; and as flirt or flurt to flutter, &c. 1. ' " Then he telled you all?" " Aye ; he blurted it all oot, bit by bit." ' 2. ' A windy chap, blurting 's tales oot, all ower t' toon.' ' Blurt it out, man, and ha don' wi' 't ;' to a person longing to tell or say something, but, with some motive of reluctancy creating a difficulty of speaking, which can only be over- come after a long struggle or by some overpowering impulse. Leeds Gl. quotes ' He does nowt but blurt,' of one who speaks abruptly ' without either sense or argument in what he says.' Perhaps it is an accommodation of this sense not in use here, I believe which brings in the meaning given by Brock., ' to cry, to make a sudden indistinct or unpleasant noise.' Blustery, adj. Boisterously windy. Applied when the wind is very high, but not amounting to a regular gale, and, instead of howling or roaring, comes in loud rattling blasts. ' " Very windy to-day, Willy. Are your corn-pikes safe ? " " Aye, 't 's blustery. Bnt Ah dean't think there 's enew t' raffle t' thack mich ;" ' to disturb or derange the thatching of the stacks. Blutherment, sb. Dirt of an adhesive or unctuous description; mud, slime. A word which belongs to the same stock as bluter in Hall., ' to blot, to dirty, to blubber ;' and bludder, blutber, in Jam., ' to blot paper in writing, to disfigure any writing, to disfigure the face with weeping, &c.' I do not find it in any Yorkshire collection of words except the Wb. Gl. ; but it is freely current in Clevel. Bodden, p. p. of to Bide. 56 GLOSS 'A RY OF THE TJodon, bodden, p. p. of to Bid. Bog, sb. A puffy swelling ; a tumour that yields easily to pressure, rising again on its removal. ' Puir lahtle thing! Its head's all iv a bog;' of a child born with great difficulty, and one side of whose head was, from the force necessarily employed, in a state of soft, puffy swelling. Comp. ' Boggyscbe, boggisshe. Tumidus.' Pr. Pm. Boggart, sb. A hobgoblin, a sprite. See Boggle. Boggle, bogle, sb. A goblin, or sprite ; a malevolent being of the supernatural order. Welsh bwg, bwgwl. Comp. O. N. puki, an evil spirit ; pultr, a bugbear, terrific object sometimes, at least, of the supernatural order ; S. G. puke, the devil, a daemon. Jam., who spells the word bogle or bogill, gives the two meanings of the word as ' i. A spectre, a hobgoblin. 2. A scarecrow, a bugbear.' Comp. our Flay-boggle. The other Glos- saries, generally speaking, are indefinite in their explanations. Thus Hall, gives ' a ghost, a goblin ;' Brock. ' a spectre or ghost ;' Leeds Gl. ' a goblin, generally supposed to be of a sable complexion ;' and Wb. Gl. ' a fearful object, a hobgoblin.' I believe the true idea of the word is that of a bugbear ; some fearful or horrible, but indefinite, object of terror ; a goblin frightful to behold, and equally malevolent ; to the entire exclusion of the senses, sprite, and ghost or spirit of a deceased person. Comp. ' Bugge, or buglarde. Maurus, Ducius.' Pr. Pm. Also, ' Higins, in his version of Junius' Nomenclator, 1585, renders " lemures nocturni, hobgoblins or night-walking spirits, blacke bugs. Terriculamentum, a scarebug, a bulbegger, a sight that frayeth and frighteth " ' That the belief in Bogles or Boggarts was once very prevalent in the district might be inferred, if there were no other means of knowing, from the many local names involving the word Boggle ; e. g. Boggle-bouse, Boggle-wood, &c. Boggle, v. n. To start, or shy, or swerve ; applied to a horse which is startled by some means and starts away from the object of alarm. Derived directly from the sb. Boggle. See Wedgw. in v. Boily, sb. Properly, food prepared specially for an infant's use ; milk, with soft bread crumbled fine or biscuit broken up and powdered, boiled in it. Applied also to any food similarly prepared and intended for children's sustenance. Bolden, v. n. (pr. bowden). To shew courage; or rather, perhaps, to take courage, so as to play a bold part. This seems to be not so much an accommodation of sense from the archaic vb. bold, to make bold, encourage (cf. 'to balden J>me leoden,' Lay. i. 187; ' ure Louerd beldefi ham,' Ancr. Riwle. p. 162) as a reflective vb. proper I make myself bold and, as such, curious in its analogies to Northern forms. ' Bowden tiv 'er, lad ! Faint heart nivver wan fair laady.' ' He bmvdetied oop te 't beeast, agin he 'd bin a man : pawky lahtle chap ! ' Bolder, sb. A loud, resonant noise, or report. Sw. bullra, to make a noise ; O. N. bylia (imp. buldi). Comp. bnller, strepitus, which CLEVELAND DIALECT. 57 is almost identical with our word, and expresses the loud sounds given out under heavy blows laid on a resonant body. Comp. also Germ, poltern, to give a loud or resonant noise ; Dan. bulder, noise, crash, uproar, &c. Bolders, boulders, sb. Rounded stones of large size, owing their form to the action of water. O. N. bylta, to roll over and over ; bollr, a globe or sphere-shaped body, as produced by rolling over and over ; Dan. bold. Sw. D. gives buller-sten, a detached mass of stone ; in opposition to the word klapper-sten, which is equivalent to our Cobble-steean : and also, as cognate with it, buller-urter, the globe-flower (Trollius Europ&us). Bolk, v. n. (pr. boak or booak). i. To retch, strain to vomit, with the usual sound implied. 2. To feel the sensation of being about to vomit. A.S. bealcan, to belch; Fris. balkje; also sb. bade, a belch; Pr. Pm. ' Bolleyn. Ructo, eructo, orexo.' Brock, gives 'to belch' as one of the meanings of boke, bouk ; these being in fact merely phonetic forms of O. E. bolk : ' He bigan Benedicite with a bolk.' P. PI. p 100. ' I shal bolke out hid thingus fro' makyng of the world.' Matt. xiii. 35 ; Wycl. Vers. The usage in this passage almost presents a transitional sense between to belch and to vomit. Boll, sb. The trunk of a tree ; that part which lies between the roots and the head or branches. 0. N. bolr ; S. G. bol; Sw. D. bol; exactly coincident in meaning with each other and with our word. Bolts, sb. Narrow passages, rather than streets, between houses in certain Yorkshire towns, possibly arched over in places. The meaning of this word is probably an accommodation of the derived sense of E. bolt implied in its application to an arrow, &c., something long and narrow. Compare the sense when the word means ' a narrow piece of stuff;' or again, when it means ' a single width of cloth." Bondsman, sb. A surety, one who gives security for another. ' What 's thou to be surveyor, George ? An" wheea 's tha' bon's-man, man ? ' Bonny, adj. i. Fair to look at, handsome, fine, beautiful; applied either to persons or things. 2. Well-pleasing, causing delight. 3. Simply an augmentative added to words denoting size, quality, &c. 4. Used with a strongly ironical sense. Cf. Sw. D. bonne, bunnt, high-spirited, jolly ; with which Dean Rietz collates our word. 1. 'At what bonny claes!' 'A bonny lahtle chap.' 'A bonny spot.' 'Bonny is, at bonny dis.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Thoo 's a bonny bairn : thee 's deean weel." Cf. ' He laughed the bony Child to scorne that was the bonny Lord of learne.' Percy's Fol. MS. I. 187. 3. ' " Ay, he 's a bonny bouk ;" he 's of a very considerable size." Wb. Gl. ' " How far is it to Whitby, my man ? " " Eh I it 's a bonny bit yet." ' 4. ' A bonny mess.' ' Bonny deed, for seear !' 'A bonny to do,' &c. I j-8 GLOSS A RF OF THE Bonnyish, adj. Able to bear inspection ; good in quality or fair to look at. ' " You have some good sheep there, Joseph." " Ay ; thae 's a bonnyisb lot o" yows." ' Boon, sb. A stated service rendered by the tenant to his landlord, without remuneration. Boon, v. n. To render the services implied in the sb. Boon. See Boon-days. Boon-days, sb. The days on which the tenants are bound to render the stated unpaid-for service, or Boon, to their landlords. Brock, states that large ' quantities of land in the Northern counties are held under lords of manors by customary tenure, subject to the payment of fines and heriots, and the performance of various duties and services on the boon- days' S. G. ban; O. N. ban; Dan. ben; A. S. ben. The classical word boon is rightly defined by Rich, as some ' good or benefit either asked or granted.' The original meaning of each of the above-given etymons is a prayer, entreaty, or request. Thence it passes to the thing prayed or requested, and thence to the same as obtained. But in mediaeval writings, says Ihre, bun stands for something rendered in the way of payment or tribute, as if what was in itself distasteful would be rendered less so by the term employed to describe it. This, he says, was probably only the adoption of an ancient German usage, under which payments of this kind were termed bede ' scilicet preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset, ut ait Tacitus,' requests there was not much option about declining. The historian thus quoted states, Germ. cap. xv., that it was customary among the tribes occupying that country for each man to present to his chieftain gratuitous offerings of produce, whether arising from live-stock or land, which, though purely honorary in one sense, were still, in another sense, compulsory, as meeting a case of necessity. It may be further remarked, as connecting these mediaeval boons, or quasi-gratuitous subsidies, more closely with our usage, that in another place Ihre shews that while the word bonde originally meant one who held land of his own right (O. N. buandi, boandi, occupier ; and therefore owner or possessor), yet when the distinctions of rank implied in titles of nobility, &c. were introduced, the bonde always what the nobles did not paid some kind of acknowledgment, in kind or other- wise, for the land he held : and, finally, by a further change in the same direction, the name came to imply any occupier whatever, whether he farmed his own land or another's, whose tenure depended on rendering the specified acknowledgment. The ancient German custom ; the mediaeval Northern usage, with its euphuistic ban ; and the progressive changes of status &c. in the bonde, but always with the boon to be rendered by him prominent in the fore- ground, coupled with what Brock, says, are a pertinent comment on the Clevel. word before us. Comp. the Lincolnsh. use of the words : Boon, to repair the highway ; booning, carriage of materials for repairing roads ; boon-master, the surveyor of highways. Bore-tree, bur-tree, sb. (pr. bottry). The common elder (Sambucus nigra). The prefix in this word must necessarily be a noun, and the word itself is probably of Scand. descent. The A. S. name is ellen or ellarn; N. S. elloorn; Germ, bolunder, hollder ; Dan. byld; Sw. D. and N. byll, &c. ; all of these names signifying the hole-, or hollow-tree. The der in the Eng. and Germ, names is tree. See Wedgw. Probably, then, Bore-tree may CLEVELAND DIALECT. 59 be Old Danish in origin, from O. N. bora, a hole, a boring. In Scotland, however, the forms boun-tree, bun-tree, prevail as well as hour-tree, bur-tree; and for the former element see Bun, which is A. S. Botch, sb. A bungling or inexpert mender, a cobbler. To botch, to repair in the way of adding a new piece ; a botch, the piece so added, pro- bably proceed from the A. S. hot, bate. Comp. O. H. G. puozan, Germ, biitzen, to patch, mend. Sw. hot, bot, as well as the A. S. words, imply the idea of repair by the addition of new materials to the old, and the cognate vb. is used in the sense of mending, both in respect of clothes and of nets ; bota klceder and bota nat he wolde : BaJ>e bi-ligge and eke Brustowe : pis waes hire broc.' Sir F. Madden's note upon broc being : ' This is the modern term brag, the meaning of which was originally the same with threat. G. Douglas writes it braik. The vb. in M. H. G. is brogen, which is connected with A. S. bregan, broga, &c.' ' He 's a maaster at braggart'. His geese 's maistlings mickler an' ither fo'ks swans.' Braid, brade, v. n. (pr. breead). To resemble, to take after. Fer- guson observes that in Cumberland it usually implies resemblance or similarity of disposition. Jamieson's definition seems to carry the same limitation. In Cleveland it certainly includes resemblance in feature or external appearance, as well as in nature or disposition. Comp. O. N. bregda, used with the prepositions til or a. The instances of usage given by Hald. are such as to place the origin of our word beyond doubt : bvert d barninu at bregda nema til fodr sins f in our vernacular, ' wheea su 'd t' bairn breead ov wivoot 't be 's faSther ? ' bonum bregdr til cellar : ' he breeads ov 's fore-elders.' In the same way the O. N. word is employed to express that derived, or ' second nature,' which use' is, bond bregdr a venju : ' one's hand breeads o' use ;' i. e. one gets to do that naturally which he does habitually. Further, bragd signifies features, lineaments ; and cettar-bragd, hereditary personal characteristics, family likeness. The S. G. correlative word is bra, which is used of a child, says Ihre, who reminds one of his father ; or, as our Dalesmen say, faathers hissel'. Sw. Dan. bra, pa, which in one district becomes brada pa, is exactly coincident with our word. Braid-band, sb. A corn-swathe laid outwards. As corn is usually cut with the scythe, the severed portion, or swathe, falls against the uncut corn, and is taken up thence by the raker, who follows the mower, and laid over on the Band ready for the Binder. Occasionally, however, for some reason or other, it is cut the other way, or from the corn, and falls over in a regular band or swathe ; and when a field or part of a field is cut thus, it is said to ' lie in braid-band.' The explanation of the phrase given by Jam. and Hall, is different ; possibly from difference in local practice. Bramble, v. n. To pick blackberries. Brambles, sb. (pr. bramm'ls, brumm'ls). Blackberries, the fruit of the bramble (Rubusfruticosus). A. S. bremel, brembel, brember, a bramble ; Dan. brambter ; Sw. Dial, brambdr, brom- bdr. The A. S. name for the fruit was branwyrt. With the Dan. and Sw. forms comp. Line, brame-berries ; and note the Pr. Pm. forms (under Brere) brymmeylle, bremmyll, brymbyll. Bramlings, sb. Brandlings; worms in much request for trout- fishing, found in old and well-fermented dung-heaps. They are of a bright red colour encircled with numerous yellow rings, and give forth a thick yellow fluid, of rather an ill savour, when touched. 64 GLOSSARY OF THE Brander, brandreth, sb. A kind of trivet, or tripod, or frame with crossbars set upon feet, and placed over the fire to receive pans or cook- ing-utensils generally. A. S. brandred, a gridiron ; Germ, brandrutbe. Jam. quotes also Dan. brandritb, and Teut. brander, brandroede; and Brock., Dutch brander. Brann-ring is given in Rietz, and explained by brand-ring; the circular frame of the instrument being kept in mind instead of the cross-bars, as in other etymons : while Sw. brandjern is a gridiron. Among the Fincbale Pr. Inventories, at p. ccccxiv., the following entry occurs : ' Et in i le Brandreth empto de Bursario ponderanti xliiij. petris ferri.' It is obvious that the article meant here cannot be what is understood by a Brandreth. now. The Glossarist in Pr. Fincb. supposes a massive grating of iron before and over the fire. May it not rather have been the massive bar of iron which seems, in the gigantic fireplaces of old, to have crossed the open chimney just above and in advance of the fire ? Such a bar remains amid the debris of the great kitchen fireplace and chimney at Ludlow Castle. Cf. also ' Upon the herthe belongeth woode or turues, two andyrons of yron (brandevrs), a tonge, a gredyron." Note to Awndeme, Pr. Pm. In point of fact, there are probably two words confused in Bran- der and Brandreth. Cognate with the former are Teut. and Dut. brander; brandeur, in the above extract ; Sw. brandjern, &c. ; and with the latter A. S. brandred, Dut brandroede, Germ, brandrutbe, Dan. brandritb, a brand-rod. See Bosworth. Brander, v. a. To broil ; to cook over the bare fire, live coals or embers. See Brander, sb. 0. N. brandr, live coals ; Sw. D. brannd, in the compound brannd-Jtdra, the equivalent of our Ass-card (which see) ; A. S. brand ; &c. Comp. E. brand, ^re-brand, &c. Our vb. is therefore simply to expose (meat) over glowing coals. Brand-new, bran-new, bran-span-new, brand-spander-new, adj. Freshly or perfectly new. Brand-new is simply new from the fire or forge. All the Teut. tongues preserve the word brand in some form or other, and all have the word new ; whence Jamieson's remark, that our word is simply the Teutonic brand-new. Shaksp. uses the quite equivalent form Jire-new, still heard in some districts. Span-new is found as O. N. spdn-nyr, from spdnn, a chip. Sw. span, Germ, span, Dan. spaan, all bear the same meaning ; and Sw. D. span-noj, new as a chip, splittemy, preserves the form for Sweden. Brand-new, therefore, is a word suggested by the newness of a metal implement ; span-new by that of something fashioned out of wood. This is cbip-new ; new from the artificer's tools : that burning- new ; new from the smith's forge. Brand-spander-new is hence an unscientific, not to say blundering, compound involving two dissimilar ideas. Brant, brent, adj. i. Steep, as applied to the side of a hill, or a portion of very hilly road. 2. Pompous, consequential. Sw. bratt, brant ; O. N. brattr; N. bratt; Dan. brat. Ihre gives as an example of usage, en brant baclee, a steep hill ; which, as has been noticed, corresponds exactly with our a brant bank. The interchange of n and / has also been noticed ; and the circumstance that the word is not of Sc. usage, and seems to have no A. S. etymon, is also noteworthy. 1. ' " A hilly field this, Mr. Dale." " Aye brant enew, for seear. Amaist ower brant for t' pleuff." ' ' As brent 's a hoos'-sahd.' 2. ' So-and-so's as brent as a yackeron (acorn) ;' of a pompous, stuck-up individual. Cf. Dan. D. brente, to stick one's stomach out. Hvor den dreng brenterl how that lad puffs himself out ! CLEVELAND DIALECT. 65 Brash, sb. i. Refuse matters, such as twigs, chips, short hedge- clippings, &c. 2. Rubbish, in the sense of a confused mass of refuse. The leading idea in this word, in almost every instance, as illustrated by local usage in districts widely apart, seems to be of matters that are either brittle twigs (Northumb., Durham), the small growth of a hedge, or its clippings (Leeds) ; or that have been already broken ' a mixture of coal-dust, chips and twigs' (Whitby). Taking this as a clue, the word is probably a derivation from A. S. brecan (see also S. G. braecka), and a near relative of breach, broach, &c. O. N. breisk, weak, frail, is almost exactly coincident. See Ihre in v. Brusk. Rich, observes that the ' noun brocbes is used in P. Plougbm. as bits of wood broken or split off ;' and ' skewers or sharp-pointed sticks,' are still (or were, not long since) termed brocbes in some parts of Yorkshire. The same idea of broken, or easily broken, holds good in the quasi-geological term brash, the fully geological term Corn-brash, and the Italian breccia. 1. ' Gan an' mak' a bleeze, baims, wiv thae hedge-clippings and brash.' 2. ' Thae taties 's a* broth tegither. There 's niwer a guid yan amangst 'em.' Brash, sb. A rising of acid or acrid liquid into the mouth ; a symp- tom depending on a disordered or overloaded state of the stomach. See Water-brash ; also called ' water-springs.' Pr. Pm. ' Brakyn, or castyn, or spewe. Vomo, evomo.' ' He wyll not cease fro sur- fettynge tyll he be ready to parbrake." Note, Ib. ' Braking. Puking, reaching. Teut. braecken, to vomit, braecke, nausea. This seems to be properly a secondary sense of braecken, to break.' Jam. That is possible ; and, originally, I had included this word under Brash, refuse ; and its meaning as a third sense to that word ; for there can be no doubt that it originates in brake, O. E. brakyn, to vomit. However, Sw. D. braltlea se, Dan. brtekke sig, Germ, sicb brecben, N. S. sicb bracken, seem to justify its separation. Comp. the idiom in break wind, break cover, &c. ; and Brash., an eruption, or breaking forth on the skin ; also the forms E. breach, Fr. brecbe. Brashy, adj. i. Of inferior quality, poor, indifferent. 2. Weakly or delicate in constitution, liable to be frequently ailing. See Brash. 1 . ' Puir brashy bits o" things ;' applied to a sample of apples, or potatoes, small in size and poor in quality. 2. ' She 's nobbut a brasby body ; she 's maist alla's i' t' ane ailment or t' ither.' Brass, sb. Impudence, unblushingness. 0. N. brass, insolence, forwardness. ' He 's brass enew for owght : he "d ex t' Queen t' coom by, if iwer she war in 's road ;' he'd bid the Queen stand on one side if she were in his way. Brass, sb. i. Money in general. 2. Copper money, 1. Thay 've lots o' brass : they w'olly stinks ov it.' ' Ah 's sell'd thae kye, and getten t' brass.' 2. ' Thee '11 want a hau'p'ny back. Ah 's feared Ah 's nae brass.' Brassened, brazened, adj. (pr. braz'n'd). Impudent, without modesty. ' She 's as brassened a browl as iwer Ah ligged een on.' K 66 GLOSSARY OF THE Brat, sb. i. A child's pinafore. 2. The rag or patch secured to any part of a sheep, to save that part from the attacks of ' the Fly.' A. S. brat, a cloak, a clout ; Welsh brat, a rag ; Gael, brat, an apron, cloth. ' For n'ad thei but a shete Which that thei might wrappin hem in a night, And a bratte to walken in a daie light, Thei wold hem sel, and spend it on this craft.' Cbanon's Yeman's Tale, p. 123. Bratted, adj. Covered with a slight film, as milk when beginning to turn sour, or slightly curdled, is. (Wh. Gl. defines the word as ' slightly curdled/) Hall, gives ' Brat. Film or scum. North,' apparently from Brock., who defines it, ' the film on the surface of some liquids, as on boiled milk when cooled ;' and suggests Germ. breiten, to spread, as a derivation. It is probably an adaptation of the sense of Brat, sb., a clout, covering ; such as a pinafore, or sheep's Brat, for instance. Brattice, sb. A wooden partition, serving, e. g., to divide a closet or store-room into two parts. Cf. Pr. Pin. ' Betrax, of a walle (bretasce, bretays). Propugnaculum ;' and in the note, ' Bretesse, breteche, bretesque, tour de bois mobile, . . . palissade. Roquef.' Mr. Wedgw. says, ' brattice is a fence of boards in a mine or round dangerous machinery, from Sc. bred, G. brett, Dut. herd, a plank or board, as lattice, a frame of laths, from Fr. latte, a lath.' In some parts of the North the high screen reaching from the wall, close to the door, from an outer passage some way into the room, forming, with its back, a sort of passage, and having a seat affixed to its front by the fire-side, is called a Brattice. Braunging, adj. Large-featured and red-faced. This word appears to be used with a variation of sense according to locality. Hall, gives ' pompous,' as its meaning. In the Leeds dialect, ' a great brawnging fellah" is a man ' with massily set features, and a stout, fresh, country look ;' while in the Wb. Gl. it is defined as ' brazenfaced,' and ' a gret braunging weean' is ' a coarse impudent-looking woman." Brand is given by Haldorsen as ' a woman with a man's mien and spirit,' while the O. N. vb. brana, and S. G. brangas both imply impetuous motion, such as that of a bulky or massy body. But the probability rather is that the word is related to brawn, brawny, as stunge to stun, munge or munch to mun (mouth), &c. Brave, adj. Of good quality as well as appearance. O. Sw. braf, good, excellent; Sw. and Dan. brav; and probably O.N.bragd, bragga. See Ihre in v. Braf, and Wedgw. in v. Brag. The two cardinal meanings of Lat. virtus, and of Gr. dyaOos meet with their exact parallel in those of the word brave. Valour was with all primitive nations the great virtue, bravery the peculiar excellence, approving itself to the eye as well as by more tangible proofs of superiority. The Scotch brow and our brave are curious reminiscences of this old-world mode of sentiment and expression. ' Miranda. What is 't ? a spirit ? Lord, how it looks about ! Believe me, Sir, It carries a brave form.' Tempest, i. 2. ' It is brave-looking beef, and it eats bravely.' Wb. Gl, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 6j ' " He's getten a brave bit o' brass for t" farm an" stock, Ah lay?" " Ay, hes he. But t' wur a brave spot an' all." ' ' " How are you, this morning, Thomas ? " " Brave an" weel, thank 'ee. Hoo 's yersel?"' Bravely, adj. and adv. Very well, famously. ' " Hoo is 't wi* thee, man ? " " Bravely, thank 'ee." ' ' " He 's getting on well there, then ?" " Aye, bravely." ' Bray, v. a. To beat or thrash with violence ; simply to beat or flog. Pr. Pm. ' Brayyn, or stampyn in a mortere. Tero.' Cf. Sw. D. brdja, to bruise flax ; Bav., Swab., Swiss brecben, id. The word involves an accommodation of the sense of the standard word, viz. to pound or beat until the substance is reduced to powder or a pulp ; thence to beat a person violently. Mr. Wedgw. collates Sp. bregar, to work up paste, knead. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Brayyn, as baxters her pastys ;' Prov. Cat. bregar, to rub, Fr. broyer and Bret. braea, to bray in a mortar. ' " Ah "11 bray thee tiv a mithridate ;" a mithridate being a medicinal confection of smooth and soft consistency." Wb. Gl. ' Be sharp, and get thee yamm, or thee '11 get tha' back bray'd a bits. T' moodher 's latin' thee.' Bread-loaf, sb. (pr. breead-leeaf). i. The loaf of bread; the mass, as opposed to a piece or portion. 2. A loaf of bread, as opposed to bread-cakes, &c. 0. N. braud-leif. The corresponding words are found of course in the other languages of Teut. origin, but in actual composition only in our dialect and O. N. ; brod-kaka in Sw. D. Cf. ' cuaeS |>et Sas stanas hlafa gewordeno sie ;' command that these stones be made bread. North. Gospels, Matt. iv. 2. 1 . ' Reach me here t' breead-leeaf, wilt 'ee. Ah deean't want nobbut a shahve." 2. ' Ah couldn't get a breead-leeaf annywheres. Ah was fossed to send intil Whitby for 't.' (A fact : the bread being required for the Holy Communion.) Bread-meal, sb. (pr. breead-meal). Flour with the coarsest bran taken out, but still such as when made up into bread produces ' brown- bread/ See Meal. Breaks, brooks, sb. Boils or carbuncles. There can be little doubt of the origin of this word in either form ; A. S. brecan, pcpl. brocen, will supply both. The idea is well given in the passage, ' and it shall be a boil breaking forth with blains.' In fact, in the ordinary use of the word, it is frequently associated with the word Byle. ' He 's nobbut dowly. He 's had a strange vast o" thae nasty brooks an' byles aboot 'im.' Breckens, burk'ns, sb. Ferns. The general name for the Filix tribe, but from its greater abundance especially applied to the common brakes or brackens (Pteris aquilina). Growing as these do in great luxu- riance, and over spaces of many acres in extent, on our Bank-sides, they are carefully harvested in considerable quantities and applied as litter by those who have an insufficient supply of straw for the neces- sities of their pig or their cow. In the autumn of 1866, when fodder K 2 68 GLOSSARY OF THE was very scarce, twenty-seven scythes were seen at work on one hill- side, and numbers of the substantial farmers had recourse to this substi- tute for litter. O.N. burkni; Dan. bregne. Sw. D. brdken, brdgen, brdge, br'dkne, br'dgjen, seems to be more exclusive in its meaning than our Breckens, as it includes only the ' common brakes.' It should be observed also that by many the e and r are transposed in Pr., and the sound of the word becomes somewhat guttural berk'ns, or rather, burk'ns, Cf. O. N. burkni. Brede, breed, sb. i. Breadth, extent. 2. A breadth of cloth, silk or other material. O.N. breidd; Sw. bredd; Sw. D. brajd; Dan. brede; A.S. breed, bred. Pr. Pm. 'Brede of mesure. Latitudo.' 1. ' There was t' w'oll brede o' t' garth betwixen him an" me.' ' T' brede o' t' road." ' T' brede o' mah hand.' 2. ' Whyah, there "s ten bredes iv her dress, if there 's yan.' Bree, brere, sb. i. The brier or common dog-rose (Rosa canina). 2. A thorn or prick from the stem of the same. A. S. brcer, brer. The word appears in Wicliffe's Translation of the Bible, brer is, and in Chaucer, breres, much as it remains in Clevel. to this day. One local name in the town- ship of Danby is Red-brere, which, though written in the registers as Red-brier, is always sounded as written above. 2. 'As sharp as a bree;' applied both literally, and as implying natural sharpness or acuteness. ' I have oone (a wife) to my fere As sharp as a thystle, as rugh as a brere.' Townel. Myst. p. IOO. Bree, breese, sb. The gadfly (CEstrus bovis). A. S. briosa. Another A. S. form of the name of this insect is brimsa ; comp. S. G. broms; Dan. brems ; Sw. and Sw. D. brems, brims, broms; Germ, bremse, breme ; &c. Bromma, to buzz, is probably the origin of the S. G. broms (Ihre, Rietz), and similarly in the other cases. Our Clevel. and N. English Bree or Breese, with its original A. S. form briosa, are also most likely referrible to some derivative from a verb nearly related to brimma, and due to the sound made by the wings of the gadfly : enough of itself to set a herd of oxen or cows half wild. Comp. Dan. brvus, a rushing sound. The other Clevel. name for the insect in question is also referrible to the noise it makes. See Bumbore. The eggs laid by the Breese, when hatched, lead to the swellings in Beasts' backs known as "Warbles. Breeam, sb. (Pr. of broom). (Genista scoparta.) Breeast-beean, sb. (Pr. of breast-bone). The breast-bone of a goose is still employed by some of our Dalesmen as a medium of prognostication for the coming winter. A translation of Thiele's notice, OvertroiskeiMen- inger, p. 1 1 , requires only the substitution of a word or two in order to be applicable in Clevel. : ' From the breast-bone of a goose, eaten on Martinmas Eve (Old Style), it is pos- sible to ascertain what the winter is likely to be. When picked it must be held up to the light, and the white marks then discernible betoken snow, the darker ones frost and cold weather. It should also be remarked that the front part of the bone foretells the weather before Christmas, the hinder part the weather after Christmas.' See also Grimm, D. M. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 69 pp. 1067, 1068, where the same notion is quoted as mentioned by several different writers and as pertaining to divers localities. Here, a mottled appearance of the bone is held to prognosticate changeable winter-weather, alternating snow and thaw ; a prevailing whitish- opaque cast much snow ; a dark colour severe frost ; and comparative transparency, open weather. The goose also must be eaten before Martinmas (New Style), though not neces- sarily on Martinmas E'en. It is observable that the CleveL, Germ., and Dan. signs or tokens all vary more or less, according to the prevailing climate of the district they obtain in. Breed, sb. A brood, a litter of young ones. I do not think this word is simply the English brood with the Cleveland pronunciation ; as it wants the peculiar accent which in its effect is almost to convert a monosyllabic word into one of two syllables, as stone, steean; school, scbeeal, &c. It is not, however, given in Hall., Brock., or Wb. or Leeds Gl. ; although it is in very common use in CleveL Cf. E. breed, a kind, strain, as in the phrase ' a breed of cattle,' ' fowls,' &c. ' A gran' breed o' pa'tridges.' Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Bredde or hecchyd, of byrdys.' ' Moor bods 's nane sae rank : t' breeds "s wakish, an' nobbut a few ov' em.' ' T' and sow 's getten a gay guid breed o* pigs.' Breekin', sb. The natural division of the stem of a tree into the branches or forks which form the head. The tree ' breaks' or parts at the point in question ; which may suggest the derivation. Comp. Germ, brecbimg, Dan. brydning, as applied to express refraction ; and Pr. Pm. 4 Breke or brekynge. Rvptvra.' See also Breeks. Breek-less, adj. Without breeches. See Breeks. " Thae 's varry needful, Ah 's seear. Thae 's nigh sarkless an' breekless ;" almost in a state of nudity.' Wb. Gl. Breeks, sb. Breeches. O. N. brot (pL braJnar); O. Sw. brok; Sw. brackar; A.S. bree, brauca; N.S. brook; Dut. broek. Cf. Lat. bracca, Irish broages, Arm. brag. Ihre objects to Junins' derivation of the word from brecken, to break or part, on the ground that it is not known what form the article of attire first named breeks (or its equivalent in other dialects) really had. Dr. Rietz gives his opinion that the M. Lat. word is derived from the Gallic tongue, and that the word is originally Celtic. Jam. gives a curious proverbial usage of the word in the sing., or as denoting one leg of the garment in question : ' They sit full still that have a riven breike' Breke, v. a. The accustomed form of to Break. Pr. Pm. ' Brekyn or breston (brasten). Frango.' Breke one's day, To. To fail in keeping an appointment, break one's tryst. ' Certis (qft he) nothing anoyith me To lene a man a noble, two or thre, Or what thing were in my possession Whan he so true is of condicion That in no wise he brekin wolle his date. To soche a nun I can nevir saie naie.' Cbanon's Ytman't Tale, p. 124. 70 GLOSSARY OF THE Brent, adj. Another form of Brant. Bride- ale, sb. The warmed, sweetened, and spiced ale, yet pre- sented in some villages, to a wedding party on its return from church. O. N. brud-bl ; A. S. bryd-eala, a bride-ale, bride or marriage feast. The latter word is of course the origin of E. bridal. Ihre, under the word 61, remarks, it is clear that this beverage has been a favourite one among the ancient Scythian and Gothic nations, and indeed the sine qua non whence all their more important banquets were named 61, e. g. Arfol, Barnsol, Kirkegangs-ol, Grafwa-ol, 8cc., or, Heir-ale, Child" s-baptism-ale, Mother' s- cburcbing-ale, Grave-ale. Comp. the old word Church-ale. Our Clevel. word is re- markable as presenting the two constituents of bridal in a separate form, and as dissecting out from the complex sense of brud-bl the single element connected with the liquor chiefly drunk on such occasions. See under Bride-door. Bride-door, sb. The door of the house from which the bride pro- ceeds to church, and at which the wedding festivities are to be held afterwards ; used in the phrase ' to run for the bride-door.' With this word comp. Sw. D. bryllopsbus, brollopshus. The custom in which it originates is doubtless of Northern extraction. It reappears under somewhat varying forms in many of the Northern counties, but always in such guise as in some way to embody the same idea. ' To " run for the bride-door" is to join in the race for the bride's gift, run by divers of the young men of the neighbourhood, who wait near the church-door till the marriage ceremony is over. The prize is usually a ribbon, which is worn for the day in the hat of the winner.' Wh. Gl. Hall, simply adds to a precisely similar statement, that the race is run ' to the bride's door,' and both might have added that the ribbon when won is supposed to be destined for the winner's sweetheart, actual or to be. In Cumberland, says Brock., it is usual ' for the bridegroom, attended by his friends on horseback, to proceed in a gallop to the house of the bride's father. Having alighted, he salutes her, and then the company breakfast together. After breakfast the whole party ride to church together, a fiddler in attendance, and at the conclusion of the ceremony they all proceed to some neighbouring alehouse where many a flowing bumper is drunk to the health of the happy pair. Thus inspired they set off full speed towards the future residence of the bride, where a handkerchief is presented to the first who arrives. In Craven,' he continues, ' after the service is over a ribbon is offered as the winner's prize, either in a foot or a horse race. Should any of the competitors, however, omit to shake hands with the bride, he forfeits the prize, though otherwise entitled to win. Whoever first reaches the bride's habitation is ushered into the bridal chamber, and, after having performed the cere- mony of turning down the bed-clothes, he returns, carrying in his hand a tankard of warm ale, to meet the bride, to whom he triumphantly offers the cup he bears, and by whom in return he is presented with the ribbon as the trophy of his victory.' From a MS. I have been permitted to make use of it appears that much or all of what is thus described is ' still practised at St. Helen's, Auckland, and other villages in Durham : only the handkerchief is supposed to be a delicate substitute for the bride's garter, which used to be taken off as she knelt at the altar ; and the practice being anticipated the garter was generally found to do credit to her taste and skill in needlework, and was made the chief prize at the ensuing sports.' In Clevel. and the neighbouring district the hot ale (see Hot-pots), duly sweet- ened and spiced, was presented by the friends of a bridal party at some point or points of the return journey from church. ' This custom is upheld in full force at Robin Hood's Bay, near Whitby ; and as many as twelve Hot-pots have been brought forth and partaken of in the one-mile distance between the church and the town.' Wh. Gl. The foot-race, or, as it is now more commonly designated, running for the ribbon, is by no means fallen CLEVELAND DIALECT. 71 into desuetude in Clevel. ; indeed, it is almost too much to say it has totally superseded the horse-race. Within twenty or twenty-five years these races were hotly contested in Danby by mounted men, two or three of whom, together with their steeds, were well known for their many racing exploits on such occasions. The writer has met with an old and dim tradition that in days gone by, the race was always from the churchyard gate to the Bride-door, and that the prize was not barely the bride's garter, but the added privilege of taking it himself from her leg as she crossed the threshold of her home. The Heeat-pots of the Dales, no less than the potations of ale in Cumberland and Craven emphasized by Brockett ; the mounted cavalcade ; the rapid riding (comp. brullup, or brudlaup, hasty thronging to a wedding ; brudguma-reid, the bridegroom's journey with a mounted cavalcade to the bride's-house), all point explicitly to Northern customs. Comp. also the following : * The most ancient mode of wooing had at least the merit of simplicity: it consisted in carrying off the desired object by physical force. There are traces of the custom in a game or ceremony still occasionally practised on the marriage of a Welsh peasant. After the wedding, the bridegroom mounts on horseback and takes his bride behind him. A certain amount of "law" is given them, and then the guests mount and pursue them. It is a matter of courtesy not to overtake them, but whether overtaken or not, they return with their pursuers to the wedding feast.' Brand's Pop. Antiq. ii. p. 155 ; Notes and Queries, xi. 415 ; Anglo-Saxon Home, p. 22, and note. To the above may be added, from Jam., that to ' ride the bruse or broose ' is to ride a race on horseback at a wedding. ' The custom,' he says, ' is still preserved in the country. Those who are at a wedding, especially the younger part of the company, who are conducting the bride from her own house to the bridegroom's, often set off at full speed for the latter. This is called " riding (be bruse :" he who first reaches the house is said " to win the bruse." ' For some time, the author states, he thought the word bruse must be closely connected with some ancient word signifying a wedding, or relation to a wedding ; but that he changed his view on meeting with the following account of a custom common in the N. of Engl. seventy or eighty years ago. ' Four young men, with their horses, were waiting without : they saluted the bride at the church-gate, and immediately mounting, contended who should win what they called the " Kail ;" that is, a smoking prize of spice-brotb which stood ready prepared to reward the victor in the race.' Query, was it kail, or ale (yall)? Was it ' barley-bree' or ordinary ' brose ' 1 Bride-wain, sb. A waggon, loaded with household goods, to be conveyed from the bride's father's house to the bridegroom's. ' Clown. Good speed, good speed, old Geoffry now, and unto thee good day. Ah 've got a tale to tell to thee as we go on the way ; For Ah 'm to be tha' son-i'-law an' marry thah lass, Margery : What portion you will give to her, discover Ah pray to me. Geoffr. Wheeah ! ma dowther shall ha' hawf of a' Ah hez, except ma' grizzle meear : She 's have a bridewain o' t' best : she 's have a' she s'ud, Ah decleear.' From a MS. copy of the Egton Sword Dance Interlude. ' Mr. Marshall observes that formerly great parade was exhibited in connection with the bridewain. The waggons were drawn by " ten, or perhaps twenty pair " of oxen garlanded with ribbons, while a young woman sat at her spinning wheel in the centre of the load, and the friends of the parties increased the gifts as the procession went on.' Wb. Gl. ' In Cumberland,' says Mr. Brockett, ' it is a custom for the friends of a newly married couple to assemble, upon invitation given, and after partaking of " cold pies, furmity and ale, to join in various country pastimes." The bride and bridegroom are then placed in two chairs, the former holding a pewter dish on her knee, half covered with a napkin. Into 72 GLOSS ARY OF THE this dish every person present makes it a point to put something ; and these offerings occa- sionally amount to a considerable sum. I suppose it has obtained the name of wain from a very ancient custom, now obsolete in the North, of presenting a bride who had no great stock of her own, with a waggon-load of furniture and provisions. On this occasion the horses were decorated with ribbons.' In Northumberland such a waggon is styled the ' plenishing-wain.' To this I may add that some forty or fifty years since it was the custom here to place one of those curious and handsome black oak cabinets or presses, not long since common in the Dales, well stored with the necessary Graithing or Gear for a newly married couple, in a "Wain, and harnessing to it several yoke of oxen gaily garlanded, to drive it as a part of the bridal procession to the church. Arrived there it was lifted off and carried within the church porch, remaining there the whole time during which the service was going on. It was essential that the waggon should travel along the ordinary church- road, and not make short cuts, or other deviations from the established route. One such Bridewain, which took its departure for the church from Danby Castle, is specially men- tioned by my informant as having had no less than sixteen oxen yoked to it. It is interesting to find traces of the same custom in Normandy, as well as in other districts indebted to the Danes for no small infusion of their present population. Brief, sb. A document carried by one who solicits pecuniary assist- ance, under circumstances of loss or calamity ; a begging petition. O. N. bref; S. G. bref; Dan. brev. The Brief in former days was the recognised or for- mal mode of seeking assistance, whether on behalf of communities or individuals, towards the performance of works to which their unassisted means were inadequate. Thus, to mention but one instance, the inhabitants of Scarborough, when the parish church had been partially destroyed during the siege of the castle, ' were under the necessity of having re- course to a Brief, in 1660, 12 Charles II, to enable them to rebuild it.' Hinderwell's Scar- borough, p. 103. Many Briefs, duly signed by minister and churchwardens, may commonly be seen still in course of circulation through the country side in Clevel., sometimes to help the bearer replace his ' lahtle coo,' or the horse he carried on his trade with, or the furniture or stock lost by a fire, &c. Brigg, sb. A bridge ; a quasi- natural pier projecting into the sea. O. N. bryggia, a bridge, a pier ; Sw. brygga, a bridge ; Dan. brygga, a pier ; A. S. brycg, bricg, &c. ' But ackerd fields, an' narrow riggs, They 've spoiled us quite for building briggs.' Castello's Poems. ' Do boote to brvgges That to-broke were." P. Plougbm. p. 139. Brigg, vb. To bridge ; to build a bridge over a stream, &c. Brigg-stane, sb. i. A stone culvert laid across a Gate-stead, or carried beneath a road, the upper stones, or Coverers, of which are of sufficient length to span the entire width of the water-way. 2. Each of the single stones thus employed. Brim, breme, v. a. and n. i. As applied to a sow; to desire the boar. 2. As applied to the boar; to serve the sow. O. N. brimi or bryme, flame. Comp. A. S. bremman, to be hot, furious, raging, vehe- ment. Hald. gives the word bl&ubrymi as signifying the first enjoyment of coition by CLEVELAND DIALECT. 73 newly married people : a use of the word brimi exactly coincident with that of our local word. The following passages may serve to illustrate the transition of thought and sense from flame, heat, to the heat of passion or lust. ' Ant spreche in ham sprekes of lustes swa Inhere thet ha forberne'S in wit? ant J>urh J?e brime ablinde'S,' Seinte Marb. p. 15 : and strike in em sparks of lust so lither (bad) that they burn away inwardly, and through the burning go blind. ' Then spake the turke vith wordes thraw, Saith, " Come the better of your tow (two) though ye be breme as bore." ' To which Bishop Percy's note is, ' breme, i. e. fierce ;' Mr. Furnivall's, ' One of the com- monest phrases in early romances.' ' I see the bull dothe bull the cow ; and shall I liue a maiden still? I see the bore doth brim the sow ; and yet there is neuer a lacke for gill.' Percy's Loose and Humorous Songs, p. 29. Note also, ' And erSe brimen and beren dede.' Story of Gen. and Ex. p. 4. See also Ib. p. 33. Brissling, adj. Brisk, blowing freshly ; of the wind. Under Breeze Mr. Wedgw. quotes Fr. brise, a cool wind ; It. brezza, a cold and windy mist or frost. And he adds, ' The origin is the imitation of a rustling noise, as by the Sc. brissle, properly to crackle, then to broil, fry.' Our word then approaches the proper meaning of brissle very nearly, denoting the mitigated rushing or whizzing of the wind. Cf. Sw. D. brisa, to rush along hastily ; brusa, id. ' A canny brissling wind : 't '11 soon dry t' land.' Broach, broche, sb. i. The spire, or steeple, of a church. 2. The instrument, or spindle, on which yarn used to be wound. The leading idea in each of the applications of the word (as also in a spit, a skewer ; besides those above given) is of pointedness. Wood splintered or broken presents instances of such pointedness : hence the p. p. brocen, from brecan, to break, is taken as the origin of brocbe. Bosw. quotes the Fris. word brok as meaning a fragment or broken piece. Comp. Fr. brocbe, a spit ; Welsh procio, to thrust, stab ; Gael, brog, to goad, to prick ; and also E. broocb. Pr. Pm. ' Brocbe for a thacstare (see our Thack-prods) : Brocbe, or spete ; Brocbyn or settyn a vessel a broche ;' piercing it, i. e. with some pointed instrument. ' Then broyled and broacbt on a buchers pricke The kidney came in of a holy sister.' Loose and Humorous Poems, p. 42. ' As kenspack as a cock on church broach.' Wb. Gl. Brock, sb. The badger (Meles taxus). Dan. brok; A. S. broc; Erse broc ; Welsh and Cornish brock. See Jam. in v. Broakit. Brock, sb. The froghopper or cuckoo-spit insect (Aphrophora spu- maria); the latter popular name being due to the froth in which the creature envelopes itself when in the pupa-state. Welsh brocb, foam. ' Ah sweeats like a brock.' 74 GLOSSARY OF THE Brockle, bruekle, adj. Easy to be broken, frail, brittle. O. Sw. breeckelig ; Sw. br'dcttig; Sw. and O. Dut. brokel; G.broeUig. Comp. S. Jutl. brok, broken pieces of bread ; Pr. Pm. ' Brokdol, or frees (brokyl, brokill). Fragilis. ' Ay, thae pankins at is getten oot in t' houes, they 's desput bruekle for seear.' Brog, v. n. To browse ; to crop the short herbage or small hedge- shoots, as cattle do. Almost certainly a frequentative from a verb signifying to break, crush, bruise ; e. g. S. G. braclta, Sw. bracket, A. S. brecan, Dan. brokke, &c. Comp. Sw. D. brogga, to break or crush, reduce to fragments or small pieces. In fact, the standard word browse is itself probably referrible to an analogous origin. See Wedgw. in v. Browse, and also under Brake, 2. ; where he collates O. E. brog, a swampy or bushy place ; O. Fr. brogille, bregille, brocl, &c., copse-wood, cover, brush-wood ; Prov. Germ, gebroge, gebrucbe, a brake, thicket. Comp. our definition. Broken-bodied, adj. Ruptured, afflicted with hernia. Comp. Dan. brok, Sw. brack, a rupture ; A. S. brocod, afflicted with a rupture ; and Germ, gebruchen ; Sw. D. brdkklig, brdkkter, id. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Brostyn man, yn )>e cod. Herniosus.' ' He 's broken-bodied i' baith sands.' Brole, browl, sb. i. An impudent girl; a hussy, bold and unblush- ing. 2. A saucy, forward child. Hall, gives ' brol, a child or brat, A. S. ;' but I know not on what ground. Our word seems always used in an offensive sense, and I am doubtful whether to refer it not directly to E. brawl, but to some such origin as Dan. brele, to roar, to bellow (cf. O. N. bralla, Dan. D. bralla, to talk at the top of one's voice; Germ, brullen, Sw. vrala; in which case the idea is primarily that of one who is loud and violent in word, passing on then to the sense given in our definition, and in the following example from Wb. Gl. ' Thoo 's a braz- zened young browl'); or to Welsh brawl, a shooting out, an offshoot; in which case a child is the primary meaning. The word occurs twice in P. Plough, precisely in our first sense : ' Now mot ich soutere hys sone Seten to schole, And ich a beggeres brol On the book lerne.' (p. 494.) ' I dorste have leyd my lif, And no lasse wedde He sholde have be lorde of that lond, And also kyng of that kith His kyn for to helpe, The leeste brol of his blood A barones piere.' (p. 55.) Brough, bruff, sb. A faint luminous ring or disk about the moon, technically called a ' corona.' Jam. supposes the name brottgb to have been given to this appearance ' because of its circular form, or resemblance to the encampments so designated ;' from O. N. and O. Sw. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 75 borg, A. S. borg, bitrb. Still, it may be expedient to notice a word yet current in Iceland : ' Rosa-baugur, or storm-rings, formed about the moon.' Iceland, Sc. and Sagas, Introd. xxxi. ; and Hald. gives rosa-baugr, a circle about the sun or moon ; although baugr can scarcely be the origin of our word, unless it has passed through a stage of great corruption. Comp. bur in Hall., and burr in Lincolns. Gl. Brow-band, sb. A leathern strap, passing across the forehead of the bearer, by which the Fish-creel is suspended. Browl, v. n. To scold, to urge a demand in violent or abusive terms. ' When these three women 's brought to bed and after thee does brawl, Thou must reply immediately I know ye not at all.' MS. Sw. Dance Interlude. Another reading is, ' and round thee thae does browl.' As the person advised is ' the Lusty Miller,' who has seduced his landlady, her daughter and her servant, each under a promise of marriage, the idea in the word browl is apparent enough. Probably the vb. is derived from the sb. See preceding word. Brown-leemers or learners, sb. Brown or ripe nuts that separate or slip easily from the husk or hull. Wh. Gl. simply says ' large fil- berts,' without specifying any degree of ripeness, which is insufficient. See Learn. Brock, suggests, not too happily, that learners may be les murs, the ripe ones. It is simply gliders or slippers. Hall, says, ripe nuts which leave the husk readily are called brown-sbullers. The sense is the same. See our Shurl, Shool, or Sholl, to slip, glide, slide. Bruff, adj. Full-faced and florid or fresh-looking ; hearty in look and manner ; loud and rather rough, or more than jolly, important. Comp. Sw. D. borger, borg, berg, full-grown, strong, hearty ; byrg. burg, byrgr, self- sufficient, confident, self-satisfied. These words are all derivatives, with secondary mean- ings, from S. G. borgare, civis, one possessed of real rights and importance, therefore ; and borga, to act as bail or surety. See S. G. berga ; O. N. biarga ; A. S. beorgan. Brully, sb. i. A broil, squabble, disturbance. 2. Moderate roughness or motion of the sea. O. Sw. brylla, to disturb, create a disturbance. Brylla or brilla is still used in the same sense in Sw. D. Ihre quotes as synonyms or derivatives, Arm. brella ; Eng. broil ; Fr. brouiller ; Ital. imbrogliare. Brummel-nosed, adj. Having a nose with the characteristic signs of intemperance, purple and granulated, like the Bramml or Brumm'l. Brnmmels, brum'ls. See Brambles. Brunt, adj. i. Abrupt, precipitous, steep. 2. Blunt, unceremonious, abrupt, in manner. Probably the same word as brant or brent ; or, if not, from S. G. bryn, vertex montis, praecipitium ; for comparison with which Ihre quotes O. N. brvna, to lift up, or exalt one- self; adding, that he looks upon bryn as denoting whatever prominently overtops other things near. Comp. Sw. D. brynt, a bank, or steep hill. 2. ' He 's a bit brunt-mannered ; but he 's not a bad sort.' L 2 7<5 GLOSSARY OF THE Brussel, sb. Pr. of E. bristle. Another instance of the change of i into w, and as compared with Sw. borst, Sw. D. bust, borste, Dan. berste, Dut. borstel, also of the transposition of r and its vowel. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Brystylle, or brustylle (burstyll). Seta.' Brussen-hearted, adj. Broken-hearted. See Heart-bmssen. Brussen-kited, adj. Possessing a very protuberant, or swollen-look- ing abdomen. See Kite. Brussen-out, adj. Covered with blotches, or pimples, or sores. ' He 's brussen-out wi' lahtle water-blebs all ower his body.' Brusten, pcpl. (pr. brussen). Used adverbially ; as in ' " Brussen-big ;" exceedingly stout or corpulent.' Wb. Gl. ' " -Brwsssn-breeadways ;" about as broad as long, for excess of fat.' 76. Brusten-up, adj. Reduced to small pieces, pulverised, as bread by satiated children ; clods by frost, or the roller and harrows ; crockery- ware by a fall, &c. Buch, butch, v. n. To act as a butcher ; carry on the trade of a butcher. Mr. Peacock gives the vb. butcb as in use in N. Lonsdale. It seems to be simply derived from the sb., formerly spelt bocbovre, bucber. Buckheads, sb. The live stems or stumps of a thorn hedge after the branching heads have been cut off, leaving the stumps to shoot forth again. The word is probably due to, or expressive of, the idea of shooting forth from the head into many branches, as the horns of the buck do. And from the noun is taken the verb buck-bead, to lop. See Hall. Budge, v. a. and n. i . To move or be moved, as a nail in a wall, or a screw in its socket (or female) or in a piece of wood. 2. To lower or abate (in a demand, or price asked). E. budge is usually connected immediately with F. bouger. Looking to the sense our word takes, I am disposed to collate O. N. bjuga, buga, to master, get the better of; the primary meaning of the word being to bend, to make to bow. Comp. Dan. bugle, bugt, S. Jut. D. bege, bagge, to bend, to sway. Comp. also the O. N. phrases, oka e'mum d bug : in fugam pellere ; almost literally, to make him budge ; enginn befir mer sva a bug ekit, sem pw : no one has ever made me budge as you have. 1. ' Ah caan't budge 't a hair-breed : it 's stiff as a stithy ;' of any object fixed in another. 4 It 's gran'est drag at iwer Ah seen : "t weeant budge for now't ;' of a Coleman's Culti- vator, which passed steadily on in its work at the same level, however hard the ground. 2. ' Price is fower pun', an" he weeant budge a hau'pny.' Buer, buver, sb. A gnat. This word is probably derived from the same root as the Germ, pfeiffer, to pipe, to whizz. Comp. S. Jutl. pibe, sounded pif. Kok, p. 118. In some Sw. districts also, pipe CLEVELAND DIALECT. 77 becomes pive. Thus the name would mean the piper. Piping is a north-country word for ' the noise made by bees preparatory to swarming," Hall. ; a peculiarly sharp buzzing : and the word is certainly very applicable to the sound emitted by the gnat. Bugh, sb. (pr. bufe or beeuf ). A bough. Compare the pronunciation of plough, enough. Doubtless this form or pronunciation of bough is preserved in the following stanza : 4 But Robin he walkes in the greene fforrest as merry as bird on bughe, But he that feitches good Robin's head heele find him game enoughe." Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 19. Bull, v. a. and n. i. To serve a cow, as a bull does. 2. To desire the bull, as a cow does ; to shew symptoms of such desire. See quota- tion under Brim. Bullace, sb. The wild plum, or 'wild bullace' of botanical works (Prunus insititia) : ' fruit globular, austere, black with blue bloom.' Neither to be confounded with the sloe, nor with the ordinary fruit known as Bullace, which is green, with a partial russet tinge when ripe. Pr. Pm. ' Solas tre. Pepulus.' Also ' A bulas tre. Pepulus.' Catb. Angl. The word is no doubt due to the same origin as bull (Papal), bullet, ball, &c., and simply expressive of the spherical shape of the fruit. Bull-dance, sb. The festivities or merry-makings of the country people on occasion of ' Cattle Shows/ or Agricultural Exhibitions. Wh. Gl. Bull-faces, sb. (pr. bull-feeaces). The turfy hair-grass (Atra ccespi- tosa) ; called also, as it appears from Hall., ' Bull-fronts' and ' Bull s- forehead' : probably from some supposed resemblance between the manner of its tufty growth and that of the hair on the bull's forehead. Bullock, v. a. i . To bully, to address another with violently abusive language. 2. To use loud unmeasured tones and terms in speaking. 1. ' Noo, thoo lap oop ! Ah' wean't bide nae mair o' thah bullockin'.' 2. ' I should like him better without all that bullocking.' Wb. Gl. Bullocking, adj. Loud-tongued ; overbearing, imperious in word. Bulls, sb. The crossbeams of the harrow in which the teeth or tines are inserted. Bui, pi. buller, Jtaldes de trceer paa barven bvori t&nderne inds&ttes : bul, pi. butter, the name by which are called the beams of the harrows in which the teeth are set ; Jutl. and Sjaelland. Molb. Dan. D. Diet. Comp. Sw. D. to/, a plank ; slda-bol, the runners of a sledge, the gunwale of a boat, its planking. I do not find this word in Hall., or in any of the Yorkshire Glossaries, though it is common throughout a wide district in the North and East Ridings; nor yet in Jam. It presents one more instance such as Segg, flan, peen, skare on, &c., of the singular illustration thrown by the Scand. dialects on our Yorkshire forms of the Northumbrian dialect. 78 -GLOSS A RF OF THE Bull-seg, sb. A bull castrated after having arrived at full maturity. See Segg. None of the derivations hitherto proposed for this word has been the least satisfactory. Probably the suffix seg refers to the alteration which has been made in the beast's power or spirit, or both. And in this connection we may note, not only the Crav. words seg-head, a blockhead ; seg-kite, an over-grown and greedy youth one, therefore, who is proverbially neither active, nor sharp or bright ; A. S. scene, piger, lazy, slow ; O. N. seigla, animal tardum et lentum ; but also the fact that with seeg or seeg, a boar castrated after arriving at maturity, Molb. couples seeg or seg, a lazy, indolent drawler. Bull-spink, sb. The chaffinch (Fringilla ccelebs). The word spink occurs in the Sw. names of birds in several instances. Thus gul-spink, the greater torn-tit ; and Pennant quotes gol-spink as applied in Faun. Suec. to the yellow- hammer. See G-old-spink. It is worthy of notice, that bo-finc is the Sw. name of the chaffinch, or Spink : the prefix bo possibly answering to our bull. The name spink seems to be applied, with some prefix or qualifying word, to the mountain-finch, goldfinch, yellow-hammer, and chaffinch, in the north of England. Bull-stang, sb. The dragon-fly. Bull, here, is, it is likely, expressive of size or power (see Rich.) ; as also that stang implies the supposed power of the insect in question to sting, to inflict a venom-tainted puncture. See Flying-ether and stang. Comp. also the name given by the fisher- boys to the weever, viz. Stang-fish. Bum, bumble, v. n. (pr. bumm'l). To hum or buzz, like the humble-bee, or like a top. O. N. bumla ; Pr. Pm. ' Bombon as been (bummyn or bumbyn). Bombizo, bombilo ;' Sw. D. bitmla, biimbld, to give a dull sound like an empty cask ; Germ, bommen or bummen, bommeln, bummeln, to give a dull reverberating sound, to buzz. Jam. quotes also Dut. bommen, to resound. ' Bumblar i tunnunni ' is a phrase given by Hald. Comp. Teut. bommele, a drone ; the name taken from the sound, doubtless. Bum, bumm'l, sb. The humming or buzzing noise emitted by the bee, drone, or top. Bumble-barfan, sb. A horse-collar made of reeds or rushes, as distinguished from a leather Barfan. Wh. GL Hall, gives bumbles as signifying rushes in Lincolnshire, which explains the first part of the word ; for the other, see Barfam. Bumble-bee, sb. (pr. bumm'1-bee). The general name for the va- rieties of the humble-bee family. Comp. the name quoted by Brock, for the same insects ' bumbler ;' and also the name ' bum-clock,' as applied to the beetle, which makes a loud humming noise in its evening flight. ' The bum-clock hummed wi' lazy drone.' Burns. Bumble-kites, bummel-kites, sb. Common blackberries. See Brambles. It is not all plain sailing suggesting a derivation for this word. Brock, gives it as a Durham word ; Hall, quotes it ; and it appears in Wb. Gl. It is also found in the Leeds Gl. ; but there in a totally different sense that of an unluckily clumsy person. A child, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 79 by some awkwardness or carelessness, upsets a table covered with crockery, and is at once greeted as a ' bumble-kite.' Kite in Clevel. usually means belly, while bumble or bummel imports a buzzing or humming sound. But, then, bumble-foot means a thick foot; bumble-staff, a thick staff: so that it is possible that in Bummel-kite there may be a reference to the form of the fruit, bellying or bulging all round. The simpler explanation is, that it refers to the effect produced, by eating them in sufficient quantities, in the stomach of the eater ; namely, no little rumbling, or bummling. Bumbore, sb. The gad-fly (GEstrus bovis). See Bree. The prefix is the same as in btLmmel-bee, bum-clock. See Bum, bumm'l. The latter part of the word is doubtless due to the piercing or boring process passed through when the insect's eggs are deposited, or, at least, to the perforation in the skin in the "Warbles. See Burtree, Boretree. Bunch, v. a. To kick or strike with the foot or knee ; (never applied to an animal). Pr. Pm. ' Buncbon. Tundo, trudo.' Comp. H. Germ, pocben, L. Germ, bocben, Dutch beuken, S. Jutl. bo%e, S. G. boka, banka, Dan. banke, Welsh ysbong. Possibly the Celtic may be the more direct source of our word. The % in the Jutl. dialect has a somewhat guttural sound. Kok. Danske Folk-sp. S. J. p. 65. ' He bunched me wiv his foot.' ' Deean't thee coom na furder, or Ah '11 bunch ;' addressed to a clegyman at the font in a Dale's church, by a juvenile candidate (!) for ' Christening.' Bunch-clot, sb. An uncomplimentary name for a farm-labourer or his master, nearly equivalent to the south-country ' clod-hopper.' See Bunch. Buns, bunnons, sb. The dry hollow stems of the cow-parsnep or hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), and other like plants. A. S. bune, a cane, reed, pipe. Jam. gives both bunwand and bunnerts as synonyms of the cow-parsnep. The first is identical with our Bunnons, and the second is simply bun- or bune^wort. The Sw. names of this and like plants at least suggest a comparison of them with our names and their A. S. original ; viz. bjorn-floka, the cow-parsnep, bjorn- loka, the wild angelica (A. sylvestris). Sw. D. names for the last-named plant are bjen-stut, bjorn-pipa, both meaning bear-pipe or tube ; and for the former we meet with bjorn-ram, or bears-paw. It may be a matter of enquiry whether there is any real connection, between A. S. bune and the prefix in all these words. Burden, v. a. (pr. bodden). i. To oppress, in the way of imposing too much work for given pay. 2. To charge with or impute to. 1 . ' T' highway maaster bodden 'd t' men over sair wi' t* flints ; maist part iv em had brakken mair "n tweea hund'ed ower mich fur a leead.' 2. ' Ah bodden' d her heavily wi' 't (pregnancy) ; but she steead me out she warn't.' Burden-band, sb. A hay-band made of hemp; used to bind bundles of hay for conveyance by hand from one place to another ; as from the stack to the Byre, at foddering time. Comp. ' Burn-rope, a rope for carrying a burden.' Hall. 80 GLOSSARY OF THE Burn, sb. A brook, a stream of water. A. S. burne, byrna; Gael. burn. A word very little used in this district. ' A burn' says Brock, ' winds slowly along meadows, and originates from small springs ; while a beck is formed by water collected in the sides of mountains, and proceeds with a rapid stream, though never applied to rivers that become estuaries ;' a statement which is perhaps hardly borne out by facts. Strictly, the difference is simply one of language ; and O. Sw. brunn, O. N. brunnr, &c., are more significant (as Jam. remarks) of a well-head, or the water of it, than of the same water in rapid motion away from the source. Comp. Rietz on Sw. D. brunn. Burnt-wine, sb. A preparation of port wine, sweetened and spiced, offered to the guests at a funeral entertainment. See Arval. Burr, sb. The stone or other obstacle placed behind the wheel of any vehicle going up hill, for the purpose of preventing its recession while the horse or horses stop for rest and wind. Properly the wooden cylinder or barrel-shaped object with which some waggons are furnished, and which is so arranged, by means of a spindle and chains, as always to roll in rear of the hind wheel. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Berwbe, sercle (burrowe). Orbiculus ;' which in the notes Mr. Way con- nects with Norf. burr, our Brough., adopting Jamieson's derivation, and adding that, probably, ' burr of a lance, the projecting circular ring that protected the hand ; and also the burr of a stag's horn, or projecting rim by which it is surrounded close to the head,' may be referred to the same derivation: i.e. to A. S. beorg, munimentum. Mr. Wedgw., however, with more reason, connects the word burr named in the note under mention and our word is, I think, certainly coincident with it as also burr, the flower-bud of hops, with Fr. bourgeon, bourjon ; O. E. burion, bourion, bttrjown ; Engl. burgeon, the young bud or putting forth of a vine, a pimple on the face. Pr. Pm. form of the verb is burgyn, or burryn, and the Lat. definition is germino, frondo, gemmo. The idea in burr Brough, is simply that of a ring or annular disk, which applies but badly in the case of our present word. Burr, v. a. To block or stop the wheel of a waggon or cart, when going up hill, by placing a stone or other sufficient object behind it, so as to prevent its going back. See Burr, sb. Burst, v. a. (pr. bost). i. To break up into small fragments, to pul- verise. 2. To break. 3. To bruise or crush one's members badly. O. N. bresta ; Sw. and Sw. D. brista ; Dan. briste, to break, be broken, into fragments and with a crash. See Hald. Comp. A. S. berstan, Germ, bristen, to burst, or be burst. The signification and the conjugation equally correspond with those of the Scand. verbs : Sw. and Sw. D. brista; brast; brusti; broste, brasti, brusta. Dan. briste, brast, brusten. O. N. bresta, brast, brosttiS. Clevel. D. burst (pr. bost), brast, burst (pr. bost), brusten (pr. broossen). Comp. BeateS J>e ant busted J>e as his ibohte J?rel.' Hali Meid. p. 31. ' With mighty macis they the bones to brest.' Knight's Tale, 2613. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 81 ' Him gainith neithir, for to get his life, Vomit upward, ne downward laxatife ; All is to borstin thilke regioun, Nature hath there no dominacioun." Ib. 2757. ' The knight stoode in the middle, and fought, that it was great loy to see, till his coliaine brand brake in his hand, and his millaine knife burst on his knee, and then the danish axe burst in his hand first, that a sur weapon he thought shold be.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 69. 1. ' Gan thou an* host thae clots i' t' far intak'.' ' Ay, it wur a noble par.kin (cinerary urn). 'T 'war a shamm te host it all i" bits.' 2. ' Thoo 11 get thah head brussen, ef thee deean't tak' heed.' 3. * He 's getten his foot sairly brussen wiv* a wheel gannan ower it.' Ci. ' The neighbouris alle, both small and grete, In ronne for to gawrin on this man, That in a swoune lay both pale and wan, For with that fall he brostin hath his arme.' Miller's Tale, 718. Burthistle, sb. The spear, or spear-headed, thistle (Cnicus lanceo- latus). Comp. Sw. D. bolm-tistel ; where the prefix bolm is expressive of magnitude. It is ques- tionable whether the syllable bur originates in the idea of the resemblance between the blossom-head of the thistle and the 'bur' of the burdock (Dan. borre, O. Sw. borre, kard- borre ; Sw. kard-borrar, Sw. D. burrar), or whether it is due to an equivalent to the bolm, bal, bol of the Swedish, and our E. bidl. Busk, sb. A low bush or tuft of a growing plant ; a single or de- tached growth, or Bush, of a plant. Sw. buske, a shrub ; O. N. buskr ; Dan. busk. ' A Ling-busk.' ' Seave-frusi,' &c. Butt, sb. The halibut (Hippoglossus vulgar is). Pr. Pm. ' But, fysche. Pecten.' In a note Mr. Way adds, ' Yarrell, in his Hist, of Br. Fisbes, observes that the flounder is called at Yarmouth a butt, which is a Northern term ; the name is likewise given by Pennant, but does not occur in the Glossaries of Northern dialect." The term is quite common in this district, applied as in the definition; not to the flounder. Butter-scot, butter-scotch, sb. A superior kind of toffee or hard- bake, more butter being said to be used in its composition. Buzznacking, buzknacking, pcpl. Gossipping, tattling. Probably a popular compound of two words of much the same signification. Hall, gives ' buz, a report or rumour,' and the phrase ' buzzed about' is a common one. To knack is to talk in an affected way, and may have had a less restricted meaning once. ' She 's in an* oot t' toon thnifF, buzknacking aboot.' Wb. Gl. By-gang, sb. A by-way, by-road. See Gang. A compound precisely similar to the Dan. bi-time, leisure time ; bi-aarsag, subordinate cause ; bi-navn, by-name, &c. M 82 GLOSSARY OF THE By much ; equivalent to ' by a good deal ;' as, ' There 's nit eneugh by micb.' By now ; equivalent to ' by this time ;' as, Ah lay he "11 be there by now,' Cf. ' I 'le get my horse betimes in the morn, by it be break of day." Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 41. ' I hold here a grote she lykys me not weylle Be we parte.' Toitmel. Myst. p. 148. By-past, adj. Bygone, passed by ; used in reference to past time. At all times bypast.' Wh. Gl. By the time; equivalent to 'past or beyond the time;' fixed, namely : as, ' They V a lang way by tbe'r tabm' Byre, sb. The building, or house, in which the cows are tied up, or kept; commonly, Cow-byre. Comp. S. G. bur ; O. N. bur or byr, &c., and its applications : S. G. suefnbur, a sleeping- place (' box-bed ' of North Britain) ; fatabw, store-chamber ; jungfru-bur, women's apart- ments ; Dan. fugle-bttr, bird-cage, &c., in all of which the use of the babitaculum, which is implied in bur is qualified by the prefix. Collate Cow-byre with fugle-bvr. Cabajeen, sb. A cloak with a hood to it; as worn by females many years ago. A corruption of Capuchin. Comp. also Sw. D. kabusa, a furred hood for winter wear, with lappets to fall down over the face and ears ; Dan. kabuds, N. S. Jtabuus-bood. Caddie, sb. Confusion, disarray, disorder : applied when the furni- ture, &c., of a room, or the house, are, or have been, undergoing the process of cleaning, and are not yet put back into their usual order. Comp. Welsh cad, striving, battle, tumult ; as also E. coil with Gael coilied, stir, move- ment, noise ; and it with goil, boiling, fume, battle, fury. See Wedgw. Cadge, v. a. and n. i. To pick up and convey something portable; as corn to the mill, parcels to their destination, &c. 2. To go about on such an errand as may furnish something to be carried : hence, to beg, to play the part of a ' dinner-hunter.' This word is coincident with Sc. cache, caicb, cadge, which bear the sense ' to toss, to drive, to shog." Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Cacbyn away. Abigo' .Jam. says, ' the origin certainly is Teut. katsen, ketsen (cursare, cursitare, di&currere, to run, or cause to run about). Cf. Rouchi cacber, Fr. cbasser, to hunt, ' from the first of which we have E. cafcb.' Wedgw. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 83 Still, Haldorsen's verb Jnagga, to move as one does when carrying a burden, may possibly suggest another derivation. See Cadger. ' & alle (J>at) swypped un-swoljed of J>e sworde kene J>ay wer cogged and ka^t on capeles al bare & bro^ely bro3t to Babyloyn.' E. E. Allit. Poems, B 1254. In Sir Gaw. and Gr. Knytf, it is applied to going heavily, when the heaviness is that of the spirit and not of a burden ; I. 1792 : ' " pat is a worde," quoth )>at wyjt, " )>at worst is of alle ; Bot I am swared for soj>e, that sore me J>inkkej ; Kisse me now comly, and I shal each hej>en I may bot mourne vpon molde, as may );at much louyes." ' r. ' Ah aims he "s cadging for t' miller at Deeal-end.' 2. ' He nivver diz nowght t' addle 's meat : he nobbut cadges aboot fra spot t' spot, an' pikes oop owght he can.' Cadger, sb. i. A person employed by a miller to collect the bags of corn (see Bakings) set aside, weekly or oftener, by the several farmers in the country side, and to convey them to the mill, returning the flour on a subsequent cadging visit. 2. Any person who habitually picks up matters not over honestly, perhaps and conveys them to another. I. 'What's thoo yan o' Willie M.'s cadgers?' said to one among some servants who were supposed to carry things, purloined from their master's house, to the W. M. in question. 2. ' Remember many years bygane, When he that ruled us right was slain ; Respect to Quality was lost, Tinkers and Coblers ruled the rost : The Nobles were the Commons' Cadgers, The Gentry but the Soldiers' Badgers.' Joco-Ser. Dis. p. 36. Caff, sb. (pr. cauff). Chaff. A. S. ceaf, cef; Germ, kajf; Dutch leaf, &c. Caffy, adj. Worthless, mean. Caff-hearted, adj. Unprincipled ; of a mean, worthless disposition. Caggy, adj. Ill-tempered, ready to quarrel. Cf. Sw. D. kagg, a man of an evil disposition. It may be open to question if kagg, in its turn, be not a provincial form of karg, and through it derived from O. N. kargr, contumax. Cahl. Pr. of Kyle. Caingy, adj. Peevish, ill-conditioned, snappish. Comp. Sw. D. kangs, kang, Itanger, all with meanings more or less approximating to ours ; e. g. full of fun, wild, pert, petulant. Hall, gives cange, to whine ; as well as caingel, a crabbed fellow. ' As caingy and cankery as an ill-clep'd cur.' Wb. Gl. M 2 84 -GLOSSARY OF THE Cake, v. n. To cackle, as geese do. The word is applied also to the uneasy-sounding cry uttered by a hen which wants to sit. O. N. qvaka, Dan. Jrvakke, to cackle as geese, quack as ducks, do; also, Sw. D. kauka, Italia, Icakii ; Norw. kauke ; N. S. kdken ; all meaning to emit a high-pitched cry. Cake-couping, sb. An interchange of social visits, at which such refreshments as cake are consumed ; tea-visits, &c. See Coup. Calf-bed, sb. The matrix of a cow. Comp. Foal-bed, &c. Call, v. a. i. To summon or cry to. 2. To scold, abuse, apply opprobrious and angry language to any one. In its first or ordinary sense this vb. is used with the prep, on or of subjoined, as in the following sentence : ' Upon which, this informer cald on her master's daughter, who cold of other people out of the roome below.' York Castle Depositions, p. 202. A woman with her child in her arms, and seeing her husband out of the window, would say to it, ' Lookstee, there 's dadda ! Call ov him, honey ! call ov him !' Call of, call on. See under Call. Caller, adj. i. Fresh; of fish. 2. Cool, fresh, refreshing; of the weather. Pr. Pm. ' Calvur as samoon, or o^yr fysshe.' ' Palsgr. renders it " caluer of samon, escnme de saulmon." This term appears to denote the state of the fish freshly taken, when its substance appears interspersed with white flakes like curd." Ib. note. Callet, v. n. To scold, to rail angrily. ' They snap and callit like a couple of cur dogs.' Wb. Gl. Callet, sb. A scold, a railing, foul-mouthed, or impertinent female. Wedgw. gives ' Callet, a prostitute," adducing ' Gael, caile, a girl, hussey, quean, strumpet. Fr. caillette, femme frivole et babillarde.' It would be too much to say that Callet does not mean prostitute in any case ; for no doubt it does. Still I think that a stormy, or at least loud, use of the tongue is the leading idea in the word ; and unchastity not thought of in nine cases out of ten when the word is applied. Chaucer's expression, ' A calat of leude demeaning,' sufficiently proves that lewdness was not the distinctive quality of a Callet in his time ; and Shakspere's ' A callet of boundlesse tongue,' Winter's Tale, Act ii. Scene 3, is a telling description of a scold, and could scarcely have been intended to imply the grosser accusation : a remark which is equally valid touching both the passages in Henry III (Parts II and HI), wherein the word occurs. Brock, gives ' Callet, to scold ; calleting, saucy, gossiping ; a calleting housewife, a regular scold.' Cr. Gl. gives ' Callet, to rail ; calletin, pert, saucy, gossiping ;' and Wb. Gl. ' Callit, to rail, to chide.' See also example to vb. Callet. The Fin. word kallottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo, seems to me much more nearly allied to our word than the Fr. word for quail (see Wedgw.), or the words calle, calote, which are merely designations of head-dresses. In fact, the word is most likely a derivative from the same source which furnished our call with its peculiar sense (to scold, to abuse), which is itself analogous to O. N. kails, derision, mockery. Callety, calleting, adj. Scolding, quarrelsome, saucy. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 85 Calling, sb. Abuse, vituperation, a scolding. Calm, adj. (pr. cau'm). Mild, in contradistinction to frosty or sharp. ' " Well, I think it is softening a little, James." " Ay, Ah thinks it 's a bit cau'mer ;" ' spoken on a perfectly still day, when a thaw appeared to be commencing after the con- tinuance of a Storm, or fit of severe weather, with snow, lasting ten or fifteen days. Calven-eow, sb. A cow which has not long since had a calf. Comp. Sw. D. kalv-ko, and Dan. kalv-ku, both with the same signification. Cam, sb. A ridge or long earthen mound ; a hedge-bank. O. N. kambr ; Sw. kam ; Dan. kam, Sec. Ihre's remark is, ' Saxones de vertice aggeris adhibere solent ;' while the Dan. use is exactly equivalent to ours : kammen paa en dige, or dige-kam. Cf. dikes comb : Gen. and Ex. p. 73. Cam, v. n. To form a bank, as for the purposes of enclosure ; to throw up a Cam. ' It 's te nae guid takkan yon bit o' moor in : why there 's nae sods te cam wiv ;' the soil is so very poor, no sward has ever formed. Cambrel, cambril, sb. A somewhat crooked piece of wood, with three or four notches at each end, employed by butchers to keep the hind legs of a slaughtered animal apart, and at the same time to form a means of suspension. Spelt also cammerell, caumerill, gambrel, gaumeril. Wedgw. quotes Welsh campren, crooked stick, as the origin to which our word is due, and which sometimes is met with in the form cambren. Comp. Ir. and Gael, cam ; Bret. kamm ; Fr. cambre, arched or crooked ; and also cam-, camow-, or camber-nosed, crooked or hooked-nosed ; cambril or cammerel, the hough of a horse ; cambering, of a ship's deck, &c. ' Soon crooks the tree That good cameril will be.' Camden's Remains, Proverbs ; Gl. to Finch. Priory. ' " As crooked as a gaumeril;" of a deformed person.' Wb. Gl. Can, sb. A tin vessel or utensil, the particular use of which is desig- nated by a prefix. Molbech explains Dan. Itande by a drinking-cup or vessel fashioned with lid, handle and lip ;' and then adds ' any other vessel which has some resemblance in form to a kande ; as vand-kande, water-can ; malke-kande, milk-can, &c. ; with which comp. our Milk-can, "Water-can, a watering-pot, &c. Canker, sb. Rust ; oxidisation on any metal, but especially iron. ' Canker,' says Rich., ' is cancer differently written. It is applied to anything that eats gnaws, corrodes, consumes ;' and is certainly singularly descriptive of the operation of rust or oxidisation upon iron. Canker, v. n. To rust, or corrode. GLOSSARY OF THE Cankered, To be, v. p. To be rusted, or corroded. Cankered, cankery, adj. Cross, sour-tempered, out of humour. See Canker, sb. The transition of idea from the fretting effect of rust upon metal, to the fretted condition of one's temper, is both natural and graphic. ' Said they, " wee had neuer such a cankered carle, Were neuer in our companie." ' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 48. Canny, adj. i. Knowing, skilful, clever. 2. Prudent, cautious, handy. 3. Well-suited, possessing evident or admitted advantages, excellent. This is a word of very frequent and varied application, which it is difficult to convey by dint of definition. Jam. alleges eighteen different senses. I believe, however, the three given above may prove sufficiently inclusive. Brockett's remark is, ' It refers as well to the beauty of form, as of manners and morals ; but most particularly is used to describe those mild and affectionate dispositions which render persons agreeable in the domestic relations.' But there are two words, sufficiently distinct in themselves, yet confounded together, which must be noted before these remarks can become fully apposite ; namely, conny and canny. The former of these I take to be a near relative of the Danish kjan, pretty, &c. ; but our present word to be analogous to S. G. kunnog, Sw. kunnig, Sw. D. konnu, O. N. kunnugr, Old Germ, kunnig, Dan. kyndig ; and through them to the several verbs whence they are derived, O. Sw. and O. N. kunna, Sw. D. kunna, &c. : in most, if not all of which, the idea of power as complementary to that of knowledge seems to be involved. It is worthy of remark, that canny seems to be a word of comparatively recent growth : it is not met with in Hampole or Townel. Myst., nor yet in Early English Allit. Poems, or in Gaw. and the Gr. Kny^t; and the earliest authority quoted by Jam. only dates from 1715. Conandly, however, which is no doubt allied, occurs in Townel. Myst. ' Mervelle, methynk, have I, Where ever this barne has bene That carps thus conandly.' (p. 160). 1. ' A canny skeely man.' ' As canny a workman as ivver Ah see.' ' A canny lass at 's worth a better spot;' a higher or better place or situation. 2. 'A canny chap with horses.' ' A canny au'd carle ; yan wunna get t' blin' sahd o' he.' ' Gan canny, man ! gan canny ;' cautiously or gently. ' A canny spot ;' of one's residence or farm. ' A canny convenient house.' ' Ah wish Ah 'd bin still at canny Yatton' (Ayton). Margery Moorpoot. Cannily, adv. Knowingly, cleverly; cautiously, moderately, gently; handsomely, suitably, fittingly. See, under Canny, the quotation from Townel. Myst. Cannyish, adj. ' Canny' in a slightly modified sense. ' A cannyisb bit o' ground ;' e g. a fair-sized garden or farm. ' She brow't him a cannyisb lot o' gear ;' of property. Canting, sb. A sale by auction. ' Cant,' says Rich., ' It. incantare; Fr. encant or meant. An outrope or outcry of goods CLEVELAND DIALECT. 87 (Cotgrave). From cantare, to proclaim (a public sale), to sell." Conip ' horse-chanter,' a sharper who cries up the merits of a bad horse to the taking in of the unwary. Canty, adj. Lively, cheerful, brisk. ' This word,' says Jam., ' is more modern than cant, and evidently is a derivative from it.' Kok, however, gives the Jutland expression kante seg, to turn oneself in one's bed, as a first step in approach to convalescence ; and thence, he adds, kanter, fresh, brisk, hale, hearty after recovery from sickness = kantes, to be set up on end ; the metaphor being identical with that in Engl. ' set up again.' Our word is nearly related to this Jutl. idiom and its general usage, implying a reference to some influence naturally opposed to the quali- ties specified : such as age, trouble endured, sickness or privation endured. ' She 's a canty au'd deeam for her years ' Wb. Gl. (In Norfolk, to cant is to set a thing up on edge. Note to Pr. Pin. p. 60.) Cap, v. a. To surpass or excel ; to do that which cannot be sur- passed ; to astonish by some feat done or statement made. O. N. keppa, contendere, certare ; S. G. and O. N. Itapp, certamen ; &c. The Jull. word kappi is a champion, one who strives successfully, outdoes his competitors ; and, like the other Scand. words quoted or referred to, replaces an m with the first of its two p's (Kok, p. 84), which connects our word with kemp, to strive for the mastery (which see) : only, in cap the mastery is supposed to be obtained. The parallel forms keppe, kempe, occur side by side in the two texts, Lay, ii. 413. ' That caps owght that ivver Ah beared ;' beats, or goes beyond. ' Weel, Ah 's fairly capped ;' amazed, astonished. Cape-stanes, caping-stanes, sb. The several stones of which the Gaping, as a whole, is composed. Gaping, sb. The uppermost or last course of stones in a wall, usually dressed to an angle, or perhaps in some cases merely rounded over. A. S. cop, cceppe ; N. Sax. kop ; Germ, kopf, ' the prominent or uppermost part of a thing, top." Hilpert. Sw. Dial, kapa, the leathern pad forming the back or top portion in a set of harness, affords a curious coincidence with our word. Heo biS ikest sone adun, as J>e leste ston is from }>e tures coppe;' the coping of the tower. Ancr. Riwle, p. 228. Cap-nebbing, sb. The peak or front of a cap which projects forward. See Neb. Capper, sb. One that is super-eminent, or easily superior to others of the kind ; of both persons and things. Caps, sb. That which cannot be outdone or surpassed; occurring in the common schoolboy phrase, to set one his caps ; i. e. to propose some feat which he cannot hope to equal, much less to go beyond. In Chaucer's description of the Maunciple, at the close, there is this line (Bell's Chaucer, \. 101): ' And yit this maunciple sette hem alle her cappe ;' to which is appended the note, ' To set a man's cap is to cheat him ;' the gist of the whole description, notwithstanding, being to shew the eminent superiority of the man described. Among his ' moo than thries ten maystres,' ' that were of lawe expert and curious," GLOSSARF OF THE ' ther wer a doseyn in an house, Worthi to be stiwardes of rent and lond Of any lord that is in Engelond, To make him lyve by his propre good, In honour detteles, but if he were wood ; And able for to helpen al a schire In any caas that mighte falle or happe ; And yit this maunciple sette bent alle her cappe :' could set them, their caps, skilful and experienced as they were, in respect of business qualifications. In the Miller's Tale, the gist of which is to describe ' How that a clarke hath set a wrightis capp,' the meaning is ' got the better of him,' by imposition, namely. Cap-screed, sb. The border or edging of a woman's cap. See Screed. Car, carr, sb. A flat marshy piece of land under natural herbage, usually lying at or near the foot of a bank, and, in that sense, low : not necessarily low otherwise. Generally used in the plural. O. N. ker, kiorr; S. G. kcerr ; N. kjerr; Dan. bar. Of the latter word Molb. says, ' it is originally a Norse word, and is commonly used to express a tract distinguished by depth of soil and burdened with accumulated water ; mose, on the other hand, implying a wider tract, whether wet or dry, possibly overgrown with scrub or trees, and more or less service- able for pasture. Car, carr, sb. A small wood, or grove, of alders. Usually Alder- car ; and, of course, growing on boggy soil. N. kjerre, a small wood, or grove, especially of trees of small size ; as olderlejerre, alder- car, isterltjerre, osier-ground. Current in Helgeland and North Trondhjem district. Aasen. Carberries, sb. Gooseberries. This is the Northern equivalent of the German stacbel-beere = prickle-plant, and the first element due to the same root as gorse = prickle-plant ; A. S. gar, O. N. geir, a javelin, a pointed missile ; N. gar, garre, a point, sharp piece of grass or heath. Wedgw. also quotes Fin. kairi, a borer ; and A. S. ncef-, naue-, nuf-, or nafo-gar, an auger or wimble ; to which add, Sw. Dial, gere, a point, or pointed piece ; Old Germ, ger, ker, a pointed missile ; Sansc. cara, caru, an arrow. The English gore, both vb. and sb., are very near relations ; while, as Teut. analogues of sb. gore, and its sense, may be quoted Sw. D. gere or gera, Dan. D. ge more, With alle J>e syence J>at sende )>e souerayn lorde, For to compas and kest to haf hem clene wro3t.' And Cast, sb. in the same way meant a device, stratagem, wile or trick : Comp. And comaundej me to J>at cortays, your comlych fere J>at >us hor knyjt wyth hor kest han koyntly bigyled.' Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 2411. also ; ' This is a good gyse and a far cast; Yet a woman avyse helpys at the last.' Townel. Myst. p. 107. Comp. also Sw. D. kast, a trick, a deceit. At line 2376 of Sir Gawayn the word appears in, it would seem, a very similar meaning to ours ; ' penne he kajt to )>e knot, and J>e kest lawsej :' i. e. the twist, or interfolding of the knot, with which a certain girdle was fastened. Cast, v. a. i. To lay aside for a season, as warm or winter clothing when summer weather comes ; or entirely, as clothes that are worn out, a crutch which has been used during temporary lameness, &c. 2. To be sick, to vomit. Pr. Pm. ' Castyn, or brakyn (as man owt the stomack). Vomo, evomo.' I. ' . . . . Never think to cast a clout Until the month of May be out.' Wb. Gl. Cast, To be, v. p. To be warped, or have got a twist, or deflection from straightness. Cast up, v. a. and n. i. To mention a matter, in the way of re- proach or upbraiding, to another. 2. To happen, befall, turn up. Cat-collop, sb. Cat's meat ; more particularly applied to that which consists of parts of the inside of other animals. See Collop. Cat-gallows, sb. The two uprights, with a cross-stick, set up by boys to jump over ; jumping-bars. . N 2 92 GLOSSARY OF THE Cat-haws, sb. The fruit of the hawthorn (Mespilus oxyacanthus). The prefix of cat in this and some following words may be comp. to the like prefix in several Sw. Prov. names of plants : e. g. katta-stovla, cat-boots, the primrose ; katt-ballar, Cat-balls, geum rivale ; katt-klokkor, cat-bells, campanula, &c. Cattijugs, sb. Hips ; the fruit of the Cat-whin or dog-rose. Cat-swerril, sb. The common squirrel (Sciurus vulgar is). Cat's-whelps, sb. Kittens, the young of the cat. See Kitlins. Cat-trail, sb. The great white Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis) ; or, rather, the root of it. ' The root, particularly when the plant grows in dry places, has a very peculiar disagree- able odour, and affords a medicine of considerable value. Cats are so fond of it as to be almost intoxicated by it into outrageous playfulness.' Johnstone's Botany of Berwick-on- Tweed. Comp. Sw. D. liatte-leka, a name for the same plant. Cat-whin, sb. (pr. catchin). The dog-rose (Rosa canina); or perhaps, as generally applied, any of the varieties of the common wild or hedge- rose : Marshall says, the Burnet rose (Rosa spinosissima). Cauff. Pr. of Caff, for Chaff. Cauff-riddling, sb. A practice, in some instances still observed, of riddling chaff on St. Mark's Eve, with the view of deriving auguries or presages of the approach of death to persons connected with the riddlers, whether by family or vicinity, or possibly to the riddlers themselves. The Riddle is filled with chaff, the scene of operations being the barn floor with both barn-doors set wide open ; the hour is midnight or just before, and each person of the party takes the riddle in succession and riddles die contents. Should no appearance pre- sent itself during the action, death is not imminent to the person operating, or to his friends. But, on the other hand, the appearance of a funeral procession, or even of persons simply bearing a coffin, is a certain augury of death, either to the then riddler himself, or some one near to him. See Ass-riddling, Marks-een. Causey, causeway, sb. i. A narrow paved path or trackway; often leading directly across the moors. 2. A flagged path by the side of the road ; for the use of foot passengers. The first are the relics of the horse- or bridle-roads which, almost into the present century, were the only means of getting into or out of the ' Dales.' Many of these have been worn out and never replaced, or have been taken up, and others are nearly or quite overgrown by the ling and other moor-herbage, so that it is only by the revelations afforded by a moor-track, or a moor-current in wet weather, that their position and general direction can be ascertained. In the same way, the houses of call to accommodate the trains of loaded horses and their drivers, which used to traverse these wild roads, have, in several instances, disappeared ; while others only preserve any memorial of their former purpose in some distinctive appellation, which to the present generation has lost its significance. See Pannier-man's Causey, Bell-house. These canseyt are probably of very great CLEVELAND DIALECT. 93 antiquity : because, while they of necessity tend, on either side of the Esk, to the sites of, if not to the actually existing, single-arched, high-pitched, narrow, picturesque Bow- bridges, all of which date back to the commencement of the fourteenth century or earlier, and which, it is very evident, were only reared in anticipation of horse-traffic ; still by the side of each of these bridges there yet exists a ford, or Wath (often regularly paved or floored with slabs of stone evenly set), together with a set of Beck-stones : both of them concomitants which surely testify to a regular passage of the river at those spots at times anterior to the construction of the bridges, and therefore to settled means of crossing the country to the spots in question. Cf. ' There was a causeway at Lynn leading to Gaywood, on which was situated the Hospital of St. Mary Magdalen, and among the benefactors to the Hospital of St. John Baptist occurs Ufketel, "jilius sanctimonialis de Sceringes," who grants " totam terram in Linne super calcetam." Mon. Ang. vi. 648." Note to Cawce- wey, Pr. Ptn. Cess, sb. Rates, laid and levied for parish purposes. ' Cess, a tax. For sess from assess, but spelt with a c from the influence of the Latin census, the rating of Roman citizens according to their property. Fr. cencer, to rate, assess, tax, value.' Wedgw. The different kinds of rate are distinguished as Church-cess, sb., the church-rate; County-cess, sb., the county-rate ; Highway-cess, sb., the rate for the maintenance of the roads ; and Poor-cess, sb., the poor-rate. Cess, v. a. To rate ; to apportion the relative payments to be made by many persons to a common fund. Cess-getherer, sb. The collector of any of these rates. Chaff, v. a. i . To banter, to address playfully-provoking language to another. 2. To use intentionally irritating, or highly provoking terms, likely to lead to resentment ; to quarrel outright. K df, insulins ludicrus ; kdfa, ludicre insultare ; Hald. Wedgw. also alleges Dut. Jteffien, to yap, to bark ; also to prattle, to chatter ; Wall, cbafeter, to babble ; Germ. Itaff, idle words, impertinence. Comp. O. N. kdfa uppa, provocare ; Sw. D. dpp-leaflig, av-kaftig, insolent, impertinent, ' chaffy.' Chaff-bone, sb. Jaw-bone. Chaffer, v. n. To interchange testy or irritating remarks, to use mutually provoking language. The word implies something short of a serious quarrel. Pr. Pm. ' Cbaffaryn. Negocior, mercor.' ' fro galaad men wi'S cbafare Sag he "Sor kumen wift spices ware.' Gen. and Ex. p. 56. Both vb. and sb. are very common in O. E. See the etymons under Chap, Chapman. The idea in our word is of the altercation which often accompanies bargain-making, the true sense of the word being allowed to drop completely out. Chaff-fallen, adj. (pr. chaff-fawn). Chop-fallen, dispirited, dejected. 94 GLOSSARF OF THE Chaffs, chafts, sb. The jaws. O.tJ.kjqftr,kjaptr; S.G.keeft; Dan. kjceft; Sw. ktift. The Danes appear to make a distinction between kjtsft and kjeeve : thus, en kjaft bar to kjcever, one mouth hath two jaws. Also, the vulgar use of the word is like that of our Chap, in the sense of person ; ikke en kjceft, never a soul or person. ' Poor au'd Josey 's getten his cbafts tied up ; i. e. is dead." Wb. Gl. Chamber, sb. (pr. chaumer). An upper room: i. In a house; a bed-room. 2. In a stable or other building; a loft: as, for instance, ' Hay-chamber,' ' Apple-chamber,' &c. Wedgw. quotes Fr. cbambre, besides Lat. and Greek etymons. The word appears, how- ever, in all the Teut. tongues, and could scarcely come to us in the North via either Lat. or Fr., especially if it be, as is reasonably assumed, nearly allied to Celtic camm or cam, O. N. kamers, S. G. kammar, Sw. kammers, Dan. kammer, 8cc. The ordinary meaning, more- over, is that of a small room-space, or chamber, off, or subsidiary to, a large apartment. Thus in the sentence, ' en star stite med et kammer ved siden,' the relation of ' chamber" to 'apartment' is shewn. Molb. quotes the following sentence: ' Enbver stue og etbvert kammer er et vaerelse' (room or apartment), ' men en stue er et sterre vaerehe; et kammer er et mindre. Man siger baade paa og i et kammer ; men altid kun i en slue.' Comp. ' Let us make a little chamber, I pray thee, on the wall :' 2 Kings iv. IO. Comp. also Dan. bog- kammer, pige-k., spise-k., krud-k., &c. The idea in our use of Chamber is exactly coinci- dent with that in the Danish usage. Chance-bairn, sb. An illegitimate child. See Come-by-chance. Changed, adj. i. Having begun to turn sour ; of milk. 2. Having begun to shew symptoms of approaching, or commencing, decompo- sition; of a dead body, or meat. 3. Somewhat intoxicated. This is rather a curious instance of adaptation of sense, in the case of a standard word. Chap, v. a. To knock, rap. ' Chap. Chip. Chop. These are forms having a common origin in the attempt to represent the sound made by the knocking of two hard bodies, or the cracking of one, the thinner vowel i being used to represent the high note of a crack, while the broader vowels a and o are used for the flatter sound made by the collision of hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to cbap bands, to cbap at a door. Jam.' Wedgw. To me it would appear pro- bable that there may be a strong affinity between our word Chap and the Dan. kiappe, to strike, to drive with a stick : of course with a free use of the stick understood. This is a derivative from the sb. kjep, a staff, stick, switch ; and this from O. N. keppr, Sw. ktipp. Comp. S. G. kceppla or kippla, bacillo os obturare ; and Ihre suggests that M. G. kaupatian, to inflict strokes, may belong to the same root. Chap, sb. A customer or purchaser : or, more generally, a dealer. O. N. kaupi; Sw. kopare; Dan. kjeber ; Sw.D.kope, a buyer, purchaser. ' Ah ha'e some bacon to sell. Canst 'ee ftnnd me a cbap for 't.' Wb. Gl. Chap, sb. Any male person : of very various application. O. N. Itiaftr ; Sw. kdft ; Dan. lejaft, &c. Comp. Dan. ikke en kjafl, never a soul or per- son ; Sw. D. bvar dveliga kdft ; bvor evige kdft, every individual soul ; bd fanns int 'n kdft bdjm : he found nobody at home. It is scarcely necessary to notice that, allowing for the CLEVELAND DIALECT. 95 ordinary interchange of p and/, E. chap, mouth, jaw, the cured underjaw of a pig, Scand. kjaft, with its Clevel. analogue Chaft or Chaff, coincide precisely. Comp. especially, the S. Jutl. form kjabe, under-jaw, in opposition to kinnben, upper-jaw. Chapman, sb. i . A dealer ; one who enacts the part of a merchant, but in small matters only ; one who buys and sells indiscriminately ; a pedlar or hawker. 2. A distinctive name applied to horses of the Cleveland breed. O.N. kaupmadr ; S. G. kopman; Sw. D. kobman; Dan. kiebmand; A. S. ceapman; Germ, kaufmann, &c. ' Ant, nis he fol chepmon J>et, hwon he wule buggen hors ofter oxe, jif he nule biholden but >et heaued one?' Ancr. Riwle, p. 208. ' Full many a draught of wine had he ydraw, Fro Burdeux ward while that the Chapmen slept.' Pro/. Cant. Tales; The Sbipman. Char, v. a. To chide, to use querulous language to an offender ; also, ' to bark at/ Wh. Gl. O. N. kjcera ; S.G.JHera; O. Dan. kara ; Dan. Itcere ; Sw. D. kdras, &c., to complain, to be querulous, &c. See Ch/orr. In Pr. Pm. we have ' Clencbyn a-jen (in wraw speche) or chaueryn a-jen for prowde heart. Obgarrio' and the note, ' Cbaveryn may be here the same as cbaryn, or geynecopyn, which occurs previously.' But for the Latin explanation by sisto, there could be little doubt. Chass, sb. (Pr. of chase). Haste, hurry. Chass, v. a. To follow, walk after a person or thing. ' Ah's bin cbassin' t' harras maist o" t' daay ;' been busy harrowing the land. Chats, chatts, sb. Cones of the fir-tree. S. G. kotte, strobilus ; Sw. tall-kotte, pine-cone ; gran-ltotte, spruce-fir-cone ; Sw. D. kotta, the same. See Wedgw. in vv. Chats, Chit. Instead of the meaning given above, Marshall gives, ' Keys of the ash and maple ; also the catkins of the hazle.' Chaudy-bag, sb. The stomach of an animal ; that part into which the various food-matters are received for the purposes of digestion. There may be some doubt as to the origin of this word. Jam. quotes jaudie, in his Supplement, as having for its primary meaning the stomach of a hog : its derived meaning being a sort of pudding or haggis made in such stomach, and then, a pudding generally. Hall, quotes cbaudron, chaldrons, cbanndron, chawtherne, forms which do not harmonise too well with the etymons alleged by Jam., viz. C. B., ' gwaedogen, omasum, a fat tripe ; Arm. gtiadec, a pudding ; gnadegen big minset, a haggis.' Chavel, chavle, v. a. To chew slowly and imperfectly, as a person does whose teeth are gone ; to mumble. A. S. ceafl ; Semi-Sax, cbeuele; Dan. ki&ve, the mouth, jaws, or cheeks ; A. S. ceovan, to chew. From the motion of the jaws, or cbawles, a word used in the account, Early Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 1. 268, of Jonah's reception into the whale's belly 96 GLOSS A RF OF THE ' And t>rwe in at hit J>rote with-outen J>ret more, As mote in at a munster dor, so mukel wern his cbawlej.' Comp. ' Cbavyl-bone or chawl-bone,' Pr. Pm. ; and also Dan. kjtevle, Sw. D. le'dfta, to scold, revile, &c., both descriptive of the motion of the jaws in the act designated. Cheep, v. n. To cry as a young chicken does ; or as a young grouse or partridge. Applied also to the notes of other young birds, or to any sound resembling these notes. Sw. D. kip', to pipe or squeak ; of chickens and birds in general. Comp. O. N. keypa, to cry as a seal does, or as children ; ' Lith. czypti, to cheep like a chicken, or squeak like a mouse.' Wedgw. ' Nu hi (a pair of lovers) cbippe\> and cussej) And make]> togadere muchel blisse.' Florij and Blauncbeflur, p. 66. Cheeper, sb. A young partridge or grouse, before it has attained its growth and powers of flight, and whose cry of alarm is acuter than that of the full-grown bird. The ' squeaker' of S. England. Cheese-cake grass, sb. The common bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus cor- niculatus). Cheese-lop. See Keslip. Other forms are Cheslip, Cheslop. Chet, sb. Pap, soft food prepared for infants. I have met with this word only in Wb. Gl. If a word of more than local coinage, or if it have more than a merely modern existence, it may be allied to Sw. D. kata, kota, to mince, cut fine with a knife or the like, in reference to the finely comminuted state of the solid ingredients of the prepared food designated. Child-bed, sb. The matrix or womb in a woman. Childer, sb. Children. The still-preserved plural of child. Comp. brether, old pi. of brother. ' Esau. Welcome, brother, to kyn and kythe, Thi wife and cbildre that comes the with." Tavmel. Myst. p. 48. ' His awen chosen cbildyre.' Rel. Pieces, p. 31. dumpings, sb. Grits, oatmeal of a coarse description or only roughly ground. Probably nearly allied to Chump, a lump or knobby piece cut off a larger. Comp. Sw. D. kumpa, to cut smaller lumps from a larger ; kumping, the pieces cut, Chip, v. n. To crack or begin to break : i. As the hands or lips do in cold weather or when imperfectly dried. 2. As the egg-shell does when the hatching-stage is just begun. There is probably a very near connection between this word and our Chap, to knock or rap : the one, that is, the crack, being the result of the other, that is, the blow. Comp. Teut. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 97 kippen, cudere, icere ; and Dut. kippen, same meaning, and also, to batch. This is Jamie- son's view ; Wedgwood's being that chip is one of those words which depend upon sound for their origin. Chip up ; chipped up, To be, v. n. and p. To trip or be tripped up, as by the foot catching against a stone, or other obstacle, in walking or running. See To Chip. The idea here also would seem to be that of striking, and with a short, sharp contact. But the occurrence of such a phrase as the following maftr kipti fotum undan BdrfSi sua at bannfell, the man tripped Bardr up so that he fell, leads us at once to O. N. kippa, which is explained by Hald. by rapture. Sw D. kippa, besides the meaning, to totter, to be unsteady, also has those of, to slip one's shoes on hastily and imperfectly ; and, to go slip-shod. And the adj. kipped means to be unsteady, ready to fall. In these words again, the first idea seems to be of hasty contact, as in the act of snatching, catching up hastily. Chisel, chizzel, sb. Bran; the coarser portions of the husk of the wheat-grain, dressed out after grinding. A. S. ceosel, ceosl ; Dut. kesel ; Germ kies, gravel, coarse sand, sand. A transference of sense to the coarse parts of the rougher matters resulting from grinding gives our word. Cf. ' In Norfolk, chizzly signifies dry and harsh under the teeth, which Forby derives from Teut. kiesele, gluma. The Lot. Engl. Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002, f. 147, gives among " perti- nencia pistrine, Cantabrum, Anglice chycelle," ' Pr. Pm. note to ' Cbysel, or grauel.' Chitterlings, sb. The small entrails. Comp. kotelen, intestina, quoted by Ihre as current ' apud Silesios ;' Germ, kttttel, Belg. scbyterling (quoted in Cr. Gl.). Wedgw. makes ' cbitter, to chirp or twitter, then to shiver,' the origin of the word. Ihre refers it to the same root as Sw. kott, O. N. kjot, &c., flesh. Cf. * Let us have trypis, chitterlyngis, and tryllybubbys (see Trollebobs) ynough,' Pr. Pm. note to Cbytyrlynge. Cholter-headed, adj. Thick-headed, stupid, dull of apprehension : another form of ' jolter-headed.' Wedgw. thinks that 'joult-bead, or jolter-bead comes from the notion of wagging the head to and fro, and not from the idea of thickness.' Possibly ; but still from the notion of the head being moved or jolted, scarcely ' wagged,' about on account of its great weight, size, or disproportion ; as in the case of an idiot's head, which is often of abnormal size, lies over on one shoulder, and, if moved at all, is moved with a sort of jolt, or uneasy roll or shock. Chop, v. n. To cut or break in abruptly upon the course of man or animal ; to cut across one. ' Chop ayont ! ' to a sheep dog = run ahead of and across the flock. ' Cbop amell ! ' run in amidst the flock. Chow, v. a. To chew. A mere vocal change of the standard word, as in the Pr. yow, = (i) ewe ; or (2) you. . o 98 GLOSSARY OF THE Chucky, sb. A chicken, a hen. Of most frequent use, in the plural, in speaking to children, or by children themselves. Probably due to the note or manner of calling domestic fowls. Comp. ' And with that word he flew downe from the beme, For it was day, and eke the hennis all, And with a ctmcke he gan hem for to call.' Nonne's Priest's Tale, p. 171. Chunter, v. n. To murmur, to complain or be querulous ; to mutter or continue speaking half inaudibly, like one not disposed to give up a dispute. Hall, gives cbunder and chimner as other forms of this word ; and according to Cr. Gl. ' Mr. Wilbraham refers the latter word to A. S. ceonian, obmurmurare.' But that word seems only to be a mistake or misprint for ceorian; and if otherwise, though cbunner may be a vocal variation of cbunder or cbunter, the converse is not true. It is at least not impossible that as the Dan. kjeevle is a derivative from kjeeft or kjaeve, and expressive of the motion of the parts in question in the act implied in kj&vle (see Chavel) ; and as O. N. kjapta means to work the jaws, and Jutl. Itjabse (the exact equivalent, in sense, of our ehavel), the same, in point of action, so chunter may originally have been a derivative from Sw. or S. G. kind, or some of its etymons, and have been used to imply the motion of the lower jaw observable in a muttering, discontented person's action. Church-priest, sb. A clergyman of the Church of England : in contradistinction to the R. C. priest, or the travelling preachers of the Wesleyans. Churlish, adj. (pr. chollos'). i. Ill-natured, ungenial; of persons. 2. Ungenial, cold, rough, bleak; of the weather, or wind. 3. Cheerless, rugged ; of a look out, or a piece of bad rough road. A. S. ceorlic, ceorlisc, churlish, in the sense of belonging to or characteristic of the clownish or commonalty, as distinguished from the gentle or well-born ; ' Cberlycbe, chorlyscbe, carlyscbe.' Pr. Pm. Our churlish, affords a curious instance of transition of sense in a word, the original meaning of which is strictly limited to human beings or what belongs to them. Comp. Sw. D. kar(l)sker, distasteful, disgusting. 1. ' " To be dour and cbollos;" to look dismal and act ill-naturedly." Wb. Gl. 2. ' " A shill cbollos wind ;" a cold pining wind.' Ib. Also ; ' Certain medicines, as saline solutions, are deemed " cold and cbollos." ' Ib. 3. ' " A bad cbollos road ;" a piece of stony, uneven turnpike.' Ib. Churr, v. n. To emit a murmuring sound as partridges do when undisturbed in their haunts and collected in the covey; to chide or chatter in symphony, but with low, not shrill notes, as sparrows going to roost in a winter's evening, starlings or fieldfares when sitting to- gether in companies; to make a whirring sound as the night-jar in its nocturnal flight. O. N. kurra, kura, knurra, to murmur, make a low, whirring noise ; Sw. D. kurra, korra ; O. Sw. korra ; O. D. Invrrce ; N. kurra, to coo or murmur as a dove ; Swab, kitrren. Cf. A. S. ceorian, cerian, to murmur, complain. Eve-cburr, as a name for the fern-owl CLEVELAND DIALECT. 99 or night-jar needs no comment. Connected with our word are charm, a hum, low mur- muring noise. Hall. ' Charm of birds' in Milton's line; cberme, ' I cherme as byrdes do whan they make a noyse a great nomber togyther.' Palsgr. (quoted by Hall.) A. S. cyrm, noise, shout, &c. See Char. Cinder-hills, sb. Deposits of scoriae, or slag from ancient iron- furnaces, often of considerable extent, and of very frequent occurrence in most parts of Cleveland. Bosw. quotes W. sindw, forge-cinders : Somn. explains A. S. sinder by ' sinders, dross, the scumme of metal tried by the fire ;' and Dut. sindel is slag, scorice ; all of which are pro- bably allied radically to O. N. sindr, Germ, sinter, &c., the scoriae or red-hot sparks which fly off from heated iron under the blows of the smith's hammer ; as well as to Lat. cinis. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Cyndyr of j>e smythys fyre. Casuma. Cocbiron.' It would appear that the deposits of slag referred to in the definition are of remote antiquity, and that the name Cinder-hills has been attached to them time out of mind. From a document yet extant it is known that the Rosedale Stone was wrought in King John's time ; but I have met with no similar testimony as to the time down to which the Cleveland iron continued to be wrought. In the township of Danby alone there still exist more than sixteen accumulations of the slag in question ; but no traces whatever of any source from which the ore could have been obtained : and in many instances the position of the Cinder-hills is such that the stone must have been brought to these furnaces, from which they are the residuum, from some considerable distance. It would seem probable that, as wood must have supplied the source of heat for smelting, and as this entire district, from the earliest historical time downwards till a century or so since, abounded with wood, the ore must have been brought from afar, on mule- or horse-back, and smelted on the spots where we find the deposits of slag ; as is well known was the case in Nottinghamshire and elsewhere. One of these sites, some thirty or forty years since, yet presented traces of the ancient furnace arrangement : rows of small conical-shaped pits in the vicinity of the Cinder-hill were still traceable. As in operation in times certainly very remote, there is at least a possibility that they were in operation contemporaneously with or before the Danish occupation, and that the name Cinder-hill may have been one of purely Northern origin. Clag, v. n. To stick to, or adhere, as any viscid substance does to that which it touches ; or as wet grass to a mowing-machine, interfering with its action. Used also metaphorically. O. N. kleggi, a mass so pressed together as to be characterised by coherency : thence the idea of tenaciousness or viscidity which is expressed by Dan. klctg or kleg, viscid, sticky, tenacious ; and klat clos )>ay clat} on }>e wowej.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 839. Clash, sb. i. A blow or bruise, the result of a fall or any intended violence. 2. The noise of such a blow or fall, or of a loose door, &c. 3. Common talk or gossip ; in the pi., news. I. ' " Thou 's getten a sair clash, Thomas." " Aye, Ah hes. Ah's dinged ma shackle oot ;" dislocated my wrist." 3. ' It was lang t' clasb o* t' country side." Clash, sb. A large or considerable quantity or number. Welsh clasg, a heap or collection ; clasgw, to aggregate, collect. ' A clash o' good things.' Wb. Gl. ' " Clashes o' brass ;" lots of money.' 7J. Clashing, sb. A shaking or jolting, as in a roughly moving convey- ance ; the application of a blow, or the striking of one object or substance against another. Clat, v. n. To talk fast, with but little meaning ; to chatter or prate. Mr. Wedgwood's remark on the word clatter is, that it is ' from the imitation of the sound of a knock by the syllable clat, equivalent to clack or clap.' The present word seems CLEVELAND DIALECT. 103 to be simply a vulgar abbreviation of clatter, in its sense of loud, empty talk, and to supply the verb answering to such a noun. Comp. Sw. D. kladra, to prattle, as a child does; and observe that we have ' clat or clatte' as synonymous with ' clappe or clakke of a mylle' in Pr. Pm. Clatter, v. a. i. To beat so as to make a rattling noise. 2. To beat or chastise. Jam. quotes Teut. klettern, fragorem edere, retonare, concrepare. Comp. also the A. S. sb. clatrung, anything which makes a clattering, a rattle. Bosw. Both these words testify to the former presence in the Northern languages of others formed from the same origin, and in which our present word also took its rise. We meet with it and its derivatives in Early English writers in sense I ; and also, more frequently, in the sense of falling noisily, or coming down with a crash or rattling sound For instance, in sense I ; ' So harde sautes to the cite were jeven, That the komli kerneles were lo-clatered with engines.' Will, and the Wenv. 103. In the other sense, this, from the account of the Fox-hunt in Sir Gaivayn, and descrip- tive of the ' crash' when the fox was viewed by the pack : ' When alle )>e mute hade hym met, menged to-geder, Such a sor3e at J>at syjt )>ay sette on his hede, As alle )e clamberande clyffes hade clatered on hepes.' (1. 1720.) Again, ' Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk into grounde, And }>e grounde of Gomorre gorde in-to helle, And vche-a koste of J>is kyth clater upon hepes.' Early Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 910. ' ' per as claterande fro }>e crest }>e colde borne rennes, and henged he3e ouer his hede in hard ysse-ikkles.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 731. Clatter, sb. i. A blow accompanied by resonance or rattling sound, from a fall or otherwise. 2. Noise or din; hence chattering talk, loud and idle gossip. ' Caypbas. Weynde furthe in the wenyande And hold still thy clatter.' Tt Cf. ' And the women that her herde speke held her for a fool and untrewe, and clatered it aboute.' Merl.p.12. ' Every one crieth and clateretb what him likith.' Chaucer's Tale of Melib&us, p. 149. Claut, v. a. To scratch with one's nails. Cf. ' HwefJer J>e cat of helle claurede (clacbte, clabte, in other texts) euer towarde hire.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 102. Cr. Gl. gives claucbt = scratched, clawed; a word exactly coincident in form with Jamieson's ' claucbt = snatched, laid hold of eagerly and suddenly;' both, as if from some verb the present of which is lost. It is observable that O. N. kid, kleea, klely to masse.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1310. Clep, sb. Name, description, kind or species. From clep, to name or designate : a transition of sense similar to that exemplified in ' description,' ' species," our word mak', and the like. ' It was of a queerish clep.' Wb, Gl. Cletch, sb. i. A brood of young birds, especially domestic birds. 2. A collection, set, or party of persons. O.N. klekja, to sit, as a bird; to hatch; Sw. Jeldcka; Dan. kla>kke, id. The vb. itself appears to have been in use in Yorkshire in former days, and in its full sense of to rear or foster young, equivalent to the Dan. klcekke op ; at klakke et lam op : to foster a lamb, the mother of which is dead. Comp. ' Thou art best on thi wax that ever was clekyt.' Townel. Myst. p. 3 1 1 . Cleugh, sb. (pr. cleuf). A narrow rocky glen, or ravine. Cf. O. N. kleyf, fissura rupium, Hald. ; Sw. D. klov, a breach, gap, chasm, hole or den in the rocks ; A. S. clougb, a cleft of a rock. Cf. Pr. Pm. clyff, and Sc. clevcb. Click, v. a. and n. i. To snatch, to seize quickly. 2. To shrivel up or contract in folds, as leather or parchment under a hot iron. There seems to be some little uncertainty as to the origin of this word. Wedgw. would refer it to an attempt to imitate sound, and together with Mr. Morris (Gl. to E. Engl. Allit. Poems) quotes Sw. or O. Sw. klancka, klanga, to snatch, seize, as allied. These verbs are, it would seem, more closely connected with our Clinch ; and the Jutl. expression klcekke ved, to stick tight to, to hold fast by, corresponds more nearly to our Click, especially when we find it occurring in the phrase, click ho'd, more frequently than in any other single allocution. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems the word occurs in the sense of take = get, acquire, become possessed of; but more frequently in the sense of taking or rather catching up, more or less of quickness seeming to be implied in the action spoken of: thus Abraham, P 106 GLOSSARY OF THE after desiring his wife to be ' cof and quyk at )>is one? ' in her preparation of food for his angelic visitors, and ' saying to his servaunt J>at he hit se}>e faste," himself, ' To be bare-heued buskej hym thenne, Clecbe} to a clene clofc>e and keste3 on be grene.' (B. 631.) Again, of Lot it is said, at 1. 857, that, ' He went forthe at be wyket and waft hit hym after, pat a ciyket hit cletf clos hym byhynde.' In the lines, ' and whyle }>at watj defy clos in his hert bere watj no mon upon molde of my3t as hym selven,' the sense is evidently the passive of the Jutl. word given above ; viz. held fast. In Townel. Myst. p. 324, last line but one, ' Fro dede you cleke in cloke," the sense is seize, snatch, lay grasp upon, which is coincident with ours. Clickum fair. ' It was got at Clickum fair ;' Wh. 67. = purloined, stolen, taken without acknowledgment. Clinch, v. a. i. To clutch or grasp with the hand. 2. To meet with, or come upon a person suddenly, so as to arrest him in his course. S. G. klcenga, to seize or grasp with the hand ; kldncka, to snatch, seize. Comp. Dan. klinke, to fasten together the parts of a broken plate, &c. by means of blinker, or flattened rivets. 2. ' I just clinched him at the corner.' Wb. Gl. Clip, v. a. To hold close together, to compress. O. N. klipa, to squeeze, gripe, compress, catch; Sw. D. klipa or klip'; N. Itlipe ; Swiss klupen. Cf. ' Power hem failleth To clucche or to clawe, To clippe or to holde.' P. Plougbm. p. 359. ' Somme sayde they lovyd a lusty man That in theyr armys can clypp them and kysse them than.' Percy's F ol. MS. i. p. 109, note. Clip, v. a. To cut short off; to shear, of sheep. O. N., S. G., Sw. D., N. klippa; Dan. klippe ; A. S. clypan. Dan. at Jtlippe baaret, to cut the hair ; at klippe faar, to clip, or shear, sheep. Pr. Pm. ' Clyppyn. Tondeo.' Clip, sb. A short piece cut off; e. g. a pattern of cloth or calico. Comp. Dan. klip, a cut made with a pair of scissors ; O. N. klippa, a piece cut off. Clipping, sb. The act, or occasion, of a general clipping of any farmer's flock (see Sheep-clipping), in which his neighbours are in- vited to assist, and which terminates in an entertainment: the farmer, in his turn, holding himself ready to return the same office to those who have been his assistants. The same system holds good with respect to the Pig-killing about Christmas. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 107 Clipping-time, sb. The time or season for shearing sheep. See Clip. ' Laban ferde to nimen kep, In clipping-time to hise sep.' Story of Gen. and Exodus, p. 50. Cloam, dome, v. a. (sometimes pr. claum). i. To clutch, with both hands at once : or, simply to clutch or seize with decided grasp. 2. To pull or make tugging efforts, with both hands engaged, as in pulling a sack, or the like, along ; to pull about rudely or roughly. I have little hesitation in referring this word to O. N. klombrur, a vice ; that which grasps firmly, holds in a tight clutch ; N. klambr, Sw. klamma, Dan. klammer, &c. themselves derivatives from verbs signifying to grasp tight, compress, squeeze. Clock, sb. A general name for a beetle ; for instance, Black-clock, the common black-beetle, Water -clock, the water- beetle (Dytiscus marginalis] ; and Lady-clock, the lady-bird (Coccinella septem-pundata). Hald. gives brunn-khika, commonly but incorrectly written briin-klukka, as the name of the Dytiscus. The word is, therefore, an exact equivalent to our "Water-clock. But I meet with no other instance in a Scand. tongue, in which the word kluka, or klukka, which must be the origin of our present word, occurs. Garnett, however, Phil. Essays, p. 68, speaks of it as 'a genuine Germanic word, and of remote antiquity, as is shewn by the ancient gloss published by Gerbert " cbuleicb, scarabseus." It appears from Schmelltr that leieleck was the Bav. appellation for the scarabceus stercorarius, late in the seventeenth century.' He also names the insects called Bracken-clock, willow-clock, &c. Clock, v. n. To cluck as a hen does. Sw.D. klokka, kldkka, klukka; Dan.klukke; N.S.klukken; A.. S. cloccan ; Lat. glocire. ' Sely Capyll, oure hen, both to and fro She kakyls, Bot begyn she to crok, To groyne or to clok, Wo is hym of our cok, For he is in the shekyls.' Townel. Myst. p. 99. Clock-seves, clock-sives, sb. The sharp-flowered rush (Juncus acuiiflorus). Described as the black-headed bulrush in Wh. GL from Marshall, but mistakenly. (Other plants may be included under this name, but I am not able to ascertain.) Aasen quotes klekk, as applied to grass and plants, and meaning soft, flexible, yielding (as opposed to rigid, hard or harsh). This is the character of the leaves of the Clock-seave ; and the existence of the distinctive local name Wire-rush, given in Wb. Gl. as synonymous with ' the seaves of the moors and wastes,' and really denoting the so-named ' hard-rush' of the botanists (Juncus glaucus), might be sufficient to decide the origin of the prefix in Clock-seaves, were it not that Rietz gives klak, klak, klok, a word also applied to plants or vegetation ; as klak sad, aker, luxuriant corn, or cornfields ; klok sad, klok stut, klokt barn ; the word in the two latter instances implying well-grown, vigorous. He also gives klak, Mag, synonymous with N. kfokk, connecting it with O. N. klokkr, flexible, yielding. It is P 2 I08 GLOSSARY OF THE not clear, however, that the two words, given by Rietz as separate, are unconnected. There is certainly no inconsistency between the meanings ; luxuriant growth is apt to yield soft herbage ; and besides that, the special application of the N. and Sw. D. words seems sufficient to do more than hint a relationship. Clod-clags, sb. See Clow-dags. Clodder, cludder, cluther, v. n. To collect in a close group, as chickens round the hen; to be closely packed, as people in a small room ; to cluster together. Garnett, Essays, p. 165, quotes Welsh clttder, heap, pile; cludeiriaw, to gather in a heap, as the origin of this word. There may be also a relationship between both and the O. N., N., S. G. klot, Sw. D. Idotr, the main idea in which probably may be of concretion, or agglutination. Comp. Dutch klotteren, coagulare : and 'cluttered blood' is an expression met with in Holland's writings, as well as elsewhere ; e. g. ' Cloteryn, as blode, or other lyke. Coagido' Pr. Pm. ' " They were all cluthered up ;" of a number of people collecting in a room comparatively only small.' Wb. Gl. Cloddy, adj. Thick and short ; full-fleshed. O. N. klot is the pummel of a sword, and, generally, a rounded lump ; that in which the idea of length gives way to that of thickness. Dan. klod, klode, klods, all have the same characteristic kind of application. Hence our cloddy. Clog, sb, A log, block of wood. See Hag-clog, Yule-clog. Comp. Dan. klods, Sw. klots, a block, log, clog ; also Germ, klotz, back-clotz, a chopping- block, Hag-clog. Sw. D. klakk, a lump, L. Germ, klak, come nearer still to our form, and to Pr. Pm. ' Clogge. Tntncus.' Clogged, adj. Suffering under oppression of the breathing-tubes; wheezy, asthmatical. See Closed. Cloggy, clogging, adj. Causing satiety or its consequent loathing; heavy, indigestible. Clogs, sb. Ancle-shoes of thick leather, with wooden soles strength- ened with iron at the heels and edges. ' From clog in the sense of a block or clumsy piece of wood.' Wedgw. Comp. Germ. klotz-scbnb, a clog or wooden shoe, Dan. klods. Cf. ' His luddokys thai lowke like walk-mylne clogges.' Townel. Myst. p. 313. Closed, adj. Experiencing much difficulty in breathing, as in pneu- monic affections. I do not find this word in any of the north-country Glossaries, nor in Hall. It is, how- ever, together with Closing, of extremely frequent occurrence in this district. ' " How is Willy T. to-day ? " " Desper't' sair closed, an' like to lose his wind reeght oot, a' tahms." ' Close-neived, adj. Niggardly, stingy, parsimonious. See Neif. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 109 Closing, sb. i. A difficulty of breathing, produced by cold or pneumonic affection. 2. The producing cause itself ; pneumonia, bronchitis, &c. 1. ' " What is the matter with your baby, mistress?" " Why, it's a closin' ; it's getten a sair cow'd an' Ah 's free'tn'd o' lossing 't." ' 2. ' T' au'd man 's getten a closin' on 'im, an' it'll fare te gan hard wiv 'im.' Clot, sb. A clod, lump of earth. A. S. dud; N. S. Moot, &c. ' A clotte, cespis, occarium. A clottynge malle, occato- rium.' Catb. Ang., quoted in note to Clodde, Pr. Pm. ' Ane clot of heui eoriSe.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 140. 1 That cursyd clott of Camys kyn Forsoth was I.' Townel. Myst. p. 328. the reference being to ' a lothly lumpe of fleshly syn,' as Judas describes himself as having been in his mother's womb. Clot-bur, sb. The burdock (Arctium lappa). ' Clot-bur, in Chaucer and Pr. Pm. dote, sometimes spelt incorrectly clod-bur ; A. S. date, Germ, dette, a bur that sticks to clothes.' Popular Names of Br. Plants, p. 49. Cloth, To draw the. To remove the cloth when the meal, during which it has been spread, is done. ' So she etc tylle mete was done, Tylle they drew dotbes, and had wasshen, As is the gyse and maner.' Sir Gawan and Dame Ragnell, quoted in Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 115. Clour, sb. A lump or bump ; an unevenness ; the swelling occa- sioned by a blow. Perhaps transposed from Su. G. Indira, decidere cum impetu, says Jam. Hall, quotes ' Bareyn Clowris,' from Lydgate, as an instance of the sense, ' hollow ground, or a field,' and gives the word as A. N. I believe that in Lydgate as well as in the North, the idea implied in dour is that of unevenness. Hald. gives klur, coarse, rough, unfinished, uneven, as a word which, in its metaphorical sense, implied a servant or slave, from the contrast of such an one's clownish, or boorish behaviour with that of a free-born gentleman. Super- ficial roughness, whether of conduct or manner, or such as may be left by a bad clumsy workman, or by a lack of pains in removing unevennesses, seems to be the radical sense of the word, and it is more than probable that our word is the same, scarcely altered in either sound or spelling. Clout, sb. A blow, or stroke, as applied to some limited area or surface. Jam., under this word, quotes Teut. klotsen, pulsare, pultare ; but under the word clutter- ing he gives Teut. kloteren, kleuteren, tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro ictu, in which the affinity seems even closer than in klotsen. HO GLOSSARY OF THE Clout, sb. i. A cloth of limited size. 2. A patch or piece put over a ragged place. 3. A rag. Garnett gives Welsh clwt, patch ; clytiaw, to patch, as words which appear to be of Celtic origin,' Phil. Essays, pp. 161, 162. Ihre gives klut in our third sense, a rag; alleging also A. S. clut, cleat in its sense of a seam as the origin of our Engl. clout, to patch : adding that from this the conjecture is a reasonable one, that the ancient and original signification of clut must have been a scrap or segment of material applied to the repair of worn garments. Certainly, besides A. S. clut, ' a little cloth or clout,' (Bosw.) we have Sw. D. klut, O. N. klutr, N. klut, Dan. kind, in the senses of a portion of material, or a part of the dress, as cloth in E. neck-cloth, &c. ' Clowte of clothe, (cloute or ragge.)' Pr. Pm. 1. Cf. Chaucer's ' An herin clout to wrappe me in,' Pardoner's Tale, p. 135. ' In cloivtis he was wondene.' Rel. Pieces, p. 41. 2. Vor a lute clut mei lodlichen swuSe a muchel ihol peche;' for a little clout (patch) may very lothly impair a mickle whole. Ancr. Riwle, p. 256. 3. ' Thou wald nowlhir in purpure ne byse Be lappede, ne in nan oj>er clothes of pryce, Bot in vile clowttes for to couer thi body.' Rel. Pieces, p. 63. ' And when she of this bill hath takin hede She rent it all to cloutis.' Marchaunt's Tale, p. 71. Clout, v. a. i. To patch, to mend a hole or ragged place, in a garment or the like, by the apposition of a patch, or piece of fresh material. Pr. Pm. ' Clowtyn, sarcio.' The word was anciently employed to express what was rigid, as well as what was pliable, like leather or cloth. Thus ' " A clowte of yrne, crusta ferrea, et cetera ubi plate." Catb. Ang. In Norfolk the terms cleat and clout signify an iron plate with which a shoe is strengthened. A. S. cleat, clut, lamina.' Note to ' Clowte of a schoo.' Pr. Pm. ' Uxor. Yei, Noe, go cloute thi shone, the better wille thai last." Townel. Myst. p. 29. And in Ancr. Riwle, p. 256, where directions are given to the recluses to be very careful of what they say, on rumour, touching a sister, the writer proceeds, ' Cause the person who bears the message to repeat it often in the manner she is going to report it, that she may not report it otherwise, " ne ne clutie nanmore }>erto." ' Clout, v. a. To strike, to inflict a blow or blows on any given part (see preceding word); no doubt from the idea of applying a blow as one claps on a patch. ' Clout his heead for 'im.' ' Clout him weel.' Clowen, p. p. of to Cleave. Stuck together by means of some glu- tinous substance ; in a state of cohesion. Comp. Sw. D. klabbed, cohering, adhesive ; kltijed, sad, heavy, doughy ; of bread, &c. Clow, v. n. To work laboriously, to labour or strive at anything with much exertion. Cf. Sw. kluddra, N. and Sw. D. klatra, to toil, to work with trouble and pains, to labour tediously and wearisomely, or to poor purpose. It may, however, be noted that the Sw. D. word klor, to make slow or laborious progress, by combination with maur = myra. CLEVELAND DIALECT. Ill an ant, takes the signification of a laborious person who labours perseveringly like an ant, only very gently or deliberately ; a sense which corresponds rather more nearly to that of Glower. Clow-clagged, adj. Having their own dung adhering to their hinder parts, dried and clotted : said of sheep and cattle. This word may be derived from O. N. klof, femorum intercapedo, or fork ; which word Hall, defines ' as the lower half of the body,' adding that ' the haunch of a deer was called z fork :' this, with dag, furnishes our word. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Clyff, dyft, Sissura, rima:' and in the note, Clift = lafourcbevre. Walter le Biblesworth. Clow-clags, sb. Dried masses of dung adhering to the wool, or the hair, on the hinder parts of a sheep, or other animal. Another form of the word is Clod-dags. Clow-clash, sb. Disturbance, or confusion; such as occurs when a house is turned inside out in the process of the spring ' cleaning.' See Clow, Glower. Clower, sb. One who works or labours at his occupation toilingly or heartily. ' " A dower at a trencher ;" a hearty feeder.' ' " A dower efter pelf;" a striver after money.' Wb. Gl. Cloy, sb. Nausea, inclination to vomit, or the sensation of it. O. N. klia, to feel sick : klia, nausea ; kliu laekningar, emetics. Comp. Sw. D. klo, risings from the stomach, heartburn ; found also in composition, as vatten-klo answering to our "Water-brash ; Cr. Gl. watter-taums ; Halliwell's water-springs or water-springe and brannvins-klo, the regurgitation after drinking brandy. The idea involved in this is probably the origin of the expression ' as drunk as cloy.' See Cloy, v. a. Cloy, v. a. To glut, satiate to the pitch of repletion, or rejection of more. In the expression ' as drunk as cloy ' (see Wb. Gl. in v.), is not our verb the word employed ? This would surely be a preferable explanation to, ' as drunk as Chloe,' which has been suggested by some. See Cloy, sb. Clubster, sb. The stoat (Musfela ermtnea). Called dnb-tail in Line, and elsewhere A. S. steort, Fris. stert, Dan. stiert, Sw. stjert, &c., a tail a name which leaves the origin of our word not at all doubtful. The merest com- parison of the short stiff tail of the animal named, with, e. g., the flexible one of the rat, is a sufficient illustration of the appositeness of the name. Cludder, cluther, sb. A cluster, close group ; a large quantity, or mass of anything, gathered together. See dodder. ' " A rare dutber of money ;" a great sum.' Wb. Gl. 112 GL OSS A RY OF THE Clue, sb. Thread, string, cotton, worsted, wound, whether into a ball, or upon a bobbin or card. Wedgw. says ' the origin of this word seems to be a form of the same class with Welsh dob, a lump ; Russ. club', a ball, pellet ; Lat. globus, a ball or sphere. The b readily passes through v into a w or .' Comp. Dut. klaww, klouwe, a ball of yarn ; Sw. D. Mavse, klause, klovse; Dan. D. klaus ; all with the same meaning. Rietz seems to refer these words to the vb. kliova, to cleave, to separate, as their stem-word. Possibly, however, Pr. Pm. ' Clow- cbyn, or clowe, clewe. Glomus, globus,' indicates a guttural as the origin of the w or v. Clum, dumb, adj. Tenacious, viscid, sodden, doughy, sticking toughly together ; of heavy or clayey soil when trampled upon in a wet state ; of heavy, ill-baked bread. See Clung. Comp. N. Fris. klum, damp, sodden ; Sw. D. klam, applied to snow when moist enough to be compressed into a compact mass ; Dan. and N. Sax. klam ; O. N. kramr, id. Clung, adj. i. Heavy, tenacious; as clayey soils become after satu- ration with wet, especially if trampled or otherwise kneaded while in that state. 2. Very tough, tenacious, unyielding ; of extremely close-grained wood. A. S. clingan seems rather to express the toughening or stiffening process which is the result of gradual drying of things which have been wet, as in the case of the Sussex phrase, a clung bat, for a clung stick. Wedgw. Cf. ' Whan thou clyngest for drie.' P. Plougbm. p. 276. On the other hand, the idea of drying or withering is wanting in the Scand. forms of the word, and simple adhesion or coherence seems to be involved : as in Sw. klanga, to cling, stick to, adhere ; Sw. D. kliing-borre, the bur-dock literally, ding-bur ; and in Dan. klynge, a cluster, or knot ; klynges, recipr. v., to collect or cluster together. This approxi- mates more to the idea of tenacious cohesion, which is the characteristic of our word. Clunter, v. n. To walk or tread heavily, so as to make a noise with the feet. Comp. Dan. kluntet, awkward, lump-like, or in a lumping way, from klttnt, a block, a lump, which, there is little reason to doubt, suggests the original of our word. Wedgw. quotes Dut. kluntet and klnnt in the same sense as the Dan. words. Clunter, sb. Confusion, disarray, disorder. See Clunter, v. n. The idea may be due to that of awkwardness or clumsiness. Coal-coop, coal-coup, sb. A coal-scuttle. Comp. O. N. kiipa, a circular vessel or pail ; Sw. D. kuba, a round or oblong basket with two ears or handles ; pdre-kuba, a potato-coop ; also, Sw. D. and N. kupa, and Sw. D. kypa, gryn-kypa ; with similar or analogous significations. Comp. Ass-coup. See Coup. Cobble, cobble-stean, sb. A roundish stone of moderate size, such as may be used for ordinary paving. Wedgw. says, ' from the sound of pebbles rolling on the beach.' Comp., however, N. koppel, a cobble-stone ; while Sw. D. has both kobb, a lesser rock, such as is not quite covered by the water, and kobbel, a Mere or boundary-stone. The latter may probably be a derivative from, if not a form of, O. N. kumbl, a pile, a Ruck ; while the former, as probably, is nearly related to cob in our Cob-stone, cob-nut ; cob = head ; and to cop, a mound, the top or summit, &c. See Hall. The idea seems to be that of a rounded, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 113 op-standing surface, like that of the upper portion of the human head, and the word itself to be referable to A. S. cop, eopp, the top, culmen ; Fris. and L. Genn. top, the same ; and the like. Wedgw., however, takes cob as meaning ' a blow, and thence, as usual, a lump or thick mass of anything,' referring the word to W. cob, cobio. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Cobyllstone, or cherystone. Petrilla, lapis cerasinus, ceramus.' Cobble, v. a. i. To throw stones at, pelt with stones or dirt 2. To pave with Cobbles or rounded stones. Cobble-tree, sb. A swingle-tree ; the bar to the ends of which the traces of a draught-horse are attached before the plough or hi double harness. Comp. Stretcher. This may be simply couple-tree; Dan. table : as swingle-tree, from Dan. svingel. Cobbling, sb. A stoning or pelting with Cobbles and such like missiles. Cobby, adj. Brisk, lively, hearty ; hi good health. Comp. Sw. D. liopugvr, vigorous, lively : a word applied to the sea when the waves move briskly and with consequent sound. Coble, sb. A kind of boat peculiar to the north-east coast, hi use among the fishermen and pilots, with sharp bows, flat, sloping stern, and without a keel; used also as a pleasure-boat at the various watering- places on the said coast. Welsh ceubal, a boat. From this source, perhaps, the A. S. word cuople, a coble, small ship, navicula (Bosw.), originally proceeded. ' And So be of stag in lytlum stipe t in ample:' and when he ascended into a little ship or coble. Nortbvmb. Gospels, Matt. viiL 28. Cob -stones, sb. Stones of a size to be thrown, or which may be applied to paving purposes. See Cobble, sb. Cock-light, sb. (pr. cock-leeght). Day-dawn, the hour of ' cock- crow/ when the first gleams of light shew themselves. Comp. ' The cock, that horiloge is of thorpes lite.' Assembly of Pottles, iv. 204. The image,' it is said in the note, brings before ns the little remote viDage, or thorpe, and the hinds called up hi the early morning by the crowing of the cock, their only horo- loge or dock.' Cockly, adj. Unsteady on its basis; easily moved or overthrown; wavering. Brock, gives the form ' cogly.' The origin of this word is probably the same as that of Dan. kvgle, and Germ, tugel, a ball ; kugeln, to roD ; O. N. togia, id. ; and the idea is that of a standing body, but stand- ing on an unsteady basis, as a globular one would be. Wedgw. derives the word from 4 coct, a rapid movement,' which he connects with Du. totelett, to juggle, ' from the rapid movements of a juggler's tricks.' Cock o' f midden, sb. One able and disposed to assert his supre- macy. 9. 114 GLOSSARY OF THE Cock-shut, sb. The twilight hour at the close of the day. Comp. Cock-light. Cod, sb. i. A bag, of leather, as in Firecod; natural, as in the scrotum. 2. A pod; the shell or outer envelope of peas, beans, &c. A. S. codd, a bag, sack, cod. Comp. Welsh cod, mud, the same ; Bret, kod, god, a pocket ; O. N. koddi, a cushion ; i. e. a bag with special contents ; Sw. kvdde, a cushion, but also the bag containing it; a pod. Collate pod with Dan. pude, a pillow, as well as cod with O. N. koddi, Sw. kudde. Wedgw. is of opinion that there is a near connection between the words in question, as in Gael, plod or clod= English clod or clot. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Codde, of frute, or pesecodde. Siliqua.' ' O belie ! O wombe ! And O stinking cod Fulfilled of dong and of corrupcioun I ' Pardoner's Tale, p. 134. In the following extract, Townel. Myst. p. 84, ' For even or for od I have mekylle tene, As hevy as a sod I grete with myn eene, When I nap on my cod, for care that has bene, And sorow,' the sense of the word is pillow, bolster. Cf. ' I servicale cum codber contexta.' Pr. Fincb. civ. ' Codd, a pillow or cushion.' Brockett. Coif, sb. A woman's cap or head-dress, of a style which used to be worn in days gone by. O. N. qveif, a hood, a covering for the head. Comp. O. N. kdlfr, a species of female head-gear. Hald. Allied to bufa, Sw. bufva, Dan. hue, A. S. bvfe. The S. G. form of our word is bwif; Sw. D. bviv. See Ihre and Bosworth. Coyfe seems to have been the name for the head-covering of the tonsured clergy. Note to Cappe, Pr. Pm. Also, note to Coyfe ' A coyfe, pillius, pilleolus. Pillius estjuvenum, peregrinumque galerum.' Collar, sb. The leathern Head-stall, or halter by which the horse is secured to its stall in the stable. See Head-stall. Collier, sb. The swift or deviling (Cypselus apus). Collop, sb. A sliced piece of meat or bacon. Used also figuratively to express, according to the connection, the ideas of costliness, distaste- fulness, &c. Ihre quotes the word kollops, slices of meat, well beaten and softened before cooking, as common to the O. Sw. and English tongues. ' From clop or colp, representing the sound of a lump of something soft thrown on a flat surface,' says Wedgw. Ihre is more cautious : If,' says he, ' the word originated in the kitchen, I should not doubt its connection with klappa, klopfen! Probably, however, the source of the word is more distant, and not un- connected with the root of *o\o/3os, a cut-off piece ; Ko\o&6a>, to cut short, to mutilate. Richardson's derivation is ' Collop, by corruption from the obsolete collow or colly, to make black with a coal, and then applied to anything of similar form and shape to a collop' (!) It is worthy of notice, as at least a curious coincidence, that while Ihre mentions Gr. n6\\o\f/, pars spinae bovis, and this word, in its metaphorical sense, means ' a youth hardened in debauchery' (Donnegan), in Wb. Gl. we find that ' a young spendthrift is pronounced to be a costly collop to his parents.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 115 Example of metaphorical sense : ' " It will be a costly collop to him " = prove a very expensive undertaking." Wb. Gl. 4 " A sau't collop " something irritating or disagreeable or hard to put up with.' 76. ' " God saue the Queene of England," he said, " for her blood is verry neshe, As neere vnto her I am as a colloppe shorne from the fleshe." ' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 141. Collop-Monday. The Monday before Lent, a day on which the customary dish is Collops i. e. rashers of bacon, and eggs. ' The poor in the country now go about and beg collops for the feast, of their richer neighbours.' Wb. Gl. ' A cock and bacon are, in some farm-houses, boiled on the day after Collop-Monday, Shrove-Tuesday, or Fassn's-eve ; and if any one omits to do justice to the dish, Hobthrust is sure, at night, to cram him full with bigg-chaff.' Brockett, in v. Hobtbrust. Come again, To, v. n. Of a ghost, or the spirit of a deceased person. Comp. Dan. gjen-ganger, a ghost, that which goes again ; gjen-fe stel hondelej, Dubbed in a dublet of a dere tars, & sythen a crafty capados,' where crafty ' skilfully made ;' and in Early Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 888, ' Nowt>e-lese non watj neuer so quoynt For alle J>e craftej }>at euer }>ay knewe, pat of ]>at songe myjt synge a poynt ;' and in Pricke of Cons. 9084, of heavenly ' wards' that were ' Clenly wroght and craftily tayled Of clene sylver and gold enamayld ;' remembering besides Demetrius' craftsmen, Acts xix. 24 ; and such compounds as leech-craft, witch-craft, &c. it will not be out of place to remark that the Scand. sense of the word, i. e. power, might, appears to have been at one time not unusual in Northumbria. Thus, only three lines below those just quoted from Hampole, we find, that those same ' wardes of the cite of heven' ' Er mare crafty and strang }>an any kan neven ; ' and in Early Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 128, the Divine rousing of the storm which was to cause the throwing overboard of Jonah is thus described : ' For J>e welder of wyt, >at wot alle Jnnges, pat ay wakes and waytes, at wylle hat} he slyjtes ; He calde on ))at ilk crafte he carf with his hondes ; " Eurus and Aquiloun, J>at on Est sittes, Blowes boj?e at my bode upon bio watteres." ' ' He wur a crafty chap at fost fun oot thae sun-pictur's.' Crake, cruke, sb. The common or carrion crow (Corvus corone) : sometimes improperly applied to the rook (Corvus frugilegus). O. N. krdka; S. G. kraka; N. kraka; Dan. Itrage; O. Germ, kraia, cbraa; M. Germ. bra, kraje ; A. S. crave, &c. Crake, v. n. To cry, or utter its note, as the crow, or as the land- rail, does. Comp. O. S. kria ; Br. krid ; Sanscr. Itruc. ' Bot begin she (a hen) to crok, To groyne or to clok, Wo is hym of oure cok.' Toumel. Myst. p. 99. Crambazzle, sb. An old man exhausted more by vicious indulgences or habits than by age merely. It is not easy to derive this word, which I meet with only in Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 125 Oramble, v. n. (pr. crammel). i. To be halt or infirm on one's feet; disabled by natural causes. 2. To hobble along, or walk with much difficulty. We have the word crump-footed = club-footed, O. N. klumbu-fotr, quoted by Wedgw. ; crump-back, crumpt or crookt, Nomenclator, p. 44, quoted by Hall. ; also crumple-footed, having no motion of the toes, Ib. ; all closely connected with A. S. crumb, crump, crymbig, from a possible or probable A. S. vb. crimpan, cramp, cnimpen, to force together so as to cause flexures and wrinkles ; see Rietz in v. Krimpa and comp. O. N. krbm, sickness, last- ing and severe, from kremja, used of sickness in the sense to afflict, to oppress. Just as Gael, crub, to crook, has as an offshoot, crubacb, a cripple, so cripple itself follows on crimpan, crump, there being an actual form, moreover, still retaining the m, viz. crump- ling, a diminutive or deformed person. Hall. Sw. krympling, a cripple, one who hobbles or moves badly or awkwardly, also retains the m, while in the dialects it seems to be quite dropped. Comp. krypling, kropplingr, krobling, krevling, kruling ; as also O. N. krypplingr; N. Itrupel ; Dan. krobling; Germ, kruppel ; Dut. kreupel. Our Clevel. D. corresponds with the Sw. in keeping the m. S. G. krympling is given as ' paralyticus, cujus membra ita con- tracta sunt, ut ambulare nequeat, sed reptando se promoveat ;' a kind of action which would be almost exactly described by our participle crambling. Comp. also Sw. D. krum- mel-fingrad, having the fingers numbed with cold, so as to remain bent or curved ; krummel- bdndi, with a crooked or deformed hand. ' T" aud man 's aboot matched to get him crammel' d alang.' Crambles, sb. (pr. cramm'ls). The larger boughs of trees, of gnarled and twisted growth ; such as are frequent in the oak. Comp. S. G. krammel, Sw. D. trammel, a piece of wood used in keeping down the flax during the process of steeping ; a pole used in keeping the hay from shaking off the load : otherwise krammel or krdmil, and kremmel. These words are referred by Rietz to the same origin with krum, crooked ; krumma, to bend ; krummel, crooked or twisted, &c. Crambly, adv. (pr. crammelly). Hobblingly, lamely, with difficulty; of personal motion. See Cramble, vb. Cramp-ring, sb. A ring made from old coffin-tyre, or the metal ornaments of decayed coffins, and worn as a preventative of cramp. Cranch, v. a. and n. i. To crush any substance, which gives a crepi- tating sound in the process, with the teeth; to crush the stones and gravel, with the attendant harsh sound, as the wheel of a heavy waggon does on a hard road. 2. To break up with a cracking sound, as salt or large sand, or a cinder, under the foot on the floor. Probably a derivative from crash, like crunch from crusb, the insertion of the n contri- buting to a more efficient expression of the resonant action implied. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Crascbyn, as tethe. Fremo,frondeo, strideo.' Cranchy, adj. Gritty, apt to give a cracking sound in the process of breaking or crushing. 126 GLOSSARY OF THE Cranky, sb. A checked linen fabric, blue and white, much in use as material for aprons some years ago. Comp. crank, an arm bent at right angles for turning a windlass ; crank, vb., to mark crossways on bread and butter to please a child. Hall. Cringle-cr angle, a zigzag. Ib. The first idea is that of bending : O. N. kringr, O. S. kringer, Sw., 'N., Fris., &c. bring, a circle, a bending round ; and then follows that of crossing, from the new direction the bent part takes in relation to the unbent. The idea of crossing is pushed much further than the limit of material transverseness in the Northern tongues, as indeed it is in our own phrase ' cross purposes.' Thus Dan. krcenge, Sw. D. kranga, is to turn inside out ; ' blir du villad . . sa krting trojan a Ids Fader var avigt:' if you get bewildered (or lost) turn your jacket and say your Our Father without ceasing. Kranga is also to be obstinate, cross-grained : or, full of tricks, in Sw. vara krdnklig : comp. E. crank = jest, trick. Cranky, adj. Ill able to move, whether from debility originating in sickness, or from stiffness the result of an injury, or of local ailment, or of age. See G-renky. O. N. krdnkr; O. Sw. kranker, kranck; Sw. D., Dan., and N. krank, sick, weakly, infirm. Craps, sb. The shreds of fatty skin left after rendering the fat of pigs into lard. See Tallow-craps. The prominent idea expressed by this word is that of contraction, the shreds in question from the combined action of heat and partial drying becoming shrunken and shrivelled, and, to a certain extent, even crisp. Comp. O. N. kreppa, to make to shrink, to contract ; kreptir lofi, a contracted or shrunk hand ; N. kreppa, Sw. D. krappa or krdppa. The Dan. adj. krap is applied to twine or cordage-work, wrought so tight that it breaks too easily, becomes, as it were, crisp or brittle. Note also Sw. D. krapp, Dan. D. krap, shrunk, scanty. There is another derivation possible which perhaps involves the Pr. Pm. word ' Crappes, or gropys of corne. Acus, criballum.' These are what fall out (see note to Crappe) or are rejected. Comp. ' Scrap, remnant, refuse, leavings, what is scraped off. Sw. afskrap, skrdp, refuse, rubbish ; Dan. skrab, scrapings, trash.' What Pr. Pm. cracchyn is to scratch that crappe may be to scrap, and our Craps may be simply scraps. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Cracoke, relefe of molte talowe or grese (crauche, crawke or crappe). Cremium.' The editor connects the word with Isl. and S. G. krdk, quisquilise, from krekia, to throw away. Cratchet, sb. The crown or upper part of the head. Is this a mere cant word ? Or does the same root give origin to it and to Gr. /cpas, Kpdros ? Craw, v. n. To caw or croak ; said of the crow and rook. A. S. crawan ; M. G. brukjan ; Germ, krdben, to crow like a cock ; kracbzen, to croak or caw ; Dut. kraeyen : ' a direct imitation,' says Wedgw., ' of the cry of different birds.' Creaker, sb. A rattle ; a child's toy. See Night-creaker. Creakwarner, sb. A watchman's rattle : called also Night-creaker. Cree, creeve, v. a. To set to soak, soften and swell. Said of rice and wheat ; of the latter, in course of preparation for making Furmity. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 127 The grain, when duly prepared, is put into cold water and set by the fire to grow warm (or hot), but short of actually boiling. I believe this obscure word to be closely connected with the Sw. D. word Jerava, to fer- ment, which is applied to the earth when subjected to the influences of spring moistened and warmed. lola kravar seg : the earth is becoming creed ; Tola doger inte te rdg, for bo kravar : the earth is unsuitable or unprofitable to the rye before it is creeved. Creel, sb. i . A basket or pannier ; especially as intended for the reception or conveyance of fish. See Fish-creel. 2. A lathed frame upon legs, used to place the slaughtered pigs on after they have been scalded ; or living sheep during the process of salving. Jam. makes reference to Ir. kril or crilin, a basket, or coffer ; Gael, criol, a chest or coffer ; and to S. G. Itarl, a dish or vessel ; adding that O. N. Itvrla is to cut twigs or osiers. There is no connection between the two words last named, if between karl and the Celtic words. O. N. krila is to weave, to plait ; and may suggest an origin for Creel, if it be not rather referred to Ir. kril. Creepings, sb. The peculiar cold sensation which often terminates in a shiver, and is usually a symptom of an approaching inflammatory cold. ' " I believe I have got my creeping* ;" have caught cold." Wb. Gl. Crewels, sb. (pr. crules or crewls). Fine worsted of various colours, used in a species of embroidery, and especially in covering balls for young children, or for indoor use. ' Properly, a ball of worsted. Germ, knauel, PI. D. klevtl, a ball of thread. The inter- change of liquids in this class of words is very common." Wedgw. Ferguson refers the word to N. krulla, to blend or mix, to curl. Cricket, sb. A small, low stool ; which may serve as a milking-stool, a foot-stool, or a child's seat, indifferently. N. krakk, a little stool, without cushion or back-rail ; Sw. D. krakk, a form or stool, originally formed of the end of a cleft fir-tree, and then furnished with three legs supplied by the boughs of the same, Rietz. Comp. Sw. D. kranka, a little stool ; a bench to set tubs or casks on ; Fin. kreiikku, a four-legged form. Crob, v. n. To revile, worry with bitter scolding ; to hector or bully, by word. Comp. S. G. krepsk, morosus ; Sw. D. kripinsk, krippajnsk, captious, ill-tempered ; N. S. kribbiscb, passionate ; kribbeln, to provoke ; Dut. kribbig, vexatious. Ihre assumes the word kribben, irritare, as the origin of kribbiscb ; and kribbeln is a popular Germ, word, as also kriebel-kopf, a passionate, or enraged man. Rietz says comp. Lat. iit-crep-a.Te. Note also O. N. grobba, to brag ; grobbinn, a braggart. Our word is another interesting instance of the way in which old words are crystallized in local dialects, like twigs in amber. Crook, sb. (pr. cruke, or crewk). i. A nook or corner; such, e.g. as is formed in a field by the sudden and considerable curvature of a stream. 128 GLOSSARY OF THE 2. The iron hooks on which gates, doors, &c. are hung and swing. 3. A disease in sheep which causes curvature of the neck. 4. Distor- tion or curvature of the hinder legs of an animal, originating in weakness or disease, or from injudicious confinement. 5. A crotchet, whim, piece of folly. O. N. krdkr, a crook or hook, a corner ; O. Sw. kroker, a hook, a bending or crook, a deviation from directness, wile, stratagem, trick ; Sw. D. krok, generally, whatever is crooked ; a hinge or hasp ; a comer or angle ; an underhand device, a trick ; a poor, miserable or wretched object or being. We have here all the meanings of our own word included. Dan. krog is used in most of the same senses ; thus, at scette krogen for daren : to fix a crook for the door ; veien giar en krog : the road makes a crook ; krog-lov, crooks or quirks of the law, &c. Note also N. krok. Sw. D. kroka, is to fix crooks or hooks for the hinges of a door. 2. ' Ex t' smith t' coom an' fix thae deear-cruiks an" ya.t-cruiks t' moorn's moorn." ' Yee, hangyd be thou on a cruke.' Townel. Myst. p. 249. 4. ' Pigs has getten t' cruik sairly, fra bein' ower close kept iv a cau'd cote.' 5. ' What fond cruke's he on t' waay wiv noo?' Wh. Gl. Crook, v. a. and n. To become or to make crooked. O. Sw. kroka ; Sw. D. kroka, to make crooked, to become crooked. ' For I can nawthere crowke ne knele.' Townel. Myst. p. 163. Crookt, adj. (pr. cruickt or crSwkt). Crooked, bent, twisted out of the straight line. O. N. krokottr; O. Sw. krokoter ; Sw. D. kroket, krokot; Dan. kroget. ' A vast o' sticks to choose frav, but he 's nobbud piked a cruikt yan efter a 's deean.' Crop, sb. A joint cut from the ribs of an ox, and with the bones shortened. O. N. kroppr, truncus corporis ; en krop uden boved, a headless trunk. Hald. ; Sw. kropp, Dan. krop, with same limitation of sense. In the expression, quoted by Molb., at varme med sin vld bans nagne lend og krop : to warm one's naked loins and crop, the meaning at least appears to be more restricted still, and = that part of the body at large which lies between the head and the loins. Cropen, croppen, p. p. of to Creep ; perf. creeped. A. S. cropen ; a form which appears in the imp. and supine of almost all the Scand. tongues and dialects : e. g. Sw. kriopa, imp. krop; Sw. D. krype (krop, kroppe) ; O. N. kriupa (kraup, kropit) ; Dan. krybe (krab, krabet). Cross-gang, cross-gate, sb. A cross-road ; a foot-, or other path across a field or common, such as to shorten the distance in passing from one point to another. Crous, arouse, adj. Brisk, lively, frolicsome, pert. Also spelt crowse. Jam. suggests S. G. krus, krusig, Germ, kraus, Belg. kroes, all signifying curly, frizzled, crisp, as the possible origin of this word : ' the primary allusion, indeed,' he says, ' seems to CLEVELAND DIALECT. 129 be to a cock who is said to be crouse when he bristles up his feathers, so as to make them appear as if curled. Dan. kruse, adorno, concinnum paro.' Ferg. adopts the hypothesis. But neither of these authors observes that krus, Jtrusig, kraus, all have precisely the applica- tion supposed in the languages they belong to. Under krepsk, Ihre quotes krauskopff and krusbvfvu d ; and under krus, krusigtbufvud, as signifying a cross, irritable or excitable man. Sw. D. krus-buvud seems rather to imply angularity of character than mere pettishness or irritability. Sw. krnsa bears the meaning of ' to be highly complimentary,' and Sw. D. kru- sera, ' to be very polite." The idea of crispness, curliness, smartness, lies at the bottom of all these expressions (which might be multiplied), and our own word gives another instance of a like and almost still more natural transition from the original and material con- ception. ' As fresh and as crous As a new-washed louse.' ' " As croivse as a lopp ;" as brisk as a flea.' Wb. Gl. ' Quite crowse and hearty.' Ib. Crow-berries, sb. The fruit of the crow-berry (Empelrum nigruni). Crowdle, cruddle, v. n. To crouch, to huddle together in a crouch- ing manner, as frightened chickens about the hen, or folks over a fire that has burnt low. ' Crowd, Curd. A crowd is a lump or mass of people ; curds or cruds, as it was for- merly written, are milk coagulated or driven into lumps ; to cruddle, to coagulate or curdle ; to crowd or huddle. To croodle, to draw oneself together into a lump from cold or other- wise, to cower, crouch.' Wedgw. Comp. S. G. krota, conferta turba ; A. S. crttfi. Crowdy, sb. Oat-meal porridge, made thick enough to turn out of the containing basin, like a pudding, when cooled. 1 This word is very ancient, and claims affinity with a variety of similar forms in other languages ; S. G. grod, O. N. grautr, porridge, made of meal and water, mixed and then boiled.' Jam. Note also Dan. grad, Sw. grot. Comp. A. S. grut, grit, meal ; E. groats, husked oats prepared for making gruel, &c. ; grout, coarse meal, Jam. ; ground malt, Hall. Belg. grutte, Germ, gruss, &c. Crow-ling, sb. The common heath (Erica cinerea). Crowp, v. n. i. To croak, as toads do. 2. To rumble or murmur, as one's bowels do when full of wind, or when one has been too long without food. 3. To grumble or murmur, as a discontented person does. A word radically identical with roup, which see : one of the many instances of ' the facility with which an initial g, It, w, or /is added or lost before r.' Wedgw. O. N. br6pa; S. G. ropa; M. G. bropjan; Dan. raabe; Sw. ropa. It may be observed that, in either form current in Clevel., it is taken to express a hoarse sound or cry, as is also the case with croup, the fatal infants' disorder. Neither is the distinction noticeable in the use of the Scand. word, as specified by Molb., observed with us. His remark is : ' Both man and beast are said at skrige, to scream ; but raab is applied in respect of man only.' Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Crowken as cranes. Gruo : as todes, or frosshes (froggis). Coaxo;' as also O. N. ropa, Dan. rcebe, to belch. 130 GLOSSARF OF THE Crowping, sb. i. The croaking of toads or frogs. 2. The rumbling in one's bowels induced by flatulence. Crowpy, adj. Apt to grumble or repine ; given to the expression of discontent. ' " A crowpy body ;" a repiner.' Wb. Gl. Crud, v. a. To coagulate, to induce the formation of curds : chiefly used in the passive. From the older form of the present cvrd. See Crowdle. Cf. Pr. Pm. Cnrde, crudde, cruddyd. Cruddle, v. n. To curdle, become coagulated. See Crowdle, with which it would seem to be essentially coincident. Grudge, v. a. and n. i. To crush, or jam; as a person's body by a waggon against a wall. 2. To push, crowd, or thrust one against another, as in a throng of sight-seers, or people whose curiosity is excited. This is possibly an intermediate form between O. E. crowd, to push, shove ; Pr. Pm. ' crowds with a barow ;' and crmb ; and serves to connect the latter with the former. Another form is scrudge. See Crush. Cruds, sb. Curds. Cruke, sb. The common rook; or the carrion crow ( Corvus frugi- legus or C. cor one}. A. S. broc. Another instance in which the initial r has taken a c or g before it. The strength of the aspirate would in many cases almost effect the same result as the prefixing of k or g. See Grime, Griming. Wedgw. is inclined to refer N. E. crouk, a crow another spelling of our word to croak, as expressing the sound of the bird's cry. Crunk, sb. The hoarse cry or croak of the raven or carrion crow. O. N. krunk, croaking ; krunka, to croak. ' Crunk or crunkle. To cry like a crane or heron. Lith. krankti, to make a harsh noise, to snort, croak ; krunkinti, krankinti, to croak.' Wedgw ; a word formed by the insertion of an n, so as to give a more nasal sound, in croak or crake; as in the case of crancb, crtincb, from crash, crush. Frank, frankie, are Eastern-Counties names for the common heron : I believe, simply because there is some resemblance in the word to the sound of the bird's cry. Observe the use of the n in this case also. Crunkle, v. a. To tumble or rumple linen, &c., so as to cause it to form creases. 1 The interchange of mp and nk is so frequent that we can hardly separate crank from cramp, Du. kronkelen from E. crumple, E. crinkle from crimple.' Wedgw. This principle would bring us in contact at once with Sw. D. krimpa, to press together so as to form creases or wrinkles ; but there seems to me a simpler and probably more correct way of proceeding. E. crinkle, cringle, &c., are of the closest relationship to Sw. kringla, kring, Dan. om-kring, Sw. D. kring, kringel, kringla, O. N. kringr or bringr, &c. ; and what E. crinkle is to Sw. kringla, kringel there is a curvature or flexure in every fold or crease or wrinkle made the same is our crunkle to Sw. krok, O. N. krokr, Dan. krog, &c., to Sw. D., CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1%1 O. N., and N. krokna : and, be it noticed, this word in one Sw. district takes the form kronkan : ryggeti gdbbom ba kronknd : the old man's back has grown crooked. Further, Sw. D. kroJeli, other forms of which are krbkla, krbklot, and O. N. brokkin, have the sense of wrinkled ; in other words, are equivalent to crunkled, the Sw. word expressing which is skrynklig. We have here an interesting sequence : the h of brokkin changing into k pre- fixed to r, the first of the two medial le's nasalised collate Dan. rynke, O. N. brukka, to wrinkle ; brbkka, to shrink, of cloth and then, as it would seem, an initial s assumed before all, as in not a few other instances, some of which will be fully noticed below. Crush, sb. A crowd or throng of people ; thence, a country enter- tainment ; as a dance, or other merry-making. See Grudge. Cry up, cry up and away. A phrase used in connection with bees and applied to the peculiar note or tone of their buzzing within the hive, which, to a person knowing in bees, notifies that they are on the point of swarming. . ' They'll be awa' inow ; they 's crying oop this ha'f-hour. ' Cuddle, v. a. and n. To embrace or hug ; to interchange affectionate pressure. See Crowdle. ' The existence of forms like cruddle and cuddle, one of which begins with a mute and a liquid, and in the other the liquid is omitted, in the same or in related dialects, is a phe- nomenon of frequent occurrence,' says Wedgw. ; and he proceeds to quote many instances in point; e.g. cuffm& cluff, to strike; Du. konkelen and kronkelen, to crinkle ; E. speckle, Sw. spreckla; E. speak, Germ, sprecken; Eng. pin, Sc. prin, Sec. He also quotes from Prior, who speaks of the partridge, when a falcon is ' towering nigh,' as ' Cuddling low beneath the brake.' Still this is a very unusual manner of applying the word, the next quotation serving far better to illustrate the more prevailing application of it as met with in the South of England : ' They hopped from spray to spray, They billed, they chirped all day, They cuddled close all night.' So far as my own opportunities of observation extend, the idea implied in cuddle is that of two or more individuals in close and consenting contact ; in the South, in a recumbent or, at least, crouching posture ; here, in any posture whatever. The man cuddles the woman, who puts his arm round her as they walk or stand side by side ; the child, or grown person, sitting on another's knee and held close to the supporter, is cuddled ; and so on : and the idea in all this is but a far-off derivative from crowd, cruddle. It is at least open to question if the word be not rather, as Jam. suggests, a derivative from Teut. kudden, coire, or some like word. Cuddy, sb. The hedge-sparrow (Accentor modularis). Of cuddy, as the popular Sc. name for the ass, Jam. says that it is ' most probably a cant name.' Still, I believe, that so-called ' cant names ' frequently have some very respectable origin ; and, almost certainly, the names of our more familiar birds may be referrible to something beyond mere slang. I cannot, however, suggest anything as probable in the present instance. Cuffidaft, sb. Light or easy talk, badinage, such as people indulge S 2 132 GLOSSARY OF THE in when they unbend among their friends, and are in a happy or jesting vein. The latter half of this word may probably be a connection of the Sc. word daff, to jest ; daffin, jesting, light or sportive talk. It is less easy to suggest an origin for the former element. Perhaps the idea involved may be that of light or quick interchange of words, and either A. S. caf, quick, rapid, or the same source which supplies Eng. cuff, might ori- ginate it. The former word is met with three or four times in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B., in the sense of quick, bandy. The etymology of the latter word seems uncertain. Wedgw. refers it to clap. Ihre refers S. G. kuffa, verberibus insultare, to kufwa, to quell, intimidate ; and on Mr. Wedgwood's principle, alleged in the same page with the word cuff, E. cuff and Sw. knuff, should be set side by side, and the latter used as an index to the origin of the former. If cuffi in our word be related to E. cuff, the idea would be very like that implied in the expression ' to bandy words.' ' He was fain for half-an-hour's cuffidaft; and for myself I like to blow my horn when I list.' Wb. Gl. Cumber, sb. (pr. coommer). Care, trouble, inconvenience, obstruc- tion. O. S. kymber ; Sw. D. and Dan. kummer ; Germ, kummer ; Dut. kommer, kombre. Molb. quotes it as of Germ, origin. For the vb. note the following : ' & then they tooke him out againe, & cutten all his ioynts in sunder ; & burnt him eke vpon a hyll ; I-wis the ded him curstly cumber.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 197. ' pay ware cumbyrde in covetyse, }>e caytifs had care.' Rel. Pieces, p. 92. Cumber-ground, sb. An useless person or thing; one that is un- profitable, or good-for-nothing. Comp. ' Cut it down ; why cumbereth it the ground ?' Luke xiii. 7. Cuprose, sb. The poppy of the corn-fields (Papaver rhczas, &c.). Currant-berry, sb. The common currant (Ribes rubrum). For Black-currants (Ribes nigrum), see Black-berries. Cushat, sb. The ringdove (Columba palumbus}. See Cooscot. Cush-love, (pr. coosh-loove). A pet or coaxing term of address to a cow. Comp. Isl. busa, kussa, kusla, to address a cow coaxingly. Custard- winds, sb. The cold easterly winds prevalent on the N. E. coast in spring. Probably a corruption of coast-ward winds. Cutter, v. n. To talk in a low and confidential tone ; to whisper ; to make private communications in an undertone. S. G. knttra, garrire ; Sw. D. Inittra, to talk low and in secret. Other forms are kudrii, kdudrd ; kuttra i bop, to hold confidential communications ; N. S. quadern Brunsw. (H. G Dial.) kodderti ; Dut. koeteren, to talk slang; Swab, kudern. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 133 Dacity, sb. Capacity, ability or fitness for a position, duty, or office ; also activity, energy. Probably connected with deed nearly as tricksy is with trick. Hall, gives dossity, which is probably only another form of this- word. Dosome signifies thriving, likely to do well ; deedy is industrious, notable ; deedily is actively, diligently ; while, in the opposite sense, we have deedless, dadless. Comp. Sw. D. dadlos, O. N. dadlaus. Daddle, dadle, v. n. To trifle, move lazily or saunteringly, to be listless. Also written Daudle. This word is supposed to be a diminutive of dau, a sluggard, which is referred to O. N da, S. G. da. See Daff. ' A daidling, sauntering body.' Daff, sb. A coward, a dastard, a fool. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Daffe, or dastard, or he )>at spekythe not yn tyme.' One of a numerous family of derivatives reappearing under various forms, and with various shades of signification, but all implying a want or a failure of some power or quality. Ihre remarks of the probable root-word (da, deliquium animi), that it is ' like the stock of a felled tree which has pushed forth a great many shoots.' Among others, our Clevel. words daffle, daft, deaf, dovrly, &c., are referrible to this stock, descending through the forms dof, dofna, dafna, dalig, Sec. In Sw. Dial, we find duven, benumbed ; ddven, powerless ; ddvna, to become powerless or inert ; and, in O. N., dofi, inertness, want of energy ; dofinn, feeble, faint ; in M. G., divan, to become feeble ; Sansk. div, to be heavy, sluggish, &c. ; and, just as in these words privation or loss of feeling, vigour, energy, and the like is implied, so in our word that of moral energy and vigour, or courage, or intellect. In the old writers it usually means fool. ' " Thou doted daffe," quod she, " Dulle are thi wittes." ' P. Plougbm. p. 23. ' For lat a dronken daffe In a dyk falle, Lat hym ligge, &c.' 76. p. 227 Chaucer, however, uses the word in the sense, cowardly fool : ' He auntrith him and hath his nedis spedde, And I lie as a draffe sak in my bedde ; And when this iape is told another day I shall be hold a daffe or a Coknay.' Reve's Tale, p. 33. Daffle, v. a. and n. i. To confuse, disturb one's mental powers, as by noise or disorder. 2. To become stupid or confused. 3. To grow weak in faculties, forgetful and childish, from old age. See Daff. Comp. Sw. D. ddvle, N. dauwleg, both of which adjectives involve or imply at least a part of the above significations. i. ' Ah's just that daffled wi' thae bairns' din, Ah's nae use o' ma heead.' a. ' He fails fast and begins to daffle.' J34 GLOSSARF OF THE Daffly, adj. Half-imbecile, weakened in faculties, forgetful and childish ; of old people, often. ' He 's becoming quite daffly.' Wb. Gl, Daft, adj. i. Simple, half-silly, 'not all there.' 2. Flighty, giddy, thoughtless. 3. Foolish, stupid, dull of apprehension. From its form possibly a p.p. from the vb. doff. Jam., it will be seen, gives that vb. in the sense, ' to be foolish ;' but he derives daft from O. N. daufr, fatuus, or at least from its neuter dauft, quoting also S. G. dbf, stupidus. I . ' Send daft Willie. He 's nobbut hau'f theear ; but he 's canny eneugh aboot sik an earrand as yon.' a. ' T' lass has gaen clean daft. She weean't mahnd her ain neeam lang, a' this gate.' 3. ' As daft as a goose ;' ' As daft as a deear-nail.' Wb. Gl. Daftish, adj. Only of very moderate quickness, or ability and sense. ' A daftisb, dizzy soort o' body.' Wb. Gl. Dagg, degg, v. a. and n. i. To sprinkle with water. 2. To drizzle. Sw. D. dagga: O. N. doggva, to bedew, sprinkle; baft doggvar, it drizzles; Sw. dugva, to sprinkle or splash; Sw. and Sw. D. dagg, O. N. dogg, Dan. dug, dew. 1. ' Gan an' dag thae claithes, Marget. Ah '11 mind t' bairn.' 2. ' A fine dogging rain.' Wb. Gl. Dagged, adj. Wet, bedaggled. ' She 's getten her sko'ts finely dagged.' Dainsh, densh, adj. Fastidious, dainty, nice. This word occurs in the forms daunch, dancb, doncb, dench. Hall, and Leeds Gl. The last word has for its second meaning ' Danish.' The same meaning is given for Densbe. Hall. It is at least open to question whether this is not the origin of the word if it does not bear with it a reminiscence of Danish assumption and haughty self-preference. ' So long as the Danish supremacy lasted (in England),' says Worsaae (Minder, p. 187), ' the Danes naturally could only carry themselves as lords in a conquered country. Their innate taste for magnificence and luxury was abundantly fostered, and their pride was flattered by the subjugation of the Anglo-Saxons. The old English chronicles contain bitter complaints touching the humiliations the natives were exposed to. Thus if an Anglo-Saxon chanced to meet a Dane upon a bridge, he was obliged to wait in a posture of lowly reverence nay even, if he were on horseback, he was obliged to dismount and wait, until the Dane had crossed over.' Verily the Dane might be looked upon as ' particular,' or ' nice," under such circumstances, and his generic name, Dansk, pass into a word expressive of such charac- teristics. Further, it may be observed that the Sw. D. word banskas a derivative from boj, a (or rather the) city or town, and signifying, i. To use fine or 'city' language, to talk big; a. To set oneself up, or (to expound dialect by dialect) to be bumptious assumes the form of dtinsk, danska, denska, in different Sw. localities, and thus furnishes a term identical with ours in form, and closely approaching it in meaning. ' Over densh by owght ;' far too nice or fastidious. Dainsh- or densh-gobbed, adj. Dainty about one's eating. See Gob. Dale, sb. (pr. deeal). The distinctive name of the valleys which run CLEVELAND DIALECT. 135 far up between the high moorlands of Cleveland and the adjoining dis- tricts, each with a small rapid stream, or Beck, running through it from Head to End, where it empties itself into the larger stream : in Cleve- land, into the Esk, which runs along Esk-dale. O. N. dalr, Sw. and Dan. dal. Comp. A. S. dad. That Dale in Cleveland is a purely Danish word, to the entire exclusion of any A. S. intermixture, can scarcely be a matter of doubt to any one who gives a moment's thought to the nature of the prefixes which dis- tinguish the various dales all of them Scand. not to mention the very important part filled by the same word in local Scand. nomenclature, especially in Iceland. Dale-end, sb. The point at which the Dale attains its full expansion, and, so to speak, terminates ; debouches or ends in the central or main Dale. Comp. O. N. dals-mynni, os vel fauces vallis. Danby- or Dale-end, Fryup-end, Glaisdale- end, &c. Dale-head, sb. The upper portion of the Dale at or nearest its narrowest or commencing part amidst the moorland hills. Ball, daul, dawl, v. a. and n. i. To tire or weary. 2. To grow tired, to become weary. 3. To become depressed, low-spirited. Also spelt Dowl. Comp. Sw. D. dala &, dala a, to become weary, heavy with sleep; the primary meaning of the word being to fall, the first derived meaning to tend towards setting, as the sun does. Cf. Dan. dale, to sink, to wane. Note, also, in another direction, O. N. dvali, torpor, swoon ; and Old H. G. twelan, to be overpowered with sleep. 1. ' It dauls me sairly, diz this thravellin' by t" reeal.' 2. ' Ah 's daul'd o' t" spot. Ah can't heeaf tiv it naekins way.' ' Ah 's daul'd o' my meat.' 4 Ah 's very davled : it 's bin a dree ganging.' 3. ' Ah 's fairlings dowled to deeath.' Wb. Gl. Dame, sb. (pr deeam). One's wife, the mistress of his house ; also applied to an aged woman. Dander, v. n. To tremble or shake with a tremulous motion, as a house does from the passage by of some heavy vehicle, or the like. O. N. dya (imp. dudf), to shake, to totter. Comp. also O. N. datta, with a similar signi- fication. Sw. D. dandrd likewise has very nearly the same meaning. Danger, sb. Probability, risk. " Ah 's doo'tful Willy '11 not cast this ailment ; he 11 dee." " Weel, there 's a danger on 't." ' Dangerous, adj. In a state or condition of danger ; of persons. 4 " Mrs. Dale's very ill, they say?" " Ay, 'Doctor says she's dangerous." ' 136 GLOSSARY OF THE Danglements, sb. Fiinges, tassels, or any such easily moveable pendants to a garment, &c. Dap, adj. Clever, dexterous, handy. See E. dab. Wedgw. says, ' A dab-band is one who does a thing off-hand, at a single blow. Note also Langued. tapa, to strike, to do a thing skilfully and quickly.' See Dap, vb. Dap, v. n. To move with short, quick steps. ' He goes dapping along, as if he were on springs.' ' Dapping up and down stairs.' Dark, v. n. To listen insidiously, eavesdrop, seek for information in underhand ways, or with an insidious intention. Hall, says, ' to watch for an opportunity of injuring others for one's own benefit. In old writers, to lie hid.' Our word scarcely implies the malicious intention, but doubtless the sense of lying hid contains the germ of its actual meaning ; to conceal oneself for the pur- pose of hearing without being suspected as hearing, and thence, to hear in an insidious way. Brockett gives us the form dart. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Daryn, or drowpyn, or prively to be hydde (privyly to hydyn). Latito, lateo.' See also note to the same. The connection of our word is with this and not with E. dark. See Wedgw. in. Dare. ' They dark and gep for all they can catch.' Wb. Gl. ' What are you darking at ? ' Ib. Darr, v. a. To dare. ' Hoo dar' ye ? ' ' Ah darr'd him tiv it, an' he wur fleyed 'o tryin 1 .' Cf. ' This gere may never faylle, that dar I undertake.' Townel. Myst. p. 27. Dased, dazed, adj. (pr. deeaz'd). i. Astounded, stupefied, struck with amazement or terror. 2. Suffering from the effects of cold, numbed, lifeless. 3. Dry, sapless. 4. Ill-cooked, ill-baked; from the oven being too slow, or the fire not properly kept up ; or, perhaps, ill-leavened ; the result being, in either case, that the bread is scarcely palatable or fit for food ; and so of the meat, whether dried up, burnt, or not sufficiently cooked. Comp. S. G. dasa, O. N. dasadr, dasast, exhausted, to be worn out. Ihre supposes dare and dase to be essentially the same word, in which case the sense of 'stupefying' would come in. Comp. Sw. D. dasa, to be utterly lazy and inert ; Dut. daesen, to be beside oneself; dwaasen, to be foolish; A. S. dwe dede in hat swete manhed.' Rel. Pieces, p. 41. ' With an Iron forke made of steele he held him downe wondorous weele till- he was scalded to the dead.' Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 100. ' How hee saued her from deade! Ib. p. 461. Deaf, adj. (pr. deeaf). i. Barren, blasted, without produce, hollow or empty; thence of the soil, barren, incapable of producing. 2. Tasteless, insipid, without flavour or pungency; and thence, 3. Without power to sting. The varying applications of this word are curious and interesting, all of them implying, however, deprivation : see DafF. A. S. deaf-corn is simply barren corn ; O. N. daufeggjaftr is dull-edged, blunt ; davf-fingraSr, one with imperfect use of his fingers ; danf-mceltr, one who talks indistinctly ; dauf-skygn, of defective sight ; daufr-litr, a dull or not easily distin- guishable colour. S. G. dof-vidr is a non-productive tree ; dauf-jord unproductive soil. Besides which O. N. daufr is vapid or savourless, and Sw. D. daven the same ; while S. Jutl. d'iltkir danfligt saman ; a lonely life is a sad life.' Egills. N. danvvleg is synonymous with our word, and nearly identical in form and sound. ' They live in a far-off deeafly spot." Wb. Gl. Deaf-nettle, sb. The dead-, or dumb-nettle : (genus Lami'um). Pr. Pm. ' Deffe nettylle. Archangelus.' ' The plant lamium, or archangel, known by the common names dead or blind nettle, in the Pr., has the epithet deffe, evidently because it does not possess the stinging property of the true nettle.' Ib. note. Deary, deeary, adj. (Pr. of doory). Minute, small, puny. Deave, v. a. (pr. deeav). To deafen, stupefy or stun with noise. O. N. deyfa ; Sw. dofva ; Sw. D. dova ; N. doyva, to stun or stupefy. ' A din fit t' deave yan.' ' Ah 's fairlings deeav'd wiv 't all : wife callin' (i. e. scolding) an' bairns skrikinV CLEVELAND DIALECT. 139 Deazement, deeazment, sb. (Pr. of Basement). The effects or con- sequences of continued exposure to cold ; the sensation of being chilled through which is often the fore-runner of a heavy inflammatory cold. See Dased. ' Ah 's getten a sair deeas'ment.' Deeath. (Pr. of death). Deeath-smear, sb. The clammy moisture of approaching dissolution. Deeath-strucken, adj. On the verge of dissolution ; said of one on whom the signs of closely approaching death are fully apparent. Deeathy-groats, sb. One having a death- doomed look, evidently claimed by death as an early victim. From O. N. daufSi, and grtfSi or groftr, a shoot, or production. T' ane is a fahn, fat bairn : t' ither was allays a puir dowly deeatby-groats.' Deed, sb. Doings. A word of most frequent application, and more easily illustrated than defined. ' Mucky deed;' a greeting from one walker to another when the roads are in a very dirty condition : or, when a very foul pigsty (or the like) is being cleaned out ; or, in short, when anything is proceeding which is emphatically ' a dirty job.' ' Bonny deed;' usually in an ironical sense, nearly equivalent to the south-country ' a pretty to-do.' ' Dowly deed ;' applied in the case of a person or persons whose condition is one of depression, whether arising from sickness, or sorrow, or misfortune, or ill-luck, or even want of employment. ' It 's dowly deed for t' working man when there "s nae wark t' git.' ' Went deed;' great stir or excitement, as at a great ' coming-of-age' feast, or the festivities at the wedding of the squire. ' Great deed' ' great deed for the lawyers ;' an election which gives them plenty of work. ' Great deed at t' new hooss ;' a grand housewarming. ' Great deed about nowght ;' a great to-do about nothing. Also, ' sad deed,' ' gay deed,' &c. Deedless, adj. Helpless, inefficient, feckless. Hall, writes the word ' dadless.' 0. N. ddSlaus, alike unable and unwilling to help oneself; Sw. D. dadlos, ddlos, ddlaus, Sec. A. S. has dcedlic, deedlike, active, but no dad-lceds. Deft, adj. i. Pretty, neat. 2. Handy, clever. A. S. dafte, convenient. Hall., Brock., and Todd's Johnson, all look on this word as obsolete except in the North : wrongly, as I think. 1. 'A deft sight ;' spoken ironically, says Wb. Gl., and equivalent, or nearly, to ' a pretty sight, indeed.' Deftly, adv. Cleverly, dexterously. A. S. dcB/llice, fitly, conveniently. ' " It was all very deftly done ;" dexterously managed.' Wb. Gl. T 2 J40 GLOSSARY OF THE Degg. See Dagg. Delve, v. n. and a. i. To dig. 2. To work, labour hard. 3. To indent or leave a permanent bruise or indentation in a metal vessel, or other object capable of such impression, such as a hat, a tin box, &c. A. S. del/an, to dig ; Dut. delven. In its original sense, to dig, the word is scarcely used at all in Cleveland. Grave is the word in all but exclusive use to express that operation. The derived sense, ' to labour or toil at anything,' is more frequent, but, in nine cases out of ten when the word is used, it is applied in the third sense. Comp. Sw. D. ddlpa, dolpa, to vault or arch over, to turn over or upside down ; dulpa, a hole or unevenness in the road, especially one produced by the inequalities of a heavy snow-fall, or by the continued pas- sage of heavy loads; dalpig, uneven, holey, spoken of a sledge-road over the snow; Dut. d'ilve, a hole or pit. There is a curious mixture, or succession, of ideas common to our verb and its Sw. double ; digging is turning the soil dug upside down ; the piece dug leaves a hole and forms a kind of vault ; the hole or rather indentation in a pewter pot or a tin box, looked at from the other side, also forms a vault. The coincidence is extremely interesting, and makes one anxious to trace the history of the lonely Sw. word ; for it seems to have no fellows in the other Scand. languages. 2. ' He 's allays delving at it, gan when ye will ;' always hard at work at the specified task. The vb. is in frequent use in Chaucer, Townel. Myst., &c., in the sense to dig, and in Religions Pieces, Percy's Fol. MS., &c., in that of to bury ; e. g. ' All quicke shee shold dolven be.' Comp. ' He rasyd Lazare out of his delfe.' Townel. Myst. p. 230. Dented, dinted, adj. i. Notched, serrated, resembling the teeth of a saw. Comp. ' The woodpeckers have a tongue which they can shoot forth to a very great length, ending in a sharp, stiff, bony tip, dented on each side.' Ray, On the Creation, Pt. i. 2. Indented, impressed with a sunken mark; applied to soft substances, as the flesh, dough, &c., as delved is to harder ones. There is a stitch in use among tailors which is called dinting, which is done by passing the needle nearly but not quite through the stuff, so that the stitch forms a small depression on the other side. Denty, dentyish, adj. Fine, genial, inspiriting. Coincident with E. dainty, but with a more limited application. ' A gay fine, denty morning.' ' A denty day this has been, partic'r'ly for t' tahm o' year.' Derse, (Pr. of Dress.) See Dress ; ' durse' in Hall. Desperate, adv. (pr. despe't'). Used as an augmentative. ' A despe't' bad cold ;' ' a despe't' awk'rt spot ;' ' a despe't' fahn miss,' a very smart young lady ; ' a detpe't' grann' hooss.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 141 Dess, sb. i. A layer or course in any pile or mass that is heaped or built up by degrees. 2. The entire pile or mass so built. 0. N. des, a hay-stack ; dys, a tumulus, or grave-hill ; S. G. dos, a pile made as described in the definition, a stack ; korn i dyss seettia : to put corn together into a heap ; Sw. D. dos, doss, piled heaps of stones : these sten-dosser have usually been heathen altar-piles,' Rietz ; also dosse, a stack of hay or straw. Cf. Pr. Pm. Dese. 1. (Spoken by a working-man while engaged in excavating a tumulus or grave-hill, Houe.) ' Wheeah ! it all ligs i' desses ;' it is all laid in layers. 3. ' A dess of stones.' Wb. Gl. Pr. Pm. ' Dese, of hye benche,' denotes ' the seat of distinction placed on ' the dais proper, or ' raised platform always found at the upper end of a hall." Note to Dese. In Tovmel. Myst. p. 4, speaking of Lucifer and his beauty, ' Secundus malus Angelus,' says, ' He is so fayre, with outten les, He semys fulle welle to sytt on des;' where the meaning of des corresponds with that of Prompt, dese. But at p. 20 the word evidently bears a sense nearly or quite coincident with that of grade, degree, Lat. gradus, and thus connects itself with our word : ' Of alle angels in brightnes God gaf Lucifer most lightnes, Yit prowdly he flyt his des, And set hym even hym by. He thoght hymself as worthi as hym that hym made, In brightnes, in bewty ; therfor he hym degrade, Put hym in a low degre soyn after.' Dess, v. a. To pile up in an orderly fashion, or layer after layer. ' Gan thoo, William, an' dess that hay oop i' t* chawmer (hay-loft).' ' Here 's a vast o" boxes, lad. Thee weeant get 'em a" in, wivout thee dess 'em oop canny ;' pile them up orderly, in regular courses, in opposition to throwing them in a con- fused mass. Dessably, adj. Orderly, in respect of arrangement. Wh. Gl. Dib, v. a. and n. To dip. Used in the same senses as the standard word, and identical with it. Comp. Sw. D. dobb, to dive, dip oneself; and Dan. dyb, deep, &c., in which b takes the place of p, as in our word. Dib, sb. A depression in the ground, scarcely amounting to a Slack, and much less to a valley. Didder, v. n. (pr. dither). To thrill or shiver from the effects of cold or fear. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Dyderyn for colde ;' Catb. Ang. ' Dadir, to whake.' Dut. sitteren ; Germ. zittern ; and also O. N. tiera, to shiver, tremble with cold or fear. Dodder or dother, as also dander, a nasalised form of dadir, together with our word, are connected with O. N. datta, to vibrate ; palpitate, as the heart does ; Sw. D. datta, dntta ; and these probably 142 GLOSSARY OF THE with Haldorsen's dua (imp. dtidi), to be in a state of motion, or tremulous. Comp. also E. totter. ' I dase and I dedir, For ferd of that taylle." Taumel. Myst. p. 28. ' She dithered and shu'k, yan thoght she wad ha' tummled i' bits.' Didder, didderment, sb. Trembling, shivering, thrilling of the body from cold or fear. ' Ah wur a" iv a ditberment, 't wur sike a flaysome skrike.' Differing-bout, sb. A verbal dispute or quarrel. ' Him and me had a sairish dijfrin'-bout along o' thae sheep at was worried.' Dike, sb. i. A ditch, a channel for carrying off water. 2. A bank or long earthen mound, a fence. 3. A pool, or small pond. 4. A rude stone wall on a dike-back-top. O. N. diki; O. Sw. dike; Sw. D. dike; A. S. die; Dan. dige; Hind. diki. The O. N. word seems to be limited in signification to a ditch, a water-channel. The S. G. dike has both the meanings ditch and bank. A. S. die, as Bosworth seems to think, means pri- marily a bank, a mound, which is the case with Sw. D. dike or dige ; while New H. Germ. deicb, and Beng. diki both signify a pond, a dam, as well as a mound. Ihre remarks that the contrariety of these meanings is easily accounted for when one recollects that the earth dug out in forming the dike, in the sense ditch, being laid on the surface at length, forms the dike, in the sense mound. Grimm's remark is that the sense of the word seems to depend upon the principal motive or object in doing the work, whether the sinking of a trench or the raising of a mound. A dike in the Scottish dialect, it may be observed, means a stone wall or fence ; ' a slap in a dry stone dike' is a breach in a dry stone wall. Probably the gender of the noun may originally have decided the sense ; a presumption that presents itself in more than one instance analogous to this of Dike. See Dike-bank, Dike-cam, Hedge-dike, Hedge-dike-side, "Water-dikes. Cf. ' Twen heuone hil and helle dik.' Gen. and Ex. p. 9. Dike-back, sb. The bank which forms one side of a dike or ditch. Dike-cam, sb. The bank of the Hedge-dike. Dike, v. n. i. To be engaged in the labour of making a dike. 2. To cleanse out, by digging, the dike at the foot of a hedge bank, using the material dug out to repair the bank where necessary. ' And he wold thresh and therto dike and delve.' Pro/. Cant. Tales, The Ploughman. ' Syche bondage shalle I to theym beyde, To dyke and delf, bere and draw, And to do alle unhonest deyde.' Townel. Myst. p. 57. Dill, v. a. To give ease in pain ; to allay or assuage pain ; to soothe. Perhaps connected with O. N. dilla, to lull or soothe as a nurse does a baby, with a derived or secondary meaning. ' Ah "s aboot deead wi' t" teethwark. Ah wad gie' owght for somethin' t' dill it.' ' Maria. My son ? Alas, for care ! Who may my doyllys dylleT Townel. Myst. p. 136. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 143 Ding, v. a. i. To push or thrust violently. 2. To hurl downwards with force, or dash down. 3. To strike forcefully. 4. To batter or bruise. 5. To surpass, out-do, be superior to, in respect of achieve- ment or argument, &c. 0. N. dengia; O. Sw. dasnga, to dash, thrust, bang; N. ddngje; Dan. dou comest byfore a lorde Yn halle, yn bowre, or at J>e horde, Hod or cappe }>at )>ou of do Xer j>ou come hym allynge to.' 76. note i. p. 189. ' Doff the duds, Marget.' Wb. Gl. ' Dofft' bairn's wet cooats, wilt 'ee.' Dog, v. a. To set a dog after sheep for the purpose of driving them off when straying where they have no right to be ; to drive them off by such means. Doggers, sb. The globular concretions or nodules met with in certain geological formations, usually containing each a fossil, and which are applied to the manufacture of Roman cement. See Scar-doggers. Comp. Haldorsen's doggr, a projecting object of conical form, which may perhaps be suggestive. Dog-jumps, sb. The fruit of the wild rose, or common dog-rose (Rosa cam'na, and other varieties). ' Dog-hip' in Scotland. Marshall gives ' Choops ; heps, the fruit of the rose ;' and Hall, the forms cboup, sboup- Note also our Cattijugs. I look upon jump, jug, cboop or cboup, and sbovp, as merely varying forms of the same word, and dependent on Sw. bjupon, N. bjupa, kjupa, A. S. bio'p, &c. Dog-whipper, sb. A parish official, whose duties consisted in ex- pelling any dog or dogs which might intrude into the church during the performance of any service. The office was usually joined with that of sexton and pew-opener, &c. ; for one person discharged many offices in our remote and primitive-mannered moorland churches. The short, stout dog-whip was a regular part of the Dog-whipper's equipment ; indeed, a quasi badge of office ; and his duties, where the land is subdivided into a very great number of small freeholds or farms, and where each farmer has a Sheep-stray on the moors, and consequently keeps one sheep-dog at least, often more, who are used to follow their masters on all occasions and into all societies, was really not a sinecure. In Danby Church the office has existed down to the year 1862, and had become almost hereditary in one family, having been held by Richardsons, father and son, through three successions. Written dog-noper by Hall., and dog-nauper in Leeds GL, both corruptions of Dog-ktiapper. Doit, sb. A jot, an atom, a fraction. 1 Ah deean't care a doit aboot 't.' Comp. Dan. doit ; ' Jeg bryder mig tklte en doit derom :' exactly equivalent to our example. U 146 GLOSSARY OF THE Dole, sb. (pr. dooal). A distribution of money or food, at a Burial, to the poor. See Arval, Bid. Sometimes applied in reference to the entire preparation of food, &c., which is partaken of by in a sense, therefore, distributed among the assembled throng. In Leeds Gl. it is quoted as applying to the distribution of bread among certain poor per- sons in church after morning service. By Brockett it is limited to ' Alms bestowed at funerals.' 0. N. deila; O. Sw. dela; A. S. dcdan, to divide, apportion. The custom of giving Dooals at the funerals of persons of substance is only just extinct (if quite so) in the Clevel. Dales. The origin is doubtless connected with the old Scandinavian practice of pre- senting all (or most) of the guests at an Arval with suitable gifts. Thus when the cele- brated Arval in honour of Hialti was held, not only are we told of his sons, ' peir budo bllom bbfdingiom, oc vdro \>eir tolf bundrut bodsmen ;' but also, ' oc vdro aller virdinga vienn med gebfum brott leidder; all the principal men were let go with presents. The following extract from Townel. Myst. p. 30, Noah's wife being the speaker, gives a hint as to the object of the dole, at least in Roman Catholic times : ' Lord, I were at ese and hertely fulle hoylle, Might I onys have a measse of wedows coylle; For thi saulle, without lese, shuld I dele penny doylle.' Dollop, sb. i. An awkward or clumsy-looking portion of anything, as of bread or meat. 2. A quantity or number of individuals forming a shapeless whole. Comp. Haldorsen's dolpr, a shapelessly fat brute ; Isl. dolpungr, a round, fat baby or puppy ; though it may be, perhaps, open to question if the words be connected. 1 . ' Weel ! thee 's getten a fairish dollop, thee has. It 's a wem-fu' fur tweea as big as thou.' 2. ' Yon troot's biggest o' t' dollop by owght.' Dolly, dolly-tub, sb. A washing-tub in the form of a barrel, fitted up with an interior cross-headed shaft, terminating at its lower end in an object which is not unlike a small four- or six-legged wooden foot-stool. Used for washing blankets and other large and heavy articles, the shaft (see Dolly-stick) having a kind of semi-rotatory motion communicated to it by means of the cross-bar at the top. Dolly-stick, sb. The shaft or interior instrument of the Dolly-tub. Don, adj. Clever, dexterous, apt. O. Dan. datmes folk, dannes man, or dannemcen, is a word or title implying some kind of distinction in the persons to whom it is applied. The prefix also occurs separately. Thus we have O. Sw. ' en bofwelig riddare ok vael dann :' a noble knight and a finished ; as well as a Sw. D. word dann. Comp. Old D. and Dan. dannes; Dan. and N. Dial, dan; side by side with which may be placed the cognate words of Germ, origin O. Germ, than, ebon ; A. S. ge-don; Germ, getban, &c. ' Ay, he 's a don hand, yon chap ; he 's welly oop tiv owght.' Don, v. a. To put on any portion or the whole of one's clothing. See Doff. ' Don thy bonnet.' ' Don tha' claes : sharp, lad !' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 147 Donk, adj. Damp, charged with moisture. Identical with E. dank. Comp. Sw. D. d'dnka; Dan. D. denke, dynJte ; Germ dunken, to make damp, cause to be moist. See Wedgw. under Dank, for the connection between closeness and dampness implied in this word. ' As donk as a dungeon.' Wb. Gl. Donnot, donnet, sb. i . A thoroughly worthless person ; a Grood- for-nowght. 2. A designation for Satan ; probably as the chief Good- for-nowght. ' Donnet is derived by Brock, from do-naugbt,' says Ferg. ; ' but in Cumberland donnet also means the devil, and do-naugbt would be a very inappropriate title for the ever-busy author of evil. It is evidently dow-not, not good ; corresponding to " evil-one." ' But naught means bad, evil, as well as nothing ; and thus the objection to Brockett's derivation falls to the ground. However, the origin of the word is due to the verb diiga, as Ferg. suggests, with a privative suffix cf. Dan. dagenigt, a good-for-nothing fellow ; Germ. taugenicbts ; so that, as dugtig means able, eminent, excellent, Donnot means the exact converse, good-for-nought, and eminently such. Comp. Ihre in vv. Dugan, Dannerr.an, and note the phrase, ' That o' t' donnot,' that which belongs to the devil, human or other. ' " That o' t' donnot's never i' danger ;" what belongs to the devil " is not in trouble as other men." ' Wb. Gl. ' That au'd donnot,' or, ' T' au'd donnot ;' Satan himself. Door-cheek, sb. (pr. deear-cheek). Either of the side-posts of a doorway. Door-ganging, sb. The doonvay; the means or space of passing in or out afforded by the door. Door-sill, sb. The threshold of a door. Door-stead, sb. The site or place of the door itself, or doonvay, as opposed to the space or means of passage in and out. See Stead. Door-stone, sb. (pr. deear-stan, deear-steean). The flag-stone, usually a single one of some size, placed at the going-in of a door. In the plural the word denotes the flags or pavement along the entire house- front. Door, To get to the. To be able to get out or into the open air : of an invalid recovering from his illness. Doory, adj. (pr. deeary). Diminutive, puny. I look on deeary as being to doory what Deear is to door, Scheeal to school, &c. Doory may perhaps be due to the same origin as the Scot, dearcb, dercb, droicb. See Jam. Hald. gives drag, homuncio, which may mean either a manikin or a scamp: probably it means both, as Jam. quotes Gudm. Andr. as explaining it by minutissimum quid et fugiii- wm. In this case, without need of resort to O. N. dvergr, Sw. dvdrg, A. S. dwerg, dweorb, by the common transposition of r and its preceding vowel, we should have a word closely resembling our doory in form and sound, and exactly coincident in signifi- cation. Cf., however, Isl. durgr (derived from O. N. dvergr), a puny wretch. A lahtle deeary bairn ;' a weakly or puny child. ' A lahtle deeary bit ;' a very small piece or shred. U 2 H^ . GLOSSARY OF THE Dordum, durdum, sb. Uproar and confusion ; tumultuous or riot- ous proceedings. Also spelt dirdum, dirdam, dyrdum. * I take this word," says Ferguson, ' to be from O. N. dyra-domr, thus explained by Mallet : " In the early part of the Icelandic Commonwealth, when a man was suspected of theft, a kind of tribunal, composed of twelve persons named by him and twelve by the person whose goods had been stolen, was instituted before the door of his dwelling, and hence called a door-doom ; but as this manner of proceeding generally ended in bloodshed, it was abolished." Hence the word might become synonymous with the tumult and uproar which, it appears, generally characterized these proceedings.' Still, note N. ditr, an uproar, with the corresponding vb. dura. ' The street 's a' iv a durdum.' Dorze, v. n. (pr. dozz, duzz). Of grains of corn; to fall from the ear from over-ripeness, whether by the shaking of the reapers, or under the influence of wind. Sw. D. drosa, drasa, drosa, drassa ; ' Kornd var sd agjodt da va sltdr, att a drosst bodt i n'd nea mark'd :' the corn was so ripe when we shore it, that it dorzed out on the land. Dan. D. drase, drase ; ' Kornet drasede of negene :' the corn dorzed out of the sheaves. Comp. Dan. drysse ; N. drysia ; A. S. dreosan. Another instructive instance of the trans- position of r and its succeeding vowel under dialectic changes. Dossel, sb. i. A bunch of ears of wheat, selected for their size, and with their straw aliped (stripped of the exterior sheath), applied as an ornament or finial at the apex of the completed Corn-pike. 2. A homely kind of doll made of a quantity of rags tied up together. Pr. Pm. ' Dotelle, stoppynge of a vesselle : dossell. Ducillns, dttctildns ;' probably ' a corruption of ductulus, which in the Lat.-Eng. Vocab. Roy. MS. is rendered " dosselle," from the Fr. dnsil, doitcil, or, according to Cotgr., doisil.' Ib. note. Hall, gives dossel, ' a wisp of hay or straw to stop up an apeiture in a barn.' This supplies the connecting link between the meaning of our word and that given in Pr. Pm. Wedgw. looks upon ' a bunch of something thrust in to stop an orifice' as ' the fundamental idea.' Dosted, pcpl. Dimmed, having lost its gloss or polish; dirtied.; depreciated in appearance. This is, perhaps, a corrupt pcpl. of the verb derse, given in Hall, as implying to dirty, to spread dung, &c. The Clevel. pronunciation of dersted would exactly give dosted : other- wise there seems to be no clue to the origin of the word. Dotterill, sb. A silly old man ; a doating old fellow ; a dotard. Pr. Pm. ' Dotrelle, idem quod Dotarde.' From the same root, probably, as the Scotch doited, doted, doittrie, dollar, &c. ; Belg. dolen, to be of enfeebled intellect ; Dan. D. dode, stupid, doting ; which are, in their turn, traceable to O. N. doda, dodna, &c. Grimm, however, D. M. pp. 987, 988. suggests another connection : ' A. S. ist dyderian, bedyderian, illudere, incantare ; womit vielleicht das H. D. tattern, dottern (angi, delirare) zusammenhangt." Comp. ' dusie men 1 adotede.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 222. Doubt, v. a. To entertain an apprehensive conviction ; to believe, when believing is accompanied with pain ; to fear apprehensively. ' " If your father does not leave ofl" drinking, he '11 kill himself." " Ah doo'ts it, Ah 's seear." ' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 149 Comp. ' " Beshrew his hart," says Litle John, " that brj'er or thorne does doubt." ' Percy's FO//O MS. i. 48. ' For he will come this ilke night & into the forrest slippe anon for to waite thee for to sloen ; but herof haue thou noe dowbt' Ib. 484. Doubtful, adj. i. Entertaining an apprehension, or unpleasant con- viction. 2. Implying the same. 1. " It will rain before night, Peter." " Ah 's doo'tful it will." ' 2. ' " He'll certainly be convicted, and hung," " It 's doo'tful, for seear." ' Douce, adj. Decent, sober, well-conducted, neat. ' Fr. doux, douce, mild, gentle, quiet, tractable ; from Latin dulcis.' Jam. Douk, v. a. and n. i. To depress one's head, or the upper part of one's person; to bow down. 2. To dive or plunge under water, as a water-fowl does. 3. To bathe or wash in the water. Comp. O. Sw. duka, to press or put down ; Sw. duka under, to yield, to submit ; Sw. dyka, Dan. duklte, to dive, duck under water. The succession of ideas is plain enough. Doup, sb. i. The buttocks or posteriors. 2. A heavy, indolent person. 0. N. dqf, the hinder parts of an animal, from the common interchange of p and /, is naturally suggested as the direct origin of this word. It is, however, at least open to ques- tion whether dof itself, as well as our Doup, be not referrible to the same source as Sw. doppa, N. dyppa, duppa, Sw. D. duppa, dolpa, A. S. dyppan, to dip, to plunge into a depth ; O. N. djupr, deep ; O. N. dypt, dypi, N. dypt, dyft, Sec., A. S. deep, depth, profundity, the deep. The English word for the specified part of the human body involves precisely the same idea, and it is easy to note by what transition. By a like transition again, among those who use very familiar or coarse and vulgar terms, a lazy, heavily- or reluctantly- moving person (and especially if somewhat ' Dutch-built,' or ' heavy behind,') is apt to be saluted by some appellation expressive of that peculiarity. Of Doup, thus applied, it is enough to say, that it is a great deal less vulgar than most of its synonyms. The word dolpr, Hald., an unwieldy or grossly fat beast, may suggest a derivation for the word in its second signification, if the above is not regarded as satisfactory. Loo' thee ! there's a gret fat doup !' Doup, dowp, sb. The carrion crow (Corvus corone). Dour, adj. i. As applied to the aspect; sullen, gloomy, sour-look- ing. 2. To the temper; stern, morose, repellent. Jam. gives Lat. durus. O. N. ddr, with a nearly coincident sound, and with a signifi- cation partly coincident, and partly correlative, may perhaps be as near the mark. 1. ' He looked as dour as a thunner-cloud.' Wb. Gl. 2. * He 's nobbut a dour 'n t' dee wiv ; baith stiff an' hard ;' inflexible and without feeling. Douse, sb. A blow, as with the fist. 1 Gie him a douse in 's chops.' 150 GLOSSARY OF THE Douse, dowse, v. a. i. To drench or saturate with water, whether by plunging into the water, or throwing a quantity over a person or thing. 2. To strike ; thence to strike out, as a light ; to strike off or down, as feathers or finery from a girl's bonnet or dress. It is possible that douse may be nearly allied to dash. The Sw. Dial, daska, with the same significations (except that, in connection with water, it is applied to soft or gentle and intermitting rain-showers), with its cognate words disa, duska, dusk, is referred to Sansc das. Dusel, a drizzling rain, dbseln, to drizzle, are words used in the Tyrol. The connection with dasb would supply the rationale of the second meaning. But see Wedgw. 1. " Thou 's getten sair doused, Mally. Wheeah, thou 's 'a' bin thruff t' beck, Ah lay." ' 2. 'She's doused o' her feathers.' Wb. Gl. Dousing, sb. i. A drenching. 2. A blow, a beating or thrashing. 1. ' " A good doucing ;" a thorough soaking.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Ah '11 gie thee a dousing, ef thee dizn't heed.' Dout, v. a. To put out, to extinguish ; to do out. Wedgw. suggests a doubt of do out being the origin of this word. His remarks certainly deserve attention, but are, perhaps, scarcely conclusive. Dout, sb. An extinguisher, wherewith to put out ' do out' a candle. Wh. Gl. Dove, v. n. To dose, to be heavy and sleepy. O. Sw. dofwa, to have one's senses dulled or stupefied. Comp. O. N. dofi, torpidity, involuntary indolence, &c. ; Sw. dnva, id.; Sw. D. duven, daven; Dan. doven; also Sanscr. div, to be sleepy. ' " You've been asleep, Joseph." " Naa, nobbut dotivin' a bit." ' Doving-drink, sb. A sleeping draught. Sw. dof-dryck, Dan. deve-drik, an anodyne draught. Comp. dowf'm Jamieson. Dow, v. n. i. To thrive, prosper, be successful; of either persons or things. 2. To mend, improve, become better, in respect of health, growth, circumstances. 0. N. duga, to be strong, to be strong enough, or able ; O. Sw. duga, doga, to be good or fit for ; A. S. dugan, to profit, avail, be good for ; Fris. duga. Comp., especially, Dan- due, S. Jutl. doge, in which two words not only does the pronunciation approximate very closely to ours, but the sense also ; a remark that is likewise true of O. N. dafna. The Scottish use of the word, which we do not appear to have preserved in Clevel., if in N. England at all, and which is strictly consonant with the simple meaning of these old verbs, is well illustrated in this sentence from the Black Dwarf: ' Nae single man can keep a tower against twenty. A" the men o' the Mearns downs, do mair than they dow.' But the transition of idea from this sense to that involved in our word is so simple and neces- sary like that in valeo, from I am strong or able, to I am well in bealtb or body, and in our words strong, weak, silly, that there is no need to seek different derivations, as Jam. does, for dow, to be able, and dow in our sense. 1. ' " He dows bravely;" thrives or prospers exceedingly well.' Wb. Gl. ' " March grows, never dows ;" applied to blossom shewing itself too early, or to any pre- mature spurt of vegetation.' Ib. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 15 1 ' He'll never daw, egg nor bird.' 2. ' " He nowther dees, nor daws ;" neither dies nor gets any better.' Comp. North. Gospel form in ' Hucet forfton deg eenegum men, gif be all middangeard gestriona,' 8cc. : what shall it therefore profit a man, if he gain, &c., Matt. xvi. 26, with ' Soe mote I tbo,' Percy's Folio MS. i. 97, and ' Come thou onys in my honde, Shaltin thou never the.' Coke's Tale of Gamelyn, p. 40. ' Evil mote I the.' Ib. p. 40, &c. Dowled, dulled, adj. Dead, flat, vapid ; of liquor which has grown flat by exposure to the atmosphere. I refer this word to dall or daul. The succession of ideas is from weariness or dis- taste to want of spirit or buoyancy, in the person ; and thence easily to want of savour or sharpness in the liquid. Cf. the O. N. idioms dofnad 61, dofnad vin, vapid or stale ale and wine, with their precisely analagous Dan. equivalents, dovent el, daven vin, and the various applications of deaf in our and the Scand. dialects. Dowly, adj. i. Of persons; poorly, heavy with sorrow or anxiety, low or depressed in spirit. 2. Of things ; lonely, melancholy, wearying or harassing. 3. Of the weather ; dull, gloomy, depressing. 0. N. ddlegr, hapless, wretched ; davflegr, low-spirited ; S. G. daleg. Ihre quotes davf- ligr as cognate with this ; Sw. dalig, Sw. D. dallig, dollig, dolig (the g silent in all three), Dan. daarlig. 1 . ' Ah "s doo'tfu' its nobbut a puir dowly bairn : its nowght like dowin'.' ' She 's varry dowly, Sir. She 've niwer mended sen she getten her bed ;' lay in, was confined. " He 's as dowly as deeath ;" so ill, and looks it.* Wb. Gl. 2. ' " It 's a desput dowly, deeafly spot t' won in;" it is a very lonely, out-of-the-world place to live in.' Cf. Daufligt bitir bonum ]>ar : he thinks it very dowly there ; of a man in hiding in a lonely cave. Flatey. i. 136. See also p. 384. 4 Wiv her man off on 't, an* tweea bairns down wi' t' throat-sickness, an' on'y a silly body hersel', she 's had a dowly time on 't.' Its dowly deed carryin' on wi' sikan a lot o* feckless folk.' ' Ay, it's bin a dowly day, this yan : but we've wan thruff it wi* t' Loord's help." 3. ' Its nobbut dowly weather : it owther rawks or rains ilka deea.' ' On'y a dowly seed-time. T* land *s sae doom' t' seead weean't hap.' Comp. ' Now es the wedir bright and shynand, And now waxes it all douiland.' Pr. ofConsc. 1442. This is the reading of the CoU. MS.; MS. Harl. reads domland; and MS. Lands, gives the word droubelinde. With our use of the word dowly (cf. Dan. darligt veir, bad weather) there can be little doubt of the correctness of the reading douilland, although the question is suggested, is douilland a pcpl., and if so, what is the verb ? Down, v. a. To fell, as a tree ; to knock down, as a man, or an animal ; to level or pull down, as a wall or building. Down-come, down-coming, sb. A fall in respect of condition or circumstances. ' She 's had a sair down-come, she hev. Yance she war ower-mich set oop t* mak' her ain meat : she '11 mebbe be matched t' come by *t noo.' 152 GLOSS A R}' OF THE Comp. ' " Thou maun do without horse-sheet and surcingle now, lad," he said ; " you and me hae had a down-come alike." ' Black Dwarf. Down-comer, sb. The pipe (of iron or other material) which re- ceives the collected eaves-drainage, and conveys it down the side of the house to the ground. Down-dinner, sb. An afternoon meal, intermediate (as usually understood) between dinner and tea, but in which the beverage tea forms an important constituent. It is scarcely possible to doubt that this is simply a corruption of the word still current in N. W. England in the form aandorn, orndorn, orndoorns, vndern, &c. Professor Wor- saae unhesitatingly claims this word as coincident with the S. Jutl. onden, mid-day meal, or, as it is written by Kok, undern. By the latter it is defined as middags-maaltid, mid-day meal-time, dinner-time, and derived directly from O. N. undorn. In a passage from the Voluspd four divisions of the day are named : ' margin, mffijan-dag, nndorn ok aptan ;' morning, mid-day, undorn and evening. In strict accordance with this the Finland onden, and Sw. D. undurn, undun, imply a meal taken in mid-afternoon, mid- aftensmad. In the Kaer district (S. Jutl.), where undern is the mid-day meal, or dinner, for-undern and efter- undern express respectively the meals intermediate between breakfast and dinner, and dinner and supper. But what is much to the purpose, in considering the derivation of orndorn, or our Down-dinner, as a corruption of it, is this, that O. N. tendarn is coincident with undorn, but with a special application to drinking. Egilss. Now the usual equivalent for Down-dinner at present current in some parts of the Dales is Drinking or Drinking- time. Hall, gives ' Drinking, a collation between dinner and supper ;' and adds, ' that the term is now applied to a refreshment betwixt meals taken by farm-labourers ;' while doimdrins is ' afternoon drinkings ' in Derbyshire, and earnder is ' forenoon drinking ' according to Thoresby, and ' afternoon" according to Grose. The Leeds Gl. also gives ' drinking' in both these applications. In collating these words it is scarcely possible to escape noticing the connection which exists between the term orndern, aandorn, undern, and the idea of drink- ing, or drinking-time ; and thus one is almost led to assume that the Dales term for the mid-afternoon meal Drinking or Drinkings can be nothing else virtually than a translation of the O. N. andarn. The form of the word Down-dinner is probably due to a confusion or misconception about the word of which its prefix is a remnant, coupled with the conception that the repast meant is in a sense subsidiary, or, at least, in succession, to dinner. I have somewhere seen a hint thrown out that the first syllable of aandorn may be due to Dan. anden, second, the next. This, of course, is out of the question. Jam. gives a long discussion about the word, which is well worth consideration. In Chaucer, undern, undren, imply a certain hour of the day ; early in the morning at pp. 98, 171 ; and possibly a later hour at p. 104. Down-gang, sb. A path, or any similar means of descent from a height, such as the cliffs above the sea, or a very precipitous moor-bank. Down-ligging, sb. A lying-in or confinement. See Lig, Get one's bed, Sickening. Down-ligging-time, sb. i. Down-lying-time, bed-time. 2. The time of lying-in or child-birth. Down-pour, sb. A very heavy fall of rain, the drops both large and very thick. Comp. droppy and degging. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 153 Dozzen'd, dozen'd, dozand, adj. Of persons ; wrinkled or withered, shrunk, effete, feeble in mind and body, shewing the effects of age. Of things ; (apples or other fruits, &c.) having lost all firmness and round- ness, withered, wrinkled. See Dwizzen'd. No doubt identical, radically, with dazed or dased. Comp. D. Dial, dase, to be heavy, listless ; dose, to be numb in sense and faculty ; Dan. dase (pcpl. dasettde), to be drowsy, heavy or dull with sleep ; S. G. dose, &c. Hall, and Jam. give the vb. dozen, to slumber : our word is probably only the pres. pcpl. of this vb., and a kind of inversion of sense or idea has come to pass with it. In Essex and other parts of S. England a pear or other like fruit, which has entered upon the first stage of decay and has become spongy and tasteless, is said to be sleepy, just as in Denmark ale or wine that has become vapid is termed doven or dovnande. So with our word there is an analogous transition of sense, but in such a way as to convey rather the physical than the psychical consequences of age. Dozzil. Pr. of Drossel or Drasil. Draff, sb. i. Dregs, refuse, especially brewers' refuse, or grains. 2. Mere rubbish or dirt. 0. N., O. Sw. draf. Ihre conceives the primary sense to be dregs, lees of wine or beer. The secondary sense in the Northern tongues, as in our dialect, seems to have found its peculiar application in denoting what was intended to be food for swine, and specially what we understand by the word grains. Comp. Sw. D. drav , a mixture made with meal for swine or fowls ; N. drav, grains. Comp. also A. S. drabbe, dregs, lees ; Germ, traber, husks, grains, refuse. Again a derivative meaning, and we have the sense of mere rubbish ; ' the offscouring of all things.' 1 . ' Looks t' ee ! thoo gi'e t' best o' t' draff te thae tweea gilts. Decant 'ee mak' spare on 't.' ' Ah 's gannan t' brewer's wi' t' draught, fur a leead o' draff, an' Ah 11 fetch t' toom barr'ls along.' 2. ' She's nobbut a mean 'un. She's bad as draff;' utterly worthless. Drape, adj. (pr. dreeap). i. Not in milk, or dry. 2. Not with young at the usual or proper time ; of cows and ewes : often used in application to the former as a noun. Brock, gives Sax. drepen, to fail, with the comment ' having failed to give milk,' as illus- trative of the origin of this word, and adds, ' drape sheep, oves rejiculee, credo ab A. S. drcepe, expulsio ; draped, abactus : Skinner." It seems to me that this is rather putting effect in the place of cause. The probability appears to be that drape, and drepe, to speak slowly, and with effort as if the matter to be spoken came forward very falteringly and slowly are from the same source, and that probably the S. G. drypa, to pour in by drops, O. N. driupa, A. S. driopan, drypan, Dan. draabe, supply that source. Comp. E. drip, to come in very small quantities ; and the word dropmele, by driblets, or portions, coming in drops. The idea thus suggested tallies exactly with the marks of a drape cow. The milk comes in less and less quantities, until at last there is 'such a drop" only, that it is not worth while to continue to milk her ; and strictly expressive of this condition is the word drape. It was then natural enough that the word should be applied to express the condition of an animal, which in farmer's phrase was ' nowther in milk nor in calf,' or quite unproductive at the proper time. ' An' nivver a dreeap amang 'em a'.' Cleveland Song of Solomon, iv. 3. 154 GLOSSARY OF THE Drasil, drossel, sb. (pr. dozz'l or duzz'l). A sluttish female. By metath. the word becomes dorsel, and then, by the tendency of the dialect to slur the r, dossel or dozzel. Comp. Sw. D. drosla, drbsle, a lazy, slovenly female ; drosla, to be lazy and sluggish over one's work. Mr. Wedgw. collates Dan. D. draasel, a dull, inac- tive person, and suggests a possible connection with Isl. drcegsl or drcsgsli, a slut. Rietz, however, quotes O. N. drosla, and N. S. dryseln, drieseln, to be sluggish or lazy in moving. Comp. also Isl. drag, a poor jade, and dusill-bross ; both, moreover, applicable to persons. ' " A dizen'd dozzil ;" a tawdry slut.' Wb. Gl. Drate, drite, v. n. To talk slowly or hesitatingly, to drawl ; to speak thickly and indistinctly. Hall, gives droot, one who stutters, and drotyne, to speak indistinctly, to stammer ; both from Pr. Pm. The derivation of the word can hardly be doubtful. It is a derived offshoot from the same root which produces the verbs, O. N., O. Sw. draga, A. S. dragon, &c. ; and though I do not meet with any derivatives expressive of slow or drawn-out speaking (except E. drawl), yet there are so many implying slowness and halting in respect of this or that action, that it would have been strange indeed had not some of the family come to be applied as the present word is. I may instance O. N. drattr, procrastination, delay ; Sw. D. dratt, advance by short uncertain steps ; dratta, with corresponding meaning, &c. Comp. drepe, with the succession of ideas which it illustrates. Draught, sb. A team of horses or oxen, together with that which they draw, whether cart, waggon, or plough. ' T" surveyor wants a' t f draughts he can git t' moorn, to fettle oop t' rooads about t' new brigg.' 1 Willy Franks 's getten' t' Langlands Farm takken, an* he 's boun to have 's pleeafing- deea t' moorn. He reckons he '11 have mair an tunty draughts on.' See Ploughing- day. Dream-holes, sb. The slits or loopholes in church-towers, stair- turrets, &c., to admit air and light. A. S. dream, I. joy, mirth, rejoicing: 2. what causes mirth; harmony, melody, song, in- struments of music. From these senses the usage in the early writers passes on to that of loud noise. In Halt Meid. p 21, ' Ah al is meidenes song unlich J>eose wi'S engles imeane, dream ouer al J>e dreames in heuene,' the meaning is simply harmony, melody, song. In Ancr. Riwle, p. 210, ' pe prude beo"S his bemares, draweS wind inward of worldlich hereword, J eft, mid idel jelpe, puffeS hit utward, ase J>e bemare deS, uorte makien noise, lud dream to scheauwen here horel,' the sense is a loud noise, but still such as is made by an instrument, a trumpet namely. In Lay. i. 43, ' )>a he mihte ihere : J>e bihalues were, muchel dom, muchel dune : muchel folkes dream' the word is simply clamour, confused noise of a multitude. And so again, iii. 220, in a spirited description of a battle and the dreadful din and tumult of it, this phrase occurs : ' drem wes on uolke : dream was among the folk ; t>a eorSe gon to dunien." the earth began to din. The application of the word to the openings in church-towers, belfries, &c., is simple enough. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 155 Drearisome, adj. Dreary, dismal, lonely, wearying. ' A lang drearisome road." Wb. Gl. Dree, adj. Tedious, long-continued, wearisome. See Jam. Teut. draegb, slow, lazy ; Goth, drig, driugr, long drawn out ; O. N. drcegr, of ' what can be drawn out ;' S. G. droja, to be long over a thing. Comp. Sw. dryg-mil, a long mile ; drygt arbete, a wearisome piece of work ; en dryg bob, a heavy book ; sc. to read ; Dan. drai, long-continued ; en drait arbeide, a tedious piece of work ; and S. Jutl. dreg, which has not only the signification of our dree but also almost the same sound. ' Ah 's got t' leeas' this coorn ; an' a desper't dree job it be : "biggest pairt on 't 's nobbut sleean an' popple, or owght.' ' " A dree droppy rain ;" a rain that comes only a little at a time, but continues without its ever becoming quite fair.' Wh. Gl. ' A desper't dree bit o* road, yon, for seear.' ' " A dry, dree preachment ;" a dull, uninteresting, tediously spun out discourse.' Wb. Gl. Dree, adj. Sad, doleful, cheerless. The sense of this word might seem to be a secondary meaning of the last : but with the old Northumbrian noun dre, sorrow, misery, suffering ; ' Yhit sal thai that dai dre hafe :' Pricke of Conscience, 5373 ! and the vb. dregbe, drigbe, to suffer, endure pain or sorrow, ' For thai sal haf a dai thare Als mykel bitter payn or mare, Als a man mught thole here of penaunce A yhere, and fele as mykel grevaunce ; And als mykel drigbe thar fourty days Als fourty yhere here ;' both of which, as well as A. S. dreorig, probably depend on A. S. dreogan, to bear, suffer ; it springs from a totally different root. Comp. the phrase, dreab and atbolde : he dreed and tholed ; suffered and bore. Lye. ' Ay ; it 's a dree life to live, when yan 's parted wiv a' yan's frin's.' Dree, v. a. To deliver slowly, droningly, tediously. Originating probably in the adj. dree, rather than otherwise. ' " He dreed a lang drone ;" delivered a tedious dissertation.' Wb. Gl. (As far as I have been able to ascertain, the ordinary sense of dree, v. a., to endure, to bear, is not now recognised in Clevel.) Dree, v. n. To endure, to last. See Dree, tedious, and Drith. ; noting the extract from the Townel. Myst. The vb. occurs several times in Gen. and Ex. in the forms drecben, dregen. ' She 's dreed on sae lang, mebbe she '11 win thruff it now ;' said of a person who has had a long illness. Cf. ' Ther was never a freake wone foot wolde fie, But still in stour dyd stand, Heawyng on yche othar, whyll the myght dre With many a bal-ful brande." Reliques Ancient Poetry, i. 13. Dreely, adv. Slowly, tediously. ' He talks very dreely.' X 2 156" GLOSSARY OF THE Dreesome, adj. Tedious, wearisome ; with nothing to give any plea- sure, zest, or enjoyment. Drepe, dreep, v. n. i. To drip or drop slowly and sparingly. 2. To talk slowly and haltingly, to drawl. Brock, gives the form ' draup/ 0. N. driopa, O. Sw. drypa, to fall by drops, &c. See Drape. 1. ' Gan thee, lass, and hing't oot t" drepe.' 2. ' Ay, puir au'd chap, he gans dreepin' on, bud it 's varrey dree discoorss." Dress, v. a. (pr. derse). i. To set in order, make neat and orderly. 2. To apply any matter to the surface or outside of a thing, with a view to improving it in any way. 3. To soil or make dirty. 4. To beat, chastise, thrash. 1. T' kirk's a* i' good fettle, an' Ah 's derse oop kirk-garth, an' sike, back end o' t' week ;' in anticipation of a rural dean's visit. ' Wad ye like t' land amang thae berry-trees dersed ower a bit ? ' the soil among the gooseberry bushes lightly dug or stirred. 2. ' Get yon heap o' soot an' soil dersed ower the grassin', John.' Drink-draught, sb. A brewer's dray or waggon, with the horses drawing it. Wh. Gl. Drink-driver, sb. The driver of a brewer's waggon. Drinking-timo, sb. The time of the afternoon refreshment. See Down-drinking. Drite. See Drate. Drite-poke, sb. A drawler; one who speaks indistinctly or hesi- tatingly. I only notice this word further, in order to observe that it presupposes a noun, drite, slow, or drawling discourse, which noun does not remain in any Glossary, as far as I am aware. Drith, sb. (pr. dreet). Endurance, lastingness, substantiality. A curious and expressive word, which I have seen printed nowhere save in Wh. Gl. It is a derivative from the old vb. dre, to continue, to abide, to remain in being, from A. S. dreognn. The vb. is also given by Ray dree, perdurare. See Dree, v. n. ' Lovyd he my Lord in will and thoght, That his servant forgettes noght, When that he seys tyme ; Welle is me that I shalle dre Tylle I have sene hym with myn ee And no longer hyne.' Townel. Myst. p. 1 56. The sense of dre in this passage, which is part of the expression of the aged Simeon's CLEVELAND DIALECT. Jj7 feelings on being told by an angel of the infant Christ's coming to the Temple, is exactly coincident with that of our word in the example given below. ' Ill-gotten gear carries nae dritb iv it.' Wb. Gl. Cf. ' I trust your grace will doe me noe deare for spending my owne trew gotten geere.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 509. Broke, sb. Wild oats, or so-called darnel. The name, like so many other local names of plants, is applied loosely or indefinitely. Dr. Prior gives Bromus sterilis, Avena fatva,' &c.. as among the plants intended to be designated ; Pr. Pm. ' Drawke, wede. Drauca ;' Cath. Ang. ' Drake or darnylle.' Ac- cording to Forby, drawke or drake in Norfolk and Suffolk is the common darnel grass, Lolium perenne ; according to Gerarde it is Bromus sterilis. Comp. Dut. dravig, Welsh drewg, Br. draolt, darnel, cockle, &c. Drop, v. a. i. To knock down, to fell with a blow. 2. To shoot a bird, on the wing or otherwise, so that it falls immediately. Probably a direct bequest from S. G. drcepe, to kill ; dr&p, death-stroke ; drypa, to smite ; and allied words. Bosw. refers drepe, a slaying, a violent death, as occurring in A. S. writers, to the O. N. Drop-dry, adj. Of vessels, &c. ; water-tight, not admitting the passage of so much as a drop of water. Droppy, adj. Wet, rainy ; a weather term, used when the rain-drops are of full size, and fall freely. See Deg and Down-pour. Hald. gives pluere as one of the significations of driupa (perf. befi dropid) : dritipr salr, the droppy canopy, is an epithet for the sky ; and drupa, in Sw. Dial., means ' to rain.' ' " A vast o" rain fa'n lately, Tommy." " Ay ; its bin a desper't droppy tahm sen Mart'nmas." ' Droppyish, adj. A diminutive of Droppy. Drought, sb. (pr. drowt). Dryness; usually, not to say always, with an intensive sense ; continued very dry weather. See Drouth. Pr. Pm. ' Drowte, siccitas,' Rich., following Tooke's leading, says this word is drouth or dry'tb really, from A.S. drygan, drugan, and ought to be spelt and he himself spells it accordingly drougtb. The A.S. word is undoubtedly drugafte or drogafte; but it is idle to assume thence a law for the orthography, and, still more, for the sound of English words. It would almost seem as if drought or drouth were originally rather two different words, than two different forms of the same word ; the one having a distinct passive sense (so to speak) that which is already made dry ; the other, droutb, an almost active sense that which makes dry. And it is noticeable that Rich, writes, ' drought is that which drieth, the 3rd p. s. &c.,' adding, the moment after, ' Wallis says, dry, siccus ; drowtb, drougbtb, dry'tb, siccitas ;' but siccitas is that which is already made dry. It is also worthy of note, that in both the passages from Chaucer adduced by Rich, the word is drought, and has distinctly the passive meaning : ' When that April with his shoures sote The drougbte of March hath perced to the rote ;' 158 GLOSSARY OF THE where drougbte is certainly not an agent, but what is acted on. Comp. the following extract from Spenser : ' Let streaming floods their hasty courses stay And parching drouth dry up the crystall wells ;' where drouth is as clearly the agent. And the same remark applies, with more or less exactness, to nearly every instance of usage given ; while, in respect of the eleven instances of the word occurring in the English Bible, eight of them bear the passive sense. See also the instance in Jam., in v. Drouth. I may add, that dry occurs in the Toumel. Myst. in the sense of drought. Droughted, To ba, v. p. To be troubled or oppressed with thirst. Droughty, adj. (pr. drowty). Very dry indeed; used as a weather term, and especially as descriptive of long-continued very dry or parch- ing weather. Drouk, v. a. To drench, soak, saturate with water. O. N. drekkja, O. Sw. draenka, Sw. drdnka, Dan. drukne, to immerse, to drown ; O. Sw. drunkna, O. N. drukkna, Sw. D. drukkdn, drakkja, S. Jutl. draekne, to be plunged into water, &c. ' I'm doubtful yon lime 's aboot wasted. It 's sair drouk't wiv all this wet.' Drouth, sb. Thirst, dryness in that sense. See Drought. Drouthy, adj. Thirsty, more than usually so. ' Weel, Ah's desper't droothy, Ah's seear. 'Seems t' me there's nae sleek i' t' waiter ;' it seems as if water had no power to quench thirst. Drucken, adj. Drunk, drunken. O. N., O. Sw., Sw. D., S. Jutl. drukken, &c. Dubler, dubbler, sb. A deep earthenware dish of some magnitude. Dr. Rietz, under Dular'd, quotes Welsh dwbler, and compares O. N. dallr. I do not, however, find dwbler in Pughe's Welsh Dictionary. In Pr. Pm. the word stands in the forms dobeler, dubler. ' 1 wisshed ful witterly That disshes and doublers Bifore this ilke doctour Were molten lead in his mawe.' P. Plougbm. p. 251. Duffil, sb. A kind of coarse or shaggy woollen cloth, chiefly manu- factured in Yorkshire Dulbard, dullard, sb. A stupid person, a blockhead, one of slow or deficient comprehension. Hall, gives dulbar as one form of this word, and adds, that ' dulberbead is also used in the same sense.' I look upon dulberd or dulbard as most probably a colloquial contraction of dulberbead. Pr. Pm. gives ' Dullard. Duribuccius, agrestis.' Jam. gives O. N. dul, foolishness, and birta, to evince or shew, a possible but not probable compound. Dump, sb. A deep hole in the bed of a river or pool of water. ' Ich leade ham into so deop dung j> ha druncneS t>erin.' Seint Marl), p. 15, translated CLEVELAND DIALECT. 159 by the Editor I lead them into so deep (a) dump that they drown therein. Dung or dinge, he says in the Gl. to S. M., ' by letter change Dump, a deep bole in water feigned at least to be bottomless. (Grose.) Germ. Dumpfel, a deep place in a river or lake ; a deep puddle, pool. By throwing off the liquid, A Dub, a pool of water. Kennet's MS. Cf. Low G. Dobbe.' Dunderhead, dundernoll, sb. A blockhead. Jam. suggests a relationship with donnart, bedundered; and a comparison with Dan. dummerboved ; side by side with which, moreover, Sw. dumbufvud may be placed, Both these words simply signify dull-bead or stupid-bead ; ' numskull,' in short. Perhaps, how- ever, we may suggest a different origin for the prefix in our words, and one that presents an analogy to the words thick-bead, jolter-bead, &c., which are used in the same sense. In other words, dunder may really imply abnormal or excessive bigness. In the Sw. Dial, the prefixes dunder, dunner, donner, are of frequent occurrence in this application ; and we probably have another corresponding instance of usage in the word thundering as frequently applied colloquially ; e. g. 'a thundering big one,' ' a thundering great lie,' &c. Wb. Gl. gives dudernoll, which must surely be a misprint. Dungeon, sb. In the phrase, ' he is a dungeon of wit,' Wh. GL ; that is, a person of great natural shrewdness or of much depth of under- standing. ' She is a dungeon at breaking ;' of a careless, crockery-breaking girl. Communicated by author of Wh. Gl. Dungeonable, adj. Shrewd, possessing some depth of thought. Dunty, adj. Stunted, dwarfed, stumpy. I connect this with dumpty, dumpy, dubby, short, stumpy. Mr. Wedgw. says, ' from dab, dub, a blow. 1 Dint, dunt, in like way, implies a blow. ' " Dunty-horned kye ;" short or stumpy-horned cows.' Wb. Gl. Dwalm, sb. (pr. dwawm or dwam). A swoon, suspension of the senses. A word which has its correlatives in all the languages of Gothic origin. Ihre, quoting himself from Stiernhielm, defines dwala as a kind of intermediate state between life and death, such as flies under the influence of cold, and swallows lying (as supposed) at the bottom of the water during the winter months, experience. They are said ' ligga i dwala.' He further gives dwalm, in exactly our sense, as occurring ' apud Willeramum in Cant. Cant. p. 143.' Comp. M. G. dwala, a fool ; dwalmon, to be out of one's mind ; A. S. dwelian, dwolian, to be mistaken ; Dut. dwcelen, to play the fool ; dolma, said in Smoland of one who is neither wide awake nor fast asleep. Comp. also O. N. and O. Sw. dvali, Sw. dvala, Dan. dvale, Sw. D. dvolu ; O. Germ, twiilan, to be torpid ; Germ, tvalm, a swoon or trance. Dwalmish, adj. (pr. dwammish). Somewhat faint, or as if likely to swoon. Dwine, v. n. i. To pine away, waste, become attenuated; of a per- son or creature under the influence of sickness, &c. 2. To wither, fade away ; of a plant or flower. O. N. dvina ; Sw. dvina ; A. S. dwinan. Pr. Pm. ' Dwynyn awey. Evaneo, evanesco.' l6o GLOSSARY OF THE ' Tharfor a man may likend be Til a flour, that es fayre to se, Than son after that it es forth broght, Welkes and dwynes til it be noght.' Pr. of Consc. 704-707. ' He dunned away til an atomy.' Wb. Gl. Dwiny, adj. Puny, weakly. Dwiny-voiced, adj. Weak-voiced, speaking in only feeble tones. Dwizzen'd, adj. Withered, wrinkled, shrunk. See Dozzen'd. Essentially the same word as Dozand or Dozzen'd. Comp. A. S. dwces, dwcemes, dwesenys, dull, dullness, &c. Dwizzen-faced, adj. Thin-faced, with a shrunken countenance. E Earn, sb. An uncle ; a familiar friend, a neighbour, intimate acquaint- ance or gossip. A. S. earn, an uncle ; Germ, ohm, obeim ; Dut. oom ; Fris. iem. Spelt eem, erne, in Chaucer ; em, erne, in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Knight. See Eem, and the note to it, in Pr. Pm. Earn, v. a. (pr. yearn). To curdle milk or cause it to coagulate. Jam. takes this word to come from ' Germ, gerinnen, Su. G. rcenna, Belg. rannen, A. S. geruimon, coagulare. This use of the verb is retained in Scotl. : when milk curdles, we say that it ritis. But as the A. S. verb signifying to run is often written yrnan, the word earn resembles it most in this form.' Cf. air, buttermilk, given by Hald., and which must be connected with earn. ' One did aske her (a noted witch) advise touchinge one of her kyne whose milk_did earn in the galling." York Castle Depositions, p. 9, note. ' This informant could not get butter when she chimed nor cheese when she earned.' Ib. p. 38. Earning, sb. (pr. yearning). Rennet, the substance which is used to turn or curdle milk. ' Bishop Kennett notices the sense of earn, as used in the North, which is given also by Brock, and Jam. ; " to earn, to run as chees doth. Earning, chees rennet." ' Note to ' Ernyn, as horse,' Pr. Pm. Ease, v. a. To splash with mud, or bemire. Chiefly used in the passive. Hall, gives ' easings, dung, ordure.' I find no other provincial word connected with ours, which is due to O. N. esia, boggy or miry soil. ' " You hae gotten sair eased;" sadly bemired.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. l6l Easement, sb. i. Alleviation of, or relief from, pain. 2. Any remedy or application which produces such a result. ' Nor att that word shee sayd noe more, but all good easements I had there.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 362. Basin's, sb. (Pr. of evesings). The eaves of a house or other building. A. S. efese, eaves of a house ; efsian, efesian, afesian, to cut in the form of eaves. ' Orcheyardes and erberes Evesed wel clene.' P. Plougbm. p. 460. Mr. Marsh's note to this is ' evesed should mean provided with eave-troughs ; perhaps, here, sheltered with arbours, roofs, or awnings." More likely, it would seem, with the eaves proper neatly or 'clenely* trimmed. Comp. also O. Dut. ovese, Fris. ose, eaves; O. N. ufs, ups; O. Sw. ops, ups; Sw. D. bofs, ofs, oks; D. D. aas, ous. Easter-shells, sb. The pinpatch or periwinkle. See Covins. These articles of food ' are considered to be in season from Easter to Ascension Day." Wh. Gl. Hence, the name, no doubt. Een, even, sb. i. Evening. 2. The eve or vigil of any feast or saint's day. A. S. a/en; O. N., O. Sw., N., and Sw. D. a/tan; Sw. afton; Dan. often; O. Germ. apand, abant; Germ, abend. 1. ' To moorn at een ;' to morrow at evening. 2. ' Kessenmas een ;' ' Mark's even,' &c. Een-holes, sb. The sockets of the eyes. Comp. Dan. 0ie-bule, Germ, augen-boble. Efter, prep. After. O. N. eftir, eptir ; Dan. efter ; Sw. efter. ' Eftyr his lufe me bude lang.' Rel. Pieces, p. 84. Eft'rnoon, eftnoon, sb. Afternoon. ' I swere you, sir, by son any moyne, I com not here by fore eft none Wheder ye be leyfe or lothe.' Townel. Myst. p. 71. Egg, v. a. To incite, urge on, provoke. O. N. eggia, to incite or provoke ; Dan. egge. Comp. Sw. uppagga, and Dan. D. egse. The Dan. use of the word is exactly equivalent to ours ; e. g. ' ban forstod at egge bam saa lam gang To and fra, overthewrt and endlong" (8581) ; which is rightly explained from head to tail,' A. S. andlang, and Germ, enticing being both quoted ; to which may be added Sw. enlangs, Dut. onlang. Endways, adv. (pr. endus). In a state of progression, whether as regards motion, or approach towards completion : often occurring in the form Even endways. 4 Weel ! Ah 's getting end'us wi 't noo ; bud its bin a parlous lasty job.' They spent all they had even endways.' Wb. Gl. Eneugh, adv. (more guttural in sound than as if spelt enew). i. Enough, sufficient. 2. Sufficiently cooked, enough done; of any article of food. Mr. Carr speaks of enew, enow, as ' applied to numbers, not to quantity,' illustrating the statement with the example, ' I have cake entf, an' apples enew.' He then adds that ' Piers Ploubman is the only writer I have observed who applies this word to quantity, as " Alle the people had pardon ynow." ' Out of countless instances to the contrary I give two from one book only ; ' Then notes noble in-no^e Are herde in wod so wlonk.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 514. ' Wyth dayntes nwe in-nowe.' Ib. 1. 1401. In fact there is no definite rule which, in old writers, marks off enew from enough, and in Clevel. ' there 's eneugh,' or ' there 's mair an eneugh' is said alike of cake and of apples. Marsh, Lectures, i Ser. p. 492, quotes Gil (who published in 1619), as remarking that, ' in the common dialect, enough was often pronounced enuff, instead of with the guttural ;' so that really enew, or rather our Eneugh, is the true representative of the one original sound of the word. Cf. the forms anog, ynog, ynug, as well as ' grene oliues bog,' wift-drog, the last rhyming with ynog, from Gen. and Ex.; and inouh, inouz, from P. Plougbm. (E.E.T.S.)p.8i. Enow, adv. For the present, presently, by and by. See Inoo. 4 This seems to be a contraction of even or e'en now.' Cr. Gl. That is possible ; as also that it is the Clevel. equivalent or analogue of Dan. i-el-nu, directly, presently. ' " Do you want anything else, Henry ?" " Neea : that 's all enow." ' ' Gan thee, honey, an' tell 'im Ah '11 be on inoo ;' I '11 be with him presently. Entertain, v. a. To occupy the attention of an auditory, by preach- ing or serious speaking, quite as much as in any other way. 4 Ah wur at D church last een an* Ah 's seear Ah wur weel entertained.' Y 2 164 GLOSSARY OF THE Entry, sb. The space just within the principal entrance to a house, of whatever dimensions. Ept, eptish, adj. i. Ready, handy; both in an active sense. 2. Neat in execution, as a skilful workman is ; nice, accurate. Simply another form of E. apt. 4 He 's eptisb at his book-lear.' Wb. Gl. Esh, sb. The ash (Fraxinus excelsior). O. N. eski, ask, &c. Esk, ex. Forms of the vb. Ask or Ax. Estringlayer, sb. A manufacturer of string, ropes, &c. ' A term which occurs in a local document of the fifteenth century.' Wh. Gl. Ettle, v. a. (sometimes pr. airtle). To aim at, intend, attempt. O. N., O. Sw. aetla, to think, to propose or purpose. ' " What are they all airtling at?" what is their aim or purpose?' Wb. Gl. 4 Now if a kyng of a riche kyngryke pat had a doghter . . . pe whilk he luved specially And egbtild to mak hir qwene of worshipe.' Pr. ofConsc. 5780. ' The whilk he egbteld to coroun qwene.' 76. 5800. ' This word is sometimes written allied, eyleld, aghleld.' Ib. Gloss. The Scand. use is precisely analogous. Even, v. a. To compare, to liken. ' What schulde J>e mone J>er compas clym, & to even wyth )>at worf>ly lyjt pat schynej vpon J>e broke} brym?' E. Eng. Allil. Poems, A. 1071. Even-down, adj. Down-right, direct, perpendicular. In the description given in Sir Gaw. and the Gr Knight of breaking a deer, the author says, ' So ryde )>ay of by resoun bi }>e rygge bonej, Euenden to Jje haunche, J>at henged alle samen, & heuen hit vp al hole, and hwen hit of J>ere.' The editor's questioning note on euenden is ' evenly (?), perpendicularly (?).' It is pro- bably only our present word as anciently sounded. Even-endways, adv. Uninterruptedly, straight on from end to end. See Endways. Every-like, adv. From time to time, now and then. Hall, gives this word, and I find it in Wb. Gl. Hampole also uses it : ' A dameselle wyse and wele taghte )>at mene calles Gelosye, J>at es ay wakyre and bcsy euerylyke wele for CLEVELAND DIALECT. 165 to do, sail kepe J>e orloge.' Comp. ' They kept playing the music every-like.' Wb. Gl. Cf. ' Me sei~5 upon ancren, bet euericb mest haueus ich pleide, ofter spec ine chirche : code o'Se pleouwe ine churcheie :' sir, I played or spoke thus in the church ; went to the play in the cburcb-eye ; i. e. church- yard ; (?) the open space in which the church stands. Ancr. Riwle, p. 318. Padge, sb. i. A bundle, a burden in which thickness predominates over length, 2. One that is short and thick in person, Wedgw. connects 'fadgy, corpulent, unwieldy, and Sc. fodgel, plump, fleshy,' with 'fag, to flag or become flaccid.' Jam. refers fodgel (without apparent ground) to Teut. voedsel, food, and also gives fadge, I. a bundle of sticks; 2. a lusty and clumsy woman, referring the former to Sw. fagga, onerare. I would rather refer sb. Fadge to W. ffagod (Garnett refers it to Welsh ffasg, a bundle) ; and vb. fadge to the same source zsjidge, fidget. Hall, gives fig, which is probably the more ancient form of fidge, and Wedgw. quotes Swiss fiSS en i to rub, shove, or move to and fro, to fidget, connecting it with Sc.fike, and there- fore with our flck and Cumb. feek. Still there may be a connection with the Old D. and Dan. D. fage, quoted by both Molb. and Kok, which implies the ideas of haste and rest- lessness both, as in the instance, de ere fage til at bevise ondt, which might be construed ' they are fidgetty, or they fadge, to devise mischief.' Again, in detfager ei, there's no hurry about it, there is a very near approach to the second meaning of our verb. As to sb. Fadge, the idea of a short, thick bundle or fagot easily passes on to that of a short, squat person ; as, indeed, is the case with the word bundle itself in the West-Midland district. 1.66 GLOSS A RF OF THE Padge, v. n. i . To move along or about with short, irregular steps, as a corpulent person does. 2. To move about irregularly, as a fussy person does. See sb. Fadge. Fadgy, adj. Corpulent, unwieldy, stumpy in person. Faff, fuff, v. a. and n. To blow in puffs, as when a person blows chaff away from corn held in his hands, or the wind when it causes brief puffs of smoke to return down the chimney. Apparently only another form of puff 1 . Jam. quotes Germ, pfvffen (not in Hilp.) in the same sense ; and certainly, in this district, Wedgwood's remark that ' the sound of blowing is very generally represented by the syllable pu, usually with a terminal consonant,' might be very well applied with the substitution of the initial sound of / or pf for that of p. Faffle, v. n. To play or flap idly or gently, as a sail when there is not wind enough to fill it, or a loose garment, &c., just stirred by a momentary breath of air. See Faff. Faffle, sb. A wavering or intermittent blowing of a light wind. ' The boat will not sail without a regular breeze ; there is only a puff and a faffle.' Wb.GL Fail, v. n. To grow weaker and fall off in general health and ap- pearance ; to shew evident signs of bodily decay. ' T' au'd man 's not lang for this world : he 's sair failed of late.' ' He 's a failing man, and has been for lang.' Fail off, v. n. To shew signs of approaching dissolution ; e. g. in- creasing debility, loss of flesh, diminished energies, &c. ' He 's failed off desper't sharp sen last back-end.' Fain, adj. i. Very willing, ready, fully disposed. 2. Glad, rejoiced. A. S.f\ felawschupe,' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. S.) p. 34. CLEVELAND DIALECT. l6j Pair, adv. (used intensitively). Altogether, utterly, entirely. ' Ah nivver seed sikan a lahtle cat for laking : its fair wild.' There is a remarkable coincidence of sense and application between this word and the Dan. D. adj. and adv. far, fare, quoted by Molb. and explained as meaning ' greatly, in a high degree, remarkably ;' e. g. bun var fare smykket : she was extremely pretty. The same word is used in Jutland to intensify a negation, ikke far signifying ' not at all,' ' never a bit.' Fair, fair-up, v. n. To become fair weather again ; to leave off rain- ing, and grow clear or bright. ' ' Weel, it 's been a sharpish downfall while it lasted ; but Ah thinks its boun t'fair now." " Ay, its like fairing oop." ' Fairish, adj. Passable, pretty good; often used intensitively, or with a species of irony. ' Fairish off for brass ;' tolerably well-to-do. ' Thee'd hev A fairish crop, bairn, gin t' swedes wur as rank as t' fooal-foot.' ' He's fairish on for bairns: he 's getten three mair wiv his new wife.' Fairlings, adv. Fairly. Comp. Mostlings, Hardlings, Nearlings, &c. ' Ah 'sfairlings bet wiv it.' Fair to see. Easy to be seen or perceived. ' T' rooad 's fair to see.' Cf. ' a faire path ;' a wellfaire path.' Percy's Folio MS. i. 488. ' Its varry fair to see whilk on 'em is biggest favourite.' Fairy-butter, sb. A species of fungus (Tremella arbor ea and albida) found growing on dead wood, and even yet believed by many to be the produce of the fairies' dairy. A well or spring in Baysdale is mentioned as the site of butter-washing by the fairies, and Egton Grange has (as alleged) been famous within the memory of living persons for the nocturnal proceedings of the said elves ; one of their pranks being to fling their butter so as to make it adhere to the gates and doors of the premises. Fall, v. n. i. To happen, to betide. 2. Of lime; to become fine and powdery, in consequence of having been slaked. Fall away, v. n. To waste in corporal substance ; to grow thin, or become attenuated. Comp. Sw. D.falla dv,falla samman, to become lean or thin. ' Ah thinks Ah nivver seen a man sae failed afore; he'sfa'n awa' to nowght.' Fall in, v. n. To meet with, light upon, prove successful in a quest. ' " I hear your brother's fa'n in weel." " Ay, he 's getten all he wanted, an' mair." ' ' He '11 be yamm by neeght, if in case he fa's weel in at Stowsley.' l68 GLOSS A RY OF THE Fand, fund, pret. of Find. Comp. O. ti.finna, imp.fann ; O. Sw. finna, fan ; Sw. D. finna, fann ; jinn, fan, &c. ; D*n..finde,fandt, &c. Pantickles, farentickles, farnticles, sb. Freckles on the skin. The first of these forms is simply the shorter or clipped Pr. of the second and third, and these are closely connected (the r being transposed) with O. N.frekna, S. G.frekna,fran |>u markedest.' S. Marb. p. IO. Note also that O. Sw.fjarmer,fjarmesl; O. N.firri,firstr, are adj. although the positive in either case is an adv. Parantly, adj. i. Decent, well-behaved, respectable. 2. Neat, orderly, with regularity. This word occurs as an adv. in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 435 : ' Farandely on a felde he (Jonas) fettelej hym to bide, For to wayte on J>at won what schulde worj>e after.' The more usual form of the adj. is farrand, farand, or farrant. Both Leeds and Wb. Gl., however, give the word as above, ' a farrantly body,' ' farrantly folks.' The nd].farande is met with several times, in much the same senses as belong to our word, in E. Eng. Allit. Poems : ' Lest les thou leve my talefarande :' (A. 1. 864) ; ' If J>ay vferfarande and fre and fayre to behold :* (B. 607) ; ' pe solace of \>e solempnete in bat sale dured Of \>ztfarande fest, tyl fayled the sun :' (Ib. 1757) ; and the same expression, farande fest, is found again in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. In refe- rence to the origin of this word, Jam. says, ' I have sometimes thought that we might trace this term to S. G. and Isl.fara, experiri ; as Isl. wel orlbvn farin signifies experienced in speaking ; lag-faren, skilled in law.' Ferg., however, is rather inclined to refer it simply to O. N. farandi, a traveller ; one who has seen the world, and, therefore, presumably, knows how to behave ; has learnt to be polite, well-conducted, decent-mannered, and so forth. Morris, Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems, simply quotes Gael, farranta, stout, brave, which is the more worthy of notice, inasmuch as neither of the Scand. tongues or dialects seem to assume any sense forfara, or any derivative from that word, very nearly approach- ing, or even suggesting that of our farantly or Jamieson's farrand. As for the word farand or farrand, as occurring in our au'd-farrand and Sc. fair-far and, foul-farr en, euil-farand, &c., I cannot but look upon it as distinct from farrantly or farrant, in the sense decent, orderly, well-behaved. I take it simply to be the obsolete form of the pcpl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 169 of to fare, to behave or conduct oneself, to seem or appear. See Fare. It may be ob- served that Jamieson's explanation of the maist semely farrand personage," Doug. Virgil., as ' one appearing as the most seemly personage,' is more than open to question ; as will be seen by a reference to the passages quoted above. And the same remark applies with more than equal force to his interpretation offarand, in the passage quoted from Barbour : ' Tharfor thai went till Abyrdeyne, Quhar Nele the Bruyss come, and the Queyn, And other ladyis fayr And farand, Ilkane for luff off thair husband ;' the interpretation in question being ' they fared from home ' travelled forth ' animated by love to their husbands.' ' Fayr and farand,' 'farande and fayre to behold,' seems simply to have been a sort of ' household word ' to express fair seemliness of person and array. Far away, adv. In a great degree, beyond comparison. ' Far away the best.' Fare, v. n. i. To go, to proceed. 2. To approach, draw on, or near. 3. To get on, or succeed. 4. To behave or conduct oneself. 5. To seem or appear. 0. N. and S. G.fara, Sw.fara, Dan. fare, A. S.faran, to go, proceed, make a journey. Dire further gives, ' agere, agendi modum sequi,' as a secondary sense of the O. Sw. fara, and quotes a vb. fara (with its cognates, Al.faren, IsL/ora), 'to acquire, experience; whence, erfara, forfara, &c. Comp. Dan. erfaren, possessing experience. Rietz charac- terises Sw. D.fara, as possessing many of the qualities of an auxiliary vb., and some of the instances adduced by him are such as to present a strong analogy to the applications of our own vb. : e. g. fara fdles, to begin to proceed, literally ; with which comp. our ' he/ares te gan slowly.' Indeed this very idiom also occurs : as fara ga ; also fara laup, to fare to run, &c. In Finland, he adds,/ara is used somewhat in the way of an expletive (titan syn- nerligt btmarkelse), but certainly so as to present a significant likeness to our own usage, especially in that sense which led Jam. to explain the word as meaning ' to seem,' and farand as ' seeming, having the appearance :' thus ban far a dejer : he fares to be dying ; be far a val ilakt : that fares to be all wrong. Further, the word, with a particle joined, seems to take the sense of to proceed to (an action or endeavour, namely), besides other various (sdr skilta) usages not easily classified. 1. ' An' seea he fared away.' ' J>enne/ore forth.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 929. 2. ' T* coo fares a cawvin.' 3. ' He fares nobbut ill, atwixt his wife an' 's ma aster.' Comp. pe rauen raykej hym forth J>at reckes ful lyttel How alle fade; fare, ellej he fynde mete." E. Eng. Attit. Poems, B. 464.- 4. ' He fares like a feeal ; an' a feeal he be.' Comp. ' My frendej, your /ore is to strange.' Ib. 86 1. 5. ' Yon chap/ores fond, Ah think.' Fare, sb. That which happens or proceeds ; chance, or lot. Weel, Ah mun tak' my fare' ffeele folke ware thi frendes J>are J>ou ferde froo, And for to frayste of thi /or* )>e toj>er ware fajne.' Rel. Pieces, p. 91. Z I 70 GLOSS A RY OF THE Par-end. A point near the close of a matter or action. Of per- petual occurrence in the form at the far end, and as varied in applica- tion as frequent. ' Ay, he 's desper't ill : he '11 be aboot t'far tend, Ah lay ;' at the end of his life ; likely to die. " Almost done your task, Willy ? " " Aye, Ah 's aboot t'far tend o* *t." ' '"They say he's got thruff all his money?" " Whyah, Ah's doubtful he's nighhand / 'far tend o' *t." ' Parlies, sb. i. Something strange, unusual, or wonderful. 2. Pecu- liarities of conduct or character ; thence, failings, foibles, weaknesses, or faults. A. S. faerlice, ferlic, sudden, unforeseen, startling, frightful ; S. G. farlig, periculosus ; O. ti.fdrlegr, id. ; ferlegr, monstrous, horrible. Sw D.farlega and Dan. D. (Jutl.) farleg are used principally as augmentatives, exactly in the same senses and applications as our parlous. Old Dan./or/s comes nearer to our present word, signifying sudden, unfore- seen. Parlies more seldom occurs with us in the first sense, in which there is a marked deviation from archaic usage. 4 If he >an haf drede, it es n&ferly.' Pr. ofConsc. 2955. For |>er zferly bifel J>at fele folk sejen.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1529. ' Moferiyes on Jns folde ban fallen here oft fen in any o)>er J>at I wot.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 23. Besides instances of this kind, which are innumerable, ferly sometimes seems to stand in active sense, as in the following passage from E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1084 : ' I stod as stylle as dased quayle for ferly of J>at french (?fresch) figure.' Our present usage is seen in the example from Wb. Gl.: ' " A spyer out of other folks farlies ;" a censorious person.' Parnticled, adj. Freckled. Farrish-on, adj. Pretty well advanced; of people in years, or at their cups, &c. Far-side. The off or right-hand side in riding or driving ; the other being the Nar-side. Comp. Sw. D.fjarmer ocb ndmmer; boger ocb vensier, omforspdnda dragare; right and left, of draught-animals when yoked ; Dan. 'D.fiermant ; farmer in Szlland. In the Dan. provinces n&rmant answers tofarmant, as naermer to Jiermer. See Rietz, and Molb. Dansk Dial. Lex. Fash, v. a. and n. i. To occasion trouble or inconvenience, to worry or annoy. 2. To take trouble, or put oneself to inconvenience. Jam. concludes that ' we have borrowed this word immediately from the Fr. ; and there is no evidence, as far as he has observed, that it is more ancient than the reign of Mary." Still, there is ' reason to believe that it is originally Gothic ; S. G. faa being sometimes used with the passive termination, as ban ei or god at faas vid; of a passionate man whom it is CLEVELAND DIALECT. 17 1 not prudent to meddle (or fash) with.' The ' borrowing from the Fr.' may perhaps seem questionable to any one who considers the currency of the word over all N. England, though the derivation from a Gothic source will not. Carr quotes an expression from Archbp. Spottiswoode, ' to put one in great fasberee.' Comp. with this Dan. D.JicKsere, bothering over small matters, a word which Molb. looks upon as allied with Sw.fcesk, Jiaesa, to give oneself unprofitable or useless trouble ; fiaska, tarde circumcursare et parum proficere ; alleging also E. fuss. The Sw. D. has both fjas and fjas, as well as the vb. fjask, the adj. fjaskug,fjosku, &c., all bearing in their significance more or less likeness to fash.. It may be observed that Wedgw. quotes Jiasseri, fids, Jiiiska, &c. in connection with fuss, while Rietz, with some hesitation, collates them with the Sw. adj. /MS, hasty, pre- cipitate. To me, however, Dan. D. fosse, to seek with trouble, to toil and trouble oneself after a thing, presents a still closer analogy. 4 Niwer heed, lad ! Deean't thee/osi theeseT about it.' Fash, sb. Trouble, bother, inconvenience, annoyance. Fashous, adj. Troublesome, annoying, vexatious. Comp. Fr. facheux. ' Afasbous sort of body ;' ' ifasbous job.' Wb. Gl. Fast, adj. At a standstill, unable to proceed. ' " Why, you don't get on with that job, Henry." " Neea ; Ah 's about fast wi '*_" ' ' Fast for want of materials ;' the miller, fast for lack of water ; the sower, for want of seed ; the workman, with bad or unmanageable material ; and so on. Fasten out, v. a. To turn the Moor-sheep to the moor for the season, excluding them for good from the enclosed land. The phrase is often used figuratively ; e. g. of a person whose opportunities for further action in any special direction are summarily cut off, or who has been desired to abstain from further visits to any given house : thus, ' So-and-So 's getten hissel' fassned oot, noo, hooiwer.' Father, v. a. i. To impute, to ascribe to or charge with, 2. Of a child, and hi a reflective sense ; to suggest its own origin by a strong personal resemblance to its father. Comp. O. N.fedra, patrem indicare, pronuntiare. 1. ' Ay, 't wur a mean act: but he fathered it mainly on 's wahfe;' his wife insti- gated it. 4 Has'n't 'ee beared at Mally Fawcett lays her bairn on Tommy Stone'us?' imputes it to him. ' Ay, an* she'll get it fathered on him at Gisbur'h, Ah lay ;' affiliated to him. 2. ' Weel, t' lahtle 'n faatbers hisself anyways. There's nae need t' ex wheeas bairn he be.' Fat-rascal, sb. A kind of rich tea-cake compounded with butter or cream (or both), and with currants intermingled besides. Faugh, v. a. (pr. fawf). To fallow. Faugh, faughing, sb. Fallow land; the portion of a farm which lies uncropped although duly tilled. E.fallou 1 , with the same sense as our Faugh, is ordinarily referred to A. S.fealo,f taint, Z 2 172 GLOSSARY OF THE pale reddish or yellowish, dun, fallow ; from the ordinary colour of the soil in land turned over by the plough, and suffered to dry and become paler in colour by exposure to the sun and air. Whether such reference is well-grounded may be open to question. If it be, the Dan. D. -word falle, falle, feelde, or feelge, must have been borrowed by the ancestors of the present Jutlanders, as was certainly the case with other words of decided A. S. derivation as opposed to Scand. But many distinguished writers (see Kok, pp. 7, 8, and note, p. 22) would oppose this view with great energy, and not without reason ; and it is certainly more than possible that prov. Dan. falle, falle, and E. fallow are either coordinate, or the latter derived from the former. But further, Molb. contends that the true form of the word is feelge, and notfcelde (whence falle), adducing the A. S. woidfealga, a harrow, and N. Sax. falgen, a field once ploughed and left to mellow, as corroborative of his view ; and if so, in the g of the word in question we probably have the origin of the gb in our word -falgb, fa'gb ; the I being dropped as in Cau'f, our pronunciation of calf. I should therefore look upon Faugh (Sc. faucb) as radically the same word as E. fallow. Cf. Pr. Pm. Falwe ; and O. E. sorwe with Dan. sorge. Faltering-iron, sb. (pr. faughtering-iron). The instrument used for separating the awns from the grains of barley; in form a square iron frame with cross-bars set lattice-wise, and a long vertical shaft or handle. ' To Falter ; to thrash barley, in the chaff, in order to break off the awns.' Marshall's Rur. Econ. p. 318. See Hall. also. Probably an arbitrary application of the standard word, connected with the interrupted or up-and-down motion of the instrument when in use. See Falter in Wedgw. ; Faltryn, cespito, Pr. Pm. Fault, v. a. To blame, or lay the blame on ; to charge with an offence or fault. Feared, To be, vb. To be afraid, in dread or apprehension. ' I am fu\leferd that we get blame.' Townel. Myst. p. I.I. ' We are/at///y in face fettled all eres.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 585. ' Fetly hym kissed.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1758. From O. Fr. faict, Fr. fait, a deed, a feat.' Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems The prov. Dan. frit, neat, pretty, handsome, may be put side by side with S. G. fatt, ready, handy, of which Ihre says he cannot affirm that it is not borrowed from Fr. fait. Comp. also Sw. D. fatter (same sense), which takes the form fatt in the neut. and fern. (Rietz). Feck, sb. i. Activity, ability, might. 2. Number, quantity, mass. Jam. regards this word as ' of very uncertain origin.' As implying quantity or space, ' it corresponds to A. S. faec, space, interval, distance ; Germ, facben, to divide into equal spaces ; facb, one of these spaces.' As meaning ' the greatest part,' ' it seems to have more analogy to A. S. feob, Teut. veegb, opes.' As implying ' of value,' or ' deserving consi- deration,' ' it probably claims a different origin, and is nearly allied to Fr. bomme de pen d 'effect, a weak and witless fellow.' I would rather regard it as formed upon the model of E. sb. might and its analogues in the Northern tongues ; O. N. md, makt; Sw. md, magt ; Dan. maa, magt ; Germ, mag (mogen) macbt; A. S. nueg, mibt; the imperf. of the vb. being, in every case, the intermediate step. So O. N./d (imp. feck) ; S. G.fd,J3i,feck,ftsk ; Da.n.faae,Jik; Sw. D.fa,jikk, &c., fully supply both the form and the sense of our Feck. As to the latter point, Molbech's remark on Dan. faae a remark more or less applicable also in the case of the other Scand. tongues and dialects is that it generally assumes the meanings ' to own,' ' possess,' ' enjoy,' ' feel and suffer," besides several others more or less corresponding with ' to suit (be suitable to),' to retain,' ' to receive,' ' to acquire,' ' to earn or become entitled to ;' and in the various instances of usage we meet perpetually with cases in which ability, power to make, to obtain, to keep, is the prominent idea. Like cases of the formation of a sb. from the imp, of the vb., and with perfectly analogous transitions of sense, are by no means rare. It is at least open to surmise, that the Jutl. word Jikke, a purse, a pouch, may be of similar origin. Feckless, adj. Feeble, weak, incapable of helping oneself or others. Feed, v. a. and n. i. To fatten; as a beast or pig. 2. To become fat ; of an animal or a person. Comp. Dan. fede, to fatten, make fat, the vb. fade signifying ' to give food to, or feed ;' as also do O. N. fceda, S. G. foda, &c. The Dan. idiom at fede kreature, sviin, gees, &c., corresponds precisely with our own, and the passive form yields our second signification : Enbver, som vil selv fedes af den flok, ban bttrde fade og vogte : every one who desires to become fat through the flock, must needs feed and tend it. See also Sw. D. fejta, to become fat; O. N./w'/a, to make fat. Feft, v. a. To secure to any one in a formal or legal manner. O. N. fe, A. S. feob, &c., cattle, riches, money, adopted into the Romance tongues, became piov.feu,Jieu, "fr.Jief. Latinized, it became feudum, signifying the property in land distributed by the Conqueror to his companions in arms, as a reward for their past services and a pledge for their rendering the like in future. Hence the term fee, in English law, for 174 GLOSS ARY OF THE the entire estate in land ; feoffment, from the Fr. fiejfer, to convey the fief, or fee, to a new owner.' Wedgw. The existence of our word is a curious instance of the origination of a new term by a slight corruption. ' Hefefted his wife on so much a year.' Wb. Gl. Alle HS Riche Retenaunce' bat Regneden with Fals Weoren bede to J>e Bruyt-ale' on Bo two |>e sydes. Sir Simonye is of-sent' to asseale }>e Chartres, pat Fals o|>ur Fauuel' by eny fyn heolden, And Feffe Meede )>er-with' In Mariage for euere.' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 19. Peftment, sb. Property legally secured; an endowment, or enfeofment. Pr. POT. ' Fefement. Feofamentum.' ' Now Simonye and Siuyle* stonde}> forj> bo}>e, Vn-foldyng )>e Feffemenf bat Falsnes made.' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 20. Feg, sb. i. A dead grass-stem. 2. Anything without worth or value. Wedgw. connects feg with fog, defining it as ' grass not eaten down in the summer, that grows in tufts over the winter." With us the two words are, in usage, very distinct : Fog denoting the fresh, bright green growth of grass (not possessing, however, any correspond- ing amount of nutriment) which springs in the meadows after the severance of the hay- crop. Feg, on the other hand, is in Westmoreland rough dead grass, and here, as used with the indef. article, a single dead grass-stem. Wedgw. collates fogagium, winter pasture In the forests, and adds, ' perhaps from fag, to flag or wither.' In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1683, it is said of Nebuchadnezzar, that ' He fares forth on alle faure, fogge watj his mete ;' but, as the next line runs, ' & ete ay (hay) as a horce when erbes were fallen,' probably fogge does not mean dry natural herbage. The GL, however, gives ' fogge, dry grass. W. fwg;' and it may be observed that Garnett, Essays, 165, quotes W. fwg as the more than probable ' Celtic origin ' of fog (which he makes equivalent to ' Yorkshire eddish, sc. moss'). In this case, the assignment of one distinct sense to fog, and another to feg, must be looked on as arbitrary : at the same time, it is far from unparalleled, or even unusua ; similar cases being of frequent occurrence in our own dialect. Pele, v. a. (pr. feeal). To hide or conceal. O. N. fela, to hide, cover, conceal ; Sw. fela; N., Dan., O. D., and D. T>.,fie pat watj furred ful fyne with ///?.' (1736.) And ' a mantyle fayre furred wyth-inne with felle} of the best.' 76. (880.) In other cases it is applied to the human skin, as in Hampole, Townel Myst,, &c., as ' He shalle be fon in Galale In fleshe a.nd felle.' Pell, sb. A hill, bleak, barren, and lengthened in outline; a long moorland summit. O. N. fall ; S. G. fjall (dicitur proprie de jugo montium, atque in specie illorum, qui hodie Norwegiam a Suecia disterminant. Ihre) ; Dan.fjeld, &c. Pell, adj. i. Eager, keen, energetic, striving, vehement in exertion. 2. Of the ploughshare and coulter, when the former is set so as to enter the earth too deeply, the latter so as to ' take too much land.' Wedgw. quotes Ital. fello ; Fr. felle, cruel, fierce ; felon, cruel, rough, un tractable : and the editor of Pr. of Come, also adduces the latter two words. In the Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems, however, he quotes A. S. fell, cruel, severe ; while Bosw. collates Fris. fel. Wedgw. thinks ' the true origin is probably to be found in the Celtic branch : Welsh gwall, defect ; Bret, gwall, bad, wicked ; fall, id.' Perhaps the connection is rather a case of affinity than of extraction. It is possible that fell may be connected with O. N. fcela, to terrify, to shock. Comp. Dan. feel, which, says Molb., expresses that degree and kind of hideousness which inspires dread or repulsion. Comp. also Sw. D. fel, fal, terrific, frightful, which Rietz sets side by side with Dan. fad (taking a like sense), with A. S. far, and with Dut. fel, grim, fierce, frightful. But, whether of Teut. or Celtic origin, the word is of very frequent use in E. Eng. writers in the forms fel, felle, fell, and meaning ' fierce, bold, furious ;' and also in the adv. forms felly, fellely, fiercely, boldly, cruelly. See Pr. Pm. ' Felle. Severus, ferus, atrox.' ' T' au'd horse trails mair an hau'f t' draught. He 's over fell by owght.' 1 T' young un 's keen ; but t' au'd chap he be fell. He weean't be bet wiv a labile ;' of a young man striving to outwork an old one. Pellon, sb. i. A painful disorder of rheumatic nature to which cows (chiefly) are subject. 2. A painful disorder of the hands or other 176 GLOSS 'A RY OF THE members of the human body, of the nature of an abscess. See Bone- feUon, Fell. Pr. Pm. ' Felone, soore. Antrax, carbunculus.' ' Som, for envy, sal haf in J>air lyms Als kylles zndfelowis and apostyms.' Pr. of Consc. 2994. Pellon, Bone-, sb. A painful swelling, frequently in a finger, or other part of the hand, arising from an abscess, which suppurates and breaks after a time, and very frequently, then, is accompanied by the passage of particles of the bone. This, the bone, is consequently assumed to be the seat of the disorder, which is usually intensely painful. There can be scarcely any doubt that, in at least the vast majority of cases, the bone becomes diseased from the action of the confined matter. There is usually an almost insuperable reluctance among the people to call in the aid of the surgeon. Consequently, for days after the abscess requires opening the matter remains pent up ; and, too often, if the medical man be eventually called in, the mischief is already done, and the unfortunate practitioner gets the credit of having inflicted it. In its first stages, that, which in the end becomes Bone-fellon, is a very manageable disorder. Pellon, Joint-, Skin-. ' The animal shows some stiffness in moving, and if the hand is pressed on any part of the back, the beast will shrink as if from pain. This is called Cbine-fellon in many parts of the country :' in Clevel. Skin-fellon. ' Generally, in two or three days, the animal appears stiff in the joints: these afterwards begin to swell, and are evidently painful, particularly when he attempts to move. Sometimes the stiffness extends all over the body, and the beast is unable to rise without assistance. This is termed Joint-fellon.' Clater's Cattle Doctor, p. 59. Pellon of the Udder (pr. yuer). The udders of cows are frequently thickened and enlarged in the progress of the disorder, in which case the term Yuer-fellon is employed. Fellow-fond, adj. Enamoured, in love ; said of a female. Felly, felve, sb. The felloe of a wheel ; one of the curved pieces, several of which go to make up the rim. A.S.fe Er J?at styngande storme stynt ne myjt.' ' Feltered locks ;' quoted from Fairfax's Tasso by Brockett, Carr, Morris. ' As shaggy and rough as a filtered foal.' Peltries, sb. A disorder to which horses are liable, in which great thickening and hardness of the skin and the integuments beneath take place, and the hair becomes matted and staring. See Felter, to entangle, clot, as hair or wool does. Felve, sb. See FeUy. Femmer, adj. Slender, slightly made, weak. Another instance of a word preserved accurately as to form, while its sense is simply transitionary or derived from its original sense. Comp. Sw. D.femmer, D. D.Jimmer,Jim, quick in one's movements, active, dexterous or handy, light. The next sense would natu- rally be what is given above as the meaning of Clevel. femmer. Fend, v. n. To be careful and industrious ; to strive or labour, or employ oneself; to manage or make shift. Dan. D.fessa skikkiu kaupir Haukr ok reidir \>a ftrir festarpenning ok gengr i brott ok efter fenu :' this habit cheaps Haukr and deposits the festing-penny, and gans forth and after the money. Flat. i. 577. Fetch, v. a. i . To carry anything with one, when one goes to a place or person. 2. To draw the breath painfully. Wants a speead, diz he ? Tell 'im, Ah '11 be on inoo, an' Ah '11 fetch yan wi' me.' Cf. ' And se tfe ys uppan bys buse, ne gd be nyfter %ing on bis buse fecce.' A.S. Gospels, Matt. xxiv. 17. Fetch, sb. A catch, possibly a painful one, in drawing the breath. ' " I have a fetch and a catch ;" a pain or stitch in breathing.' Wb. Gl. A a 2 180 GLOSSARF OF THE Fettle, v. a. i. To adapt, arrange, fit up. 2. To prepare, equip, get ready, supply. 3. To contrive, accomplish or manage a thing. 4. To put into a state of repair. 5. To beat, thrash, overcome or conquer. In his notice of the Sw. D. woTdfiissa,Jissa, to scour, to furbish up, Rietz collates not only N. S.Jittjen, Germ. Dial.Jisseln, to rub, polish, dress or trim up assiduously ; M. Germ. feiten, to make neat or pretty; M. G.feitian, id., but also our own fettle. Morris, Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems, also gives PI. D.jfisseln, with the sense ' to bustle about,' and Goth. feitian; but quotes besides O. Yns.fitla, to adorn, and ti.fitla, to labour at a thing to get it right. Wedgw. also gives most of these words, adding ' PI. ~D.fissel-ma.lien (fettle-maid), an under housemaid.' But he seems to halt between this derivation founded on ' the light work required to finish the preparation of a thing,' and that which assumes as ' the funda- mental idea, that of binding up, binding together, from A. S. fetel, a girdle, Svr.faetill, a girdle, band, handle of a sword, the equivalent of Germ, fessel, a thong, from fassen, to hold.' I give the following from Landnamabok, p. 409, explanatory notes on one of the ' songs ' in the text, ' Fetill, ligamen, mitella, et in specie, taenia qua clypei suspenduntur. Hinc et fetill metonymice pro clypeo vel armis, adhibetur.' If for arms generally, why not for entire equipment ? Valeat quantum. Certainly the transition of meaning from that of ' buckling to,' accingendi se ad aliquid, applying oneself to a matter to arranging or completing the matter itself, is rather less natural than the converse : from busy and effectual activity, that is, to resolute effort and application. I should, therefore, be inclined to adopt Rietz's view. The word is of continual occurrence in our older North Eng. writers : e. g. ' yllefetyld,' in Townel. Myst. p. 309. Again ; ' Now alle J>ese fyue syj>ej, forso)>e, were felled on }>is kny3t, & vchone halched in oper, }>at non ende hade, & fyched vpon fyue poyntej, bat fayld neuer,' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 656 ; in which passage the sense seems rather to approach to that of S. G.fittja, colligare, with which fe fulle grayj>ed,' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 343 ; ' And he bat fetly in face fettled alle eres,' Ib. 585 ; ' Fettled in on (one) form,' spoken of Patience and Poverty (C. 38) ; and ' farandely on a felde hefettele^ hym to bide,' Ib. 435 ; there can be no mistake either as to sense or the general turn and run of the idea. Comp. the following examples : 1. ' " A bravely fettled house;" well furnished.' Wb. Gl. ' Ah fettled t' lahtle chap a spot i' t' au'd cau'f-pen fur 's rabbits.' 2. ' " We are just fettling for off;" getting ready to start on a journey or expedi- tion.' Wb. Gl. ' " Fettle me that, an ye please ;" to a shop-keeper, the speaker presenting at the same time an order for goods." Ib. ' We '11 be leading to moorn's moorn. Gan an' get pike-bottom fettled.' 3. ' Ay, Ah aims we '\\fettle it for him ;' get something managed or arranged e. g. get- ting a boy into a situation, or out of a scrape, and the like. 4. ' I wish you could fettle me my coat a bit.' Wb. Gl. ' Ah fun' him fettling 's au'd sled.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. l8l 5. ' Ah '\\fettle 'm an* Ah get grip ov 'im.' ' Noo, young un : thou '11 fettle t' au'd cock, yit ;' of two cocks fighting. Fettle, sb. i. State, condition: the precise sense qualified by an adjective, or by the application or connection of the word. ' Nobbut in bad fettle for work ;' of animal or man, when out of condition, or poorly. ' Ah 's feared he 's in bad fettle, poor chap ;' of a man whose circumstances are supposed to be but poor or bad. ' In prime fettle ;' ' out of fettle;' of man, animal, machinery, tool, instrument, &c. Few, adj., but used substantively. A quantity or number : if un- qualified by an adj., a small quantity or number. Comp. the use of Vast. A.S.feawa; O.N.far; S.G.fd; Dan./ca, &c. Some unnecessary ingenuity has been applied to explain the idiom ' a few broth.' A specimen may be found in Leeds Gl., where the explanation is made to depend upon the pieces of meat boiled in making the broth, or upon the pieces of bread broken into it preparatory to ' serving it out.' The Cr. GL, how- ever, seems to be much nearer the mark, by suggesting that the word broth is ' generally used as a noun of number ;' and Rich, gives a quotation in which it is actually used in the pi. : ' When they exceede, and haue varietie of dishes, the first are their baked meates, and then their brothes or pottage. Hackluyt, Voyages, vol. i. p. 496.' Cf. ' Brewes is derived from the plural of A. S. briw, jusculum.' Pr. Pm. note to Browesse, browes. The further explanation depends upon the substantival use of the word few, analogous to that of little in the phrases, ' a little water,' ' a little bread,' &c. Comp. the usage of pendulum in Latin, un peu in French, &c. It is worthy of remark that O. N. far is used in almost exactly the same manner : thus, far jotunn, a few giants ; fdss er froftum vant, of but a few (= little) is there want to the wise. The neuter, fdtt, also is used absolutely, exactly as our few is ; e.g. fdtt er til, nema . ., equivalent to our there's nobbut . . to do this or the other. ' There was a good few at church this morning.' Wb. Gl. ' There was nobbut a poorish few.' Ib. ' There 's a gay few side-aways amang thae wheats.' ' Not a good crop of apples, but a canny scattering few amang t' trees.' ' Nobbut a lahtle few.' Fey, v. a. To cleanse, or remove impurities. At first I added to the above definition this more, ' hence to winnow, the ordinary wind being the agency employed ;' but I am inclined to think it would be an error to confound fey, to winnow by aid of the natural wind, with the present word, which originates in O.N.fcegja, to cleanse, to scour. Comp. Germ.fegen, to cleanse, &c. ; M. Germ, vegen; N. fegja ; Dan. feje, to sweep, clean up. Comp. also O. N. fdga, fa, both signifying to clean, to brighten. See Fey, to winnow. A curious adaptation of the word is given in the following example, taken from the lips of an old lady remarkable for her ' " Yorkshire" undefiled :' ' Fey out thae sheep out in t' garth.' Fey, v. a. To winnow, or clear corn from its impurities, by aid of the natural wind. Rietz gives fo(g)a orfoa, and faua, in as nearly as possible the same sense as our word; viz. to sift corn in such a way that the refuse is removed from it. Foge-sdll is then given 1 82 GLOSSARY OF THE as a finer kind of sieve, or a winnowing-fan, while Molb. gives feie seed, feie of lo as a customary N. Ssell. expression for to cleanse corn, by aid of a sieve, after thrashing, and removing the coarser impurities by other means. Fezzon, v. a. i. To seize with fierce eagerness, whether on food, as with the avidity of extreme hunger, or as a bull-dog on a bull. Hence 2. To fight, engage in active strife. Possibly a mere vernacular corruption of fasten; especially as in Wh. Gl. it is given as only used with the prep, on following. Thus ' they fairly fezzoned on ' is explained, ' they got at last to blows.' Pike, fick, feek, v. n. To move restlessly, or fidget, with the feet and toes, as an infant does ; applied to any restless action of the feet, whether purposeless and unconscious, or otherwise, and of both man and animal. O. N.^a, to make haste, to bustle ; S.G.ffia; Sw. V.fika,figa; O. Sw.jikia; D. Dial. fige ; Svrhz.jfichten all implying more or less of haste, bustle, fidgetty eagerness, and the like. Our word in process of time has come to bear a somewhat varied, but still closely allied signification. ' T' puir bairn nobbut Jicks wi' 's taes a bit. He 's not yabble to meeav else ;' of an idiot infant. ' He feek'd an" he feek'd, while he gat t' boong oot ;' of a hot-water bottle, in bed, namely. Comp. ' He flang van (a cracker) upon my breeks, And truly, sir, it burnt my leg And garred me feek like hen with egg.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 18. ' He louped t' yat' an' nobbut feek'd a bit wiv his hind feet ;' of a pig, which jumped over the door of the sty, all but clearing it. Cf. ' ffor they reysede }>e crosse with \>\ body, Andfychede it in a tre mortasse vyolently.' Rel. Pieces, p. 66. ' The kynge Boors redressed hym in his sadelle and ficched hym so in his steropes so harde that the iren bente.' Merlin, p. 328. File over, v. a. To smooth over, wheedle, cajole, whether by dis- arming suspicion, or applying flattery. In Ancr. Riwh we have fileelung, flattery ; ftkeles, vikele^, flattereth ; wi^eles, wiles, pass- ing into wiheles, wieles, all connected with A. S. wigelung, gewiglung, deception, juggling, enchantment. Contraction from the form wiheles, retaining only the interchangeable / or v, gives us our present word with unaltered sense. Comp. Fris. fiecheln, to flatter, give good words ; and with it again the S. Marb. and Ancr. Riwle fomijiken, to deceive, impose on. Find, v. a. (pr. finnd). To find (pret. fand, fund; p. p. fun). Finks, sb. The residuary substance left after the extraction of the oil from the blubber. Comp. Sw. D.Jinker, sb. pi., I. various small parts from the interior of the goose when cooked : 2. The fat of pigs cut into small pieces in order to be melted ; talg-finker. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 183 Rietz quotes also Dut vinleer, small angular bits of meat. Note also Dan. V.finker, shreds of apple, and 'Da.n.finker, a dish of minced meat, especially of the liver and lights of the pig, cut up and cooked with vinegar and seasoning. Fire-cods, sb. Bellows. See Cods. ' " Blast it up wi' t' fire-cods ;" take the bellows to the fire.' Wb. Gl. Pire-eldin, sb. Fuel generally. See Eldin. Fire-fanged, adj. i . Of food ; burnt, or ' caught,' in the prepara- tion. 2. Of a person ; fierce or vehement of disposition or tempera- ment. S.G.fanga; Sw.D.fanga; Dan. fange; N.fengja; N.S.fengen, anfengen; Germ. Dial, anfangen ; Mid. Germ, van/ten, venken all, but the last, signifying to take fire, as well as to set fire to, to kindle. Our word is a direct p. p. from the original Scand. form, and as O. Sw. fcenga is doubtless derived from fanga, to catch, to take, see Ihre in v. Ftenga, and Molb. in v. Fe fute (of the cross) bay made a pit, Ffor no man suld it J>ejnnj?//;' Harl. MS. fol. 82, there can be no room for doubt. 1. ' Aye, Thomas flitted his stock and graithing, an' his family an* a", a week syne.' 2. '"Whose goods are those?" (to a man driving a waggon-load of furniture, &c.). " Wheea, they 's Miles Dale's. We 's flitting him fra' t' Deeal Heead t' Stangho'." ' 3. ' " Weel, ye' re flitting then ?" The reply came from Hob out of the churn : " Ay, we's flatting." ' Phillips' Yorkshire, p. ail. The author notices the 'play on the vowel ;' and Egilss. remarks that the Western Icelanders sound the verb fluttja. Pro- fessor Phillips does not, however, give the rejoinder as I have heard it : ' Weel, an thou's ganning teea, Ah '11 just awa' back agen.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 191 Flit, flitting, sb. i. A removal from one place of residence to another. 2. A flight, a runaway or clandestine departure. 1. ' Faather says t' flirting's to be Saturday first, an' he wad like to ha'e your draught.' 2. ' Didst hear stunt Willy 'd maad a moonlight flit iv it? He "s sloped for seear." Flit-fold, sb. A moveable sheep-fold, capable of use wherever it may be wanted. Flite, flyte, v. n. To scold, or engage in a quarrel of words. A. S. flitan, to strive, contend, dispute, quarrel. Pr. Pm. ' Flytin, or chydin. Con- tendo.' ' Stynst of Jjy strot and fyne to flyte & sech hys bly)>e ful swefte and swy}>e.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 352. ' Thar thou nowther_/?y/e ne chyde, If thou tend righte thou gettes thi mede.' Tawnel. Myst. p. 14. Flite, fliter, sb. A scold, a scolding or abusive person. ' Flithers, sb. The common limpets. I look upon this as simply the Clevel. pronunciation, with tb hard (S), of flitter comp. Dowther for daughter, dither for didder, dother for dodder, &c. and flitter to be radi- cally the same word as Dan. flitter, Germ. flitter, spangles, small scales of metal; and I am inclined to connect these words with O.N._/7s/a, to slice off, take flat pieces off; N.flisa; Dzn.flise, to split pieces off; Sw. D.flisa, to shave or slice thin pieces or scales off. Rietz gives flittja, to cut chips off with a hatchet, and also as a sb., the chips so cut off; and refers the word to O. N.flysja orflisja, just quoted, ' by a transition of the s into t,' (bvarvid s ofvergatt till t'). On this ground, Flithers (= flitters) implies objects that can be sepa- rated, in the form or fashion, so to speak, of spangles or scales, from the places or matters on which they are found ; which is simply true of the limpet. Flither-girls, sb. The women, usually the daughters and other female connections of the fishermen, who collect the Flitliers to serve as bait; often walking considerable distances for the purpose, and bringing back their spoils in baskets poised on their heads : while alike by their distinct peculiarities of physique, and their costume, they seem to be marked out as a class apart perhaps even, as almost a race apart. Flitter-mouse, sb. The bat or rere-mouse : (genus Vesper tilio). See Back-bear-away. Sw. flddar-mus ; Germ . fleder-maus. A name derived from the motion of the creature's wings and its mouse-like body. Comp. O. N. flagnr-mus, Dan. flager-muus ; flagre, to flutter. Both these names, as well as Flitter-mouse, are as nearly synonymous as possible with rere-mouse, which comes from A. S. breran, to agitate, move rapidly, and miis, a mouse. Flobbed, flobby, adj. Puffed up, turgid, i. As the body is in cases J93 GLOSS ARr OF THE of dropsy ; a. In manner or bearing ; with conceit, namely, or self-appro- bation. Probably a co-derivative with, or altered horn, flab, flabby, and its sense also derived from the usual sense of that word. It is noticeable that Sw. D. flabbiger has a secondary mean- ing very like our second sense ; viz. ' given to boastful or unseemly talking ;' and Dan. D. flaber comes under nearly the same definition. ' " She was not fat, but fobbed up ;" of a dropsical person.' Wb. Gl. Floss-docken, flous-docken, sb. The plant fox-glove (Digitalis purpurea). Also Pox-docken. Irish Celt, luss-mbor, literally great herb ; the name of the fox-glove or fairy-finger. Fic- tions of the Irish Celts, p. 92. The Welsh equivalent of luss is llys; and just as Llewellyn in Shakspere becomes Fluellen ; Llydd, Floyd, in E. attempts to enunciate Welsh LI, so luss or llys becomes flous. The word presents a curious instance, one of many such, of the retention and composition of a name long after its true meaning has been lost sight of. Floss-seave, sb. The plant cotton-grass : (genus Eriophorwri). Flourish, sb. The blossom on fruit-trees. Cf. O. ti.flur, flowers, blossoms, blooms ; fluradr, abounding in flowers or bloom. Comp. the use of the word as a vb. : ' then Phoebus full faire : flourished out his beames with Leames full light.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 227. Flowter, adj. Excited, nervous; shewing signs of mental disturb- ance. Brock., Leeds Gl., and Cr. GL, all give flowtered in nearly the same sense ; and the latter also gives flotiter as a noun, with the sense of ' a fright.' See Flawter or Flowter. Also comp. Sw. D. flbjta, to move about without any definite purpose ; flojta, a light, vain, frivolous, coquettish, or unsteady female; together with its corresponding adj., flojted ; Swiss fl 'ante, a coquettish girl, if not really worse. Flowterment, sb. Loud and eager talking, such as would be heard from a person in a state of excitement. Flowtersome, adj. Excitable, flighty, frolicsome or skittish. Fluffed, fluffed-up, adj. Flighty, conceited, tumid in manner. Either from fluff 'or flue, fine or downy feathers, down, downy or coherent particles of worn woollen material or the like; or, more directly, from O. tl.fliuga, to fly, or some of its Scandinavian congeners. The sequence is not difficult in the former case ; viz. from down or fluff to an object covered with either a young bird, to wit which looks puffy or puffed- up; thence, by metonymy, to tumid in manner, and thence to conceited. But just as flighty, both in sense and form, is derived from A. S. fleogan, so fluffy or fluffed, alike in sense and in form, may spring from the other source indicated. The Dan. equivalent to O. N. fljuga is flyve, where the f of our word is fully represented. Comp. Dan. plov from O. N. flog, and Clevel. pleuff; while Sw. D. furnish fluuv (prei.flbuv, s\np.fluvi), and_/?wv, (flbuv,flugi); besides transitionary formSj illustrated by the imperf. of O. Sw. fliuga; viz. flbgb (pl.flugbu). Thus fluffy would be a Northumbr. equivalent to E. flighty. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 193 Fluffy, adj. Covered with down, or downy feathers. From fluff = flue. Wedgw. quotes Welsh llvwcb, motes, flying dust, or the like, and adds a little further on, ' fundamentally the same with A. S. fleogan, PI. D. flegen, to fly, whence flog,flok, whatever is light and flies in the air. Lancashire flook, waste cotton. Probably Welsh plu, plvf, feathers, down ; Bav. flaen, to float, or move to and fro in the air; die flaen, flawen, flaiwm, chaff that flies away in winnowing corn, flue, or light dust that settles on clothes, may be a parallel formation.' Fluked, fluky, adj. Maggot-eaten, eaten into holes by maggots or Worms. Flukes, sb. Properly the creature animalcule or larva found espe- cially in the liver of diseased sheep. Applied also to the large maggots, or gentles, found in dead animals, the larvae of the Flesh-flies. Other- wise spelt, Flooks, Fleuks. ' The liver of rotten sheep always contains the well-known animal the fluke, so named from its striking resemblance to a flounder.' Book of the Farm, ii. 387. A. S. floe, flooc, a flat-fish, plaice, sole. Flumpy, adj. Short and fat ; squat. Probably coincident with lumpy, clumpy. Comp. N. lump, a block, a thick piece, with Dan. klump, a lump ; O. N. klumpr, klttmbr ; Sw. klump. Flushy-faced, adj. Rubicund, carrying a high colour. ' A person looks flushed, or flushed in the face when he has a flow of blood to the face.' Wedgw. Dan. D. flu&e, to flow or stream forth in volume and force ; blodet fluser ud af saaret : the blood streams or flushes forth from the wound. Wedgw. also alleges Dut. fluysen; ti.flust, abundantly, and_/fws, liberal, open-handed. Fluster, flusterment, sb. i. A state of excitement and consequent heat. 2. A determination of heat to the skin, in whatever form, red- ness, spots, perspiration, &c. 3. A puffing, high-flown advertisement. Rich, looks upon this word as ' a corruption of flush ;' and Wedgw. as ' closely allied with bluster.' Flying-eagle, sb. A paper kite, the boys' toy so called. Comp. Dan. papirs-drage, Sw. pappers-drake. Foal-foot, sb. The plant colt's-foot (Tussilagofarfard). Sw. D. folaf otter; Dan. follefod ; these words being supplemented, as it would appear, by the further names bdstbof, bestebov, respectively. Cf. E. coifs-foot. Fod, sb. A bundle of straw tied up after thrashing for foddering purposes only. This is, no doubt, Halliwell's fad . The sound is that of our ho'd for bold, fo'd for fold, where the sound of the vowel as in the E. words is nearly preserved, though shortened in Pr. C C 194 GLOSSARF OF THE Fog, sb. The aftergrowth in meadows when the hay has been cut and removed. Welsh fwg. See Peg. Foist, foisty, adj. i. Smelling of damp or mouldiness; musty. 2. Damp and mouldy. ' To foist, feist, fizzle, are all originally to break wind in a noiseless manner; .... Germ. fist, a foist ; Dut. veest, vijst, flatus ventris. The origin is plainly an imitation of the noise. O. N. ftsa, to blow, also to break wind. Foisty, fusty having a close, disagreeable smell." Wedgw. Add Sw. D.fes; N.S./s/; Bav./'s/; the verbs being, Sw. D.Jisa, faisa,fajsa; N.S.fysten,jisseln; Lat. vissire; Gr. ls commandement esforbodene vs alkyne mysbeleues and all mawmetryes, &c,' Rel. Pieces, p. 5. C C 2 196 GLOSSARy OF THE Fore-anent, fore-anenst, prep. Over against, opposite to, in front of. See Anenst. Forby, prep, and adv. Besides, over-and-above, moreover. Dan. forbi (prep, and adv.) ; Sw. forbi (prep.) ; Germ, vorbei, past, besides, over-and- above. ' pe fyrst fyue J>at I finde )>at J>e frek vsed Wat? fraunchyse, & felajschyp/or-t: al )>yng.' Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 651. ' Forbi a' that, Ah 've anither thing agen 'im.' Fore-elders, sb. Ancestors or forefathers. Dan. foraldre, Sw. foraldrar, parents. Molbech's definition is ' Only in the pi. : the father and mother of a child when both are spoken of coincidently :* thus, ' bun bar mistet begge sine foraldre :' she has lost both her parents. O. N. forelldrar has the same limita- tion of sense ; but forelldri takes besides the sense ' forefathers ' or ' ancestors ;' while Ihre alleges that mqjores is the proper signification of S. G. foraldrar, observing that the distinction is clearly made by Sturleson. In O. Dan. also the meaning is clearly ' ancestors' or ' forefathers ;' thus, ' arjfuegodz oc lossore, som hand baffde enten arffuit eptber fader eller moder, broder, eller eptber nogen bans forceldre :' heritage and moveables which he has derived from either father or mother, brother or any one his fore-elder ; where the same distinction that Ihre adverts to is obviously made. Another instance quoted by Molb. (Dansk Gl.) gives forcelderes gerningber in the full sense which ' ancestral deeds' would convey. ' They've coomed o' quality fore-elders' Wb. Gl. ' Ah dean't want to be wiser an mahfoore-elders. What did for they, '11 dee for me. 1 Fore-end, sb. The commencing part; that which comes near the beginning of a season or epoch. Cf. Dan. forende, the foremost part of a thing ; antith. to bagende. Molb. See Back-end. ' The fore-end of the year; spring." Wb. Gl. ' He framed weel, a" t' foor-end o' t' tahm.' Foreign, To gan. To go to foreign parts, to emigrate. Forkin-robin, sb. The common earwig (Forficula auricularis). See TwitchbeU. Forks, sb. The centres in the timber-work of the roof of a shed, house, or other building ; commonly, ' a pair of forks.' ' The Fr. fourcbes, forcbes, forces were applied to different kinds of forked structures, as a g:dlows, a pair of shears. For the same reason we call shears the tall gallows used for masting ships.' Wedgw. in v. Force. Forwoden, adj. In a wasted or desolate condition, whether by the presence and ravages of vermin, or by the consequences of simple neglect. O. Dan. forade, to waste, ravage, bring to ruin, or lay desolate : ban vil vort land forade: he will our land lay waste; O.N.foreyda. The simple word is O. N. eida, eyda. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 197 Sw. ijda, Dan. ade, to waste, consume, spend. A. S. forwyrd, destruction, is derived from forweor]>an, to become nothing, to perish, to die ; an utterly different word in root and sense. ' " They are lost an' forwoden i' muck ; v dirty and disorderly in the extreme.' Wb. Gl. Fairly forwoden wi' rats.' Ib. Poss, force, sb. A waterfall or cascade. O. N. fors, foss; Sw. fors ; Dan. fos ; N. foss; Sw. D. foss. The word exists with us in many local names, as well as in local language ; e. g. Thomasson's foss, Falling-/oss, &c. See Spout. Foul-fingered, adj. Of thievish propensities, and given to indulge them. Poulmart, sb. (pr. fou'mmart or fummart). The pole-cat (Mustela putidus). ' Properly the beech-marten, but commonly applied to the polecat. Fr. fouine, the foine, wood-marten, or beech-marten ; foine, the foine, or polecat. Cot. From foine, faine (Lat. fagina), beechmast. Wall, fawe, beech; fawene, the beech-marten. The E. foumart is a compound of Fr. fouine and marie, or marten, but the meaning of the former element being lost in E., the instinctive striving after meaning converted it into fulmerd, fulimart, when applied to the strong-smelling polecat, as if the name were taken from the foul smell of the animal." Wedgw. Mr. Bell refers to the names foumart, fulmart, fulimert, ' as contractions of foul marten, a name given it (the polecat) in contradistinction to the sweet marten.' The existence of the name sweet marten, no less than the distinction for- merly made between ' beasts of sweet flight' and ' beasts of stinking flight, in which second class are placed the fulimart, the fltcbat or fitch, 8cc.' (Strutt, quoted by Jam.), and inde- pendently of the old orthography, leads one to think that possibly the blunder of con- founding the polecat with the beech-marten may not in reality have been made. Certainly a confusion of names exists. See Man. Vocab. p. 282, and note to Pr. Pm., Fulmare. Pout, fowt, sb. A fool, a stupid lout. O. N.fauti, fatuus homo ; fautalegr, fatuus, insulsus. Pout, fowt, sb. A petted or over-indulged child; a mamma's darling. The Lat. definition of Pr. Pm. Cocknay which ' appears to imply simply a child spoiled by too much indulgence' (Note) is carifotus, cucunellus, fotus; and the Lat. word twice employed in the definition surely gives the origin of Fout. Pouty, adj. i. Poor, mean, unseemly. 2. Hence (as applied speci- fically to an article of dress) misfitting, ill-made, awkward to wear or look at. Sw. futtig, mean, paltry, of no moment or weight, miserable, in quality or properties, namely. Prov. forms, foiled, fole,fdtt. Fox-docken, sb. The plant fox-glove (Digitalis purpurea). See Floss-docken. Fra, frav, prep. From. O. N./ra; Dan./ra; A. S., O. Germ., and M. G.fra; }uti.fra,frd; N. and Szll./rd; O. Dan./raa; S. G. frd; Sw.D.fra. 'A with a stroke over it, as a, is sounded like av 198 GLOSSARY OF THE or aw; e.g. frd (from) read frav, tap (pith, strength) taup.' Rask's Icel. Gr. by Dasent, p. 6. And still, before a vowel, it is usually sounded frav ; before a cons, frav or fra. ' " What 's o' clock ? " " Fra yan tiv hau'f efter." ' ' Ah thowght Ah suddn't ha getten \frav 'im.' ' Schelde me fra J>e fyre of helle.' Rel. Pieces, p. 76. Fra' -by, frebby, adv. Beyond, above, in comparison with. O. Dun.frembi, in Jutl. frambi : 'a prep.,' says Molb., 'sometimes heard in lieu offorbi;' and in such senses as to ride, or drive, or sail past or beyond one ; to pass one by, in the way of neglect; and so forth. Wb. Gl. writes it frebby orfromby, the latter form involving a mistake. 4 This is good frebby that.' Wb. Gl. Frack, adj. Forward, bold; the boldness having rather a spice of insolence in it. O. fi.freckr, energetic; comp. fr&kinn, strenuus, fortis. See also S. G.fre mai suggen : Enough he may say j>e soS wule uremmen.' That sooth will frame. Lay. ii. 543. The new servant 'frames well,' when appearing likely to fill her place well ; the appren- tice to a trade 'frames well,' or ' ill,' as the case may be, and so on. Fratch, v. n. To squabble angrily, quarrel, chide with another. Pr. Pm. ' Fracchyn, as neu cartys.' ' Freate, fremere.' Man, Vocab. C. 212. 'It seems to be derived from A. S. freoSan, fricare.' Note to Pr. Pm. Fraunge, v. n. To indulge a frolicsome turn ; to be ' up to any lark.' dr. Gl. gives 'fraunge, to fling, to wince ;' and also the noun in our sense, ' a frolic.' Hall, quotes frangy, as a Line, word, meaning ' irritable, passionate, ill-tempered, fretful.' Comp. Isl. frenjulegr, procax ; impudent, indecent, audacious or insolent. See Wedgw. Franzy, Frangy. Fraunge, sb. A frolic or freak ; the being engaged in ' a lark.' Free, v. a. To take off grazing-stock from the meadow-land in the spring, so as to give the grass liberty or freedom to grow against the coming hay -time. Freeholder, sb. A yeoman; an owner of landed property, and farming it himself : a term antithetical to ' tenant/ and equivalent to ' statesman' in the western part of the county. Frem, fremmed, adj. Strange, unknown, unfamiliar. 0. N. framandi; O. Sw. fr&mende, frcemede, frbmede, fromande ; N.framend; Sw. frammande; Dan. fremmed or fremmet ; Sw. D. frammad, frammed, frdmmad (the latter word applied precisely as our Eng. ' little stranger' is) ; O. Germ, frama di, framidi, fremede, fremid; A..S.fremd,frbK; Sw.D.yfron; O. Germ, /hawo, frotan ; M Germ. nwMr, ra*; N. Vm.fnnat>; Dot. rarar, &c. HalL sajc of fnav that it is ' still in use in tbe N. of EngL for a dirty woman, a static^ a Incty woman;' and tbe idea of a forbidding- looking one follows easily, and thence our adj. and its meaning. It ma j be observed that fr*e,frm,fnm t Hke gMt*dSr, few*, originally impBfrt a title of bonourabie distinction. Comp. Eng. gun*. Oar QeveL "Wean ptucirct more of the original tense of yvinde or tone, ' i as it means a wife, or a female generally, without derogatory implication. Fmggan, sb. A curved iron scraper or rake to stir ashes in an oven with, or on the heaitfa, Wedgw. sajs, ' As frif and friek are Jbmd in due sewe of light movement to and fro, /fa6 and ./Hg' seem to icumcnl morement of a beavier catrae. The last-named root, yh^, in die seme of to rob, to wriggle to and fro, has many relatives in Eug. frigglf, mnggU,&c.f to wbicfa add oor Oerd. fridge, = to diafe, to rob; Pr. Bug. /rzg-, = fntuo, probably identical with frigge, to wriggle: Hal. 'Bat it appears most distinctly in \t-frmgare, to wriggle op and down, rob, bannsm ; and wilt inversion of tbe r, "mfurtgare, to fumble, grope for. to sweep an oven; Jmngvtu, a groper, also an oven-rweeper. ft.faurgKm. E.fmgga*,fntggiM, an oven-fork, by wWdi foel if pot into an oven, and stirred when h is in it. Cot.' It may be added that TriH quotes lite form fvrgtm also, as an arch, form, from Tnodale. The forms fnga*,Jre world )>ai all awkeward sett, Thurgh swylk uncomly pomp and pryde, pat f>ai schew whej>er )>ai gang or ryde.' Pr. of Consc. 154- ' And seknes tuk him in the way And put him in sa hard assay That he micht nouther gang na ride.' Barbovr, 81. ' Sometimes he went, sometimes he ran.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 40. Comp. S. Jutl. ban kam gangend ; and N. koma gangande : he came on foot; to come afoot. ' Tber kaam gangind en mailer mand : there came on foot a miller man. Kempe- viser. Gang, sb. A way or road; a term not applied to a highroad or Turnpike, but with a limitation of meaning conveyed by the prefix, making it a definite piece of road, or way. For instance, By-gang, Cross-gang, Down-gang, Out-gang, Tip-gang. Wh. Gl. O. N. gdngr, Dan. gang, the act of going, the way or means of going, the way gone, &c. ; D. Dial, geenge, a narrow road, or lane, leading to a village or farmstead. The passage or entrance from the stable to the chaff-chamber (skcerefa, only found in old-fashioned farm- steads, however) is called gcenget, the gang. Gang, ganging, sb. A set; the complete number of anything; usually limited to an animal's feet or their belongings. Dan. D. gang, a set ; applied to the number of traces requisite for a pair of horses, to trace-ropes, and to the seals or Harries, pertaining to the collar or Barfam ; not otherwise, Molb. says. ' A gang o* cau'f 's feet,' or ' nowt's feet.' ' A ganging o' shoes ;' when a horse is shod all round. ij gangtE et dimidia de felies de fraxino.' Pr. Finch, lij. Ganger, sb. A goer, usually, if not exclusively, applied to a horse. S. G. gdngare, equus tolutarius, qui tolutim incedit. In poetry, and in writings of old date," says Molb., Dan. ganger means ' a horse, a riding horse, as distinguished from a charger or war horse (stridsbengsten) ;' and he adds that it is 'a current saying of a horse that steps well, at den er en god ganger, that he is a good ganger.' Comp. example : 1 As good a ganger as ever went upon four legs,' Wb. Gl. ; explained by the Gl., but I think mistakenly, as simply a good trotting-horse.' Gangerill, gangrill, gangril, sb. i. A vagrant, whether a beggar or a pedlar, &c. 2. A toad. From Gang, Ganger comp. O. N. gaungtimaftr, a vagrant or beggar in reference to continued moving forwards or about, to vagrancy, in other words ; and then transferred to the toad, from its seemingly idle, listless, vagrant-like mode of locomotion. Gangings-on. sb. Proceedings, doings, course or line of conduct. E e 210 GLOSSARY OF THE Gant, adj. Small, thin, poor or puny. Comp. the Essex word Hall, gives it as Eastern-Counties ganty-gutted, thin-bodied and thin-bellied. Pr. Pm. gives ' Gawnte, slendyr, Gracilis,' as well as ' Gamut, lene.' Mr. Way suggests, from A. S. gewant, p.p. of gewanian (tabescere). Gantree, gauntree, sb. i. A wooden frame with legs, or stand, to support barrels. 2. The timber framework which, in lieu of an embankment, is employed on some railways to support the permanent way. ' From Lat. cantberius, a horse of burden ; then applied (as in modern languages, a horse, ass, or goat) to a wooden support for various purposes, Cantberius, a prop for a vine, rafter of a roof, trestle, or borse to saw timber on. Littleton. The Germans use bock, a goat, in the last of these senses. In like manner we speak of a clothes-/borse ; and Fr. cbevalet, a little horse, is a painter's easel (G. esel, an ass), the frame which supports his work.' Wedgw. Gap, sb. An opening at the Bank-top through which a path or track winding up the steep Bank-side finds its way on to the open moor. O. N. gap, an opening, a chasm ; N. gap ; S. G. and Sw. D. gap. ' Hunter's Gap ;' ' George Gap ;' both in this parish. Gape, v. n. (pr. geeap). To bawl, or shout loudly. Just as E. gape, from the action it implies, takes the sense, ' to express astonishment through wide open mouth and staring eyes,' so also in the present case there is a derivative meaning of the same kind, and not unknown in the Scand. D. Thus, Sw. D. gapa takes the meanings to talk big, to talk fast ; and Dan. D. gabe the same. From O. N. and O. Sw. gapa, &c. See Yowp. ' He geeaps an' hollers lahk a ploughman on a moor.' Wb. Gl. Gar, v. a. To cause, or make ; to lead to or induce any given action. O. N. gera, gbra ; S. G. gora; Dan. gjare; N. gjera; Sw. D. g'dra, gera, gar, 8cc. It should be remarked that an equivalent usage to that of our word is rare in the N. languages. ' It was fit t' gar a man hang hissel'.' Wb. Gl. ' It gars me great pain.' Ib. ' For my part I shall garr two oxen and two horses maintaine me all my lifetime.' York Castle Dep. p. 151. ' Bere we hym furthe unto the kyrke, To the tombe that I gard wyrk, Sen fulle many a yere.' Townel. Myst. p. 232. Garb, v. a. To bedeck, to array in a gaudy fashion ; almost invari- ably implying tasteless or vulgar finery. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 211 G-arflts, sb. Entrails, garbage ; sometimes with a more limited sense, as denoting only the edible portions from the inside of a goose or other fowl. From garbage (corrupted into garbisb), by the interchange of 6 and /. Comp. O. N. garnir, ilia ; N. gait, the head and guts of small fish. Garlands, sb. i. Wreaths of ribbons enclosing a white glove, for- merly borne at the funerals of young unmarried women. See ArvaL 2. Hoops bedecked with ribbons hung at the mast-head of whale-ships returning to port after a successful voyage. Garsel, sb. Hedge-sticks ; usually applied to dead sticks and under- wood from a hedge and its bank. Brock, says, ' small branches cut for the purpose of mending the hedge ;' and Wh. Gl, extends the meaning to whins or furze set apart for burning. Spelt also, Garcil, Garsil, Garzil. Gterdsel, arbores, ex quibus sepes construuntur ; gdrdsel gard, hedges constructed of trees and boughs of trees. Ihre. Sw. gdrdsle, edder, materials with which a fence is made ; Dan. gierdsel, materials for making a fence, whether of spray or brushwood, or of wattle work (Molb.) ; S. Jutl. gi, geer\>e; O. Dan. gartb, gaar, gaard; Dan. gaard; A. S. geard. Molbech's remark upon gaard, applicable to all the above-given words also, is ' Originally but now obsolete an enclosing (with a hedge or fence, namely), a hedge, a place or spot enclosed with a hedge (tnbegnef) ; hence abildgaard, an orchard ; kaalgaard, kale, or vegetable garden (kail-garth, or yard in Sc.) ; liirkegaard, churchyard (our Kirk-garth.) ; urtegaard, vegetable-garth ; bansegaard, fowl-yard, &c.' The word, in sense 2, often takes the prefix ' Potato.' Gauby, sb. A heavy, vacant lout, an oaf, a simpleton; one awk- wardly silly rather than simply a fool. See Gauvey, G-auvison, and Gaup. These words are all nearly connected with O. N. and Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe, &c. O. N. and O. Sw. gapa is equivalent to, to stare with open mouth, to gaze with stupid astonish- ment ; which is nearly the meaning also of the Dan. word ; whence the prov. saying, den ene abe faaer den anden til at gabe : if one be an ape, he sets another to gape. Comp. N. gap, a gaby, an oaf; Sw. D. gapuger, of a heavy stupid lout with gaping mouth and E 6 2 212 GLOSSARY OF THE staring eyes, and Dan. D. gabenar, a G-auby or G-auvey. It may be added that in very many instances, especially in prov. Pr., the sound of Dan. b passes into that of-v or f. Thus, in lukke et gab, to stop a gap, Molb. gives gauv as the prov. form, or sound of gab. In like manner, Kok gives gjeeff as the Pr. of gabbe, gjaff for that of gabbe ; gbfn for gobn, a Gowpen ; bob/ for bob, hope, &c. Hence Gauvey and Gauby are, it may be said, identical. Gaufer, sb. A kind of tea-cake or crumpet, of a square or rect- angular form, made of batter. ' And wo/res pypyng hoot out of the gleede.' Miller's Tale. ' These were probably the Fr. gavfres, whence the word wafer, gu and w being convertible, as Walter from Gualtier. They are usually sold at fairs, and are made of a kind of batter poured into an iron instrument which shuts up like a pair of snuffers. It is then thrust into the fire, and, on withdrawal, the wafer' or Gaufer ' is taken out and eaten.' Note to Bell's Chaucer. ' Gofer. A species of pancake pressed into a square form by irons.' Lincolnsb. Gl. Gauk, gawk, gauky, sb. An oaf, a stupid, an awkward fool. Comp. S. G. gdck, geek, a fool, foolish, stupid; O. N. gick, gikltr; Sw. gtick; Sw. D. gdkkig, foolish, buffoon-like; O. Germ, goucb; M. Germ, gocb, giege ; Germ.D.geckig; A. S. geoc, rash, foolhardy ; Welsh coeg. Mr. Wedgw. would connect prov. E. gawk, gawky, an awkward person, Fr. gaucbe, with O. E. awke, E. awkward. See his remarks under Awk. The assumed connection between Gauk or Sc. gowk, and Gowk, a cuckoo, receives no confirmation from the words quoted above. Gauk-handed, gawk-handed, adj. Left-handed, awkward, clumsy. See Gallac-handed. Gauky, adj. i. Awkward in mind, foolish, blundering. 2. Awkward in body or motion, shambling. See Gauk. Gaum, v. a. To understand or comprehend ; to give heed or pay attention ; to consider ; to know. O. N. gaumr, S. G. gom, N. gaum, care, heed, attention. O. N. geyma, S. G. goma, N. gauma, O. Dan. game, Swiss gaumen, gotnen, A. S. gyman, geomian, O. Germ, gou- men, Dan. D. gaue all, to give heed, attention, forethought, or the like. Rietz connects Sw. gdmma, to take care of, to lay up ; Sw. D. gajma, g'dma, gimma, with this word. Comp. the thought in the words, ' But his mother kept all these sayings in her heart.' Luke ii. 51. ' " Ah dinnot gaum ye ;" I do not understand you.' Wb. Gl. ' It "s te nae use speaking ; he dizn't gaum nae mair an nowght.' The form in P. Plougbm., King Horn, Townel. Myst., Rel. Pieces, is yeme, ybeme or yme. ' He bat }>ise twa wele ymes all ]>e tene commandementes forsothe he fulfilles.' Rel. Pieces, p. 7. Gaum, sb. Attention, heed, observance. ' Ah gav' 't nae gaum ;' I paid no attention. ' Nivver heed : he '11 give you nae gaum ;' he will pay no regard to what you say. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 313 Comp. O. Dan, ' The gamlce fedber gaff leg ey gom, far skemt oc gamen tba bolt teg them :' to the aged then gave I no gaum, but held them all for jest and scorn. ' En gef aeigi gaum at mer :' but gave me no gaum. Flat. i. 554. Gaumish, adj. Intelligent, acute. Gaumless, adj. Stupid, unintelligent, vacant or half silly. Gaup, v. n. To stare vacantly, to stare with open mouth, as at any novel or surprising sight. 0. N., O. Sw., Sw., Sw. D., N. gapa, to stare with open mouth, to gaze with stupid astonishment. Comp. N. gapen, of one who gazes and stares at any new thing. Gaut, sb. A narrow opening, whether in a row of houses, or in the soil, sufficing to afford a passage, for men, &c., in the one case, for water in the other. Spelt also Gawt, Gote. Comp. Sw. D. gate, a strait or confined passage between two houses, in which sound as well as sense is almost exactly coincident with that of our word. Rietz gives the word in question as connected with gatt, gat, or gad; O. N., N., and Dan. D. gat, an opening, or hole through. ' Comp. Hind, gat, a pass or defile. There are several Gauts or Gotes at Whitby ; as Horsemill-^aw/, ish-gaut. Wb. Gl. Gauve, v. n. To stare vacantly or wonderingly, but with the wonder of stupidity not intelligence. See Gape, Gauby. Gauvey, gauvison, sb. A simpleton ; one that is half silly, or with less than his proper proportion of wits. See Gauby. Gauving, adj. Awkward in manner, given to stare in a stupid kind of way. Probably the pcpL of Gauve originally, but by usage passed into an adj. Gavelock, sb. (pr. geeavlok). A crow-bar, an iron bar of sufficient dimensions to be used in moving weighty masses of stone, &c. Garnett quotes Welsh gafiacb, a fork, as the origin of Gavelock. Besides which we have O. N. gaflok, S. G. gafflak (which Hire refers to W. gaflacb), and A. S. gafeluc, gaueloc, all meaning a javelin, or missile of that description, the shaft of which could of course be used as a bar or lever. It is observable that Gavelock is not applied in the case of a large and heavy crow-bar : that is simply a Bar. Gay, adj. i. Fair or fine to look at; hence, fine, considerable in size or quantity, worthy of consideration or regard. 2. Lively, cheerful, brisk ; hence, well in health. 1. ' A gay denty morning.' A gay bit o' land ;' a large piece, a good deal. ' " A gay few ;" a good many." Wb. Gl. i. ' I am quite gay, thank you." Ib. 214 GLOSSARY OF THE Grayish, adj. Fairly or reasonably good. ' A gayisb crop.' ' A gayisb sample ;' a fairly good specimen, not open to objection on the score of quality. Gayly, adv. In good health, very well, satisfactorily or prosperously. ' We 're all gayly, thank you : how 's yersel' ? ' ' They seem to be getting on pretty gayly ;' with a fair degree of prosperity. Gear, sb. i. Equipment in general, the special kind being usually indicated by a prefix, as Mill-gear, Horse-gear, or -gears, &c. ; dress or array. 2. Property in general, goods of whatever kind. 3. Matter in hand, or business. The general idea of what is made or being made, seems to run through all the significations of the word. Mr. Wedgwood collates O. N. gerfi, and A. S. gearwa, habiliments, adding, ' whatever is required to set a thing in action :' but I am more disposed to adopt the view which gives what may be called a passive sense to our word, that which has taken, or is taking, some making, preparing, or acquiring, previous to use or employment. And it should be ob- served that gearwa itself is Englished by Bosworth with the word ' preparation,' as well as ' clothing ;' while gedro, gearu, gearw, agearwa, gare, ready, prepared, paratus, only conies by that meaning in virtue of the peculiar or proper sense of the p. p. which paratus is. Comp. O. D. gierd, gerd, O.N. gerft, which has the meaning, I. of business, work in hand, what is going on, precisely like our sense 3 ; and, 2. a sum prepared, and then paid for a given purpose ; quoted also, in this latter sense, by Molb. as parallel to A. S. geara, provisio, apparatus, impensa. And this second sense, moreover, has many more points of resemblance than of discordance with our first. Further, Sw. D. gore, a doing, business, that which is being done or carried on, very nearly corresponds with our word in form and part of its meaning ; and its secondary meaning, ' that which is made by hand, as spinning, knitting, &c.,' brings it nearer still. The word, as an O. E. word, early gave rise to a derivative verb, and the part, gered, in the senses, arrayed, dressed, equipped, disposed, &c., is of constant occurrence. 1. ' f>e bur ber to hit baft bat braste all her gere ;' of the ship. E. Eng. Allil. Poems, C. 1. 148. ' I tarry fulle lang fro' my warke, I traw : Now my gere wille I fang and thederward draw.' Townel. Myst. p. 26. ' Miche watj be gyld gere bat glent ber alofte.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 569. ' Alle be godlych gere bat hym gayn schulde bat tyde." Ib. 1. 584. In both these latter instances the reference is to the various pieces, fittings and vestments which went to the full equipment of a knight in complete armour. ' Wait while Ah gets ma' gear tegither, an' Ah 'II be wi' ye inoo ;' wait until I collect my tools, &c. 2. ' Ill-gotten gear.' ' How are they off for gear?' Wb. Gl. 3. ' pen ar bay synful hemself and sulped (polluted) al togeder, Bobe god and his gere.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 15. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 215 ' Noab. The top and the saylle both wille I make, The helme and the castelle also wille I take, To drife ich a naylle wille I not forsake, This gere may never faylle, that dar I undertake.' Townel. Myst. p. 27- ' Nae, Ah '11 nat mell : let him wark his ain gear.' Gee. The word of command to horses in a team to turn to the right or from the driver ; substituted for the older word Bee. Jam. spells this word jee, and refers to Sw. ga ' as signifying both to budge, and to turn round,' which is certainly true, with the limitation that it is so applied in respect of the motion, or going, of matters which move only in the way of turning. Still there is little doubt that the origin of gee is in ^a and its etymons. The occasional use of a particle or word in addition as gee-back suggests the possibility that gee may be an elliptical mode of expression. See Hauv, Hyte, Kee. Geen, gien, gi'n. Forms of the pret. of Give. Geld, adj. Barren or not producing young at the usual or expected season ; of cows and ewes. See Drape ; which is the word more com- monly in use. Sw. D. galdnr, barren, of a cow the year she bears no calf; otherwise, gold, gall, galla, gold. Of ewes also; gold e. O. N. geldr; O. Sw. galder ; Dan. gold; as en gold ko; Dan. D. gield; as en gieldko; N. gield; Sw. D. gald-Jeo, gallkyr, gallku or gdll-ku, &c. Comp. our Geld-cow. Geld-cow, sb. A cow that does not produce a calf in due time. Gen, girn, v. n. i. To grin; i.e. to part the lips so as to shew the teeth, whether in displeasure or anger, or in mirth : hence, to shew signs of displeasure or discontent. 2. To snarl, to give vent to discontent, to repine. Sometimes Gern. Here again the orthography is uncertain. I scarcely think there is but one word simply resulting by metath. from grin, but rather that there are, in reality, two words ; the one coincident with Sc. girn, and E. grin, and the other descended from O. N. gina, hiare, os deducere ; gin, rictus, oris diductio. Comp. gin-klofi, a spasmodic tension of the mouth, or grin, and especially Sw. D. ginntis, to cry, repine ; gjannas, to grin, try to bite, as a horse does ; which Rietz connects directly with O. N. gina. Note also O. Germ, ginon, ginen, and A. S. ginan, with Gr. -xaivtiv, to gape, to open, as the mouth in the act of grinning. 1. ' Thou gens lahk a Chesshire cat eating brass wire.' 2. ' He girns all t' flesh off his back the day tiv an end.' Wb. Gl. ' A genning sort o' body.' Ib. Gep, v. n. To seek intelligence or knowledge of what is going on in a furtive manner ; e. g. by listening or eavesdropping. Probably a dejivative from E. gape. Any one listening closely or intently is apt enough to do so with his lips parted, possibly with a mouth sufficiently wide open. Comp. Sw. D. gepa, to chatter or prate ; gipa, to talk without discretion or thought, to chatter ; both frequentatives from gapa. ' They are always watching and gepping.' Wb. Gl. 2l6 GLOSSARY OF THE G'erse, g'ess, sb. Grass. In the pronunciation of this woid the r is, in effect, dropped, and a faint sound of i not unlike the Jutland ' help- vowel' is heard before the short e. Comp. A.S. gters, gears, grass. Gersing, g'essing, sb. Grass land, or rather land in grass; pas- turage. Gert, greeat. Forms of great. Gesling, sb. A gosling, or immature goose. Sw. D. gdsling; O. Sw. gceslinger; Dan. gcesling. As gosling from goose (A. S. gos), so our word from the diminutives of Scand. gas, gas, &c. Get, sb. (pr. gitt, g hard), i. Offspring, what has been begotten by any one. 2. A breed or variety among creatures that are begotten. See Mak', as applied in nearly the same manner to things without life. 0. N. geta, to beget, to conceive ; A. S. getan, gitan ; O. N. getnadr, that which is gotten, produce or offspring. 1. 'To Abraham I am in dett To safe hym and his gette.' Towntl. Myst. p. 73. ' Isaac. Fader ! Abraham. What, son? Isaac. Think on thi get : What have I done ?' Ib. p. 39. a. " Ha' ye seen Willy R.'s new pigs ?" " Neea. 'S they ony partic'lar gift " ' Get, v. aux. See examples. ' We '11 get shoren by nee't ;' shall have finished reaping by night-time. ' Get sided up ;' get everything put in order. ' Get peed, honey ;' to a young child. Cf. ' En Sigmundr gat skridit upp :' but Sigmundr managed to crawl up (got crept up) on the shore, namely.' Flatey, i. 559. ' Ef Olafr gceti unnit Lunduna bryggiur :' if Olaf should succeed in winning (could get won) London Bridge. Ib. ii. 22, 26. Get, Able to. Able to reach a given place. 1 Ah wur gannan te Whitby to-moorn, but Ah know n't an Ah sal be yabble te get.' Get a-gate, v. n. To begin or make a start with a piece of work of any kind. See Agait. Get away with, v. n. To get forward with a piece of work; to be doing it quickly and well. Get one's life, To. To be fatal in effect, induce death. 1 Ah *s dou'tful 't '11 get bis life ;' of sorrow, calamity, sore sickness, &c. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 217 Get the length of, v. n. To get as far as, to reach, this or that place or distance. ' It 's as much as he can do to get the length o' t' garden-end.' Comp. saa gik bun et par agerleengder her og flyttede kerene : so she went the length of a couple of fields and shifted the kye. Gamle Danske Minder, 2nd Ser. p. 1 39. G-etherer, sb. The person whose business it is to rake the corn as it is mown into separate lots or bundles for the Binder to bind into sheaves. See Bandster. Gotten, p. p. of Get. ' He, Godd and man bathe in a personne, was sothefastly of |>at blessyde maydene, Godd getyne of his ffadire be-fore any tyme.' Rel. Pieces, p. 4. ' Wrangwisely to halde J>at at es ge(yne.' Ib. p. 1 2. Gew-gow, sb. (g hard). A Jew's-harp, or trump. O. N. giga; Sw. giga; Sw. D. g'djg'd; Dan. gige; Germ, geige; a kind of stringed musical instrument ; a fiddle. ' Sir Thomas Brown states that a brass Jew's-harp, richly gilded, was found in an ancient Norwegian urn. If so, Sutherland may be indebted to the Norwegians for its favourite, almost national instrument.' Notes of Travel in 1860, p. 151. Gib, sb. A hook, such as is artificially formed on a walking-stick, or may be due to natural growth. Comp. E. gib, to start back or aside ; Dut. gijpen, of sails, to turn suddenly ; E. gibe, to turn from one side or course to another, of a boat under sail before the wind when her course is altered without tacking, the sails being shifted from one side to the other. Comp. also O. Fr. regiber, to wince, start back ; Sw. gipa, to wry or twist the mouth. Gib-stick, sb. A stick with a hook at the end, whether natural or formed by hand. ' Noo, lads, it 's owther scheeal or a taste o' mah gib-stick ower yer shoothers." An old Dales yeoman's account of the way in which his sons had come to be ' sae rigler at scheeal.' Gi'en (pr. gin or geen), p. p. of Give. ' A geen bite Is soon put out o' sight.' Wb. Gl. Gif, conj. If A. S. gif, gyf. Ihre's remark on S. G. jef, doubt, hesitation, is ' habent linguae cognate particulam dubitativam ef, si ; A. S. if, gif; Ang. if, quibuscum convenit M. G. jabai, jau, et gau.' Another common archaic form was yif. GifF-gaflf, sb. The interchange of familiar or unstudied conversation on cursory topics. One of the frequent instances of reduplication of consonantal sounds with a change of vowel. Comp. O. N. gifr, babbling, tattling, and A. S. gaf-spr***" of godmother, aad is due usual compeHation of the common sort of women.' Rietr addoces Syr. aafr, a bomb, and bids compare Gr. \'njipot. \ifxuftL, a die-goat. Gimmer-hog, sb. An ewe-lamb, from the time of its being weaned up to the time of its first shearing, or Clipping. See Hog. Gimmer-lamb, sb. An ewe-lamb : a term applied until the animal is weaned. Sw. O. gimumerlam, gimaaerlam, gommalam ; Gin, conj. If, in case, even if, although. 'Gim is no other tfcan the partkipie ^MJBB, gfen, gfn.' Tooke ; a statement a* much open to doite as the sflmQar ones made ia the case of gtC. It is Kkdy there k the same rektioD- ship brtweer-to watj wonte." E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1. 170. Or it may be more directly connected with Sw. D. glisa, glysa, glesa, &c., to glance, dart through, as a ray or gleam of light does ; O Germ, glizan; A. S. glisian. The transition in meaning would be simple enough, in order to arrive at that of our word. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 22 T Gleasing, sb. i. A sharp or rapid act of pursuit. 2. A suit at law, or rather the damages incurred by the loss of it. 3. Loss or damage generally. Wh. Gl. 1. "'I have had a good gleasing after him ;" a sharp run in pursuit." Wb. Gl. 2. ' " He has had to bide a bonny gleasing ;" sustain heavy charges in a law-suit.' Ib. Comp. ' Uxor. It were a fowlle blot to be hanged for the case. Malt. I have skapyd, Jelott, oft as hard a glase.' Townel. Myst. p. 106 ; see also p. 201. Gleg, v. n. To cast side-looks, to glance furtively. Cf. O. N. gluggr, an opening, a window, the eye ; Sw. D. glugg, glogg, id. ; titta uuner glugg : look askance, cast side looks ; kasta sneda blickar. It would appear that our vb. has been derived directly either from this, or from the vb. gloggva, videre, quoted by Ihre. Note N. D. gl0g. The Leeds form is gleg ; a word used of a horse who turns his head sufficiently to enable him to see his driver, notwithstanding his blinkers. ' They go prying and glegging intil every body's neuk.' Wb. Gl. Glent, glint, sb. A glimpse, or mere passing sight or glance. Grimm, says Rietz, in v. Glinta, or glanta, ' supposes a lost strong vb., glintan, giant, gluntun, to shine, glance with light, and probably this word which remains with us is the word in question.' Sw. D. glinta, glanta, implies I. to slip, to slide, or fall from slipping on smooth ice ; and 2. to slip from one, to miscarry, to miss. O. E. glent bears both the meanings, to glance or shine, and to slip or fall : thus, ' Miche wat3 be gyld gere bat glent J>er alofte.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 569. . . . red ryche gold nayle? pat al glytered and glent as glem of the sunne.' Ib. 604. ' P e gyhyf ma y contryssyoun hente & be t>urj mercy to grace J>ry?t ; Bot he to gyle )>at neuer glente At in-oscente is saf and ryjt.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1. 668. The editor explains the word in this last passage by ' slipped, fell ;' but it would equally well bear the meaning, turned aside, which is nearly coincident with that of our Clevel. vb. glint. Comp. Welsh ysglentio, to slide. The sb. glent occurs in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1 290 : ' penne ho gef hym god-day, and wyth a glent lajed, & as ho stod, ho stonyed hym wyth ful stor wordej.' ' Ah nobbut gat a glint ov 'im.' Glep, v. n. To stare vacantly or as in astonishment. See Glop. Gliff, glift, sb. i . A short or hasty glance ; a mere passing sight. 2. A glimpse of something startling or terrifying; thence, a fright or startling, or scaring. In Wh. Gl. Glift bears the second meaning, and Gliff the first : but there can be no doubt the words are essentially identical. Note the usage of O. E. vb. a. and n. glijf, glyfl. ' J?e god man glyfte with )>at glam and gloped for noyse.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1. 849 ; 222 GLOSSARY OF THE where the sense is, stared, was astounded. Bot Gawayn on J>at gyserne glyfte hym bysyde As hit com glydande a doun.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. \. 2265. ' Sir Gawayne glyftes on the gome with a glade wille.' Morte Artb. p. 211. Note also the adverbial form, aglyfte. Comp. Dan. glippe, to miss, to wink, to slip ; E. glib, and also N. gleppa. Low Germ, glippen, &c. See Wedgw. in v. Glib. 1. ' Ah nobbut gat a glift on 't ;' a mere passing glance. 2. ' " Ah gat a sair gliff;" I got a sore scaring, or " saw something," as the phrase goes.' Wb. Gl. Glint, v. n. i. To glance, or shine brightly but transiently. 2. To glance, or turn on one side after impact. See Glent. 2. ' T' shot-coorns glinted aff its wings, lahk rain aff a duck's back.' Comp. ' Gawayn gray)>ely hit (the blow) bydej, and glent with no membre, Bot stode stylle as J>e ston, o}>er a srubbe aufc>er, fat raveled is in roche grounde with rotes a hundreth.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 2292. Glip, sb. The result of negligence or want of care or vigilance : a word occurring in the phrase ' to give glip/ in use among boys, and meaning to let one escape or pass uncaught in the course of any boyish game. O. N. glbp, glop, incuria, inconsiderantia ; glappaz, imprudenter facere ; glapp, failure, unluck; 'Dun. glip, glippe, as, At gaae glip of noget,: to fail, or miss attaining a thing. N. D. glipe. Cf. 5'/3* burb ^emeleaste glvffe'S ; or Demies gliffen : if through heedlessness you blunder. Ancr. Riwle, p. 46. Glisk, v. n. To glisten or glitter. Comp. O. N. glyssa, to glitter, sparkle ; Sw. D. glisa, N. glisa, glysa; O. Germ, glizan. ' It glisk'd lahk a piece o' glass.' Wb. Gl. Gloaming, sb. The transitionary state between light and darkness at evening; twilight. A. S. glomung, glommung. A word very nearly connected with Chaucer's glombe, and with gloumbe in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 1. 94: ' Oure syre syttes, he says, on sege so hyje In his glwande glory, and gloumbes ful lyttel, paj I be nummen in Niniuie and naked dispoyled, On rode rwly to-rent, with rybaudes mony ;' where the idea is to take serious or considering notice. And here we may comp. Sw. D. glomma, gldma, to gaze at one attentively, or with stedfast eyes ; glamug, one with great eyes and gazing with them intently. From intentness or seriousness of observation the idea seems to pass to that of frowning or sullen looking on or at : as when Fortune ' . . . whilome woll of folke smile, And glombe on hem another while.' Chaucer. Mr. Morris observes, Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems, that ' it seems to be connected with O. N. glampa, to glitter, shine.' Rietz connects the cognate glomma with Sw. D. glo, to CLEVELAND DIALECT. 223 shine, to glitter ; O. N. gloa, A. S. glowan, O. Germ, glojan, E. Dial, glow, to stare, &c. ; and, through some cognate form to glomma, we get Dan. D. glum, fear-inspiring, scowling ; glummende, nearly answering to our glum, glumpy ; N. S. glummen, to look sullen or vengeful ; glum, thick, of the water or the atmosphere ; gloomy, therefore. Mr. Wedgw. adds, ' Prov. Dan. glomme, Swiss glumsen, to glow in a covert way, as coals beneath the ashes; E. gloom; a condition of covered light: gloming or gloaming, the time of day when the light shines obscurely from below the horizon ; like a person looking out from beneath his brows.' Gloore, glore, v. n. To stare with fixed look, to gaze intently. Spelt also G-loar, Glower. Sw. D. glora, to stare, to gaze intently ; N. glora, to stare. The original meaning of O. N. glora is to glare, as with excess of light, to glow as burning coals; in which sense N. S. gloren, Dut. gloren, Swiss gloren, glaren occur. ' He gloored wi' baith een.' Wb. Gl. Glop, v. n. To stare open-mouthed as in astonishment. O. N. glapa, to stare, gape ; N. glipe, gleype, to gape, stand wide open ; Sw. D. glipa. Rietz considers these words as allied to gliopa, N. glupa, &c., I. to gulp down, to swallow with an effort ; 2. to have the mouth open. Mr. Morris collates O. Fris. glupa, to look, to peep ; Dan. glippe, to wink. Compare also O. N. glepa, caliginem oculis infundere. The word also takes the form Glep. Note ' j"e god man glyfte with bat glam, and gloped for noyse,' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1. 849 ; of Lot, at Sodom, when required to give up his guests, where gloped is explained by, ' was terrified, frightened, amazed.' Our usage supplies an equally applicable sense ; as in, ' What are you standing and glopping at?' Wb. Gl. In Townel. Myst. p. 146, where glope occurs as a sb., the sense is that of glad surprise. Relieved by the suggestion made to put all the ' knave chyldren of two yerys brede, and withe in' to death, so as to be sure to include the one dreaded one, Herod exclaims ' Now thou says here tylle A right nobylle gyn ! If I lyf in land good lyfe, as I hope, Thus dar I the warand to make the Pope. O ! my hart is rysand now in a glope ! ' whereas before his expression had been ' My guttys wille oute thryng, Bot I this lad hyng. Withoutt I have avengyng I may lyf no langer.' Gloppen, v. a. To startle greatly, to terrify. See Glep, Glop, from which this is a derivative. ' Thou wenys to glopyne me with thy gret wordes.' Hall. For agesten, Ancr. Riwle, p. 212, the Titus Version reads glopnen, in the sense of terrify: ' pe ateliche deouel schal glopnen ham mid his grimme grennunge.' 2:4 GLOSSARP Of THE Glor, sb. Utter or mere fat Hall, gnres * Ghar, soft coarse fat, not well set. Applied to bacon.' He also gives floor-fat, immensely fat,' and adduces the expression. ' not all glory-fat' from Fletcher's poems. O. N. goOr is the ' leaf* of a sheep, or accumulation of fat about the kidneys and neighbouring parts ; and goUur-skiiui, the pericardium. By metathesis this becomes gi*ar, Qlor. *"M of a ^/or and a jelly ;" trembling with adiposity.' Wb. 67. "Gfor-fat;" loose fat.' Ib. Glor-fat, adj. Excessively fat See Qlor. Glum, adj. Sullen-looking, gloomy. See Gloaming. ' As glmm as a thunder-cloud.' Wb. GL Clumps, sb. Sulks ; the condition of being sullen or gloomily out of temper. See Gloaming. Glumpy, adj. Sullen, out of spirits and temper. Glut, sb. A large and thick wooden wedge, used in splitting blocks of wood, &c. Pr. Pm. CHytt, at dote, or regge (dete or wegge). Ctoutts.' Cfcfe, wedges. Nortb.' HaD. Cf. N. D. glytta. Possibly connected with N. gloa, an opening, a space between, a rift ; Sw. D. gl*ft; and thence with O. Dan. glut : den er altid god som gltttte* fytder : all is good which fiOs the ghit ; the relationship being like that which characterises Dike, a ditch, and Dike, a bank. The original connection may be with A. S. clijia*, * K tf mm _ Sw. D. tf/ora, to deare, split. Gnag. nag. v. n. To assail pertinaciously with reproaches or re- marks tending to irritate, but all of a petty nature. O. N'. gnaga. rodere; tagga, litigare; nagg, rflis et bediosa contentio; Dan. mage, to gnaw, to annoy ; Sw. and Sw. D. gnaga ; Sw. D. gnaga, gnaga, gnava, Sec. ; A. S. gnagOM ; O. Germ, itagax ; Dut. Imogen. ' He '$ ilia's btaggaf an' btaggin', fra moorn to neeght.' Comp. Gubbc* gxav fa mej frh mara te tvale :' the old fellow gnaggtd at me from mom t2I eren. Gnarl, v. n. To gnaw, as a mouse does. Comp. Dan. D. gmalde, gmaldrt, to gnaw, or nibble, or rasp with the teeth at the edges of a thing ; as, must* bar gnaldret of astern : the mouse has gnarled (nibbled) at the cheese. The word is a trequentatiTe of gnaga, gnava, &C. Gnarr, sb. A knot in, or from, a tree. See Knarr, Knorr. Gnarr, v. n. To growl, as a dog. Sw. knarka or titarra, to grumble, to growl ; Sw. D. gnarta, gnurka, gnarras, gnarras, : id. ; N. S. gnarren, to creak, to murmur, to grumble ; gnurreM, to grumble, to bellow, to growl. Comp. O. N. bnerr, murmur ; hmrra, to murmur, to growl ; Dan. Juuaritu, and A. S. jujrmw, to gnash. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 225 Onipe, v. a. To crop, or nip off with the teeth, herbage, &c., in short lengths. See Knipe, Knep. This farm is given in Wb. e erthe.' Pr. of Cons. 6443. Colke here, then, it is fully evident, is a central hollow, like the 'dalk' in the yolk of the hard-boiled egg, or the receptacle of the seeds of the apple. The next step in sense is to that which would, or which actually does, fill up the place of such a central hollow. Thus the word comes to mean the hard yolk, or the yolk in any condition, of the egg itself, the central remnant of the grindstone, the innermost portion of a hay-stack, the Sitfast or core of an ulcer which remains when all the matter else is discharged ; and even the entire round ovum or pellet of roe from the spawn of a fish : for I think there can be little doubt that Kelk is essentially the same word as colke or colk. Mr. Wedgwood quotes Gael. caocb, empty, caocbag, a nut without a kernel. Comp. Dut. kolk, a pit or deep hollow, and Sw. D. kolp-djup, of the same meaning, which Rietz thinks may very possibly have been in its original form kolk-djup. ' Roten at the colke' occurs in Townel. Myst. p. 281. Goldens, gouldens, guldens, sb. The dry, charred stems of the ling left after burning the moor. The orthography of this word is uncertain. In Cr. Gl. it appears as ling-collin's, ex- plained as ' burnt heath or ling, probably ling-coalings, the ling being burnt as black as a coal." Of the ling, however, nothing whatever is left save the thicker part of the main stem, which is black enough for a space next after the fire ; but eventually the charred part gives way to the influences of rain and weather, and the colour, from black, becomes brown or yellow, or is even bleached to an impure white. Here the initial consonant is certainly not c, but g. Cf. Dan. en gold bede, a barren heath ; gold grand, infertile land. Gomerill, sb. A fool, a natural born. Here the word sounds both Gaumerill and Gommerel or Gom'rel. Brock, gives gorineril and goneill ; Hall, the form gonnerbead ; while Jam. also writes gampbrell. The latter CLEVELAND DIALECT. 227 refers to Sibbald's derivation of the word from Fr. goimpre, goinfre, and then to Grose's ' gammer, to idle; gomerill, a silly fellow; and gamerstangs, a great, foolish, wanton girle.' Possibly, what wiseacre is relatively to wise, that Gomerill or Gaumerill is to gaum. Good, adj. Used to qualify words expressive of quantity or number ; as a good few, a good little ; meaning, respectively, a tolerable num- ber, neither very scanty nor very numerous, and a quantity that is not very large without being at the same time really small. ' Gudi, adjectivis adverbiisque additum, significationem intendit. Sic gudi nog est, oppido satis.' Ihre, in v. Gud (Deus) ii. This is curious when set side by side with the usage above noted. Goodies, sb. Sugar sweetmeats for children; the ' suckers' of the South. Sw. D. guitar, sweetmeats ; Swiss guteli, sugar sweetmeats for children. Comp. Sw. D. godte, raisins. Goodlike, adj. Having a good appearance, goodly, well-looking, O. N. godlikr, bonus, praestans, eximius : Egills. Sw. D. godlik, golik, goodly, excellent. ' There 's many a goodlike nought :' Wb. Gl., a variation upon ' Nulla fronti fides,' ' All is not gold that glitters,' ' Nimium ne crede colori,' &c. G-orp, gorpin, sb. A featherless or unfledged bird, as when just hatched. A word of uncertain derivation and orthography. Hall, gives gor, Westm., and gorbit, Yorks. ; Jam. gives gorbet, garbling, gorling, gordlin, gorbel, gorb and garb : besides gorlin-hair, the hair on young birds before the feathers come ; and gorlin, bare, unfledged. Wb. Gl. gives gorp, gorpin ; but neither Leeds Gl., Cr. Gl., nor Brock, give the word at all. Noticing the word garfwa, to curry, to dress or prepare leather, Ihre says it is derived from Germ, gerben or gdrben. He then adduces Finn, carvari, with the same meaning, adding, that in the same tongue ' carwoan means to clear of hair, which conducts us to carwa or carwan, which in that tongue means bair, fur.' Probably Gorp, Gorpin, &c., are connected with carwa and its relatives, even if garfwa, gerben, gdrben be not : the idea being of down or fur opposed to feathers. Gossamer, sb. The soft white downy filaments seen suspended on the herbage or floating in the air after a continuance of fine summer-like weather in the early autumn. The Germ, sommer-fdden, summer-thread ; sommer-floclien, summer-locks or flocks, ex- pressive of the light filmy form of the substance cf. scbnee-flock, a snow-flake ; sommer- webe, summer-web our Clevel. Muzwipe or Muzweb, as also Marten fdden, unser lieben Frauen fdden, Marien-garn, all point to the idea of a fabric, of what is spun or woven. Hence Carr's suggestion that summer-goose, as a North prov. name for gossamer, may indi- cate the origin of the word, is not an unreasonable one summer-goose, that is, summer- gauze ; and thence, by an inversion of the component elements, gossamer ; or gossamer, as Mr. Wedgw. writes it, with the explanation ' properly God-summer.' The names Marten fdden, unserer lieber Frauen fdden, are derived, he adds, ' from the legend that the gossomer is the remnant of our Lady's winding-sheet, which fell away in fragments when she was taken up into Heaven. It is this Divine origin which is indicated by the first syllable of the G g 2 228 GLOSSARY OF THE E. word.' Comp. the like practical ellipsis of the legend in the Germ, names der sommer, fliegende sommer. Still, Gos = God's is not in itself satisfactory, and the form summer-goose makes decidedly against it. Goose, corrupted from gauze, and contracted into gos, as in gosling, is clearly more probable. Gotherly, adj. Kind, of a kindly or warm-hearted disposition, affable. Cf. M. G. gadiliggs, a friend ; O. Germ, galulinc, geteling ; M. Germ, getelinc, gedling, a friend, companion, chosen or kindly associate ; A. S. gadeling, a companion. But espe- cially comp. Fris. gadelik, N. Fris. gadlik, M. Germ, getelik, N. Sax. gaadlicb, suitable, agreeable. Note also Sw. D. gdding, gadung ; Dan. D. ganning or ganding ; 'a word,' says Molb. (Dansk D. Lex.), ' of frequent use and various applications, almost invariably in conjunction with the verb to be, and taken to signify what is serviceable or profitable, what is suitable, or according to one's manner of thought, taste, or convenience : as, det er min ganning, or det er just min ganning : that is just what I like.' Add N. gade, gading, a fellow, an equal, a mate; giete ; te gietes ; te gietna's: after one's convenience or liking. 4 A heart-warm, gotberly set.' Wh. Gl, In the passage, Townel. Myst. p. 8, ' Gedlynges I am a fulle grete wat, A good yoman my master hat, Fulle welle ye alle hym ken ;' the word gedlyng seems wrongly explained by ' an idle vagabond.' A. S. gadeling supplies its real origin, with perfect suitability as to sense ; viz. mates, comrades. Comp. the term of address used two or three lines before ' felowes.' Goupen, gowpen, sb. i. The hollow or containing part of the hand. 2. The quantity that can be contained or held in the hollow of the hands. Also called Gowpen-full. ' Gopn, manus concava, O. N. gaupn. Apud nos, utplurimum usurpatur pro tanto quan- tum simul manu capere possis.' Ihre. Sw. D. gdpn, the hollow hand when the fingers are about half closed ; also, a handful, both hands employed. Rietz. Other forms are goppen, gl'Men, gofn, gopa, gaffen. Also S. Jutl. gobn (pr. gown or gofn), the two hands laid together and partly closed. Molb. (D. Dial. Lex.) gives S. Jutl. gave or gawe, the hollow hand, and other forms, gauf, gioben, giebn, besides these two from Vendsyssel, giavn, gievn. ' " Double gowpens;" as much as the two hands put together will contain.' Wh. Gl. ' " They gat gold by gowp'ns ;" soon became rich.' Ib. With this last comp. det er in? godt at grave gull med gobn : it is not well to dig gold by gowpens, quoted by Kok ; and at gribe guld med gievner : to grip ho'd o' gou'd by gowp'ns. Goupen-full, sb. The quantity which can be contained or held in the hollow of the two hands placed together. Comp. S. Jutl. en gobnfull hakkels' : a gowpen-full o' chop, i.e. of chaff; Vendsyss. gieben-fuld, Swab, gaufel, a good handful, &c. Gowk, sb. The cuckoo (Cuculus canorus}. O. N. gaukr; Sw. goJt ; Sw. D. gauk, gok, gauk; Dan. gag; A. S. geac ; M. Germ. goucb ; Nass. gaucb. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 329 Gowk, sb. A fool ; one who is awkward in mind and body. See Gauk. Gowland, sb. The corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). Spelt also Golland, Gouland. Comp. gulle-blommor, the Sw. D. name for the same flower. This is connected by Rietz with guld, gold. Either it, or gvl, yellow, furnishes the derivation of the present word. ' " As yellow as a gawland ;" jaundiced.' Wb. Gl. Grace, sb. Benefit, advantage, good results or fortune. A curious use of the word, not yet quite obsolete. Comp. barde grace = misfortune. ' First he wounded me in the face ; My eyen were safe, that was my grace.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 359. ' For the devil is oft disguised To bring a man to evil grace. 1 Plowman's Tale, p. 189. " Ye've kessen yer gre't coat, than ?" " Aye, Ah hes ; an" Ah's getten nae grace wiv it, nowther." ' Wb. Gl. Gradely, adv. See Graithly. Graft, sb. i. The depth reached by one act of digging, a spit. 2. The portion of soil, peat, &c., turned up by one application of the spade. See Spade-graft. 0. N. groftr, S. G. grift, Sw. D. graft, Dan. graft; literally, that which is dug, exca- vated. See v. a. Grave. 1 . ' Ah 's duggen a* mah garth tweea grafts deep.' 2. ' Get a graft up fra" t' bottom, an' leuk what 't 's like.' Grafting-tool, sb. A long, narrow, concave spade, or digging instru- ment, used in draining. Grain, sb. A separate, linear portion of a thing, whether still at- tached, or detached from the rest; as the branch of a tree, the tine of a fork. O. N. grein, Sw. gren, Dan. green, a bough, that which grows separately from the rest of the tree. Sw. D. gren is the angle (vinkel) which two shoots or branches of a tree, springing from the same point, form with each other; also the crotch or fork of the thighs. The O. N. vb. is greina, to divide, separate ; not including the idea of to sever, necessarily. Rietz collates Kpivf.iv, to discriminate, lay separate. ' And as he rode still on the plaine, He saw a lady sitt in a graine' Percy's Folio MS. i. 75. Graining, sb. The fork, or division of a tree into branches. Comp. Sw. D. gren, grajn, the fork, or angle made by two coincident shoots of a tree, or by the thighs ; greinar, the two thighs, with the angle between them. Graith, v. a. To furnish, provide or equip : occurring most fre- quently in the p. participle ; as, bonnily graithed, ill graithed, both 230 GLOSSARY OF THE applied to dress or clothing ; a well graithed table, a table nicely or handsomely set out, &c. O. N. greifta, to straighten out, unfold, prepare, work out, make ready; N. greida, greia; Sw. D. grej(d), grdj(d), greda, grea, id. Comp. the various meanings of the O. E. vb. below. ' I shall graytb thi gate, And fulle welle ordeyn thi state.' Townel. Myst. p. 47. ' Ful grayj>ely got? J>is god man (Noah) and dos godej hestes In dryj dred and daunger, )>at durst do non oj>er. When hit (the Ark) watj fettled and forged and to J>e fulle grayed, pen con dry3ttyn hem dele dryjlv )>yse wordej.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1. 34!. ' When Guenore ful gay groyned in be myddes Dressed on )>e dere des.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 74. ' There gode Gawayn watj gray\>ed, Gwenore bysyde, And Agravayn on J^at o)>er syde sittes.' Ib. 1. 109. ' A cheyer by-fore t>e chemn6 .... Watj groyned for syr Gawan, grayj>ely with clo}^.' Ib. 1. 876. Graith, graithing, sb. i . Equipment of any kind ; furniture, cloth- ing, &c. 2. In a more general sense, belongings at large. See Graith, vb. Cf. O. N. reldi, the tackling of a ship ; N. greide, greia, id. ; Sw. D. greja, grejer or grdjer, effects, furniture, collection of goods and chattels ; Germ, gerei, naval tackling ; Dut. gereide, gerei, furniture, chattels, goods, equipment ; Germ, geratb, implements, goods, &c., whence Dan. geraad, bus-geraad, household goods and furniture, with which comp. Clevel. Tea-graithing for tea-equipage at large. In O. E. writers the word seems often to stand for despatch, quickness, or readiness in that sense. Thus, ' The ravyn, durst I lay, wille com agane sone, He may happyn to day com agane or none With gratb.' Townel. Myst. p. 32. Graithly, adv. Decently, in order, mensefully. See Graith.. The word in the O. E. writers seems often to take the meaning, readily, preparedly or speedily, rather than any more like its meaning with us. Thus ; ' pis gret clerk telles J>us in a buke, " Behalde," he says, " graylbely and loke, Herbes and trese J?at }>ou sees spryng, And take gude kepe what )>ae forth bryng." ' Pr. of Consc. 1. 644. Still, our meaning also is met with : ' A cheyer by-fore J>e chemn, J>er charcole brenned, Wat? grayjjed for Syr Gawan, gray\>ely with clones.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 875 ; ' And sy]>en Jnirj al )>e sale, as hem best semed Bi vche grome at his degre grayfyely watj serued.' Ib. 1. 1005 ; that is, decently, fairly, fitly. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 231 Grane, v. n. To make the sound which accompanies a great effort, such as lifting a very heavy weight, or the like : not infrequently sounded as gairn. Sw. D. grana, to emit a dull sound from within : whether of person or thing, as a tub, a door ; O. N. grenja, to rumble, bellow. See Grene, Hall. There seems to be a distinction between this word and groan, the pcpl. of which, in Pr. of Consc. 1. 798, takes the form granand. Grass-widow, sb. A woman of loose character, a prostitute. Hall, gives as the definition of this word, ' an unmarried woman who has had a child ;' and in Moor's Suffolk Words and Phrases, Grace-widow is ' a woman who had a child for her cradle ere she had a husband for her bed ;' and corresponding with this is the N. S. or Low Germ, gras-wedewe. Again, Sw. D. gras-anka, or -enka, grass-widow, occurs in the same sense as with us ' a low, dissolute, unmarried woman, living by herself." The original meaning of the word seems to have been (see Ihre) ' a woman whose husband is away,' either travelling, or living apart. The people of Belgium call a woman of this description bceck-wedewe, from bcecken, to feel strong desire. ' Similarly gr&senka seems to come from gr&desenka, from gradig, esuriens.' It seems probable then, from the ety- mology taken in connection with the Clevel. signification, that our word may rather be from the Scand. source than from the German ; only with a translation of the word enka into its English equivalent. Dan. D. grasenke is a female whose betrothed lover (Jastman) is dead ; nearly equivalent to which is Germ, sirobwittwe, literally straw-widow. Compare ' man of straw.' Grave, v. a. (pr. greeav'). To dig, to use a spade, or Spit, for either digging or paring purposes. See Spit, Turf-graving, Grove, Groven. O. N. grafa; O. Sw. grafa, grava, grafwa; Sw. grafva; Sw. D. grava, grava; Dan. grave; O. Germ, graban; N. S. graven; A. S. grafan; M. G. graban, all meaning to engrave, to dig. ' Ah "s bin greeavin' t' w'oll deea i' t' priest's gaarden.' ' He 's awa' 't peat-moor greeavin' peats.' Greasehorn, sb. A flatterer or sycophant. ' The farmers have a cow's horn, filled with grease, slung to their carts, for oiling their axletrees.' Wb. Gl. The allusion seems apparent. Great, adv. Used augmentatively, as in the expressions, great foul, of great or huge size ; great likely, very likely, extremely probable, or ' to be sure.' See Hall, in v. ' Great-like.' ' A great-foal ox.' Wb. Gl. ' A great-foul cart-rut.' Great-likely (pr. grete-likly). Very likely, almost certainly. Gree, v. n. To agree, come to an understanding or concord. 232 GLOSSARY OF THE Greed, sb. i. Greediness or avarice. 2. A greedy, covetous, or avaricious person, a miser. The word occurs in both meanings in Chaucer. O. N. grddr, greediness, in both senses ; Sw. D. grdden ; O. Sw. gradb, greediness after food ; gradu(g), greedy. 1. ' The devil will grip him for his greed.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' A close-fisted greed.' Ib. Greet, v. n. (pret. gret or grat, p. p. gretten). To cry, to weep : silently, rather than with any loud outcry. O. N. grata (pret. gret) ; O. Sw. grata (pr. gret or grat) ; Sw. grata ; Sw. D. grata (imp. gret or grit), grata (pr. gret), grata (pr. grat) ; Dan. grade; M. G. gretan; A. S. graetan (pr. gret, p. p. gr&ten) ; O. Sax. griotan, &c. Grenky, adj. Out of sorts, unwell, complaining ; in the latter sense especially. See Cranky. O. N. krdnkr, sick, weakly, out of sorts; O. Sw. kranker ; Sw. D. krank; N. krank ; Dan. krank ; Germ, and Dut. krank. Comp. Sw. D. Itranklig, poor, insignificant. ' Ah feels grenky a" ower me.' Wb. Gl. Griff, sb. A deep narrow glen or valley ; a ravine, but on a small or gentler scale. The idea involved is probably that of a space hollowed out or excavated, in which sense the excavation or hollowing, however, being on a smaller scale, as well as actual or done by hand we have O. Sw. grip, gript, grift, as well as Sw. grift, a grave, an excavation in the earth, and grbpa, to excavate or hollow out. Comp. S. Jutl. grov, Dan. graft, O. N. grof, &c. The word is preserved to us in more than one local name. Skinning- grove, on our coast, in a document of the date 1272 is written Skinnegrive; Skinergreive, 41 Edw. Ill; and otherwise Skinnergrefe, &c. Mulgrave, again (often corrupted into Mul-groves) in Domesday stands as Grif, and later forms are Mulgreve, Mongreve, &c. Palsgrave near Scarborough is another instance of the occurrence of the same word, and justified by local configuration as at Mulgrave and Sktnninggrove. The local Pr. grove, is noteworthy. Grime, sb. Soot, or soot-like matter. Sw. D. grima, a spot or speck of soot on the face ; N. grima, a spot or smut, especially on the face ; Dan. grime, id. ; O. Sw. grima, a mask for the face ; O. N. grima, id. ; A. S. grima, id. ; N. Fris. grime, a mask, or black spot, or smut, on the face ; Dan. D. grim or griim, the set black, or hardened soot, on a pot. It seems scarcely possible to doubt the close connection between Grime in its sense, soot, smut, black, and grima, a mask. The transition seems to have been from an artificial covering for the face or part of the face, to any incidental and removable discoloration, apparent discoloration, or cause of apparent dis- coloration of the face or countenance, and whether in man or beast. Thus N. grima, Dan. grime is a halter or bridle, that is, a dark band covering part of the horse's head : but they also signify a dark coloured patch on a creature's head : whence also Sw. D. grimig, applied to cattle with white stripes on a dark head ; albeit Dan. grimet means, with a white head and dark stripes or blotches. The last step is to the black or smut on the face ; and thence to the black or smut itself. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 233 Grime, v. a. i. To blacken, or daub with sooty matter. 2. To blacken metaphorically, to defame or vilify. Moth gives O. Dan. grime, to blacken, daub with black ; and Molb. (Dansk Gloss.) quotes grimet, blackened, marked with black ; from burning, namely ; as applied to trees situate on boundary lines and having burnt or blackened spaces on them to mark them out from others : as, ocb sa copp atb (ben mosse, som tbet grimetb trace staar, ocb sa fra tbet tree, &c. Rietz has no doubt that a corresponding word grima signifying to make black, smutty or dirty, to pollute, has once existed in the Sw. tongue. But I do not know any analogous usage of the word to that presented hi our second sense. Cf. Black, to de- fame, slander, vilify. Griming, sb. A slight covering with a matter that can be sprinkled or scattered evenly and slightly, as snow ; a sprinkling. This word is probably due to the (apparently) original conception of the word grime. See Grime, sb. I scarcely think that it is immediately connected with O. N. brim in its mere sense ofpruina, except hi so far as that is connected with grima, ros congelatus; but rather with the thought of a disguising, but, at the same time, removable covering. Grimy, adj. Slanderous, given to blacken or defame a person. ' " A grimy tongue ;" a slanderous tongue.' Wb. Gl. Grip, v. a. To take hold firmly, to grasp or seize quickly and strongly. O. N. gripa, to hold tight with the hand ; O. Sw., Sw., and Sw. D. gripa, Dan. gribe, to catch hold, grasp, hold tight with the hand ; O. Germ, grifan, crifan ; A. S. gripan. In N. gripa, vowel-sound and sense are both exactly as hi our grip. ' He wur jest fallin' off t' cart when Ah gripp'd him by his claes.' ' Grip ho'd, man.' Grip, sb. A trench or furrow hollowed along the surface ; a channel or small ditch. O. Sw. grip, an excavation made by digging, a grave ; Sw. D. grip, a ditch, channel, hole dug ; Sw. grop ; Sw. D. grob, a ditch, channel ; Dan. D. grab, grov ; O. N. grof, grof; O. Germ, groba ; A. S. grtep, grep, a grip, furrow, ditch. Note Pr. Pm. ' Growpe, where beestys, as nete, standyn.' See Cow-grip. Gripe, sb. (pr. grahp or graip). A dung-fork; or, more generally, a fork which may be applied to digging purposes. S. G. grepe, a three-tined fork for stable purposes, &c. ; Sw. grepe, dynggrepe, id. ; Sw. D. grebel, ding-grep ; Dan. greb, mag-greb. ' A three-grained, or three-gram grabp.' ' I grape de ferro pro firms.' Finch. Pr. p. lii. Grip-hold, sb. (pr. grip-ho'd). A handle, or any projecting part of an object which may be conveniently and firmly grasped. Comp. O. N. greip, a handle ; Sw. D. grep, id., dorr-grep, the handle of a door ; N. grip. Hh 234 GLOSSARY OF THE Grob, v. n. i . To search or examine by the sense of feeling, as with the hand in any dark place, or where the assistance of sight is not available ; a pocket, e. g., or a dark hole, or drawer. 2. To be desultory or unsettled in occupation or haunt. A very near connection of E. grope, itself closely connected with a large number of words in various languages and dialects, the primary idea in all of which is grasping, taking with the hands, whence also, feeling or fumbling with the hands as in preparation to take or catch hold of. Comp. Sw. grabba; Bret, kraban, the open hand; Sw. D. grabbatag, krab- batag, a taking with the whole hand ; besides many other like words, all derivatives from gripa. Comp. also, ' The sext (pain) is swa mykel myrknes That it may be graped, swa thik it es," Pr. of Consc. 1. 6566 ; where the idea is more than possibly a transitionary one to that of feeling, from that of grasping ; as certainly in ' Grope and fele flesh and bone and forme of man.' Townel. Myst. p. 283. See also Ancr. Riwle, p. 314. Grob, sb. A small-sized, insignificant-looking person; one whose appearance is the very reverse of imposing or personable. Comp. Welsh crob, crwb, what is shrunk into a round heap ; a hunch. ' " A lahtle grab ;" a diminutive person.' Wh. Gl. Grobble, v. n. (pr. often, almost as if written groffle or gruffle). i. To poke about, as with a stick in a hole, or among a number of objects. 2. To feel about among a number of things for one in particular. 3. To loiter or hang idly about; to be long over one's work, or any job in hand. ' Graft i proprie fodicare notat, sed usurpatur fere de iis, qui, aliquid qusesituri, res sursum deorsum vertunt :' properly signifies to dig into, to stick in -fodicare lotus, ' to give one a dig in the side' but is usually applied to the action of persons who, when looking for an object, turn things upside down. Ihre. Comp. Sw. and Sw. D. grabbla, to take hold of a thing, but uncertainly, as if not quite able to grasp it. There is an Eng. D. form grabble. The O. Sw. form is twice interesting, as not only being a parallel word, but also as giving the / form of it, like the Clevel. Pr. Grose, v. n. To save up money, amass substance. M. Germ, grozert, to become great, sustain accessions ; grcezen, to make great, add to. Sw. D. grosa, to exalt or magnify above measure, exists, and is considered by Rietz to be analogous, at least, to the Germ, words above quoted. Our word is one which does not appear in Hall, or the" Northern Glossaries generally. Wh. Gl., however, has it. Groser, sb. A saving and thriving person, one who has the gift of accumulating money. Grossy, adj. Thriving, vegetating rapidly and vigorously, full of growth. Perhaps an oral corruption of Growthy. Corap. Dut. groese, vigour, growth ; Dan. grade, growth of plants. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 235 Ground-work, sb. The preparatory work in laying the foundation of a building, on which the mason-work proper is laid. See Pr. Pm. note to Grownde, where the ground-werk of Fotheringay Castle is men- tioned, but as the foundations rather than in the sense given above. Grouty, adj. Soiled, dirty-looking, begrimed. The complete meaning of this word is doubtless ' smeared or coated with sediment,' grouts, grounds; and thence as sediment is usually thick, muddy, dirty the general meaning given above. ' Dut. gruete, gruyte, dregs ; the grainy or lumpy matter left in decoctions or infusions, as the grains in beer, or the grouts (corruptly grounds) in coffee ; .... grouty, dreggy, thick, muddy. Dut. gruyten, to mud, or clean out canals." Wedgw. Comp. also N. grvt, dregs ; gruten, thick, muddy ; Sw. D. grossel, dregs ; grosslig, turbid, thick, dreggy : the stock, in these latter words, being grvt, grud or gryt, gravel, small stones, grits ; the connection between which and the small sedimentary matters which con- stitute ' dregs' is not hard to recognise. See Wedgw. in w. Grits, Grots, Grout. Grov, grove, sb. The Pr. of Groove. Grove. Pret. of Grave. Comp. O. N. grafa, pret gr6f; Sw. D. grava, grov; Dan. grave, grov; M. G. grabatt, grof, &c. Groven, growen. P. p. of Grave. O. N. grafa, p. p. grafinn. Grow-day, sb. (pr. the ow nearly as in how). A day peculiarly suited to promote vegetation, mild and warm after showers, or during their continuance. See Grow-weather. ' A desper't fahn gram-day for seear ! ' Growthy, adj. (pr. grSthy the o like the o in both, and the sound of the th almost merging into that of ss. See Grossy.) Full of growth, luxuriant, growing rapidly and to a large size ; of vegetables, growing crops, &c. Grow-weather, sb. Weather such as to promote rapid and vigorous vegetation, moist, genial and warm. See Grow-day. ' Grodrar-vedr, aer tepidus, humidus : varmt og fugtig vejr, som er beqvemt for jord- vcexterne : warm, moist weather, such as is calculated to promote vegetation' (Hald.) ; also Dan. D. grode-veir, and et gradeligt veir ; and the S. Jutl. expression, del er got grade i e vejr : there 's a vast o* grow i' t' weather. ' Its tahm we hed a lahtle grow-weatber.' Grub, v. n. To be affected or injured by grubs ; of growing crops. ' T' corn '$ sair grubbed V mony spots t' year.' H h 2 236 GLOSSARY OF THE Grue, adj. Grim or morose-looking ; lowering, dark, dismal. Spelt Grou in Wh. Gl. Wedgw. gives ' Grow, to be troubled. B. To grow or gry, to be aguish ; grousome, fearful, loathsome. Hall., Dan. gru, horror, terror ; grue, to shudder at ; Germ, graven, to have a fear united with shuddering ; Dut. grouwen, grouwelen, horrere.' ' So agreued for greme he gryed with-inne, Alle J>e blode of his brest blende in his face pat al he schrank for schome J>at be schalk talked.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. \. 2370. Add Sw. grufva sig, O. Sw. grufva sik, Sw. D. gruva sej : to be troubled, to shew signs of trouble in countenance or manner, to be ' down in the mouth,' look dismal, &c. ; O. Germ. gruen, ingruen, Mid. Germ, gruwen, id., N. gruva, grue, to be in dread, to be frightened ; Sw. D. grusam or gruvsam, dejected, dismal-looking, frightened or horrified. ' He looks as grou as thunder.* Wb. Gl. ' " The sky looks black and grou;" threatening ram.' Ib. ' " A grou morning ;" a dull morning.' Ib. The adv. gryle occurs in Townel. Myst. p. 137. Gruff, v. n. To express discontent or vexation : hence, probably, to grunt, to snore, which is the meaning given in Wh. Gl. Identical with O. E. grvcb, only with a guttural pronunciation. Comp. Clevel. thraff^ through, Slafter = slaughter, Pleuff= plough, th.of= though, suff= sough, &c. Note also Sw. D. groffa or groffd, to grunt, to utter low sounds of discontent either in the way of grunting or crying ; and comp. Sw. D. grubbla, to mutter, give half-audible expression to discontent or vexation. See Grvtcbyn, grucbyn. Mvrmuro. Pr. Pm. ; and Fr. grvger, to grieve, repine, mutter ; also groucbier, groucber. 1 For )>ae trow nathyng bot J>at )>ai se, But grocbes when )>ai dredful thyng here.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 296. ' O)>er jif my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde, Ober to ryde, oj>er to renne, to rome in his ernde, What grayed me J>e grycbcbyng bot grame more seche ? ' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 1. 51. ' Johne, be thou buxom and right bayn, And be not grvcband in no thyng.' Townel. Myst. p. 168. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 809, ' Loth laj>ed so longe wyth luflych wordej pat J>ai hym graunted to go, and grutf no lenger,' we have the pret. of grvcb, which approximates to our gruff. Comp. ' No man was hardi to grnccbe (e)>er to make pryuy noyse, mutire Vulg.), ajenus the sones of Israel,' Wicliff ; and, ' let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied,' Ps. lix. 1 5 ; the latter quotation retaining the old word in exactly the same sense as our gruff, while in the former it has given way to ' moved his tongue ;' the Greek word in the Sept. being ypvd in Ex. ii. 7, and tfpvfe in Josh. x. 21 : ' And none moved his tongue (gruched) against any of the children of Israel.' Grand, v. a. To grind (pret. grund or grunded ; p. p. grunded or grunden). Grund, groond. Pr. of Ground. ' Gan to grund;' to relieve nature. ' Tew for t' grund;' to be anxious to put feet to the ground, of an infant. CLEVELAND DIALECT. Grundage, sb. Ground-rent for leasehold property. Wh. Gl. Grun'stan', grunn'lstan', sb. A grindstone : the first form merely that of pronunciation, and possibly the second also; griddle-stone being the uncorrupted form. The form grindelstanes occurs in two of the MS. copies of Ancr. Riwle; grindstone in the copy printed from, p. 322. Grunt, v. n. To grumble, to vent one's discontent ; to speak dis- contentedly. He that is sick ' mei wel J>enchen bute euer on of his secnesse, and gronen uor his eche (ache), and grunten uor his stiche (stitch, pang) more t>en uor his sunnen.' Ancr. Riwle, P. 326. Gruntle, v. n. To emit a low sound expressive of indisposition or discontent. See the word in Halliwell. Guider, sb. A tendon or sinew. See also Leader. Guizard, sb. A person strangely or grotesquely dressed, for the purposes of disguise or pastime. Fr. guise ; Welsh gwis ; Br. giz, kiz ; Germ, weise, &c. Comp. disguise, to change one's fashion or semblance. Gutter, Eaves-, sb. The eaves-trough, or trough affixed below the eaves to receive the water from the roof. ' In x petris plumbi emptis pio i gutter.' Fincb. Pr. Inv. Gumption, sb. i. Intelligence, readiness of wit and hand. 2 As- sumption, impertinence, petty insolence of speech. See Gaum, from which this is a derivative. 1. ' He was a man o' some gumption;' of intelligence and information. Wb. Gl. 2. ' G'i' us noan o' yer gumption.' Ib. Habliments, sb. Corruption of habiliments. ' Noo ye've getten yer babliments on, Ah '11 awa' an' knoll t' bell ;' the clerk to the clergyman about to officiate at a funeral, of the surplice, scarf, &c. Hack, sb. A pick-axe with one arm, described by Wh. Gl. as ' half a mattock ;' by Brock. ' as a strong hoe used in agriculture.' Dan. baltke, pick-axe, mattock ; Sw. backa, a hoe, a chopping tool used in agriculture. 238 GLOSSARY OF THE Hackle, v. a. i. To dress, to trim or make neat or smart. 2. To dress or trim the ground. Dan. begle, to hackle, dress : flax, namely ; Sw. bakla, Sw. D. baJtkal, id. ; derivatives from bage or bake, a hook, in reference to the principle of the hackling or hatcheling instrument. Both the Dan. and Sw. words convey also the meaning of scolding or repri- manding as is the case also with E. dress. This is also true of Clevel. sb. Heckling, although the vb. itself is hardly preserved. Hackle, heckle, sb. i. Feathers, wool, hair; the natural covering of any feathered or hairy creature : specially applied to the long pointed feathers of a cock's neck. 2. An artificial covering, clothes or equip- ment, with the implication that their quality is good. The primary idea in this word seems to be of what will admit of separation into its con- stituent fibres or quasi-fibres, as the flax does under the hackle or batcbel. Hence it comes to mean wool, hair, or feathers. The hackles of a cock's neck moreover are not only separable from each other, but also into their own constituent rays or fibres, in a different way from the other feathers, the webs of which naturally adhere, though slightly, to each other. In reference, however, to our second sense we must notice A. S. bacela, bacele, b&cile, bacla, a habit for a man of war, a cloak, a mantle ; a coat, cassock or under garment ; a word probably due to a different source, and perhaps suggesting the propriety of distinguishing Hackle with this sense, from the present word. 2. ' " He has a good backle on his back ; he does not shame his keeper ;" of one who is stout and well-looking.' ' Under ureondes buckel;' under the cloak, that is, semblance, of a friend. Ancr. Riwle, p. 88. Haffle, v. n. i. To stammer or hesitate in speech. 2. To hesitate in reply as if unwilling to speak the truth ; to prevaricate. 3. To hesi- tate in action or decision, be slow or reluctant in making up one's mind. Hall, gives beffle, to hesitate, to prevaricate, and Wedgw. connects also Halliwell's bafer, to stand higgling ; baferen, unsteady, wavering ; and buffle, to waver, to blow unsteadily, with our word ; also Dut. baperen, to stammer, hesitate, stick fast, and Sw. bappla, to stammer. To this add Sw. D. bapld, to do what some one else has just done, to try to imitate any one in word or deed, but all in a helpless, blundering, hesitating sort of way ; bappla, id., and also to stammer, to hesitate in speaking ; babbla, to stammer, to stumble. Collate E. bobble, 1. '"To baffle and snaffle ;" to stammer and speak through the nose.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' A baffling sort o' body ;' a stammering, prevaricating person. 3. ' Don't baffle about it, but finish it at once.' Wb. Gl. Hag, sb. A white fog or mist such as sometimes occurs coincidently with frost : whence Frost-hag. Perhaps dependent on the same root as O. N. bagatl, Sw. bagel, Dan. bagel, bagl ; N. bagl, A. S. bagol, baegle; O. Germ, and Germ, bagel, hail ; N. bagla, to hail, to fall in drops, to trickle ; bigla, to fall in fine drops ; bigl, drizzling rain or snow : the termination el or / being added to convey the idea of spherical or globular form, the other circumstances remaining the same. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 239 Hag, sb. Wood, or coppice: often as growing on wild broken ground, or on a broken or rugged bank ; a hanging wood. Cr. Gl. Hall, says, ' A certain division of wood intended to be cut. In England, when a set of workmen undertake to fell a wood, they divide it into equal portions by cutting off a rod, called a Hag-staff, three or four feet from the ground, to mark the divisions, each of which is called a Hag, and is considered the portion of one individual. . . . The word was also applied to a small wood or enclosure. The Park at Auckland Castle was formerly called the Hag.' Wb. Gl. gives ' Hag, a coppice ; supposed, says Mr. Marshall, to be the wood- land set apart by the lord of the soil as fuel for his tenants.' In either case the reference is to the act of cutting, or chopping, as almost appears on the surface in the sentence quoted by Jam. from Dumb. Stat. Account: ' The oak woods are of such extent as to admit of being divided into 2O separate bags, one of which may be cut every year.' Comp. Sw. bygge, felling of trees ; and O. N. boggva, Sw. bugga, Sw. D. bagga, bogga, Dan. bugge, to hew. Note also Germ, bag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove, the connections of which, however, are with E. baw, hedge, &c. It is more than possible that there are two words confused together in our Hag, one corresponding to Sw. bygge, and one to Germ, bag, Hag, sb. Wild and broken ground, such as may be met with in boggy, and therefore uncultivated, lands. More generally, a broken or rugged bank. Jam. defines bag as ' Moss-ground that has formerly been broken up ; a pit, or break in a moss ;' and refers the word directly to boggva, bugga, to hew ; Sw. D. bagga. The idea of hewing, chopping, certainly passes on easily to the abrupt edges or nocks induced by the action, and thence naturally to such a broken surface as is intended by the word Hag. Hag-berry, sb. The fruit of the bird cherry (Prunus padus). Some- times applied to the shrub itself. See Egg-berry, another form of the word ; and ' Heck-berry,' Halliwell. Sw. bdgg, the bird cherry, the shrub ; Dan. bag or bat same grene,' is a very close connection of G. bemd, A. S. bama, &c. I have met with the word Hamp in two versions of the well-known Brownie rhyme, current here ; the one given first asso- ciated with Hart Hall, in Glaisdale : ' Gin Hob mun hae nowght but a hardin" bamp, He '11 come nae mair nowther to berry nor stamp." The second is from a tradition connected with a locality in the county of Durham, and is defective : ' A bamp and a hood ! Then Hobbie again 11 dee nae mair good.' Hampered, adj. Beset with difficulties. But, besides this meaning which is common in all parts of England, the word bears another which is peculiar, beset or overrun; with vermin, namely, as rats, or beetles. Mr. Wedgw. looks upon this word as connected with ' Dut. baperen, to stammer, hesi- tate, falter, stick fast ; baperwerle, bungling bad work ; bapering, stammering, boggling, i i 2 244 GLOSSARY OF THE hindrance, obstacle. The nasal Pr. gives Sc. bamp, to stammer, also to halt in walking, to read with difficulty ; and E. hamper (in a factitive sense), to cause to stick, to impede, entangle.' In E. Eng. Allit, Poems, B. 1. 1284, speaking of the plundering of the Temple at Jerusalem, and enumerating all the fair and costly things taken, it is said that all these, ' Wyth alle J>e vrnmentes of bat hous he bamppred togeder :' may not this word, springing from a totally different origin, furnish the origin of our word? Transfer the idea of things packed together in close contact, from inanimate objects to living ones, and we have just the thought implied in our Hamper. Rich, suggests a con- nection, through a metaphor, with bamele or bamble, to lame the hams ; and thus derives its general signification. ' " They 're a sair hampered family ;" borne down with expenses, or by the results of improvidence or misfortune.' Wb. Gl. ' We "re sairly hampered wi rations.' Ib. Ham-shackle, v. a. To restrain or impede the motion of an animal by fastening its head to one of its legs. ' They have ham-shackled and knee-haltered me till there is scarce a thing I can do ;' spoken by a steward suspected of malpractices, and consequently acting under stringent restraints, in reply to some application from one of the tenants. See Fair Maid of Perth, ii. 321. Hand, bear at. To lay to one's charge, or hold one guilty of a thing ; thence to owe a grudge to, to bear one in mind as having done an injury, possibly with the wish or intent to return it. To here on hand is used by Chaucer in the sense of to charge with, to accuse, albeit on mistaken grounds or with intentional falsehood. ' I bare him on bond he had enchanted me ; My dame taughte me that subtiltee.' Prol. Wife of Bath's Tale. ' And wenches wold I beren them on bonde Whan that for seek thay might unnethes stonde.' Ib. ' This false knight, that hath this tresoun wrought, Beretb bir on band that sche hath don this thing.' Man of Lowes Tale. In Townel. Myst. the wordfalsly is joined : ' Nather in dede ne in saw can I fynd withe no wrang Wherfor ye shuld hym draw, or here falsly on band Withe ille.' (p. 205.) Cf. En ef\>er berr \>at til banda at \w tykizst afnokkurum manna \>urfa lids : but if it should occur to you to think you have need of a few men's help. Flat. i. 115. Hand-clout, sb. A towel. See Clout. Comp. Dan. D. baatidklecder, banUeer, bandkl'r ; Sw. D. hankler, hankie, hand-clothes, i. e. gloves ('without fingers,' Kok) ; bandltldde, a white pocket handkerchief; while O. N. bandklaedi, N. bandkla, Sw. D. bandklcetbi or bandM&dbi, mean, like our word, simply a towel. Line, band-cloth, however, is a handkerchief. Hall. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 245 Handhold, sb. i. That which may be gripped or taken firm hold of by the hand, a handle or the like ; as a projecting part, of adequate size, of anything. 2. The grasp taken, or act of gripping. 0. N. bandarballd ; D. handhold; Sw. D. handball, bannball. 1. '" Can't ye stor it ? " " Neea, Ah can't git nae handhold iv it." ' 2. ' Ah couldn't ho'd mah bandbo'd, strahve as I moud.' Handle, v. a. To deal with, or treat. ' And sent him away shamefully handled.' Mark xii. 4. ' Handla' says Ihre, ' manu tractare, Alem. bantolon, A. S. bandlian, Angl. handle : idque vel physice, quo sensu bbndla saepe occurrit in Scriptis Isl., vel moraliter, uti dum dicimus bandla wal tned en, bene cum quopiam agere, cujus contrarium est missbandla.' So Dan. handle; as at handle sine klceder ilde : to misuse one's clothes. Sw. bandla is used with prep, med or pa. The Clevel. usage is that of the Bible, or as in the Dan. example, carried out with greater license. ' He 's been desper't'ly sair bannled wi' t' fever.' ' A chap 's lahk t' be parlously bannled gif he gits intiv t' haands o' thae low-wers (lawyers).' Hand-running ( use d adverbially). In succession, one after another. ' I did it seven times band-running.' ' He stopped away three weeks hand-running and nivver went til his work at all.' Comp. bandpat, fluent; bandsmootb, quite flat; band-while, a moment, a short while. Hall. ' I may not syt at my note A band lang while.' Townel. Myst. p. 109. Handsel, hansel, sb. i. The first money received by a seller, any day, or at commencement of business. 2. The first use of anything, from a shop to a new implement, of whatever kind. O. N. bandsal, an engagement, promise, or undertaking sanctioned by contact of hands ; S. G. bandsol, mercimonii divenditi primitiz : first takings for goods sold retail ; Sw. D. band- sol, earnest money ; Dan. handsel, the first money taken by a seller in the morning ; hence, at give een handsel : to turn over the first money to one (Molb.) ; A. S. band-selen, a putting into another's possession. ' The formation of the word,' says Wedgw. (band, and A. S. syl- lan, sellan ; O. N. selia, to give, bestow, deliver), ' has been commonly misunderstood as if it signified delivery of possession, giving a thing into the hand of another. The real import is a striking of hands in token of conclusion.' See Wedgw. in v., and cf. the following extract : Ok eiga \>eir at \>essu bandsal ok binda \>eir sua fast sina maldaga : and at this (meeting) they give handsel, and so bind fast their contract. Flat. i. 109. Cf. ' Of up-holders an hep' erly by J>e morwe Jiue J>e gloton with good wille* good ale to bonsel.' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. S.) p. 61. Handsel, v. a. i. To make use of anything for the first time, from a new house to a pocket-knife, &c. O. N. bandselia; A. S. band-syllati, to deliver up. 246 GLOSSARF OF THE Handstaff, sb. The handle or shaft of the flail. The other parts are named the Swipple, that with which the corn is struck ; and the Cap, the revolving leather fitting at the upper end of the Hand-staff, to which the Swipple is attached. Comp. Sw. D. bannv'dl, bannval, bannol, bandol, bannel, &c. ; Dan. D. bandvol, bandel, bannel. Sw. plejelskaft gives our own termination. Hand-turn, sb. A single act of doing, of one's business, occupation, work ; almost equivalent to the phrase ' stroke of work.' ' Ah 's nivver deean a battd-to'n sen Marti'mas ;' spoken by a person incapacitated by illness. Handy, adj. i. Dexterous, ingenious, clever with one's hands. Thence, 2. Suitable, well adapted, convenient. S. G. bandig, agilis ; O. N. benttigr ; Sw. b'dndig ; Sw. D. bandig, bandelig, bdnnelig, b'dnnug, suitable, easy to use with the hand : clever or dexterous ; Swiss bandlig, bantli ; Dan. bcendig, bebaendig ; Sw. D. bdnduger, dexterous, expert, in a handicraft, namely. i. ' A desper't bandy chap wiv a speead :' or a gun ; or a horse, &c. a. ' T' spot 's nat that bad : it 's bandy enough.' ' T' new cho'ch ligs fair an' bandy for t' town.' Hangedly, adv. Reluctantly, despondingly, or in a downcast way. He left home this time very bangedly.' Wb. Gl. Hanging-mind, sb. (pr. hinging mind). An inclination or desire for this or that line of action or particular doing. The Sw. idiom bdnga efter nagon approaches the sense of our phrase as well as the cor- responding Dan. one. Molb., however, quotes the word bang, inclination for, or aiming at, a thing, as a word only lately introduced from the Germ., and not, so far, much used : Vi arve vpaatvivlelig an evne, maaskee endog et bange til at synde : beyond doubt we inherit a capability, possibly even a propensity, for sinning. Rietz gives bang, bang, eager, desirous, and collates O. N. bang, desire, as well as Germ. bang. ' Ay, he 's had a binging-mind tiv it, ivver syne his brither gaed furrin'.' Hank, sb. i. A rope loop, or latchet, for securing a gate, move- able stack-bar, &c. 2. A skein or knot of thread, yarn, string, &c. O. N. baunk, banki, funiculus ; S. G. bank, annulus vimineus, quo constringuntur fustes, sepem continentes ; Sw. D. bank, that with which anything is hung, ligula, habena orbicu- lata ; Sw. bank, string, band for tying. We have in these words the exact meanings given to our word above. Hank, v. a. i. To fasten or 'hang' a horse: as, by passing his bridle, or halter, over a gate, a hook, or what not. 2. To hold a horse in tight, to check him by drawing bridle. From Hank, sb. Comp. O. N. banka, to bind or fasten with a rope. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 247 1. ' And when they had bankt their horses, they stood all on a bare spott of ground.' Fork Castle Dep. p. 193. ' And bankt him (the colt) to a stobb.' Ib. p. 197. 2. ' Ha-a-aw, Landlord ! Hanck your na ; g a while ; For I hae ridden full lang twa mile Out of my gate, to overtake ye.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 9. Comp. the use of the vb. in the following extract : ' Dedely synnes gastely slaa ilke manes and womanes saule )>at es bavnkede in alle or in any of thayme.' Rel. Pieces, p. n. Hank, To be in a. To be in a state of perplexity, or trouble. Hank, To have one in. To have, or have placed, a person in such circumstances that he is in a state of perplexity, trouble, or anxiety ; or that he is unable to extricate himself. Comp. O. N. ' Hann d baunk uppi bakid d \>er : he has a hank upon the back of you ; obligatione te habet ; du er ham forbunden :' Hald. Hank, To have things in a. To have one's circumstances of action, or connection with another, much involved or perplexed. Hankie, v. a. i . To entangle, or cause to twist up together, as silk, thread, &c. Hence, 2. To entangle in some pursuit or proceeding ; to inveigle or entice. A frequentative from vb. hank. 2. ' They bankled him on intiv t' matter." Hantle, sb. A considerable quantity or number ; a great deal. ' Spelt also bankel, which Jam. rightly conjectures to be correct. Hancle, a great many. Hall. Not from bandfid or bandtal, but from the notion of holding together. Germ. benkel weinbeeren, a branch of vine with a number of bunches on it. N. baank, cluster of things hanging together.' Wedgw. Add Sw. D. bdngla, banka, to be sweet on one, and so stick close to her ; bdngla, to be pertinacious in attendance on any one ; banker, a suitor, hanger-on in courting. Hap, v. a. To cover, by placing or heaping clothes, &c., upon the person, straw and earth over potatoes, earth over the dead, and the like. A word of tolerably frequent occurrence in the Early Northern writers. We meet with it twice or oftener in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn., and as often in E. Eng. Allit. Poems. Mr. Morris' Gl. note is ' Happyn or wbappyn' yn clo)>ys.' ' Lappyn* or whappyn" yn clobys (bappyn togedyr, S. ; wrap together in clothes, P.) Involvo.' Pr. Pm. Wedgw. supposes it ' a corruption of wbap from wlappe.' ' " Are you well bappedT' defended from the cold by clothing.' Wb. Gl. ' All 's white and bapped up.' Ib. 'All's dune, now: thou mun bap him oop.' To a sexton after the grave-service was completed. ' Lord what these wederes are cold and I am ylle bappyd.' Townel. Myst. p. 98. 248 GLOSSARY OF THE Hap, sb. Chance, fortune, luck. O. N. happ, success, luck ; N. beppa, luck, of whatever character ; O. S. bapp, chance, luck ; Sw. D. bapp, fortunate occurrence, good luck. ' pus turnes sho obout oft hir whele, J5e whilk ber clerkes noght elles calles Bot bappe or chaunce bat sodanli falles.' Pr. ofConsc. 1. 1282. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, wherever the word occurs, it seems to denote good luck, or prosperity, or happiness. In Clevel. the word is usually qualified, as in ill hap (comp. O. N. and Sw. D. dbapp), strange hap ; but we also say by what hap, or the like. Cf. ' good bapp,' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 361 ; and ' ober bappes mony mo." Ib. 420. Hap, v. n. To befal, chance, happen. ' Hap what may ;' or, ' bap what bap may.' ' It bappid on a day.' Knight's Tale, p. 10. Comp. N. beppe, to chance, to befal. Happen, v. n., and often used actively, in the sense of, To meet with, to incur. A very 'frequent usage of the word is in the sense, Possibly, perhaps ; being either impersonal, or elliptical for ' suppose it happen/ or a similar form. S. G. bappa sig, bampa sig ; Sw. D. babba sig, bappas, bappa se, b'dpa sej, bobba sej, to fall out unexpectedly, to chance or befal ; bappa, to happen, to fall out ; babba, id. ' " Do you think it will rain ?" " Happen it may." ' ' Ah '11 think on, happen Ah gans.' In the active sense : ' Puir gell ! she 's bapp'n'd a misfort'n ;' had, or going to have, an illegitimate child. ' Ah seen a hare liggin, an' Ah bapp'n'd (t') misfort'n te knap 't o' t' heead.' Cf. ' An vncoth land he happened in.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 367. Happing, sb. i. A covering of any kind, whether in the form of clothing for the body, or what is laid over matters which require pro- tection. 2. A coarse kind of coverlet. See Bed-happing. Haps, sb. Overclothes ; rugs, shawls, great coats, &c. ; anything which may be used as a defence against the cold, by happing, or enveloping the person in it. ' " Have you plenty o' baps ?" " Aye, Ah 's tweea shawls an' mah thick cloak, forby t' roog." ' Harass, v. a. (pr. harrish). To weary ; distress through the inter- vention of annoying or vexatious calls or circumstances. ' Ah 's harrished nearlings te deead by 's ragally gannin's on.' Harass, sb. Distress, worry, trouble. ' It 's been a sair barrisb tiv' 'im.' Harbour, sb. Shelter, lodging, a home. O. N. herbergi, a place of reception and rest, an inn, also a chamber ; O. S. htzrbarghi, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 249 berbergi, a guest-chamber, a store-room ; Sw. bdrberge, id., with the fuller meaning attached to the expression ' mine inn ;' A. S. bereberga, a station where an army rested on its march, a harbour; O. Germ, beriberga, beriperga, a halting-place, an inn; M. Germ, berberge, Sw. D. bdrberge, bdrbdre, bdbbar, a store-chamber, a guest-chamber ; Dan. D. berberg, in Jutland the men's chamber or sleeping-apartment ; generally a room off the stable : also a lesser room or chamber, within or beyond the chief apartment ; O. Dan. berberg, a chamber, apartment ; Dan. berberg, an inn, or place for repose and entertainment ; lodgings, or a temporary home in any house. A good old word, and in O. English one of frequent occur- rence : in Chaucer repeatedly. ' For I hungerd and yhe me fedde, I thrested and at drynke yhe me bedde ; Of berber grate nede I had, Yhe herbered me with hert glad.' Pr. o/Consc. I. 6151. ' I be-seche ]>e, lorde, & Mary, }>at is myldest moder so dere, Of sum berber, f>et hejly I myjt here masse.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 753. ' Gode syr, quoth Gawayn, woldej J>ou go my ernde To )>e he3 lorde of J>is hous, berber to crave.' 76. 811. "Cleared out of heck and harbour;" reduced to the want of both food and shelter.' Wb. Gl. ' A gret family, like to eat him (the father) out of heck and barbottr.' Hard, adj. Sour ; of beer or ale. Sw. D. bard, bdl, bal; as, diikkat a bardt : the drink (ale) is sonr. Hard, adj. Difficult, not easily influenced. See examples. ' Hard te to'n ;' not easily induced to deviate from a course or plan. 4 Hard te finnd ;' difficult to be met with. Harden, v. a. To encourage, infuse spirit ' He hardened him on tiv it ;' of a person reluctant or afraid to act, but encouraged by another to the venture. ' Poor lahtle chap ! he ommost brak' out when tahm cam' te gan i' airnest ; but he har- dened hissel' oop an nivver grat nae mair an nowght ;' of a child going away to school, and resolute not to cry. Harden-faced, adj. Lowering, stormy-looking, threatening in appear- ance ; of the weather, or the sky. Comp. O. N. bardindi, dear times, hard weather, anything that renders life or man's lot heavy or trying ; S. G. and O. N. bardna, to grow hard, severe or sour. ' The sky looks a barden-faced look.' Wb. Gl. Harding, sb. A coarse linen fabric used for making wrappers, &c. Hards, coarse flax, the refuse of flax or hemp. Greltes de lin, the bards or tow of flax. Cotgr. : Hall. Also harden, hemp. Forks. Dial. 1697 : Hall. A. S. beordan, beordas, hards, the refuse of tow. The derivation obvious : O. N. bbr, borr; N. borr; Dan. bar; Sw. D. bar; O. Germ, barv, baro; M. Germ., Austr., Bav., bar; Karn. bar, flax. Comp. D. bor- tave, the fibre of flax. See Hamp, for a curious old rhyme containing the word. Hard battes in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1209, and K. Alex. p. 102, is referred to this same word by Mr. Morris. Kk 250 GLOSS A RY OF THE Handlings, adv. Hardly, scarcely. We have several adverbs with the termination -lings, as nearlings, mostlings ; and we can scarcely help comparing them with the Scandinavian forms in Icengs, as baglcengs, arslcengs (S. Jutl.), backwards. And I think it may be observed, that while in these latter forms motion in the direction of length seems to be implied, a similar idea is always involved in Clevel. words with the termination -lings ; an idea of motion, progression or accession. Hard of hearing, adj. More or less afflicted with deafness. Hard-set, adj. Almost overtasked, tried to the verge of power or endurance, scarcely able or capable. ' Hard-set wiv a family.' Wb. Gl. ' The wall seems bard-set to stand.' 76. ' " He 's ower bard-set wi* work ;" overtasked.' 76. Cf. Pr. Pm. Hardesett (or obstynat) yn wyckydnesse, |>at neuer wylle chawnge.' Harled, adj. Mottled. Hall, gives barle, hair or wool, North.; as also barl, to entangle. Hurlyd, in the line ' His hede is like a stowke, burlyd as hogges,' Townel. Myst. p. 3 1 3 ; the Editor's glossarial note on which is, ' Hure, staring, rude, unkemd, bristlie, horrid, like a wild boares head. Cotgr.,' is doubtless nearly allied to barle, hair or wool ; and possibly berle, in the passage subjoined, may indicate the manner of connection in the ideas of the two words : ' pe mane of )>at mayn hors much to hit (his rider's ' much berd,' and copious hair) lyke, Wei cresped & cemmed wyth knottes ful mony, Folden in wyth fildore aboute )>e fayre grene, Ay a berle of J>e here an oj>er of golde :' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 187 ; unless, indeed, berle be taken to be allied to burl, wbirl, and to mean simply a twist. But taking it in connection with the ideas of bushiness and cresping, and comparing it with the example under Harle in Cr. Gl. ' Sho 's a fearful hask harled an ;' that is, the cow has harsh, staring, tufted hair, the view above indicated is at least a probable one. From the idea of staring, or tufted hair, there might be a transition to that of mottled, as such hair on a creature's hide always has, at least apparently, a different hue from that on the sleeker parts of the body. Harn, sb. Coarse linen, of rough texture and not closely woven. Probably an oral abbreviation of Harden or Harding. Harr, sb. A strong fog, or wet mist, almost verging on a drizzle. At times occuring in frosty weather. See Frost-hag, Frost-harr. Written ' Hare/ ' Harl/ by Brockett. Comp. Isl. ar, pulvis minutissimus, atomus in radiis solaribus. The Harr is simply the assemblage of a vast host of minute particles, and the word may easily have been taken to denote the mist by transition from one idea to the other. Harrow, To trail a light. To have but few of the burdens and crossed of life upon one ; to be tolerably free from cares and anxieties. ' " He trails a light barrow : his hat covers his family ;" of an unmarried man without the cares and responsibilities of a family.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 25 1 Harv, hauve. The word of command to a horse, or horses, to turn to the left, or towards the driver, who always has the team or Draught on his right hand as he walks by its side. Replaces the older word Halt, Haight, Heit, or Hyte. Hask, adj. Coarse or rough or harsh to the senses of taste or touch: the coarseness or harshness of too great dryness, as well as austerity or roughness of taste, being included. Pr.Pm. ' Harske, or baske. Stipticus, poriticus.' Jam. gives barsk, bars, basky; and other forms are bash and barrisb. S. G. barsk, austerus, tetricus ; Sw. bdrsk, rank, rancid ; Dan. barsk ; Germ barscb, hard, rough, austere. ' Hask bread :' the comparison sometimes being ' As bask as chopped hay.' Wb. Gl. Haugoed, adj. Tainted, beginning to be offensive, as meat or game which has been too long kept. Wh. Gl. Fr. bout-gout. Haunt, sb. A custom, habit, or practice. See Haunted. 1 Of clothe-makyng she hadde such a haunt She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunt.' Pro/, to Cant. Tales. Haunted, To be, v. p. To grow used to, or become accustomed. The v. a. is of frequent occurrence in O. E. ' Fr. banter, to frequent, haunt, literally to follow a certain course." Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems. ' pay ar happen also Jat baunte mekenesse.' 76. C. 1. 16. ' For swilk degises and suilk maners Ab yhong men now bauntes and lers, And ilk day is comonly sen, Byfor }>is tyme ne has noght ben.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 1524. ' To use and to baunte chiualrie." Merl. p. 326. 4 pe J>irde es ydellchipp pat ouer mekylle es bauntede.' Halt Meid. p. 33. ' " He got haunted to it by degrees ;" gradually habituated to it." Wb. Gl. Hause, sb. The throat, or neck. O. N. bdls; O. Sw., Dan., A. S., Germ., M. G., Out. bals, the neck. Hauve, v. n. To stare or gape with stupid wonderment. Most likely a mere aspirated offshoot of awf. See Auvish, half-witted; and comp. oaf, a simpleton, a blockhead, ' formerly more correctly written auf, oupb. When an infant was found to be an idiot, it was supposed to be an imp left by the fairies in the room of the proper child carried away to their own country. " These when a child haps to be got, Which after proves an idiot, When folks perceive it thriveth not, The fault therein to smother, Some silly, doating, brainless calf Say that the fairies left this aulf And took away the other." ' Wedgw. K k 2 252 GLOSSARF OF THE ' Man denkt sicb darunier (bilpentritscb, tolpentr'dtscb, olpetrutscb, alberdrutscb, einen linkiscben einfdltigen menscben, dem die elbe etwas angetban baben, was sonst autb bloss ELBISCH beisst : elvesce wicbte :' by the words specified is meant an awkward, addle- headed simpleton, supposed to have been bewitched by the elves, otherwise expressed by elvisb, auvish.. ' " What are you bauving at 1" staring stupidly and amazedly at T Wb. Gl. Hauvey-gauvey, sb. A rude or stupid lout, an awkward clown, slow-witted and slow-handed Hauvish, hauving, adj. Simple-witted, half-stupid. Haver, sb. (pr. hawer). Oats. O. N. bafr (pi. bafrar), bafri; N. bavre, bagre, b&rre; O. Sw. bagri (bafra in ace. sing.); Sw. D. bagrd, bagro; Sw. bafre; Dan. bavre; O. Germ, babaro, baber, babro ; Germ, bafer, baber; O. Sax. bavoro; Dut. baver; Wall, bafar. Haver-meal, sb. Oatmeal. Haw-buck, sb. An ignorant country clown, an uninformed lout. Hay-banks, sb. Loose sticks or poles, of oak commonly, laid side by side, with spaces between, above the stalls or standings in the cow- or ox-house (Ows-'us), on which is laid the hay for the present use of the beasts below. Hays, sb. Enclosure fences, often doing duty as boundaries, in which sense the word exists in several local names. O. N. bagi; O. Sw. bagb ; N. bagje, baga; Sw. D. bag, bage, baga, bave ; Dan. have ; M. Germ, bae, bege ; A. S. bag ; Germ, bag ; M. Fris. bag, bage. But our word is pro- bably more directly due to the Norman form, baia, or baite. ' When the Danish and Saxo-Norman monarchs organised hunts on a large scale, the system of netting was found inefficient, and a combination of materials, in which nets were subservient to hazels and underwood, was formed, whereby a larger number of beasts of a dangerous character could be entrapped. These hedges, which the Saxons were probably taught by the Normans to construct, received the Norman appellation of Haice.' A. Sax. Home, p. 365. See Du Cange in v. Haia, Spelman's Gloss. Hazel, v. a. (pr. hezzle). To beat, chastise, especially with a stick. Ihre gives the word bassla, which signifies to mark out, or enclose a space for a duel, with hazel rods, and quotes, ' En er menn kvomu in \>ann s/aft, er vollrin var baslaftr, J>o voru bar settar up besli stengr allt til utmerkja \>ar er sd s/a&V var, er orrostan skyldi vera :' when the men came to that place where the lists were bazelled, there were set up there hazel rods in order to mark out where the combat was to be. This is another deriv. use of the vb. hazel ; and possibly even, obvious as the derivation of our word seems, there may be in it a reference to the good hard blows which would be interchanged in the Voll basldftr. Hazeling, sb. (pr. hezzling). A beating, a caning. Hazled, adj. (pr. hazzeld). Speckled red and white, or rather with the hairs of these colours intermixed, so that it is hard to say in some CLEVELAND DIALECT. 353 cases which predominates. According to the preponderance of red or white the beast is dark-hazled or light-hazled. Otherwise, roan or roaned. Hazy, sb. i. A contention, quarrel or scolding-match. 2. The abusive language made use of on such occasions. Hall, gives base, to breathe short, Line. ; with which comp. Sw. bessja, to breathe labo- riously, to pant. From scolding to panting is not a difficult or unwonted step. Head, sb. i . The upper part of a Dale where it just begins to form among the hills. 2. The higher portion of the reclaimed part of a pro- jecting spur of the moorland heights where it begins to verge on the unreclaimed part, or moor. 0. N. bofud; O. Sw. bovo\>, buvu\>, hovod, bofd. Ihre gives bufwud, I. Quod in qua- cunque re primarium est : 2. Promontorium. Sw. bufvud; Dan. boved, &c. Sw. D. gives fors-bauv, the commencement of a Force or Foss ; an application of the word exactly analogous to that in our Dale-head. Also bovde, the commencement of a fence where it starts out from connection or union with another, wherein the idea is very much the same. 1. ' Dznby-bead ;' ' Fryup-bead ;' ' Glzisdale-bead,' &c. 2. ' Ainthorpe-foarf;' ' Wedlands-iearf.' The latter name, in a deed bearing date 1246, is written Wbaytelands bevid. Head- gear, sb. i. Head-dress and what appertains to it. 2. The inner equipment of the head, good sense, ready wit, information, &c. 2. ' He "s a knowfu' chap, yon. Ah wad lahk weel t' ha' 's stock o' headgear.' Head-rigg, sb. The headland of an arable field, or that part at either end on which the horses in the plough are turned, and which is not touched by the plough until all the rest of the field is turned over. See Bigg. Head-stall, sb. The halter, or head-gear, of a horse, by which it is secured in its stall, or led out to water, &c. ; made of hemp. The Collar, on the other hand, is made of leather. The latter component of the word is from O. N. stallr, a basis, pedestal; Sw. stall; O. G. stall; Germ, stelle ; A. S. steal, a stall, room, place, &c. Comp. Germ, kernstal, the place which holds kernels, the core, and Eng. D. finger-stall, which is analogous to our Head-stall. Head-tire, sb. Head-dress generally, with its belongings and deco- rations. See Tire. Heap, sb. i. A quarter of a peck in measure. 2. Measure, in the sense of the quantity measured, generally; yet only in the mode of saying given in the example. Brock, mentions heap, a wicker basket. It would seem most likely that the name originated in a special quantity or measure ; whether a quarter of a peck, or more, or less, 254 GLOSSARY OF THE one can only guess. Dan. bob, boug, the correlative of our Heap, in the same manner takes the sense of a certain or definite quantity, only not in respect of that which is meted out with a measure : it is ' a collection of six sheaves or 3 kjerves set up together on the ridge.' See Stock, Trave. So also S. G. bop, portio agri separata ; Germ, bube, men- sura agri. " They gi* short beeaps;" an expression for bad measure of all sorts.' Wb. Gl. Heared (pr. heerd). Pret. of Hear. Heart-brusten, adj. (pr. heart-brussen). Heart-broken, overwhelmed with grief or concern. Heart-eased, adj. Having experienced great relief under distress or anxiety. Hearten, v. a. To encourage, inspire with hope or confidence. Heartening, sb. Encouragement, the confidence imparted by hope or strong expectation. ' " The doctor gave him good beartening ;" great hopes of recovery.' Wb. Gl. ' " Bad beartening ;" poor prospect of amendment held out.' Ib. ' " No beartening at all ;" no hopes whatever.' Ib. Heart-grown, adj. i. Very fond of or strongly attached to a per- son or thing. 2. With the expectation or desire strongly set upon anything future. Comp. Sw. bjertvnge ; Sw. D. bjerte-kom, a term of endearment to one's child, sweet- heart, wife ; Dan. D. bjertelille, id. 2. ' " They were no ways beart-grown in the matter ;" not over sanguine of suc- cess.' Wb. Gl. Heart-sick, adj. (pr. heart-seeak). Sad at heart, desponding, out of heart, wearied with ' hope deferred.' Heart-warm, adj. Of a kindly disposition; feeling, and ready to shew, kindness. ' Heart-warm, gotherly folk.' See Gotherly. Heart-whole, adj. (pr. heart-w'oll). i. Right-hearted, true, honest. 2. Not hurt by Cupid's shafts ; not in love, i. ' A decent, beart-tvbole kind of a man.' Wb. Gl. Heave, v. a. i . To pour corn from the scuttle, or other barn utensil, so as to expose it to a current of wind, by way of partially winnow- ing it. Heave and throw. To retch and end by vomiting. Heave the hand. To give alms, to bestow charity : usually applied in an ironical sense, to a person, that is, who only gives in dribblets. ' " Ay, ay," it is said, " he has beaved bis band : he is a generous John." ' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 255 Heave-up, v. n. To retch, to suffer the first symptoms of approach- ing vomiting. Hebble, sb. The wooden hand-rail of a plank-bridge. Hall, explains this word by ' a narrow, short plank bridge,' with a reference to Hallamsb. Gl. p. 113. In Clevel. the word bears the meaning given above. It is possibly a corrup- tion of a Scand. word formed from O. N. band and volr, a staff, pole. Comp. Dan. D. bdndvol, passing first into bandel or bannel, and then into hotel. Molb. D. Lex. Suppose the v changed in prov. Pr. into its cognate b, and bebble results as easily as baiel. Heck, sb. i. A half-door or hatch-door. When a door is made to open hi two parts, the upper half which fastens with a latch, is the Heck. The lower part fastens with a bolt or bolts, and is sometimes called Half-heck. 2. The inner door between the entry and the House-place or kitchen. A. S. bteca, a hatch. This word and the word Heck, a rack, are, there is little doubt, offshoots of the same root, if not actually the same word. But I have thought it better, inasmuch as local usage unites ideas with them which are not very plainly connected, and as they appear to descend to us from two different sources, to give them as separate words, with each its specific origin. 1. ' Good wyff, open the bet. Seys thou not what I bryng? Uxor. I may thole the dray the snek. A, com in, my swetyng." Townel. Myst. p. 106. 2. ' Steck t' beck, bairn ;' latch or fasten the inner door. Heck, sb. A rack, to hold fodder for horse or cattle. See Stand- heck, Water-heck. O. N. bagi; O. Sw. bag; A. S. bag, bege or begge; Dan. b
eofman gebaftne, se woes genemned Barabbas:' he had then truly a strong (notorious, notable) thief imprisoned who was called Barabbas. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 257 Heigh-go-mad. An expression indicating indulgence in riotous or mad frolic on occasion of any festivity or merry-making, Wh. Gl. ; or a state of great excitement, from anger or other cause. They went beyond all bounds ; they played the very bey-go-mad.' Wb. Gl. Hall, defines it rather as an adj. : ' in great spirits ; highly enraged.' Cf. ' he made me dance, despite my head, among the thoraes the bey-to-bee;' corrected by Percy to bey-go-beat, Loose and Hum. Songs, p. to. Heigh-how, v. n. To yawn, as when weary. Hein, hine, adv. Hence, away : often used imperatively ; be off 1 O.tt.bedan; Svr.bddan; Sw. D. bonne; Dan. beden ; Dan.D.benne; A.S.beonon; Alem. bina ; Dut. ben, benen ; hence. Comp. the ose of the Dan. D. benne, which takes the force of a vb. and is inflected as one. Thus ; drengen bar bennet med sax : the lad has made off literally off-ed with the scissors. ' Welle is me that I shalle dre Tyfle I have sene hym with myn ee, And no longer byne.' Tovmel. Myst. p. 156. The word very often occurs in the form betben : thus, ' Naked we come hider, and bare And pure, swa sal we betben fare.' Pr. of Conse. 1. 508. Fra betbin.' Ib. L 6007. * On wyber half water com doun be schore, No gladder gome be\>en in to Grece fen I, quen ho on brymme wore.' E. Eng. Attit. Poems, A. L 230. M Hine away !" Be off.' Wb. Gl. Held, sb. Inclination, proclivity. See Hale. Helder, adv. Rather, preferably. O. N. belldr, potins ; S. G. baslla, balder. Comp. Sw. eljest; Sw. D. bettast; O. Sw. ad- last; N. bellest, belst, ellest; all superL, as if from a lost comp. answering to belldr or balder. ' Ah wad belder gan an* feght an stay an' be ta'en by t' pollis.' Helm, sb. A shed in the fields for the shelter of cattle when turned out ; a hovel or hut. O. N. bjalmr, I. A covering, envelope : 2. A helmet : 3. Any vaulted or quasi-vaulted over-cover ; as, solar bjalmr, the sun's helm, i. e. the heavens or sky ; O. S. buclmir, buel- mer, bcelm, a helmet ; A. S., O. Germ., O. Sax, Fris., Dut., N. Sax. belm, a helmet ; Dan. bjelm, a helmet, a moveable roof on stoups or posts, to keep corn, &c. dry ; Sw. D. bjelm, an envelope, the seed-husk of oats, a detached shelter or roof under which corn or hay may be kept dry. In the last two cases a very near approximation to our meaning presents itself. Ll 258 GLOSSARY OF THE Helter, sb. A halter. ' j belter.' Pr. Finch, ccxcix. Hemmel, sb. A hand-rail, such as is usually fitted on one side or both of a planked or wooden bridge. Dan. bammel ; Sw. D. bammel, a piece of wood fastened by means of a bolt transversely across the waggon pole, to the ends of which are attached the swingle-trees by which the horses drag the waggon (Molb.) ; O. N. bamla, a pole or small beam ; N. bammel, id. Hempy, adj. Mischievous, of a character likely to bring the pos- sessor under the penalties of the law. " A bempy dog ;" a youth disposed to practices which may end in the hangman's hemp.' Wb. Gl. Henbau'ks, sb. A hen-roost. Comp. Sw. D. bana-bjelke, the uppermost cross-beam which holds together the spars of the framework of a roof; deriving the name from the circumstance that the fowls com- monly fly up and roost upon it at night (Rietz) : also bana-balke ; N. Sax. banebalken. Henbird, sb. The domestic fowl. ' Where t' partridges rase, Ah heered a cheeping lik' a young benbird;' a cry like that of a young chicken : which it was, in fact, the hen partridge having by some chance sat on and hatched the egg of a common fowl. Henpen, sb. The manure made by fowls, as removed from the hen-roost. Hen-scrats, hen-scrattings, sb. Small streaky clouds of the cirrus form, known by other names, as Filly-tails, but deriving this name from some resemblance to the marks in dust or light soil left by a scratching fowl. Heron-sew, hern-sew, sb. The common heron (Ardea cinerea). Incorrectly written herring-sew or -sue, and that spelling ignorantly supported on the utterly mistaken ground that the bird ' pursues the herrings/ which as a wader it cannot do. ' Fr. beronceau, a young heron, gives E. beronsbaw.' Wedgw. Hesp, sb. A clasp or fastening, especially to doors or windows : the button which turns on a central pivot and so clasps or fastens a window, &c., is specially indicated. A. S. baps, a latch, clasp, bolt or lock of a door ; Sw. baspa or baspe, a latch or hasp ; Dan. hasp or baspe, a latch or bolt on a door ; O. N. bespa ; S. Jutl. bespe, id. A further meaning in most of these latter words is a reel to wind yarn, &c., upon. Hezzel, hezz'lin'. Mode of Pr. of Hazel, Hazeling. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 259 Hig, sb. Offence taken, usually implying petulance rather than serious indignation; the feeling of petulant or half-passionate dissatis- faction, and its manifestation. See Pet. Cr. Gl. gives big, I. A passion, a violent commotion of the mind: 2. A temporary hurricane ; meanings which serve to connect the word more directly with Sw. D. biga, to covet greatly or intensely, to strive to obtain vehemently; N. bika; Dan. bige; Dut. hijgen; A. S. bigan, contendere. Quaere is Dan. D. beg, a person whom no one can endure, connected ? ' They took the big at it.' Wb. Gl. Highty, highly-horse, sb. A childish appellation for a horse. ' Cotgr. explains estre en ses gogues, to be frolic, lusty, all a-boil, in a merry mood. 72 est a cbeval, he is set on cock-horse, he is all a-boigbt.' Wedgw. High-up, adj. Belonging to the nobility and gentry of the country; of rank or position. See Quality. ' " Who 's your new landlord ? " " Wheeah, he 's some desput bigb-tip chap, a lord, or mebbe a duke, or such as that." ' Highway-master, sb. The surveyor of highways. Hind, sb. An agricultural servant, hired by the year or term, having a house rent-free in part remuneration and expected to find other labour besides his own his wife's, or grown-up daughter's, possibly at cer- tain seasons of the year. In some instances, if not all, the Hind has some of the responsibility of the Bailiff, but works with his own hands, which the Bailiff does not, or at least need not. Hing, v. n. To hang. Simply a mode, and an ancient one, of Pr. Conversely, a is sometimes found in the place of i, as stang= sting. ' He says, what es man in shap hot a tre Turned up J>at es doun, als men may se, Of whilk be rotes bat of it springes, Er )>e hares bat on J>e heved bynges.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 673. Hing-by, sb. A hanger on, a toady or sycophant. Hing for rain, To. A phrase applied to the general appearance of the clouds and atmosphere when rain is evidently approaching. ' Ah aimed it wad be wet : it's bin binging for roan ivver sen sunrise.' Hinging-mind, sb. An inclination, a strong disposition to do this or that. Hipe, v. a. i. To push or strike with the horns as cattle do. 2. To censure, assail with insinuations or accusations ; to attack in reputation or character. Both Brock, and Leeds Gl. make bipe, ' to rip or gore with the horns ;' Wb. Gl., simply to butt or strike with the horn,' which is probably the more correct explanation of the Ll 2 260 GLOSSARY OF THE two. Rietz gives bypa, to strike, inflict a blow, and byp, a heavy blow or stroke. Hypa also, and Dan. byppe as well, signify to pat the earth up against growing potatoes ' earth them up' or other crops that require such aid or protection. It is curious if the Northumbr. dialects have preserved this word (otherwise lost), in its sense of striking, in common with the Sw. dialects. Rietz quotes no correlative word besides Dan. byppe just noticed. I. ' Som gas tatird als tatird foles, Some gase wrynchand to and fra, And some gas bypand als a ka.' Pr. ofConsc. 1. 1537. a. ' They are always biping yan at anither.' Wb. Gl. Hipe, hype, v. n. To make mouths, as in ' grinning through a horse-collar ;' to make ridiculous gestures as well as faces. Probably nearly connected with Sw. D. bipa, to gape, to make open mouths in wonder or amazement ; blip, to draw one's breath hard in astonishment over anything. See also O. N. geip, absurdity, spoken or acted, which would appear through geipr, hians, apertus, to connect itself with Sw. D. bipa and our hipe. Hiper, hyper, sb. A mimic, or one qualified to contend in grimacing or making faces, &c. ' A rare byper.' Wb. GL Hippen-ho'd, hipping-hold, sb. A place where gossip is wont to be held, a loitering-place, a corner where folks are apt to lounge and talk. I connect this with O. N. geipa, effutire, to chatter, to talk fast and vainly ; geip, spoken vanities, or nonsense, chatter. See Hipe ; also comp. N. bipen, eager or greedy, curious, the Dan. being nys-gjerrig, literally news-craving a highly appropriate qualification of a gossip, or gossiping-place. Hippings, sb. Napkins (for infants). Jam. gives this word as ' Hippe/i, a kind of towel used for wrapping about the bips of an infant,' which would be a much more satisfactory explanation if folks in N. Eng. and Scotl. were more in the habit of using the word hip rather than buke or buckle. Still Hall, gives ' bippany, a wrapper for the hips of an infant. East.' Hippie, sb. A small hay-cock, or rather a small heap of half-made hay, the drying process being not as yet quite completed. Sw. D. bypa, a small heap of hay or clover ; and as a vb. the same word means to set clover in such heaps. It is a derivative or diminutive from bop, a heap. Grimm suggests the former existence of the strong verb biupan, bdup, bupun, congerere, tumere. Rietz, p. 261. Hiring-penny, sb. A piece of money, usually a half-crown, given as earnest-money, on concluding a hiring-engagement, by the master to his future servant, and which establishes the bargain. See Aries, Fest- ing-penny, God's-penny, &c. Hirings, sb. A statute fair, at which agricultural servants of both CLEVELAND DIALECT. 26l sexes are engaged for the term, or the year. A fruitful source of rustic demoralization. Hirple, v. n. i . To shrug or stick up the back as an animal does in inclement weather, when standing under a hedge in an open field, in the vain hope of finding shelter. 2. To be dull and inactive from the effects of severe cold, or illness. Hence the meaning to creep, to go slowly as if lame. Written also Hurple, Herple, Hurkle, Hurtle. One can hardly help suspecting a confusion of two words here, one in p and one in Ji, although it is certain that in some cases, as where articulation is imperfect (as in young children) or defective (as in some adults), /, k, and p are in a certain sense interchangeable ; and a like interchange may arise out of careless or provincial peculiarities of pronunciation. Wedgw. refers burkle, as well as burcb (to cuddle), to bug or buggle, E. equivalents to Dut. buck, in buck-scbouderen, to shrug the shoulders, bucken, to crouch, Sw. bttka sig, sitta buka, Dan. sitte paa bug ; assuming ' the introduction of an r (always useful in the expression of shivering).' In this connection comp. Sw. D. birra, to shiver or shudder, whether with cold or sudden fright, to which the Dan. D. burre corresponds ; birning, shivering or shuddering, and birrug, which implies tottering, stumbling, as well as bewildered or frightened, and so, liable to shiver or shudder. Leeds Gl. gives ' bvrkle, to contract the body and become motionless ; burple, to shrug up the neck and creep along the streets with a shivering sen- sation of cold, as an ill-clad person may do on a winter's morning ; as, " goas burpling about fit to give a body t' dithers to luke at him." ' Hirsel, hirsle, v. n. (pr. hossle). To move about restlessly, to fidget. Jam. gives a different explanation of this word. Ruddiman's is ' to move or slide down, or forward, with a rustling noise, as of things rolled on ice, or on rough ground.' Sibbald's, more approved by Jam., ' to move oneself in a sitting or lying posture ; to move without the common use of the limbs." ' It seems properly,' adds Jam., to denote that motion which one makes backwards and forwards on his hams. Thus we say that one birsills down a bill when, instead of attempting to walk or run down, he moves downward sitting.' In Clevel. the word is applied to cattle quite as frequently as to human beings, and expresses a general sense of uneasy restlessness. Hall, gives birsel, to move about, to fidget. North. ; and bursle, to shrug the shoulders. Cumb. It scarcely seems to me that either Ruddiman's A. S. byrstan, murmurare, bristlan, crepere, or Jamieson's ' Teut. aerselen, Belg. aarzelen, retrogredi, quasi culum versus ire, from aers, podex,' have any real bearing on the word. Definitions are sometimes framed, at least turned, to meet a derivation, a slight suspicion of which may arise on reading both those given above. To me the word wears the appear- ance of a frequentative, with an analogy to jostle (from joust, to push: Wedgw.); and I would much more willingly refer it to dialect-corruption of a word like tbrust than to either of the sources suggested in Jam. Hiss, v. n. To express discontent venomously ; to be cantankerous. See Siss. T' au'd chap sissed and gruffed mair an a lahtle at t' parish tak'ing 's pay off ;' reducing or withdrawing his allowance from the poor-rate. His-sel', his-sen, pr. Himself. ' his halfe brother dwelt there, was feirce and fell, noe better but a shepard to the Bishoppe bim-sell.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 510. 262 GLOSSARY OF THE Hitch, v. n. To move a short distance in any direction ; to hop. ' Hitch, motion by a jerk. Swiss gebotzelt seyn, laughing till one shakes ; Bav. butscben, to rock, to hitch oneself along like children on their rumps ; Du. hutsen, butselen, to shake, to jumble ; Fr. bocber, to shake ; Swiss botscben, to hiccup ; boscben, to knock ; botteren, botzen, botzern, to shake, jog, jolt.' Wedgw. Hitch, Jamie ; hitch, Jamie, stride and loup. The boyish play or exercise of ' Hop, step and jump.' Hither-go-there (used substantively). A digression, wandering from the subject in hand. 4 He's a dree au'd chap to talk wiv ; his discoorse "s amaist nobbut bitber-go-tberes.' Hoast, sb. A cough. See Heeze, Hooze. Hosti, tassis (Hald.) ; at bosta, to cough ; Dan. boste; A. S. bweost; Dut. boeste, a cough. Pr. Pm. bosi, borst. Heaving, hoavish, adj. Stupid, silly, clownish. See Hauving, Awflsh, Oaving, &c. Hob. The appellation of a spirit, or being of elf-nature, who must once have occupied a prominent place in the belief or popular faith of the people of the district. Probably, like the nisses of popular faith in Denmark, there were many Hobs, each with a ' local habitation and a' local ' name.' Thus there is a Hob Hole at Runswick, a Hob Hole near Kempswithen, a Hob's Cave at Mulgrave, Hobt'rush Rook on the Farn- dale Moors, and so on. Obtrush Rook, as well as Hob Hole and the Cave at Mulgrave, is distinctly said to have been ' haunted by the goblin,' who being ' a familiar and trouble- some visitor to one of the farmers, and causing him much vexation and loss, he resolved to quit his house in Farndale and seek some other home. Very early in the morning, as he was trudging on his way with all his household goods and gods in a cart, he was accosted by a neighbour with " I see you are flitting." The reply came from Hob out of the churn, " Ay, we's flitting." On which the farmer, concluding that the change would not rid him of his visitor, turns his horse's head homewards. The story is in substance the same as that told on the Scottish border and in Scandinavia.' Phillips' Yorkshire, p. 210. I give also Professor Worsaae's version of the legend as current in Denmark : ' Once when I was in North England the conversation turned on the mischievous tricks of the Nisse, and I went on to relate our Northern legend of a Bonder who was teased and worried in all kinds of ways by a Nisse. At last he could stand it no longer, and he determined to quit his farm and go and take another somewhere else. When he had brought almost all his goods away to his new farm, and was driving along with the last load, he chanced to turn round, and what should he see as he did so ? Who but the Nisse himself, with his red cap on, sit- ting quietly on the top of the load ! Says the goblin to him quite confidentially, " Aye, we 's flitting" (Nu flytte vi). One of the persons present then stated that in his youth he had repeatedly heard the legend, almost word for word, told in Lancashire.' Minder ont de Danske, &c. p. 123. Hob of the Cave at Runswick was famous for curing children of the Kink-cough, when thus invoked by those who took them to his abode : 4 Hob-hole Hob ! Mah bairn 's getten t' kin'-cough : Tak' 't off! Tak' 't off!' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 263 Hob at Hart Hall, in Glaisdale, was, as the legend bears, a farm-spirit ' of all work,' thrash- ing, winnowing, stamping the bigg, leading, &c. Like the rest of the tribe who ever came under mortal eye, he was without clothes nak't and having had a Harding - smock made and placed for him, after a few moments of it would seem, ill-pleased inspection, he was heard to say, ' Gin Hob mun hae nowght but a hardin' hamp, He '11 come nae mair nowther to berry nor stamp.' I look upon the usual derivation of Hob as mistaken, if not absurd. ' Hob, bob-cluncb, a country clown. Hal. A bob or clown, piedgris. Sherwood. Hob-goblin, a clownish goblin, a goblin who does laborious work, where the first syllable is commonly taken as the short for Halbert or Robert.' No doubt Hobbie, Hob, is the short for Halbert ; but has it actually and popularly been the short for Robert? It seems much more likely that just as Oberon comes through the intermediate form Anberon, from Alberon (Grimm's D. M. p. 421), so Hob = 'Ob comes through aub (comp. Clevel. Awf), from alb = elf. See Hob- trush. Hobble, v. n. i. To move with difficulty from having the feet or legs entangled or tied, or from lameness. 2. To move as a hare or rabbit does, when undisturbed, with desultory hopping movements, and almost as if with its hindlegs tied together. See Hampered, Hopple, and comp. Sw. D. boppe, a hare. ' The idea of insufficient, impeded action,' says Wedgw., ' is commonly expressed by the figure of imperfect or im- peded speech We have Sc. babble, bobber, to stutter, to speak or act confusedly ; to babble a lesson, to say it imperfectly ; Du. bobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer ; Sc. bobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in a bungling manner ; PL D. bumpeln, to limp, to bungle ; Sw. bappla, to stammer ; Eng. bopple, to move weakly and unsteadily. Then, in a factitive sense, to bobble or bopple a horse, to hamper its movements by tying its legs together.' Still, note E. bammel, bamble, Sw. D. bammla, to lame by ham-stringing, or some like cruel process ; thence simply to render lame, or able to move only in a hobbling kind of manner. Hobble, sb. A condition of trouble, perplexity or distress, from which extrication may not be very easy or practicable. Comp. Hampered, and see vb. Hobble. Hobtrush, a word occurring in the designations Hobtrush or Ob- trush Rook (a tumulus on the Farndale Moors), and Hobtrush Hob, a being once held to frequent a certain cave in the Mulgrave Woods, and wont to be addressed, and to reply, as follows : ' " Hob-trush Hob ! Where is thou ?" " Ah 's tying on mah left-fuit shoe ; An' Ah '11 be wiv thee Noo !" ' ' Hobthrust,' says Brock., ' is a local spirit, famous for whimsical pranks. In some farm- houses a cock and bacon are broiled on Fassen's Eve, and if any person neglect to eat heartily of this food, Hobthrust is sure to amuse himself at night by cramming him up to the mouth with bigg-cbaff. According to Grose he is supposed to haunt woods only : Hob o' t' burst.' Certainly, it is not impossible that Hob-thrush, as well as Hob-thrust, may be a corruption of this assumed Hob o' t' burst for I suspect cousinship between it and the various derivations, glanced at below, which used to be suggested for Howdie but I scarcely 264 GLOSSARY OF THE see it likely. Hall, quotes the following : If he be no bob-thrush nor no Robin Good- fellow, I could finde with all my heart to sip a sillybub with him.' Two Lane. Lovers, 1640; from which it appears that two hundred years ago the form Hobtbrusb prevailed as it, or Obtrusb, still does here. Grimm, who seems to have been acquainted with the form Hobtburst, or Grose's form with the marks of elision omitted, hazards a surmise one, however, which might have been advanced more decidedly had he known the forms Hobtbrusb, Hobtrusb, Obtrusb that it may be connected with O. N. \>urs, a being not essentially distinct from the Scand. giant. This is, at least, more probable than Grose's etymology. Hobtrusb is, doubtless, the more special Yorkshire form of Hobtbrusb. Comp. our Ainthrup, Aint'rup for Ai.nth.orpe, trone for throne, &c. I conceive the Hob to be equivalent to Gothic alb, awf, O. N. alfr, Eng. elf (see Hob) ; and, as to the entire word Hobthrush or Hobtrush, there is a suggestive similarity in form and sound between it and blpentrutscb, elpentrotscb, alberdrutscb, and the like ; and certainly there is no startling incongruity in the sense thus suggested ; for it is elbiscb, E. elvish, Clevel. awvish, with the limitation in our case to its primary meaning of or belonging to an elf, or the elves. Perhaps, thus, Obtrush Book as meaning, i. e., elvish or elf s piled- up heap finds more in the way of elucidation than by supposing Grimm's \>urs, half-bred giant, or ogre. Ho'd, v. a. i. To retain, keep, or keep back; of a cow which refuses to yield her milk; or in reference to her connection with the bull. 2. To contest or resist strongly so as to hold the competitor or co-struggler to a continuance of strong effort. 3. To wager. 1. ' T" au'd roan coo ho'ds her milk. We '11 hev to quit 'r ;' part with her. 2. ' She 's been te t' bull, bud Ah quesshun ef she ho'ds.' Sometimes, ' bo'ds t' bull.' 3. ' Ah 's bo'd thee a crown on 't.' See TJpho'd, and comp. "Wad. Ho'd, sb. i. Grasp, possession. 2. Tenure, holding. 1. ' " He'll ho'd his bo'd;" keep what he has got.' Wb, Gl. 2. ' " He has his land under a good bo'd;" a good tenure, or, in other words, he has good landlord." 76. Ho'd fair, v. a. To remain or continue fair weather. 1 Better weather now ; but Ah quesshun an it '11 bo'd fair while neeght.' Ho'd off, v. n. To keep off, not to befal; of something probably impending, as a fall of rain, a change of weather, a fit of illness or pain. Ho'd on, v. a. To hold fast, hold tight, without relaxing either ten- sion or firmness of grasp. Ho'd slack, v. a. i. To relax the pressure or tension of one's grasp especially the latter, as in pulling or holding on to a rope. 2. To relax for a time in attention to business or closeness of application. i. " We're bo'dding slack a bit;" gossiping awhile, holding talk when there is nothing else to do.' Wb. Gl. Ho'd talk, v. n. To chat, converse readily, gossip. ' A good hand at ho'dding talk.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 365 Ho'd-talk, used as a sb. Chat, gossip, commonplace talk. We 're just having a bit o' bo'd-talk.' Wb. Gl. Ho'd up, v. n. To remain up and about, antithetical to giving way to weakness or indisposition, and lying down, or going to bed. ' Match'd t' bo'd upf scarcely able, with all effort, to bear up against weakness or illness. Hofe, sb. (pr. heeaf). i. A residence or abode; a person's home for the time being. And thence, 2. A haunt, the place where a person or creature may usually be met with. Written ' howff ' by Sir W. Scott in Guy Mannering and Heart of Mid- Lothian. Cf. O. N., S. G., A. S. bof, a dwelling, den, &c. Comp. Low. G. bof, bove, a farm- stead ; Dan., Sw., Germ, bof; Sw. D. bove. The O. N. word seems first to have denoted the holy house or temple, and then to have been transferred to the residence of the local magnate ; after which it came to denote simply a residence or abode, a house, a farmstead ; and similarly, in the other tongues or dialects noted, there is a gradation of sense between the court, of a prince or nobleman namely, and a house or residence in the country. 1. ' " A man's own beeaf;" own home.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Nat at yamm? then mebbe he'll be at Willy N.'s. That's a noted beeaf o' hisn/ Hofe, v. a. and n. i. To abide, lodge, or live. 2. To cause to live or abide ; in a place, house, home, &c. 1. ' " Where do you beeaf at?" where do you lodge or live?' Wb. Gl. ' Deeavid ha' left t' au'd spot, an' hes beeaf 'd wiv yoong John Garbutt at t' Grains sen Marti'mas ;' of a farm-servant who has taken service in a new place. 2. ' Ay : Guinea-fowls is desperY bad to beeaf;' in reference to their unwillingness to forsake the old home and adopt a new one, if the owner chances to ' flit.' Hoffle, v. n. To shuffle along with slow and impeded gait, whether from lameness or infirmity. Probably coincident with Hobble or Hopple. Hoffs, sb. Hoofs or hooves ; not infrequently applied, especially by a cleanly housewife on the entrance of muddy boots into her clean room, to human feet. ' " darted boffs ;" feet dirty with walking.' Wb. Gl. Hog, sb. A male of the pig kind. ' Bret, boc'b, bouc'b, swine, from bouc'ba, to grunt. So Lap. snorkeset, to grunt ; snorke, a pig ; Fin. naskia, to make a noise like pigs in eating (G. scbmatzen) ; naski, a call for pigs, a pig.' Wedgw. It is, perhaps, not irrelevant to remark in reference to the ' call for pigs' just noted, that the invariable call or summons in Clevel. to the pigs (while as yet suffered to ramble about in the day-time) to come to their food at nightfall is ' Jack, Jack,* many times repeated in a high-pitched and sustained note. M m 266 GLOSSARY OF THE Hog, sb. A sheep of a year old. ' A one -year old sheep. Norm. Fr. bogetz.' Brock. ' From six months old till being first shorn : some say from a lamb ; others, a sheep of a year old.' Hall. ' QM. A. S. bogan, to take care of; because, on account of their tender age, greater care is required to rear them.' Cr. Gl. Comp. Wedgw. 'Hog, Hoggel, Hoggrel, Hogget, Hoggaster. A 1 young sheep of the second year. Devonsh. bog-colt, a yearling colt. Dut. bokkeling, a heifer, a beast of one year old. From being fed in the bok, or pen. Honde-bok, a dog-kennel : Scbaapen-bole, a sheep-cote.' The sheep called bogs are, however, not fed in pens, neither is there any special care lavished upon them. I suspect that the last of the forms quoted by Wedgw. boggaster affords a clue to the derivation of the word. A. S. bcegsteald implies a bachelor, a virgin, novice, ccelebs, tyro; O. Germ, hagastalt, bagustalt, id. ; Dut. bagestvlt ; Sw. D. and N. bogstall, a widower. Bosw. collates also O. N. bagsteedr, tem- peratus, although the word would seem to be due to a different original. But in all the other words the idea seems to be that of continence, whether from being yet single, or having become a widower. So, it is at least conceivable, that Hog simply implies that the animal so called is yet virgin. It may be a matter for enquiry, is not the sense of con- tinence, or restraint, involved in the prefix of the words quoted above ; A. S. be Plouhman) heng an Hoper on his Bac' In stude of a scrippe, A Busschel of Bred corn- he bringe)> }>er-Inne.' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. S.) p. 77. Hoppet, sb. i. A small open basket. 2. The gaol or prison. Wb. Gl. makes hopper and boppit synonymous ; but, I think, incorrectly. Cr. Gl. gives boppit, ' a little basket ;' Leeds Gl. as ' a small osier basket, with a bow handle ;' Hall. hoppet, ' a hand basket Var. dial.' and also, ' the dish used by miners to measure their ore in ;' besides boppit, ' a small field, generally one near a house, of a square form Essex.' Hopping-tree, sb. The pole of a coup-cart. See Coup-cart. Comp. Dan. D. hoppe ; at hoppe en vogn : to back a waggon. See Hop. ' A boppyng tre' is mentioned in Wills and Inv. Surt. Soc. i. 104. Hopple, v. a. To tie the legs of a horse or other animal together in such a way as not to prevent all motion from place to place in grazing, but still so as to render straying to a distance exceedingly difficult and slow. Brock, gives 'haffle' with this signification; and 'hobble' is the equivalent word in othei districts. See Hoffle, Hobble, Hamper, &c. Horse-block, horse -mount,- horsing -stones, horse -steps, sb. The steps, usually of stone, with a small platform above them, for con- venience in mounting one's horse : especially to a female. These are of frequent occurrence in the Dales, at the top of the steep horse-tracks leading up the hill-sides or Banks to the roads across the moor, as well as at the churchyard gates, &c. Horse-couper, sb. A horse-dealer ; one who buys, sells or exchanges horses. See Coup. Comp. horse-courser, from O. Fr. couratier, covracier, a broker, salesman. See Wedgw. in v. Horse-godmother, sb. A great, ungainly female. Horse-gogs, sb. A fair-sized but highly astringent blue plum which grows abundantly in the district, and sometimes even in the hedge-rows. Comp. goose-gogs = gooseberries. Horse-knops, sb. The plant black knapweed (Centaur ea nigra). Also called Hard-heads. See Knop. Comp. knappar, the Sw. name of the plant. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 27 1 Horse-trod, sb. A track or path used as a ' bridle-road.' See Trod. Host-house, sb. (pr. wost-hus). The inn at which the farmer or countryman puts up in the market- (or other) town he visits. Hostle, v. n. (pr. woss'l). To put up at an inn. Ho't. Pr. of Hurt. Hotch, sb. A bungle, an ill-managed affair. Probably convertible with bitcb, and in somewhat the same sense as when we say ' there is a bitch in the affair.' Sw. D. boka is to fumble, to be irresolute, to hesitate, and may be connected ; as also Swiss boodscben, botscben, to crawl like a toad, shuffle along, do any- thing in a dawdling, untidy way. Hot-pots, sb. (pr. heeat- or yat-pots). Pots of hot spiced ale brought out by the friends of a newly-wedded couple to be partaken of by the bridal party as they return from church. See Bride-door, Bride- wain, &c. Hotter, v. a. and n. i. To shake, or even jolt, as persons or things in a springless cart driving over rough roads are shaken up and down. Thence, 2. To move with an uneven pace, limpingly or lamely, in what is called in some places 'a dot and go one' style; and 3. To throw together confusedly or in a jumble, as things conveyed in such a cart would be. In this sense, used chiefly in the passive. Wedgw. connects this word with "huddle. He says, ' the primitive image is probably the bubbling movement of boiling water ; Sc. bolter, softer, for the sound of boiling or simmer- ing ; to hotter, to simmer, shiver, shudder, to walk unsteadily, jolt. It 's all in a hotter, all in movement ; hotter, a multitude of small animals in motion ; bottle, anything without a firm base, as a young child beginning to walk.' I conceive that the original idea of to hotter is involved in the meanings to shiver, to shudder; whence the meanings of Hacon Grizzlebeard's ' Hutetutetutetu !' Dasent's Norse Tales, p. 46, and ' He was to be sure to lie still, and not to shiver and call out butetu, or any such stuff.' (p. 47.) In Sw. D. we find buttra, buddra, boddra, bodra, bodra, b6dda, to tremble or shiver with cold, to have one's teeth chatter ; Swiss bottern, to shake, to tremble ; Dan. D. buddre, to shiver from the effects of cold or fever. Cf. also O. N. bossa, quatire ; boss, mollis quassatio. 1. ' We went hollering in the cart all the way on.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Hollering on, nae better an a lamiter." 3. ' " All holler' d up ;" jumbled together, confused, crowded." Wb. Gl. With the last example comp. Jamieson's instance : ' 'Twas a muir-hen an* mony a pout Was rinnin', bolterin' round about ;' where the idea is not of being jumbled or flung together in a confused heap, so much as of voluntary crowding. Hottery, adj. Uneven to walk or ride upon; as a bad pavement, a rough and ill-kept road. 272 GLOSSARY OF THE Houe, sb. i. A sepulchral tumulus, or barrow. 2. A natural hill. 0. N. baugr; O. Sw. baugr, bogber; S. G. bog; Dan. baj ; S. Jutl. bag (pr. by; they much as the Fr. ); N. Jutl. byr ; a tumulus or small hill raised by hand, in contradis- tinction to a natural hill or eminence. Molbech's definition is, en forbeining pan jordens overbade ; a hill or heap raised on the surface of the earth. He notes also the phrases at Itaste, or opkaste en bai : to throw up a houe. En jordboi is used as antithetical to en sandbakke ; bakke eller banke bruges scedvanlig om storre og naturlige bate. Man siger aldrig, en opkastet bakke : the word bakJce or banke is usually applied to larger hills of natural origin. No one ever says a thrown-up bakke. The special application of O. N. baugr, O. Sw. bogber, Dan. bvi, Sw. bog. &c., is to a sepulchral tumulus ; sometimes so specified, as in Dan. gravbai, Sw. iittebog, O. Sw. e flyjt, & fannej on )>e wyndej, Houe$ hyje vpon hyjt to herken tybyngej.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1. 458. ' On ark on an euentyde bouei the dowve.' Ib. \. 485. ' f>e burne bode on bonk, )>at on blonk boned.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 785. ' Yet boved ther an hundred In howves of selk, Sergeantz it bisemed That serveden at the barre.' P. Plougbm. 1. 418. 2. ' " I rather hovered a bit ;" waited awhile.' Wb. Gl. ' " Titter oop t' sprunt mun ower a bit ;" the one that is first (soonest) up the hill must wait a bit.' Ib. ' My lord, this care lastes lang, And wille, to Moyses have his bone ; Let hym go, els wyrk we wrang, It may not help to hover ne hone.' Townel. Myst. p. 64. 3. ' " Hovering for rain ;" cloudy, threatening to come wet.' Wb. Gl. 4. ' " Hover your hand ;" stop, hold, e. g. in the act of pouring water.' Ib. Howdy, sb. A midwife. O. N. j6d, that which is born, also the act of parturition, is almost certainly the origin of this word. But comp. S. G. jordgumma, Sw. jorde-gumma, Sw. D. jor(d)mor, Dan. jordemoder : the latter also occurring with the orthography gjordemoder. ' By some," says Ihre, ' it has been supposed that the reference is to the custom of depositing the new-born babe on the ground, whence it was to be raised by the father, if he thought it worthy of being reared, and given into the care of the female attendant. Others have referred the N n 274 GLOSSARY OF THE origin of the word to birda, to take care of, wait upon, pointing to the midwife's care and attention to the lying-in woman ; whence would come the word bjordgumma. But my own notion is that an r has crept in, and that the word originally was not jordgumma, but -jodgumma; inasmuch asjod is Isl. for childbirth ; jodsot the pangs of labour.' The word affords a grand specimen of the success attending guesses at derivation : Hodie, in ' Jesus bodie natus est ;' bow, the name for the caul a child is sometimes born with ; bow d'ye? &c. Howk, v. a. To dig out, to scoop, to work with digging tools in a hole, or in making a hole. Jam. well remarks that ' E. dig does not properly convey the idea expressed by Howk. For the latter signifies to take out the middle, leaving the outside whole saving the aper- ture.' In fact, in ordinary usage, the word sometimes, but corruptly, approaches in sense to book. Under bolk or bulk, a hollow straw or reed, Molb. (Dan. Dial. Lex.) quotes bolkr, a spout, a hollow reed or cane, a pipe ; and adds, Sw. bolk, ' in genere notat lignum cavatum radix, bolka, cavare.' Ihre, he further says, derives it from holja, to make hol- low, in like manner as dolk from dblja. Comp. also bulke, brond-bulke, a wooden cover or protection over the mouth of a well ; where the idea is still of that which is made hol- low had the inside howked out so as to become a suitable cover for something else. Howly, sb. A street game played by boys in a town, one of them hiding behind a wall or house-end and crying ' Howly' to the seekers. It has been suggested, though not very probably, that Ole ' the commonest Christian name in Norway ' may be the foundation of this cry. Leeds Gl. gives Hiddy as the name of the same game ; ' the search-signal employed in the game is " Hiddy !" and not " Hide!" as common.' ' Whoop !' is the South-country signal. Howse, v. a. To bale or dip out water, or other liquid. See Ouse or Owse. Howsomiwer, hows'iwer, conj. Howsoever, or however. Hubble-shew, hubble-shoo, sb. The tumultuous movements of a somewhat excited crowd ; a state of commotion, or disturbance. Jam. refers this word to ' Teut. hobbelen, inglomerare ; bobbelen-tobbelen, tumultuare. The last syllable may be Teut. scbowe, spectaculum, or from scbouwen, videre : q. a crowd assembled to see something that excites attention.' Is it not at least open to surmise that Sw. D. bo-bal, hovel, bovoll ; N. baball, bobball, bobboll, bdvoll, midsummer, the time when the sun (Baal, Balder) is highest, may have some connection with it? Ihre, who gives the form hogball from one Sw. district, and bbgbale from another, takes the word to have originally denoted den bijge Balder, the high Balder ; or, as it were, the high and powerful sun's special season. It is matter of history that this season was from extremely remote times celebrated by the piling and burning of mighty fires on the hills in different districts, at which almost the entire population were assembled, with feasting, dancing and drinking, continued throughout the night. Herein we certainly have the main elements of what is thus expressed by Jam.: ' It' (the word Hubbelscbow) ' suggests the idea of a multitude running and crowding together in a tumultuous manner (without necessarily implying that there is any broil).' For the last syllable compare wappinscbaw or wappenscbaw. Huckle, sb. The hip. See Huke-bone. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2 7.5 Huff, v. n. To become swollen and puffy, as the flesh where a blow has been received. Mr. Wedgw. gives ' Huff, Hoove. To puff or blow, as wbiff, or G. baucben, to breathe or blow, from a representation of the sound. To buff up, to puff up, swell with wind. " In many birds the diaphragm may be easily buffed up with air." Grew in Todd. " Ex- crescences, called emphysemata, like unto bladders puffed up and hooved with wind." Hol- land Pliny in R.' The examples are unexceptionable, but Sw. D. bavna, bauna, bavna, N. bovna or bovne, to puff up or become swollen ; bdven, bauen, baven, swollen, huffed ; bovehe, the condition of being swollen ; Dan. boven, swollen ; bovenbed, condition of being 1 swollen ; bcevelse, id. ; also rising or tumour, are all distinctly referrible to b'dva, bevja, bat God has wroght.' Pr. o/Consc. 52. ' Ilk man that here lyves, mare and lesse.' Ib. 89. Ill, adj. Bad, evil, evil-intentioned. O. N. illr; Sw. D. tiler; O. Sw. ilder (neut. ill); Dan. ild; N. ill. Comp. the Germanic forms :O. H. G. ubil, upil ; M. G. and G. ubel ; A.S. ubbil, ubil ; O. E. yfel, eofel; E. evil. ' Thou art an ylle quelp, for angres.' Townel. Myst. p. 95. ' He 's nobbut an ill 'un ;' of a bad disposition. ' An /'// deed as ivver Ah kenn'd.' Comp. ille-dedy, Townel. Myst. p. 320. Hl-clep'd, adj. Ill-conditioned, surly of address. See Clep. Comp. ill-spoken, in the sense addicted to the use of abusive or ill-tempered speech ; and also, ill-contrived, bad-tempered, perverse, selfwilled. Hall. Ill-fare, v. n. To fare badly, meet with ill-luck or ill-success. ' Odds bobbs ! what 's here te deea ! mah best an' ill-fared man ! Ah 's seear there 's bin foul pleea. Speak fer and clear yer sen.' Sowerby Svmrd Dance Recitation. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 279 Comp. Sw. D. ill-fatt, luckless, unfortunate, our word having much the same Pr., so that, in the above rhyme, the word, as written on phonographic principles by an unlettered tran- scriber, is spelt ill-Jit. Ill-gaited, adj. With awkward action of the legs, possibly arising from malformation or from injury leaving permanent lameness. Illify, v. a. To defame ; to seek to lower one's reputation or take away his character. Comp. O. Sw. ilia, ilska, to vilify, slander, defame. Ill-put-on, ill-putten-on, adj. Badly dressed, shabby. Ill-tented, adj. Badly looked after, or nursed; neglected, ill-cared for. See Tent. Ill-thriven, adj. i. Without the appearance of healthy growth; puny, poor-looking. 2. With the healthy part of one's disposition undeveloped ; ill-conditioned, cross-grained. Ill-throdden. See Ill-thriven, Throdden. Sw. ill-trivas (imp. ill-trivdes), to thrive badly. Ill-throven. See Ill-thriven. Imp, sb. A ring or circlet of the same material, fabric and diameter as the beehive, but of varying height, intended for insertion beneath the hive so as to enable the bees to add to their combs. If of three folds or plies in height, it is a three-wreathed imp ; if four, a four- wreathed imp, and so on. A. S. impan, impian (p. p. impod, ge-impod), to imp, engraft, plant ; Welsh imp, a twig, shoot or scion ; Dan. ympe, id. ; Sw. ymp, a graft, a twig ; Germ, impfen ; Dan. ympe, Sw. ympa, to graft. Ihre explains the latter word by inoculare, inserere : the simple mean- ing of our word is just an insertion or thing inserted ; and Hall, gives ' imp, to add ; to eke out : also, an addition, insertion ; one length of twisted hair in a fishing line. North. In hawking, to insert a new feather in the place of a broken one.' Ihre's remark is, ' a posteriori parte vocis impod, Dani pode formarunt, quod inserere notat. Belg. impoten.' Mr. Wedgw., on the contrary, looks on pode as the original, and impan, impod the derivative : ' The origin is Dut. pote, Dan. pode, PI. D. paot, a shoot, slip ; whence PI. D. paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpootcn, to plant, to set ; Dan. pode, Limousin empeouta, Bret. embouda, O. H. G. impiton, impten, A. S. impan, G. impfen, to graft. The total squeezing out of the long vowel is remarkable.' Ihre's surmise can scarcely be right. Kok looks upon S. Jutl. pode, I. to graft: 2. to plant, as allied to putte, and due to an O. N. source, perhaps pota, to prick ; while Welsh imp, a scion, impio, to graft, seem to point to inde- pendence of the word pode or pote. Any way, however, imp, in the sense of scion, is simply an insertion. 280 GLOSSARY OF THE Inear, sb. The kidney. O. N. nyra, S. G. njura, Sw. njttre, Dan. nyre, Germ, nieren. Cr. Gl. gives the form neer, quoting also Suff. and Northumb. ear, and Sc. ears, while Lonsd. Gl. gives nurses. Ing, sb. i. Pasture or meadow lands, low and moist. 2. A dis- tinctive name for some field or other in a farm, which field originally was a low-lying, wet or marshy meadow, although now it may have been long drained and become arable. 0. N. engi, eingi; Dan. eng ; Sw. ang ; O. Germ, anger. Dan. ettg is used in a sense antithetical to ager, cr arable land ; and the prominent idea is that of low-lying land too moist for ordinary tillage. Ingate, sb. i. The means of entrance, to a house or building, en- closure or other place. 2. The entrance- way, path, &c., itself. 3. The act of entrance. ' The lady Drede is portere . . . and so speres }>e jatis . . . )>at none evylle hafe none ingate to be herte.' Rel. Pieces, p. 53. Ingle, sb. Fire, flame. Sometimes used with the definite article, and then equivalent to ' the fire/ ' the fireside.' Gael, aingeal, fire, light, sunshine. ' A body's ain ingle ;' a person's own fireside. Ingle-nook, ingle-nooking, sb. (pr. neuk or neukin'). The inner corner or recess by the fire-side. See Neuk, Neukin. Inkle, v. a. i. To form notions, guesses or projects. And thence, 2. To form wishes or inclinations, for this or that gratification, to wit. See Inkling. 1 . ' He 's inkling o' nowght at 's good. 2. ' He inkles after this an' that, and can take nane iv 'em when it cooms till;' of an invalid who fancies things, but can't take them when brought to him. Inkle, sb. A narrow linen fabric, or kind of tape, formerly used for shoe-ties, apron-strings, and the like. Mr. Wedgwood's derivation is ingenious : ' Inkle, tape, linen thread. Fr. ligneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoemakers and saddlers ; lignivol, shoemaker's thread. From the first of these forms are E. lingel, lingle, lingan. The second form, lignivol, may probably explain O. E. liniolf. Lynyolf or inniolf, threde to sow with schone or botys. Indula, licinium. Pr. Pm. The loss of the initial /, of which we have here an example, would convert lingle into ingle or inkle. From Lat. linum, flax. Fr. linge, Sc. ling, a line ; Fr. linge, linen, cloth of flax." Add O. N. lin, Germ, lein, and compare Clevel. Lin, flax, and Lin, linen. Inkleweavers, sb. Weavers of the fabric called Inkle, who, on account of the narrowness of the web they produced, were able to sit very close, thus giving origin to the proverbial expression ' as kind ' (see Kind), or, ' as thick as inkleweavers.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 28 1 Inkling, sb. i. A notion of, or guess at something, formed from some hint or faint whisper of intelligence; a hint or suspicion. 2. An inclination, desire or tendency; as, to some line of action, or in- dulgence. 1 Parallel with E. bum, O. N. has uma, to resound, ymia, to whisper or rumour : bann ymti d tbvi, he gave a hint, an inkling of it. Dan. ymte, to whisper, talk softly, secretly of. Sw. bafva bum om ndgot, to have an inkling or hint of something. For the change from ymte, to bint, compare emmet, ant. Inkling is from a frequentative form of the same root, O. N. uml, Dan. ymmel, murmur, ymple, to whi c per, to rumour whence E. inkling, by a change analogous to that which holds between G. sumpf and E. sink ; G. scbrumpfen and E. shrink.' Wedgw. Another instance of the change of the m into n is seen in Sw. bmka, ynka, to be compassionate, the latter being the customary spoken form of the former, which is the true or accurate form. Inmeats, sb. The edible viscera of any animal, fpur-footed or feathered. Comp. Sw. innamdte ; allabanda smdtt stekt innamdte af gtiss : various small cooked inmeats of geese. Inoo, adv. Presently, just now. See Enow. Comp. Dan. i et nu ; i et nu var ban forsvunden : he had presently, in a twinkling, dis- appeared. Insense, v. a. To give any one full or sufficient information or in- struction upon any subject or point ; to make to understand. A good old Shaksperian word, and in frequent use with us still. ' I was not fairly insensed into it.' Wb, Gl. ' Ah couldn't insense him intiv it, dee what Ah wad.' Inses, sb. Additions to make up full weight as well as full tale ; the articles or portions ' given in.' No doubt from the expression ' a dozen and one in' and the like ; the one in coming to give a substantival force to the particle in. Insides, sb. Entrails, the viscera generally. 'A desper't" pain i ma* insides;' (the i ma' being pr. immX, the final a as in aside, again, &c.) Intak*, sb. A piece of land taken from the common, and enclosed for the purposes of cultivation : applied in the case of small plots taken up at will, and without any reference to, or power derived from, any general enclosure act. O. Sw. intaka ; Sw. D. intag, intaka ; Sw. intaga, oskift mark som inbdgnas till odling : common or undivided land which is enclosed for the purposes of cultivation. The Dan. word is indt>. Intil, prep. Into. See Til. O O 382 GLOSSARY OF THE Intiv, prep. Into. See Tiv. Inward-fits, sb. An infants' disorder, a mild convulsion-fit. Inwards, sb. (pr. innards). One's entrails, bowels, inside generally. Note ' Suae Jonas wzs in dses huales innaft.' North. Gosp. Matt. xii. 40. ' Seo faemne haef}> on inncriSe :' ' a virgin shall have in wombe.' A. S. Gosp., and Wycl. Transl. Matt. i. 23. ' De of hyra modor innotSvm cumaj) :' the whiche ben thus born of the modris wombe.' Ib. Matt. xix. 12. Possibly these words suggest a different orthography for Inwards. Iv, prep. The form the prep, i usually takes before a vowel. See Intiv. * Tolf iv all ;' ' Iv oor hoos'.' Ivin, sb. The common ivy (Hedera helix). Comp. the form Hollin or Hollen, holly. Jack, sb. A quarter of a pint measure, or the quantity contained by it. Comp. black-jack, a large leather can, into which the beer was drawn in old times. Jack ! Jack ! The call of summbns to the pigs of a farm to come home and be fed and housed for the night: a call which is willingly responded to by the herd, All the animals on a Dales-farm are used to a summons from the human voice, and give immediate obedience. The cows, as milking-time approaches, may often be seen waiting for the call ; or, if not, the moment it sounds they turn and move towards the gate whence it proceeds. In winter weather, when it becomes necessary to give the sheep, which are still abroad, a small ration of hay, a high-pitched and prolonged, and, as given by some, very musical cry, is used to summon them to the fodder-bearer's presence, and is at once acknowledged and replied to by them. See Ob-ee !, Sty ! Jaded, adj. Placed in circumstances of almost inextricable difficulty, straitened on all sides: a transitional sense, probably, from that of wearied to exhaustion, and so, incapable of further exertion. Jannock, adj. i. Even, level. 2. Fair, even, equitable. O.N.jafn; O. Sw. jcemn, jemn, iampner ; Sw.jdmn; Dan. jevn orjcevn; Sw.D.jamn, jamner, jdvn; M. G. ibns; O. Germ, eban, epan; O. Sax. ebban; A. S. efen, oven, &c. The presence of the p in the O. Sw. form leads the way for the entrance, by substitution, of a*; and accordingly, in Ihre we find the form jamka, to render even or level; in Sw. r CLEVELAND DIALECT. 383 jamka, and in Sw. D.,jdnka,janka,jdnk, id. ; and this is nearly coincident in form with our word. 1. ' T" cloth deean't \igjannock. Draw yon end your-hand way.' 2. ' " That now is notjannock;" unfair, uncandid.' Wb. Gl. Jaul. See JouL Jaup, v. a. and n. i. To agitate water or other fluid sharply in a vessel, so as to cause it to dash against the sides ; to cause impact of one substance or surface on another. 2. To move or dash against the side as the shaken water in the vessel does. Hald. gives gidlfra, with the example, her gidlfrar at landi : hie terrain allidit aequor ; and gidlfr, allisio maris ad littora, with the additional forms gialpa and gialp, in which words we have, very nearly indeed, both the sound and the sense of jaup, and no doubt also its origin. Jowp is simply another form. Jauping, adj. Wide, spacious, gaping. Spelt also jawping and jaupen. Equivalent to, not rather to say, identical with gaping. Comp. the form yawn with A. S. ganian, cinan, geonan, Dut. gbienen, Germ, gienen. Jawer, sb. Idle talk, prating, flippancy. Comp. Gab, Gabber, and see the remark on Jauping ; note also, Dan. D. biabre or babbre, to chatter fast, and without forethought, to let the tongue run ; the person who has a disposition this way being called a blabber. Collate E. jabber. ' " Give us none o' youTJawer;" hold your tongue.' Wb. Gl. Jealous, adj. Apprehensive, ready to anticipate something, whatever it be, more or less unpleasant in its nature. " Think you that wall will fall?" " Aye, Ah 's very jealous on't." ' ' Ah 's jealous he 's efter nae guid.' Jenny-howlet, sb. (pr. jinny-hullot). The tawny owl (Syrnium stridula). Jenny-spinner, sb. The long-legged insect called the crane-fly. Otherwise Tommy Long-legs. The name seems to belong to the genus Tipula at large. Jill, sb. A half-pint measure, or the quantity measured by it. Spelt ' GUI' in Pr. Pm. Jill, v. n. To drink intemperately, but in small quantities at any one place. ' " He gans jilling about ;" drinking his half-pints at different places.' Wb. Gl. 002 284 GLOSSARF OF THE Jimp, adj. i. Slight, elegant in figure; applied especially to a lady's waist. Thence, 2. Neat or elegant generally. 3. Small, scanty, deficient in measure. Jam. looks upon Sc. gymp or jymp, a witty jest, or taunt; a quirk, a subtilty, as origi- nating in S. G. skymf, O. N. skymp, ludibrium, sport, Germ, scbimpf, Belg. schimp, a cavil, a jest, and with much probability. In like manner he considers Sc. gymp or jimp, with the same meanings as our jimp, as undoubtedly due to O. N. and S. G. skam, skamt, short, scanty, skcemma, skaemta, to shorten, curtail. Comp. Ci.jimp, to indent. Jin. A common, rather fondling, abbreviation of Jane. ' Oor Jin ;' the daughter bearing the name Jane. Jobber, sb. A small spade or iron tool for cutting up thistles from their roots. ' Byllen or jobbyn as bryddys, jobbyn with the byl. Rostra.' Pr. Pm. Comp. Nut- jobber, the nut-hatch (Sitta Europad), a bird which digs into nuts and the like with repeated blows of the bill ; not simply pecks, but blows given with the whole force of the body. Mr. Wedgw. quotes, as allied, Bohem. dubati, Pol. dziobai, to peck, dziob, Gael. gob, the beak of a bird. Joblijock, sb. Anything tending to interfere with domestic comfort or peace ; e. g. a smoking chimney, a scolding wife, &c. This is a familiar name for the cock-turkey in some districts, and there is probably a connection of idea in the Clevel. application of the word. Jodder, v. n. (pr. jother). To be tremulous, like jelly when shaken. No doubt nearly related to jog or jock, jot or jotter, jolle or jowl, jolt, all of which, through jog or jock, may be connected with Sw. D.jukka, to move up and down ; Dan. D. juke, jykke, to ride about on a stumbling horse, one that communicates an up-and-down kind of motion to its rider ; O. N. jacka and Sw. juc/ea, to be in a state of shaking motion. See Wedgw. in v. Jolt, from which our word is an easy frequentative. By the suppression of the /, as in au'd, cau'f, bau'd, fau't, &c., jo't ensues, and thence jotter, jother, jodder. Jodder, sb. A state of trembling or quivering, like that of jelly. ' " Well, how did you like your ride on the railway, Mrs. B. ?" (a very stout, unhealthily fat woman.) " Wheea, sae badly, Ah '11 nivver gan in van o' thae nasty vans nae mair. Ah trimml'd and dither'd while Ah wur all iv a. jother." ' Jodderum, sb. A tremulous mass, like a jelly. Joggly, adj. i. Unsteady, or easily put in motion; of an object which does not stand firmly or evenly. 2. Rough ; of a road, causing things carried over it to move unsteadily. Jollment, sb. A large jug or pitcher-full. Wh. Gl. I have not met with this word elsewhere. The compiler gives it thus: ' A jorum or jollment, a large pitcher-full : a rare jorum of broth.' I do not think it necessarily excludes CLEVELAND DIALECT. 285 the idea of the containing vessel, but the contrary, as in the case of Jorum. I connect it with the prefix in jolly-boat. ' The original meaning is probably as in Fr. jalle, jalaye, a bowl, Diit. jolleken, a trough.' Wedgw. See his Diet, also in v. Gallon. Jollous, adj. In good case, well-fed, jolly -looking. I do not feel quite positive that the connection here is not with Jowl, the fleshy appendages of the jaw and throat in a fat person. I incline to think it is, rather than that the word is merely synonymous with jolly = fat, showing tokens of good living. In the latter case it would connect with N. and Sw. D. jvla, to live jollily, as folks do at Yule, Dut.joelen, id. ' A flushy-faced,^'o//s sort o' body.' Wb. Gl. Jooan. Pr. of John. Jorum, sb. i. Any large pitcher-like vessel; or the contents of the same. 2. A large or considerable concourse or assemblage of people. Jutbrvm, in the Leeds Gl. ' a bonny jutbrum ther' is ;' ' zjutbrvm o' folks' is probably a purposed corruption of the word Jorum, unless, indeed, it be essentially the same word as our Jodderum, with the implied sense of a concourse shaken together and still shaking, as it were, with pressure and swaying motion. Joul, jowl, v. a. i. To jolt or shake roughly, as a heavy springless cart passing over very rough roads does those who ride in it. 2. To bring into rough contact, as when a person knocks the heads of two boys together. 3. To strike with a hockey-stick, viz. the wooden ball or Knorr. See Jowls, Shinney or Shinnop. Sometimes pr. jaul. See Jodder. 1. ' Ah's aboot jauled te deid wi' riding i' t' cart.' 2. ' Ah '\\jovl thah heead an' t" wall tegither.' 4 He jaul' 'd their heeads yan agin tither.' Jowi, sb. i. The jaw. 2. The fleshy appendages which, in a fat person, hang down from the jaws, forming, as it were, part of the flesh of the throat. A. S. ceolas, the jaws ; geagl, a jaw ; geaflas, geablas, the jaws. Mr. Wedgwood's re- mark is that E. jowl may be as much indebted to Fr. as to A. S. for its origin ; quoting, in support, O. Fr. gole, golle, geule, Fr. gueule, the mouth, throat, gullet. ' Specially applied to the head of a fish, as a joll or geovles of sturgeon. " The cbowle or crop adhering to the lower side of the bill." Vulg. Errors." Wedgw. Jowls, sb. A game played by boys, much the same as hockey, and taking its name no doubt from the mode of playing, which consists in striking a wooden ball, or Knorr, from the ground in any given direction with a sufficiently heavy stick, duly curved at the striking end. Jowp, v. a. and n. See Jaup. 286 GLOSS A RF Of THE Judy-cow, sb. A name for the lady-bird (CoccbuUa sepiem-pitnctaia). See Cow-lady, Lady-cow, Lady-clock. This name can scarcely fail to be a corruption. I suspect Fr. racbt d Dint, bite a Ditu, as a pnmiblr origin. The name Oofs-cote is common in rarious forms in Germany, and h is at feast possible that the Fr. form may hare faund an entrance here, and then been partly translated and the rest corrupted. Cf. Haugoed. Juntous, adj. Given to take offence, ill-tempered, sullen. Allied, as ft would seem, with O. E. schtmt, to turn aside with a quick motion, to swerve, to finch. pe wyjt watj war of be wylde (die fox), and warry abides, 8c brayde; out be bryjt brood, and at be best caste; : & he ffbiott for be scharp, and schutde haf arered, A rach rapes hym to, ryjt er he myjt,' Sir Gam. mid Gr. Km. 1. 1900 : the fax started aside, swerved, from his swift course as the sword flashed near him (fancy throwing a sword, or a hunting-knife either, at a hunted fox, nowadays!) and would hare turned back on his tracks but was caught by a dog. And the moral action of taking offence may be fitly likened to this same physical action expressed by the waft. sfrnf, from which to juntous would not be a wide or a difficult leap. Jam. gives /naadif.jiPKfif. a posh with the elbow, with the example, * If a man's gaun down the brae, flk ane gfes him a jiatdu;' and he considers h allied to O. N. sheida, festinus eo praxeps ; Sw. siro&z, to hasten, to push forward ; which brings us to A. S. seyndax, of like significa- tion, and the probable original of setae*/, with its more arbitrary sense of to more qukUf, but to one side. * " Ajumtia sort of a body ;" a person not very approachable or appeaseable.' WTt. G3. Kafly. See Chaffy, Cauff, &c, Kale, sb. (pr. keeal). Broth, gruel, porridge ; applied to liquid food, whether prepared for human eaters, or for any among the domestic animal x : the purpose for which it is destined, or its nature, being usually designated by the prefix; as FLour-keeal, Wotmeal-keeal, ' Keeal' or ' Keeal for t' cauves,' &c. ; the latter being made with a mixture of flour and linseed-meaX for use when there is a scarcity of milk. O.N. *4; S.G. til; Dan. kaal; Sw. til; A. S, ami; O.G. tol; Germ. faW; Sec. The primary 11>PB 7g of aH these words has been eabbagt in general ; bat in S. G., Sw^ >an^ and DiaL, h came to include other sorts of garden herbs, and then, as Sir Jas. Sinclair, quoted in Jam-, says, ' As many herbs were pat into the Scotch kind of broth, hence kt3 came to signify broth.' B4olb_ IMKPLIU. limits it to aD the edible kinds of the genus Bras- siea, and the broth made by dressing them ; mffm torn derafkogts. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 287 Kale-pot, six (pc. keeal-pot). A pottage-pot; meaning especially a large semi-globular or fidMwttomed iron pot on three spiky legs, used for cooking the Kale in. Aa oli OKBflBB, afaalefe other by failure of lie conditions than otherwise, has been to hold a female mrjiBt tAo had remained scren years in her place entitled to claim the : sb. (pr. keeam). A comb. O.N. JeBeir, &.G, Ser. and Dan. in, a comb- Kane, T. a. (pr. keeam). To comb. Kane, eane, v. n. (pr. keean). To sustain the formation of a scum or 'head,' as liquor in a state of fermentation, ale turning sour or become iimilmj, mUk miaen turning soar, Ac. See Keeans. Kcve, T. a. and n. (pr. keeiv). i. To rake, or separate by raking, the short itum and detached cars from the thrashed corn on the barn- floor, a. To move restlessly, to paw, as a horse does ; to be uneasy onder constraint, to plonge. O. N. iff, rama ogCo*e nsama, aod ta/B. to ^Tm over, or upside down : idfa i beyi : fiaBHvdbdane; N. .im, Aoana, to me a xake, tnm orer, of bar, &c.; move things fidget- i*^ > . BCB&S. Jam. qncay clat? on }>e wowej.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 839. ' Kene kyng, kayser of vr>e.' Ib. 1593. ' He wex as wroth as wynde, So did all J>at J>er were, e kyng as kene bi kynde, pen stod Jat stif mon nere.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 319. 4 T* lad 's varra keen o' gannan te t' scheeal ; mebbe he '11 be as keen t' coom yamm agin inoo.' ' He 's ower keen o' mak'n' brass, to mak" 't fairly. ' ' Aye, he 's a keen fisher an' a guid yan.' ' He 's getten te t' age to be keen efter t' lasses.' Kegged, adj. Affronted, displeased, disposed to be resentful. Comp. Caggy. Hall, gives our word as current in Lancashire. Cf. Sw. D. kagg, an ill-disposed or ill-tempered man ; kagernev, a troublesome or annoying person. Keld, sb. A spring or fountain. O. N. kelda, S. G. kalla, O. Sw. kalda, Sw. ktilla, Dan. kilde. Keld, kell, sb. i. The amnion or membrane which envelopes the foetus in the womb, and sometimes adheres to it at birth : called a ' caul' in the case of a human infant, and Poal-kell or -keld, Calf-kell, &c., according to the variety of animal concerned. 2. The inner mem- brane of a sheep's carcase, with the fat it envelopes, forming the tallow- chandler's material ; called Sheep-keld. Radically the same word with caul, with which comp. Welsh caul, a maw, calf's-maw. Possibly there may be some connection between Kell and M. G. kityei, womb, matrix ; Pp 290 GLOSSARY OF THE inkil\>o, pregnant. S. G. kilt means also sinus, or ' the lap,' as an enveloping means or means of carriage. So also, nuts might be spoken of as borne i kiltu, as well as a child or baby. Collate D. D. tjald, the ' receiver,' or Barrow, into which the newly-born child is received. Sw. D. kyl, kbjla, a bag, a small sack ; kylla, koll, the scrotum ; O. N. kyllir, with both senses ; A. S. cyl, cyll, a leather bag, the belly, &c., ought not to be passed with- out notice. Kelk, sb. A blow, buffet, or thump. Probably from Click, by transposition of the / and the k. Comp. the expression, ' a elicit on the head.' ' Click. A blow. East.' Hall. Kelk, sb. A separate ovum, or particle of roe, in the spawn of a fish. A. S. geolca, geoleca, the yolk of an egg ; Wall, cbauke, germe de 1'aeuf. See Wedgw. under Coke, and our Goke. Kelps, sb. i. The iron pot-hooks hanging from the G-allibau'k in the chimney. See Re'k'on-crooks. 2. The hinged or moveable handle of a Kail-pot, or the like: Bow being applied to a fixed or hingeless curved handle. Cf. Sc. clips, clyppys, grappling-irons, an instrument for lifting a pot by its ears. Our word is O. N. kilpr, ansula, qua manubrium mulctri annectitur, Sw. D. Italp, kjelp, handle of a bucket, and the Sc. word differs only by metathesis. See Pot-kelp. Kelter, sb. i. Condition, case, circumstances: thence, 2. Money, or rather, perhaps, in strictness, property. Wedg.v. defines this word as ' readiness for work;' which is one of our meanings, and possibly the primary one. He also adopts Skinner's suggestion, quoted by Ihre, that the Prov. Sw. (Gothl.) kiltra sig, to gird oneself up, as in readiness, or making ready, to work, may be mmtioned pertinently to our to be in Kelter. Rietz gives kiltra si(g), to gird oneself up, limiting its application, however, to female garments. If this be the origin of the word, the transitions of meaning are from personal readiness or preparedness, to readiness of thing or instrument, to fitness or readiness of equipment, and thence to the equipment or state of being furnished itself. ' That drill is out o' belter.' ' " In good kelfer ;" all right, sound.' Wb. Gl. Kelter, v. a. To care, or provide for ; to supply. Kelterments, sb. Belongings of no great account ; odds and ends of property. Wh. Gl. Kemp. v. n. To strive in order to outdo a competitor ; to ' strive for the mastery.' Sw. li'dmpa, Sw. D. kampa, Dan. kampe, A. S. campion, M. G. kempfen, &c., to fight, contend. The Sw. D. word is used in exactly the same sense as our own. ' They kemp'd sae at t' shearin', Ah was fairlings fleyed they 'd dee thessel's a ho't ;' they strove so hard to outdo each other in reaping, that I was afraid they would injure themselves. Comp. ' "j wel ha dar hopein to beo kempen ouer mon bat ouercom engel.' Halt Meid. P-43- CLEVELAND DIALECT. 291 Kemps, sb. Hairs among wool. Kdmpa-s'dd, in Sw. D., is rye and oats sown, and of course growing, together, under the belief that thus they thrive better, each as it were striving (varande i kamp) to outgrow the other. Perhaps a similar idea may have given origin to our word, the stiff or elastic hair refusing to lie comparatively smooth as the wool does, but sticking up as if in strife or defiance ; or, the word may be connected with Kame, kemp't, combed. Cf. Kempt. Kempt, p. p. of Kame. Combed. Ken, v. a. To know, be acquainted with, to recognise, notice or observe with assured conception or certainty. O. N. kenna; S. G. ktenna; Sw. and Sw. D. kanna; Dan. kjende; Fris. kenna; Germ. kennen ; A. S. cenan ; &c. ' A weel kenned man.' ' Ah kenned him fail fra day to day ;' spoken by a father of a son lately dead of decline. The vb. seems to have quite lost its one-time sense, to teach, direct, guide, as in the instances He kende me to be place,' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. 5.) p. 68. 1 Bote kenne me, quod be kniht, and I chul conne erie.' 76. 75- Ken, kern, v. a. and n. To churn. O. N. kirna ; S. G. kerna, kcerna ; Dan. kjerne ; Jutl. kjorna ; Sw. kdrna ; N. and Sw. D. kinna; A. S. cernan; N. S. karnen; Dut. kernen, &c. The occurrence of both forms, ken ( = N. and Sw. D. kinna), and kern, in our district, is interesting. Strictly speaking, per- haps, the word ken is more a variation of Pr. than aught else, and might be written ke'n. as bo'd for bird, to'n for turn, &c. Ken, sb. A churn. Sw. D. kanna ; N. kjinna. Ken-curdle, ken-eruddle, sb. A churn-staff. Ken-milk, sb. Churn-milk ; that is, buttermilk. Sw. kdmmjolk ; Dan. kierne-melk ; N. S. karn-melk ; Dut. kerne-melk; &c. Kenning, sb. Knowledge, recognition. O. N. kenning ; O. S. k&nning ; Sw. D. kdnning. Kenspack, kenspeck, kenspeckle, adj. i. Easily recognisable, easy to be distinguished. Thence, 2. Easy to be seen, conspicuous. S. G. k&nnespak, qui alios facile agnoscit ; a spak, sapiens ; Sw. D. kdnn-spak ; N. kjenne- spak ; Dan. kjende-spag. Rietz adverts to the mistake made by Carr and Jam. as to the derivation of this word, giving their definitions in full, and notices the corresponding use of the word spak O. Sw. spaker, O. N. spakr, wise, knowing in other words belonging to the Scand. tongues and dialects, instancing in Sw. D. minnes-spak, good of memory, apt to anticipate events or wishes. The word kdnn-spak is applied to both men and dogs ; to the latter in country dialects only ; as, bongana d sd kdnnspaka : the puppy is so good at recog- nising, or knowing. There is, as Wedgw. remarks, an inversion of sense in the word, but there can be no doubt that the latter member is utterly unconnected with Eng. speck or speckle. ' " As kenspack as a cock on a kirk broach ;' on a church-spire.' Wb. Gl. P 2 292 GLOSSARY OF THE Kenspeck, v. a. (chiefly used in p.p.) To mark so as to make easily recognisable, to make conspicuous. Kep, v. a. To catch, as a ball is caught, or anything else that may be thrown from one to another ; or as any falling liquid may be caught, by placing a vessel in a suitable position. O. N., S. G., Sw. D., N. kippa, to snatch, catch hastily; Dan. kippe ; A. S. cepan; Welsh dp, a sudden snatch or pull. The rapid action implied in catching a thrown ball, or other object, is the original action implied in the verb ; and thence the other and slower actions signified. ' Swyfte swaynes ful swythe swepen J>er-tylle, Kyppe kowpes in honde, kyngej to serue." E. Eng. Allil. Poems, B. 1509. Kern, sb. A churn. See Ken. Kern, To get the. To sever the last portion of standing corn in the harvest-field and bind it in the last sheaf; to finish the actual shearing or harvesting labour. See Kern-supper. Kern-baby, sb. An image, or possibly only a small sheaf of the newly cut corn, gaily dressed up and decorated with clothes, ribbons, flowers, &c., and borne home rejoicingly after severing the last portions of the harvest. Kern-supper, sb. A supper given to the work-people by the farmer on the completion of Shearing, or severing the corn, on a farm. ' But our most characteristic festive rejoicings,' says Mr. Henderson, Folklore of N. Eng- land, p. 7, ' accompany the harvest the mell-supper and the kern-baby. In the northern part of Northumberland the festival takes place at the close of the reaping, not the ingathering. When the sickle is laid down and the last sheaf of golden corn set on end, it is said that they have " got the kern :" the reapers announce the fact by loud shouting, and an image, crowned with wheat-ears and dressed in a white frock and coloured ribbons, is hoisted on a pole and carried by the tallest and strongest man of the party. All circle round this kern-baby, or Harvest-queen, and proceed to the barn, where they set the image up on high and proceed to do justice to the harvest-supper." This harvest-supper Mr. H. calls ' the kern-feast' a little further on, and adds that ' the mell-supper (in Durham county) is closely akin to the Northumbrian kern-feast.' I have reason to believe that when the harvest-festivities were fully carried out in days now gone by, the Kern-supper and the Mell-supper both formed a part of them ; the former being given on completing the severing of the corn, the latter on finishing the leading or ingathering. At least, such is the information I have collected here, and it is confirmed by Eugene Aram's statement, quoted by Brand, vol. ii. p. 12, that the ' kern or churn-supper was different from the mell- supper, the former being provided when all was shorn, the latter after all was got in. I am inclined too to refer the element kern in our word to kern or churn, as Aram does, rather than to corn, as Mr. Henderson does. Aram's statement is that from ' immemorial times it was customary to produce, in a churn, a quantity of cream,' which formed part of the meal. It is added in a note that the custom survived about Whitby, Scarborough, and Gisburne, &c. in Aram's time ; but that in other places cream has been commuted for ale. Here, a large china bowl in some houses replaced the churn, and new milk, or even furmity, did duty for the cream. See Kern-baby, Mell-BUpper, &c. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 293 Keslip, keslop, sb. The substance used for inducing coagulation of the milk in cheese-making, &c. ; ' rennet/ usually the stomach of a calf properly prepared. Also spelt Cheslip. A. S. ceselib, cyslib, milk curded, curding; Teut. kaes-libbe ; Dut. kaasleb, kaaslebbe ; Switz. kaslab, kaslebb. The Sw. D. word is kdse ; O. N. k&sir ; N. kjcese = ' lope, stycke af en kalf-mage, som begagnas for att fa mjolken att lopna.' Rietz. Wedgw. considers the word to be ' derived from a Finnish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence kasa-leipa, old bread, bread kept for a year. The Lapps prepare much of their food by laying it in a heap till it becomes rancid or half-decayed. . . . From them the practice seems to have been com- municated to their Scandinavian neighbours, who treat their fish and coarser flesh in this manner. . . . The use of the word kaesir, rennet, shows that the Icelanders recognise the identity of the process going on in viands subjected to this process with that which takes place in the formation of cheese.' But may not Lat. casens, taken in connection with the prefixes cys or cese, kaes, kaas, kas, O. N. k&sir, Sw. kdse, &c., suggest one common origin for all, quite independent of the Lapp practice referred to ? The suffixes, lib, libbe, leb, lab are all near connections of O. N. blaup, S. G., Sw. and N. lope, Dan. lobe, &c., rennet, pre- pared calf's stomach, and of our Clevel. loppered. Kessen. Pr. of casten, p.p. of To cast. ' " You hae kessen your great coat." " Aye, Ah hes. An' I feel to hae getten nae grace by it;" no advantage by doing so.' Wb. Gl. With this comp. ' Beboerne faler at utenfor dem er sneen kastet :' the inhabitants become sensible that outside their district (Throndhjem) the snow is already icessen. Arne, p. 117. Kess'mas, kess'nmas, sb. Pr. of Christmas. Kess'n, v. a. Pr. of Christen. Kess'nen', sb. Pr. of Christening. Kester. Pr. of Christopher. Ket, sb. Carrion ; also, meat that has become tainted or offensive. O. N. kot, kjot, ket; S. G. kott; Sw. kot; Dan. kjad, flesh, meat. Ketlock, sb. The plant charlock (Sinapts arvensis). See Bunch. ' Carlock, Charlocke, or cbadloclte, in Gerard.' Note to Pr. Ptn. Carlok, herbe. Ketty, adj. Carrion-like, offensive, putrid. Kevel, sb. A large hammer used in quarry-work. The name of this instrument seems to be due to its handle or staff, which is both large and long enough to require to be wielded by both hands; O. N. leefli; S. G. kafle, a pole, a stout staff; words which, as well as the O. Dan. form Itavle, were specially applied to the handle, or hilt of a sword. Comp. Scot, kavel, kevil, a rod, a pole, a long staff. Jam. Kevel, v. a. To work stone in the quarry with the large hammer known as the Kevel. 294 GLOSSARY OF THE Kimlin, sb. A large tub, applied to bread-making among other purposes. Wedgw. gives this word under the forms kemlin, kimnel. In Chaucer, Miller's Tale, it occurs in the forms kemelyn, kymelin. Wedgw. connects it with Dut. kam, kamme, a brewery ; O. Fr. cambe, a brewing. Mid. Lat. camum, a drink made from barley, ginger, and other like hot ingredients. Rietz, however, gives Sw. D. kimma, a tub, or large wooden vessel with a top to keep meal, butter, or the like in ; whence, he adds, comes the word bir-kimma, ale-cask, and he further quotes A. S. camb, a vat, dolium, from Bosworth, a reference I have not succeeded in verifying. Rietz further connects kimma with kimb, a stave of a barrel ; with which compare Engl. cbimb or cbimbe, ' the prominent part of the staves beyond the head of the barrel." Halliwell. Kin, kyn, sb. Kind, in the sense generally of species, sort or speci- men, as well as of race or family. A. S. cyn, cynd; Sw. D. kynne, kotin; O. Sw. kon, kyn; O. D. kyn; D. D. kynd; N. kynd, all with the same sense as our word. Collate A. S. fisc cyn, fish-kind ; O. Sw. allehanda jiska-lton, O. 'E.fele kynfiscbez. Note also the forms, O. Sw. allkyns, bwar&kyns, nockurkyns; O. Dan. alkyns, allsltyns, mangkyns, &c. ; O. E. alle-kynnes. Many instances of correspond- ing use in the genitive occur in our dialect ; as nae-kyns, other-kins, &c Alkyn, how- ever, is of frequent occurrence in Hampole, and nokyn is met with in Townel, Myst., with which comp. O. Sw. mangskyn. Molbech gives no example of this kind. ' " An ill kin ;" a bad kind : " a bettermy kin ;" a superior sort.' Wb. Gl. Cf. ' Vuele kunnes kunde.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 390. ' What cunnes Hng is kuynde ? Kuynde, quod he, is Creatour of all kunne beestes.' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. S.) p. 1 1 1. Kin, v. n. i. To chap or crack, as one's hands do when ill-dried after washing in cold weather. 2. To have chilblains form. Frequent in both senses in the p.p. A. S. cinan, cinean, to split or crack, shew fissures or gape ; Sw. D. kina ; O. Germ, cbi- nan; M. Germ, kinan. Kin, sb. i . A chap, or crack in the skin induced by damp and cold. 2. A chilblain. A. S. cina, cinv, cyna, a chink, fissure ; rlma. Kin'-cough, sb. The whooping-cough, or the Kink-cough; that is, the cough which is attended and characterised by Kinks, or kinking, Comp. the parallel Dut. forms kink-boest, kick-boest, and see under Kink. Kind, adj. On very friendly or intimate terms. Like Skill, crafty, witty, and many other Clevel. words, this adj. preserves an perhaps, the ancient sense which has passed away from the current E. word. Comp. the applica- tion in the sentences following CLEVELAND DIALECT. 295 ' Knowe> me kyndely' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T. S.) p. 16 ; ' Hit is a kuynde knowynge* J>at kenneb }>e in herte For to loue t>i louerde," Tb. p. 13 ; Teche me J>e kuynde craff for te knowe }>e false,' Ib. p. 1 7 ; with Clevel. ' Him an' me 's varry kind.' Note also O. Dan. leynd, known ; at glare sig kyndt med dommeren : to make oneself known to the judge ; S. Jutl. kynne, to make acquainted, whence kynngbre or gore kynn, to make known ; N. kjend, kent, well acquainted with a person or thing, and also well known to another ; as Gvdfar og Arne var vel kente : Godfather and Arne were very kind. Arne, p. 71. Kindling, sb. (pr. kin'lin'). Easily ignited materials, suitable for lighting a fire ; small twigs or brushwood, and especially the long Ling from the moors. Distinct from Eldin, which imports the fuel proper or material support of the fire when fully lighted and burning. O. N. kindr, kyndr, fire ; kynda, Jtinda, to kindle ; O. Sw. and Sw. D. kinda, kynda, kvanda ; M. G. kiinden, kiinten, zvnten. Comp. also Sw. D. kvinsle, kvinsel, and N. kvende, the exact equivalent of our Kin'lin'. Kink, v. n. i. To laugh hysterically or convulsively ; thence, loudly and immoderately. 2. To labour for breath through such laughing, or especially under the paroxysms of the whooping-cough. See Kin'- cough. ' Sw. kikna, to have the respiration stopped : to pant or gasp ; kikna of skratt, to chink with laughter.' Wedgw. But see also Kink, sb., as an instance of the 2nd meaning. Comp. ' Peasse, I pray the, be stille, I laghe that I kinke.' Townel. Myst. p. 309. Kink, sb. i. A twist or turn in a rope or cord, &c., which prevents the same from running freely. 2. A violent or convulsive fit of cough- ing or laughing, interrupting the passage of the breath: in this sense, a paroxysm. 3. Rheumatic stiffness of any part: e.g. 'a stiff neck.' O. N. kengr, keingr, a crook or bending ; kingia, to wry or twist the neck ; N. kyngje, id. ; Sw. kink, a twist in a chain, such as to prevent its running ; Sw. D. kinka, a similar twist in string or rope ; N. S. kinke, id. ; Dut. kink. Next note A. S. cincung, violent laughter, a paroxysm of laughing, which is surely connected with the above, the transition of idea from the twist which hinders the free passage of the chain, rope, or string, to the effects of the paroxysm, whether of coughing or laughing, which interferes with the free passage of the breath being both simple and natural. Kipper, adj. Light-footed, nimble, lively, frisky or in good spirits. Molbech, Dansk Gloss., quotes the couplet Heist naar mcendene dem sfyrke derudi, Eliffue de kibbre, oc pucltefri: and remarks that the word kibber is unknown to him otherwise, but that he concludes it bears some such meaning as daring, bold (dristig), or pert, saucy (mvndkaad). These 296 GLOSS A R? OF THE meanings meet our definition very well. Comp. Welsh cipgar, snatching, rapacious, and N. kjapt, briskly, impetuously. Perhaps connected with O. N., O. Sw., Sw. D. kippa, which as we have seen under Kep implies briskness of action. As kipper as a colt.' Wb. Gl. Kirk, sb. A church. O. N. kyrltia; S. G. kyrka ; Dan. kirke ; &c. Kirk-garth, sb. The churchyard. S. G. kyrke-g&rd ; Dan. kirke-gaard. Kirk-master, sb. A church-warden; more frequently called the Kirk-, or Church-warner. Kirk-warner, sb. A church-warden ; sometimes Church-warner. Comp. O. Dan. kirkewere, Sw. kyrko-vdrd, Sw. D. kyrke-varje, kyrka-varjare, O. Sw. kir- liiu-vcerji, kirkiu-veeriandi, N. kyrkja-verja, Dan. kirke^veerge. Kirn, sb. A churn. Kirsty. Pr. of Christie, short for Christopher. Kist, sb. A chest, of whatsoever kind. O. N. liista, S. G. kista, Dan. kiste, Germ, kisti, A. S. cyst, cist, Welsh cist. In O. Dan. the word kiste, without prefix or taken absolutely, signifies prison, cell of a dungeon, whence the popular expression, at ligge i slacken eller kisten. Comp. Eng. cant phrase, ' to find oneself in the strong box.' Wb. Gl. gives kirk-gartb kist=z coffin. Kit, sb. A small tub or dipping-pail, with one of the staves continued above the rim and fashioned so as to serve for a handle. Dut. kit, kitte, a small tub or pail. See Posskit, for the various applications of Kit. Perhaps connected with Sw. D. kdtte, a small boarded-off space in a room, which sometimes takes the form kitt, kett ; O. Sw. katta, to enclose, encompass. Kite, sb. The belly, or stomach. O. N. kviftr, S. G. qwed, O. Sax. qvi\>er, quidber, quider, Sw. D. kwtiS, O. Dan. qwidb, qwytb, M. G. qvtyus, qvitbi, A. S. cwift. Most of these words imply, I. the stomach or belly : 2. the womb or uterus. A. S. cwift seems to be limited to the latter. Kith, sb. (pr. kyth). Acquaintance, connections; properly anti- thetical to Kin = blood relations. A. S. cufta, ' one known, an acquaintance, a familiar friend, a relation.' Bosw. It is most frequently, almost unvaryingly, heard in the phrase ' kith and kin.' ' both kitb & kinn I will for-sake bonny sweete wench, to goe with thee.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 243. Kiting, sb. Food, provisions ; a supply for the Kite or belly. See Kite. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 297 Kitlin's, sb. The young of the cat, kittens. See Cat's-whelps. O. N. kedingr. Comp. Sw. D. kdlla, kdssla, kissla, kittsla, and N. kjetla, kjotle, to kitten ; and Dan. kattekilling, a kitten. Kittle, adj. i. Ticklish, easily excited physically. Thence, 2. Excit- able, nervous, fidgetty; requiring delicate or judicious handling or management; uncertain; difficult: and, 3. Easily moved from standing or place, unsteady, ready to yield or give way before a touch. Sw. D. ketall, kjetall, kjitall, kbillig, kjikklig ; Sw. kittlig or ketlig ; N. ketall, kitlug ; Dan. kilden. Comp. the form kjikklig with our Engl. kickle, kicklisb. See Wedgw. in vv. Kickle, Kittle. Kittle, v. a. To tickle ; to stimulate or rouse. O. N. kitla; S. G. kittla, kitsla; Sw. kittla; Sw. D. Mia, kisla, leeta; N. liitla, kisle, kita, kjeta ; Dan. kildre ; A. S. citelian ; Germ, kilzeln ; Dut. kittelen ; 8cc. Kity, adj. Having a large or protuberant stomach or belly. Kizen, kizzen, v. a. To dry the moisture out of anything ; to parch or dry up. Used most frequently in p. p. Cf. O. Sw. and Sw. D. kysa, which, among other meanings, takes that of to suffocate, to choke. Besides this, however, Dan. D at kyse 01, melk, &c., implies to ' take the chill' off them, by setting them to the fire. Carry the idea a step further, coincidently with that involved in to suffocate, and the drying, parching effect of fire presents itself to the thought. Knack, v. n. To talk in an affected way, to ape refinement in language. Wedgw. defines knack, ' a snap with the fingers ; a trick, or way of doing as it were at a snap ;' and quotes Ir. cncg, a knock, crack, &c. With our word and E. knack collate S. G. kntecka, Sw. kn'dcka, Dan. kn&kke, to crack, to break with a sharp noise. As to the peculiar sense which our word takes, and about which there is a forcible or graphic fitness, an example quoted by Molb. affords a curious illustration : ' Den (talen) klinger som naar bule noddeskaller man kncekker :' his talk sounds just like cracking empty nuts. ' She knacks and knappers like a London miss.' Wb. Gl. Knap, v. a. i . To knock or strike ; to strike so as to crack or break. 2. Simply to crack in pieces or break any brittle matter, as a stone, earthenware, a dry twig or stick, &c. S. G. kn&ppa signifies both to give back a sound, and to strike, says Ihre, as Belg. knap- pen does ; also to break or crack, as knteppa nodder, to crack nuts. The idea of a sharp blow, or of the sound as of such a blow, seems always implied in the word. Sw. D. has kndpp, to fillip or strike smartly with the fingers ; while S. Jutl. knep is used exactly as our sb. Knap is : as, De er inge konst aa slaae knep for kongen : no power to strike a blow for the king; banfek et slemt knep: he gat a sair knap; the corresponding verb being kneppe, See Molb. and Kok. ' Knappin ' a few flints fur t' rooads ;' breaking stones for road-metal. 298 GLOSSARY OF THE Knap, sb. I. A rap, or smart blow of slight force. 2. A crack, or slight and superficial fracture. 1. 'He's getten a sair knap ower 's knuckles.' 2. ' It 's not broken, only a bit of a knap.' Wb. Gl. Knap, sb. A person of more than questionable integrity ; a knave. ' Knave. A. S. cnapa, G. knabe, knappe, a boy, youth, servant ; a depreciatory term of address to an inferior. Du. knegt (the equivalent of E. knigbt), a boy or servant, as well as knape, have acquired a depreciatory sense analogous to E. knave. Hy is een knegt, een knape, he is a rogue :' so far Wedgw. Our word is curious as preserving the original ortho- graphy comp. knapes = male-children in Gen. and Ex. p. 74 as well as continuing the depreciatory sense ; for Ihre gives the word as applied to servants of a lower or more con- temned grade (inferioris ordinis). It is curious, however, that in the Scand. tongues the word acquired and retains a sense the reverse of depreciatory ; O. Dan. knabe being classed with berrer and forster, lords and chief estates ; Dan. D. knabe, S. G. knapa, being a noble of lower rank ; Sw. D. knape, a well-to-do, substantial man ; and knaper-berre, what we should call one of the local nobility or hereditary gentry of any given district. Knap, v. a. To cheat or overreach. Wh. GL Due, probably, to Knap, sb., a knave, a cheat ; although another origin is forcibly suggested by Molbech's notice of the popular usage of the verb knappe, to make less or straiter ; as, at knappe of, to retrench ; at knappe of i buusboldning, or, i sin levemaade : to reduce one's household expenses or mode of living ; and thence, at knappe i maal, or, i vurj J>e oste, er enmies hit wyste, Bot er )>ay at-wappe ne mo3t J>e wach wyth oute, Hije skelt watz \>e askry t>e skewes an-vnder Loude alarom upon launde lulled was }>enne.' Comp. also Dan. D. Hide, lille, to raise a complaint, make an outcry, cry goods for sale. Lollops, sb. A lounging or lazily-moving person ; usually applied to a girl, especially if un-neat or slatternly in her work or in person. Lallopy, adj. Lounging, idle and slovenly in gait and habits. ' A lang lallopy lass, as lazy as she *s lang.' Wb. Gl. Lamiter, sb. One who is lame permanently; a cripple. Land, sb. In ploughed fields, the space between furrow and furrow ; the ' ridge' or ' stetch' of other districts. Land, v. n. i. To arrive, or reach one's destination. 2. v. a. To divide a field in the process of ploughing into given spaces or widths, ' ridges' or ' stetches,' there being however no fixed or definite measure for each Land. In connection with the first meaning comp. the metaph. use of O. N. and Sw. D. landa, O. Sw. landa, lenda, to bring, or be brought, to a conclusion, to have an issue or ter- mination. 1. ' He landed seeaf hame last neeght efter dark." 2. ' T' far field 's landed despe'tly oneven.' Landlouper, sb. One who flies the country to escape his debtors or the penalty of his crimes; thence one who leaves any part of the country without paying the debts he owes in it. See Loup. O. N. land-blaiipari, a vagabond, a wandering knave ; Dan. landleber, a vagrant, one with no fixed residence. ' Get I those land lepars I breke ilka bone :' Townel. Myst. p. 144 ; where the word is applied to Joseph and Mary when they fled with 'the young child' into Egypt. ' None renneris aboute, Ne no leperis ouer lond- ladies to shryue.' P. Plougbm. (E. E. T.S.) p. 132. Langavised, adj. Having a long visage or face, long-faced. Hall, gives the forms avise, avize, to see, to observe, to look at, as well as vis, visage, the front, face or countenance. Langcanny. A word implying the idea of having reached the limit of endurance, or exhaustion. It is difficult to classify it. Usage appears to make it alternately an adj. and a sb. The thought is simply identical CLEVELAND DIALECT. 305 with that in ' as long as I can/ as in such a sentence as ' I have endured, or carried (a weight, namely) as long as I can/ Comp. Sw. D. lanken, to walk with difficulty, or haltingly. Rietz supposes a lost verb linka, to bow down, to be in a tottering condition. 'They are almost at langcanny point;' i.e. their means or resources nearly ex- hausted. Wb. Gl. ' Ah felt at langcanny wi' t' weight on 't ;' nearly exhausted by the weight of my burden. 76. Lang-hundred, sb. The hundred of ' six score,' or one hundred and twenty. Comp. O. Sw. star bundrade, Dan. en start hundred, O. N. bundrad (= 120). Oc vdro \>eir tolf bundrat bodsmen: and there were there (at Hiallti's Arval) 1440 bidden men. Landnam. p. 217. See Hald. also. Kok, moreover, mentions the long hundred as yet in use in Jutland. Lang-last, adv. At length, at last, in the end. Lang-length, adv. All along, full length. ' " I tumml'd doon a' mah lang-lengtb ;" fell my whole length.' Wb. Gl. ' He was ligging his lang-lengtb o' t' fleear.' Lang-ma'-last. Used adverbially and adjectively : possibly a con- traction of long may 't last ; at last ; or equivalent to the very last. ' He 's always lang-ma'-last at his meals ;' i.e. lingering over them so as to be quite the last. Wb. Gl. Lang-pund, sb. The long pound, or pound of twenty-two ounces, by which butter was sold in former days. The pound of butter was long in shape also as well as in tale, as still existing butter-baskets sufficiently prove. See Lang-hundred. Lang-sen, lang-syn, adv. Long ago, long since. See Sen, Syne. Sw. Idngesedan ; Sw. D. lang-san, langa-san. Lang-settle, sb. A long wooden seat, of the ' form' description, but with back and elbows ; the back often high and boarded instead of con- sisting of a simple rail ; the seat itself usually occupying one side of the capacious fireplace in old-fashioned houses. See Settle, Neukin*. Langsome, adj. Tedious, wearisome, long in passing. Comp. Auntersome, Fearsome, Flaysome, and the like, the number of Clevel. adjectives with this termination being very considerable, and characteristic of the dialect. O. N. Idngsamr, O. Sw. langsamer, Sw. langsam, Sw. D. Iang-s6mmeli(g), Dan. langsom. Kok remarks of this termination, ' Som (O. N. samr, Sw. sam from santa, som, O. N. to suit, beseem) usually expresses either adaptation or adaptibility to something ; as in S. Jutl. fremsom = suited to promote or further ; belsom = having healing properties ; mterksom, R r 306 GLOSSARY OF THE vogsom, Sec. Comp. O. N. kappsamr, contest-fit ; friftsamr, pacific ; nytsamr, &c. ; Sw. ledsam, fit to weary (the same word as our E. loathsome, with a different idea imposed) ; trbttsam, skrytsam ; N. vagsam ; O. Dan. gangsom, lyksom, tvivhom, &c. Efter nionige t longsum t monigfal suinnise tides cuom "Sara "Seana drihten, &c. Lit. After much or longsome or manifold tarrying time came, &c. ; after a long time the lord of those servants, &c. Matt. xxv. 19. Lantered, adj. Delayed, made late ; in beginning a journey, to wit ; and so, belated, or benighted. I find this, as a written word, only in Wh. Gl., where it is recorded also in the form belantered. It would seem to be rather an interesting word. Mr. Wedgwood remarks, under Loiter, Lounge, that ' the Teutonic dialects abound in verbs of a frequentative form, which are used in the first instance to signify the flapping or shaking of loose things (fre- quently also the dashing of liquids), then to express a slack and unstrung way of doing anything, or simply a total absence of activity or exertion. Hence are formed nouns (to which the loss of the frequentative element often gives the appearance of radicals instead of derivatives) signifying the fluttering object, a slothful, negligent person, or adjectives of corresponding meaning.' He then proceeds to give several illustrations, among which I shall only notice PL D. luddern, to be lazy ; Du. lunderen, to dawdle, cunctanter agere ; PI. D. luggern, lungern, to lie in bed, indulge in sloth. ' The addition of the nasal, as in these words,' he continues, ' converts Swiss lotscben into luntscben, to hang flapping and dangling, to move lazily ; Westerwald lonzen, lunzen, to be in bed out of season ; Bav. lun- zen, litnzeln, to slumber ; lunzig, soft, limber ; Prov. E. lingey' (spelt lingy in Hall, and explained idle and loitering). On the same principle our present word will be simply a derivative from a nasalised form of late, and exactly coordinate with lated, belated. Lantern-light, sb. (pr. lante'n-leeght). The horn or glass panes of a lantern. Lap-band, sb. Hoop-iron. Lap up, v. a. and n. i . To wrap up, to cover or enclose in wrap- pings or other enveloping matters. Thence probably inasmuch as, when a thing that has been taken out of its coverings for use or in- spection is done with, it may be covered or wrapped up again, 2. To give up, or desist from, any work, occupation, or labour. Pr. Pm. ' Lappyn or whappyn in clothes, fnvolvo ;' ' Plico, to folde or lappe.' ' To lap is to bring the lap or flap of the garment round one, the forms wlap and flap corresponding together as in Du. wrempen and E. frump' Wedgw. O. N. lappi, leppr, Sw. and Sw. D. lapp, a piece, patch ; a lap or border ; A. S. Iceppa, O. Germ, lappa, id. ; Dut. lap, Sw. D. lappa, to patch or piece, to lap. The ' stele of a stif staf,' of a battle-axe, was ' waunden wyth yrn to J>e wandej ende,' and ' a lace lapped about.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 214. Again, ' penne set >ay )>e sabatounj vpon J>e segge fotej His legej lapped in stel with luflych greuej.' Ib. 574. 2. ' It 's about over'd for to-day. Ah may as well lap oop.' ' Lap oop, man, lap oop;' hold your tongue, say no more : to a contentious person, for instance. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 307 Lare, sb. (often pr. leear). Lore, learning. O. N. and S. G. lara, to teach; Sw. Icira, learning, lore; Dan. Icere; A.S. Idr, leer; Fris. lore ; Germ, lebre ; Dut. leer ; &c. ' How does our lad get on wiv his learf Wb. Gl. Lared, adj. Learned, instructed, informed. A participial, from O. N. and S. G. Icera, Sw. liira, Dan. Icere, A. S. Iceran, to teach. ' " He was after all a mensefully leared man ;" had a decent amount of information, or ordinary learning.' Wb. Gl. ' Wharfor ilk man, bathe lered and lewed, Suld thynk on )>at love J>at he man shewed.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 117. Lare-father, sb. (pr. leear-father). An instructor or schoolmaster: thence one whose example is fit and likely to be, or perhaps has been already, efficient in influencing others. Sometimes written Lay-father. O. N. larifadir, doctor, prseceptor : the former word qualified by the Dan. interpretation iarkefader; Sw. larqfader, a teacher, instructor; Dan. Icerefader, a ghostly teacher, spiri- tual pastor and master. Biskoppen skal vcere en mester, leerefader og raadgiver bos kongen : the bishop shall be a master, spiritual pastor, and counsellor in attendance on the king. La'rock, sb. The lavrock or sky-lark (Alauda arvensis). A.S. la/ere; PI. D. leverke, lewerk ; Dut. leeuwerik, leeuivrik; Germ, lercbe; Sw. lerlta; Dan. lerke ; Sc. laverok, lauerok. La'rock-heeled, adj. Having projecting heels, like a negro's; in allusion to the long hinder claw of the lark. Lasty, adj. Durable, lasting well in spite of wear and tear. A derivative from the verb to last. A. S. l&stan, geleestan, I. to observe, fulfil, execute: 2. to follow, pursue : 3. to last, continue, endure ; Germ, leisten, PI. D. leesten, losten, Dut. lysten, Fris. /as/a, id. Wedgw. remarks, under Last, 1 Properly, to perform, but now confined to the special sense of performing the duty for which a thing is made, enduring. When we say that a coat will last for so many months, we mean that it will serve the purpose of a coat so long.' It would seem, however, that the E. word early took its present meaning. Thus, ' while halyday lested' occurs in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 805 ; and E. Eng. Allit. Poems give two or three instances of the sense ' to follow :' e. g. ' I loked among his meyny schene, How J>ay wyth lyf wern lasts and lade,' A. 1144 ; where the thought is precisely that expressed in the Collect by the words ' prevent and follow us.' ' A piece of raal guid, lasty stuff.' Lathe, sb. A barn. A word seldom used now, but remaining, as Hays does, in divers local designations. O. N. blada; O. Sw. /aj>a; Sw. lada; Sw. D. la(d)a, ladd, Ibdu, lo; N. lade, lodo, lade; Dan. lade. Latt, sb. A lath. Comp. Germ, latte, Dut. latte, Fr. latte; and also Sw. Idckte, lakte, lekt. R r 2 308 GLOSSARY OF THE Lax, sb. Diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels : often called T' coontry complaint by the Dales-folk. Lay, v. a. i. To put down land for grass; that is, to sow with grass seeds in the intention of letting it remain in grass for a continuance; otherwise, to lay down. 2. To impose or levy, as a rate or Cess. Comp. Sw. Idgga till dkir, or till dng : to sow with grass seeds, lay down to meadow. Lay-beside, sb. A female bedfellow. A word used in the Egton Sword Dance Recitation. Comp. lotebye, P. Plough. (E. E. T. S.) p. 35, and see Gloss, in Wright's edition. Lay-past, v. a. To lay up, or on one side, whether for future use, or as not wanted for present use. Lead, v. a. i . To cart, or carry by means of a cart or waggon ; as hay, corn, coals, stone, &c. 2. v. n. To walk arm-in-arm with; of a young couple when courting. Cf. O. N. leida, which, among its other senses, means to carry forth a dead body for burial, and also to conduct or accompany ; as does S. G. leda also. 1 . ' Ah 's on leading hay. Ah aims we '11 get led afore neeght.' Cf. ' And make lijere a long carf to leden alle J?is oj>ure Fabulers and Faytours" }>at on Fote rennen.' P. Plough. (E.E. T.S.) p. 25. 2. ' Seea, mah Mally an* thah John's leadin' ?' Cf. ' the Erie tooke Gryme by the hand, to the pallace the yode Leadand.' Percy's Folio MS. i. 393. . , Lead, sb. Direction, course. Comp. the use of N. leed, Sw. led, way, course ; as in ' Rattsyls, solratt, ratt eller med, ilr bvad som gar i samma led som solen :' the words rattsyls, solratt, rdtt or med imply motion in the same direction lead as the sun (that is to say, from the East by the South to the West, or from left to right). War. ocb Wird. p. 288. Lead-eater, sb. India-rubber. Leader, sb. A tendon ; also called G-uider. Leaf, sb. The internal layer of fat in a pig's carcase, enveloping the kidneys and adjacent parts. ' The radical meaning seems something flat' (Wedgw.) a remark which may explain this use of the word. Learn, v. n. To replenish the rock of a spinning-wheel with the carded flax or tow ; probably the same word as learn = to slip or glide, in reference to the slipping or gliding of the tow from the hands as it is taken up by the rock. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 309 Learn, leme. v. n. To slip or slip out, as ripe nuts do from their husks. A. S. leonta, a ray of light, a glancing or shining ; leoman, to shine, to glance as a ray of light, or the sunbeams ; radically the same word as gleam. Note also O. N. lioma, ful- gere, splendere. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 107-120, the writer describes a river which was so full of gems ' Emerad, saffer, o}>er gemme gent' that all its bed ' lemed of lyjt." And again, at 1. 1042, ' Such lyjt J>er lemed in all be stratej, Hem nedde nawj>er sunne ne mone.' A natural and easy transition from the sense of gleaming or glancing as light, is to glancing or gliding as some moving object does ; and we meet with this very adaptation in the same poem at 1. 358 : ' Hys (God's) comforte may J>y langour lyj>e & J?y lure? of lyjtly leme ;' i. e. move or glide lightly away. Thence the step to slipping is a very short and easy one. The general usage of the verb is with the preposition out subjoined. ' " Are the nuts ripe ?" " Aye they learn oot o' thessels." ' Learners, lemers, sb. Nuts which, being quite ripe, slip freely from the husk. Often called Brown-learners. See Learn. Learn, v. a. To teach, to give practical instruction. 4 He learnt him that trick.' ' In St. Marberete we have the verb Lear, to teach = Germ. Lehren = Mcesog. Laisyan = Sax. Eng. Lseran ; the passive of this is LEAHN, which our fathers' tongue, welling up ever from its deep sheer springs, has given us since the age of bookish -/Elfric. There was a time when this verb was confounded with its original active ; " Lead me forth in thy truth and learn me." Ps. xxv. 4.' St. Marb. p. 91. Lease, lese, leaze, v. a. To pick out, to separate by picking out ; to pick out or up, and make a separate parcel or bundle ; to glean. See Popple, Sleean, &c. M. G. lisan, lesun, to gather, pick up ; A. S. lesan, to gather, choose, lease ; Germ, lesen ; O. N. lesa, colligere, lesa her, to pick or gather berries ; Dan. lose ; Sw. liisa, properly to gather, to collect ; secondarily, to gather or put together letters, to read. Dalin. It is worth noticing, that in all these words, as in Lat. legere, the secondary meaning (often so far the prevailing one as to throw the other into the shade, as in the case of Dan. Icese, Sw. liisa) is ' to read.' Dan. D. Icesse or Itesf, however, keeps the original meaning ; at lasse erter : to gather peas ; bveden er som den var lasset : the wheat is as if it had been picked clean. With us to lease, as applied to wheat, implies to look or pick out the Slane and Popple the smutty ears and corn-flower seed-pods from it previously to thrashing ; or, more generally, where corn has grown, two or more sorts intermingled, to pick out and separate these sorts, sheaf by sheaf, before thrashing. Comp. Germ, lesen dbren, to glean. Leasing, sb. The act of picking out or separating corn in the sheaf, when two (or more) sorts as wheat and barley have grown together or become mixed. 310 GLOSSARY OF THE Loathe, v. a. To soften, to render that which is rigid more or less soft and pliant, by emollient applications, friction, or otherwise; as in the case of a swollen part or member of the body, &c. A. S. ItiS, bltiS, lithe, tender, mild, gentle ; liftian, to mitigate, soften, give ease. Comp. the O. E. vb. in the following extracts : ' Quen pryde schal me pryk, for prowes of armes, pe loke to }>is luf lace schal le\>e my hert :' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 2437 ; soften it, render it less turgid or puffed up. ' When heuy herttes ben hurt wyth hej>yng oj>er elles, Suffraunce may aswagend hem & J>e swelme le]>e.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 3. ' Lome mennes limes' weore ly^et J>at tyme.' P. Plougbm. (E.E. T.S.) p. 84. Leathe-wake, leath-weak, lith-weak, adj. Supple of limb or joint, flexible, limber. A. S. liftewac, pliant. Cf. the form letiftebeie, lithe-bending, S. Marb. p. 16, and Pr. Pm. ' Letby, or weyke. Flexibilis.' Leavelang, levelang, adj. . Longer than broad ; oblong. Comp. Pr. Pm. Auelonge, awelonge, avelonge, which the editor seems to connect with A. S. awob, oblique; Sw. D. avelang, N. avlang', avlaange, O. N. afldngr, Sw. aflang, Dan. aflang, Germ, ablang, &c. Our word is apparently only a corruption of avelang, Cf. Hap, Lap ; as also Inkle, lingel, where the I is lost instead of assumed. Leave loose. To let go, or discontinue holding, anything which restrains or detains another thing or being. Leek, v. a. To sprinkle water, or let it fall in graduated quantities. O. N. leka, to fall in drops ; Sw. laka. Comp. Dan. leekke, to leak ; Germ, lecken ; &c. In Clevel. the word has a causative sense, ' to make to drop ;' as is the case also with Sw. D. laka, komma nagot att rinna : to cause anything to run ; laka ur, to leek out ; laka pa, to leek on ; laka bjorkelag, to cause the birch-juice to flow, or draw it off. Leek on, v. a. To pour, or cause to flow, on : of most frequent occurrence as a brewing term, and meaning to add water to the mash. The opposite sense of pouring off or withdrawing water is expressed by ' leek off' in Craven. See Leek. Lee. Pr. of lie, a falsehood. Lee, sb. The thin watery discharge from a fresh wound or sore, as opposed to matter or Corruption. There can be no reason to separate this from the standard word lye, lixivium, infusion of wood ashes ; A. S. leak, Germ, lauge, Dan. lud, Sw. lut, &c. The word takes the sense urine, either in the combination chamber-lye or -lee, or by itself: see Hall, It occurs in CLEVELAND DIALECT. 311 York Castle Dep. p. 30 : ' They searched the body of the saide Mary Sykes (an accused witch), and founde upon the side of her seate a redd lumpe aboute the biggnes of a nutt, being wett, and that, when they wrung it with theire fingers, moisture came out of it like lee ;' and the Gloss, explanation is, ' urine ;' but I believe the true meaning to be that given above in our definition. Leef, leave, adj. Willingly, in the sense of ' as soon ;' often expres- sive of simple consent rather than of interest, and, much less, of prefer- ence. Of frequent use in the comparative. O. D. liuf, Sw. liuf, N. Sax. leef, A. S. leaf, beloved, dear, desirable ; Dut. lief, id. ' Bot hit ar ladyes in-noje, bat leuer wer nowbe Haf be hende in hor holde, as I be habbe here, pen much of be garysoun ober golde bat bay hauen.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1251. ' pam war lever be depe in helle ban, pan com byfor bat domesman.' Pr. of Consc. 5058. ' Nay yit were I leyffer.' Townel. Myst. p. 37. 4 1 had as leeve go the one way as the other.' Wb. Gl. ' I had leever go than stay.' 76. Leeghts, sb. Pr. of lights = the lungs. Leister, sb. (pr. loister). A kind of barbed trident used for striking salmon with. O. N. Ijostr, from Ijosta, to strike, thrust against; N. Ijostr, Ijostr; Sw. ljuster, Sw. D. liaustur, lystre, O. Sw. lystra; D. D. lyster. The pursuit of 'leistering' is usually prose- cuted by night with the aid of artificial lights. In the Northern countries it would seem leistering is not confined to the capture of salmon, nor to be followed by the human species only ; ' Stundom far man afven om ndtterna se ett litet bloss fara bfuer sjon ; det ar da " trollgubben som ar ute och ljustrar :" ' at times one may see at night a little flame moving about ovei the sea ; that is just the troll, who is out leistering. lien, sb. Loan, a lending. See La an. The forms leyn, lenys of the old vb. approach this somewhat nearly. ' For bi hym that me dere boght I traw that he wille leyn me noght.' Townel. Myst. p. IO. ' Lenys he me as com thrift apon the so ?' Ib. The editor of Pricke of Conscience quotes the form len, pr. lent. Length of, The. The extent or distance or limit of so and so. ' He ran /' length o' tweea fields afore we catched him.' ' " Hoo mich mun Ah give, faather ?" " Wheea, bairn, thoo ma" gan f length o' tolf pun.' " Comp. the Danish idiom ' Hun gik etpar agerlangder her og fiyttede korene : she went a couple of field-lengths (be length o/two fields and flitted the cows. Lesty-day, interj. An abbreviation, no doubt, of ' Alas, the day !' 312 GLOSSARY OF THE Let, pret. of To light, v. n. ' He fell down and let upon his head.' Wb. Gl. Cf. the forms bigbt and belt, Percy's Fol. MS. i. 443 : ' & bigbt her both gold and fee ;' ' he belt her gold for euer-more.' Letten, p. p. of To light, v. n. Letten, p. p. of To let. ' T* farm ha* mostlings been letten for mair by owght.' Levit, v. a. To lift or raise by mechanical means ; applied to any heavy body which is scarcely capable of elevation by any ordinary means, or with one's unassisted strength. Probably a simple derivative from lift, with a somewhat arbitrary sense imposed. Comp. Fr. lever, to lift, to raise, and levet, the loud blast of a trumpet ; the sound raised in that way. ' " She is so heavy we are matched to get her levitted up stairs ;" of a sick or helpless person.' Wb. Gl. Lib, v. a. To castrate : especially applied to lambs. Dan. D. (S. Jutl.) live; at live en kalv, to geld a calf. Molb. collates N. Engl. lib, libber, Dut. lubben, and glib from the Winter's Tale. ' To capon, to geld, to lib, to splaie.' Florio, p. 5. ' Libber, a man who libs or gelds.' 76. 89. ' Itm. p. lybbyng porcorum . . . xd.' Whitby Abbey Roll of Disbursements, quoted by Young, Hist, of Wbilby, ii. 924. The operation of libbing consists in removing, with a clean cut, the lower portion of the scrotum and extracting the testicles through the opening so made. Cf. Sanscr. lup, scindere. Liberty, sb. i. The extent of one's territorial right or jurisdiction, r personal or rented. 2. A manor; sometimes applied also to r>(* r\C -fro^l-i/^lrl TM-j^T^oT-fTr whether personal _. any piece of freehold property 1 This extensive territory the monks of Whitby denominated their liberty ; and their other lands and possessions were said to be extra libertatem " without the liberty." ' Young's Wbitby, p. 272. The Liberty here specified is coincident with the district ' since called Wbitby Strand,' the boundaries of which are strictly defined. 1. ' Lord D.'s Liberty;' ' Squire W.'s Liberty,' 8cc. The word thus used includes both the moor or common and landed property, as regards the right over each. ' You may shoot and welcome all over my liberty ;' terms of permission given by a Freeholder. 2. ' Danby Liberty ;' ' Skelton Liberty,' &c. Liblab, sb. The result of much beating or whipping, in the case of cream, or trifle, &c. ; the smooth soft superstratum in such preparations. Comp. Dan. D. lubber, the Vendsyssel term for anything which takes on a curdled (levret, loppered) or jelly-like condition. Comp. also Esth. lobbi, sleet, a mixture of snow and rain ; Du. lobberen, to trample in wet and mire ; Sc. lappie, a plash or puddle ; Gael, laib, slaib, mud ; O. N. slapp, limus, lutum. ' All of a froth and liblab.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 313 Lich-gate, lych-gate, sb. The roofed gateway into the churchyard, where the corpse is set down until the clergyman is ready to commence the funeral service and precede it through the churchyard into the church. A. S. lie, lice, licbama ; Germ, leicb, leicbnam; O. Germ, licbamon; Goth, leik; Dut. lyk, lykaam; O. N. lik ; Dan. liig, legeme ; Sw. lik, the body; a corpse, or the dead body, especially. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Lycbe, dede body. Funus,' and Corpse-yat ; also lyche- bells and licb-road or leacb^way, mentioned in note to Lycbe, Pr. Pm. Lich-wake, like-wake, lyke-wake, sb. The watch, vigil or waking held over a dead body. See Lich-gate. Also spelt Late-wake, Lake-wake. I have met with instances which bring the custom of waking the dead, as practised in this district, down to almost the present time. Mr. Hylten Cavallius relates a Warend legend of two friends who made a compact that the survivor of the two should watch by the grave of the other through the first three nights after his interment. The devil came to the grave each night, seeking the first night the entire body, the second craving only a single limb, and the third willing to content himself with only a thread from the shroud, which would have given him the power of haunting the old familiar scenes and persons. ' Connected with the notion involved here,' continues Mr. Cavallius, ' is the old medixval custom of waking the dead until such time as their bodies can be committed to the ground. The purpose of the Wake-nights (Vake-nattar) has ever been to prevent Satan from taking away the dead person bodily, and not a few histories of such attempts on his part are to be met with in Warend folklore. Lights, prayers, and sacred hymns were especially effica- cious in repelling his assaults. 1 Passing by the fact of the adoption of the practice by the Church in medizval times without comment, the writer adds that ' even yet a relic of the ancient notions may be recognised in the almost universal custom of laying, the moment the breath ceases, a pair of scissors (or other steel instrument), together with a psalm-book, upon the corpse as a safeguard against evil spirits and all kinds of Troll (witch) practices. These amulets are removed as soon as the soul, in virtue of the death-knell (sjala-ring- ningen), has been taken under the protection of Holy Church.' War ocb Wird. p. 480. In other cases, however, the idea seems to remain that the soul does not take final leave of the body until after the burial (Ib. p. 457), and it is with this notion that the Lich.-wake is essentially connected. Lick, sb. A mere wipe with a damp cloth, antithetical to a thorough washing. A curious instance of the conjunction of two not merely synonymous words, but words which are merely variations in form of one and the same word, occurs in the example. Comp. E. licit, and O. N. sleikia, Dan. dikke, to lick. ' A lick and a slake ;' otherwise, ' a lick and a promise." Licks, sb. A thrashing, or beating. Welsh llacb, a slap ; llacbio, to slap, to thresh ; llacbbren, a cudgel.' Wedgw. Lift, v. n. To raise the coffin on commencing the funeral procession to church. The custom usually is to bring the coffin out of the house, when all is ready, and set it on chairs before the door. Then when the mourners and other attendants are arranged in S S 314 GLOSSARY OF THE their places, two lines of a psalm or hymn are given out, the coffin is lifted as the singing begins, and so the procession begins to move on, the appointed verses being sung through as the premises are left. Lig, v. n. To lie down or along, to be situate. 0. N. liggia, Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, M. G. ligan, A. S. licgan, ligan, liggan, PI. D. liggen, Germ, liegen, &c., to lie, to lie down or along. It tigs very fair for t' sun ;' of a garden, or other plot of land, with a sunny aspect. ' He oft ligs doon a bit, back pairt o' t' day.' Lig, v. a. To lay down, put down. Used principally with the per- sonal pronoun after it. See Lig up to. O N. leggja; Sw. I'dgga; Dan. leegge. ' Lig thee doon, lass.' ' Ah '11 lig me on t' squab a bit, wi' your leave.' ' He ligg'd it doon as gin 't 'd brunt 'im.' Lig-a-bed, sb. One who lies late abed, a sluggard. Lig een on, v. a. To see ; of persons. 4 Ah 've nivver ligg'd een on 'im syne ;' I have never seen him since. ' Ant lef me ich mote leggen ebnen uppon }>e luftere unwiht ^ weorre'S ajein me.' Seinle Marlj. p. 8. Light, v. n. (pr. leeght). i. To alight, or settle, as a bird does, dis- continuing motion and taking a settled or fixed place; thence, to descend or come down; and thence, to fall down. 2. To come in contact with, to fall in or meet with. 1 . ' It flew away and /// upon a tree.' Wh. Gl. 2. ' He fell down and let upon his head.' Ib. Cf. ' fier is on hem bi-siden ligt, fele it brende and made o-frigt.' Gen. and Ex. p. 104. Light, adj. (pr. leeght). i. Of no great or comparative depth: applied to a furrow in ploughing, to a shallow land-drain, and the like. 2. Of no great, or of insufficient strength for a given purpose; of a horse, man, boy: or, of inanimate objects, especially implements, as a spade, a cart, a plough, &c. 3. Mealy, floury, as applied to a cooked potato. Light, adv. (pr. leeght). To, or at, no great depth. ' Yon field abune t' carrs "s nobbut ploughed leegbt.' ' It 's varry leegbt-drziaed, t' 'heeal farm thruff.' Lightening, sb. (pr. leeghtnen'). Barm or yeast, leaven, or any other substance capable of application in the same way, or for the purpose of making Paste or dough, light, or rise freely. Lightening, sb. The first peep, or break, of day. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 315 Light on, v. n. (pr. leeght on). To prosper or succeed, without spe- cifying whether well or ill, unless a qualifying word be joined. ' How will yon light on, think you ? ' Wb. Gl. ' Has he letten on pretty well ? ' 76. Lightskirts, (pr. leeghtskirts). A female of questionable character, or easy virtue. Lightsome, adj. (pr. leeghtsom'). i. Affording or receiving abun- dance of light; of a window or apartment. 2. Cheerful, lively; antithetical to dull, low-spirited, dowly. 3. Gay, frolicsome, full of life and spirits. 2. ' " A leegbtsome fit ;" a change from sadness to joy or serenity.' Wb. Gl 3. ' " A leegbtsome, lilty sort of a body ;" light-hearted, inclined to dance.' Tb. Lig up to. To proceed towards, to lay or shape one's course to ; sc. a given place, house, village, &c. An elliptical usage of lig, v. a. ; O. N. leggja, Dan. lagge, &c. ' Weel, Ah mun awa' an' lig oop t Casselton.' Cf. Olafr konungr belli \>a austrjirir Sufyiod ok lagde inn j Loginn . . . bann lagde allt tipp til Sigtuna ok la vidfornv Sigtun : King Olaf then held eastward to Sweden and put in at Loginn. He ligged up all (the way) to Sigtun, &c. Flat. II. p. 16. So also Worsaae's Erobr. p. 125, two Viking fleets, having effected a junction, sailed to the mouth of the Seine and lagde op til Rouen. Like, adj. i. Likely, to be expected. 2. Equivalent to, the same as. See Mr. Wedgwood's able remarks on Like, Likely. 1. ' Ah aims he 's like te coom about Kes'mas.' ' It 's like to rain afore neeght.' 2. ' Why, it's like nowght, bairn. It's nobbut yah bite o' breead tiv a hungered man.' ' It 's like ;' an expression of strong or hearty assent : ' " It 's dree work, teaching those that are not willing to learn. It tires one sadly." " Aye, it 's like. Mass ! It 's like." ' Likly, adj. Likely, probable. See Great likly. Lile, adj. (pr. leel, or sometimes lahl). Little. Dan. lille, S. Jutl. lille ; whence lilling and lilldom, childhood, the period of littleness ; lillman, a cottager, the holder of a small plot of land with a cottage on it ; Sw. lille, lilla. Lillilow, sb. A bright flame, a blaze. O. N. logi, log, Sw. laga, Dan. lue, A. S. lig, lionustu :' all our litbs and limbs are compliant each to their several service : Flat. i. 433 ; ' hele you lithe and lym :' Townel. Myst. p. 327. Comp. O. N. ' at lemja einn allan i U8o :' to limb or shred one up into joints. The joint itself, or articulus, seems to be thought of in the expression lith and limb. Cf. Kith and Kin. Lithe, v. a. To thicken, broth especially, and by the admixture of oatmeal or flour-paste, made for the purpose. See lathing. Jam. connects this with A. S. litbian, to mitigate ; lubeu-eecan, to become mellow. There is a certain degree of likeness in the idea of a fluid thickened until it assumes a sort of smooth yielding consistency comp. Welsh llytbw, to render or become flaccid, soft and 318 GLOSSARY OF THE that in the usual application of the word leath- or lith-wake. But whether there is really a relation between the words alleged and the sentence Jam. quotes from Olaus Magn. as addressed to maid-servants when progressing but slowly in their work bvad lydur grautnum genta: how get you on in litbing the crowdy? is perhaps another question. Ihre gives lid, potus inebrians, sicera, and collates leitha ni drigkid, siceram non bibet (Ulph. Luke i. 35) : but he states that the drink intended was diverse from both wine and mead. In fact, it was a ' compounded drink, a wine mingled with sweet things' (Parkhurst, Hesychius), and as such, probably thickened, or lithed. A. S. lf& must surely be nearly connected with the M. G. leitha; the sense assigned to it, however, by Bosw. being that of the containing vessel rather than the liquor contained. Lithing, sb. A smooth paste of flour or oatmeal and water, pre- pared for the purpose of thickening or giving body to broth. Litle, adj. (pr. lahtle or ISItle). Little. This seems to be a word of more than ordinary interest, as almost certainly originating in O. N. litill as distinguished from A. S. lytel, lytle. ' The short or unaccented A. S. y is con- tained in the following words, which are represented by modern English words of the same signification, having the y sounded as in mystery, duty : lystan, lytel, tynder, &c.' Bosw. On the other hand, O. N. litill is written with the accented or long i. Marsh remarks, that ' it is an observation more familiar to foreign phonologists than to ourselves, that the English long vowels are nearly all diphthongs, that is, the proper long sound in combination with that of e, (the Continental /,) or in some cases u. Thus our a in day, and even in fate, is really a, (the Continental e,~) + e. The diphthongal character of our long vowels, though obvious enough in the case of a and e, is less so in o and u, where the subordinate element is the obscure u, but it is very palpable and conspicuous in the long f, which is a true diphthong, consisting of the a in father followed by e, and in many Continental lan- guages the same or a very similar sound is represented by the combination ai.' Lectures on Eng. Lang. 1st Ser. p. 482. This is very nearly the sound of the i in our litle. The compiler of Wb. Gl. seeks to represent it by aab in ladhtle, and by ar in barzon ( = bizeti) and sharve ( = shive), but really the sound intended is nearer that of the Gr. at, or, as Mr. Marsh says, of ' the a of father followed by e ;' and while this circumstance connects our word with its O. N. origin, it effectually separates it from A. S. lytel. As bearing upon the nature and elements of our dialect, this remark is of significance. Contrast the short f in bind, find, wind (the vb.), mind (the vb.), &c., pronounced binnd, finnd, winnd, minnd, &c. Lits, sb. A spring, or source of a stream. This word which occurs in the local name Esk-lits, is applied to the spring, or Keld- head, which is the source of the Esk. It may be connected with Welsh llyd, a violent effusion or gush ; Hi (in the pi. ////), a flux, a flood, a stream. Liver, v. a. (pr. livver). To deliver, to hand over. Comp. Dan. and N. levere, which Molb. refers to Germ, liefern, to hand over, to deliver; as, leg leverede ham brevet i egen baand : I livered him the document into his own hand ; der skal leveres hundrede las ha til de kongelige stalde : there shall be livered a hundred loads of hay for the royal stables. ' Is the ship liwered? At what wharf is she livvering ?' Wb. Gl. Liverance, sb. Liberation, release. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 319 Load-saddle, sb. A wooden pack-saddle, by the use of which a horse or mule might be made available to carry the luggage which, now-a-days, he usually draws. Of constant use, in days not yet so very long past, in this district when horse-traffic was the only traffic possible. See Causeway, Bow-bridge. Lobster-louse, Lobstrous-louse. The common wood-louse, or ' sow-bug' (Oniscus armadillo). Hall, quotes Hob -thrush-louse as a name of the ' Millepes,' by which name, no doubt, the wood-louse is intended. Dr. Adams (Proceedings of the Phil. Soc. p. 1 7) refers to the name thrush-louse, and proposes an explanation of it; as also, at pp. 9, II, he does with our Lobstrous-louse. He thinks the name is due to ' the root lob-, implying " the slug- gish mover." ' Any one who has ever noticed the plates on the lobster's tail, and compared with them the scales with which the back of the wood-louse is protected, might perhaps think there was another derivation not quite so far-fetched and equally probable. Logging, sb. A bundle or truss of long-straw. Hall, quotes ' loggin, a bundle or lock. North;' and it seems not unlikely that the con- nection is with Dan. D. loge, a handful, lock or small wisp or bundle, of flax, wool, &c. Molb. suggests a relation between loge and lok or lokke. This is, probably, preferable to supposing a connection with log, implying looseness, or the motion of things that hang loose. See Wedgw. in vv. Log, Logger. Lone, loan, sb. A lane, a narrow passage. Dan. D. laane or lane, a bare place in fields of rye, from which the corn has perished ; Sealand lane, an open place, left unplanted, or deprived of its former growth ; Fris. lona, loan, a lane or narrow passage. Molb. collates Eng. lane, and Scot, loan, loaning, with the words just quoted. In the account of the Heavenly City, E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1. 1064, the writer says, ' pe jates stoken watj neuer jet, Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone;' where, in the Gloss., Mr. Morris collates the Fris. lona, lana, and suggests a possible con- nection with O. N. leyna, to hide, to conceal ; as also does Ferguson. ' Lijtliche Lyjere* leop a-wey }>ennes, Lurkede J>orw lones' to-logged of many.' P. Plough. (E.E. T.S.) p. 26. ' Clarisse of Cokkes lone.' Ib. p. 6l. Loning, loaning, sb. (often pr. lonnin', or lo'nin', with a sort of suppressed r-sound before the first .) A lane, a narrow roadway, but antithetical to a ' highway,' or the Turnpike. ' A brant, rutty lonnin'. Wb. Gl. ' West lonnin'-end ;' a local designation in Danby. ' Scheeal lonnin',' &c. Loof, lufe, sb. The open hand or palm. Hald. gives lof, vola manus, rendered in Dan. by luen i baanden. Comp. Welsh llau, the hand, llawf, the palm of the hand. Rietz gives the Sw. D. word labb, a large open hand, Ir. lam (pr. lav, Jam.), with which he collates llawf, O. N. Idmr. Comp. also M. G. lofa. ' Gie us thy lufe, not thy fist.' Wb. Gl. 320 GLOSSARY OF THE Look, v. a. To pick out the weeds from among the growing corn. ' " Whar's Nanny?" " Awa* i f t' far sahd o' Langlands loukin' t' wheat." ' There is a curious instance of an editorial mistake in the Gloss, to York Castle Depo- sitions, in connection with this word and a former (if not still existing) use of it. Two women are chaffering about the price of some eggs, and not being able to come to terms, one of them desires the other ' to sitt downe and looke her head, which, accordingly, she did. And then the said Anne lookt this informant's head. And, when they had done, she went home.' (p. 192.) The fact is, these two women were mutually relieving each other of certain occupants of their hair, as monkeys are said to do. The Gloss, note is, ' knotted or tied. This was thought to be the work of witches or fairies, and the knot placed the victim in their power.' ' The said Anne' certainly was informed against as a witch by ' this informant,' who alleged that she was ridden by the other having been first changed into the shape of a horse to the unhallowed rendezvous of the witches and their master : but it is odd the editor did not notice that the victim also ' lookt' the witch's head, and not the witch only the victim's. Looks-fee ! For ' looks thee,' or ' lookest thee,' and equivalent to ' look you !' or, ' do you see ?' according to the mode of application. ' Looks-fee ! yon 's t' collonel : him o' t' grey Galloway." ' " Whilk 's him ?" " Wheea, yon ! Looks-fee?" ' Loose-gaited, adj. Conducting oneself unsteadily or immorally. Loose-i'-t'-heft, sb. A person of loose principle, or none at all; idle, dissolute, not to be depended on. See Heft. Loosing, pr. pcpl. Moving idly about from place to place, as one that has no tie and no occupation ; leading a vagabond life. The unvarying Clevel. mode of pronouncing E. loose, namely, lowse, or even lowze, effectually separates between it and our word, as also our pronunciation of lose that is, loss does with respect to that word. Loosing is most likely connected with the old word losel, as it with lorel. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Lorel, or losel or ludene. Lvrco,' and see the note, in which the forms lozzell, lozell, as well as losel are quoted from many sources, and as equivalent to lorel or lorell. Comp. O. N. lera, lora ; cettlceri, a degenerate person, one of lost character ; Sw. forlora, with which collate the synonymous Sw. D. lisa, Sw. far- lisa, O. Fris. forliasa, W. Fris. forliezen, N. S. verlesen, O. Sax. forleosan, A. S. forleosan, leosan, &c. ' He gans loosing about.' Wb. Gl. Loo' ye 1 For ' look ye,' and equivalent to ' see ! ' ' take notice !' or to ' you see,' ' you observe.' ' Loo' ye ! noo. Ah said he 'd dee it ; an' he hez.' Lopp, sb. A flea (Pulex irritaw). Dan. and Dan. Dial, loppe, Sw. loppa, A. S. loppe, all from the cognate vbs. lobe, lopa, blaupa, bleapan, to leap. The quaint sayings, both Clevel. and Dan. Dial., involving the name of this insect, are noteworthy for their coincidence as well as their wit. Thus, De er eetf meer end en lopp' i en 66 lae : they are nobbut a Lopp in an empty barn, is almost literally rendered by our Lost like a Lopp in a Kirk, said of a person living in a house far too large for his requirements. Wb. Gl. Again, Han aire meede, and ekes thaire payne gretly, &c.' Rel. Pieces, p. 51. ' We losse be lordechipe of bis worlde.' Ib. p. 31. Lost, adj. Overwhelmed ; in an almost hopeless state. 4 " Lost i' muck ;" filthy to a degree.' Wb. Gl. ' " Lost i' thrang ;" over head and ears in oppressive business.' Ib. Lound, adj. i. Still, calm, quiet; of a day or season. 2. Sheltered, out of the reach of the wind ; of a place or position. O. N. lygna, to cease to blow, to become calm, logn, calmness, stillness of the air ; S. G. and Sw. lugn, id., lugna, to make calm ; v. imp. to grow or become calm ; also, T t 322 GLOSSARY OF THE reflective, in the same sense. The corresponding Dan. adj. and vb. are luun, lune; Dan. D. limn, as, luun vceilav, still weather ; S. Jutl. logn, pr. much as our word is, or with the d almost suppressed, and signifying sheltered from the wind, as in our 2nd meaning. Comp. also O. N. bldna, N. lana, Sw. D. lana, to become mild, to intermit, of rain, pain, &c. 1. ' A fahn, cawm, lown' daa ;' a fine, temperate, still day. See Calm. 2. ' T' hoos ligs iv a lown' spot eneugh.' Cf. Dan. et luunt sted, a sheltered place ; and S. Jutl. e bus ligger i e logning : the house lies in a lound place. Lounder, v. a. To beat or thrash severely ; to strike with heavy strokes. Jam. gives this word, as a vb., with exactly the same sense as ours, and, as a sb., meaning ' a severe stroke or blow;' and also, ' loundit, p.p. beaten;' of which last he says, 'this seems to be the origin of launder; although I cannot even form a conjecture as to the radical term.' Halliwell's form, however ' loun, to beat, to thrash. North' almost desig- nates O. N. blunnr, N. lunn, Sw. D. luna, a staff, a coul-staff; O.N. blunnar, Sw. D. lunnar or Idnnor, the rollers by aid of which a boat is drawn up from, or down to, the sea, as the origin. The thick staff would give the heavy blows. ' " Lounder his lugs ;" box his ears soundly.' Wb, Gl. Loundering, sb. A sound thrashing, or chastisement. ' You deserve a good loundering.' Wb. Gl. Loundering, adj. Heavy, severe ; of a blow. Loup, v. n. To leap, bound, jump. O. N. blaiipa, bleypa, O. Sw. and Sw. lopa, Dan. lobe, M. G. blaupan, A. S. bleapan, Germ, laufen, Fris. hlapa. ' They say t' hart louped forty-tweea feet at yah loup,' ' " Do they rise at all?" (to a fisherman.) " Aye, t' beck's fair alive wiv 'em loupin'." ' 1 " To loup and beat ;" of the pulsations in the human frame.' Wb. Gl. Loup, sb. i. A leap or jump; the act. 2. The distance leaped, or space covered, in or at a leap. Low, sb. Flame, or blaze : in contradistinction to live coals or embers. See Lillilow. O.N. loga, to blaze, log, a flame, a blaze; O. Sw. loga, l&ga; Sw. laga; Dan. lue; Germ. lobe. Dan. en lys lue, a bright blaze. Lowance, sb. i . Portion or allowance ; particularly in reference to a stipulated or customary quantity of drink. 2. An unqualified or decided beating or thrashing. Lowse, v. a. To make loose, untie, &c. O. N. leysa, to loose, or make loose ; Sw. losa; Dan. lose ; A. S. liesan (in the comp. vb. on-liesari) ; Germ, losen. May not our word come directly from O. N. laus, released or loose, free, itself a derivative from leysa ? The sound of the ow is so distinct, and oo in our dialect is so different cf. Scheeal, Feeal for school, fool, &c. that it seems hard to account for the form except from the O. N. forms. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 323 Lowse, adj. i. Loose. 2. Free from one's indentures, having ful- filled the stipulated period of service. 0. N. laus, free, released. Comp. Dan. lose folk, those who are not in service, or tied to a master. Lowse, lowze, sb. i. A disclosure, or revelation, particularly of a startling or unexpected nature. 2. A throwing off of restraint, moral or other; a breaking loose. 3. A lunge, or attempted blow or other stroke. 1. ' " What a lowze I" a strange disclosure or revelation.' Wb. Gl. 2. 'He's made a strange lowse out in't: getting tweea lasses wi" bairn;" of a young widower, who had broken loose in the way specified. 3. ' Ah made a lowze at it (a crossing hare) wi' my stick, but Ah miss't it.' Wb. Gl. Lowsening, lowzening, sb. i. A liberation or setting at liberty; of scholars, at the end of school-hours ; of an apprentice, at the end of his time, &c. 2. The feast or entertainment with which the apprentice celebrates the expiry of his indentures. Lowse-out, lowsen-out, v. a. To unpack goods ; open a shop in the morning; take a horse or horses out of a carriage, or from the plough, or other trailing work ; to let the cattle out of the Byre, &c., for watering or other purposes ; to liberate the children at a school, at the hour of closing ; to dismiss the congregation at church, &c. Lucky-stone, sb. A stone or pebble with a natural hole through it. See Holy-stone. Lug, sb. i. The ear, of man or animal. 2. The ear or handle of a pitcher, iron pot, or the like. Wedgw. says, ' The lug of the ear, the flap or hanging portion of the ear, and by exten- sion, lug, the ear itself. The origin is seen in Swiss lugg, luck, loose, slack ; luggen, to be slack. Hence lug is applied to what flaps, or hangs loose, as in E. to the flap of the ear, and in Sw. to the forelock ; lugga, to pull one by the hair, as E. to lug a sow is for a dog to pull it by the ears." This supposes the ear ' to flap or hang loose,' which it does in some modern species of dog, and in some pigs. But the rule is that the ear is stiff and erect ; the pendulous ear is the exception. I should much rather discern a likeness between lug and Ihre's lagg, extremum cujuscunque rei : necnon de ultima parte lignorum in vasis ligneis quae extra commissuras eminet ; a word which, in D. Dial, takes the form lyg or leg, with a little variation of sense. It should be observed that in stave-made wooden vessels the end of the stave which projects above the rest and is perforated to serve as a handle is the Lug. The Pot-lugs, again, are the perforated ears of metal rising above the edge or brim of the pot and receiving the ends of the moveable Bow or the Kelps. The O. N. form of the word is logg, defined by Hald. as ' margo, vel incisura vasis lignei a fundo.' Lug-ends, sb. The tips or extremities of the ears. ' It was like a low, or lahtle flame like a candle light at lug-ends o' t' horse ;' of electric lights playing about the ears of the horse and the rider's hair on a dark, thick night. Lumberly, adj. (pr. lummerly, or rather, loommerly). Awkward, heavy, cumbrous ; of either persons or things. T t 2 324 GLOSSARY OF THE M Mabble, v. a. To dress stone roughly with the hammer or stone- axe, instead of dressing it smooth with the chisel, or tooling it. Probably identical with maffle, to stammer, to mumble. ' The term seems to be applied,' says Hall., ' to any action suffering from impediments ;' and one of the instances quoted is, ' somme mafflid with the mouth. Depos. Ric. ii. p. 29.' Cf. Sw. D. mjovla, mjeuvla. Wedgw. explains maffle by 'to stammer, to speak imperfectly, or move the jaws like a young child. The action of the toothless jaws of infancy or age is represented by various combinations of the labial articulations, ba, fa, ma. Du. maffelen, moffelen, to stammer, to move the jaws ; Bav. mvffeln, to mumble, chew with toothless jaws.' Now the action in hammer-dressing a stone is in fact very similar to that of the toothless jaw in mumbling or attempting to chew, not to mention imperfect articulation. It is a series of repeated pecks, so to speak, and any one who has noticed the action of the under jaw of an aged person when he (or she) had an intractable mouthful to deal with, might very well transfer his expression for such action to that of the sharp-pointed stone-axe in the operation called mabbling. Maddle, v. a. and n. i. To confuse or bewilder. 2. To grow con- fused or become bewildered; to talk incoherently. 3. To be foolishly fond of, or in love, with a woman ; to be ' mad in love.' A derivative from mad, to be beside oneself, to wander, a vb. used as n. by Chaucer, and, apparently, as a. in E. Eng. Allit, Poems, A. 359. In Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 2414, it is n. : ' But hit is no ferly J>a3 a fole madde, And bur} wiles of wymmen be wonen to sorje." Comp. also, Swiss madeln, to mutter ; Prov. Germ, maden, to chatter. 1 . ' Ah was fairly maddled wi 't, sik'an a din an' clatter as 't war.' 2. 'Ah miss'd t' reeght track an* Ah maddled alang o* t' roke ;' was bewildered in the fog. 3. ' He runs muddling efter her wiv a never-give-ower.' Wb. Gl. Madge, madgipeg, sb. The clown or 'fool' of the Sword Dance party, or Plough-stots. Mafted, adj. i. Stifled, oppressed for want of air, overdone with heat and closeness, as in a crowd or under excess of clothing. 2. Beaten out of breath by having to contend with a snow-blast. This word occurs in both Wb. Gl. and Leeds Gl. The definition in the latter is, ' To be deprived of air, whether by reason of too much clothing, or of an overcrowded room, where it is difficult to breathe.' Probably the connection is with Dut. maf, sultry. Collate also E. muff, muffle. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 325 Mainswear, v. n. To take a false oath, perjure oneself. A. S. mdn-swerian, to forswear ; mdn-swora, mdn-swara, a perjurer. Comp. Sw. sv'drja sig men, to forswear oneself; Dan. meensvcerge, used principally in the p.p. meensvoren, in the same sense exactly as our mansworn ; O. N. nteinsceri, perjury, meinsarismadr, a manswom man ; from O. N. mein, Sw. men, Dan. meen, A. S. man, all signifying what is hurtful, bad, wicked. Mair, comp. adj. More. Cf. O. N. meiri, meir, A. S. mare, Dan. meer or mere, &c. Maist, sup. adj. Most. 0. N. mestr, Dan. mest, A. S. mast, See. Maist-hand, adv. For the most partly, chiefly. See Near-hand. ' Moist-band all ;' nearly all. Mak', sb. i. Make, fashion, design. 2. Kind, sort or species. See Manders. 1. ' It 's a queer mak', yon drag-harrow o' Willy's.' 2. ' " What maJi's hae ye?" what kinds or varieties ; for sale, namely.' Wb. Gl. Make, sb. An equal, or fellow : thence a companion. O. N. maki, an equal, a fellow, a consort, conjux ; S. G. make, socius, par ; Dan. mage, that which is like another such, which may be compared with another of the same sort for likeness or congruity, hence the adj. mage, like, matched, fellows, as of stockings ; Sw. make, id. ; fern, maka, a woman who is connected with a man by marriage, his fellow, that is, or consort. In this last sense the word is of frequent occurrence in Early English : as 1 " Woltou wedde bis wommon," quod be kyng' " jif I wol assente ? Heo is fayn of bi felawschupe' for to beo bi make." ' Skeat's P. Plovgbm. p. 34. 4 Sebben lawe hab I-lokef bat vche mon haue a make In manage and mat rimoyne 1 I-medlet to-gedere.' Ib. p. 121. ' Thi wife, that is thy make' Townel. Myst. p. 23 ; see also p. 5. Chaucer uses the word in both senses ; for instance, in the sense of consort, for wife, Marcbavnfs Tale, p. 67 ; for husband, Second Nonne's Tale, p. 117 : in the sense of fellow, match, in the Knights Tale, p. 20 : ' And if so fall, that the chieftain be take, On either side, or ellis sleen his make.' The same sense is implied in vnimake, Lay. iii. 85 ; makeles, makelese, S. Marb. pp. II, 17; and 'makeles of mercy,' Percy's Folio MS. p. 214; matchless, that is, without equal or fellow. Mak' meat. To prepare food for the family meal ; a duty devolving on the mistress of the house, in farm-houses as well as others. Mak' music. To perform on any musical instrument. 326 GLOSSARY OF THE Mak' out, v. n. To succeed or arrive at an end or object. He nobbut meead badly out i' yon business ;' met with but bad success. ' Mebbe he mah's out to addle his living by 't.' Mak' sharp ! Make haste ! Be sharp ! Be quick ! See Sharp. Mak' spare. To be saving ; to use things sparingly or economically ; to deal out grudgingly. ' Deean't mak' spare on 't. There 's mair ahint ;' of the eatables on the table, for instance. Mamlocks, sb. Small fragments of bread, such as children, who have more than they can eat given them, are apt to crumble or break the excess into. Moor gives mammock, ' to cut and hack victuals wastefully* a word I knew both as sb. and vb. in Essex, but applied there not only to cutting or haggling, but to breaking and crumbling any article of food that admits of such treatment. ' Mammock," says Wedgw., ' a piece or scrap. Properly the remnants of eating, what has been mambled or mumbled.' It is observable that we keep the / in our form. Wedgw. connects the word with O. N. mumla, Dan. mumle, S. G. and Sw. mumla, to mumble, to mutter or speak indis- tinctly, or as between the teeth ; whence the action implied in the other sense of E. mumble, to work with the jaws or teeth in the way of eating, but not with downright biting. Mamsfout, sb. A much petted child; the one which is its 'mammy's pet/ and which is surely, to a certain extent, therefore, spoiled. See Pout or Fowt. Man, sb. A husband ; or rather the husband of the woman speak- ing or spoken of: sometimes used of the man who is to be the husband. ' Unto my lady stable, true and sure, Faithful and kind, sith first that she began Me to accept in service as her man.' Court of Love, p. 130. Comp. Dan. mand in such sentences as bun vil ilike have bam til mand : she will not have him to husband ; at give sin datter en mand : to give his daughter a husband. The Sw. usage is similar. ' Me an' mah man 's gannan.' It might be said by either a married woman, or one that simply had a sweetheart who purposed marrying her. Manders, sb. Varieties, different sorts, such as go to constitute any mingled mass. Simply a corruption, 1 believe, of manners, a word of perpetual use in old writers in as nearly as possible the same sense and application. ' " Have you many different sorts of things ? " " Aye, Ah warr'nd ye ! a* ma'ks an* manders." ' Comp. ' Mony maner marchaundise." Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 58. ' Of so many maner men' |>at on molde liuen.' Ib. p. 25. ' I haue seyn hym in so many maner formes.' Merlin, p. 302. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 337 Mang, sb. A mash of bran, malt, &c. O. N. menga, A. S. mengean, Germ, mengen, Sw. manga. The S. Jutl. dialect has the word mang, signifying ' a mixture of chaff with wash, or with bruised corn that has been macerated in water :' a word, in other terms, almost exactly coincident with ours in both sound and sense. Mang, v. a. To mix up, to intermingle ; mainly of matters to be used as food, whether by man or beast. ' They wad fain male* the'r ain meat. But 't wur nobbut a manged oop mess when a' wur deean ;' said of the dinner of a Benefit Society, which had been provided and cooked by the members themselves, instead of by the landlady at the inn, as usual : (the landlady herself being the speaker). Manifold, manifolds, sb. (pr. monifaud). The bowels or intestines : sometimes applied, it would seem, to the stomach. See Wh. Gl. in v. ' Moneyfawd.' Mannish, v. a. (Pr. of manage). To work a farm; to apply manure. See Mannishment. Mannishment, sb. Manure ; this being the sine qud non for good management of land. Comp. the following : ' O. E. manure, to occupy or cultivate land, in modern times confined to the single operation of laying on dung or substances adapted to give " fertility." ' Wedgw. ' Poor crops ? Aye. What can yau luik for else ? There 's nae mannisbment i' t' land, t' heeal farm thruff.' Mannur. Pr. of Manure, both v. and sb. Mantel-tree, sb. The long, massive, but narrow wooden shelf (al- most a beam) crossing just above the wide opening of the old-fashioned fireplace, replaced in modern houses by the chimney- or mantel-piece. Mar, v. a. To injure, damage, spoil. A good O. E. word, fast going out of use. ' Yon chap 's mich mair lahk (like) t' mar an t' mend 't ;' of any matter in unskilful hands. Mar, sb. A mere or small lake. S. G. mar, lacus, mare ; O. N. mar, mare ; Dan. mar, the sea almost obs. except in compound words ; O. Dan. mar ; Dan. D. mare, a low-lying, water-logged place ; A. S. mere, maere, a mere, lake, pool, marsh; Germ, meer, a lake. ' If L. mare be the same as Sanskr. vari, vari does not mean sea, but water in general. . . . Mare is more likely a name for dead or stagnant water.' Max Miiller's Chips, ii. 48. Mark's-e'en. The eve of St. Mark's Day. See Ass-riddling, Cauflf-riddling. The usages, formerly much observed on this night, are perhaps scarcely extinct even yet. The watch in the church-porch, for the purpose of ascertaining who among the parishioners is to be carried to his long home in the churchyard during the ensuing year, is still spoken of as matter of recollection, if not of these days' practice. The duly gifted watcher, according to some, would see all his fellow-inhabitants proceed into the church, 328 GLOSSARY OF THE and defile thence again in long procession, leaving only such behind them as were aimed to death before another Mark's-e'en : according to others, the procession into the church would be formed only of the shapes of the doomed ones, who pass into the church, but do not return thence. Another form of the notion is, to watch by a window which commands the Church-road, when the figures of those who are to die within the year will be seen to pass as if boun for cho'ch. Should the watcher, however, fall asleep at the mystic hour of vision (midnight) he is himself among those whose death is aimed. A remark- able story of this kind is still told of one who must have been ' a remarkable woman,' and who annually practised this observance (at a window yet pointed out as the window she resorted to for the purpose), to the effect that, having fallen asleep at her post, she an- nounced on the following morning her own impending decease, and added the strictest injunc- tions under the penalty of her coining again if they were disregarded that, whatever the trouble or difficulty, she was to be carried to the churchyard by the Church-road. The injunctions were obeyed, moreover, although the bearers had to wade through almost impassable accumulations of snow, which the Church-road, leading over a moorland plateau of 1,000 feet elevation, with tremendous Banks on either side, rendered all the more troublesome and difficult. The whole notion involved in the Mark's-e'en observ- ances is merely a remnant, and a small one, of the ideas and usages involved in the Sw. phrase, att gd drs-gdng (literally, t* gae t* years-gang). ' This usage, or heathen mystery," says Hylten Cavallius, ' is mainly grounded, in the popular belief, on the powerful influences which characterised the holy High-tide nights, or the nights which preceded the commencement of a fresh sun-shift.' War. ocb Wird. p. 393. One very instructive account of the objects aimed at I also translate as follows : ' An ancient and still well- known practice in Warend has been att pd bogtids-ndtterna gd drs-gdng, in order to be- come possessed of preternatural wisdom or knowledge of divers sorts. It is emphatically stated that when any one has gaed for six years, attending strictly to all the requisite observances, it comes to pass, when on the last day of the seventh year he gaes yet again, that he encounters one riding, out of whose throat proceed vivid flames, and who, in his mouth, holds a rune-staff or wand. If now the " years-gang ganger" is both daring and active enough to spring upon the rider and snatch the wand from his mouth, it is said that in virtue of his acquisition he will become so wise and far-knowing as to be able to answer whatever enquiries may be propounded to him ; nay, even to see nine ells deep into the earth. Most evidently the rider with the rune-staff in his mouth is none else than heathen- venerated Odin, who, as all folk-trow holds, is always out, mounted on his sable charger, on just those nights when those who are boun att gd drsgdng must needs be about.' 76. p. 223. Comp. also the following: 'First they the gaers go to the churchyard (provided only they can win thither and home the same night a particular which probably helps to illustrate our window-watching) and there they see a Vast of strange things, espe- cially if heavy mortality be impending in the coming year ; for then they see the digging of many graves continued the night through, and a great concourse of folk On coming to a court (gdrd, a farm-steading, yet built in the form of a court), if they knock gently on the wall and ask " Is any one here to die?" the doomed one, if there be any such, will reply " yes ;" if there be none, the answer is " no," given without delay, whether the inmates be asleep or awake." Ib. 393. Many other signs or tokens are mentioned, as of coming war, fruitful harvest or the reverse, floods, &c. ; these, together with the observ- ances to be specially attended to by the gaers, though deeply interesting, I omit as not pertinent to our word. Marrish, sb. A marsh, or low-lying ground more than ordinarily liable to be flooded. O. E. mareis, marts, maress, marisb; A. S. merse; N. S. marscb; M. G. marisaws; Eng. marsh, a contracted form. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 329 Marrow, sb. i . A fellow, one that is a pair or match to another ; of both persons and things. Thence, 2. One that is like to or re- sembles another. See Maugh, Make. A word, the derivation of which seems very obscure. It has been referred to Fr. mart, mariee ; and Jam. suggests a relationship to S. G. mager, magbar, affinis, a relation ; but it is not very apparent. ' " A fine eagle, that, Robert." " Aye. An' Ah tried main paart iv a' month t" get t' marrow tiv it. 'T wur t' bigger bo'd o' t' tweea." ' " Looks-tee ! Ah 've fun a glove." " Aye, an" here 's t' marrow on 't." ' a. ' Massl but they're like. T' ane's t' very marrow o' t'ither.' Marrow, v. a. To match, to produce a pair, or a like, to any person or thing. " Marrow me that, an' ye please ;" match me that the article shewn, namely.' Wb. Gl. Marry, interj. Usually expressive of assent, and as frequently oc- curring in the form ' Ay, marry !' as any. Richardson's comment is, ' properly written mary. A vulgar oath ;' Molbech's, ' This exclamation, one of the bequests of popery, may sometimes, though rarely, be heard still in Sealand, but more frequently in Jutland, whence, indeed, it proceeds, inasmuch as Marri is the Juttish pronunciation of Marie' ' " It is coming on rain." " Aye marry ! it is, seear enew." ' Wb. Gl. Mash, mash-up, v. a. To break up, or into pieces. ' There 's been a deal o' gran' pankins a' mashed up here.' Mashelson, mashelton, sb. A mixture of wheat and rye, usually grown together, and applied to the purpose of making brown bread. Called also ' Maslin/ ' Meslin.' Written by Brockett ' Masselgem ;' in Cr. Gl. ' Masslegin ;' in Leeds Gl. ' Mastlegin.' Jamieson quotes Teut. mastelvyn, Belg. masteleyn, farrago. The corresponding Dan. term is blandingskorn, which is exactly equivalent to our Mashelson. Mask, v. a. To infuse ; more especially, to pour water upon the tea, and set it to ' draw.' Dan. meeske; at m&ske til 01: to infuse the bruised malt in hot water; at m&slte til breendeviin : to pour hot water on the corn, preparatory to fermenting and distillation ; Sw. mdska, id. ; Dan. mask, the substance left after expression of the hot water in the above instances. Molb. collates O. E. mascbyn, Germ, meiscben, Lat. miscere. ' Maskebit.' Pr. Finch. Inv. p. lij. Master, sb. (pr. meeaster, maSster). The head of the household or family ; a term equally employed by the poor, and the yeoman or well- to-do farmer. ' Our maaster 's not at home. He 's awa' ti' t" hirings ;' the farmer's, or cottager's, wife, of her husband. u u 330 GLOSSARY OF THE Masterman, sb. An artizan or tradesman who employs others under him : antithetical to a ' journeyman.' Matched, pcpl. Put to the extreme limit of one's power or ability ; almost overtasked. Derived directly from the expression that so and so is ' fully a match' or ' more than a match,' for such and such another. ' He "11 be matched to win there while neeght." He '11 be matched to dee 't, ony way he can frame 't.' ' They 're sair matched t' mak' a living.' 4 Matched to sit oop on eend ;' of a person weak from sickness. Matter, v. a. To care for, value or regard. ' Ah dean't matter him, nat t' valley ov an au'd naal.' Maugh, sb. (pr. mauf). i. A brother-in-law, or near connection. 2. A partner, co-mate or colleague in any business or pursuit. O. N. magr, a relation, mag, a relation, mog, a son ; Sw. mag, a son-in-law ; O. Sw. magr, magher ; Sw. D. mage, the groomsman ; A. S. mceg, macg, mag, a relation by blood, a friend or neighbour ; Dan. mage, an equal or fellow, &c. Another instance of the tran- sition of the guttural gb into f in Pr. ; as in Baurgh,, argh., &c. The existence of two forms equivalent to Dan. mage, &c. viz. Make and Maugh. is also worthy of note, and makes the relationship of Marrow still more a matter for consideration. Maum, adj. Mellow, possessing the softness of maturity or ripeness. Jam. observes ' that Teut. molm signifies rottenness ; caries, et pulvis ligni cariosi.' Rather, one would say, dry decay, such as in wood produces dust. Malm is, according to Ihre, sandy or dry soil ; and he quotes besides (in v. Moln) Alem. melm and Belg. molm, both signifying dust. And it should be observed that both Grose and Wb. Gl. explain maum as signifying ' mellow with a degree of dryness.' Wb. Gl. also adds, ' smelling fusty.' Mau'mass, mommass, sb. (Probably the Pr. of maul-mass). A mass of any substance intended for food, but evidently not prepared with any great regard to cleanliness. Maund, sb. A large open basket. ' FT. mande, marine, a maund, open basket, pannier having handles : . . . N. Fris. maujnrt, a turf or wood-chest. Perhaps from W. mown, turf.' Wedgw. Pr. Pm. ' Mawnd, skype. Sportula.' Maunder, v. n. i . To murmur, to talk idly or without point, to make purposeless digressions in talking. Hence also, 2. To wander in a vacant kind of way. Wedgw. quotes Bav. maudern, to murmur, mutter, be out of temper ; and Gael, manndacb, manntacb, lisping, stuttering, as possibly related to or giving a clue to the relationship of this word. But may not the word originate as maundy does ? Hall, gives ' maund, I . to CLEVELAND DIALECT. 331 command : 2. to beg ; an old cant term. Mawnding, asking. Dekker's Lantborne and Candlelight, ed. 1620.' The transition of thought from the poor persons concerned in the observance with which the words mandatum pauperum were connected, to poor persons in the character of beggars, is natural enough ; and once the idea of ' begging,' or asking as a beggar, is introduced, that involved in the word maunder follows, as naturally, again. Maundering, adj. Muttering, dissatisfied, discontented, ' A maundering sort of a body.' Wb. Gl. Maunsell, maunsill. A fat, dirty woman. Wh. Gl. Surely a corruption of Mademoiselle. The ideas of foreign females taken up at Whitby would naturally be from specimens not likely to be characterised by more than ordinary national regard to cleanliness being the ladies of the skippers of French and Flemish trading vessels and the current word used in speaking of them might, without difficulty, take on such a meaning as that above. ' A great mucky maunsell.' Wb. Gl. Mau'n't, mu'n't. Pr. of mun not. Mawk, sb. r. A maggot; the larva of a Flesh-fly. 2. A whim or foolish fancy. 0. N. maftkr, a worm, a maggot ; S. G. matk, madk, matt ; Dan. madiJte, maddik ; Sw. mask ; N. makk ; Germ, made ; M. G. matba ; A. S. mdSa. 1. ' As white as a mawk.' Wb. Gl. Mawky, adj. i. Maggotty. 2. Given to fancies, or absurd whims. Meal, sb. i. Flour for ordinary household purposes, not so much dressed as ' fine flour.' 2. That which results from the grinding of the mixed corn intended for pig-feeding, just as it falls from the stones. See Pig-meat. Mean, adj. Of only moderate or indifferent character or conduct : seldom applied to stinginess, or illiberality in respect of money matters, &c., but always as implying badness of some sort, and not mediocrity in any sense. A. S. man, sinful, wicked, man, sin, wickedness ; O. N. mein, an ulcer, a hurt, pain, &c. ; Dan. meen, a fault, injury, pain ; S. G. and Sw. men. ' He 's nobbut a mean un, yon chap ;' a person of very indifferent character or reputation. ' It 's varra mean deed, living as he lives ;' vile, disreputable. ' Mean behaviour ;' downright objectionable or wicked conduct. Meat, v. a. To provide a workman or other person his necessary food ; of the person at whose house the workman is employed, or the person sojourning, &c. ' We meals em a' ; lodgers, an' daytal men, an' a'.' U U 2 332 GLOSS 'A RY OF THE Meat, sb. The daily food of a person employed by any one in any capacity, and, in addition to a stipulated sum in money, going to make up the amount of Wage. " What wages are you getting now, James?" " Wheea, aighteen pence an' ma' meat's aboot t' mark." ' ' He gets 's meat at 's dowther's ;' boards there. Meat-whole, adj. (pr. meat-heeal). Possessing a hearty appetite ; fully ready for one's food. Meeaster, maaster. Pr. of Master. Mell, v. a. To meddle. Fr. mesler, medler, meiller, meler ; M. Lat. sb. melleia ; Fr. melee ; O. E. medle ; ' and so be-gan the medle on bothe parteis, crewell and fellenouse.' Merlin, p. n8. The vb. occurs in Chaucer and in Townel. Myst. Mell, mell-supper, sb. The harvest-supper, or supper given by the farmer to his work-people on the conclusion of the harvest; that is, as regards reaping or cutting the corn, not the leading or carrying. See Kern, Kern-supper, &c. Mell, sb. The wooden mallet used by masons; also, any wooden mallet or beetle. Fr. mail, Lat. malleus, Eng. mallet, Fr. malllet, Pol. mlot, mallet, hammer, beetle. Comp. also mall, maul. ' pe neghend is dyngyng of devels hand, With melles of yren hate glowand.' Pr. ofConsc. 6571. A Mell was customarily used in connection with the Frummity-trow, in the process of preparing the wheat for use in making the Furmity. Mell-doors, sb. The space between the outer door of a house and the inner, house- or kitchen-door, called the Heck or Heck-door ; the said space forming a kind of lobby or entry. O. N. milli, d-millum; O. Sw. millan; Dan. mellem. Comp. Dan. mellemdar, a door intermediate between two others. Mell-head, sb. A blockhead, an oaf. Mell-sheaf, sb. The last sheaf of the harvest, which used to be formed, on finishing the reaping, with much observance and care. This was frequently made of such dimensions as to be a heavy load for a man, and, within a few years comparatively, was proposed as the prize to be won in a race of old women. In other cases it was carefully preserved, and set up in some conspicuous place in the farm-house. The origin and the meaning of the prefix in this word, and in Mell- supper, are alike uncertain, and have given occasion to many guesses and attempts at CLEVELAND DIALECT. 333 derivation. Thus the word Mell, in Mell-supper has been referred to Fr. meler, Teut. mebl, meal, O. N. melr, wild corn, sand, sand-heaps, mell, a hammer, a pounder, to meal, to ' an old word for a contest, namely melle (Fr. melee) ' ; and even to O. N. amilli. In Mr. Peacock's Gloss, it is said, ' " To get the mell" in prize-ploughing is to obtain a mallet as a prize for the worst ploughing The mell is fixed upon the winner's plough.' The practice probably depends upon the existence of the expression, instead of explaining it. See Mell-supper, Kern-supper ; and Henderson's Folklore, p. 67 ; Brand's Pop. Antiq. II, 12, 18, &c. Melt, milt, sb. The spawn of the male fish or ' milter.' See Kelks. Comp. O. N. milti, the spleen, Sw. mjelte, Dan. milt, A. S. milt, Fris. milte, Germ, milz, &c. Mr. Wedgwood remarks that probably ' the name is derived from milk, and is given for a similar reason in both applications. The same change of the final k to / is seen in O. N. mjaltir, N. mjelte, a milking ; and a name slightly altered from that which signifies milk is given in many languages to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts of the bodily frame of a soft, non-fibrous texture. Pol. mleko, milk ; melcz, milt of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko, sweetbread, or pancreas of a calf; Bret, leaz, milk, lezen, milt; Du. melcker, milte; .... while in Germ, and Sw. the name is simply jisb-milk.' Mend, v. a. and n. i . To make better in the sense of to cure ; of the skill of the medical man. 2. To become better, or improve in health ; of the patient. We find the word in an analogous sense in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 764. ' " Now a)>el lorde," quoth Abraham, " one3 a speche & I schal schape no more Jx> schalkke; to helpe ; If ten trysty in toune be tan in )>i werkke3 Wylt J>ou mese J>y mode & menddyng abide ? " ' And again the sb. mende-), Ib. A. 351. Chaucer also uses the word. It does not, however, seem to be of very frequent occurrence in Old English in either of its senses. ' T' Cropton chap he mended me reeght on eend.' ' My son 's nicely, Sir, thenk ye : mending gey an' fast.' Mends, sb. Improvement, growing better; whether in the way of health, conduct, circumstances, or position. ' fy mende} mountej not a myte, paj J>ou for sor3e be neuer bly}>e.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 351. ' " Is your wife no better?" " Nae, Ah sees nae mends iv her. Ah thinks she worsens, if owght." * ' He 's been gannan a strange gate ower lang. It 's te nae use leuking for mends.' ' Shee wished her to take a little salte and old yron, lay it under the cow, and pray to God for mend.' York Castle Dep. p. 9. Mense, sb. Decency, civility, propriety of conduct ; in short, beha- viour becoming a creature such as man is. O. N. mennsler, humanus. Haldorsen's second definition is, ' capax moralitatis,' capable of the behaviour which is becoming to a human being. On S. G. manniska, homo, Ihre remarks that it must originally, from its form and use, have been an adj. Note Sw. men- niska, Dan. menneske, A. S. menni&c, M. G. mannish, O. Germ, mennesco, mennisk, Germ. menscb, N. S. minsk, Sanscr. manusbab, manuscbi ; the leading idea in all seeming to be the 334 GLOSSARY OF THE human being with his distinctive attributes. Our word rests upon this idea ; and in fact is the living embodiment of the spirit of Haldorsen's words given above. The O. Eng. form is ever mensk or menske, with the meanings respect, civility, honour, grace. Thus, in Tawnel. Myst., Jesus salutes the Doctors with Masters, luf be with you lent And mensk be unto this meneje.' Again, ' penne J>e lorde of t>e lede loutej fro his chambre, For to mete wyth menske J>e mon on J>e flor.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 831. And of Gawayne himself it is said, 1. 914, that ' Byfore alle men vpon molde, his mensk is be most.' In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 646, the idea is just that yet preserved in several Northumbrian expressions. Thus, the angels having been entertained by Abraham : ' penne thay sayden, as J>ay sete samen all brynne, When be mete wat? remued and J>ey of mensk speken, " I schal efte here away Abram," bay sayden.' Comp. the Cumb. expression when a man gives a civil or polite invitation which is not responded to in the same spirit : ' He has saved both his meat and his mense.' ' These words' (mense, vb. and sb., menseful, &c.), says Ferguson, ' have no exact equivalent in the English language. Their origin is in that natural feeling of politeness and propriety which makes a man do the thing that is right Altogether this is one of the good old words which is a loss to the language. How hollow is politeness, and how shallow is civility, compared with the word which has its origin in the innate proprieties of man.' ' He has nowther mense nor sense.' Wb. Gl. ' Nane that 's owther mense or sham' wad dee it.' ' You 've spoilt his mense ;' of a horse, the tail of which had been cut too short Mense, v. a. To make neat or becoming ; to add a grace or deco- ration to a thing. ' " To mense this merry day," is applied in The Bridewain to doing proper honour to a wedding,' says Ferguson, who also quotes the following : ' The sattle neist was thrown aside It might ha' sarred me and mine ; My mudder thought it mensed a house, But we think shem of auld lang syne." ' A vfee\-tnensed house or chamber.' Cf. this, from E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 139, touching the man who ' had not on a wed- ding garment' : ' " Say me, frende," quoth be freke with a felle chere, " How wan bou into bis won in wedej so fowle ? f 1 e abyt bat bou hatj vpon, no halyday hit menske^ ; pou burne for no brydale art busked in wedej." ' Menseful, adj. i. Of good and becoming conduct or behaviour, neat, orderly, tidy, cleanly; of persons. 2. Decent, becoming, appro- priate, neat and clean, &c. ; of things. I. ' A menseful chap, enew.' ' Menseful manners ;' Menseful behaviour.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 335 3. ' A menseful funeral.' 1 Menseful clothing, and a' things menseful.' Wb. Gl. Mensefully, adv. Becomingly, suitably, decently, fitly, neatly. ' Te gan mensefully thruff t* warld, an' at last eend be mensefully brought out.' Wb. Gl. ' " Mensefully lared ;" suitably instructed.' Ib. ' Mensefully clad, mannered, &c.' Ib. Menseless, adj. Without regard for, or sense of, what is becoming or proper ; untidy, disorderly, ill-behaved, &c. See Mense, Menseful. Mere, mere-stone, sb. A boundary-mark or stone. See Bounder. O.JN. mart, landa-mari ; S. G. mare, limes ; A. S. medre, gem&re, a mere, boundary ; Fris. mare, a border, limit, maren, canals which bound a district; Dut. meere; Fin. mddre ; Lap. mere, or, as Ihre writes it, mcerre ; Dalm. mira ; Pol. miara. ' The ancient marks, mere-stones, and bounds as are mentioned in antient surveys and perambulations.' Perambulation ofDanby Parish, 1750, 1751. ' his wiffe and children being there, barfooted and bareheaded with-all did walke about from mere to mere. 1 Percy's Folio MS. i. 280. Merls, sb. The game of Merelles, Merrils, or Nine Men's Morris. Other names are Five-penny Morris, Nine-penny Morris, Three-penny Morris, or Five- pin, Nine-pin, Three-pin, Morris or Merels. ' This game was sometimes called the Nine Men's Merrils, from merelles, or mereaux, an ancient Fr. word for the jettons, or counters, with which it was played.' Brand's Pop. Antiq. ii. 253. Morris is probably a corruption of merrils ; as also miracle must be in the name Nine-penny or Nine-pin miracle. Merrymeat, sb. Any kind of meat said to have the effect of stimu- lating the animal propensities. Wedgw., under Merry, quotes ' Sc. merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begotten in sport or play :' I would substitute ' in lust or passion.' Cf. the sense of murtbe, merry, in the follow- ing passages : ' Ac murtbe and mynstralcie Amonges men is nouthe Lecherie, losengerie, And losels tales, Glotonye and grete othes, This murtbe thei lovyeth.' P. Plovgbm. p. 176. ' Swiche werkes (of lust, namely) with hem Were nevere out of seson, Til thei mighte na-moore ; And thanne murye tales, And how that lecchours lovye Laughen and japen, And of hir harlotry e and boredom In hir elde tellen.' 76. 267. Met, sb. A measure or quantity of two bushels. A. S. mytt, a measure, bushel, mitta, id. ; PI. D. mud, mudde, a measure of about four bushels ; Germ, mutt, mudd, mud, mutb, a dry and liquid measure ; Dan. maade, Sw. matt. 336 GLOSSARY OF THE O. N. male, a measure. ' Met. A bushel. Some writers say two bushels. Met-poJte a narrow bag to contain a met.' Halliwell. Our Poke is still understood to be a narrow sack holding two bushels. Comp. A. S. met-fcet, a measuring-vat, where the feet is evidently a definite measure or quantity. Note also mett of herrings, Jam. ; met-yard, Percy's Fol. MS. i. 58 ; and, ' Se mones ligt is moneiS met,' Gen. and Ex. p. 5. The special subject of the names of measures and quantities in use in North England is well worth investigation. ' penne orppedly in to his hous he hyjed to Sar6, Comaunded hir to be cof and quyk at J>is one? : fre mettej of mele menge & ma kakej, Vnder askej ful hote happe hem byliue :' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 623 ; where mette is simply equivalent to measure in the Engl. transl. Met-poke, sb. A narrow sack calculated to contain the measure or quantity of two bushels, of corn, e. g. See Met. Mew, sb. A mow, a stack of hay or corn. Mew, pret. of to Mow. Mich, adj. Much : a very old form. ' He dwellej J>er al J>at day, and dressej on )>e morn, Askej erly hys arme}, & alle were J>ay bro3t Fyrst a tule tapit, tyjt ouer J>e Met, & micbe watj f>e gyld gere J>at glent J>er alofte.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 566. Of frequent occurrence also in Townel. Myst. Mickle, adj. ; often used absolutely also, or as a sb. Much, large ; a quantity, a large quantity. O. N. mikill, S. G. mycken, M. G. mikils, O. Germ, micbel, A. S. mycel, micel. Cf. Scottish meikle, mekyll, muckle, Sw. mycket, Dan. meget, &c. ' It cost a mickle o' money.' Wb. Gl. ' " Went mickle ;" a very great deal." Ib. ' Mickle wad ha' mair.' Ib. Micklish, adj. Pretty large ; of something in which the quality of ' mickleness' exists, but not to a striking degree. Midden, sb. A manure or muck-heap, a dunghill. Also applied to any place or receptacle for rubbish and dirt. Dan. madding, for mag-dynge, muck-heap ; O. N. myki, fimus, ordure of cattle, muck, dyngia, a heap or pile. O. Sw. mock, dynga ; Dan. D. maag, mog, mok. The correlative A. S. word for mygi, mag, mock seems to be myx, meox; Germ, mist, Fris. mese, Dut. mest, mist, whence the forms mixen, missel, mistall. The latter word occurs in York Cast. Dep. p. 29. N. mokdyngje, Dan. m0dding, O. N. moddyngia seem to be of different origin. Myddyng and myddyng-pytt both occur in Pr. of Consc. Middenstead, sb. The place or position of the manure-heap or dunghill : often inclusive, in its sense, of the contents as well as the place. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 337 Midge, sb. A minute insect of the sand-fly description; any small gnat or gnat-like fly. Bosw. gives A. S. micge, myge, tnygge, mycg, together with PL D. mugg, mugge, Dut. mug, O. Germ, mucca, Germ, much, ' as comprising not only gnats and files, but nearly all two-winged insects." The Scand. words, however, seem more restricted in their sense. Ihre gives mygga, culex ; Dalin, mygg or mygga, a species of two-winged insects with long, straight proboscis, which it uses to pierce (the skin) with so as to obtain the blood, culex ; Molbech, myg, with much the same definition, and Culex pipiens as a specific instance of the creature meant. Comp. N. mygg. ' Men der krop migmaur og der stakk mygg, There crept the ant, the midge there stung, Og tnessen var stygg og kleggen snygg.' The wasp was fell, the cleg close clung. Arne, p. 61. Mig, sb. Liquid manure; the fluid which runs away from the Midden, or from the stall-drains of a cow-house, &c. N. mig, urine ; O. N. miga, S. G. miga, Dan. D. mie or mige, to make water, mingere. Used by the commonalty, say Molbech and Kok, almost all over Denmark. A. S. migan, id. ; migga, migfta, micga, urine ; Fris. mige, N. S. migen, mingere. Milk-can, sb. A milk-pail ; the vessel into which the cow is milked. See Can. Milk-house, sb. (pr. milk'us). The dairy, meaning of course the room devoted to the reception of the milk. Milk-lead, sb. A shallow milk-cistern, in which the meal of milk is deposited, having an orifice at the bottom, stopped with a wooden spigot (see Thabble), on the removal of which the milk flows away, leaving the cream covering the bottom of the vessel. Milkness, sb. The dairy, meaning rather the contents of the dairy, or dairy-produce. Hall, gives a further definition, ' any white dishes made with milk.' Cr. Gl. defines it simply ' the produce of the dairy.' Comp. birdenesse, the herds, or cattle collectively, for a similar instance of suffix and sense. ' Ten slSes "Sus binnen .vi. ger, Shiftede iacob birdenesse her." Gen. and Ex. p. 50. Milk-tin, sb. The metal vessel in which the milk is set to cream. Mill'd in, adj. Shrunk, collapsed, withered. Wh. Gl. 1 " He has very much mill'd in of late ;" grown aged, or shrunk in appearance.' IVb. Gl. Mill-ee, sb. The hole or spout through which the meal, or ground corn, falls into the bin set to receive it. See Eye. x x GLOSSARY OF THE Mill-gear, sb. The machinery, or mechanical equipment of a mill. See Gear. Mill-race, sb. (pr. mill-reeas). The channel which conducts the current of water to the mill-wheel : often understood as implying the current itself. Milner, sb. A miller. The man's name Miller, is frequently spelt and pronounced Milner still. O. N. mylnari, O. Sw. molnare, Sw. mjolnare, molnare or mollnare. Minglement, sb. A mixture, or mixed mass made up of divers ingredients : applied in many senses, literal and metaphorical. Mint, v. n. i. To purpose, intend, aim: thence, 2. To aim a blow or strike. 3. To make a feigned attempt at, or pretend to do, a thing. A. S. myntan, to dispose, settle, appoint, propose. In E, Eng. Alllt. Poems, B. 1. 1627, Belshazzar says to Daniel, ' Goddes gost is )>e geuen }>at gyes alle Jjynges, & }>ou unhyles vch hidde J>at heuen kyng myntes ;' where the sense is coincident with that of our first definition. In Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 2 2 74, our second meaning is seen : ' NawJ>er fyked I, ne flaje, freke, quen J>ou myntest;' while, at 1. 2290, as only the seeming of the blow was afforded, the stroke itself being with- held, we have our third sense : ' " Haf at }>e J>enne," quoth }>at oj>er, and heuej hit (the axe) alofte, He myrtle^ at hym majtyly, bot not J>e mon ryvej, With-helde heterly his honde, er hit hurt myjt." Comp. ' He did not strike me, but he minted at it." Wh. Gl. Mire, sb. A marsh, a boggy place or expanse. Frequent in local names, as Pundermire, Tranmire, &c. Mirk, murk, adj. Very dark, or lightless. O. N. myrkr, tenebrosus ; Sw. mbrk, dark ; Dan. mark; A. S. mire; PI. D. murk, murks; Pr. Pm. ' Myrke, or dyrke (mirke.) Obscurus.' Mirk-night, sb. The depth or darkest part of the night, midnight. Miscall, v. a. To apply opprobrious or abusive language, or rather, epithets, to any one. Misfit, sb. Something according ill with existing circumstances ; a misunderstanding, failure in keeping an appointment, or the like. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 339 Misken, v. a. To mistake one person for another ; to mistake in point of knowledge or recognition ; to misconceive. The word seems to have a wider range of sense or application further North. Thus, in Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 14, ' I ken this county weel eneugh : Miskenn I tell'd ye ;' the sense is ' take no notice," ' ignore," or ' affect ignorance.' Cf. also, ' Were I you, I would be for miskenning Sir Duncan;' affecting not to know him. Legend of Montr, p. 179. Again, Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 25, ' Till in conclusion it befell That Property misken'd hersel", And needs would be the better woman ;' the meaning is simply ' forgot herself.' Our sense corresponds more nearly with that of Dan. miskjende, to misjudge, have a mistaken opinion of a person's character, purpose, conduct ; and Sw. miskanna. ' " I miskenn'd you ;" did not recognise you, or took you for another person.' Wb. Gl. Mismense, v. a. To interfere with or destroy cleanliness, decency, &c. The paint is sadly mismensed with the dust." Wb. Gl. Mist all, mistal, sb. (pr. mistle or mis'l). The cow-house. Probably from A. S. meox, myx, and stall, steal, stal, a place, stable, stall, from obvious considerations, none the less apparent when what may be called the original system of ' box- feeding ' was as it is yet in some districts cf N. Europe in vogue. Mistetch, sb. An ill or awkward habit acquired through insufficient or injudicious training. This teccbe had Kay take in his norice, that he dide of sowke.' Merlin, p. 135. ' But the tale ne of hym deviseth no more here saf only of a teccbe that he hadde, that when he aroos he hadde the force and myght of the beste knyght, &c.' Ib. p. 182. Cf. also ' the people he tetcbe a new law.' Townel. Myst. p. 191 ; and * Lamech ledde long lif til San "Sat he wur^S bisne, and haued a man iSat ledde him ofte wudes ner, To scheten after t$e wilde der ; Al-so he mistagte, also he schet, And cairn in $e wude is let.' Gen. and Ex. p. 14. Mistetched, adj. Ill-trained or mistrained ; having been allowed to acquire bad habits. Mistimed, adj. Subjected to irregularity as regards seasons of refreshment, especially sleep; as in the case of an attendant upon a sick person. Mistryst, v. a. and n. i . To have a meeting with what is alarm- ing or terrifying, and exerts its properties. 2. To miss an appointed X X 2 340 GLOSSARY OF THE meeting, or tryst, and so to put to inconvenience or perplexity. Chiefly used in the p. p. in both senses. The derivation of the simple vb. seems uncertain. We meet with the sb. tristur or tristre in the sense of a station allotted to a person in hunting ; as, Townel. Myst. p. 310, ' I stand at my tristur when other men shones ;' but how that word originates appears to be obscure. ' " I have been sairly mistrysted ;" sorely perplexed.' Wb. Gl. Mitts, mittens, sb. Long gloves, either of strong leather or yarn, made without any division for the separate fingers. The word first given seems to approach more nearly to Sw. mudd, a mitten, N. mudd, modd, a wrap of fur, which Wedgw. connects with Lapp, mitdda, than to Fr. mitaine, miton, a winter glove. Moider, v. a. To bewilder, to perplex. Hall, gives the word as ' to distract or bewilder. Also to labour very hard. North. ;' and again, ' moitbered, tired out. Glouc. ;' and Wedgw. refers it to mauder, to mumble, maunder, to mutter, wander in talking, adding, ' moitbered is one who is confused, or made to speak confusedly, by over-work or the like.' Molbech's mo or mod, needful, important, Jutl. mo or moet, a charge or commission of moment, or that requires haste or toil, with which another Dan. D. word, mot or modi is collated, and which, as an adv., bears a sense very nearly correspondent with that of our word, seems to be nearer the mark. Jeg bar saa modt might almost (if not quite) literally be rendered ' I am so moidered.' Moreover, Ihre gives the word moda, molestia ; adding, ' usurpatur tam de animi serumnis, quam de corporis fatigatione,' together with the examples, margen i Swerige tbet mbdar : that is a trouble to many in Sweden ; i myckin hjartans modbo : in great trouble or worry of spirit. He also compares mod or modd, lassus, and bemoda, fatigare, modosam, molestus, and Germ, miide, fessus, O. N. mceda, labor, difficultas, mat bolde Baltazar blusched to bat neue, Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert, pat al falewed his face & fayled he chere :' E. Engl. Allit. Poems, B. 1537 ; where the reference is to ' the hand on the wall,' designated a paume a few lines above. ' Ther is noght in thi nefe, or els thi hart falys.' Tawnel. Myst, p. 201. Neaf-ful, sb. A handful of anything. Dan. ncevefuld, Sw. en nafve-full. He 's getten a bonny guid neaf-fid ony waays.' Lika som nagon bad ieastet tre nafvar mull pd fonstret : as if some one had cast three neaf-fuls of mould at the window ; where n'dfva is used in the same sense as nafve-full. Near, sb. A kidney. See Inear. Carr, Cr. Gl., spells the word neer, quoting as etyma Belg. nier, Germ, niere. He adds that in Suffolk and Northumberland the form ear is met with, which is also given in the pi. ears, by Jam. ' " Neare of a beest, roignon." Palsgr. " ren, a nere," Nominale MS.' Halliwell. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 35 J Near, adj. Parsimonious, stingy or close, in respect of money. Comp. Dan. tuerig, covetous, stingy ; ' properly,' says Molb., ' greedily eager in seeking one's food of a fowl, e. g. ; saa ruerig som en mollerbone : as greedy as a miller's chicken ; but generally used to express a selfish eagerness for gain, or covetous ways in petty matters.' Sw. ndrig, id. Comp. also O. N. bnoggr, parcus, and A. S. bneaw, sparing, niggardly, covetous. Near -hand, adv. i. Near by, close at hand. 2. Almost, ail-but, nearly. ' He (Christ) may say, " lo ! here, yhe may se stande Jerusalem, bat es nere bande, Whare I had for yhow many buffet, And with sharp skourges sare was bette." ' Pr. of Consc. 1. 5201. ' Near-band yon roan cow." 2. ' All his hair nereband white was.' Cott. MSS. Galba, E. ix. fol. 33, quoted in Gl. Ib. ' Madam, it is ner-band passyd prime, And me behoves al for to dyne, Bothe wyn and ale to drynke.' Romance of Atbelston, quoted by Halliwell. ' " Don't you want your dinner ? " " Wheea my wame says it 's near-band dinner time." ' Cf. "5or benden, there-hand, close there : ' Men seiS 'Se treen Sat Sor benden (by Be dede se) ben Waxen in time, and brimen, and "Sen, Oc quane here apples ripe ben, fier-isles man mai Sor-inne sen.' Gen. and Ex. p. 33. See also Percy's Folio MS. i. pp. 359, 362, illustrative of both our senses. Nearlings, adv. Nearly, almost. Comp. Mostlings, Hardlings, &c., and half lunge, Ancr. Rhole, p. 354. Neat, sb. An animal or individual of the ox-kind. In the pi. Nowt. Pr. Pm. ' Neet, beest Bos. Styrk, neet (or heefer).' Neavil, nevel, v. a. To pummel, or beat with the fist. See Neaf or Neif. Comp. also Dan. D. htevle, to overpower, master, ' lick ;' although this result is not supposed to be arrived at without a struggle : ban kn&vlede bam dog : he neavilled him though, as, i ncevekamp, in a boxing-match. Neavilling, nevilling, sb. A pummelling, or beating inflicted with the fist. Neb, sb. i. The beak of a bird. Thence 2. The human nose. O. N. nebbi, rostrum avium ; O. Sw. ncebb, naf; Sw. ndbb ; Dan. nab ; A. S. neb, nebb, also ntebb, a face ; PI. D. nibbe, ntf, niiff. ' In the different dialects this word denotes what is prominent :' Bosw. ; hence from beak to nose, and from nose to face, countenance, head generally ; nebb vrift nebb : face to face, literally, nose to nose ; more literally still, bill to 352 GLOSSARY OF THE bill. Comp. the following, from Molb. Dan. Dial. Lex., with our Clevel. instance given below : De store lenaber, de stikke altid ncebbene (eller, bovederne) sammen : those great folks, they always stick their nebs or, ' lay their heads ' together. ' " Do not poke your neb into other folks' porridge ;" do not pry into other people's affairs.' Wb. Gl. ' Face is a Latinism, and the Saxon English neb, nebschaft were used in the most serious way: Se brihte sihte of Godes nebscheft. Ancr. Riwle, fol. 22, b. 24. The bright sight of God's nebsbip.' S. Marb. Gloss, p. 106. ' Ostende mihi faciem tuam. Scheau to me \A leoue neb.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 98. Nebbing, sb. The peak of a boy's or man's cap. See Neb. Comp. O. N. ' nefbiorg, the part of the helmet which protected the nose.' Ihre. Neck-about, sb. A neckerchief. Any linen or garment about a woman's neck. Sheffield.' Halliwell. Neckinger, sb. (pr. neckinjer). A neckerchief. Comp. Muckinger. Hall, gives the form ' necking. East.' Neea. Pr. of Nay. ' " Ah 's a bad sayer o' neea, when like 's i' t' rooad ;" I find it difficult to refuse, when inclination is in the way.' Wb. Gl. Neea-matters. Not very much, in no great quantity. ' " Has he getten a vast fra t' au'd lady ?" " Neea, neea-matters : nat mich, iv owght." ' ' Neea-matters wiselike, Ah shed seea ;' not very judicious, I should say. Needcessity, sb. Necessity, a state or condition of need. Needful, adj. Needy, necessitous ; of persons and things. ' T' puir au'd man's varry needfu' ; he's oftens matched te addle a bite o' bread.' ' A varry needful case, indeed : him sick, an' 's wife seek'ning wiv her neent' bairn.' ' Ah felt needful, an' Ah gaed t' get a bite o' breead.' This word preserves the original sense, as in common usage E. needful deviates from it. Comp. the adjectives formed with the suffix -ful in the passage below, Ancr. Riwle, p. 302 : ' Schrift shall be wreiful, bitter, mid seoruwe, ihol, naked, ofte imaked, bibfnl, edmod, scbeomeful, dredful ~j hopeful ; the meaning of all being well illustrated by that of dredfull, namely full of dread, in a state of dread, in the line ' When I sail qwake and dredfull be.' Rel. Pieces, p. 77. Cf. also careful, mygbtful, dreful, &c., all as applied to persons, in Layamon, P. Plougbm., Townel. Myst., Gen. and Ex., &c. Ne'er-do-well, sb. A person of confirmed bad habits. Neest, adj. and adv. Next. Comp. Owsen, Assel-tree, Stowsley, for ' oxen,' ' axletree,' ' Stokesley,' &c. : unless, indeed, it be preferred to refer it directly to A. S. nehst, nybst. Vfhztneest?' Wb. Gl. ' Ne gisce ftu nogt Sin nestes iSing ;' and covet not thy neighbour's goods. Gen. and Ex. p. 100. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 353 Neeze, v. n. To sneeze. O. N. bnjosa (pres. bnys); Dan. nyse ; O. Sw. nysa, njusa; Sw. nysa; A. S. niesan; O. G. niusan, niusen, niosen; Germ, niesen; Dut. niezen. Neezing-bout, sb. A continued or violent fit of sneezing. Nesh, adj. Tender, soft, delicate, weak. A. S. bnesc, bnysc, nesc, tender, soft ; bneseian, anescian, to soften, make effeminate. Properly moist. Goth, natjan, Germ, benetzen, to wet; Germ, nass, Dut. not, wet; Fin. neste, moisture; nuoska, Esthon. niisk, wet; Lat. notus, the (moist) South wind.' Wedgw. Ness, sb. A cape, or projecting headland ; of the coast. O. N. ties, O. Sw. nces, promontorium, vel angusta terra in mare procurrens; Sw. nds, Dan. noes, A. S. nasse, PI. D. nose, N. S. nese. Comp. Essex naze. Nether, v. n. To be chilled, or starved with cold. O. N. nbtra, tremere, frigurire ; to shiver with cold. It is remarkable that O. N. nbtr means nettle, as well as trembling or shivering, which Wedgw. connects with ' the sense of tingling with pain ' that results from being nettled, or stung with nettles. Nettle, v. a. To sting with nettles. Chiefly used in the passive. Pr. Pm. ' Netlyn (with netlys). Urtico, vel urticis were. Netlyng. Urticacio.' ' Puir lahtle chap 1 He 's getten hissel' nettled o' baith legs.' Neuk, sb. A corner, nook, angular part of field, room, box, bag, &c. Dan. D. nogg, an angle or corner made by the winding of a river or Beck : a sense exactly coincident with ours in one application of the word. Wedgw. quotes ' Fin. nokka, the beak of a bird, ncse, point ; maor* nokka, lingula terrae, a nook of land. Esth. nukka, a tip, corner, nook ;' adding, ' the radical meaning is a projection either outwards or inwards, and it is essentially the same with nock, notch.' ' " You mun get it at t' neuk shop ;" you must buy it at the corner shop." Wb. Gl. ' " Put it i' t' poke-new* ;" put it into the bottom or corner of the bag.' Ib. ' " Where 's your father ?" " Agin t' beck. Ye '11 finnd him i' Mr. W.'s neuk;" ' a mea- dow of angular shape, and almost shut in by the windings of the Beck. Neukin', sb. The deep recess or corner on either side of the expansive fireplace in old-fashioned houses; of the 'fireplace,' not the ' grate,' for the fire was always on the Hearth-stane, and fed with the country fuel, Peat and Turf. Nibble, sb. A nipple ; of a woman's breast, or of a gun. ' A diminutive of neb or nib,' Wedgw. says of nipple. Our word presents the original form of the diminutive. ' Neble of a woman's pap, bout de la mamelle.' Palsgr. Z Z 354 GLOSSARY OF THE Nibbs, sb. The wooden handles affixed to the shaft, and by means of which the scythe is wielded. Sw. D. lenappar, the wooden handle on a scythe-shaft, which is grasped with the right hand, knap, a clothes-peg, or anything of the same sort, knappe, a peg, to fasten a door, or what not, with ; O. Sw. knaper, knapper, knoper, Sw. knapp, O. N. knappr, &c., a knob, button, Knop, &c. Nicker, v. n. To neigh, to whinny. O. N. gnaka, gneggja, Sw. gndgga, A. S. bnegan, bnagan, PI. D. nicken, neitern, Dut. grinniken, neijen. O. N. gndka seems to be a derivative from gneggja, and implies a shriller or more stridulous sound than it. Observe, also, the hard i-sound in the Dut. word. Dan. D. gnegge, or gntegge, to whinny, as when the horse wants food or recognises some one coming into the stable. In some instances the word is used of the shrill, excited neighing of a stallion. NifTer, v. n. To haggle, to bargain in a tenacious or hard spirit Wb. Gl. gives this word as precisely synonymous with niggle; and Wedgw. explains niggle by ' to trifle, nibble, eat, or do anything mincingly,' connecting it with Swiss niggeli, operam suam in re parv manuaria collocare, naggle, to gnaw. Sw. nagga, to gnaw or nibble ; N. gnaga, to gnaw, toil assiduously with little effect ; gnika, to rub, work in a slow or petty way. This would lead one to connect our word with Waffle. Nifle, Nlff- naff, &c. But the local usage and sense of the word seems scarcely consistent with the idea of such connection. It really harmonises more nearly with the sense of O. N. nirfill, homo parcus minutias quaerens ; nirfla, minutim opes corradere ; which, on the supposition that niffer is simply a phonographic form, may suggest the origin of that word. Niff-naff, sb. A trifling thing or matter, a trifle. Niffy-naflfy, adj. Trifling, undecided, hesitating in action. ' " A niffy-naffy sort of a body ;" a person possessed of the opposite to business habits.' Wb. Gl. Nifle, v. a. To trifle time away, or spend it in doing trifling things. In Leeds Gl. the word signifies to pilfer, and by an easy transition. Brock., however, gives the word niffle with that sense. See IsTaffle. ' You run about, nifling away all your time.' Wb. Gl. Nifle, sb. A trifle, a thing of no worth or importance. Niggle, v. a. and n. i. To deal out grudgingly, or in minute por- tions ; to concede reluctantly, either in bargaining or paying. 2. To be tenacious over trifles ; to spend time triflingly ; to trifle or mince. See the quotation from Wedgw. under Niffer. One might reasonably say the idea seemed to be of giving out such portions as might be gnawed off. Comp. naggle, Halliwell. Nigh, adv. Nearly, almost. ' Nigh a hundred." Cf. ' He was so full of sorowe that neer he wente oute of his witte, and lepte to horse with alle the peple that he hadde, and were nygb XV ML wele armed.' Merlin, p. 278. As a vb. in ' There myght noe man nigbe him nere.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 367. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 355 Night-creaker, sb. A watchman's rattle. Nilder-nalder. A term implying hesitation or indecision. Wb. Gl. gives sinter-saunter as usually associated with it ; ' Nilder-naldering and Sinter- sauntering' being equivalent to ' idling and trifling," spending time or walking in a slow, hesitating, undecided way ; and sometimes applied to the hesitating, uncertain steps of an infirm or aged person. Nim. v. a. and n. i. To catch up quickly. Thence, 2. To take or catch up on the sly, to steal. 3. To walk with quick or mincing steps. O. N. nema, Dan. n&mme or nemme, to take, seize, grasp ; M. G. niman, ganiman, A. S. niman, geniman, Fris. nima, Germ, nebmen, to take, lay hold. Pr. Pm. ' Nymyn, or takyn. Accipio.' 2. ' " Nimmed up ;" taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched.' Wb. Gl. 3. ' " The old lady goes nimming along ;" moves with agility." Ib. Nim, adj. Nimble, agile, active. Ninnycock, sb. A young lobster. Mr. Wedgwood, under Ninny, gives Sp. nino, an infant, a childish person ; ninear, to behave in a childish way. In Paris and in most parts of France prawns are called salicoques. It is not unlikely that the suffix in our word is cognate with Fr. coque, and perhaps coque is related to nox; *<>7X'7> Lat. concha, A. S. cocca, &c. ; while the element ninny bears a meaning analogous to that of the Spanish etymons ; so that the entire word would signify young or baby-shellfish or lobster. Nip off, v. n. To run away, or otherwise remove oneself hastily. Cf. ' If the flok be skard, yit shalle I nyp nere." Townel. Myst. p. 105. ' pa hit wes uppen non : When it was afternoon f"a sunne gon to nipen,' Then sun gan to set. Lay. iii. 276. Nip-raisin, nip-screed, nip-skin, sb. A niggard; one who gives- stingily or grudgingly even that which is due : applied to shopkeepers apt to give the least possible measure, &c., but also to stingy folks in general. Comp. ' nip-cheese/ ' nip-farthing,' ' nip-squeeze/ &c., of other districts. Nip-raisin is illustrated in Wb. Gl. by ' one who will cut a raisin in two ;' Nip-screed by one who cuts beyond the edge of his own cloth.' Nip up, v. a. To snatch (a thing) up quickly or hastily ; often with the implied sense of dishonest purpose. He nipp'd 't oop, 'tahm Ah wur niwer heedinV Nither, v. n. See Nether. Nidder is another form of the verb. Niwer. Pr. of Never ; as in the expression Niwer heed ! equiva- lent to the ' Never mind' of the South. Nobbins, sb. Fleshy portions of dried salt fish, small enough to be sold by measure. Wh. Gl. Comp. ' uobbly, round, as pebbles, &c. Var. dial. Nobble, a lump of anything. East. Z Z 2 356 GLOSSARY OF THE Nubblings, small coal. Wore.' Halliwell. Nubbly in Essex is nearly coincident with Halliwell's nobbly. All are connected with nob, the head ; and it with knob, any round termination or projection ; of which again Knop is another form. Nobble, v. a. i. To pelt or throw stones at. Thence, 2. To strike, or strike down with any missile, so as to get that which is struck down or shot, say and bag it. Leeds Gl. gives ' Nobble, to throw stones at,' with the example, ' " Ther wur a poor askard (eft, newt) aside o' t' pond, an' thou nobbled it to deeath. Shaam o' yersens !" " Wah, we wur nobbling it 'cos we wur fifiayed it ad spit ar us." ' Cf. nobbly, as applied to peb- bles or round stones ; that is, to what is rounded in form, or knob-like, and so adapted to be thrown as stones are thrown ; and comp. Cobble, vb. 2. ' " Ha' ye getten onny thing ? " (from one shooter to another on the other side of a thick hedge.) " Ay. Ah 've nobbled yan." ' Nobbut, conj. Nothing but, only, simply. ' & if hit cheue J>e chaunce vncheryst ho (she ; a pearl) worj>e, pat ho blyndes of ble in bour J>er ho lygges, No-bot wasch hir wyth wourchyp in wyn as ho askes, Ho by kynde schal becom clerer J>en are.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1125. See Cr. Gl. for two quotations from Wiclif's Bible. The form is of frequent use in old, and especially in Northumbr. English. " Wheea 's within?" " Nobbut me and moother." ' ' He '11 come, nobbut he can ;' he '11 be sure to come if only he has the opportunity. Cf. ' No news but good :' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 49 ; ' Did but smoked :' Townel. Myst. p. 15 ; ' Not but,' Ib. pp. 231, 292 ; ' Neuer but well :' Merlin, p. 369 ; and ' Blessid be alwey the lewde man, That nought but only his belefe can.' Miller's Tale, p. 27. Nodder, v. n. To tremble or shake, in head or hands, whether from age, palsy, or cold. A derivative from nod, as noddle also is. Wedgw. refers nod to Bav. notteln, to move to and fro, which is very nearly coincident with our noddle ; O. H. G. bnutten, vibrare ; O. N. bnioda, to hammer. Noddle, v. n. See Nodder ; coincident in meaning. Noggin, sb. i. A quarter-pint in quantity, or the measure contain- ing it. 2. A small mug or jug. The latter is doubtless the original meaning of the word. ' Noggin, a mug ; Gael. cnagaire, a knocker, a gill, noggin, quart-measure ; cnagare, a little knob, an earthen pip- kin.' Wedgw.; who also institutes a comparison between jug a.ndjog,jub and job, as analo- gous to the apparent relationship between the above Gaelic words and Gael, cnag, knock, rap, thump ; a knob, peg or pin. i. Nointed, p. p. Appointed, destined, fated or given up to ; an ill end or ill courses, for instance. A curious inversion, not to say perversion, of the original application, or implied sense, of the word. As the anointed person was set apart for, or destined to, certain offices or dis- CLEVELAND DIALECT. 357 tinctions, so of the nointed person, for evil courses and an evil end. Cf. noint, in the sense to beat severely, which is curious and with a kind of rude wit about it ; and in Essex it suffers one more decapitation, namely, ' I '11 Int your bones,' or ' your skin for you.' ' " A nointed youth ;" a youth apparently destined to, or determined upon, evil courses.' Wb. Gl. Non, adv. Presently, immediately. See Anon. No-nation, used as an adj. Strange, remote, out-of-the-way ; scarcely known, geographically ; and, hence, uncivilised and rough. ' " A no-nation spot ;" an odd or out-of-the-way part of a neighbourhood ; a sort of law- less locality." ' Wb. Gl. None, used adverbially (pr. none, noan or neean). Not at all. See None-she. ' He 's none failed ;' of a man mistakenly supposed to be giving way to the effects of age and infirmity. Cf. ' none innocent,' from Chaucer ; and ' in the world was none so fayre thing.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 354. None-she (pr. neean-sheea). Not she ; used in denial of any charge or action imputed to a female. This is noted as probably intimating a former prevalence in the district of the form sboo (Northumb. scbo) for sbe. The Pr. given is that of nane-sbo, as Steean from stone, Heeam from borne, &c. Nooatish. Pr. of Notice. Wh. Gl. gives ' Nooatage' as represent- ing the sound. Noos-and-thans. Nows and thens, chance times, odds and ends of time. At noos and thans, occasionally, as opportunity offers. ' " How have you found time to do this ?" " Wheea, she 's dune it at noos an' tbans, at neeght-tahms an' holidays ;" ' of a little school girl who had knitted a heavy hearth-rug. Nor, conj. Than. ' Better nor him onny deea i' t' week.' Jam. thinks this use of the word nor is not very ancient. Na, he adds, ' is used in the same sense by our earliest writers,' and he refers it to Welsh, Gael, and Ir. na, than. It is as likely a transposition of an. Noration, sb. A row or uproar, such as is made by children on being released from school. Hall, explains this word by ' rumour, speech. Var. dial.' It may be nothing more than ' oration. Comp. Notomize. 35 8 GLOSSARY OF THE Notified, adj. (pr. nooatified). Well or publicly known, of some celebrity. ' " He wur a nooatified man in 's deca ;" renowned in his lifetime.' Wb. Gl. Notomize, sb. A skeleton. A quaint corruption of anatomy, atomy, in the same sense. See ' Anatomy,' Halliwell. Atomy,' Wb. Gl. ' As thin as a notomize.' Wb. Gl. Not to fail. Without fail. ' Saturda' fo'st, not to fail' Nought, sb. (pr. nowght). i. Nothing: a word in perpetual and various use. 2. A worthless person. 3. A person of no importance or consideration, a cypher. 1. ' " Nowgbt o' t* soort;" nothing of the kind; or, equivalent to "it is not so."' Wb. Gl. ' " Nowgbt sae sure ;" there is nothing so certain.' Ib. 2. ' " He 's a nowgbt, you may depend on it ;" a good-for-nothing fellow.' Ib. 3. " They always set him down for a nowgbt" reckoned him as a cypher.' Ib. Nought but weel. Altogether good or well ; usually in connection with the vb. ' hear.' Ah nivver heared nowgbt but weel ov 'im.' Cf. ' Bot J>e daynte^ J>at J>ay delen for my disert nysen, Hit is J?e worchyp of your-self, t>at no^t hot wel connej.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1266. ' No tbyng but goode :' Townel. Myst. p. 69 ; Coke's Tale, p. 48. ' Why, sir, alys you ogbt hot goode ?' Ib. p. 1 1 2. ' I here you say notbynge but well of this that ye desire to vndirtake.' Merl. p. 253. Noughtpenny, adj. Bringing or earning no remuneration. ' " A nougbtpenny job ;" work for which there is no pay.' Wb. Gl. Nought 't dow. Used substantively. One who does not succeed or thrive in what he undertakes ; a Ne'er-do-weel as to success. This is simply nougbt at dow, the at equivalent to to, and the dow gerundial. See At, Dow. Hall, writes it nougbt-a-dow. Nowt, sb. Cattle, used collectively of animals of the ox kind. See Neat. O. N. naut, Dan. ned, Sw. not. It would almost seem that we keep both the Scand. and the A. S. forms of the word, as If eat, in Chaucer nete, A. S. neat, is still in use as an appellative for, generally speaking, an individual of its class. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 359 Nowther, conj. Pr. of Neither. See Owther. I have heard the same story told by an old farmer here as is current in other parts of the kingdom about the mode of pronunciation of this word. ' " Is it neetber or nltber, Mr. So and So ?" " Weel, Ah sh'd seea, 't wur nowther." ' Nuddle, v. a. To huddle up, squeeze together or compress, as a bundle that is carried under the arm. Mr. Wedgw. connects ' familiar E. nuzzle, middle, to creep closely or snugly, as an infant to the bosom of its mother,' with N. snuska, snusla, to search for something to eat ; O. N. snugga, smidda, to snuff, search out. N. nuslta, synonymous with snuska, just quoted, bears the same relation to it and to snugga or snudda that middle does to familiar E. snuggle ; and snuggle, says Wedgw., ' is to nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing itself to its mother's bosom.' Preserve this sense, and make the verb active, and our middle results. Numb, adj. Without life or animating spirit, insensible, dull, heavy, blind, awkward, bungling. ' Nobbut a numb hand ;' of a person slow and awkward at his work, shewing neither intelligence, handiness nor energy. ' Numb luck ;' luck coming by blind chance ; as in finding an object of search by the merest chance after lengthened and most diligent seeking all to no purpose. Nursery, sb. A plantation of trees; applied when the trees have attained large size as well as whilst they are young. Oaflng, adj. Stupid, silly, foolish. See Hauving. Oafish, adj. Half-witted, foolish, silly. See Awvish. Oaf-rocked, adj. Weak of intellect from infancy; ill-trained or spoiled in bringing up. Comp. Half-rocked. There may be a tacit reference here to the changeling notions or superstitions as to which Wedgw., under Oaf, writes thus : ' When an infant was found to be an idiot it was supposed to be an imp left by the Fairies, in the room of the proper child carried away to their own country : whence an idiot is sometimes called a changeling, a term explained by Bailey, a child changed, also a fool, a silly fellow or wench. These when a child haps to be got Which after proves an idiot, When folks perceive it thriveth not, The fault therein to smother, Some silly doating brainless calf Say that the fairy left this aulf And took away the other. Drayton, Nymphidia in R.' It is more than possible that oaf or awf-rocked is the real orthography of half- rocked. 360 GLOSS A Ry OF THE Ob-ee, ob-ee. The call or summons for the geese which, having spent the day a-field are wanted at home in the evening to be fed and housed for the night. At the first sound of the call they put themselves into instant motion, with abundant cackling, and if they have some distance over which to return they are as likely to be seen taking wing as not. The o is sounded as in ' hold," and both syllables are accented, the first most. The cry is high- pitched, in a boy's or woman's voice, and is not unmusical. For the corresponding call or summons to the pigs see Jack. The summons to the work-people, ploughmen, wceders, reapers, &c., employed in the fields at some distance from the farmstead, is a high-pitched long-drawn shout or cry, usually given by the mistress or her servant-lass as the hour of I a, 1 Dales-time' that is, half an hour or more before the day draws on. Oddments, sb. Odds and ends, heterogeneous matters, such as remnants and scraps, things that match or pair with nothing else, and the like. ' Ah was laiting up a few oddments (payments of small debts, or bills due) an' Ah said, Ah '11 hug t' priest his bill on an' a'.' Od rabbit 'em, od rabbit lit on 'em, od rat 'em, ods 'art, ods 'ounds. Various forms of a profane use of the Maker's name, sought to be disguised by the omission of the initial consonant. Of, prep. (pr. off). In the same sense as ' by' in ' a son by his wife ;' or 'out of in horse- or cattle-breeders' phraseology. ' He *s getten anither foal off? aud meear.' Cf. ' And had of me a wicked ffoode.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 456. Note also, ' Etten has honey takyn of a hyfe.' Townel. Myst. p. 286. Off, orf, sb. A descendant, one of the progeny, or, of the family. A. S. orf, yrf. This word, applied by O. E. writers, as well as in A. S., to cattle the especial portion of a man's substance or property might thence pass on in application to the human belongings of the owner, and so originate our word : ' First and foremost came the father's right of property in his children. This right is common to the infancy of all communities, and exists before all law. We seek it in vain in codes which belong to a later period, but it has left traces of itself in all codes, and, abrogated in theory, still often exists in practice. We find it in the Roman law, and we find it among the Northmen.' Dasent's Burnt Njal, Introd. p. xxiv. See Ihre in v. Urf, for orf; taki ibet barn arf ok urf: let such child take arf and urf, or hereditaments and goods and chattels. Cf. chattels, cattle, Orf: ' Ilk kinnes erf, and wrim, and der Was mad of eriSe on werlde her.' Gen. and Ex. p. 6. OfFaldmont, offalment, sb. i. A thing, or things, of no value; refuse matters, 2. A worthless person, one who is simply good-for- nothing. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 361 Offaldy, offally, adj. Refuse-like, worthless, vile; of both persons and things. ' Offal. Prov. G. affall, abgefall, refuse or dross, what falls from ; Dan. affald, fall, falling away, offal, the fall of the leaf, windfalls in an orchard, broken sticks in a wood, &c.' Wedgw. Pr. Pm. ' Offal, that is bleuit of a thynge, as chyppys, or oj>er lyke.' Offally, adv. Ill, badly : in composition, as ' offally-made,' ill-made, or badly shaped ; ' offally-looking,' looking like the scum or refuse, of people or things ; &c. Off-and-on. i. Used adjectively; uncertain of purpose, vacillating. 2. Used adverbially; intermittingly, at various times. I. ' Wheea, he 's nobbut an off-an'-on soort o' chap, tak" him at t' best.' Off one's head. Out of one's wits, wild, delirious. It is applied metaphorically as well as literally. Thus, of an old man in his death-sickness, away from his home, I was told he was ' Fairlings off bis beead t' git yamm agen.' Off on 't. Poorly, out of sorts, out of health. ' My husband's desper't off on' t, Sir. He wad gan tiv 'is wark, bud he wur seean forced t' lap oop and coom awa' yamm agin.' Oftens, adv. (pr. oflfens or off'ns). Often, oftentimes. Ofter, adv. More frequently, oftener. Olden, v. n. To take on or acquire the look of age. ' He oldens fast.' Wb. Gl. Ommost, adv. At all, or altogether. I scarcely think this is the same word as almost; rather on most. Gamekeeper. ' Ha* you onny partridges ommost, this year ? ' Farmer. ' Amaist nane.' In the question the accent was on the first syllable ; in the answer, on the last. ' Omast. Cumb. Several of the glossaries have ommost.' Halliwell. On, adv. i . Present, here, on this spot : joined with some part of the vb. to be. 2. Onwards, forward. i. ' Ah aims he'll be on afore neeght' ' He wur on a week sen, an" at me aboot 't.' 3. ' Tahm 's gettan' on noo ;' it is growing late, or the time fixed is all but passed. On, prep. Of; used before words beginning with a vowel. ' Yon 's yan on 'em.' 3 A 362 GLOSSARY OF THE Onny-bit-like. (Pr. of ' any-bit-like.') Tolerable, pretty well ; in health, namely : tolerably fair ; of the weather : civil ; as to manner or treatment: &c. " She shall come if she be onny-bit-like ;" if there be any fitness or appearance of ability to undertake the journey.' Wb. Gl. Onstead, sb. (pr. oansted). A single farm-house ; the buildings, &c., of any one farm. ' Onset. A dwelling-house and outbuildings. North. A single farm-house is called an onstead.' Halliwell. ' A. S. on, and sted.' Jam. On with, To be. To be engaged upon, or with, a thing or person. ' They 's on wi' shearing, by noo/ ' Folk says at Mally 's rued, an' he 's on wi' t' ither lass ;' Mary has changed her mind (in love matters) and her man is courting the other girl. Oppen. Pr. of open. Orf, sb. Scurf on an animal's skin, as on a horse after the appli- cation of a blister ; scurf, generally. This is, without doubt, a parallel form to orn, which we find in Ancr. Riwle, pp. 294, 186 :' blod orn adun on euerich halue ;' and in Lay. i. 213, as well as repeatedly elsewhere. What A. S. yrnan, tirnan are to rennan, and Semi-Sax, orn to E. ran that is, ' the same word, only differing by the transposition of the r' (Bosw.) that is orfto A. S. breof, a scab, scurfiness ; O. N. hrufa, scab, scaliness. Comp. also Scottish reif, eruption, the itch, Swiss rufe, riefe, Germ, ruf, rufe, N. S. roof, &c. ' Yon sheep fleece is full of orf as can be : it 's had a desper't shrift i' t' winter.' ' That bairn heead's as full o' orf as ivver it can ho'd.' Orling, sb. i. An ill-grown, or stunted and sickly child. 2. An ill- thriven young animal. See Underling. Hall, has ' orling, an ill-grown child. Urled, starved with cold, stunted. Urling, a dwarf.' Carr gives ' Url, to be pinched with cold : nrled, spoken of those who do not grow. Ray : tirling, a dwarf. Idem.' Leeds Gl. varies the form : ' Urpled, starved ; urp- ling, starvling : " a little vrpling beggar." ' Whence the variation it is hard to surmise. I connect the word with Dan. D. orrevrogel, a misshapen, stunted person, a child of that description ; in Germ, knirps, wecbselbalg, a dwarf, a starveling. Outzen, on whose authority Molb. seems to give the word, adds in another place that the term is also applied to animals. It consists of two elements, the latter of which corresponds not to say, is coincident with our Wreckling, Dan. D. vraag, S. Jutl. vrassel (Molb. also quotes a Germ, form, wraK) ; the former might furnish the origin of our word, seeming itself to be dependent on the privative particle or. Comp. oreie (Molb. Dansk Gloss.) or oreghe, to return oneself a pauper ; orvid, deprived of sense, insane or idiot. The Cr. sense, starved or pinched with cold, is an easy derivative, formed on the same principle as in many other like in starved itself, for instance. But see Urling. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 363 Oskin, sb. An oxgang ; a quantity of land varying in different places, as might be expected, since the quantity of produce per acre, say varies widely in varying districts, and a measured space of land which would barely keep one ox in this place might well keep two in another. Othergates, adv. Otherwise, in another way, by other means, by another road. ' Othergets/ ' Othergaits,' in Brockett. ' For he has ever yit beyn my fo, For had he my freynd beyn, Othergates it had beyn seyn.' Townel. Myst. p. IO. Otherkins, adj. Of another kind or different sort. Comp. All- kins, Nae-kins, &c. ' " He has gone an otberkins geeat ;" a different road to the one alleged or supposed.' Wb.Gl. Othersome, adj. Of another sort, others, various. ' " An otbersome lot ;" a different or separate set.' Wb. Gl. ' " At otbersome times ;" at various times.' Ib. Ought, sb. (pr. owght). i. Anything, anything at all. 2. Anything whatever, implying almost everything. 3. Used adverbially in the sense of at all/ I . ' " Owgbt or nowght ;" something or nothing.' Wb. Gl. ' " He 's owther owgbt or nowght ;" either with an occupation or profession, or not, as it suits.' Ib. l. ' " He 's up tiv owgbt;" ready for any ' spree,' extravagance, venture, &c. ' Mair by owgbt ;' more by any conceivable quantity. ' Now, and bi ogbl that I can witt He semys fulle welle theron to sytt.' Townel. Myst. p. 4. 3. ' If my knife prove ought sharp.' Egton Sw. Dance Recif. ' Petrus. Dere master, is it ogbt I?' Townel. Myst. p. 180. ' I wote welle if ye knew me ogbt.' Ib. p. 66. 4 Heo nan land b&fde \>e bim abt to gebyrade :' she no land had that to him ougbt belonged. Thorpe's Diplom. p. 337. Ouse, owse, v. a. To take out water, or other liquid, from a con- taining vessel, or a pool or stream, with some suitable instrument, such as a ladle, dipping-dish, bowl, or the like. See Howse. O. N. ausa, to dip or ladle out water ; O. Sw. and Sw. osa, bosa, Dan. ese, N. Sax. osen. The Scand. words were applied to the act of washing or ' baptising' an infant as practised by our heathen forefathers. Thus, as one instance out of many : ' Sa sueinn uar nefnndr Olafr er bann uar vattnne ausinn. Hrani ios bann uattne : the lad was named Olaf when he was oused with water. Hrani otised him.' In this connection, the following trans- lation, as illustrative of certain baptism folklore-notions which still maintain their existence among ourselves one, for instance, that if a male and female infant are to be baptised together, the boy must not be baptised first, lest the girl get the man's beard and the boy the female voice may not be out of place : ' When a child is newly born, it must without 3 A2 364 GLOSSARF OF THE delay be washed in water. That is called, in Warend, den forsta logen, the primary wash- ing ; and answers to the old heathen washing with water (vatten-osningen), which only took a new form in Christian baptism.' This ' primary washing' has special efficacy against all kinds of ' witching,' and very curious particulars are given of its virtue in special cases, each requiring a special means for communicating such virtue ; generally summed up thus : ' Whatsoever the mother, while pregnant, has seen, or been concerned with, that might occasion harm to the child, something or other connected with it must be put in the water. On the same principle, other things must be put in which have efficacy as touching the child's luck in life. Hence the mother's wedding ring must be put in ; white money, or silver articles inherited from ancestry ; this will help towards the child's becoming rich. If a fresh-laid egg is put in, the child will have a fair complexion ; a red rag, on the other hand, makes its rosy ; if chips from a chopping-block, then the child will never come to the block ; and so on.' War. ocb Wird. p. 403. Out, outing, sb. An excursion from home, a pleasure trip. ' I hope you have had a pleasant out.' A bit of an outing.' Wb. Gl. Out, adv. Fully, quite. Comp. All out, Outly. ' " How old is she ?" " Not three years out." ' ' Four years out next grass." Cf. ' So jong & so jepe, as 30 ar at Hs tyme, So cortayse, so kny3tyly, as je are knowen ante.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1510. Out-by, adv. Not far away, a little way off. ' " Is your master at home ?" " Neea. But Ah '11 call of him : he 's on'y just out-by." ' Out-end, sb. i. A projecting part or end of a building. 2. The outlet or means of egress from any place. Out-gang, sb. A road or passage out of or from a place ; an outlet. Out-ganger, sb. One who goes out of a place or country; an emigrant. Out-gate, sb. A way out, a means of egress, Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Owte gate. Exitus.' Out in. Equivalent to ' out of ' : in constant use. 1 1 shall be able to get a coat and a waistcoat out in that piece of cloth/ ' She war luiking out in t' window.' ' There's no getting nowght out in him.' Outly, adv. Thoroughly, completely. Out o' fettle, i. Out of repair, unfit for use. 2. Out of health, unwell, poorly. Out o' t' road. Out of the way : i. In the sense of inconvenient to get at, or remote. 2. Removed from an inconvenient or inappropriate place. 1 . ' An oof o' t' rooad, deeafly spot.' 2. ' Ah aims we '11 get dune by neeght, an' a' t' muckment an' owght oot o' f rooad an' a'.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 365 Out- thrust, sb. i. A thrust forth or out, from a house, door, or the like. 2. A projecting part of a building. Out-thrusten, adj. (pr. out-thrussen). i. Thrust out or forth, turned out. 2. Made to project or stand forward ; of a part of a building, for instance. Ouzel, sb. (pr. ussel). The blackbird (Turdus merula) : often Black- ussel. A. S. osle, an ousel, a blackbird. Comp. Germ, amsel, Dan. drossel, Eng. throstle, A. S. trostle, in all of which the element ousel seems to find place. Overplusti, sb. The corrupt Pr. of ' overplus.' Overquart, overthwart, adj. Perverse, contrary, contradictory or contentious. See Quart, Owerthwart. Cf. \wertouer, S. Marb. p. IO, Ancr. Riwle, p. 82 ; over twbart, Townel. Myst. p. 85. ' peos two treon bitocne'S J?et o treon t>et stod upriht, and tet oSer ek bet code \nuart- otier, of }>e deore rode.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 402. Oversail, sb. The course of masonry of no great thickness, but each stone covering the entire width of the wall of a house or other building which is laid last and receives the wall-plate and rafters which are to support the roof. Jam. gives oursyle, ouersyle, oversile, to cover, to conceal, without suggesting a deriv- ation ; and oversailyie without a definition, but with this extract : ' Robert Lermont, being to rebuild a waste tenement, obtained an act giving him liberty to oversailyie the close, having both sides thereof, and cast a transe over it for communicating with both his houses, &c.' Cr. Gl. gives owersail, sb. projection ; and vb. to overhang, or project beyond the base : erroneously, in both cases, I believe. Mr. Carr adds, ' this may be a corruption of oversell, used by Sylvester in his Translation of Du Bartas, though in a some- what different sense : ' And overseiFd the famous work of Pharie.' ' Ere I my malice cloak or oversile.' Id. Jvditb, by Hudson." Hall, gives ' oversail, to project over ; a term used by bricklayers. North' which is probably copied from Cr. Gl. Pr. Pm. ' Ovyrslay of a doore. Superliminare,' gives the true mean- ing and connection. It is, itself, by metath., simply ovyrsayl. Mr. Way's annotation is, ' The following passage occurs in Gaut. de Bibelesworth, Arund. MS. 2 20 ; " Al entre del bus est la lyme (the therswald, al. threshwald), Et outre la teste la suslyme (the ouerslay)." In Sir Thomas Phillipps's MS., " ouerslauth ;" in Femina MS., Trin. Coll. Camb. B. 14, 40, " le suislyne, |>e ouerchek." "Superliminare, ouerslay," Vocab. Harl. MS. 17, C. xvii, " Superliminare, overlytys." MED. Herman says, " I hytte my heed agenst the soyle, or transumpt (bipertbyron, Superliminare)." ' In soyle we have the sail of our word, which is coincident with sill, in window-s///, door-sill, &c. ; in connection with which I cannot do better than quote from Mr. Wedgw. : ' Sill, the threshold of a door or window. PI. D. sull, Germ, scbwelle, Fr. seuil, It. soglia, a threshold. Sw. sytt, Dan. syld, base of a frame- work, building, ground-sill. N. E. siles, the main timbers of a house ; soil, rafter, window- sill. Hall. W. sail, syl, a groundwork, foundation, base ; seill-dor, door-sill, threshold ; go- sail, an underpinning or ground-silling. Gael, sail, a beam ; sail-bbunn (bonn, sole, 366 GLOSSARY OF THE foundation, base), the sole, lower beam of a partition.' As in go-sail, sail-bbunn, Oversail takes its especial meaning : in point of fact, it is simply a literal translation of superlimi- nare. The meaning of to bide or conceal, as in the quotations above, is simply a secondary meaning and a natural one. The Cr. Gl. mistake is not altogether excusable : the Over- sail really does frequently project, from half-an-inch upwards, beyond the rest of the masonry, but it is especially to the part which does not project that the meaning of Over- sail, strictly speaking, is limited. Overthrow, sb. An upset, or overturning. See To throw over. ' For jif he ne rise be ra^er* and rauhte to be steorne, pe wynt wolde with be water- be Bot ouer-\>rowe.' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 104. Overwelt, sb. A fall, such that the results are that the fallen being or thing lies on its back or upside down. See 'Welter, "Welt, and comp. Sw. v'dlt, a roller, valta, to roll, &c. ' " The sheep has getten an ower-welt;' of a sheep which has got laid upon its back in a gutter or hollow, and cannot get up again.' Wb. Gl. Owe, v. a. To own, to have belonging to. Otherwise awe. Of most frequent occurrence in the forms Wheeas' aw, or, wheea's owght, or aught, this or that? See Awe, Wheeas' a', Wheea's owght. Ower, v. n. i . To last through or endure to the end ; of a given time. 2. To come to the end, in the sense of closing or finishing, to cease or discontinue. 1 . ' He wur desper't bad, for seear. Ah thowght he cou'd nivver ha' owered t' neeght.' 2. ' Weel, it 's ower'd wi' 'm noo, puir au'd chap ;' it has come to an end : he is dead. I scarcely look upon this word as merely a vulgar usage of the prep, over, but rather as another form of Hover, with a continued sense : comp. the examples, ' " Hover your hand ;" stop or hold, as in the act of pouring water,' with ' " It owered a bit ;" it (the rain) ceased a little.' Wb. Gl. The meaning in our first example, taking ower as hover, would depend on making the vb. neuter instead of active, and the word night the case of lime. In the second example, the idea must be of stopping or suspending an action for good. Pr. Pin. gives ' Hovyn on horse, and a-bydyn. Sirocino,' and in the notes occur ' Hovynge afar off,' ' bouynge at Blackheath,' in either of which cases a case of time might be subjoined. In P. Plougbm. the comp. form over-bovyn occurs. Ower. Pr. of Over : the ow as in ' hour.' The word is in perpetual use to express the idea of excessiveness or superfluity ; as, ' he is ower-fond for owght,' too foolish for anything ; ' t' hoos' 's ower-big for us,' the house is too large to suit us : but in all these cases it ought properly to be considered as an inseparable particle, answering to the Dan. for, as in formeget, ower-mickle ; forbaard, excessively hard, ower-hard, &c. ; or rather, perhaps, to A. S. prepositive ofer, as in ofer-mod, over-proud ; or to Germ. ver. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 367 Owerance, sb. i. The upper hand, or authority; over a person. 2. Control; of money or a household. 1. ' " She fairly ha'es t' owerance ower him ;" she completely rules him.' Wb. Gl. 2. She had t' owerance o' t' au'd man's money, an' he knew na' mair an owght what he had i* t' hooss.' Ower-anenst, prep, and adv. Over against, opposite to. Ower-gate, sb. The stone stile of the country, or means of getting over a wall which happens to cross the line of a path or footway. Stones sufficiently long to project eleven or twelve inches beyond either face of the wall which is constructed without lime are built into it, at convenient relative ' distances, and thus form steps or stepping-places for the passengers. Ower-kessen (Pr. of Over-casten). Overcast ; of the sky. Pr. Pm. ' Ovyr caste, or over hyllyd. Pretectus, contectus ;' the idea being of a covering thrown over the sky. Ower-many, adj. (pr. ower-monny). Too strong, not to be resisted. ' " He 's owermony for me ;" in argument.' Wb. Gl. ' Deeath 's owermony for us a'.' Ib. Ower-mickle, adj. and adv. Overmuch, too much. Pr. Pm. ' Ovyr-myJtylle (ouer moche). Nimis, vel nimivs.' Comp. Dan. for-meget, A. S. ofer-jruest. Ower-nice, adj. Fastidious, dainty, shy, backward; not liking to ' make oneself at home.' ' Noo, you munnot be shy an' awer-nice, but mak' a lang airm to what you like best.' Wb. Gl. See another form of homely, hospitable invitation to the good things upon the table under Reach, to. Owerquart, owerthwart, adj. and adv. i. Across, in a direction of angular opposition. 2. Thence perverse, contrary, contentious or given to contradiction. See Overquart. Owerset, owersetten, p. p. i. Overdone, tasked beyond one's strength or ability. 2. Overturned or upset; of a vessel, a cart, a boat, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Ovyr settyn, or ovyr comyn. Sitpero, vinco : Oner settynge. Oppressto.' '"Is she seriously ill?" " Neea, nobbut ower-setten wiv gannan t' Whitby an' yamm a gen same deea." ' ' T' chap 's getten 's cart owerset. Ah '11 lay.' 368 GLOSSARY OF THE Ower t' moor. i. Used adjectively; living at, or situated in, a place which lies beyond or at the other side of the moor-district. 2. Expressive of destination ; of a journey or purpose of journeying. 1. So and so is ' an ower t' moor body.' ' They cam" fra some o' t' ower f moor spots.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' " Where 's t'e boun, Willy ?" " Ah 's gannan* ower t' moor f'r a bit." ' Ower t' way : as in the expression below. ' " Ah gav' him ower f way wi' 't ;" I met him with a rebuke or reproof.' Wb. Gl, Owerwelt. See Overwelt. Owerwhemmle, v. a. To overturn or upset ; to throw topsy-turvy. See Whemmle. Owse, sb. Pr. of Ox. Plural, Owsen. In S. Jutl., says Kok, p. 99, k before s is usually changed into _;', v or s. Thus akse becomes ojs; oksel, ovsel; Stohberred, Stovsherred; &c. Comp. our Stowsley for Stokesley, Bousby for Roxby, &c. Ows'us, sb. (Pr. of ox-house). The Byre or Beast-house. Comp. Dan. D. nets (a long) or nods, ' without doubt from nad, a neat, animals of the ox kind, and contracted from nadbuus ;' N. fjas, from fcebmts ; &c. Owther, conj. Pr. of Either. See Nowther. 1 And whene }>ou heres Haly Wryte ow\>er in sermone or in priue collacyone.' Rel. Pieces, p. 22. ' For owtber I will all gete or all lese.' Merlin, p. 366. Oxgang, sb. See Oskin. Ox-prod, sb. An ox-goad. Oxter, sb. The arm-pit. A. S. oxta, oxn, the arm-pit or arm-hole. No doubt connected with O. N. oxl, the shoulder ; Dan. and Sw. axel, A. S. eaxle, O. G. absal, Germ, acbsel ; acbsel-grube, the arm-pit. Pace-eggs, sb. Eggs boiled hard and stained of divers colours, and possibly also in streaks and patterns. These, on Easter Monday and Tuesday, serve first as playthings for children, and secondly as a viand. They roll or troll them on the ground, in the fields, or elsewhere. At Whitby there is or was a ' children's fair held in the space between CLEVELAND DIALECT. 369 the parish church and the abbey' on Troll-egg-days, or Easter Mon- day and Tuesday. Wh. Gl. O.N. pdskir, paska, Sw. pdsk, Dan. paaske, Du. paescben, Fr. pdque, &c., from Heb. pesacb, in its Greek form irdax a - Our Face-egg is exactly coincident with Dan. paaske- (Eg, Sw. pdsk-agg, an egg commonly eaten on Easter Eve, hard-boiled, coloured with various tints, and which, in the Greek Church, and especially in Russia, is mutually pre- sented and accepted by persons meeting each other. Dalin. It is not easy to ascertain when, or by what steps, the hard k passed over into c soft. In P. Plougbm. p. 338, the form is pasqe, and in Townel. Myst. p. 1 79, it is pasJte. In Merlin, p. 104, however, the forms pascb, passb occur, whence eventually our form Pace. By a further corruption the word has also taken the occasional form Paste-eggs. In some parts of E. Yorkshire the children go to the top of some of the Wold bluff's to troll their eggs down, and each boy resorts, year by year, to the same point, trolling his egg down some shallow or surface-gully which is reserved to him solely by a kind of prescription. Their word for the eggs is ' Soul-eggs.' Pack, adj. Familiar, tame, domesticated. A somewhat obscure word. Jam. (who alone notices it) seems to have misunderstood its application, or, at least, connection, in the extracts below : ' Nae doubt but they were fain o' ither An* unco pack and thick thegether.' Burns; ' Twa tods forgathert on a brae, They war auld comrades, frank an' free, An* pack an' thick as tods could be.' Nicol's Poems, ii. 89 : for he says, ' Its connection with thick would suggest that it properly signifies closeness or contiguity, from Germ, and S. G. packe, sarcina, &c.' The word thick is, however, used simply as a cant word, or as in the phrase ' as thick as thieves.' ' She did not, as she wont before, Hector and scold him out o' dore, But soberly forbore her flyting, An' e'en became the kindest kyting, The fackest thing and the best willed, The gentlest bird that ever billed.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 30. Pack, v. n. To collect together in large flocks or assemblages, as the grouse do in October and later on in the season. Pack, sb. The package of small wares usually carried by the pedlar. Packman, sb. A pedlar, or itinerant vendor of small wares such as may be carried in a pack. Comp. ' Bagman,' a commercial traveller. Pack-rag Day. The day after Martinmas Day, or 23rd November, when Farm-servants leave their places, and consequently have to pack up their clothes and other belongings. Wh. Gl. In other districts it is a different day. In Lincolnshire it is Old May Day, I2th May, and Forby gives the name to Old Michaelmas Day. See Halliwell. Comp. Brockett's ' Pack- ing-penny-day, the last day of the fair ; when all the cheap bargains are to be had. Newc.' 3 B 370 GLOSSARY OF THE Paddle, v. n. To walk or go on foot ; often with a kind of impli- cation of shortness in the steps, like a child's ; or of slowness or some amount of difficulty, as with a poorly or infirm person. See Patter. ' They wad hae setten me wi' t' gallowa' : but Ah said Ah wad mak' out t' paddle an' walk.' Said by an elderly female, who had been taken poorly at a house nearly two miles distant from her home. ' Ah seen t' au'd man paddlin' about t' rooads yestreen.' Paddy-noddy, sb. A long or involved history about nothing; ' a cock-and-bull story ;' Wh. Gl. The Cr. Gl. gives ' perplexity, em- barrassment/ as the signification : but here and in Leeds district the only embarrassment is that of a confused and blundering narrator. I should connect this with palinode, a saying back, or unsaying of what has been said before, a process often leading to confusion and embarrassment, surely, with even the best intentions. The word would thus take class with arsey-varsey, Mithridate, and two or three others in use in Cleveland. ' " A lang paddy-noddy about nowght ;" a long tale about nothing.' Wb. Gl. Pafty, adj. Pert or impertinent, saucy ; of a servant, or ill-trained child. Comp. Dan. D. peus, chatter, impertinence, sauce ; peuse, to speak or talk flippantly, chatteringly. It is possible there may be a relation between these words and pafty. Brock, has paffling, silly, trifling; with which comp. Sw. D. pavla, to talk confusedly or at random. ' She has grown over pafty for her place." Wb. Gl. Pally -ully, sb. i. A game closely resembling 'Hopscotch' or ' Hopscore,' if not identical with it, played in the same way by the help of a small flat piece of earthenware or the like, and an oblong figure with many angular compartments chalked or otherwise marked out on the pavement or a piece of level ground. 2. The piece of earthenware or tile used in the game. Palm, v. n. (pr. paum). To ascend a tree, or pole, without assistance from side branches or unevenness, but simpfy by the use of the hands, arms, legs and feet. The same as ' swarm' in other districts. Palm-cross, sb. A decorative cross, composed of the peeled sticks of the willow, and dressed with the catkins or Palms. Suspended from the ceiling, or some high projection, about Palm-Sunday. Palm-cross Day. Palm Sunday, or the Sunday before Easter. See Palm-cross. Palms, sb. The soft or downy catkins of the willow tribe. Often applied, in the singular, to the willow itself. Dan. D. palmer, the long downy catkins upon certain trees ; especially on the different species of willow in S. Jutl. ; Sw. D. palmer, id. Molb. adds that the willows themselves CLEVELAND DIALECT. 371 are called palm-trees ; and Rietz also gives gdslings as a Sw. D. name for the same catkins, coincident with goslings, a name familiar in Essex and Suffolk. Note also PI. D. palme, catkin of willow, hazel, alder ; Fin. palmu, catkin of willow ; Pr. Pm. ' Palme of wulle, or loke. Palma.' 'The branches of the willow are carried on Easter Sunday' (or, the Sunday before Easter?) ' on account of the name, to represent the Palm-branches of Judea.' Wedgw. See Palm-cross, Palm-cross Day. Palm-tree, sb. A name for the species of willow which furnish the Palms. Palsy-stroke, sb. An attack or fit of paralysis : often expressed by using the unqualified word Stroke. Pan, v. n. i. To fit in or correspond well, to agree or tally. 2. To suit a place, or shew aptitude for an occupation. Halt gives ' Pan, to unite ; to fit ; to agree. North ;' and ' Pandble, likely to agree ;' quoting, under the former, from Douce's MS. Additions to Ray : ' Weal and women cannot pan, But wo and women can.' With us the latter part of the second meaning is most usual, and is coarsely illustrated by ' Thou pans like a hen to piss.' Comp. Dan. D. panje, to work with the hands, to be careful, to be handy ; which may possibly be connected with our word. Jamieson's sug- gestion, giving only the meaning, ' to agree, to correspond,' is, ' perhaps, from A. S. pan, a piece of cloth inserted into another.' Pr. Pm. gives ' pane, or parte of a thynge ;' which of course ought to fit, or fit in with, the rest. ' Forby observes, that in Norfolk a regular division of some sorts of husbandry work, as digging or sowing, is called a pane ; and that curtains formed of narrow stripes of different colours are termed paned. In the indenture for building the church of Fotheringhay, 1435, it is directed that the steeple should be square in the lower part, and, after being carried as high as the body of the church, " hit shall be chaungid, and turned into viij. panes." ' Note to Pane, Pr. Pm. See Halliwell's ' Post-and-pan-House, a house formed of uprights and cross-pieces of timber, which are not plastered over, but generally blackened as many old cottages are in various parts of England ;' and, it might be added, many houses once of great pretensions also. To this mode of building may, it would seem most likely, the phrases in the succeeding part of the above note (at least in part) be referred : ' " A panne of a house, panna ;" " Pane of a wall, pan de mur. Panell of a wall, pan de mur." Palsgr.' Comp. Dan. D. paanivcerk, patch- work, clouting ; at gaae paan paa, is ' to go to pieces,' which pieces may of course be fitted together, or be made to fit in or suit in patching ; whence the former word. Possibly also Jamieson's word pane, to labour, to work, may he related to p&nje, above quoted. ' He pans badly.' ' How awkward you pan.' Wb. Gl. Pan, sb. A vessel for containing water, not necessarily or usually shallow; for instance, the ordinary garden water-pot is always called Water-pan. Pankin, sb. i. A deep earthenware vessel or pot, smaller at the bottom than at the sides. Often qualified by a prefix; as Water- pankin, Cream-pankin, &c. 2. Sepulchral urns from the ancient Celtic tumuli, or Houes. Comp. ' Pancbeon, a large broad pan. West. ;' and ' Pankin, a small pan.' Halliwell. Elsewhere, pannikin. 3 B 2 372 GLOSSARY OF THE Pankin-dish, sb. A large deep dish of brown or stone-earthenware. Pankin-pot, sb. Much the same as pankin. Pannel, sb. A pad, or saddle without the wooden-framework, or ' tree/ in it. Pannierman, sb. The person in charge of a packsaddle-laden horse or company of horses ; in the old days of horse-traffic, especially. As lately as fifteen or sixteen years since long strings of mules or ponies, each laden with a long sack of coals, slung over a Pannel, used to thread their way across the moors out of Durham into this district. There were generally two men in company, driving the string. Pannierman's Causeway. An old flagged, or roughly paved, narrow roadway across the Moors in the direction of Staithes from Castleton, which, seventy or eighty years ago, was the horse-road or Causey, is so called. See Causey. Parlatic, adj. Paralytic. Parlous, adj. Perilous ; but used with the special or arbitrary senses of clever, acute, ingenious; suspicious, or of questionable character or appearance ; and the like. A word of perpetual occurrence and indefi- nitely varying meanings or shades of meaning. ' A. S. fterolic, ferlic' says Ihre, ' notat id, quod improvisum, insolitum est. Et forte hinc est, quod dicamus farlig wacker, mire pulcer, farlig god, mire bonus, quo eodem sensu Island! ferlig usurpant.' Note also Dan. D. farlig, ' a word in very general use among the commonalty in Denmark in order to express greatness of quantity or size, or a high degree of anything, and particularly in the intensitive sense of much or great ; as En farlig bob penge : a very great heap of money; en farlig star ko: an exceedingly large cow; en farlig rig, or farlig god maud : a surprisingly rich or good man. The S. Jutl. Bonders use the word to signify great clerical power or ability in their priests ; as, De e fire J?at bryn }>am sal, Sal gyfe a strang stynk with-alle, For it sal be fulle of brunstane and pyk, And of other thyng J>at es wyk.' Pr. ofConsc. 1. 6691. ' Anoynt thi ship with pik and tar without and als within, The water out to spar.' Townel. Myst. p. 23. ' As black as pick' Pick, v. a. i. To throw or pitch, to push, to shove, so as to cause to fall. Thence 2. To let fall or drop prematurely, to 'cast'; of a cow, mare, &c., in reference to her young. The Northumbr. form of Eng. pitch, and once, probably, the only form. Note Pr. Pm. pykkforke, pykewalle or gabel, and comp. ' high-pitcbed roof.' The original idea is of a pointed thing, Dan. pig, Sw. pigg ; O. N. pikka, to prick ; Welsh picell, an arrow or dart ; Fr. pique : and from thence to throw a pointed missile or dart ; Welsh piciaw or picto. ' To pick a lance was to throw it.' Wedgw. ' I holde a grote I pycke as farre with an arowe as you.' Palsgr. ' he tooke me from my father deere, & keeped me within his woone till I was able of my selfe both to shoote and picke the stone.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 332. I. ' They picked me down.' Wh. Gl. ' He picked him intil t' beck." 2. ' T' au'd roan cow 's picked her cau'f.' Pick at, v. a. To make small attacks on one in word, to speak provokingly, to assail one's character. Pick-fbrk, sb. A pitch-fork, or fork with longer shaft than ordinary, used in loading corn, or stacking it, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Pykkforke. Merga.' ' wio 1 heore pic-forcken : with their pick-forks heo valden heom to grunden." they felled them to the ground. Lay. ii. 483. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 379 Pickle, v. a. (sometimes pr. plkle). To take only small quantities of food into the mouth at once; to eat small quantities of food without apparent appetite. Clearly a diminutive from pike or pick. See Pike, vb. Hall, gives ptfle in the same sense, while we have that word in the sense to pilfer, to take small matters dishonestly. There is the same sort of relationship between pifle, pikle or pickle, as between pecb and peff, grucb and gruff, buckle, buggle and huffle, &c. Pickle, sb. A single grain or kernel ; of corn, rice, or the like. The primary idea (see Pick) of the words pig, pigg, picel, &c., being that of pointed- ness, a diminutive from any one of these words might most easily come to mean the mere point itself, and thence any small matter, grain, or point in the abstract sense. Jam. accord- ingly gives not only the definition given above, but also, ' a single seed of whatever kind ;' and, ' any minute particle, as a grain of sand,' with an example, ' pickles of dust and ashes of a burnt and dissolved body.' Pickling, sb. A kind of fine canvas, used for covering meat-safes, and other like objects. Pr. Pm. ' Pykelynge. Purgulacio.' See also Pykyn, Ib., and note. It is probable that material of the kind specified in the definition, being employed for cleansing purposes Hall, defines pickling as ' used for sieves ;' and sieves are used for purification of both dry and liquid matters the said material may have itself received the name of Pickling from the circumstance. Pick-mark, sb. The mark on sheep, impressed with an iron stamp usually of the initials of the owner upon them when newly shorn ; a mixture of hot pitch and tar being the matter into which the stamp is dipped. Pick up, v. n. To vomit, throw matters up from one's stomach. Hall, gives ' Pick, an emetic ;' and adds, ' we have pyke in the same sense in Nominale MS.' Leeds Gl. gives pick simply, to vomit : ' He wur pikking awal t' neet.' Pie, v. a. To store potatoes in the open fields, where they are intended to lie through the winter. A heap of thirty or forty bushels is made of a low or blunt conical form ; this is then covered with straw to the thickness of four or five inches, and over the straw earth, dug from the surface surrounding the Pie, is regularly laid and afterwards smoothed over with the spade, so as to form an even-sided cone of three, or three feet and a half high, with a base of nine or ten feet. Pie, sb. The heap of potatoes as stored in the fields for the winter. See Pie, vb. Pie, v. n. To pry, look about inquisitively. ' Pie. A magpie. (A. N.) Hence a prating gossip, or tell-tale. Wilypie, a sly knave.' Halliwell. But I think no one who has ever noticed the sly prying way in which a magpie 302 380 GLOSSARF OF THE looks into every matter coming within the scope of its observation, but must have been struck with the characteristic of curiosity as developed in the bird fully as much as with its chattering propensity ; and hence, surely, our vb. Pie. ' " A pieing sort of body ;" an inquisitive kind of a person.' Wb. Gl. Piet, pyet, sb. The magpie (Pica caudata). Comp. Pianot, pyannet, pynet. Brock. ' " A pawky young pyet;" a saucy young person.' Wb. Gl. Pifle, v. a. To pilfer, to steal small matters. See Pickle or Plkle. Piggin, sb. A small tub or dipping-pail with an upright handle. See Kit. ' Gael, pige, an earthen jar or pitcher ; pigeon, a little jar, a potsherd.' Wedgw. Pig-killing, sb. Not only the actual slaughter, but also the occasion (or day) on which the stock of pigs kept on any farm are killed. A large number of pigs is always a part of the stock of a Dales farmer, and the Pig- killing is a kind of high-day at which the neighbours are invited to be present and to assist, concluding the day with a social party at the inviting farmer's house. Cf. Clipping. Pig-meat, sb. A name given to the crop of mixed corn, usually Bigg and oats, sometimes with a proportion of wheat among it, specially grown for consumption in fattening the pigs. Pig-swarth, sb. The rind or skin of bacon. See Swarth. Pike, sb. A stack, of corn usually, of circular form, pointed, and of no great size. From its circular form and conical or pointed top : Dan. pig, Sw. pigg, a point or pointed object ; Welsh pig, &c. ' It (the wind) wapped t' top o' t' pike off by t* easins.' Pike, v. a. To pick or gather ; of stones on the land, a flower or spray, &c. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Pykyn, or clensyn, or cullyn owte the on-clene. Pykyd, or purged fro fylthe, or o)>er thynge grevows.' ' I pyke, or make clene, it nettoye. I praye you pyke my combe. I pyke safforne or any floure or corne whan I sorte one part of them from another, le esplucbe. All men can nat pycke saffron, some men must pyke pesyn. Palsgr.' Note, 76. A. S. pycan, to pick, pull, eruere; PI. D. pikken, bikken; Germ.picken; Dan. piltlte ; Sw. picJta, to peck, pick ; Welsh pigo, to prick, pick, choose, pig, the bill or beak of a bird, as well as a point or prick. Pyke or pykyn was also used in reference to the arraying of the human person and dress, as if in reference to the action of the bird in preening its feathers. Pillow-slip, sb. A pillow-case. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 381 Pin-a-show, pinny-show, sb. A childish peep-show, formed of a box with coloured pictures pasted inside, and a circular eye-hole at one of the ends to look in at. The cry of the owner, according to Leeds Gl., is, ' A pin to look in, A very fine thing :' the charge for a peep being a pin, or perhaps, for a very fine show, two. The derivation thus becomes sufficiently simple. Pinchery, sb. Niggardliness, the condition of denying oneself, or foregoing the necessaries of life. ' They wur living i parlous pincbery, for a' he 'ad brass i 's kist.' Finder, sb. The official in charge of the Pinfold or pound. Pine, v. n. To shrink, contract, or become less in dimensions, under the influence of cold, drought, sickness, &c. ; used of both persons and things. O. N. pina, to punish, to torment ; Sw. pina, Dan. pine, A. S.pinan, Germ, peinen, N. Sax. pinen, Du. pijnen, pijnigen, Gael, pianam ; Gael, pian, pain, pang, torture ; W. poen, Bret. poan. O. Sw. pina takes the secondary meaning co-arctare, co-assare ; Finn, painan, id. (Ihre), a meaning to which ours approaches very closely ; in either case the object pined goes into less room. Pinfold, sb. A pound, or enclosure for the reception of straying or trespassing cattle. Pr. Pm. ' Pynfolde. Inclusorium ; Pyndare of beestys, pynnar. Inclusor, inclusarivs ; Pynnyn, or put yn a pynfold. Intrudo, detrudo.' Mr. Wedgwood's comment on Pinfold, Pindar, is ' Pinfold is commonly explained as a fold in which straying cattle are tempo- rarily penned or confined ; pindar, the officer whose business it is to place cattle in the pin- fold. But on this supposition there would be nothing distinctive in the name, inasmuch as every cattle-fold is a fold for penning cattle. The real derivation is Du. pand, G. pfand, a pawn or pledge. Pfandstall, a pinfold ; pfdndung, the act of seizure ; pfdnder, a dis- trainer, a pindar. The owner of cattle taken in damage was obliged to give a pledge to make good the amount before the cattle were released. Fro the Pouke's (Devil's) pondfalde no maynprise may us fetch. Piers PI.' This, however ingenious, is neither satisfactory nor consistent with the O. E. usage of the words involved. Thus in Ancr. Ritvle, p. 128, ' ase swin ipund ine sti uorte uetten;' and again, ' auh moni punt here worde uorte letten mo vt,' Id. p. 72 ; no possible doubt can exist either as to the meaning or the origin of ipund, punt A. S. pyndan, includere, cer- tainly, and not Germ, pfand, &c. : while in explanation of the prohibition of all cattle, bute kat one,' to anchoresses, the sentence (Ib. p. 416) ' vor )>eonne mot heo J>enchen of )>e kues foddre, and of heorde-monne huire, oluhnen heiward, warien hwon me punt hire, \ jelden, }>auh, J>e hermes :' defend herself when men pound her (the cow) and pay, nevertheless, the damages ; leaves just as little doubt of the special application of punt to putting in the Pinfold. Hence Mr. Way's note to Pyndare is conclusive : ' To pynd, to pound or 382 GLOSSARF OF THE impound cattle. Dunelm. Sax. pyndan, includere (See Bosworth). Hence in these midland parts the money that is given to the heyward, or to any person who locks or un- locks the pound-gate, is called Pinne-lock.' Pippin, sb. The pip or seed of the apple and like fruits. Pr. Pm. ' Pypyne, of vyne, or grape (pepyne of wyne).' Pepin, a pippin, or kernell, the seed of frute, the stones of grapes. Cotgr. Comp. Dan. pipling, a variety of apple, a pippin, pippe, to shoot or germinate, as a pip or other seed does ; whence pip-skiceg, the first growth of a young man's beard. Pirl, purl, sb. A reel or winder for cotton, silk, wool, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Prylle, or whyrlegygge, as chylderys pley ; or spylkok, prille of chyldrys pleyynge, whyrgyg. Giraculum ;' ' elsewhere written pirlle :' (note to Prylle). Wedgw. collates It. pirlare, to twirl, pirlo, a top. Pisle, v. n. (pr. parzle or pahz'l). To saunter or lounge about lazily or heavily. Wb. Gl. gives ' Parzling, sauntering and prying about as an indolent person.' Sw. D. pisla is to walk heavily as a person does when indisposed, and is especially applied to women when pregnant and able only to move with some inconvenience or difficulty on account of their condition. The adj. pisli(g) means poorly, out of sorts. Comp. A. S. pislic, heavy ; a word which illustrates the idea in the Sw. D. words and our own pisle. Pit, v. n. T. To match, or be about equal. 2. To act in a way calculated to provoke another to hostilities ; to quarrel. This seems to be an instance of a purely reflective usage of a verb. To pit, in the standard sense, is usual enough : then follows the idea of a man pitting himself, against another, namely ; and thence the second meaning above. 1 . ' Thae tweea dogs 's weel pitted.' 2. ' They 's all'a's pitting yan at anither.' Pit, v. a. To spot or mark with spots ; as the rain does in the case of silk, the small-pox to the face, &c. Pit, sb. A mark or spot left by any cause, as rain upon silk, the small-pox, &c. Pit-marked, adj. Marked with the pits or scars left by the small- pox. Pit-mirk, pit-murk, adj. Intensely dark ; of a very dark night, or hole, when or where the darkness is so thick as to seem black. Pize-lit-on't (pr. pahs-lit-on't). Pox light on it. May not the origin of ' Pox take it' be ' Powke take it'? The meaning of O. N. Puki, with the article suffixed, Pukan, as also of O. E. Powke, with the definite article prefixed, is the Devil, or the Evil one. Cf. Sw. D. ta mig Packer. Placing, sb. Service, going out to service. ' My dowther 's gone to placin' sen Marti'mas.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 383 Plain, v. n. To complain, be querulous. Pr. Pm. ' Pleynyn. Conqueror, causor.' ' For povere men may have no power To pleyne hem, though thei smerte.' P. Plougbm. p. 53. ' Go pleyn thee to Sir Cayphas, and byd hym do the right.' Townel. Myst. p. 188. ' Fr. plaindre, from Lat. plangere.' Wedgw. ' They are always plaining poverty ;" complaining of being poor.' Wb. Gl. Plainer, sb. (pr. pleeaner). A complainer ; one very ready and apt at setting forth his or her woes or grievances. ' Au'd Mally 's been at me wiv a parlous teeal. She 's a desput guid pleeaner.' Plaint, sb. A complaining, a pitiful tale. Plash, v. a. To splash. Dan. pladse, to pour, as rain does, pladske, to splash, in reference to the sound as well as to the sharp stroke or fall upon the water surface ; Dan. plcdsregn, Du. plasregen, Germ. platzregen, heavy rain ; Sw. plaska ; Dut. plasscben, to paddle, splash ; Germ, pldtscbern, pladdern, id. ; Dut. plas, plascb, a plash, or puddle, left by rain or flood. Plate, v. a. To clench ; of a nail, or the like. Pr. Pm. Plat, or pleyne. Planus. Flatly, Plane.' ' Pernele Proud-herte Platte hire to the erthe And lay longe er she loked/ P. Plougbm. p. 81. The primary idea of the word is to flatten down, and the letters p, b, and / interchange remarkably in words connected with the expression of that idea. Thus, in Dan. only : plat, flat, plad, a leaf, that is, a flat surface ; flade, to pare off in slices. O. E. plat, flat ; ' a plat playn,' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. ; Germ, platten, to flatten, to beat flat ; and probably in A. S. plat muche confort haueft wif of hire were hat beoS wel igedered t eiSer is alles weis paied of ofter.' Halt Meid. p. 27. ' To my lord sche schal be brought : When he her with eyen schal sen, For wel payed woll he ben.' Weber's Metrical Romances, vol. ii., quoted in Marsh's Lectures, Second Series. Plenish, v. a. To furnish, fit up, supply. Plenishing, sb. Household furniture, goods or property generally. ' " She has brass tiv her fortune, an' lots o' plenishing ;" both money and stuff; that is, goods.' Wb. Gl. Pload, v. n. i . To wade laboriously through mud as well as water ; to make striving efforts as one half-bogged must. Thence 2. To exert oneself or strive laboriously in any pursuit or occupation. Comp. ' plowding' in Brockett. Dan. plodder, mire, mud, or anything resembling it, pladdre, to have to do with such matters; Dan. D. plutte, to splash about in water; Gael, plod, plodach, a puddle; Germ. pladdern, to dabble. ' The primitive sense of plod or plad is to tramp through the wet, and thence, figuratively, to proceed painfully and laboriously.' Wedgw. Pleader, sb. One who labours and strives energetically and per- severingly in any pursuit. ' " A ploader after pelf;" a laborious striver after gain.' Wb. Gl. Ploat, v. a. To strip off or pluck, the feathers from a fowl, the clothes from one's person; to plunder or rifle. I connect this word with pluck, in virtue of an interchange of the ek or Jtk sound and the /, as in several cases already noticed, and in such words as butt, buck, the sounds of which, says Mr. Wedgw., in v. Buck, ' approach each other very nearly. Comp. E. rebuke with Fr. rebuter ; Icel. butr, a log or trunk of a tree, and bukr, the trunk or body of an animal.' Note the form ' pligbte, pulled, plucked,' and also, Norm, plucoter, to pick up grains, as fowls at a barn door. Comp. the Norse words, pitla and pilka, to pick, and both with N. plikka, plukka, to pick or pluck. ' They ploated the house from top to bottom." Wb. Gl. ' " They '11 ploat him ;" fleece him.' Ib. Pledge, v. n. To wade or walk through water with high or con- siderable action of the feet. Comp. Plosh, Plash. Plook, sb. A pimple, small blotch, scab ; especially on the face, but also on other parts of the person. ' Ploucbs, pimples, Kennett MS. : Plowkky, covered with pimples, MS. Lincoln. Med. f. 294.' Halliwell. This word may come under the class mentioned by Wedgw. in v. Pluck, wherein ' the root appears under a double form, with an initial p and pi respectively ;' that CLEVELAND DIALECT. 385 is, pock and plock or Plook. Cf., however, Sw. plock, anything small and trifling, such as may result from plucking into minute pieces, and other like words ; as also Dan. pletter, pimples. Jam. quotes Gael, plucan, as the origin. Plooky, adj. Having pimples or small blotches on the surface. Plooky-faced, adj. Having pimples or spots on the face. Plosh, v. n. To plunge on, in very wet and dirty roads, &c., through wet and mire. See Plash, Pledge. Plosh, sb. Puddle, liquid mire, like the sloppy mud on a road after much rain. Ploshy, adj. Miry, muddy ; the mire or mud being understood as being in a very fluid state; puddly. ' Plosby walking ;' ' A plosby spot ;' ' Plosby weather.' Wb. Gl. Plother, v. a. i . To bring into a state of mud ; as must needs be the case with soil, or a soft roadway, in wet weather, by the continuous treading of cattle as they pass to and fro. 2. To commit seed to the ground when the latter is so wet and soft that the necessary treading of man and horse brings it into a soft kneaded or muddy condition. Dan. plodder, mire, mud, pladdre, to move or work among mire ; D. Dial, plutte, to stir or splash among water, liquid mud, &c. ; Germ, pladdern, to paddle, dabble about in sludge or slush ; &c. 2. " Have you finished sowing ?" " Aye, we 's getten 't plotbered in efter a soort." ' Plothery, pluthery, adj. Miry, puddly, foul with fluid dirt. ' " The roads are very plutbery ;" miry." Wb. Gl. Plough. See Pluf. Ploughing-day, sb. The day on which the farmer who has taken a new farm asks, and receives, the assistance of his neighbours' Draughts in getting the necessary ploughing done. On a farm of 100 or 120 acres sometimes as many as thirty or thirty-five ploughs may be seen at work at once. The ploughmen are liberally entertained by the farmer, and their masters are not infrequently present also, and make it a day of jollity. The custom used to be, when the men lowsed out at ' dinner-time," to ride a race to the farmstead, or where- ever the refreshment for man and horse might be provided, on the plough-horses. The rivalry now seems rather to be which of the men shall turn out the best piece of ploughing. ' James B.'s gannan t' ha'e 's pleeafing-daa o' Monday fo'st.' Ploughing-iron, sb. (pr. plewfing-, or pleeafing-airn). The coulter of a plough. See Pluf. O. N. pl6gjdrn, Dan. plovjern, Dan. D. bredjern. 3D 386 GLOSSARY OF THE Plough-stots, sb. (pr. plewf-stots, pleeaf-stots). On Plough Monday, or the first Monday after Twelfth Day, there used to be a procession of young men trailing a plough, with their shirts over their jackets, and with sashes of ribbons tied across their breasts and backs, and knots or roses of the same fastened on to their shirts and hats.' They accompanied a band or party of sword-dancers, and always had one or more musicians with them. Egton Bridge seems to have been famous for the observance of this custom some score of years or so since, and I have heard mention of one famous year when upwards of a hundred took part in the procession, there being a three- fold band of sword-dancers, with their full complement of clowns, or Madgipegs, and when an actual furrow was drawn by the Plough and its Stots, all the way down Blue Bank (the road off the moor from Kirby Moorside into Sleights) along the side of the road. See Stots, Sword-dance, Madgipeg, &c. Pluf, plufe, otherwise Plewf or Pleeaf, sb. Pr. of Plough. O. N. plogr, O. D. plog, ploug, Dan. plov, Sw. plog, A. S. plog, N. S. ploog, Germ, pflug, Dut. ploeg. The Jutl. Pr. of the word corresponds with the ordinary English :' Molb. ; the ordinary Dan. more nearly with our Cleveland Pluf. Plugger, sb. Anything distinguished for dimensions comparatively with others of the same kind. Among the words quoted by Wedgw. as connected with plug, a peg or stopper, are Gael. ploc, to strike with a club ; pluc, beat, thump. In like manner Ihre gives as an O. N. syno- nyme for plugg, paxillus, fieigur, from fieigia, fl&nga, percutere : and it has been before noticed how words implying or expressing the action of striking, are also used to express the idea of magnitude. Probably Plugger may be thus accounted for. Leeds Gl. gives plonker, an article having extraordinary substance,' with which comp. 'plunk, to give a fair and full hit, in playing marbles," and ' plunker, a large marble, one that can hit well.' Ib. Note also the like usage of plump, plumper, which, as well as plunk, plunker, should be col- lated with plugger. But what is the probable parentage of Brockett's ' poomer, anything very large ' ? Plum, adj. Perpendicular. ' Plum dovme, Cotgr. in v. Escarpe.' Halliwell. Pr. Pm. ' Plumbe, plumme, of wryhtys or masonys. Perpendiculum.' From the ball of lead, Fr. plomb, Lat. plumbvs, suspended by a line to shew the perpendicular. ' Yon wall "s not plum by a vast.' ' It 's t' yatt-stoup 's i fau't ; it 's a strange bit oot o' plum.' ' The water syn she com. Of depnes plom, Is fallen a fathom.' Tawnel. Myst. p. 33. Plunder, sb. The profit made by a tradesman or contractor in the way of business. ' He 's putten it in sae low, he '11 get nobbut a lahtle plunder oot in 't ;' of a tradesman who had engaged to supply a clothing-club at very moderate prices. Pluther, sb. See Plother. Wh. Gl. gives as the signification, ' the thick filthy water of a drain :' but it is not another word. Comp Dan. D. pludder, mud, mire ; the black sludge of a peat-hole, a bog. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 387 Plutherment, sb. Water and mud stirred up together by recent agitation or motion. Poat, pote, v. a. See Paut. Poat, poit, sb. A poker : usually in the compound form Fire-poat, or -poit. Cf. ' Plouh-pote,' in P. Ploughm. Ihre looks upon potte, to stir or pnsh with the finger or a stick, as corresponding to, not to say coincident with, ' Engl.pokt, which from pik, bacaius, PI. D. poteren. peuteren ;' which is another illustrative instance of the interchange of k and t in words belonging to the same root and keeping a common signification. See Wedgw. in v. Poke. He also quotes W. pwtio, to poke, to thrust, Sw. pita, to mm up the ground, feel in one's pocket ; peta, to poke the fire.' ' Mending the fire with the fiie-poite.' York Castle Dep. p. 51. Pock-arr, sb. The mark or scar left by the small-pox. See Air. Pr. Pm. ' Pokke, sekenesse. Parrigo, variolus. Potbrotyn, Porriginosus.' A. S. poe, pocc, Germ, pocke, PL D. pot, Dut. pok, a pustule, pock, push ; O. Sw. koppa, a pustule, Sw. koppor, the small-pox ; Dan, topper, id. ' In these Sc. words the consonantal sounds of the root are transposed :' Wedgw. ; and, somewhat curiously, they seem to have returned to their places by a re-transposition in Dan. D. and O. Dan. potter, Dan. D. borne-pokter, kue-pokter, and in our present word, which is surely the Dan. top-ar. Pock-aired, p. p. Marked or pitted by the small-pox. Comp. Dan. koparret, S. G. koppcerig, various notatam faciem habeas. Podge, sb. A fat, and at the same time short, individual; one of the pursy sort. ' Pocbit, a pollard-tree. Line' HalliwelL Comp. Dan. D. pog or paag, an onshapen log of wood, such as a man can just carry. Here we have the ideas of shortness and clumsiness both involved. Pog, a big loutish lad, almost always used in the way of ridicule, slighting or contemptuous mention, may, however, seem to be a more probable connection. The Dan. D. word prog, also, has a sense exactly coincident with ours, ' a small pufly person.' Point the ground, To. To put one's feet to the ground ; also, to put a stick on the ground in walking. Wh. Gl. Poit, sb. A particle, a minute fragment or portion. Comp. Doit, Moit, words with precisely similar sense and application. Probably from point, a minute dot. Poke, sb. A narrow bag of the sack description, and equal hi length with a sack, but containing only about half as much. See Metpoke. Pr. Pm. ' Poote (or poket, or walette). Sacctdus.' O. N. pott, saccns ; Dan. D. paage, a bag used as a weight for fishing-nets, being filled with stones ; poog, a swelling, con- nected by Molb. with O. N. poti, the connecting idea obvious ; S. JutL pote, a blister inside the hand the same idea again ; A. S. pocca, pocbeba, PL D. putte, a bag, a poke. Poke-blown, adj. Having a distended stomach ; so that any exertion leads to a state of breathlessness. 3 D 2 388 GLOSSARY OF THE Poke-full, sb. A bag-full, a budget. Poke-purse, sb. A canvas or brown-holland purse, with a division in it so as to make separate receptacles for gold or silver, square or oblong in form, and with a string-slide or tie to close the mouth. Popple, sb. The common corn cockle (Agrostemma githago). It has been, if it is not yet, the custom in this district to lease out the Popple and Sleean from the wheat previously to thrashing. Johnston's remark, under A. gitbago, is in the form of the following quotation : ' What hurt it doth among corne, the spoyle vnto bread, as well in colour, taste, and vnwholesomeness, is better known than desired.' Jam. observes that ' Teut. pappel is used in a different sense, signifying the herb mallow. However C. B. (Welsh) popple is given as synonymous with our word.' From Hilpert, however, it appears that Germ, pappel is applied as the name of divers plants. Porr, sb. A poker. Dan. purre, N. S. purren, to stir, move, stir up ; at purre ved ilden : to poke the fire ; Germ, purren, to stir up, set on. Porringer, sb. A pipkin, an earthen vessel of coarse ware with a loop or handle on the side, and which may be set on the fire if required. ' Simply a corruption of pottage, what is boiled in the pot. Fr. potage, pottage, por- ridge. Cot. From porridge is formed porringer (as messenger from message), a vessel for holding porridge ; more correctly called pottenger in Devonshire.' Wedgw. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Porre, or purre, potage (pese potage),' which may, perhaps, suggest a doubt of the ' greater correctness' of pottenger ; a form which is also met with in Palsgr. Porriwiggle, sb. The tadpole, the young of the frog or toad in its earlier stages of existence. Pr. Pm. ' Polwygle, wyrme.' In a note, Sir Thomas Browne is quoted as using the form ' porwigle or tadpole;' Forby, as giving purwiggy and polliwig (the latter is the Essex name also) ; and Moor as adducing polliwiggle as the Suffolk name rather a Suffolk name, as polliwig is also current in that county. Poled, or pole-hede, pole-bead, polbed, are besides mentioned, other forms of which are po-bead, po-beed, powbead, Brock. ; pode, Halliwell. Jamieson gives podle as well as powbead; and I remember a Berwickshire word which sounded podelddel, but was probably podle-bead, although Hall, gives pot-ladles. Pole-bead partly answers to Dan. baletudse, as it is simply tail-bead (the tail of an otter is technically called its pole), and is the origin of pow-bead in all its forms. Podle is pro- bably connected with Dan. D. paide, O, N. padde, a frog ; Dut. podde, padde, a toad ; S. Jutl. padde. Polwiggle, polliwig, porwigle, and porriwiggle again seem coincident forms, and I conjecture the pol to be identical with pole in pole-head, and the wiggle not essentially different from wag, waggle. Comp. Wagtail, and the old nursery rhyme, ' Wiggle-waggle went his head, Up went his tail.' Mr. Wedgwood's view is different. He regards the wig in earwig as due to ' A. S. wigga, a parallel form with wibba, a creeping thing, .... Esth. waggel, a worm, grub ; which last may be compared with erriwiggle, a provincial name of the earwig, and poll-wiggle, a tadpole, a creature consisting of a large poll or head, without other body, and a tail.' I think the compounds pole-bead ' polbevedes, and froskes and podes spile :' Gen. and Ex. p. 85 and Dan. hale-tudse, are decisive against taking the element pol or pole as equivalent to poll= head. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 389 Foss, v. a. To dash or agitate anything vigorously in water. Pr. Ptn. ' Posson, presson, or schowe togedur. Trudo.' ' For a cat of a contree Cam whan hym liked, And overleep hem (the mice) lightlice And laughte (caught) hem at his wille, And pleide with hem perillousli And passed about.' P. Plougbm. p. IO. ' Thus possid to and fro.' Chaucer, Trail, and Cress. Comp. Fr. pousser, older form pouher, Lat. pulsare. Possing, sb. A vigorous manipulation of linen, especially heavy articles, such as sheets or table-cloths, which is carried on in the Posskit by the aid of ' a staff with a thick knob at the immersed end, and a cross- piece for a handle at the other end, which is worked through a hole in the lid, in the manner of pestle and mortar.' Wh. Gl. See Dolly-tub. Possing-stick, poss-stick, sb. The staff employed in connection with the Posskit. See Poss, Posskit, Possing. Posskit, sb. A large tub, of barrel shape, in which heavy articles which have to be washed are possed. See Possing, Kit. The word kit, meaning generally a hooped wooden vessel, takes very various senses, illustrated in Wedgw., Hall., Leeds Gl., Brock., and Cr. Gl., as a pail, a beer-can, a tub for receiving pickled salmon, &c. Suffixed to the vb. poss, it forms our word. Post, sb. A mass of rock in a quarry of some considerable depth or thickness, so as to be suitable for quarrying purposes. Post and Pan; used adjectively, and applied to describe the old- fashioned houses built on such wise that their timbers show outside in a framework of perpendicular and cross beams, the spaces between being filled in with plaster. ' Pan, in stone houses, the piece of wood laid on the top of the wall, and to which the spars are fastened.' Kennert MS. Panne de bois, the piece of timber that sustains a gutter between the roofs of two fronts, or houses.' Cotgr. The cross-beams in the Post and. Fan house must of course be the Fans, the perpendiculars the Fosts. Comp. D. Dial. pandetrae, the horizontal beam on which the front portion of the chimney rests. In a wood- cut of the timber framework of a bondegaard (farm-court), given in Molbech's Died. Lexi- con, the intermediate horizontal beams are called in Sealand sidebaand, a word which may possibly prove suggestive. Post-house, sb. (pr. post'us). The post-office. Wh. GL Pot-blossoms, sb. Spots on the face arising from habitual intemper- ance ; ' grog-blossoms.' Potherment, sb. A source of petty trouble or perplexity. Another of the frequent derivations in ment which characterise our dialect. Cf. Mingle- ment, Oddment, &c 390 GLOSSARY OF THE Pot-kelps, sb. The moveable semicircular handle, or Bow, of the porridge- or Kail-pot. Brock, gives the simple word ' Kelps, iron hooks from which boilers are hung ;' and Cr. Gl. the same, with the addition, ' the loose handle of a kale-pot is called pot-kelps ;' and elsewhere 'pot-kelps, the moveable handles of an iron pan.' Brockett's seems to be the only Gloss, instance of the use of the word out of composition. Kennett gives the form pot-clip, and Brock, pot-cleps ; adding, ' Ray says, from clip or clap, because they clap or catch hold of the pot.' But that is a misconception. Clip or dtp is only kelp with two letters transposed. The origin of the word is O. N. kilpr, ansula, qua manubrium mulctri annectitur, which in Sw. D. becomes kdlp, kjelp, handle of a pail or bucket a word as nearly as possible coincident in sound as well as sense with our Kelp. Pot-lug, sb. i. The handle of a jug. 2. The loop on the margin of the porridge-pot, one at either end of a diameter, in which the end of the Bow, or handle, is made fast. See Lug, and comp. the explanation of Pot-kelps. Pot-sitten, adj. Burnt in the cooking ; of any article of food which, for lack of stirring or other precaution, has remained long enough in contact with the bottom of the pot to have been unduly acted on by the fire. See Pire-fanged. Hall, gives ' pot-sitten, ingrimed. Yorksb.,' a sense which I have not fallen in with any- where else. Potsker, sb. A potsherd, a broken piece of earthenware. Dan. potte-skaar, O. N. slterfta, to destroy the entireness of a thing. ' Ye brayde of Mowlle that went by the way, Many shepe can she polle, but oone had she ay, Bot she happynyd fulle fowlle, hyr pycher, I say, Was broken ; " Ho, God," she sayde, Bot oone shepe yit she hade, The mylk pycher was layde, The skartbis was the tokyn.' Townel. Myst. p. 88. Pottering, adj. i. Slow, fumbling, awkward; of a person. 2. In- volving or causing apparent slowness or awkwardness or inefficiency; of a thing, an occupation or piece of work, to wit. Wedgw. looks upon the vb. potter as a frequentative of poat, pote, or poit, Sw. pata, peta, to poke with a stick, push about. See Poat. Pow, sb. The poll or head ; of a human creature, however. Pr. Pm. ' Pol. or heed. Caput.' Dut. polle, pol, head, top, crown of the head. Comp. D. D. pold or puld, a little hill an ant-hill, to wit. Pow, v. n. To use the feet awkwardly, or turn them in, in the act of walking. Cf. Dan. D. pole, to walk shufflingly, awkwardly, or laboriously, to be heavy, lumbering, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 391 in gait or action. ' Hence,' continues Molb., ' poi-benet (pow-legged), of one who has such a gait, especially applied to fowls with very short legs, and whose manner of going is conse- quently awkward and unsteady. Poifod (pow-foot), poiskank (pow-shank), poikok' the kok, I take it, as in our familiar ' Old Cock ' ' are all words of jesting mockery applied to a person with such a peculiarity.' Comp. N. S. pajefoot, and padjen, to walk with short steps. Power, sb. Security for money advanced, lent, or deposited. See Writings. ' Ah "s got power for tweea hunder pund i" ma' pocket.' Preachment, sb. A tedious discourse or holding forth, whether from pulpit, platform, or in one's arm chair. Present, v. a. (pr. present). ' They present' d him wiv a watch." Cf. ' & thus he ietted towards louly London to present Queene Katherine.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 42. Pricker, sb. A straight-shanked awl, whether a carpenter's tool, or other artisan's. See Elsin, the curved instrument, of the same class, used by the shoemaker. Prick up, v. a. To erect, hold up ; of the head. ' Prick up your head, bairn, and deean't luik sae cow'd.' Pricky-back urchin, sb. (pr. pricky-back otchen). The common hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaus). Priest, sb. A Church-of-England clergyman : not infrequently called a Church-priest. Princod, sb. A pincushion. O. N. pridn, filum ferreum, acus capitata ; S. G. pren, ccelum vel instrumentum quodvis acutum ; Dan. preen, a thin pointed instrument for pricking holes with ; A. S. preon ; G. pfrieme, an awl, piercer, bodkin ; PI. D. preem, preen, an awl ; Dut. priem, a bodkin ; Gael, prine, a pin ; Sc. preen, preyn, prien. There can be no doubt that this is the origin of the first element of our word, and the other is evident. See Cod. Prod, sb. An object with a sharp point; a skewer, a stick with an iron spike, a stick with one end sharpened, &c. See Ox-prod, Stack-prod. O. N. broddr, aculeus, a point, piercer, javelin ; S. G. and Sw. brodd, cuspis, aculeus. Ihre mentions the use of the word to express what we call sharpening or frosting; a horse's shoes by the use of frost nails, and also as applied to the first spike or shoot of germinating corn. Note also Dan. brodde, frost nails, broad or brod, the sting of an insect, the point or tip of the tongue ; Gael, prvidim. The definition in Wb. Gl. is ' an iron point at the end of a stick,' which is insufficient to give the real meaning of the word. 392 GLOSSARY OF THE Prod, v. a. To prick, or push with any pointed object. O. N. brydda, acuere, to form a point ; A. S. bryrdan, onbryrdan, to goad ; Dan. D. brodde, to goad (in the metaph. sense), to incite or urge on; as, ban broddede bam saa Icenge til ban gjorde del : he goaded him on to doing it. Proddle, v. a. i. To prick gently but frequently with a pointed object. 2. To poke or, as it were, feel about in a hole with a stick or other pointed instrument. Thence 3. To trifle or idle ; to ' poke about' without special object. A frequentative from prod. Proffer, v. a. To make offer. ' Now wylle ye se what I profer.' Townel. Myst. p. 104. ' " Ye, leue pers," quod }>is palmers 1 and profreden him huire.' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 69. ' Bot J>at puysone to profe that prouddeste in palle, Profirde it two presoners was puneschede in pyne.' Rel. Pieces, p. 93. ' Ah proffier'd him a hau'p'ny an' he wadn't tak* 't.' ' He praffer'd me t' price o' yan.' Propped-up, adj. Having one's vital powers subsidized by every sort of precaution, medical or other. ' " He was nobbut a propped-up body ;" a person of delicate health, kept alive, as it were, by the use of every salutary precaution and support." Wb. Gl. Prosperation, sb. Prosperous condition, or prosperity. Pross, sb. Friendly or familiar talk or gossip. Cf. Sw. D prdssa, to jest, to play the buffoon ; and with it Dan. D. pros, haughty, proud, praas, ' stuck up,' conceited, and also, as a sb., foam, scum, yeast, that which rises to the top a continuation of the idea in the adj. One step further, and it would be light, super- ficial, and might easily be applied to light or familiar talk, chat or gossip, or as in the Sw. D. word. Molb. connects praas with the synonymous words pnmsk, prynsk, pransk, applied to a horse as well as to persons, and these again with prandse, pranse, pranje, to prance, toss the head, &c. Again, comp. E. prank with Dan. D. prank, chatter, gossip, light talk, and both with the words just before quoted. See Wedgw. in vv. Prank, Prance. ' We met and had a bit o' pross.' Wb. Gl. Provand, proven, sb. Food, provender, provisions. Pr. Pm. ' Prouender, benefet (provendyr, benyfice : prebend, benfyce : probender, ben- fice). Prebenda. Prouender, for hors. Migma, avena (probendum).' From Lat. pr&benda, becoming in Fr., provende, thence provendre. Dut. provende, provisions. See Wedgw. in v. Provender. Providance, sb. (pr. with the z' long). The matters or supply pro- vided ; to wit, the meat and other eatables for a burial entertainment ; the cakes, Spiced-bread, tea, &c. for a Tea-party. ' There was nobbut a mean provldance, for sike folk an* a'.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 393 Prow. A driving word, used only in driving oxen, equivalent to our present Hauv, or Hove, and to the old or obsolete Heit, Hite, Halt, Hyte, used in driving horses. Sometimes varied to Prow in. Hop, or Hop off, was the word answering to present Gee, old Ree. Mr. Carr says, under Prow, ' I do not know of any combination of letters that will give the exact sound, as it is spoken by drovers ;' a remark which separates between his word and our Prow. There is no difficulty in either speaking or writing the latter, while, as to the drover's pr-r-r-r-rugb, it is about as faithfully represented by letters as a laugh by ' ha-ha-ha ! ' or the rider's or driver's encouragement to his horse by ' tzech ! ' Pubble, adj. Plump, stout and fat. Wedgw. points out the connection between the two senses of plump, first, as rounded, full-fleshed, second, as expressing the sound of a compact object falling smartly into water, or the fall itself. ' He smit den sten in't water, plump ! seg dot : he threw the stone into the water : plump ! it cried. Germ, plump, rounded, massive.' Similarly, there is a strong bond of connection between the ideas of bubble, as a "Water-bleb or bladder, and as a swelling ; because, as Mr. Wedgw. says, ' a bubble is taken as a type of anything round or swelling.' Fr. bube, a push, wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or bump. ' Burble in the water, bubette : a burble, tumor aquae." Note to Burbulle in Pr. Pm. I take pubble to be nearly con- nected with bubble, and the sense of tumour, swelling, roundness, simply modified to that of plumpness. ' As pubble as a partridge." Wb. GL Pudding-linked, adj. Having a twist or obstruction in the bowels : probably the familiar name for introsusception of the bowels. Puddings, sb. Bowels, entrails ; perhaps, the viscera generally. The idea is evident : ' the essential character of a pudding, being that it is food dressed in a bag.' Wedgw. Pule, v. n. To sleet, or to fall a mixture of snow and sleet, not heavily, but so as to thicken the atmosphere. Dan. D. puls, any thickening either of the atmosphere or in water ; as, through smoke, dust, fog, or, in the latter case, muddying, or blundering ; pulse, to steam or reek, to become thick from damp or the like. The word is also applied to the making dense or thick of the air in a room by a smoking chimney, or assiduous tobacco-smoking. Doubtless connected with S. G. pul, molestia, labor, O. N. pula, trouble, a bog, swampy place. I do not find this word recorded elsewhere. I give the example as taken down verbatim from the speaker's lips. ' Ah deean't lahk t" look on "t, "t pules an' snaws sae. There 11 be mair snaw.' Pulls, sb. The shells or chaff of rape, turnip-seed, and the like. Dan. D. pol (pi. poller), the shell or husk of beans, peas, and the like ; at pole arter ud : to shell peas. Cf. also Sw. D. pels, skin, hide ; &c. Pulsey, sb. A poultice or cataplasm. Probably no more than a corruption of poultice, written formerly pultis, pultes, and given in that form in Cr. Gl. It might, of course, be formed directly from pulse, pottage. See Halliwell. Comp. Lat. puls, a kind of pap or pottage made from flour, pulse, &c. 3E 394 GLOSSARY OF THE Pum, v. a. i. To beat with the hands. 2. To paw about and mess over with the hands. Molb., Dan. D. Lex., gives pomret or pommeret, as applied to the hands, and meaning plump, also as implying puffed up, swollen ; and also in the form pumret ; as ansigtet er ganslee pumret af kuld: his face is quite puffy with cold. Hall, gives pvm, to beat, to thump, and the idea may be derived from the swelling apt to result from blows. Pum-jum is a word I have frequently heard as applied to a messy substance, or matter which has been brought to that condition by working or pawing it about with the hands : as, a cake originally solid or hard, made soft and sticky, almost pulpy, by a child's saliva and manipulations. Pun'ston', sb. (Pr. of poundstone). A pebble, or Cobble-stone, of as nearly twenty-two ounces weight as possible. In old days butter was sold by the Lang-pund, or pound of twenty-two ounces : and when meat was sold in the shambles by ' weight of hand' or ' by lift/ instead of by ascertained weight, we can easily understand the selling of butter by an approximate, rather than an exact weight. Moreover the Lang- pund was sold at $d. per Ib. See Wh. Gl. Purely, adv. Very well, in a state of good health. " How are you?" " Purely, thank you." ' Wb. Gl. Put-about, v. a. To incommode, or occasion inconvenience to ; to disturb, distress or annoy. Put-off, v. a. i. To put to death. 2. To undress oneself. 1. ' Hev ye heared at au'd Mally at t' work'us has putten herself ojff ' Hast'ee pvtten t' au'd dog off, Jamie?' 2. ' " B.-tsy, gan thoo te 't shop." " Neea, mother, I 's jest putten off. Let Jane Ann gan." ' Putten on, p.p. i. Arrayed, dressed. 2. Imposed upon, or hardly dealt with ; oppressed. 1. ' " She is bravely putten-on ;" well dressed.' Wb. Gl. Comp. ' Decently put on enow.' Heart of Mid-Loibian. 2. ' Sadly putten on, he is, for seear, wi* thae lang lalloping lasses o' his.' ' Putten on wiv his wife, an' a' body besides, Ah think ;' ill-used, tyrannized over. Puzzom, v. a. To poison. Brock, gives an intermediate form between poison and our word, namely puzzon. ' I want summat to pvzzom rations wiv.' Wb. Gl. ' Fit to puzzom yan.' Puzzom, sb. Poison. Puzzomful, adj. i. F rt. 2. ' " T' hoos wur parfhly/wzzowi/w/;" perfectly, or thoroughly filthy.' Wb. Gl. Puzzomful, adj. i. Poisonous. 2. Filthy, infectious; from extreme dirt. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 395 Fuzzomous, adj. Poisonous. Pyet. See Piet. Applied also to a pert or forward and chattering child. Quality, sb. People of distinction, gentry and nobility. See High-up. ' " What sort of folks are your new parson arid his wife ?" " Wheea, Ah deean't knaw mich aboot 'em yet : but they're quite quality folk Ah aims." ' Quart, v. a. i. To thwart, or go contrary to. 2. To plough a field in a direction transverse to that of the first ploughing. 3. Used also in a neuter sense for to disagree, to fall out. Cf. the Germ, forms quer, queer, zwercb, the O. Germ, being duerah, twerb, M. G. tbwairs, iratus, and the A. S. \>weor, \>wer, ]>wur ; and collate O. N. \>ver, \>vert, O. Sw. tvj'dr, twdrt, twert, Dan. tvcer, tvcert, tweers, &c. The E. vb. to cross illustrates the verbal meaning given to our Quart, as the Germ, quer does its form. Queery, sb. A strange or curious circumstance ; a queer thing. ' And that wur a queery, onny ways ;' spoken by an old man in reference to one of the many strange things related of the famous ' Wise man o' Stowsley' (Stokesley). Quiet. Pr. of Quite. Quit, v. a. To send off or dismiss ; to get rid of a person or thing. ' To quit, to leave or go away from ; Law Lat. quittare (Du Cange, Spelman), i. e. to leave quietly, to give up peaceable possession.' Rich. Hence 'notice to quit* a farm or tenement ; and from thence, a coercionary sense imposed upon the verb ; and, next in suc- cession, an application of it in other senses besides the formal one the landlord quits a tenant ; the master quits a servant or employe ; and thence, our general sense as given in the definition. Comp. the use of the word in the following extract : ' The said Roger shott him in at his back betwixt his shoulders. And after he had shott him he fell upon, beating and cutting of his head in severall places with the pistolls. And he prayed him for Christ Jesus' sake not to beat or cutt his head with the pistolls, and he would quitt him all that he had in the world freely." York Castle Dep. p. 296. Quite-better. Perfectly recovered. ' Ah 's quite-better now, thankee, Sir.' 3 E 2 396 GL OSS A RY OF THE R Rabble, v. n. To read or speak hastily or confusedly, so that utter- ance and sense are alike indistinct. Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, garrire, blaterare, precipitare sive confundere verba, rabbel-taal, gibberish, jargon ; Germ, rabbeln (in familiar or popular language), to prattle, to talk non- sense, rabbelei, idle declamation ; Swiss r'dbeln, to clatter, make a disturbance, rabelkiltb, a loose assembly of young people ; Swab, rapplen, to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong in the head. Comp. our raffle, raffly, Lat. rabulare, to bawl, make a noise; and O. N. rabb, and rabba, joculari. ' The original sense is a noisy confusion of voices ; then a noisy crowd :' Wedgw. a remark which has a good illustration in the use of the word in the following passage : ' per as he herd J>e howndes, J>at hasted hym swy]>e, Renaud com richchande J>urj a roje greue & alle )>e rabel in a res, ryjt at his helej.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1897. ' Thus, Father Travis, you may see my rashness to rable out the Scriptures without pur- pose, rime, or reason.' Fox in R., quoted by Wedgw. Dan. D. rabbi or rappi is applied to the confused croakings of frogs. Babblement, sb. i . Confused or random talk ; an idle, purposeless discourse. 2. A mob of low people. See Rabble. ' And after all the raskall many ran Heaped together in rude rabblement, To see the face of that victorious man.' F. Queene, Bk. i. Canto 1 2. Rabble-rote, sb. A confused rehearsal of a long rigmarole, or roundabout story. This word and the one which follows it may be one and the same. Wb. Gl. gives them as two words, Hall, quotes only this one, and elsewhere I do not find either. Still, while the element rabble is the same in either word, rote and rout may be different, the former being the same word as in ' to learn, or to say, by rote.' Rabble-rout, sb. A confused crowd of low disorderly people. Rack, sb. Light, thin, vapoury clouds driven by the wind in such a way as to give them a distinctly different appearance from the ordinary clouds; these latter being frequently, indeed usually, visible behind the Rack. The word generally occurs in the expression the Rack rides. See Scud, which, how- ever, is not coincident with Hack in sense, but applies to a lighter, fleecier, drifting vapour, moving nearer to the earth. O. N. reka, to drive, rek, drift, motion, skyrek, the rack, or moving, drifting clouds. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 397 Raddle, v. a. To beat severely, with a stick or other hard object. Hall, gives raddle, apparently from Cr. Gl., ' to weave or wattle,' presupposing, therefore, the materials for weaving or wattling, small or pliable sticks, or the like. Besides, he gives the sense, a hurdle ;' adding that ' Kennett has raddles, small wood or sticks, split like laths to bind a wall for the plastering it over with loam or mortar. " In old time," says Harrison, p. 187, " the houses of the Britons were slightly set up with a few posts and many radels." In Sussex the term is applied to long pieces of supple underwood twisted between upright stakes to form a fence, or to slight strips of wood which are employed in thatching bams and outhouses. Also called raddlings.' Again, note rades, the rails of a wagon. Probably our word is simply a derivative from the name of the instrument em- ployed in the action, as hazeling from hazel, redding from rod, 8cc. The words radel, raddle, raddlings, may all spring from A. S. wrtetbian, to wreathe, weave, wattle. Raddle his bones for him.' Wb. Gl. Raddling, sb. A severe beating. Raff, sb. A low kind of person, the reverse of respectable. 4 To raff was formerly used in E. in the sense of scraping or raking ; and also of a scraping together, a confused heap. Hence raff, riffraff, scrapings, scum, refuse, the refuse of society; raff(\&.e. rake), a debauched, unprincipled person.' Wedgw. Raffle, v. n. To lead a loose, irregular life ; to indulge in disorderly habits. A derivative, it would seem, from Raff. Hall, gives raffle, to live disorderly : hence raffle-coppin, a wild fellow. Comp. our Baffle-pack. Raffle, v. n. and a. i. To become confused in one's intellect, so as to speak unconnectedly or without reason or sense. 2. To entangle or confuse, put into a state of disorder. See Babble, of which this is simply another form with a definite variation of meaning assigned to it. Comp. Sw. rapplen, to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong in the head, and also Dan. vrwule, to talk nonsense. Hall, gives the further forms ravel, to talk idly, ravelled, confused, mixed together. 1. ' " He is beginning to raffle;" to lose his memory, become imbecile.' Wb. Gl. ' He wur raffling on iv a strange way t' neeght thruff, about yah thing or anither.' 2. ' " The books were in a raffled state ;" of disorderly accounts.' Wb. Gl. ' A raffled hank,' or skein of thread, wool, twine ; often applied metaphorically of trouble or perplexity; as ' A desper*t raffled hank he's in for.' ' Yon big wind, last week, 's raffled t' thack' o' t' hay-stack desper'tly.' Raffle-pack, adj. Low, disorderly, of loose lives and habits. Raffling, adj. Disorderly, riotous, dissipated. Raffly, adj. Of confused or weakened intellect; apt to talk incohe- rently, or as one whose faculties are failing or passing away does. Puir au'd chap ! He 's getten quiet raffly o' late.' ' He alla's talks iv a raffly soort o' way.' ' Nobbut a raffly chap at t' best o' tahms ;' of a wild, witless, hasty, harum-scarum sort of person. 39 GLOSSARY" OF THE Ragabash, ragabrasb, sb. i. A low, disreputable fellow. 2. An assemblage of such ; a ' tag-rag and bobtail' company. Perhaps only a combination of rag, and brash, rubbish, refuse, what is vile and worthless, both applied contemptuously. See Brash, brashy. Brock, seems to have entertained the same notion ; he says, ' Rubbish is used in the same sense : both may be said to be synonymous with ragamuffins.' 1 , ' He 's nobbut a ragabrasb chap.' 2. ' They 're all ragabasb.' Wb. Gl. Bagally, ragilly, adj. Of no, or rather of ill, character; unprin- cipled, worthless, beggarly. ' A ragally soort o' chap, at wad nowther wark nor want ;' would steal, or do anything rather than honest labour for his maintenance. ' A ragally squad.' Wb. Gl. Ragel, ragil, sb. A dissolute, vagabond fellow ; an abandoned good- for-nothing, a wretch. There are three words which may lead to confusion if care be not taken to keep them separate, our Ragel or Ragil, E. and M. E. rakebell, and N. W. Engl. (Cumb. and Westm.) rackle, rude, unruly, unmanageable, which is the same word as O. E. raltel, rackyl. The last-named is referrible to O. N. racier, fortis, stienuus, itself very probably connected with raka, to run about, run wildly, and its congeners. Rakebell originates in the manner indi- cated in the following passage from Ascham quoted by Wedgw. : ' Such an ungracious couple (Domitian and Commodus) as a man shall not find again if he raked all bell for them.' Comp. ' PI. D. bollenbessem, hell-besom, Du. belleveeg (veegen, to sweep), terms of abuse, especially for an angry, violent woman, a shrew, a vixen.' But I think our word should be referred immediately to O. Sw. reekel, homo nihili (Ihre), Sw. rdkel, a worthless fellow, Dan. rcekel, a word of contempt for a mean or upstart fellow. Perhaps it may be thought by some that the olden use of the word rakebell points to a Scand. origin rather than to a confusion ' in our olden writers between rakebell and Fr. racaille for rascal.' Wedgw. Pr. Pm. has ' racare, of a pytte (rakare of a cyte). Merdifer, fumarius, fima- rius ;' with which comp. Sw. rackar, an executioner, one who does any mean or con- temptible work. ' " A sad ragil;" a very loose fellow.' Wb. Gl. Rag-river, sb. One addicted to decided romping, a torn-boy. Ragrowtering, adj. Romping, risking the damage of clothes by rude or rough personal handling in play. Rag-well, sb. A spring of supposed or real virtue or efficacy in any given class of disorder. Rags from the clothes of those who re- ceived benefit were wontedly hung up in honour of, or gratitude to, the patron-saint of the well. It would also seem as if the name were, in part at least, due to a species of divination which used to be practised in connection with these wells. If the sick person's shirt (or shift), on being thrown into the well, happened to float, the owner would get better ; but, if it sunk, he (or she) would die.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 399 Baitch, sb. A white line or mark down a horse's face. S. G. rcecka, ordo, series, Sw. rdcka, a linear stretch or row ; Sw. rak, Dan. D. and O. Dan. rag, straight, direct ; as, at staae rag op : to stand erect ; tide plaier rag ryg : a straight back ploughs badly ; i. e. a man, to plough well, must stoop to his work. Cf. also PI. D. rige, relte, Germ, reibe; Dut. recken, to stretch; and Cr. Gl. rake, given as synonymous with, and really another form of, Kaitch. Raited, pcpl. Injuriously affected by exposure to the influences of weather; of hay from the outside portion of the stack; of the straw of standing corn, split by the action of wind and wet. Also said of straw intended for thatching, and which has been steeped long enough to cause it to split longitudinally, and soften or become more flexile. A word which is not distantly connected with rot, rotten. O. N. rotna, to decay, to be- come rotten, also means to become bald, as from a supposed decay of the hair. So Dan. raadden has a near ally in rode, applied as in at Icegge bar, ellers, bamp, i rede : to lay flax or hemp in steep, or, almost literally, in rotting ; the intention being to induce partial decay of the stalk : which is in fact just what has taken place in raited hay, and in the straw laid in steep preparatory to using it as thatch, and even in the damaged, though still- standing, corn-stems. N. rayta is as nearly as possible coincident with rait in all respects, as rayte bamp, reyte sTeiwi, &c. Comp. ' ret, to soak in water, as in seasoning timber, hemp, &c.' Hall. ; also Pr. Pm. ' Rettyn tymbyr, hempe, or o}>er lyke : retyn tymbyr, flax or hempe. Rigo, infundo.' The editor, in a note on this word, quotes Flemish ' bet vlas Reeten, to hickle, bruise or breake flax : een Reete, a hitchell with teeth to bruise flax.' Still, I think our word is connected as mentioned above, whatever the connection of the Fl. words may be. See Molb. Dan. D. Lex. under Rede 2. where reve or rebe barren is put in contradistinction to at rode barren. Rakapelt, sb. One addicted to vicious indulgences, a man of disso- lute life and habits. Comp. Dut. raepalje, Fr. raspaille, the scum, dregs of the people, Lang, raspalia, to sweep ; and note the rake in raleebell, Bret, raka, N. S. raoken, to scrape, scour off. Ram, adj. Fetid, offensive, high-scented. O. N. rammr, bitter ; Dan. ram, of strong and offensive smell ; Sw. rams, ramslok, wild garlic (Allhtm ursinnm), from its strong, disagreeable odour. Pr. Pm. ' ramzys, herbe (rammys, ramsis, ramseys).' Gerarde states that the Allium ursinum is called ' Ramsies, ramsons, or Buckrams. The broad-leaved garlic is commonly termed ramsons ; in Cr. Dial, rams, or ramps.' Note to Ramzys. Ramble, v. n. To clamber or climb, as a boy up a gate, or the like. Comp. It. rampare, to ramp, clamber ; Fr. ramper, to climb ; Germ, rammeln, ' which when used of children signifies tumbling and tossing about, throwing about the limbs, and is also applied to plants in the sense of shoot, spring, sprout.' Wedgw. Rammen, ramming, adj. Huge, very big : an augmentative in re- spect of size. This may be simply an application of the participle ramming, in a way analogous to, that of thumping, wbopping, thwacking, &c. ; or it may be connected with O. N. ramr, fortis, robustus, Dan. ram. The latter word is not infrequently used in a like manner with ours, 400 GLOSSARY OF THE or as an intensitive or augmentative : as, ramme alvor, downright earnest ; raw Jydsle, almost equivalent to our ' broad Yorkshire.' ' Gret rammen big ans ;' said to me of trout. Ramp, sb. The perpendicular rise in a wall built on sloping ground, which, being repeated as frequently as the inclination requires it, enables the builder to maintain a horizontal line with his coping without sacri- ficing the height of the wall. Sw. ramp, the step between two levels of a wall or terrace. This, like our own word no doubt, is due to Fr. rampe, with which also is connected O. E. ramp, to leap, to be rampant : Hall. ; ' to ramp in manner with both their feet upon the dead.' North's Pint. quoted by Wedgw. Rampage, sb. (pr. with the second a long, and the accent on it). Riotous and reckless living, unbridled drunken idleness and excess. ' The It. rombazzare, rombeggiare may be identified with M. H. G. rambueze, spring wildly about, and with Eng. rampage, to be riotous, scour up and down ; rampadgeon, a furious, boisterous, quarrelsome fellow.' Wedgw. ' He 's been on the rampage t* 'heeal o' t' week.' Ramscallion, sb. One whose person is so filthy that he is offensive. Wb. Gl. quotes ' as ram as a scallion,' as offensive as an onion, as a local saying or simile, and the word may originate thus, though it is hardly probable. Wedgw. gives ram- pallion, a coarse, vulgar person, and suggests a connection, if not a derivation, for it. Cf. rapscallion. Ramshackle, adj. Out of repair; disjointed, fit to fall to pieces: thence, of irregular or loose and disjointed habits, unsteady, not to be depended on : applied to persons in Clevel., as elsewhere to structures or constructions. Shackle has probably the same relationship to shake that bruckle or brockle has to break ; and ram, it is likely, is closely connected with Prov. Engl. rames, remnants, ruins, ' an old rames of a house :' Wedgw. ; Dan. D. rams, old grass which has remained on the ground so long as to become dry and worthless. Comp. rames, the dried stalks of beans, peas, potatoes, &c. ; also the relics of a branch after the leaves are off: Hall. ; ramel, rub- bish, especially bricklayer's rubbish. Also, a vb., to rammell, or moulder in pieces, as sometimes mud-walls or great masses of stone will do of themselves : Halliwell. Wedgw. also quotes, besides other applications of the Sw. rammel, rattle, ramla, to clatter, ramla omktill som en mur : to tumble down as a wall. From these two elements our word is easily and significantly formed, and the secondary sense in the example is curious but not unnatural. ' " A ramshackle, in-and-out sort of a body ;" one whom you cannot confine to any par- ticular pursuit, or on whom you have no dependence." Wb. Gl. Randan, sb. Unsteady and riotous conduct persevered in for some continuance. See Rampage. Pr. Pm. ' Randone, or long renge of wurdys, or other thyngys. Haringga :' the note to which is, ' Haringga seems here to be given for harenga, or arenga, a public declamation. Randon, in its primary signification, appears to be synonymous with O. Fr. randon, violence, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 40 1 impetuous speed, a sudden shock. Thus Sir John Mandeville relates that at the Court of the Chan, on occasion, " thei maken knyghtis to jousten in armes fulle lustyly, and thei rennen to gidre a gret randoum, and thei frusschen to gidere fully fiercely." p. 286. Holinshed describes the onslaught upon the Duke of Somerset, at the battle of Tewkesbury, " with full randon" as made by certain spearmen. " Aller a la grand randon, to go very fast. Ran- donner, to run violently." Cotgr. Elyot gives " Decitrsio, iustes as at the tilte or randon." In a secondary sense this word seems to have implied an array or line of combatants, or a continuous flow of words, as in an harangue.' ' Sang respandu a gros randons : blood spilt in great gushes.' The transition to the sense implied in our word is easy. ' He was half-drunk already this morning. He intends to be upon the randan for the day.' Wb. Gl. Handle-balk, rendle-balk, sb. (pr. rann'l-bau'k). A cross-beam in the chimney, on which are hung the pot-hooks. Dan. D. raan, raane or ran, rane, raande, the space below the roof in the Fremmers. The Fremmers, in old-fashioned country-side houses in several parts of Denmark, was a pro- jecting end or portion of the building (whence the name) which contained the oven and gave shelter to one cow or more, besides some sheep and the fowls. In some cases the great or cooking fire of the establishment was also in the Fremmers, and where this was the case, meat, salt or fresh, fish, and the like, were hung i raan ; besides which the fowls also (as mentioned above) had their roost there. Hence, in Jutland, rane, raen or raan denotes most frequently the sticks or stakes (stangene) which were put up as aids to the fowls in reaching their roost for the night. Hence again, bonse-raan ; and such expressions as ncer e bbns fiyue te raan, kokken paa bans raan. A few lines further on Molbech con- tinues, ' In the various Northern Dialects in which rane or raan occurs, it seems to have two especial significations ; the one of the space just below the roof of a house, the other either of an individual stake or perch, especially as fixed in the upper part of the building, or of a loft or a bedstead made of spars, and sometimes found in that part. In some places the word thus comes to be applied to what we in Clevel. call the Hay-bau'ks a rough support of loose poles or boards for laying the hay on. In a collection of words from Vend- syssel, rane is explained as a pole, or Bau'k, fixed at some height in the chimney, to hang meat to smoke on. Elsewhere, in Sweden, rander, rdnde and rdnde-st'dnger ; and then, our Rannil-bauk is quoted from the Cr. Gl. Vendsyssel forms, also, are rane, raane, raande, I. for the fowls to roost upon at night, and 2. a platform of boughs or Bau'ks for the hay to lie upon over the cow-stalls ; as, at Itomme ba paa raanden : to lay hay upon the Hay-bau'ks. Handle-perch, sb. The same as Bandle-bau'k. Bands, sb. (pr. reeands). The borders round fields left unploughed and producing rough grass : applied loosely to the grass in question. O. N. rbnd, the border, margin, boundary of a thing ; Sw. and Dan. rand, Germ., PI. D., Fris. rand, id. ; A. S. rand, a rim. Banged, p.p. (pr. reeanged, g hard). Striped, waled, as the flesh is after the infliction of sharp blows with a cane or stiff whip ; streaked, as one's face, or a fair cloth, might be, by drawing the dirty fingers down or across it. O. N. raung, rbng, costa navis, the rib of a ship ; Sw. rang, id., also a pole or Stang ; D. D. ranke, shores, stays. The ribs of a ship are ranged in parallel order ; so are the rungs 3F 402 GLOSSARY OF THE (or, as called in some places, rongs, roongs) of a ladder. Comp. Richardson's ' Range in a kitchen so called, perhaps, from the ranks or rows of bars.' His quotation from Chaucer is more to the point still as shewing that in that poet's time the word range was used in the sense of row one line parallel to another. ' And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.' On rondin, S. Marb. p. 6, Mr. Cockayne remarks that ' he believes it to be only another form of Rendin. Otherwise it should mean Rod, strike with Rod; Rod = Round = Rung = M. G. Hrugga, pd/38os : the first three are equivalents in O. E. We seem to have such a word in the unexplained Radrond of the Emsiger Busstaxen Radrond achte pan- negar A rod-round eight pennies.' I would suggest that, assuming ' round = rung' (cf. N. rang, rib of a ship, with rand, a stripe, randut, striped, marked in strokes), our form ranged or reeanged comp. Scheeal = school, Feeal=/oo/, &c. gives an apposite explanation for both rondin and radrond, namely, slash with long straight cuts (a ' sweord scharpe" being the instrument used), and wale or wheal, the results of a blow with a rod or switch. Rank, adj. i. Close or thick together; of persons, growing plants, &c. 2. Numerous, abundant, of frequent occurrence; of almost general application. Pr. Pm. ' Ranke. Crassus : Rankenesse. Crassitude.' ' Of many iron hammers beating rank.' F. Queene. ' From this quotation,' says Wedgw., ' we readily pass to the sense of frequent, closely set. And generally the image of vigorous action' (which he assumes as the fundamental notion in rank) ' supplies the senses of strong in body, luxuriant in growth, fully developed, &c.' It is certainly worthy of notice, in this connection, that Dan. rank expresses the idea of tall ; en rank bog, gran, pile, a tall beech, pine, willow tree. Mangen jette . . . der nu staaer rank : many giants who stand towering ; lad . . . of den skievbenede den ranke lee og grine : let the tall and well-grown laugh and mock at the bow-legged. Dan. D. ranke is to grow upright, become thrifty, of plants ; as, kaalplanterne som vi satte igaar ranke sig efter regnen : the cabbage-plants we set yesterday stand well up after the rain. 2, ' T' flee 's desper't rank on thae swedes. They'll get 'em a'.' Rannack, sb. - A wild unsteady person, a dissolute spendthrift, a vicious rake. Comp. Dan. D. rangla, to totter, to be unsteady, to reel about like a drunken man; N. rangla, to revel, riot, wander about ; Sw. ranka, to stand unsteadily, to totter or reel, rankigt, unsteady ; gd rankigf, to have an unsteady motion or gait, rankning, tottering from one side to the other ; Germ, ranken, rankern, rdnkeln, to run wildly about, tumble about, be unsteady ; ranken (of the sow), to be brimming. Ranty, adj. Excited ; wild with passion, drink or excitement. Cf randy, boisterous, noisy, obstreperous : Hall. ; and also, having the sexual passions excited ; of both sexes, in the Eastern Counties, constantly. Note also, rant, to drink or riot: Hall., to speak or preach vehemently; Germ, ranzen, to be on heat, or in restless or excited motion, ranten, to be noisy, to play tricks ; Swab, junger rande, a young ranti- pole ; Du. ranzen, to be on heat. ' In Franconia and Silesia rant is noise, uproar :' Wedgw. D. D. ranti or rante is a guild or gay party with music and all sorts of fun ; rannie, to flirt and romp, to behave as rustic wooers do. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 403 Bap, v. a. To snatch, seize, take by force, rob or plunder. As this word is seldom if ever heard except in the phrase To rap and ree, or reeve, it is not too easy to frame an accurate definition. Wb. Gl. explains the phrase by 'to cater after or obtain an advantage for your own or your favourite's benefit. " They rapped and reed for him all that they could lay their hands on ;" availed themselves practically of everything they could compass in his behalf. This remark is often heard as applied to a fond parent who tries to enrich in particular a favourite child above the rest of the family.' In point of fact, the phrase is one of very varying form ; ' robbe ne reve' is met with in Chaucer (Urry, p. 2^5), and also ' repe and renne,' Ib. p. 126; ' heo rupten heo raefden,' in Lay, ii. 16, first text, is parallel to ' Hii rupten hii refden' in the second; while Ancren Riwle gives the form ' arepen and arechen,' with the various readings ' repen and rinen,' ' ropin and rimen.' Ihre quotes ' Ang. rap, rap and ran, per fas et nefas ad se pertrahere,' and Mr. Wedgwood's remark on the phrase is, that in it rap is ' joined with the syno- nymous O. N. ran, rapine ;' to which he adds ' I rap or rende, je rapine. Palsgr. To rapt and renne. Chaucer. To get all one can rap and run. Coles in Hall.' The Cr. Gl. form is ' ramp and reave ;' Ainsworth gives ' rap and run for,' while in Miege it is ' rap and ran,' the example ' whatever he can rap and ran' being rendered by tout ce qu'il pent attraper. O. N. ran ok brifs, quoted by Mr. Wedgwood as ' used in the same way ' as ' rap and ran ' or ' rape and renne,' is more than simply illustrative ; for brifs, robbery by violence, plunder, is from briffa, to seize, quoted by Bosworth as the O. N. form of A. S. rypan, ryppan, brypan, to tear quickly, to sweep hastily together, on which word Laya- mon's rupten, Ancr. Riwle arepen, certainly depend. The forms reefden, refden, reve, which seem to differ mainly from arecben, by the substitution of a labial for the guttural, illustrate our ree or reeve. The reading rimen must be a scribal error, run for and ramp are both corruptions, while robbe, repe, rupen, rap, ropin are all varying forms of the same word. Baps, sb. News, country-talk. ' The syllable rap is used in the first instance to represent the sound of a blow or hard knock, and then to signify whatever is done with the violence or quickness of a blow.' Wedgw. Comp. our Clash, ' to clatter or clap as a door, to bring down, or let anything fall, with violence ;' and as a sb. 'a fall, knock or bruise.' Wb. Gl. And next comp. the sense of Haps above with Clash, clashes, news, reports, country-talk. Base, pret of to Rise. ' They rase all together ;' of partridges taking wing. Basp, sb. A raspberry; the fruit of the common raspberry-shrub (Rubus idceus). Formerly raspis, raspise or raspise-berry. Batten, sb. The common rat Pr. Pm. ' Ratun, or raton. Rato, sorex.' Sw. ratta, Dan. rotte. Baum, roam, v. n. (pr. reeam). To shout, lift up the voice, use much effort in speaking. O. N. breimr, a sound, breima, to resound, rymia, to roar, shout, raise an outcry, raumr, a man with a powerful voice, romr, a shout, a voice, roma, to publish abroad ; Sw. rama, to bellow, rumor, a shout, exclamation ; A. S. bream, a clamour, crying out, briman, bryman, 3 * 2 404 GLOSSARY OF THE reomian, to cry out, vociferate; Germ, riibmen; O. H. G. ruamen, ruomen; PI. D. romen, Dut. roemen. Comp. Sw. and Dan. beromma, beromme, to boast, extol. ' And romyes as a rad ryth }>at rorej for drede.' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1543. ' Thee mun reeam intil mah lug. Ah deean't gaum thee ;' spoken by a man who was somewhat deaf. Raw-gobbed, adj, Rude and coarse of speech ; utterly without any refinement of language. See Gob. Rawk. Pr. of Roke. Comp. D. D. forms raag, rag. Rawp, sb. Pr. of Rape (Brassica napus}. Called ' coleseed' in the South. Rax, v. a. i. To stretch or strain, to try the tenacity of anything. 2. To strain; of one's joints. 3. v. n. To stretch, as one does when rousing oneself, or moving from a constrained position. ' He (Sleuthe) bigan Benedkite with a bolk, And his brest knokked, And raxed and rored, And rutte at the last.' P. Ploughm. p. 1OO. Rich, makes raxed in this passage the perfect of ' reach,' or equivalent to O. E. raugbte, ra)t, ratfe. Wright, Gl. to P. Ploughman, on the other hand, with as little reason, makes it the perfect of raxen, to hawk, to spit. In ' Carles wha heard the cock had crawn Begoud to rax and rift,' quoted by Jam. from Ramsay's Poems, i. 270, raxing and rifting, or stretching and belch- ing, are connected, as also in P. Ploughm. ' I raxled and fel in gret affray :' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1173, where the speaker is rousing up from his dream, is an intermediate form. Comp. also, A. S. wraxlere, a wrestler, wraxlian, to wrestle; Fris. wraxlia, Dut. worstelen. 1. ' Riving and raxing like a sailor at a rope.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Ah happen'd badly an' raxed ma shackle' (wrist). 3. ' He rase an' raxed or raxed hissel tiv 'is full height.' Rax, sb. A strain, a wrench or twist of a limb or joint. ' " Ah stauter'd an' gat a sair rax;" stumbled and got a bad sprain.' Wb. Gl. Razzle, v. a. To cook meat at or over the fire, only superficially ; to brown or scorch the outside, the interior remaining unaffected by heat. Surely connected with rasher ; Bav. rbscbpfann, a frying-pan, geroscb, a fritter, rescben, to fry ; Germ, rdscb, crisp, hard, crackling, roscb, applied to both meat and bread in the sense of cooked enough. Rasbed, in Hall., means ' burnt in cooking, by being too hastily cooked ;' comp. rdscb and Bav. roscb, resch, id., with G. roscb in this light. ' Pudding rasbed in the oven ;' ' beef rasbed in the roasting :' Halliwell. Possibly Dan. Dial, rase, to half dry, or half smoke (of clothes or fish), may be jiot unconnected. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 405 Beach, v. a. To hand, bring or fetch, a thing to another, namely, ' Reach me the salt, please." ' Reacb me yon strickle, lad, will 'ee.' Comp. ' biiaelc monn is from tub, gif bis sunu bine giuia blaf, cufSestu be ftone stan bim race^S T if his son ask him bread, think you he reaches him a stone. North. Gosp. Matt, vii. 9. & wapnen him arable ;' and weapons to him reached. Lay. ii. 14. Beach to. To help oneself at table. 1 Now reach to an' mak' yersel agreeable ; an' an ye deean't like 't, lay back ;' help your- self, and to what you like best ; and if it is not to your liking when you Ve got it, put it back. Comp. ' Put to your hand, eat what you please.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 13. ' No raccheo'S to borde : Nor reach they to board buten braed ane.' But bread only. Lay. ii. 403. Bear, v. a. To raise, to raise up and place in a standing or quasi- standing posture. ' Rear thae steean stoups oop on end an' lean 'em agin t' hoos' end.' ' He 's getten t' farm buildings reared desper't sharp an' a'.' Cf. ' Wilt thou rear it (the Temple) up in three days ?' John ii. 2O. ' many men there they were the 2 stones vp to reare.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 468. Bear, adj. Not sufficiently cooked, under-done, half-raw. Pr. Pm. ' Rere, or nesche, as eggys (as eyre, eyyre). Mollis, sorbilis ;' ' " reer, raw, as the meat is reer, a reer roasted egg." Kennett MS. Forby and Major Moor notice the word as retained in East Anglia. It is not uncommonly used by old writers. Thus Andrew Boorde, in his Breviary of Health, says, " Maces and ginger, rere eggs, and poched eggs not hard, theyr yolkes be a cordiall ;" and he recommends for Satyriasis, to eat two or three " new layd egges rested rere." " Reere, as an egg is, mo/." Palsgr.' Note to Rere in Pr. Pm. O. N. brdr, A. S. brere. Beave, reve, v. a. To tear away, carry off, plunder. A. S. reajian, breqfian, N. S. roven, rofen, Maeso-G. raubon; Dan. reve, Sw. rofva; &c. The word seldom occurs except in the phrase rap and reve, wherein it also takes the form ree. We have no noun current answering to Sc. reiver. See Rap. Beckan-bau'k, sb. (Pr. of Beek-airn-balk). The bar-part, or horizontal beam, of the Beek-airn ; the Gallibau'k. Beckling, sb. See Wreckling. Bed, v. a. To put in order, to set right. Ihre gives reda, explicare, expedire, ordinare, and Dalin reda, to separate and lay straight what has been confused or in disorder, both of them quoting O. N. greida, explicare, eno- dare, as the origin. Besides, note Dan. rede, O. N. reida, Dan. D. rede sig, to come right and straight, and especially N. reda, as in bun gikk at rede sangen min : she went to red up my bed. Arne, p. 62. This, notwithstanding the Dan. idiom, at rydde op i et stue, 406 GLOSSARY OF THE exactly equivalent to our Clevel. to red up t' hoos', probably decides the origin of red. If so, the reda group of verbs furnishes us with both reet and red (see Reet, Reeting- comb) ; a case not without parallel, as may be seen in Skill compared with scale, vb., and with skel in Skelbeast. Bed rud. See Bud : an iteration of sense. 4 her rud was red as rose in raine." Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 361 ; see also p. 391. Bed up, v. a. To make orderly, to remove all traces of disorder or confusion, to set everything straight or in its place. Bee, y. a. See Beeve. Beead-yat, adj. Red-hot. Beeght, or Beeht. Pr. of Bight. Beek, v. n. To smoke, to emit visible vapour. O. N. reykia, rjuka, fumare, S. G. ryka. Ihre adds, after collating roka, ' this difference, however, between the two should be observed, that ryka always means to emit smoke, roka, to dry by smoking, roka kott, to smoke meat, from rdk, smoke.' Sw. ryka (v. n. and impers.), Dan. rage (v. a.), ryge (v. n.), A. S. recan, O. H. G. roucben, O. L. G. riobben, Germ, rducben, Fris. reeken, PI. D. rooken. ' He reeks like a sod-heap ;' of a person smoking tobacco so vehemently that he is ob- scured by his own smoke. Beek, sb. Smoke, smoke-like vapour. Pr. Pm. ' Reek, or smeke. Fumus.' O. N. reykr, O. Sw. rdk, Sw. rok, Dan. rag, A. S- rec, roec, Germ, ranch, O. H. G. rucb, Fris. rec, rek, PL D. rook. Beek-airn, sb. (pr. reckon or reckan). An iron crane on which are suspended the pot-hooks, and which, being hinged at one end to the masonry of the chimney, will move in any direction over the fire ; being in this respect unlike the Bandle-balk, which is fixed. I think this is simply a contraction of reek-iron, Clevel. Reek-airn, the iron fixed amid the smoke. Cf. Baksta'n. Beek-airn-crooks, sb. (pr. reckon-creeaks). The pot-hooks ; the series of iron hooks working on the Beek-atrn-bau'k, and employed in suspending the kettle, pots, &c., over the fire. Beek-airn, To ring. ' A person is told he may ring the reckon, when any long-delayed or unexpected good fortune has befallen him : the performance consisting in striking the rekkon with the poker as often as one sees good.' Wh. Gl. Beeky, adj. Smoky. Beesty, adj. Rancid, discoloured and having a bad taste. Pr. Pm. Reese, as flesche (resty). Rancidus. Reestyn, as flesche. Ranceo.' 'The radical meaning seems to be stale or overkept bacon, as cbars restez (remnants, broken CLEVELAND DIALECT. 407 meat) is glossed in Bibelesworth by resty flees (resty flesh), and resty or restive (from Fr. rester) is pronounced reasty in the N. of E.' Wedgw. I reast, I waxe ill of taste, as bacon.' Palsgr. Bure assez resti, stale or rancid butter. ' On the other hand, the word may be the equivalent of G. rdscb, rdss, rassig, sharp-tasting, harsh. Sw. ras, over-salted, sharp, biting, harsh in taste:' Wedgw., whose whole comment on the word should be studied. Beet, v. a. To comb and otherwise arrange the hair. S. G. reda, explicare, expedire, ordinare ; reda ut sit bdr : crines pectine explicare ; Sw. reda bdr ; Dan. at rede sit baar med en kam : to reet one's hair wiv a Keeam or Kaim ; O. N. greida, reida. See Bed. ' Get your hair reeled out.' Wb. Gl. Reeting, sb. A combing, or making straight and smooth; of the hair, with the Beeting-comb. Reeting-comb, sb. (pr. reeting-keeam). The comb used for reeting, or combing out and adjusting the hair : applied to a pocket-comb simply, or to the comb used by females to their long hair ; but not to such combs as the small-tooth comb. Dan. redekam, a comb, the teeth of which stand moderately wide apart, with which the hair is reeted (baaret redes); distinct from, or in contrast with, en tat kam = our small- toothed comb. Molb. Cf. Sw. D. re-Jtamm, ree-komm, ree-kamm, a coarse comb to reet out the hair with. Beeze, v. a. To become rancid. See Beesty. ' What is the usage at present in other districts, or in this formerly, I am not prepared to say ; but at present we never, as far as my observation extends, use reasty in the sense of rancid, but always reezed ; or, as it is sometimes heard, reez-dy. Tim Bobbin has recast or reest, the outside of bacon.' Cr. Gl. under Reasty. Beist, v. n. To be restive, to display stubbornness or obstinacy. Fr. restif, stubborn, drawing backward, that will not go forward. Cotgr. Fr. rester, to stop, remain still, draw back, from Lat. restore. Beist, sb. Restiveness, stubbornness, obstinacy. ' " It took reist;" an unmanageable fit, which a horse will sometimes manifest.' Wb. Gl. Beisted, adj. Restive. Bemmon, v. a. and n. i . To remove ; transfer from one place to another. 2. To change one's residence, or remove. Pr. Pm. ' Remawn or remevyn (remowne, remouyn, or remeuyn). Amoveo, removeo.' O. N. ryma, to make room, give place ; S. G. ryma, v. a., to remove, put out of the way ; Sw. rymma, v. a., to remove, also v. 11. as, rymrna bus for en annan : to vacate a house in 408 GLOSS A Ry OF THE favour of some one else ; Dan. ramme, id. ; A. S. ryman, Germ, r'dumen. Ihre collates also Al. rumen, and Belg. ruymen. 1. ' Remmoning a cam;' taking away the earth, &c., once constituting the Cam or bank. ' " Remmon yourself;" get out of the way.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Thev have remmoned into another spot.' Ib. ' To remmon house ;' to change one's residence. Kemmoning, sb. A removing, the act of removing. Cf. Dan. form remning, withdrawal, removal. Render, v. a. To cause to melt or become fluid by the application of heat ; especially applied to the preparation of lard, or Saim, from the inner fat, or Leaf, of the pig. O. N. renna (pr. renri), to flow, to be made liquid, to be melted, as, malmttrinn rennr, the metal is smelted ; renna (pr. rennf), to pour out, to smelt, as renna kopar, to smelt copper. Comp. Sw. Ijvset rinner, the candle runs, that is, the tallow melts ; Dan. lyset rinder, id. Comp. also the expressions to run bullets, Hun-metal, &c. Rendered-fat, sb. The fat or dripping, which is usually the cook's perquisite in a family. Renderment, sb. The mass of melted fat which is obtained by rendering any available pieces of fat all together. Renky, adj. Tall and well-made, athletic ; having the personal qualities of ' a man/ ' Then raj>es hym )>e renk, and ryses to )>e masse.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1558. The word is again and again applied to Sir Gawayn, noble knight and distinguished warrior ; and the Gl. explanation is ' a man, originally a warrior.' A. S. rinc, a soldier, warrior, a valiant, noble or honourable man ; O. Germ, recite, recbe, rink, a hero, a giant ; O. H. G. bringa, a prince, a governor. Ihre gives O. Sw. ring, vir praestans, eximius, col- lating A. S. rinc and Welsh rben, satrapa, and referring it to O. N. reke, recite, heros, athleta, ' for an is often inserted, as is illustrated elsewhere.' Comp. Dan. rank, tall, well- grown, N. Sax. and Dut. rank, rang. Is it not possible that in the ' nursery-rhyme* quoted by Molb. Dial. Lex, in v. Rank, ' Rie. o rie, o ranke, Star Hest og Blanks,' otherwise, ' Ride, Ride, ranke, Hesten bedder Blanke, Hesten bedder Abildgraa, Den skal lille ride paa,' or ' Ride, ride, Ranke, Fra Barring til Blanke,' &c., we have the renk or renke of Sir Gaw. and E. Eng. Allit. Poems (passim)? Our word would follow as an adj. from either of the words quoted above, or might even derive directly from Dan. rank. The forms rynge}, rynkej, also occur in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, and ring, rynk in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 409 Reshes, sb. The hard rush (Juncus glaucus) ; the stiff, rather dwarf- growing rush met with in uncultivated places. Pr. Pm. ' Ryscbe, or rusche. Cirpus, juncus.' ' " For ofte have I," quod he, " Holpen yow at the barre, And yet yeve ye me nevere, The worth of a rissbe." ' P. Plougbm. p. 75. A. S. rise, arise, rics, a rush ; PI. D. rusk, aurusk, riscb ; Sc. rasbes. Reve- shaft, sb. The shaft or handle of a hammer or axe, of whatever kind, made thickest at the head-end, and inserted from the upper side of the axe or hammer-head, so as to be removable at pleasure. I take this to mean, fundamentally, the shaft that fastens, secures, or, so to speak, rivets itself, prevents itself from ' drawing,' as a nail that is riveted. There is a Sc. word root/*, ruve or ruiff, to rivet, to clinch ; and, in the example given by Jam., the word is applied to the flattening out of the ends of a bar of iron an inch in diameter to prerent its drawing or returning from its place. -Cf. Fr. river, to double back the end or point of a thing, to rivet or clench a nail ; Cr. Gl. ' rebbit, to clinch, to rivet.' Rezzel, sb. The common weasel (Musiela vulgaris). It is not impossible that this name may be derived from the sharp chattering cry of the animal. Jam. gives reissil, to make a loud chattering noise, as from Teut. rysselen, A. S. bristlan, crepere, strepere, S. G. rasla, crepitare. Rick, sb. A stack of larger dimensions than a Pike, and not neces- sarily circular in shape. O. N. braukr, strues aridorum, A. S. break. Sec. See Book, vb. and sb., of which this is simply another form with a special application. Ridding, sb. i. A clearing; in the American sense especially. More frequently met with in local names, or in documents, than in modern expression. 2. A clearing or clearance in a more general sense. 0. N. ry5/a, to fell trees, to clear a forest ; rydja tre, or rydja mark; Dan. rydde skoyjard, to clear forest land ; ryddingsland or rydddand, land obtained by such clearing ; S. G. ' rodja, terram incultam, excisis arboribus demtisque saxis, ad cultum redigere : Ant. rydia ;' Sw. rodja. 1. 'Kate Ridding,' in Skelton parish; 'Ridding Swang," on Danby-Side above the enclosures. 3. ' We have made rydyng thrugh oute Jure, Well wyt ye oone thyng, that mordered have we Many thowsandes :' Townd. Myst. p. 156; where the reference is to the Slaughter of the Innocents. 30 410 GLOSS ARF OF THE Riddle, sb. A large coarse sieve ; more especially, a frame of thin parallel iron bars arranged in close order, for sifting cinders, or like matters. A. S. briddel, a sieve, riddle, Welsh rbidyll, Gael, rideal, Bret, ridel. Ihre adds S. G. rissel and Belg. rede, reder, reyter ; and Wedgw., from the inevitable shaking of the sieve when in use, connects it with O. N. rida, to tremble, A. S. bretbadl, Dut. ridde, a fever or shaking sickness ; Teut. riideren, rijerin, rijelin, to shiver with fever or cold. Comp. ree, to shake corn in a sieve, so that the chaff collects in one place : Hall. ; Sc. ree, a small riddle larger than a sieve : Jam. ; reeve, to separate corn that has been winnowed from the small seeds which are among it ; done with what is called the reeving-sieve ; rue, to sieve corn. Hall. Note also Pr. Pm. ' Rydyl, of corn clensynge (ridil for wynwyn of corne). Cribrum, capis- terium, ventilabrtim.' Riddling, sb. A riddle, an enigma. Bide, To let, v. a. To project or throw with force or impetus ; to throw or hurl, as, a missile at any object ; to shoot, with the intention of striking an object. O. N. reffia not only signifies to ride in our sense, but to be borne along, or otherwise moved, with impetus. Thus it is applied to the brandishing of a sword, to the motion of vessels driven by force of wind or current. ' The original meaning of ride would seem to be to come rustling, trickling or rattling down, then to be borne rapidly along a surface :' Wedgw. ; and hence the meaning in our phrase. Comp. the parallel expressions to let drive, to let fly. ' " I let ride at it ;" I shot at it.' Wb. Gl. Eidsome, adj. Admitting of expedition in doing, quickly de- spatched; of a task, piece of work, special occupation. A derivative from to rid, O. N. ryftja, to remove, clear out of the way. See Ridding. Rife, adj. Ready, apt, disposed, sharp or quick, at learning or pre- paration, to wit. ' Were I brought a-bedde, Sholde no ryngynge do me ryse Er I were ripe to dine.' P. Plougbm. Comp. Germ, reif; as das reife alter, ripe age ; das sache ist noch nicbt reife : the affair is not yet ripe. Mr. Wedgw. notices a North, form of ripe formife given by Hall., which makes our rife the more interesting. ' " Rife for a row ;" ready for a riot." Wh. Gl. ' " Come, be rife, and let's be off;" make haste, and let us be going.' Ib. Rift, v. n. To belch ; to throw up air from the stomach. Cf. Dan. robe, to belch, Sw. rapa, O. Germ, rofan. Rigg, sb. i. The back, of either man or animal. 2. The ridge, edge or back of any object, as of the roof of a house, the raised stripe in a knitted stocking, &c. 3. A ridge or long narrow hill. 4. The CLEVELAND DIALECT. 4! f parts of an arable field which, in process of ploughing, are laid up higher than the rest. See Head-rigg. Pr. Pm. ' Rygge, of a lond. Porca (agger) ;' O. N. bryggr, dorsum, tergum ; O. Sw. rigg, rygg, Sw. rygg, Dan. ryg, the back, the highest portion, but always with an implied idea of extent or length, of a thing, as, of a field, of land, of a house-roof (Molb.). The Sw. word has nearly the same extent of meaning, while in bergsrygg or dsrygg it fully corre- sponds to our definition 3. Cf. also, A. S. brycg, bricg, brycce, bricc, O. H. G. brvklta, rvgge, rukke, Germ, rucken. 1 . ' Ah '11 lig thee on tha' rigg ;' knock you flat down on your back. 2. Ainthorpe Rigg ;' ' Castkton Rigg,' &c. Bigg-bone, sb. (pr. rigg-beean). The backbone. Pr. Pm. ' Rygge bone of bakke (rigbone or bakbone).' Rigged, p. p. Laid on its back, cast ; of a sheep which has rolled into a hollow place, as a furrow between the Lands of a field, turned on to its back, and is unable to get up again without help. Rigging, sb. The framework of rafters, &c., supporting, or, in their degree constituting, the roof of a house. Pr. Pm. ' Ryggynge of howsys. Porcacio.' Dan. rygning, the uppermost portion of a house ; the roof generally. Rigging-tree, sb. The main longitudinal spar along the ridge of a roof in which the various pairs of rafters meet. '"The man astride the rigging-tree;" the person who holds a mortgage on the pre- mises.' Wb. Gl. Right-on-end, adv. i. In a straightforward direction, straight on before one. 2. In a straightforward manner, without halt or deviation. 1. ' It ligs reet-an-end before you.' Wb. Gl. 2. '"He's now mending of his ailment reet-an-end;" going on quite prosperously in the way of recovery.' Ib. Right up, v. a. (pr. reeht oop). To set in order, or arrange, as accounts ; to make neat and tidy ; to reduce to obedience or bring to orderly behaviour. ' I'll right ye all up, if you don't behave.' Wb. Gl. Cf. ' he right the Girthes, and sadled the steed." Percy's Fol. MS. i. 389. Rim, sb. The membrane enclosing the intestines. A. S. rima, margin, edge. ' The rime of the sea was used for the surface of the sea ; " the weeds streamed three or four fathoms upon the ryme of the sea." Hawkins' Voyage, p. 116. It is perhaps in this sense that the membrane enclosing the bowels is called the rim.' Wedgw. 3G2 412 GLOSSARF OF THE Bipple, v. a. To scratch slightly, or so as only just to ruffle the surface. Mr. Wedgw. connects E. ripple with rimple and rumple, referring to A. S. brympel, Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompe, rompel, a wrinkle, rurnple, pucker. He adds, ' the gentle sound of small waves breaking on the shore is represented by the word ripple, which is then applied to the uneven surface of the rippling water, and rimple is used in the same sense ; " the rimpling of the brook." Crabbe.' But I doubt whether our word is coincident with E. ripple, or should rather be looked on as a frequentative from rip, to tear, and so nearly allied to O. N. brifa, to scrape, rifa, to tear, Dan. rive, and O. N. rlfja, to rake, turn hay with a rake, &c. In the latter case it may be looked upon as virtually another form of our ruffle, which corresponds very nearly with it in signification. Comp. S. Jutl. rivling, that which is scratched up. Rise, v. a. To raise, cause to rise, flush or cause to leave a state of rest, and fly, as a bird ; or run, as a hare, &c. O. N. reisa, to stir up, to lift up, to erect ; as reisa flock, tumultum excitare, reisa bus, domum erigere. Hald. In the same way Dan. reise, Sw. resa, take the active sense as well as the simple neuter one of I rise' (to my feet, e. g. ; or otherwise), as, at reise torv, to set up turves, back to back, to dry ; at reise mindsteen, to erect a monument, &c. So that our word may not be simply a prov. misuse or abuse of the E. rise, taken for raise, as lay often is, in S. England, for lie, &c. The vb. takes both rose and rase as its pret. : the latter is, I believe, the true or old one, in general use before the effects of schools and school- masters became so sensible. Cf. Townel. Myst. form rase, pret. of rise v. n. ' There, Ah rose him agen ! ' of a trout. ' I rose a covey of partridges and a brace and half of hares in Longlands meadow.' ' Ah was matched to get it risen again," of something that had fallen down. 4 Ah quesshun if he '11 rise so much ;' money, namely. Rise, sb. A steep bank rising abruptly from a road, or other level surface. Comp. ' Til at be last he watj so mat, he myjt no more renne, Bot in be hast bat he myjt, he to a hole wynnej Of a rasse, by a rokk, ber rennej be borrne.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1568. ' Raise, a cairn of stones. Anciently, any raised mound or eminence.' Halliwell. Rive, v. a. i. To rend or tear asunder, to split. 2. To pull or tug vehemently, either with the result, or as if with the intention, of tearing asunder. O. N. rifa, rjitfa, lacerare, rifa, rima, fissura, rifna, lacerari ; O. Sw. rifwa, scindere, rif, ruptura, klcsderif, rending of clothes ; Sw. rifva, Dan. rive. Bosw. gives rypt, rift, riven, torn. The pret. is rave or rove, and the pcpl. rowen. 2. ' " He was fit to rive swarth;" to tear up the ground with vexation.' Wb. Gl. Comp. To tear the moor, to get roaring drunk. Halliwell. Road, Out in t'. Equivalent to S. Engl. ' Out of the way.' Roan, roand, adj. Red and white, the colours rather intermingled than distinct as in a mottled or spotted animal ; of the ox tribe. See Hazled. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 413 Bods, sb. Pea-sticks, sprays for supporting the growing garden-pea. Boil, v. n. To romp or play boisterously, to make a petty disturb- ance by riotous play. O. N. rugla, confundere, turbare, rugl, confusio, ineptiae, gerrae ; tricks, chatter, noisy play. Wedgw. quotes Brockett's ' Rile, to render turbid, to vex or disturb.' To rile water, in Essex, is a common expression for to make it muddy, which Mrs. Baker gives as roiled ; and Forby quotes a riled complexion, as one coarsely ruddy. An instance in which the sense is coincident, or nearly so, with that of our word occurs in Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 132 : ' It (religion) roile}> and steruij>, ' pat out of couent & cloistre' coveiten to libben.' Roke, sb. (pr. with a vowel sound intermediate between oa in ' oak ' and au in 'laud'). A thick fog; much the same as what is called a ' sea- fog' on the East Coast. Pr. Pm. ' Roke, myste. Nebula (mepbis).' Dan. D. rag, fog or thick mist, which in the districts about the West Sea rises from the sea, at the close of a hot summer's day, an hour or two before sunset, under the influence of a cold wind : otherwise bav rag, sea roke, raag, S. Jutl. rait, from O. N. rakr, damp, moist, raki, dampness. Other forms are rawlt, Wb. Gl., rook, rouk, Brock., roak, Cr. Gl. Cf. Teut. roock, vapor, and note the use of the word in the lines following : ' To-ward sodome he sag oe roke, And tSe brinfires stinken smoke." Gen. and Ex. p. 34. Rokes, It, v. imp. It is very thick, or foggy. ' // robes sair on t* moor ;' another form being, ' Ther' 's a desper't' roke on, for seear.' Roky, adj. Foggy, thick, as when a Roke prevails. " Thkk roky weather ;" a damp, misty atmosphere.' Wb. Gl. Roll, sb. A circular pad, more or less annular in form, worn on the head by females who have to carry or support a heavy weight with that member : otherwise Wreath. Roll-egg-clay, troll-egg-day. Easter Monday, or Easter Tuesday ; or, rather, both. See Pace-eggs. Rook, ruck, sb. A pile, a carefully made heap, of no great size ; of turves, stones, &c. O. N. breika, briiga, to pile or heap up, braukr, a heap or pile, especially of fuel, briika, bruga, a pile ; Sw. rok, O. Sw. rdge, roge, roke, rauk, all signifying what is piled or heaped up, as hay, corn, turf, peat ; D. D. raage, roge, S. Jutl. roke ; as roge, meg-roge, the little heaps of manure deposited on the land as teemed from the dung-cart ; rage, torve-rage, a rook, turf -rook ; N. reyk, rauk, a little pile, especially of turves ; A. S. breac, ricg (see Kick); Dut. rock; Pr. Pm. 'Reek or golf (reyke, golfe or stak). Arconius, acervus.' This word occurs frequently in local names : as, Obtrush or Hobtrush Ruck, or Rook a remarkable Houe or burial-hill on the Farndale Moors ; Stane-rook Hill, &c. In constant use also in the compound form Turf-rook, 414 GLOSSARY OF THE Book, v. a. To pile up in heaps, generally with an eye to orderly arrangement, in contradistinction to throwing together into a heap promiscuously. See Book, sb. and note Dan. D. rage, to set turves on piles, small stacks, or Books. ' Gan an* rook thae to'v's, lad ;' go and stack or pile the turves. Book, v. a. To sit, as a bird upon her eggs, to incubate. Dan. ruge, to incubate, or sit as a hen, or bird, does ; Sw. ruga, id. Molbech's remark on the Dan. word is ' Of uncertain origin ; possibly related to O. N. bruga, to heap up or pile together ; bruga, a pile or heap. The fundamental idea seems to be, to rest or lie above anything for the purpose of covering or concealing it : and Overtrow speaks of the Dragon which rooked over (rugede over) its hoard of gold and treasure.' Mr. Morris, in Gl. to Pr. of Consc., in v. Ruck, which, together with the preceding word, rouke, I take to be coincident with our word, refers to O. N. bruku, to squat, Dut. btirken, to crouch. Hruku must be a misprint, and I do not find any like vb. with such signification either in Haldorsen or Egilsson. I think, with Molb., that the primary idea is, as we familiarly express it, ' to sit all of a heap," to make a heap of oneself, as a sitting bird does, and as a crouching bird or person does, scarcely less. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Rukkun, or cowre down, curyn down, crowdyn downe ; ruckyn or cowryn downe. Incurvo.' ' pai sal for threst f>e hevedes souke Of t>e nedders }>at on )>am sal rouke. Pr. of Consc. 1. 6764. Boughen, v. a. To make rough ; to check looseness of the bowels by the administration or action of astringent medicines. Wh. GL See Slapen, which implies action of the contrary kind. Boundy, adj. Of good size, free from small or refuse coal : applied to the coal of the district when obtained in masses instead of in an almost pulverised state. Applied also to separate lumps or pieces. Pr. Pm. ' Rownde gobet, of what so hyt be.' ' Round, full, large. North.' Halliwell. 1 Rund, largus, liberalis. A. S. rum, unde rumedlice, liberaliter ; rumgyfa, liberalis, muni- ficus. Fenn. runfas.' Ihre. He adds that he is doubtful whether to refer the origin of this word to the same source as that of rund, rotundus, or to rum, spatiosus, amplus, The A. S. word, he thinks, inclines to the latter, particularly as the Saxons of his own day used the expression ruum meten, to measure out with a liberal hand. Molb. gives Dan. rund, collating it with A. S. rum, rum-gyfa, and adducing also Sw. rund, in the sense of liberal, abundant, overflowing, as rund baand, liberal hand ; lyksalighethens runde giver : content- ments [sufficing or] abundant gifts; love rundt, to promise largely; rund arving, a rich inheritance, all of which phrases illustrate our word. ' They 're getten some gey guid coal at t' pits, noo : a'most a' roundy yans ;' or ' roundy bits.' Boup, sb. Public sale or auction. ' A roup, in Scotland, a canting or outcry :' Ritson, quoted by Jam. Roup, rowp, rope, to cry, to shout : thence to expose to sale by auction. Teut. roepen, clamare, N. S. ropen, A. S. breopan, O. N. bropa, S. G. ropa, &c. See Jam. in v. Roup. Cf. also Dan. raabe, at raabe noget op [til salg] : to put anything up for sale at an auction, where the appli- cation of roup becomes at once apparent. Bouped up, To be, v. p. To be suffering from any bronchial affec- tion which renders hoarse, and otherwise interferes with the clearness of CLEVELAND DIALECT. 415 the voice ; to be scarcely able either to speak or whisper from hoarse- ness and loss of voice. ' Roup occurs in a peculiar sense, either as denoting an incessant cry, or perhaps hoarse- ness of voice, as the adj. roupy is now used. " The rauin come rolpand quhen he hard the rair." Lyndsay's Worlds, 1592, p. 207. " Thir slaves of Sathan, we say, rovpit as they had bein ravenis." Knox's Hist. p. 33. Roup, hoarseness Some derive this from Isl. broop, beroop, vociferatio, because this is frequently the cause of hoarseness. The idea has great probability.' Jam. Scarcely so, I think. There can be little doubt in connecting Roup, roupy, with the same root as O. N. brafh, S. G. rafn, ramn, A. S. braefen, rcefen, Eng, raven. Cf. Dut. raven, to croak, rave in PI. D. nagt-rave, the goat-sucker, ' from the croaking noise it makes at night.' Wedgw. Note also Dut. raaf, rave, Germ, robe, a raven, Finn, rddwyn, the croaking of crows or rooks, Lat. ravus, hoarse ; and, besides, comp. Dan. D. reebbe or ram in sonder and ryve.' Pr. ofConsc. 1. 1228. This conjunction of verbs is still preserved. Thus Brockett, after giving ' Rug, to pull roughly, Teut. rucken, detrahere,' adds ' rugging and riving, pulling and tearing.' With us the combination is to row and scow, a phrase which implies all the effort and bustle, pulling and pushing, of the spring- or Thorough-cleaning. S. G. and Sw. rycka, Dan. rykke, Germ, rucken, as well as O. N. ryckja, are probably nearly connected. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 417 Bowan-tree, sb. (pr. roan-tree or roun-tree). The mountain-ash (Pyrus aucuparid). See Witch- wood. O. N. reynir, S. G. ronn, runn, Sw. ronn, Dan. ran, ronne. Danish and Swedish folklore speak, the former of flyvende ran, and the latter of flug-r&in, or fl&g-ronn (N. flog-rogn), as of especial efficacy for the purposes to which wood of the rowan-tree is applicable ; that is to say, as a prophylactic against witches and their power, elves, and all that company. Rietz describes flug-r&in thus : ' A rowan-tree which is found growing upon lofty old walls is so called, and is supposed to be attended with good fortune to such as carry a bit of it about their person.' Under Fldgronn he says, ' A rowan of such kind as is found growing on stumps or on other trees. The original intention no doubt has been to desig- nate the mistletoe, but it has been superseded by the rowan-tree.' Thiele mentions fly- vende ran as a means applied by Danish housewives to ensure a fortunate churning, a pin thereof, in the form of a cross, being inserted in the churn. On St. John's-night, he further says, to be safe against the witches who are riding Blocksberg-ward, pins or plugs of rowan- tree are carried about the person and also stuck up over all the doors of the house and premises. Besides which, a piece of rowan-tree, cut in May, and carried in the mouth, is a certain protection against all the wiles and the power of the elf-race. In Clevel. the rowan-tree is held of fully equal efficacy, but it must be gathered with peculiar observances and at a particular season. The 2nd of May, St. Helen's Day, is Rowan-tree-day, or Rowan-tree "Witch-day, and on that day, even yet with some, the method of proceed- ing is for some member of the household or family to go the first thing in the morning, with no thought of any particular Howan-tree rather, I believe, it might be said, till some Bowan-tree is fallen in with of which no previous knowledge had been possessed by the seeker. From this tree a sufficient supply of branches is taken, and (a different path homewards having been taken, by the strict observers, from that by which they went) on reaching home twigs are ' stuck over every door of every house in the homestead," and scrupulously left there until they fall out of themselves. A piece is also always borne about by many in their pockets, or purses, as a prophylactic against "Witching. Not so very long since, either, the farmers used to have whip-stocks of Rown-tree wood Rown- tree-gads they were called and it was held that, thus supplied, they were safe against having their Draught fixed, or their horses made restive by a witch. If ever a Draught came to a stand-still there being, in such cases, no Rown-tree-gad in the driver's hands, of course then the nearest Witchwood-tree was resorted to and a stick cut to flog the horses on with, to the discomfiture of the malevolent witch who had caused the stoppage. ' Not long since,' says Mr. Carr, ' as a farmer in my neighbourhood was driving his plough, the horses suddenly became restive. The whip was vigorously applied, but without effect, for the horses remained perfectly motionless. The farmer fortunately cast his eyes on a wbicken-tree which was growing in the adjoining hedge, from which he speedily cut a twig, the gentlest application of which broke the spell, and caused the horses to proceed quietly with their accustomed toil.' Such histories are rife enough throughout the country side. I append the following sentence from York Castle Depositions, p. 209, a ' noted witch' being the speaker: ' I think I must give this Thomas Bramhall over, for they tye soe much wbigben about him, I cannot come to my purpose, else I could have worn him away once in two yeares." Rownd, sb. The roe or spawn of fish. O. N. brogn, S. G. row, rom, rog, Sw. rom, ram, Dan. rogn, N. S. rogbn, Dut. roggen, rogben, rogbe, Sc. raun, rawn, roun ; rauner, rowaner, the female fish, salmon especially ; Welsh grown. Rowty, adj. Rank or thick-growing, coarsely luxuriant. ' Routb, rowtb. Plenty, abundance in whatever respect ; hence, ronlbie, plentiful.' Jam. 3H 41 8 GLOSSARY OF THE It is added that ' Sibbald would fain connect the word with rife ; but that apparently it has more resemblance to S. G. roge, a heap, whence rogadt, cumulatus, rogadt maatt, a heaped measure.' Garnett, however, refers Sc. routb to Welsh and Cornish rutb, a heap. Comp. D. D. rust or rut, liberal, lavish. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B., the king's invitation in. the parable of the ' Marriage of the King's Son ' is thus worded : ' For my boles & my borej arn bayted and slayne & my fedde foulej fatted with sclajt, My polyle J>at is pennefed & partrykes boj>e, Wyth scheldej of wylde swyn, swanej & cronej ; Al is ro\>eled & rosted ryjt to J>e sete, Comej cof to my corte, er hit colde wor}>e.' May not ro\>eled mean plenteously or profusely supplied ? The meaning prepared, as set before ' rosted,' suggested in the Glossary, is certainly bald, and not too consistent with the proposed derivation. Boy, v. n. To indulge in convivial pleasures, to live extravagantly. Probably connected with the numerous family of words which reckons rave, revel, rove, ribald, and probably riot, among its connections, together with royl, Pr. Pm. ' roytyn, or gon ydyl abowte (roytyn or roylyn).' Jam. gives ' roy, to rave ; apparently from the same root with Teut. reven, Fr. rever.' Wedgw., under Revel, collates ' Swiss rdbeln, to clatter ; Bret, ribla, to revel, lead a dissipated life. Champ, ribler, to be out at night, lead a de- bauched life, revel, noise, disturbance, gaiety ; reveaux, pleasures, debauches." Comp. our ' They royed on till they came to nowght.' Wb. Gl. Ruckle, v. n. To breathe with a rattling or broken internal sound, as in bronchitis, and other affections of the breathing-tubes. See Ruttle. Ihre gives the word rocUa, impedite et cum stridore anhelare, another form of which, he adds, is rackla. With it he collates O. N. brat sauoured as helle per was bylded his bour." (Jonah's in the whale's belly.) E. Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 275. Welsh saim, grease. Saim, seam, the tallow fat or grease of a hog. Cotgr. Lat. sagina, fat, fatness produced by feeding ; connected with aar-ros, to stuff", fill or cram ; adf/jia, stuffing. From the Lat., Sp. sainar, to fatten beasts, sain; Prov. sagin; Champ. sabin ; It. saime, grease or fat. The coincidence of the Welsh word is curious, and leads to the enquiry how we came by our word whether through the channel of the Romance languages, or through that of the Welsh ; perhaps even, whether we owe it to Welsh or Welsh to English. Sair, adj. Sore ; in all its senses. ' " A sair spot ;" a sore place, wound, &c.' Wh. Gl. ' A sair loss ;' ' a sair ho't ' (hurt), or, ' damage ;' &c. Sair, adv. (always used intensitively and with great latitude of appli- cation). Sorely, exceedingly, extremely. ' A saz'r-missed man.' Wb. Gl. ' Ah 's been sair favoured wi" my health ;' spoken by a remarkably hale old man of ninety-two or ninety-three. Cf. Faderen var sare stolt berav : his father was sair proud of this : Arne, p. 27 ; and, ' Son ofrigt ;' sair frightened. Gen. and Ex. p. 64. Sairly, adv. Sorely, severely. Sairy, adj. Sickly, helpless, weakly. ' " A poor sairy body ;" a weakly or diseased person.' Wb. Gl. Sam, v. a. i. To cause to coagulate, to make to curdle. 2. To compress or knead together; of clay, or other matter of like consis- tency. Leeds Gl. gives sam, ' to gather. " Sam up that corn ;" ' Cr. GL, ' to collect together ;' and both speak of the word as common, adding that they know no instance of its use as an adverb. Brock, does not give sam at all, but quotes the compound word sam-cast, two ridges ploughed together. O. N. saman, together, in comp. sam ; S. G. sam, ' praefixum Gothicum, quod sociatum notat, et ex pluribus ita conjunctum, ut unum efficiatur ; hinc sdmja est unio, sams, concors, unanimis :' Ihre. Dan. sam, samman, Sw. sam, samman, the former word in either case being used simply in composition. The Old E. word is samen, to assemble, to consort with, A. S. samnian, to assemble, collect ; O. Germ, samen, Germ, sammeln, co-ordinate with Sw. samla, Dan. samle. The present meanings of our word follow immediately from the original signification. There is a collecting or assem- bling of particles when the ' milk is sammed,' Wb. Gl., and a still closer assembling when either the curds or clay are subjected to compression, so as to make the particles coherent. 424 GLOSSARY OF THE Sand-corn, sb. A grain of sand. See Corn. Sap-tree, sb. The rowan-tree or mountain-ash. The element sap is probably a corruption of, or in some way connected with, service or sorb. ' Sorb, L. sorbus, from sorbeo, drink down, in allusion to a beverage made from the fruit.' Prior's Pop. Names of Br. Plants. Service-tree (Sorbus domestica) ; wild service- tree (Sorbus aucuparia), the rowan-tree. ' Service, from L. cerevisia, its fruit having from ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor, a kind of beer ; Et poculi hi-ti Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. Virg. Georg. iii. 379.' Ib. Sark, sb. A shirt ; also a shift or chemise. 0. N. serkr, toga, tunica, indusium ; Sw. sdrk, a shift ; Dan. seerk, a garment worn under the armour in former days, a woman's shift ; A. S. serce, sirce, a shirt ; Sc. sark. ' Stripped tiv his sar/t-sleeves.' Sarkless, sb. Without a shirt to one's back, destitute in the matter of clothing. Sarra, v. a. i. To serve or supply, as a customer or applicant. 2. To supply food to ; as to pigs or other animals. ' Sarrant, a servant. Somerset.' Halliwell. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Sarry, or savery. Sapidus.' An analogous suppression or absorption of the v seems to have taken place in our sarra, otherwise spelt sorrow 1. ' " I doubt I cannot sarra what she wants ;" furnish the article needed.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' " Has thou gitten t' pigs sorrowed?" fed.' Ib. Sarrowings, sb. Supplies suitable for the swill or pig's tub. ' " Pig-sarrowitigs ;" slops for the hog-trough.' Wb. Gl. Sattle, sb. The same as Settle, which see. Sauf, adj. Sallow, bilious-looking. Cr. Gl. gives ' Sauf, saugb, willow or sallow,' with quotations from Scott's Minstrelsy and Guy Mannering, and another from The Gentle Sbepberd. Jam. gives ' Saucb, saugb, a willow or sallow-tree.' The Clevel. dialect, as usual, replaces the cb or gb sound by the / sound. This cb or gb is represented by g in A. S. salig, cb in Gael, seileacb, g in Welsh belyg, w in Fin. salawa, g in Sw. sdlg, cb in O. Fr. saulch, x in Lat. salix. But a similar sound exists in the origin of E. sallow, dirty or unwholesome-coloured A. S. salowig, salwig, PI. D. solig, and the same vocal processes which in the one case result in saugb or saucb, sauf, in the other likewise would terminate in sauf. In Pr. Pm. it is ' Salwbe, of colowre,' and also ' Salwbe, tree. Salix.' Sau'mas Loaves. Soulmass Loaves, or bread, to be eaten on All Souls' Day, 2nd November. * They were sets of square farthing cakes with currants in the centre, commonly given by bakers to their cus- tomers; and it was usual to keep them in the house for good luck. Dr. Young, in his History of Whitby, mentions a lady as having one above a hundred years old.' Wh. Gl. Sau't. Pr. of Salt. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 425 Sauve, v. a. (Pr. of Salve). To apply ointment, as in the process of smearing sheep. Salves of various kinds, or composed of various constituents, have been in use. Sauving, sb. (Pr. of Salving). The act of smearing sheep. Save, sb. (pr. seeav'). A saving, or piece of economy. 1 Yah seeav' 's neea seeav' :' Wb. Gl. ; one, or an isolated, act of economy is no economy at all. Savelicks (pr. seeavli'ks), A schoolboy's name for the canker of the dog-rose. The notion connected with the name is that carrying one of the objects denoted is a safe- guard against a caning from the master. Saw-corn, saw-cum, sb. Saw-dust. See Coom or Cum. Saw-horse, sb. A saw-pit. Scafe, skafe, sb. A wild, thoughtless person ; generally of a lad or young man. ' Scafe. To run up and down ; to wander ; to lead a scampish vagabonding life ; thus they say, " Arn't ye ashamed o" ye'sen, scafing up and down about the country ? " Line.' Halliwell. ' Skaif, wild, fearful,' is given by Ferguson, who refers it to O. N. skidlfa, to tremble, skidlf, tremor. From wild, taken as in part synonymous with fearful, easily frightened, to wild= unsteady, is not a difficult step: but I am more disposed to look upon our word as connected with O. N. skeifr, Dan. skicev or skiev, and as implying therefore one whose proceedings are perverse, awry, out of the right course. There are several applications of the Dan. word, both provincial and authorised, which are of a like kind. Thus D. D. skievs, adj. and adv., is used to imply awkwardness, crookedness, perversity of both gait and behaviour ; as, de goer skiovs : he proceeds after an ill fashion ; de bar aaltier vaar' en skiovs kneit : he has always been a wild or ill-conducted chap, knave. Again, Molb., in Dansk. Ordbog, gives not only skieve, to be awry, to shew a deviation from the right line, but as meaning also to go awry, wrong ; at skieve fra veien : to deviate from the right path. Again, D. D. skicevl signifies not only one with iU-shapen or mis-shapen body or limbs, but one who goes awkwardly or crookedly, and sltiavl is an awkward person. Comp. also Germ, scbiefer kopf: ' a wild, rambling, odd, eccentric head.' Hilp. A very slight change of the metaphor induces the meaning of our word. ' " A thoughtless young scafe ;" a wild youth.' Wb. Gl, Scaldered, To be, v. p. To be in such a state that the surface peels or comes off in scales ; as, parts of the human body under the influence of leprosy or similar affections, or of what produces a blister, and the like ; or as stones that have been burned, metal that has become super- ficially oxidised, &c. The first of a very numerous family of words, alike interesting and diversified in the ramifications of meaning which they take. See under Scale. The more immediate con- nection of this word is with E. scald-bead. ' Scall, scurf in the head ; scalled or scald head, a scurfy head. Dut. scbellen van't boofd, scurf of the head :' Wedgw. ; that which parts from the head in the form of scales, that is. Pr. Pm. Scallyd. Glabrosus : Scalle. Glabra.' 3 1 426 GLOSSARY OF THE Scalderings, sb. The limestone nodules found among lime; not having been sufficiently burnt to become lime, but yet so far subjected to the influence of heat that, when exposed to the weather, the surface- coat scales or parts from the mass. Scale, v. a. i. To scatter, disperse, spread about or asunder. 2. To cause to disperse, as a swelling or tumour. 3. To dissipate, or cause to be absorbed, the milk in the female breast. O. N. skilja, discriminate, discernere, Sw. skilja, to separate persons or things from one another ; as, skilja faren ifran getterna : to separate the sheep from the goats ; Dan. skille, id. ; D. D. skaale (the priest is said at skaale the Confirmation candidates, when he selects those who are to be presented for Confirmation), skielte, to separate, part from one another ; as, skielte sine egne faar fra en andens flok : to pick out one's own sheep from a neigh- bour's flock ; A. S. scylan, to distinguish, separate, &c. ; PI. D. scbelen, to be distinguished ; Fris. scbeelen, to differ ; Dut. scbeelen, scbillen. Cf. Maeso-G. skaidan, whence Germ, scbeiden, and Lith. skelti, skilti, to split, burst, skalvs, skillus, easy to split. Brockett and Carr both notice the passage from Coriolanus, ' I will venture To scale 't a little more ;' and there can be no doubt with entire correctness. To this same origin must be referred the words scaldered, Scale-dish, shale, sheal, shill, skeely, Skelbeast, skill, &c., occurring below. A curious usage of the word is found in the following lines : ' They jobbed a sharp whittle in behind, And after that his baggs skailed wind." Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 24. 1 . ' Gan an' scale t' mannur i* t' meadow ;' spread or scatter it over the land. 1 Scaling t' moudie-hills ;' spreading the soil of the mole-casts. 2. ' My doughter 's getten a sauv frav o'er t' moor, an' its nighhand scaled t' swellin' awa." 3. ' T' bairn 's dead, an' they 're on wi' scaling t' mother's milk awa'.' Scale-dish, sb. A milk-skimmer, a shallow dish or pan (of metal) to separate the cream from the milk. Comp. D. D. skalgryde, a skimming-dish for milk. Molb. collates our word from Brockett. Scallibrat, sb. A passionate, screaming child. Connected, probably, with skirl or skerl, to scream, which again is, it is likely, related to squall. Scamp, v. a. To do work in an insufficient and dishonest manner ; to do anything perfunctorily, or so as to make an outward show while really it is unsatisfactorily, or even badly, done. Scant, adj. Insufficiently supplied ; in need of more. ' " Ah 's scant o' brass ;" in want of money.' Wb. Gl. ' Scant o' mense ;' ' scant o' claes ;' ' scant o' wind,' out of breath ; &c. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 417 Scar, sb. (sometimes pr. scaur ; or rather with a vowel sound between that of o in 'or' and au in 'laud'). The face of a precipitous rock, or stony bank ; the precipitous rock, or line of rocks, itself. O. N. skar&, a cliff, abrupt rock ; S. G. skdr, rapes ; Sw. D. star, N. star, an abrupt fissure in rocks. The fundamental idea is of that which is cut away, which presents a sur- face such as would be left by cutting off, &c., from O. N. skera, scindere, laniare. Cognate with this is Scarth (skarft) the common proper name of all this district: as also Scar- borough, originally Scar&aborg, the Castle of the Scar. ' That she and Jane Makepeace, of New Ridly, had trailed a horse of the said George downe a great Scarr, and that they have now power of a quye of the said George which now pines away." York Castle Dtp. p. 196. Scar, sb. A rocky surface, at the foot of the sea-cliffs, or below the narrow beach, and lying, as regards the water-level, nearly awash. See Cuwin-scar. O. N. sker, scopulus mans, syrtes ; Dan. skjeer, N. skjer, a rock which rises to the level of the water-surface or a little above ; words which have a near relative in the numerous small, low rocky islands on the coast of 'Scotland and the Isles,' distinguished by the name ' Skerries.' Scar-dogger, sb. Globular concretions occurring in the Lias shales, and applied to the manufacture of Roman cement Some fossilized substance usually forms the nucleus. See Scar, and Dogger. Scart, p. p. of Scrat ; whether another form of scratted or scrattit, or a phonological variation, I am uncertain. ' Ah got me scan oop ;' spoken by an infirm old woman, who could not rise from her bed without 2 ' clawing ' use of her hands. Scau'd lit on't. May scald light on it; 'scald' being the same word as in ' Scald-head ;' an eruptive sore, with a tendency to form scabs which perpetually scale off, or separate. Scau'p, sb. (Pr. of Scalp), i. The bare head or skull. 2. The bare unproductive spots, on a bill-side for instance, where the rock shews its head, to the exclusion of any presence of soil, and consequently of vegetation. * Words signifying shell, peel, bosk, are commonly derived from the notion of scaling, peeling, or picking off' (see under Scale), ' separating the outer, useless portion.' Wedgw. Hence the primary idea in . scalp, taken as the skin of the head, or skull rather, is that of removable, as the N. American Indian operation of scalping suggests. Thence there is a transition to the bare skull itself, or to that which presents more or less resemblance to a bare skull partly by reason of elevation, partly bareness. D. D. ikalp, the pod or shell of leguminous plants, peas and beans, for instance, illustrates the former part of the statement, the second definition of our word, the latter. Comp. also S. G. slealp, a sheath for a sword, Gael, sgealb-cbreag, a splintered or sheivy rock. GLOSSARF OF THE Scau'py. adj. Bare, naked, as a stony hill-side ; rocky, as a field that lies on a steep hill-side, or Bank. Sclate, sclater. Current forms of Slate, slater. Scomfish, scumfish, v. a. Chiefly used in the passive : To put to sore inconvenience or to oppress with heat or smoke ; to half suffocate or choke. Jamieson's idea is that this word may be radically affied to O.N. kqfita, S. G. tttfwa, qwa/wa, to suffocate, O. N. kof, suffocation, $ being prefixed, which is Toy common in the Goth. languages, and m inserted.* This is perhaps as probable as his other supposition, that it may be an oblique sense of the ancient word signifying to discomfit.' The form scongfc occurs, Book ofibe Kmigbi of La Totar-Lmdry, p. 55. Sconce, sb. A screen; the piece of kitchen furniture, lined with some reflecting metal, which is set before the fire when a joint is roasting. Sconce, a small fort.' O. N. shots, S. G. and Sw. skams, munimentnm, Dan. skandse, Germ. scbaatzt, Dut. scbaxtse, a rampart. Germ. scbanzHfid, translated ' a canvas screen drawn round a ship at the time of an engagement to prevent the enemy from seeing,' by Wedgw., and ' a screen, target fence, quarter-cloth, boarding-netting,' by Hilpert. * To same* or emscomce oneself is to post oneself behind a screen of some sort.' Our Sconce is simply a screen available against Ac fire. Sconce, v. a. To beat, especially about the head ; to box the ears. ' Sconce. The head, a cant term " A head, a pate, a nole, a stottce;" Florio, p. 82.' Halliwell. Hence the origin of our vb. , by no means the only instance of a verb of beating famished by the name of the part assailed. Skinner would connect sconc=head, with sconce = fort, defence, bulwark, shelter (see Rich.) ; an idea not inconsistent with the ex- pressions occurring in many languages, stich as ' to hide one's head,' a roof to * cover one's head,' a ' shelter for his head,' * defendere caput,' and the like. And from this secondary meaning. Rich, derives a further one ; viz. ' to put, impose ; upon the head, namely ; a charge, a fine ; and hence to fine ;' as in, ' to sconce, to impose a pecuniary mulct. Oxott. Kennert MS./ quoted in Hill., and which I adduce as illustrative of our use of the verb. Sconce, v. a. To bear tales that are untrue or magnified in order to obtain one's own ends. At first I was inclined to look upon this word as identical with the preceding one, its meaning being simply an extension of the meaning ' to beat,* carried out in the direction of assailing or attacking ; and, even yet, it does not appear certain that such an explanation b not the best. HalL however, gives ' Sconce, to conduct a jocular warfare of words ; to carry on good-humoured raillery. North' and, again, ' to eat more than another. Wimton. Ken- nett MS.,' while Jam. has ' Sconce, scans*, to make a great show, or ostentatious display: to magnify in narration. When one is supposed to go beyond the truth, especially in die language of ostentation, it is said, " He '* sca*ci*" ' (see Towmd. Myst. pp. 17, 199) ; note also, ' sconce, to excite another by undue means.' One cannot doubt that these words are all connected, and the leading idea, which is also the connecting one, is of rivalry out-eating, oat-talking, oat-tacghing, out-boasting. One step further and the exaggeration implied loses CLEVELAND DIALECT. 429 its character of playful or jesting, and becomes maKriom. and with that step we arrive at the nuking of our word. The fame goal would be reached by starting from the idea of attack; only, it entirely inverts the original or fundamental notion of it-vice, i.e. of a sbeher or refuge or protection. Jam. refers sconce to O. Sw. J&MUI, to beautify, Germ. sc&owx, and he collates S. G. besioma, Germ, bescbamen, cansam snam omare verbis. * Garcia. We, out upon the, tbefe ! Has thon tbi brother slayn ? Caym. Peasse, man, for Godes payn ! I saide it for a ttauxce.' Tovmd. Myst. p. 17 ; see abo, p. 199. Scopperil, sb. i. The perforated bone disk which forms the nucleus of some sorts of buttons. 2. The same, with a wooden (or bone) pin put through die hole, and so converted into a kind of teetotum. 3. ' A plug put into an issue, or a seton inserted in some part of a diseased animal.' Wh. Gl. " A stoppering, or scoppereO, a little sort of spinning top for boys to set op between the middle finger and thumb.'' Kaoutt MS. The term occurs in a MS. Dictionary dated 1540.' HaffiwdL There is sorely a connection in idea between this word and the word mould, applied to designate the same object; the name of the button complete being mould-button. In other words, I look upon Scopperil as a deriratire from O. N. tkapa, Sw. stops, Dan. skate, Maxo-G. skapam, A. S. seafam, &c^ keeping the hard si of the Northern words in contradistinction to the tcb sound of the E. word. Corny. Dan. ika- beretme or skaberSd, the power of creating, originating, shaping or forming, ttaMam, the Moid or lines of a ship, &c. Scopperil-spinner, sb. The kind of teetotum made by sticking a wooden peg or phi through the hole of the perforated bone disk from the inside of a button. Sconce, v. a. To inflict chastisement, on a child say, by boxing the ears, or nipping the neck, shaking him, &c. Wh. GL Camp. Dan. D. shate, to take hold of a person and shake him, probably connected with, if not rather the same word as, stodse, skosse or sbuse, to project or cause to more as when a marble is ' shot,' or a stone urged forward which, in its own turn, is derived from skyde, to move, push, project, shoot. Thus any smart or sodden application of gentle ' violence* may be indnded. Sconcing, sb. A punishment or chastisement by such modes as boxing the ears, pinching or pulling the ears, shaking, Ac. Give him a good seoaaMg.' Wb. GL Scourging-top, scourgy, sb. A whipping-top. * " Every night I dream I am a town-top, and that I am winpt op and down with the teonrge-fttfk of love, and the metal of affection.'* Grim the Collier of Croydon, ap. Dodder, xi. 206.' HafliweO. 430 GLOSSARI' OF THE Scout-laniels, sb. Purging, diarrhoea ; of animals. The latter portion of this word is obscure. The stout is nearly coincident with sctUttr of the Northern Glossaries, elsewhere skitter, or skiie, skit, and nearly allied to the vulgar word far taeoiurare ahuexm ; related also to scooter, a syringe or squirt, sktrter, id., skirt, and so forth. See Scutter. Scow, sb. The sheath of a horse's penis. D. D. skjtever, skjfd, skab, the prepuce of a horse ; Sw. D. stove, id. ; N. stem, the horse's penis ; Sw. D. skap, skab, O. Sw. skap, skapt, O. N. skavf, id. Comp. A. S. gesceapti, . shape, pudendum muliebre, Dut. scbaft, M. Lat- scapus, membrnm genitale. The words here collated seem to separate effectually between our word and the forms skatoberkt, skaberke. Merlin, pp. 340, 347. Scow, sb. Confusion, disturbance, bustle ; with a special application to that which is incident on preparations for an expected event Sw. D. skoj. disturbance, uproar ; sk&ja, to make a noise, bustle : vasxas, sasom skojare fora stoj. Rietz. Scowder, sb. Confusion, turmoil, bustle. See Scow. Cf. O. N. skotra, stotta, frequenter cnrsitare; D. D. skaate, to make a noise, racket, up- roar, to proroke load laughter, &c. Scowderment, sb. Confusion, bustle, turmoil. See Scow, Scowder. Scraffle, v. n. To struggle or strive, as in forcing one's way through a crowd, or the like. Varying from scrabble and scramble little more than in apparent form, and directly con- nected with O. N. skreflaz, to keep one's feet with difficulty, skriflaz, to make way hardly through difficult places, D. Dial, skravle, to more with difficulty, with laborious steps, i; 3. ;:ck or infirm man docs; as, den gamle er stravlet til naKte by; the old man has serafflecl to the next village ; whence skrtevl, S. JutL skrobleg, crippled, weak, lame. Weds-w. aiso connects S. G. skrafla, to chatter, Sw. sfarq/2a, to rattle, with our scraffle, i~d no doubt rightly, since N. Fr. skrablin, to rattle, is also ' used in a secondary sense for Jtrcsgiing. working laboriously.' * I caine straffling my way through the market ;" working my way, or shouldering my way, through.' Wb. &. Scran, sb. Food, victuals. Skrantu is a word used in the western extremity of S. JutL for a butcher's shop ; " Germ. ^ccrcngen. jjeiseb-scbratige*, maceUnm, skran, nostris dictum," about Ribe. Strom and Strange, in Moth's Dictionary, is " a counter or a barter's shop for the sale of eatables ; a provision shop." ' Molb. Dm. Dial. Lex. Another singularly carious instance of the trans- plantation and careful preserving of a word in CleveL 4 " Scrax-vme ;" meal-time.' Wb. Gi. Scrat, sb. The devil, the evil-one. See Au'd Scrat CLEVELAND DIALECT. 431 Sent, v. a. and n, i. To scratch, i. To labour hard for small trim us JV. AK. * Afenovpi, cr aa9ehyg (ujfahf|L fnwtt, at JBafto, grotto.' O. N. Iroia, odare, aaaJpene, Jbnmw. pnlikjme, dfamn'Mr; S.GL irwafc, scalpere, radere; D. irorft, tradte, to scotch; Dsrt. Iranm, to scotch, fonpe, Iraftnr. to -Btaratdi, scrub. Thest irmlT rnrrrmmt Frfr if*r ' ~ "* fir rf- ffrnf, -mi Utr fitmip- to Ac form with the initial s is V'". :.:>_": :". ".. ~ --.: :_:.:;. ...~.'i " > ~ '-: .,r" ~_: :-:.:::. ,. : :.: * To bbow wish kinS caiknMV ** to get uriMttrf on in liie -world," or to obtain the means of nhndcnoc.' VPfc. GZ. * Ah'd hud a' do f get nae scar* oop i bed;* {jxakeao bj an mfi 1 1 n old woman -who ruaiil ooljr get info a Aliafi fanjliai m feed iritb grea.1 difficiLttr if unassisted. I have in serenl inrtaarfs seat a rape bnog fion Ae bed-ittad or a book in the ceiling to assist bed-ut people m HaeSa case. The a* do, 1 3sdBewe,=at do, and seazt is muother form of Sent, sb. A scraping, or icratdhmg together, with pains and toil * They ba'e to mak* a tamd flerar or a hit o* hnad.* W%L GZ. Scrcwm, T. n. i. To make irnegnkr marics with a pen. or other like imi|M'"*"*, on paper or oJher snr&oe. 2. To grope or feel about as if to find one's way in the dazk. Wedgwood"* iauA about sarmml 'to tarmmi or scnO ts nsed in tM sensef ; first, to Mzd OHiffCflMiC; and seoomdlir, to write or draw 9, to ake icpegitkr, iB-fon&ed ^" ay, aflowiig for a iKjjill w juilim of M *f Bg ' J he appEed wjnt ecfoal accuracy to to the toaJjy rf wonfc leppggtoei by E. inaaMi HaH rr the wonk, al want or less lebted and wilh a OMHMBB fi*nS|y Ekeaefis, BSTMHA, to pull OT cake logelfcer with the hands j smatf, to fJhh at, to saalda ; sorHtMvy, tMn and un^ainlT . said of oae whoit 'alhy aad iag^MfceagMet^ie.' Jjiac.; beades acrsau ami sarambed. dbtorted, awkwarf, Afriiul of Ae nseof a toab hj novma ooBteactioii of the irmscks, and so auJang MHinB* more or IBB floe ahose of a hijij ^imnli il. or afltogalfcar mngmded pea. It amst be uhmmd to% Aat car Otaam wahl he appBed to ahe yjgjuet of iriry geoy a* wd as pea, dec, over faper or Ae Hkcu Scxvw/t, v. a. To scratch ; proboMr onfy a broader prontmciation of Scrat. Scrawiy, adj. Apt or fikehf to scratch ; as, of a hard pen. ITZ. G7. Screed, sb. An edging or border of any malerial See Cap- acxeed. .*fc.; LowG iln ifTi rnjaiiH f TT niftoJi, iinailiiii. ii|_inli I mifi i Tie idea is of a aanov piece aadi Screedine, sb. A rending or taring; a separating into Screeds; nsnalrj appfied to a contention between fianale c&Mfjions. Screeve, v. a. and n. i. To mark metal or wood wilh an iiastrument mat scratches or cots some of the material away. 2. To make o^e 432 GLOSSARY OF THE harsh sound which the use of such an instrument upon a metal surface occasions. Hall, writes the word scrive, inasmuch as he gives the form scriving-iron, an instrument used for numbering trees for sale. It must of course be classed with the family of words represented by Lat. scribo, more than one of the derivatives from which word were anciently written with a v, as in Pr. ofConsc. 1. 1896 : ' pus sal dede visite ilk man, And yhit na man discryve it can ;' and again, two or three lines lower, ' Bot be payn of dede bat al sal fele A philosopher bus discrived wele.' To inscribe also means not only to write on, but to grave or scratch on, as in ' inscriptions ' on stone, metal, &c. Comp. Gael, sgriob, to scrape, to draw strokes or lines on a surface, sgrlobb, to write ; Bret, skriva, to write, sttraba, to scratch ; Welsh ysgrafell, Bret, shrivel, an instrument for scratching, a curry-comb. I look upon our second meaning as a secondary and derivative one ; but I am not at all sure that it does not form a link of connection between the family of words already mentioned and another to which D. D. shrove, to give forth a harsh sound, to cry discordantly, belongs, in another form skrabe, to screech as a goose does, slereev, hoarse, raucous, skrawel, inordinate and intolerably noisy chatter ; Sw. skrdpa, skrafva, Sw. D. skrcewa, to chatter loud, to make much noise. The primary meaning of all these words may easily depend on the penetrating, harsh sound of one hard substance scraping and scratching upon another, as metal upon metal, or upon stone or hard wood, and the like. Scribe, sb. Marks made with a pen, writing. ' " I never see the scribe of his pen ;" I receive nothing in the shape of a letter from him. Wb. Gl. Serike, v. n. To scream, shriek, bewail oneself loudly. O. N. skrika, to cry or shriek oneself hoarse, skrteka, to shriek ; S. G. skrika, vociferari, Dan. skrige. Comp. Welsh crecb, ysgrecb, shriek. Scriking, sb. Shrieking, screaming. 1 " There was sike striking and shouting ;" such screaming and bawling, as in a street commotion.' Wb. Gl. Scrimp, adj. Short in measure, scanty, given grudgingly. Comp. D. D. skrimpe, the body, or lower part of the body without the head, skritnp or skrimpe, a miserable, half-starved, emaciated or withered animal, as en gammel skrimpe : a miserably poor cow, for instance ; or of any animal worn down by starvation and exposure ; N. skrvmpet, emaciated, Germ, scbrumpfen, to shrink, become contracted, Welsh crimpio, to pinch, fold or crimp. Scrimp, v. a. and n. To grudge, give grudgingly, curtail or give short measure. Scrimpy, scrimped up, adj. Curtailed, contracted in dimensions. Scrogs, sb. Stunted bushes, low-growing brushwood. Nearly related to, indeed almost coincident with, scrag, what is lean, angular, and thence CLEVELAND DIALECT. 433 twisted, ill-grown. Cf. Dan. sltrog, a. shrivelled, dried-up carcase, D. Dial, skrov ; skrag, a twisted, stunted branch ; Gael, sgrog, to shrivel, wither up, sgrogag, anything shrivelled, a stunted tree, useless, old timber. The Dan. D. word is scrub, identical with E. scrub, A. S. scrybe. Comp. also scroggUngs, small worthless apples, not good enough to gather. Scrout, v. n. i. To sprout, to grow as shoots from a plant. 2. To lengthen or grow longer, as days at the fore part of the year. A word which may owe its form to a substitution of scr for spr, analogous to the inter- change of spr and str in sprain, strain ; or possibly there may be another mode of accounting for it. Mr. Wedgwood's remark upon Sprout, spurt, spirt, is ' The distinction between spurt as applied to the spouting or projection of liquids, and sprout to the springing of vegetable life, appears to be a late refinement, the two forms being used by Cotgr. indif- ferently in either sense. " Rejailler, to spurt or sprout (as water) back again." " Drageon fourcherain, a shoot that spurtetb out between two branches." In like manner Bav. sprutzen, to spirt or sprinkle, also to sprout or spring, as a plant, and Dut. spruiten, to sprout, is iden- tical with Sw. spruta, to spirt, sprinkle, squirt.' We may in like manner assert rather more than a coincidence between Dan. D. skrotte, to bubble up, throw up small spurts, as boiling water does, and our scrout, to sprout, make shoots. 1. ' " A fine scrouting time;" a good time for young shoots.' Wh. Gl. 2. ' The days are beginning to scrout out.' Ib. Scruff, sb. i. Scurf, dry scales or flakes, from the skin, head, or the like. 2. Anything that rises to the surface and may be removed as an impurity, as scum, &c. 3. The rabble or refuse of society. ' The more original ' form of scurf. See Wedgw. in v. Scrojf, refuse of wood. ' Scruff, a kind of fuel, which poor people, when firing is dear, gather at ebb tide from the bottom of the Thames about London, consisting of coal, little sticks, &c. Scravif, refuse. West.' Halliwell. Scruffin, sb. An instrument with a long shaft for cleaning or clear- ing the bottom of an oven. Wh, Gl. calls it a ' mop.' Halliwell gives ' Scuffin,' as nearly or quite equivalent to Pruggan, which is an iron scraper-fashioned instrument applied to the same purpose. ' Scuffin. Same as Fruggan.' Halliwell. Comp. the parallel forms scuff, scruff, of the neck, namely ; scuffle, scruff e, a personal contention ; scuffler, scruffier, a horse-hoe, for use among ridged crops ; scufflings, Scruff, Scruffments, scroff, refuse of wood, fuel, &c. Scuffin is related to shovel, Dan. sltuffe, a drawer (in a table, &c.), buul-scuffe, a barn-shovel ; Sw. skuflada, a drawer. Dan. D. skydsel is the name of the implement employed in putting bread into the oven or withdrawing it ; E. oven-peel. Scruffle, v. n. To strive, wrestle or contend ; to make one's way in a crowd, or through obstacles that seriously impede progress ; to shuffle along by the aid of the hands and feet. ' " Scrvffled through ;' as way is made through a crowd, or a tedious business.' Wb. Gl. Seruffle, sb. A scuffle, a contention, a struggling effort or series of efforts. 434 GLOSSARY OF THE Scruffier, sb. A horse-hoe for working between the rows or ridges in, or on, which potatoes, turnips, and the like are planted. Hall, describes the scvffler, which is a parallel name for the same implement, as ' a sort of plough, with a share something like an arrow-head, drawn by a horse betwixt the ridges where turnips have been drilled, to root out the weeds, thus acting like a Dutch-hoe, but on a larger scale. Line' The arrow-shaped share is, however, accompanied by at least two cutting tines, one on either side, and curved so that the cutting edges shall not only pare the sides of the ridge, thus cutting under, and off, any weeds which may have grown there, but also complete the work of the share by completely undercutting the sides of its track. These side knives are replaceable at will by simple chisel-pointed tines with their edges curved forward, so as to thoroughly stir the ground between the ridges. This adap- tation more properly constitutes the Scruffier or Scuffler. Scruffments, sb. Worthless or unclean surface-matters, or rejectanea, generally. See Scruff. Scruncheons, scrunchings, sb. What is left after a meal of more than ordinary pretensions, as a set dinner or supper ; that with which the table is ' coldly furnished forth' the day after the feast. The Wb. Gl. definition of this word is ' the remains of a feast, the " crumbs of the table," ' which, perhaps, may be the correct, or, at least, the original meaning. As generally used, however, the word distinctly conveys the notion of ' good things,' and not that of mere ' crumbs from the table,' orts or leavings. I think it must be referred to scrunch for crunch, the implied sense being that of broken pieces, parallel with that of the word used in every case in the North. Gospels for ' the fragments that remained ' of our version ; tuoelf ceawlas fullo ftcera screadunga : Matt. xiv. 20. In A.S. Gosp. (Bosworth) it is twelf wylian fulle ft&ra gebrytsena, in Wycliffe, ' the relifis of broken gobetis, twelve cofyns ful,' where the idea of what is broken or crumbled replaces that of what is shred in North. Gosp., of what is broken to bits in Scrunchings. Scry, v. a. To perceive, descry, observe. ' I red the not scry by son and by moyn." Townel. Myst. p. 149. D. D. skreie, to weep, cry ; O. Fr. scria, to shriek ; N. S. sbrijen, Germ, scbreien, to cry, to cry aloud, to shriek. Our word is a simpler rather than an abbreviated form of descry, ' to make an outcry on discovering something for which one is on the watch, then simply to discover." Wedgw. ' I scried it lang afore I com at it.' Wb. Gl. Scud, v. a. To remove a superficial covering ; of dirt from a floor or pavement, as with a Spittle ; of weeds or turf with a spade or like cutting tool, from a bed in an ill-kept garden or a grass-grown spot ; and so forth. I suspect Halliwell's ' Scud. To clean with saliva. Yorksb.' is founded on a mistake the mistake of taking Yorksh. Spittle in the sense of saliva, whereas it is simply a kind of spade-like implement. So far as I am able to ascertain, scud always means to remove, something or other, by the aid of an edged spade-like tool or spade, and only in a secondary sense, therefore, to clean. I connect the word with the prefix in Dan. D. skod-terv or skud- torv : ' turves graved or cut (der graves eller skceres) with the spade, are so called in some CLEVELAND DIALECT. 435 districts of N. Jutland :' Molb. Dial. Lex. It is added, on Schade's authority, that the origin of the name is ' doubtless that they are shifted (or more literally, shoved ; skydes) from the place where they are graved to the drying-place by means of wheelbarrows.' I do not think it can really be so, especially as under Skue Molb. gives skne-tarv as equivalent to, if not rather another or phonetic form of, skud- or skod-tarv, explaining it as simply denoting thin turves cut with an ordinary turf-spade (krum-spade, a spade having turned up cutting edges, as well as the ordinary cutting edge in front) and available for different purposes ; as, for instance, being trodden down into manure. Skuve is another form of the same word, and means flat turves, cut with an obliquely-held spade and used to cover in things with. I believe the skud or skod simply has reference to the action employed in cutting a sod or turf from the surface of the earth, in contradistinction to that of digging or graving it from out of a hole or excavation ; the very action, in fact, employed in driving a wheel-barrow, in scudding the mud off the flags, the weeds off the garden surface, or grass-sods off a piece of grass-grown land ; Dan. skyde, to shove, push, project with force, Sw. skjuta, O. N. skojta. Comp. E. send, as also D. D. skud, udskud, poor inferior creatures rejected in making a bargain on account of being so ' ill-favoured and lean fleshed," literally, shoved, out-shoved. Scud, sb. A kind of drifting vapour of less density than cloud, and often seen crossing the sky in a different direction from that of the clouds, and with greater rapidity of motion. Comp. the definition of Back. ' A scud of rain is a violent shower driving with the wind,' Wedgw. shoved along, as it were, by the wind. Comp. D. D. skuddervorn veilau, squally, unsettled weather. The origin and connection of our word are equally apparent. A derivation suggested by Garnett for scud, to move hastily, is of a different character : Welsh cud, motion, thence ys-gudaw, to move hastily. Scuff, scuft, sb. The back part, or nape, of the neck. Mr. Wedgwood's explanation is ' the loose skin hanging about the neck of a dog like the collar of a coat or cuff of a sleeve. Dut. schoef, collar of a cloak, replicatio, reflexio togae. Kil.' Scuffing, sb. An infliction upon the nape or back part of the neck, whether in the way of nipping or otherwise. Scug, v. n. To hide, conceal oneself. Sometimes used actively, or with an object specified. O. N. skyggja, to overshadow, to darken, skuggi, shade, darkness ; S. G. skugga, umbra ; Sw. skygga, to give shade ; Dan. skygge. From the idea of shade to that of darkness, from that of darkness to that of the concealment afforded by it ; whence our word and its mean- ing. Molbech, Dial. Lex., quotes S. Jutl. sltyg, skygge, a sun-bonnet, as connected with Sc. scug, scoug. ' " Scug yourselves away ;" go and get hid.' Wb. Gl. Scuggery, sb. A state of concealment, secrecy. " In scuggery ;" in secrecy, hiding, concealment.' Wb. Gl. Scurvy-complaint, sb. A general name for cutaneous affections characterised by roughness or scaliness of the skin. 3 K 2 436 GLOssARy OF THE Seutter, v. n. i. To have diarrhoea. 2. To gutter as a candle does, so that the liquid tallow drops or is projected, by a jerk or otherwise, from the wick. See Scout-laniels. Scuttle, sb. A circular or oval open basket with wide mouth and small bottom, used in gathering potatoes and like operations. Also a sheet iron utensil of like shape and purposes : usually qualified by the prefix ' Iron.' A. S. scvtel, seuttel, a scuttle, platter, charger : whence the idea of a shallow basket ; PI. D. scbottel, D. scbottel, a platter or dish ; Germ, scbilssel, a hollow dish, a hollow but not very deep receptacle of other kinds, an acorn-cup, &c. ; O. N. skutil, skutull, a small table on a foot, a dish. See Bosw. in v. Scutel and cf. Lat. scutella, scutula, from scutum, a shield. Seam, seeam, sb. The Pr. of Saim, lard or melted fat. Sea-tang, sb. Sea-wrack : a species of sea-weed growing with long cylindrical stems and terminating in broad ribbon-like fronds or leaves (Laminaria digitata). See Tangles. Seedlip, sb. A hopper or sowing-basket. See Hopper. Pr. Pm. ' Leep, or baskett.' ' Whanne sche myjte not hele, }>anne sche toke a leep of segg, and bawmede it with tar and picche, and puttide the yong childe wij>inne :' Ex. n. 3 ; Later Wickl. Version. ' Leap, in Yorks., a large osier basket bore between two men, for the use of carrying corn to be winnowed, &c., commonly called a wheat-leap :' Kennett MS. Seed-leap or lip : Wilts. ; a leap or lib, half-a-bushel : Sussex ; a seed-leap or lib, a basket to carry corn on the arm to sow : Essex ; seed-lep, id. : Suffolk. See Early lepe, Beringe lepe, Pr. Pm. Comp. Sw. D. bar-lop, O. N. laupr, a basket, a measure or quantity of butter, in time past, as also still in Norway, seventy-two pounds in weight, placed in a basket formed of bark : Hald. ; N. laup, a basket, sd-laup, a sowing-basket ; D. D. lab, lav, whence also f ije, And al )>at him isijc. To lond he him sette. And fot on stirop sette.' King Horn, \. 755. Set, v. a. To let, at a given rent. 1 He set him t' farm at a hunder' pun'.' ' Ower high setten for 'm t' mak' a living out in 't.' ' Sum beredes ealdor wee*, se plantode wingerd, and betynde byne, and sette ft^er on win- wringan, & getimbrode anne stypel, and gesette 'So myd eor]>-tylion' A. S. Gospels, Matt. xxi. 3?. Set, sb. Impulse, attack, force. Hall, gives the vb. ' set, to push, to propel. Newc. ;' and there is the common phrase ' to make a set,' ' to make a hard, or a desperate set,' with which I connect our word. Wb. Gl. gives it in another application (under Lipper), which deserves more special notice than it seems to have obtained. The example referred to is, ' There 's no great sets o' wind, but a great deal of lipper on," in which the meaning seems clearly to indicate a close connection or identity with the word and phrases quoted above. See Jam. in v. Set. His examples are, ' a set of the toothache,' ' a set of the cauld,' &c. Set a day, To. To appoint or fix a day for some definite object. 1 Ha)> he set me any day Ajenes )>at ihc me grej>i may ?' Assumpcioun de notre Dante, 1. 119. ' appointed day of fight was agreede & sett.' Percy's Folio MS. i. 501. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 439 Cf. ' where as the place was sygnyd and sett thenn :' Percy's Folio MS. p. in, with ' in "Sone mdr, fter fte Hcelend ftcem gesette :* in the mountain where the Lord had appointed them. North. Gosp. Matt, xxviii. 16. ' He set me a day, an' Ah mun seear to please him by then ;' to pay him by that time. Set agate, v. a. To set in motion, to originate and put into action, to prompt, to excite. Setter, sb. A seton, or issue inserted in an animal. The plant setter- wort, or setter-grass (Helleborus f&tidus) was perhaps is still used in forming the Setter, whence probably the name. ' " Husbandmen are used to make a hole, and put a piece of the root (of setter-wort) into the dewlap of their cattle, as a setou, in cases of diseased lungs ; and this is called peg- ging or settering." The word is a corruption of seton, It. setone, a large seta, or thread of silk.' Prior's Prov. Names of British Plants. Setter, v. a. To insert a seton in an animal. Settle, sb. A long seat or form with a high wooden back. A. S. sell, gesetl, a settle, seat, bench, stool. 1 Opon J>e setil of His (Christ's) mageste." Pr. ofConsc. 1. 6122. Settle, v. a. and n. (pr. sattle). i. To lower or to be lowered or lessened; of prices, rents, &c. 2. To receipt a bill. 1. ' Corn 's sattled a vast sen last market.' Ah 's quit at May-day gin he weeant sattle me a bit. Wi' sikan a rent, Ah can't frame t" mak* e'en a scrat for a livin'.' 2. ' Gan an' pay John Lewis' bill, an' mahnd an' git him to sattle 't.' Settled, To be, v. p. To be satisfied in the opposite sense to ' dissatisfied' about any matter; to be acquiescent if not contented. ' Weel, it '11 ha'e to be sae, Ah aims ; but Ah 's not sattled about 't ;' not satisfied or contented. Cf. the expression in the passage following : ' And jif J>e ueond bloweS bitweonen ou eni wreiS'Se, oSer great heorte, er heo beo wel iset nouh non uorte nimen Godes flesch & his blode." Ancr. Riwle, p. 256. Set-pot, sb. A large iron boiler or copper, not removable at plea- sure, but a fixture. Setten-on, adj. Short or stunted in growth. Wh. Gl. appears to have mistaken the application and sense of the word. ' " A little setten-on sort of a body ;" dusky-visaged, as if set in with dirt.' Halliwell gives ' Setton-on, short in growth. North.' Set up, v. a. To make elated or proud. See Upset. 440 GLOSSARY OF THE Seve-light, sb. A rush-light. Seves, sb. Soft rushes. A name applied indiscriminately, I believe, to both Juncus effusus and Juncus conglomerate, the pith of both species having been customarily applied to candle-making purposes. O. N. sev, juncus, scirpus, S. G. ser lyke. Hostile.' With us the Shaft of a fork, rake, broom, spade, &c. ; but not the sbafts of a cart or waggon : they are, almost invariably, Limmers ; Thills being applied in case of the waggon, at least occasionally. Shaft, v. a. To put a handle to any object which requires a long one, such as a hay-fork or rake, a besom, a spade, &c. 3 & 442 GLOSS A RF OF THE Sha'k'-back, sb. An unsteady, vagabond kind of person. ' Shack, to rove about ; and as a sb., an idle, worthless vagabond ; Sback-a-back, the same ; shackling, idling, loitering." Halliwell. Comp. sbog, to move off or away. Shake, sb. A crack or split in deals or fir-wood, or, more generally, in any wood. ' He shal nat breke to gidre a scbaken reed :' Matt. xii. 20 (Wycliffe Vers.); 'a bruised reed shall he not break." Comp. Sw. D. skeka, to stand or walk with the legs apart, skdka, skajka, id. Sha'k'-fork, sb. A wooden fork used in the barn for lifting the thrashed straw and lightly shaking it, that all the grain may fall through on to the barn floor. ' A scbak-forke, pastinatum. MS. Diet. 1540." Halliwell. Sha'k'-ripe, adj. i. Utterly ripe; so ripe that a shake will bring the fruit from the tree, the corn from the ear, &c. 2. Ready to fall, so that a shake will be likely to precipitate the crash; of a wall, or building. Shale, v. n. To fall away in thin fragments or laminae ; as exposed strata of a schistose or shaly consistency do. See under Scale ; the idea of separation, parting, being as prominent in this word as in any other of the family. Shandy, adj. Wild, unsteady ; thence crack-brained, half-crazy. Shan. Wild ; said of cattle when inclined to run ; sometimes also, I believe, of a profligate spendthrift. Line. Halliwell. Dan. D. skienne, skinne, skicende, to run away, of horses, skiendsk or ski adj. i. Quick, active, rapid; of one's movements, or per- sonal characteristics. 2. Acute, intelligent. I. ' Gan for t' doctor, lad ! Gan's sharp as th' can, for tha' life.' Shaum, v. n. To warm the knees and feet by sitting close to the fire. Wh.Gl. Hall, gives slants, gaiters, Line., and Jam. quotes Sc. shams, legs, connecting it imme- diately with Fr.jambes. Can it be that our word is a kind of cant application of the same foreign vocable ? Cf. Haugoed, Maunsel. Shauming, sb. A warming, obtained by sitting close in front of the fire. Shear, v. a. To reap, to cut corn with a sickle. Pr. Pm. ' Scberyn, or repe corn. Meto. Scberynge, or repynge of cornys. Messura, mes- sio' O. N. skera, scindere, laniare, korn-skera, messis, skeri, falx, a sickle ; S. G. skcera, metere, falce secare, slte day fra }>e nyght.' Rel. Pieces, p. 60. 1 alle cynne bf&on befora bine gesomnad, 7 be tosceades bia bem betttib, sva %e biorde tosceades sripofrom ticgenum. Nortb. Gosp, Matt. xxv. 32. Sheean, sb. Pr. of Shoon, pi. of Shoe. Sheep-ked, (pr. ship-kade or keead.) The sheep-tick. See Ked. Sheep-smout, sb. An opening, big enough to allow the passage of a sheep, left in the dry stone walls of the district, especially those which part the enclosures from the waste or moor, to permit the flock to pass in or out, at pleasure. See Smout. Sheep-stray, sb. The right of pasturage for sheep on the common, as well as (if not rather than) the pasturage itself. 3 L2 444 GLOSSARy OF THE Shelder, v. n. To walk with an idle or lounging gait, as if indifferent about getting over the ground. The Leeds words ' sballock, to move slowly, trailing the feet from mere laziness ; shale, to*walk without lifting the feet,' are probably nearly connected with our word, and, together with it, with Pr. Pm. ' Schaylyn or scheylyn. Disgredior,' in his note on which Mr. Way adds, ' " To schayle, degradi, et digredi. Catb. Aug." " Schayler that gothe a wrie with his fete, boyteux. I shayle, as a man or horse dothe that gothe croked with his legges, Je vas escbays. I shayle with the fete, Jentretaille des pieds," &c. Palsg.' Sw. D. skjala, to walk with the feet awry, connects our word immediately with sltjdlg, crooked, awry, O. N. skjdlgr, &c. The primary meaning then, is, to walk crookedly, awkwardly, badly, with the feet ; and thence shufflingly, and thence lazily, or loungingly. See Shale, in Cr. Gl. to drag the feet heavily, to loiter. Shibb'n, sb. (Pr. of Shoe-band). A shoe-string, lace or fastening for the shoe. It is observable that in compound words the latter member continually loses the accent belonging to it, and oftentimes to such a degree that the vowel itself becomes, so to speak, absorbed; e.g. JErval' (our Arval) ' JErl, Hosol, Hosl, a garter.' Kok, D. Folksp. in S. Jylland, p. 44. Another case in point with us is Midden (mad-dyng), constantly sounded ' midn' in Middenstead. Shift, v. a. To change one thing for another ; of somewhat general application. O. N. skipta, mutare, skipta litum, to change colour ; Dan. skifte, to exchange, or take one thing instead of another, skifte- barn, shifting, a changeling ; Sw. skifta, to exchange, alternate. ' Tha' cleeas are wet : gan an' shift thee, man.' Cf. Du skal give mig din daatter, eller skifte dine lands med mig: you shall give me your daughter, or else change lands with me. Shifty, adj. Tricky, versatile but not to be trusted. See Shift. Given to change, or able to turn one's hand in various ways, taken in a bad or invidious sense. See Wedgw. in v. Shift. Shill, adj. Shrill, whistling; from which, as descriptive of a winter wind, comes the connected or imposed sense of chilly, cold, penetrating, which is the apparent usage of the word here. Pr. Pm. ' Scbylle, and scharpe (schille, lowd). Acutus, sonorus.' Sbirl, sbyrl are other forms, shrill the modern one. Shryked sbyrly : Morte a" Arthur, 11.350, quoted by Halliwell. Cf. N. skjelle, I. To give a shrill sound: 2. To blow hard, of a sharp cold wind. Rietz gives skdll, simply 'cold,' as applied to a wind or the air; as da d skdll blast; luft d shall ; and also, bimlen d skdll : the sky is cloudless and cold. ' A skill, shy wind.' Wb. Gl. Shill, v. a. To separate, or cause to separate : i . To curdle milk, so that the curd separates from the whey ; to cause the small particles of butter to separate from the cream by the process of churning : 2. To CLEVELAND DIALECT. 445 separate peas or other leguminosse, &c., from their husks or pods; to shell, or hull, them. Pr. Pm. ' Scbale notys, and o}>er schelle frute (schalyn or schelle frute ; scalyn or shillyn nottis). Enuclio. Scbyllyn owte of coddys. Exstiiyuo.' O. N. skilja, Dan. skille, Sw. skilja, &c. See under Scale. Dan. tnelken Mies ad, or, er skilt ad: the milk is shilled, or curdled ; at skille melk ad : to curdle milk ; O. N. J>aS skilsi, or skilr sig, id. Comp. Wb. Gl. ' Sbeal or sbill, to sour milk for curds by the usual process. Sbilled, curdled.' Further, ' Scale, sbale, shell. Dut. scbaele, bark, crust, shell, scale ; scbelle, bark, shell, skin, scale. Germ, scbale, a shell, bark of a tree, cover of a book, peel of fruit, shale or mineral that separates in flakes. The radical signification is something that splits, or separates, or is picked off. The sbale or husk of fruit or vegetables, or scales of fish, are what is picked off in order to eat it. The sbailes of hemp are the bits of stalk that have to be picked off from the fibre.' Wedgw. The extract from Pr. Pm. is interesting as connecting the forms scbale, scale and sbill. Shin, sb. That which is separated or separates itself from the mass ; a scum rising to the surface from a liquid set to stand, &c. ShiU-corn, sb. A blotch or pimple with a hard point or head, under which there may be but little matter, but which causes or is accompanied by the formation of a series of scales parting from the skin in succession till the spot disappears. Shillocking, sb. A process or stitch in knitting performed with large-sized wooden pins, and leaving wide loops. Called also Shil- loting. The word depends upon the idea of separateness in the stitches ; the loops are large and the wool or yarn consequently lying apart rather than in contiguity or close texture as in ordinary knitting. In the Dan. D. word skilagtig, disunited, divided as in the phrase, 4 divided against itself the same element is similarly applied. Shim, v. a. To cut with a glancing stroke, or slip, of the tool, so as to damage or disfigure the article that is being shaped. Wh. GL Inclined at first to look upon this word as a parallel form of skime, as shill is of scale, I think now it must be referred to Sw. D. skimmpa, to cut off large pieces in a care- less manner from a loaf or aught else, another form being skimmsa. Skimmp also occurs, as, ' sleimmp int opp beeld skinna :' don't cut the whole skin to bits ; ' bdkenfa dag skimmp opp /or/a sdddana :' who told you to cut up the linen like that ? in either of which instances the sense of our shim is implied. Probably the sense of cutting with a slashing or oblique stroke lies at bottom. See Skime, and collate scbimmeitde in the extract following : ' ant het . . . me hire heauet wift scbimmende ant scharp sweord to twerade from J>e bodie:' S. Marb. p. 19, where Mr. Cockayne renders the word by shimmering. May it not rather be the word which is preserved in our Shine, sb. The iris, or pupil ; of the eye, namely. 1 Desput infiamation o" yan iv his een. He *d getten a shiv in, which stack fast, reeght .' sbine on 't.' Ihre gives ognaslen, pupilla oculi, quasi diceres lapillum oculi, with the following com- ent: I shall just remark that by Isidore Hispal. the "pupil of the eye" is rendered by ment : 446 GLOSSARY OF THE avgin scbun, whence I suspect that the original form of ognasten was ognasken, that is, eye- shine, since the pupil is the brightest (lucidissimum) part of the eye.' He then goes on to observe, ' I believe, however, that in the passage in question, we ought to read sebttn instead of scbun, for I see that in " Lipsius' Glosses" the pupil of the eye is called sien ogun, besides which Sumner quotes A. S. seon-eagan.' Perhaps our word may serve to confirm the accuracy of the learned Swede's conjecture as to the original form of ognasten. Shine, sb. A row or disturbance, perhaps ending in a fight. Shinnop, v. n. To play at hockey, or a game greatly resembling it. See Jowls. Shinty is defined by Jam. as ' an inferior species of Golf, generally played at by young people. Shinty is a game played with sticks crooked at the end, and balls of wood. In London this game is backie (Qu. hockey?). It seems to be the same which is designated Not in Gloucest. ... It was also called Cammock.' Shirl, v. n. (pr. shell, o as in 'doll'). To slide, upon the ice espe- cially ; but also down a rapid slope, or any declivity. Sw. D. skrilla, skrela, to slip, slide, as ban skrelade pa isen : he slipped upon the ice. Another form is skriil or skrell. Rietz looks upon the word as coincident with skridla, a frequentative from skrida, to glide, slip, slide. The word affords another characteristic instance of dialectic influence exactly parallel to dozz or duzz, the Pr. of dirze, which see. ' Us lads wur sbollin' doon a stie ;' slipping or sliding down a ladder, as a lamplighter does. Shive, sb. (pr. shahve). A slice, the flat, comparatively thin, portion cut or sliced off anything, as a loaf, an apple, a turnip. Spelt ' sharve ' in Wb. GL, and another instance of the diphthongal character of our i : see under Labile. O. N. skifa, to slice, skifa, a slice, thin board, scale or thin plate of anything ; S. G. skifwa, diflindere, in tenues laminas secare, skifwa, a slice, or thin flake, as, skifwa brod, a slice of bread with us, a Sharve o' Breead ; Dan. skive, vb. and sb., as, en skive bred, smor : a slice of bread, butter. Comp. Germ, scbeibe, Dut. scbijwe broods, a slice of bread ; and ' pudding-shives,' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 217, note. Shivs, sb. Particles of husk, or outer envelope of the grain of corn itself; small particles of chaff or other like matters. Dan. ski&v, skiceve, a minute portion of straw or chaff; especially applied to the particles of the flax-stalk or straw which are detached in the process of ' swingling :' Molb. ; S. G. skcef, festuca ; Sw. D. skdv, the refuse flax from flax-dressing. Shoe, sb. The drag, or iron object applied to a carriage- or waggon- wheel in descending a hill, so as to prevent its rotation, and by increased friction lessen the downward tendency of the vehicle. Shoe-cross, sb. The sign of the cross made with the wetted finger upon the toe-part of one's shoe, to cure cramp, or ' life/ in the foot. Wh. GL I believe the word admits of further application. An aged woman was buried at Egton in the course of the autumn of 1865, of whom I was told that she never either entered CLEVELAND DIALECT. 447 a house or left it without marking a cross with the toe of her clog on the Doorstone, before entering, or on the Thresho'd, before going forth. The same woman always made a cross with her thumb before putting her hand on the Thumb -latch, or Door-sneck on entering a house ; and, when going to early mass for she was a Roman Catholic fast- ing, of course, on meeting any one who might possibly be suspected to be a witch, she always made the sign of the cross before her to avert evil influences. Shog, v. a. To shake, with a somewhat rough or jolting motion. Pr. Pm. ' Scboggyn', or roggyn*. Agito.' Forby gives the verb to sbug, signifying to shake, in the Norfolk dialect. " I shake or shogge upon one, je sacbe." Palsgr.' Note to Scboggyn'. The same vb. is given in a neuter sense also, with vacillo as the equivalent Latin ; as also scbaggynge, scboggynge or wavering. Palsgrave's notice of the word seems to be in the latter sense ; and Hall, gives also the meaning ' to slink away.' In Shakspere and Percy's Folio AfS. i. p. 218 it simply means, to be moving, or going; a sense preserved in the colloquial ' 1 11 be jogging,' or ' jogging along.' Wb. Gl. merely gives ' sbogg'd, shaken, as by the jolting of a cart.' See Shoggle. ' Quartos Tartar. Sbog hym welle and let us lyfte.' (Cruci/ixio) Townel. Myst. p. 221. Shoggle, v. a. To shake, or cause to move, with an unsteady motion. In explaining sbog Wedgw. says, ' To jog, to joggle, or make to vacillate :' collating Swiss scbauggen, scbaggen, to jog ; and, as Garnett also does, Welsh ysgogi, to wag. Shoggling-shue, shuggy-shaw, sb. A swing, whether of greater or less pretension. Jam. gives sbue, both vb. and sb., as an independent word; the former, ' to play at see- saw,' the other the game of see-saw ; and also ' sbuggie-sbuf, a swing ; from sbog and sbue.' He offers no explanation or derivation for sbue ; it may possibly be connected with Sw. skof, Sw. D. sleuv, interval, turn, bout, coming in succession, as the ups and downs of the players at sbue do. Shool, sb. A shovel. ij seboylis.' Invent. Pr. Fincb. p. ccxcix. Shool, v. n. i. To spunge upon another for food, or other matters; to get or obtain by indirect begging. 2. To insinuate oneself for the purpose of gaining by the act; to drop in at any one's meal-times in the hope of being asked to partake. Cr. Gl. gives ihis word as meaning, first, ' to drag the feet :' and a second meaning, ' to beg ;' to go a shoe/ling meaning ' to go about begging any liquor, or to go a begging with a forged certificate of losses.' Hall, gives the word as meaning, i. To saunter about : 2. To beg. Sbool is besides an ordinary Northern contraction of sbovel, and Cr. Gl. looks upon our vb. as a contraction of the word which La timer writes shoveling; ' they heard him quietly without any shoveling feet, or walking up and down.' That word, of course, is none other than our E. shuffling, which, besides its meaning as applied to the feet, to cards, &c., is also applied to express underhand, indirect conduct or proceedings. In our word there seems to be a combination of ideas, namely of shuffling, or lounging wandering about, and of indirect or shuffling practices, adopted to obtain the end specified. 448 GLOSS A RF OF THE Shooler, sb. One who intrudes himself unasked at another's meal- times; or who seeks to get some gain or benefit in indirect ways. See Shool. Shoon, sb. The pi. of Shoe. Shoot, sb. Looseness, or diarrhoea in cattle. See Scout-laniels, Skitter, &c. Shoot, v. n. To come forth into the ear ; of growing corn. Shore, v. a. To frighten, scare, intimidate ; to threaten. ' Sboo, sbue, to scare birds, to drive away fowls. Germ, scbeticben, to frighten.' Brock. ' Sboo, a word used for driving away poultry. " To cry sbooe, sbooe, as women do to their hens." Florio. Forby has also shoo, to scare birds.' Halliwell. ' Shore, to threaten. North.' Ib. ' Sboor, to frighten with voice and gesture the birds from the corn-fields. " Shoo ! Shoo !" ' Wb. Gl. Cf. Sw. Dial, skoia, to shout, cry aloud, cry shrilly, D. D. skaie, skaae, to romp noisily, with a deal of noisy laughing and shrieking. Shoren, p. p. of to Shear. Reaped. Shorts and overs (pr. shoorts an' owers). Short spaces and longer ones ; an expression somewhat analogous to ' the short and the long of so and so. For Ower see Hover, Ower. '"They were at our house at all sboorts and owers;" both for short times and over times, or long times ; at all opportunities and occasions.' Wb. Gl. Shot, adj. Quit, released, free, unmeddled with; usually with the addition of the particle ' of/ or 'on' in the place of ' of.' O. Gl. gives the word as shut ; Brock, shot, sbot-of; Wb. Gl. shot-on. It may be ' shut ' in origin ; but it is surely shot with us. ' Ah 's noo getten fairly shot on 'em ;' quit of them, or freed from them. ' Willy caan't get shot ov 'is meear, nae ways ;' can't succeed in selling her. ' Leave that shot ;' leave it without further mention or reference. Shot-ice, sb. Ice in sheets, or rather sheets of ice ; as on the surface of a road, or elsewhere. Shrift, shrifted, adj. Of an animal, as sheep especially, the hair (or wool) of which begins to fall coincidently with improvement in its condition after a hard winter-experience. ' Yon sheep 's shrift,' or ' sbrifted.' Shrift, sb. The state or condition of an animal, a sheep especially, or a young horse, when, having been badly kept during the winter, on beginning to mend in condition in the spring, it also begins to shed its wool, or hair. ' Yon sheep has got a shrift.' Probably an accommodation from the sense of the old word, released from the conse- quences of hardship undergone, as the shriven man from the guilt of his sins. Cf. to shrive trees, to pmne them. Somner (in Rich.) CLEVELAND DIALECT. 449 Shrink, v. n. To start, or 'jump' involuntarily, as one does in sleep, or as a dying man. An obvious adaptation of the sense of the standard E. word. Shudder, v. n. (pr. shouther, the ou as in ' should'). To shake, move tremulously ; of things. ' T" heeal place shudders agen when yan o' thae express-treeans passes ;' of the platform and buildings of a large station. ' T' hooss shudder 'd wi' 't ;' under a heavy storm of wind. Shuft, sb. A large number of individuals collected into a moving flock or crowd ; possibly with a tacit reference to a still larger assemblage of which it forms a constituent part. A somewhat curious and almost isolated word both as to form and sense. I have, how- ever, met with it in intercourse with Clevel. people sufficiently often, and always in the same application. It is probably due to the same origin as shift, a change, a succession, a division, and perhaps differs from it in little more, essentially, than the not uncommon substitution of u for t. Wedgw., under Shift, speaks of the ' identification of that word with Germ, schicbt, a part or division' (share or portion), quoting eine rede in drei tbeilen schicbten : to arrange, or divide, a discourse in three parts, and noticing its application to a definite period of work, as when the day is divided into three parts, frub-, tage-, nacbt- scbicbt, the morning-, day-, and night-shift. ' In the same sense PI. D. scbvft, schuft-tied, Das kann ich in einer scbvft thun, I can do that" (at one shift, or) 'without resting.' A similar use of the Dut. word scboft, scboff, also prevails. And more or less analogous is the use of our Slmft. The expression in which I have heard it most frequently is ' A ! but there's a bonny sbuft iv 'em,' speaking of grouse when packed and wild, and when conse- quently the sportsman may at times walk a considerable distance over a well-stocked moor without seeing a single bird. Then, suddenly, on reaching a point from which a new ex- panse of moor is visible, a large pack of grouse is seen to take wing, and the attendant's exclamation is somewhat in the above form. But I have never heard it applied to the birds as seen before they take flight, as they may be when the moor is whitened with snow. It is the flying rout, or pack, which is so designated, and consequently the idea of section or division, and that of change of place, may both seem to be present : ' there 's a bonny lot of 'em, and they are shifting their place ;' much indeed as it would be said of a body of men who had been working the night- or day-shift, ' that is the night-shift (or day-shift) leaving work.' Shy, adj. Keen, piercing ; of the wind. ' A natural origin of the word shy may be found in the interjection of shuddering scbu ! schuck! (Grimm, 3. 298).' Wedgw. There is no seeming difficulty in the way of con- necting the said or a like syllable with what makes to shudder or shiver physically, as a cold, piercing, wind ; and our shy consequently may be co-ordinate with O. H. G. sciuban, to make to fear, and so, to tremble. Cf. the first syllable in shiver, Pr. Pm. cbyveringe or cbymcringe, chiver, cbever in Chaucer, cbytteryng, quivering, shaking for cold : Huloet ; in Dut. scbeteren, tremere, O. N. skialfa, Dan. skieelve, A. S. scylfan, to tremble, to shake. Sickening, sb. The quasi-illness attending a confinement, or the child-bed. Sideaways, sb. The Tartarian or black oats, which grow with the grains all depending on one side of the head. 3 M 450 GLOSSARY OF THE Side-lang, v. a. To fasten the near-side fore and hind feet of a sheep together to prevent it from straying. Side up, v. a. To arrange or make tidy, to put in order or adjust things to their places. 1 Ah "11 coom, lad, as soon 's Ah've getten things sahded oop a bit.' ' Noo, Mary, thou sabd oop t' kitchen, wilt "ee. 1 Side-wipe, sb. An indirect censure, a remark conveying implied blame or rebuke on a person not specially spoken of or to. Sidling, adj. Fawning, aiming at ingratiating oneself. A special application, apparently, of the pcpl. of the vb. to sidle. * A sideling, wheedling soon o* body.' Wb. Gl. Sie, v. n. To drop, to mark by dropping. Liquids which are strained through a sieve or percolator fall in drops ; whence our vb. sie, to drop, to fall in drops, and sb. sie, a drop, Halliwell. Germ, seiben or seigen, A. S. seon, to filter or strain by percolation, are nearly parallel forms, as also is Dan. sie, to pass through a strainer, sieve, O. N. sia, to filter, percolate, all closely connected with S. G. s7a, Sw. sil, O. N. said, salda, Dan. sold, salde, &c., Bret, sil, and the like. See Sile. ' Not stained, but sied all over.' Wb. Gl. Sie, sb. A spot or mark, such as might be left by the mere dropping of clean water upon any delicate surface; thence, more generally, of other slight marks or stains. ' There were hardly the signs of a sie upon it." Wb. GL Sie, v. n. To stretch, or yield to tension. Cf. O. N. seigr, lentus, and seigla, to stretch, in the same sense as our word ; Sw. seg, Dan. sei, O. Dan. seig, of that which admits of stretching, or yields to tension, in whatever direction, without breaking or material injury to its parts. Connected with Germ, ztibe, tough, tenacious. Comp. Germ, zieben also ; das leder, das feder-barz ziebt sicb : leather, India-rubber, stretches ; G. Dial, and O. Germ, zacb, zebe, A. S. fob, PI. D. taag, taa, Sc. teucb, E. tough. Sieter, ,sb. (pr. seeter). A sieve or riddle; a strainer or colander. Spelt also Seater or Seatre. O. N. sigti, Dan. sigte, Sw. sikt, a sieve, sikta, to sift. ' " As thin as a seatre ;" worn into transparency or holes, as cloth when it grows thin.' Wb. Gl. Siff, v. n. To make a sound something like that in sighing, but more expressive of pain, by drawing in the breath more sharply, and between the teeth. Essentially the same word as sigh, the gb having been exchanged, according to rule, for ff. See Wedgw. in v. Sigb. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 451 Sik, sike, adj. Such. Wb. Gl. gives siker also, which is probably a misspelling for sik'-a. Comp. the use of vcbe a : ' Hije hillej on vcbe a halue." Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. \, 742. ' Wele waxe3 in vcbe a won in worlde. 76. 997. Under Surilk, Jam. quotes A. S. swilc, swylc, talis, adding that ' Sc. sik, sic, is evidently corr. from this, as the A. S. word is contr. from M. G. swa-leik, id., from swa, so. and leik, like, similis.' I would rather say that our sik or sike is due to similar changes with those that resulted in E. sucb, only preserving the hard or k sound and the long vowel. Sik-an, adj. Such; differing from sik-a only in coming before a vowel. See Sik, sike. Ah niwer heared a man threep lees sik-an a gate afore ;' I never heard a man perti- naciously go on telling lies in such a way before. Sik and sik-like. Such and suchlike ; ' much of a muchness.' Sik-like, adj. Suchlike, similar. Sile, v. a. and n. i. To strain, to pass liquid through a sieve or other strainer in order to eliminate impurities. 2. To rain fast; as when the rain falls in a thick succession of drops, as strained liquids do. 3. To drop or fall ; thence to faint away, and, to fleet or glide past. Cf. Sw. sila, coinciding exactly with our first meaning; N. sila, to strain, drip, rain fast, silla, to drop fast, coincident with our second meaning ; O. N. sia, to filter, strain ; Dan. sie, id., PI. D. silen, to draw off water. Wedgw. looks upon N. sila, silla, as fre- quentatives from siga, to percolate, to sink in, with the intermediate form sikla, to trickle, Dan. sagle, to drivel. N. siga, Sw. siga sig, to sink, to go down, S. G. siga, delabi, con- cidere, are, however, cognate with A. S. sigan, to fall down, fail, O. Germ, sigan, to sink, to fall, Fris. siga ; and a secondary meaning of S. G. siga is thus given by Ihre : ' De hominibus usurpatum notat labare, sensim pedem referre ;* and the word in this sense is collated with the A. S. and other words just quoted. So that, thus, we arrive at our third meaning. Comp. the following from the account of the Marriage Supper, E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 1 29 : ' Then he (the king) bowej fro his bour in to }>e brode halle & to be best on be bench, and bede hym be myry, Solased hem with semblaunt and syled fyrre.' ' With that the segge all himselfe silts to his chambre.' K . Alex. p. 5, quoted by editor of E. Engl. Allit. Poems. 3. ' " To sile down ;" to faint away.' Wb. Gl. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Syynge downs, or swonynge, and the O. N. and Dan. forms, given above, with the Sw. and N. forms. ' " To sile past ;" to glide by.' Wb. Gl. Mr. Morris, Gl. to E. Eng. Allit. Poems, suggests a different origin for O. E. sile. Sile, sb. A strainer; especially a utensil for straining milk, which consists of a basin with a hole at bottom and a piece of fine canvas stretched over it. Sw. sil, Sw. D. site!, Welsh, Bret, sil, strainer. Laggas de i silen, ndr man siler mjblk, 3 M 2 452 GLOSSARF OF THE sd tiro de ett silkert medel, alt ej mjolken blir ofdrdig : if they small white pebbles distin- guished by the names Gobonda-stenar or Gofar-stenar ; that is to say, Thor's stones be placed in the sile when the milk is siled, they are a sure means of preventing the milk from being bewitched. War. ocb Wird. p. 232. Sile-brigg, sb. A wooden frame with two long sides held together by two cross-pieces, on which the Sile or milk-strainer is' set, over the milk-dish, when the milk has to be transferred from the milk-pail to the latter. The corresponding Dan. (Falster district) utensil is called siebor, or siebcer. The fine canvas of our Siles is represented in like manner by sieklud, sile-cloth, and the Sile itself is sie-kar, when the utensil is earthenware, sie-batte, when it is of wood. Molb., Dan. D. Lexicon. Sile down, v. n. To drop or fall ; thence, to faint away. See under Sile. Cf. Jeg tenltte jeg bavde siget ned, der jeg stod : I thought I should have siled (or sied) down, where I stood. Arne, p. 1 2O. Sill-horse, sb. The shaft horse ; the horse whose place is between the Limmers, Sills or shafts, or next to the waggon. Sills, sb. The shafts of a waggon or other carriage. Compare Thill : see also Limmer. Merely a vocal corruption of Thills ; otherwise it would be connected with siles, soils, rafters, beams. But it is identical with Thills (another form of which is fills) from A. S. bi7, a thill, a board, a plank. Silly, adj. Weakly, in delicate or poor health. 'Is there anything you would fancy, as your health seems but silly?' Heart of Mid- Lothian. The first meaning of the word is blessed, happy, A. S. salig, Germ, selig ; thence, from the union of innocence with happiness, innocent ; and from innocent, as in the case of that word itself, simple, in i'.s invidious sense of silly, foolish, weak; and from 'weak' we easily reach the meaning of our word. See Wedgw., and the instances of the old word sely, col- lected by Mr. Carr in Cr. Gl. Note also the transition in the extracts below : ' "5u stondes seli stede up-on :' Gen. and Ex. p. 79 ; ' Vnseli men quat haue ge don?' Ib. p. 66 ; addressed to Joseph's brethren when overtaken with Joseph's cup in their possession ; ' First to brenne the body In a bale of fiir, And sythen the sely soule slen, And senden hyre to helle.' P. Plongbm. p. 490. ' We sely shepardes, that walkys on the moore, No wonder as it standys if we be poore, For the fylthe of oure landes lyys falow as the floore, As ye ken.' Townel. Myst. p. 98. ' We sely woodmen are mekylle wo.' Ib. p. 99. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 453 Sind, v. a. To wash out, to rinse. Cr. Gl. gives also the meaning, to wash down ; ' " To sind down yans meat," to drink after eating ;' and Jam. gives the same expression, with the explanation to ' dilute one's meat,' which has no meaning. Brockett simply and truly says, ' to take a drink after meat.' I think this is a curious and interesting word, though materials for its full illustration are wanting. I connect it immediately with the O.N. form sund, swimming, sund-dyr, a swim- ming animal, sund-magi, swimming-bladder, &c., the connection of which with swima, swimma, swim, is of course clear. Mr. Wedgwood's remark upon Swim is, ' this word seems originally to apply to the movement of water in agitation, to move or flow like water,' whence the secondary meanings to be carried, or to move along, on the surface of the water. Now this original sense of the word is just what is preserved in our sind. The only strictly parallel form I can be certain of is Bav. scbwenzen, to rinse, which however Wedgw., ' through the softening of the final b to m in scbwabbeln,' places side by side with O. N. svamla, to splash, dabble in water, N. svabba, id., Bav. scbwaiben, id., Swiss scbwabbeln, to splash, Germ, scbwemmen, to wash. Sine, adv. Since. See Sen. Sink-hole, sb. Any cavity or hollow place in which the drainage from a Middenstead, or other form of liquid manure, collects. Sinter-saunter, v. n. To be idle or indifferent about doing anything, to loiter or dawdle time away. Sipe, v. n. To ooze out, to soak through any containing matter or object, and drain away slowly. Comp. the consonantal changes in these cognate and synonymous words, O. N. sigta, Dan. sigfe, Sw. sicJtta, Germ, sicbten, sieben, Dut. ziften, A. S. siftan, E. sift, and note the like succession in O. N. siga, O. Sw. and Sw. siga, to soak or sipe away, Dan. D. sige, to drip, trickle, ooze, O. H. Germ, gesicb, a rill, a slow stream, a Syke, Dut. zipen, door-zipen, to drip, trickle through, PI. D. sipen, sipern, to ooze, trickle, and our N.E. sipe. ' " It is all siped away ;" gone away drop by drop imperceptibly, as a liquid from a vessel.' Wb. Gl. Sipings, sb. Oozings, drainings, leakage to a small extent. Sipper-sauce, sb. A sauce, or other provocative to the appetite; that which is used to give zest or relish to one's meat. One can hardly disconnect this word, in thought, from sup, sip, and when one finds such a remark as Ihre's, ' Variat vero mirifice hujus vocabuli (siipa) sensus in dialectis Gothicis : apud M. Gothos, supan est condire (Marc. ix. 50), que supuda, quo condietur? Apud A. Saxones, supan et sypan denotant gustare,' one is further inclined to think that the origin of Sipper-sauce may be here. Again, sipp implies the taking in a dainty way, or as if affecting indifference or disinclination for what is taken, of food or drink (Ihre in v. Sipp : cf. E. sip). Germ, saufen, moreover, is to take greedily, revellingly, drunkenly, of liquids ; which word Ihre rightly connects with O. Sw. supan, used in the same sense. But again, A. S. sufel, sufl, sufoll, suful, O. N. siifl, S. G. sofu/el, something to be eaten with bread, whether potage, or ought else, Dan. suul, Dut. suyvel, O. E. suwelle (Mapes, quoted in Marsh's Origin and Hist. ofEngl. Language, p. 241), suuel (Ancr. Riwle, p. 192), all in the same sense, that is, something to be eaten with bread, a relish, are not all these connected with, almost other forms of, M. G. supan, S. G. supa, Germ, saufen, &c., the continually 454 GLOSSARF OF THE recurring change of p into its equivalent / or v, being all that is required to generate one word from the others ? Again, Lat. opsonium or obsonium, with its origin otyov, fif/ringes Jreo : Those chieftains three comen to }>an kinge. come to the king, & setten an heore cneowen : and sit on their knees biforen J?an kseisere.' before the kaiser. Lay. ii. 506. ' pis holi maide sat akneo : ~j hire e3en to heuene caste.' Seinte Marg. p. 32. ' Malchus herde )>es wordes. he sette bint acne.' Meidan Maregrete, p. 42. Chaucer also uses the expression repeatedly ; thus ' And down anon he sitte him on his kne.' Sompnour's Tale, p. 93. ' She on her knees her sette.' Clerk of Oxenford's Tale, p. 104. ' On ther knees they saten hem adoun.' Second Nonne's Tale, p. 1 1 8. Comp. also ' And he a kne gan falls : He sette him a knewelyng And gret wel }>e gode kyng.' King Horn, p. 22. ' )>er he lot on cneowe ibede : there he lay on knee in prayer and cleopede auere touward gode.' and called ever toward God. Lay. iii. 184. The O. N. idiom seems to be standa a knianum ; thus konungrinn bakazst vid elldrinn . . . ok stendr a knianum ok lytr miog er hann bakar bringspalirnir ok axslirnar ok for upp \>ioin miog : the king was warming himself at the fire, and is standing on his knees (kneeling down, on clothes laid for the purpose) and louts (stoops forward) much as he warms his breast and shoulders and his posteriors stick up greatly. Flat. i. 161. So also in Norse : Stod moderen pa kne : his mother knelt down. Arne, pp. 35, 98. Our phrase, which occurs also in York Castle Depositions, p. 58, is unmistakably O. Eng- lish, and its occurrence in the North. Gospels is noteworthy. Sit up on end, To. To sit upright, in contradistinction to reclining or lying down. ' Matched to sit up on end;' of a person suffering from weakness, the result of illness, or any other cause. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 455 Skafe, sb. (pr. skeeaf, skeaf). A steep broken bank; an abrupt pre- cipitous face rising from any level or plane surface ; a semi-precipice. Coincident with Skufe or SkufF, A. S. scife, scyfe, a precipice. Skare on, v. a. To apply and fix one piece of wood to another (as in piecing or mending the broken bar of a gate) by the process of splicing, or removing obliquely portions of each of the two ends to be laid in apposition, so that when applied to each other there shall be no increase of thickness at the junction. Dan. D. (S. Jutl.) ' skarre, to apply to one another, to join or unite two pieces by means of a groove, tenon or otherwise ; at skarre ved eller sammen, f. ex. naar man faier to paa skraa afskaarne bielke-ender sammen : to skare on or together ; e. g. when one adjusts and unites the ends of two pieces of wood previously cut obliquely. O. N. skara, Sw. skarfua.' Ihre also gives skarfwa, segmenta coagmentare, segmentare ; and N. skare corresponds in sense and form precisely with our Skare. Skeel, skell, v. a. To tilt, or fix in an oblique position. A cart is skelled when the body is raised from the shafts in front, and, working on the axle-tree, is fixed so as to slope down backwards, to facilitate unloading, &c. O. N. skasla, detorquere, skaldr, awry, twisted, askew, skcell, a wry mouth, sleidlgr, obliquus, paetus, qui limis est oculis ; Dan. sJcele, to squint, skeelaiet, skew-eyed ; S. G. skcelg, obliquus, transversus ; A. S. seel, sceol, in the compounds scel-ege, sceol-eage, squint-eyed ; Germ, scbel, L. Sax. skell, Dut. scbeel, oblique, awry, crooked. Hence our vb. Skeel, sb. A kind of pail, for milk or water : in some cases cylin- drical or nearly so; in others, having its bottom of greater diameter than its mouth; and in lieu of the iron Bow, or handle, one of the staves rises higher than the others and is fashioned so as to facilitate holding it. Jamieson refers this word to O. N. skdl, Dan. skaal, Sw. skal, but erroneously. Brockett suggests O. N. skiola, a milk-pail, and rightly. Note also Sw. D. skjula, skyla, id., and Fin. kivlv, collated by Rietz. ' Tercius Pastor. Ye hold long the skaylle, Now let me go to.' Townel. Myst. p. 90. ' i skeyll.' Invent. Pr. Finch, p. ccxcix. Skeel-calf, sb. A calf fed by hand, and consequently having to take its food out of the Skeel. Skeel over, v. a. To overturn, to tilt to such an extent that the equilibrium is disregarded, and the thing skeeled is turned quite over. Skeely, adj. Full of knowledge or experience. Another of the numerous words which depend upon O. N. skilja, and its cognate words. See under Scale. Only in this case there is a nearer connection with the class of ideas involved in the E. skill, skilful, &c., than with those in scale, shill, Skel-beaat, &c. : in 456 GLOSSARF OF THE other words, the fundamental notion is rather of discrimination than of actual separation. In Mr. Wedgwood's words, ' the radical sense is separation, then difference, distinction, dis- cernment, reason, intellectual or manual ability. O. N. skil, separation, distinction, discrimi- nation. Gora skil, to do what is right and just,' that is, discriminated and separated from what is wrong and bad. ' " Vary skeely and knowful ;" very clever.' Wb. Gl. Skel-beast, sb. A boarded partition between stall and stall in a cattle-shed, or Byre. ' SMI-boose, the head of the stalls of cattle.' Cr. Gl. Hall, notices this word, but does not appear satisfied with it, or with its definition ; and reasonably. There is no prehen- sible meaning in it. The same author gives ' Booses, stalls ;' and Brockett, ' Boose, bitess, base, an ox or cow-stall ;' adding, ' properly the place beside the stakes where the fodder lies,' which I think is mistaken. But still, boose being equivalent to stall, skell-boose ought not to have presented any difficulty. It is, of course, the parting or separating of or par- tition between standing and standing, or stall and stall. Wb. Gl. defines our word correctly as ' the partitions of a cattle-stall.' Comp. Dan. D. skillebalk, a partition, or material divi- sion, e. g. in a barn ; also the line of higher stubble on a corn-field, whereat the cutting- stroke of the workmen commenced, and which remains to show the line of demarcation between one man's work and another's. Note also the use of Sw. skdle, as follows : -fyra bbrnstenar sdsom ram'drke ocb sktil emellan akrarne : four corner-stones as boundary-marks and divisions between the fields. War. ocb Wird. p. 34. Skellit, sb. A form of Skillet. Skelly, v. n. To squint. Wh. Gl. gives ' Skeller' as another form of the word. O. N. at skiota skidlgt augwn : to squint ; S. G. skala, id. ; Sw. skela, Dan. skele, as, at skele med oinene (cf. ' skellies fearfully with one eye ;' part of the description of Balfour of Burley, in Old Mortality}, skeloiet, or skeel-oiet, squint-eyed; N. S. scbelen, Germ, scbielen, A. S. scel-eage, &c. See under Skeel, vb. Skelly, sb. A squint, distorted vision. Skelly-eyed, adj. Having a squint, with distorted vision. Skelm, sb. A scoundrel, a good-for-nothing fellow. ' Scbelm originally denotes a carcase, carrion :' Ihre ; thence its application to a vile or rascally person ; S. G. skelm, O. N. skelmir, a rascal ; Dan. scbielm, Germ, scbelm, id. ; Dut. scbelm, a carcase, a plague, a scoundrel ; O. H. G. scelmo, scalmo, pestilence. Skelp, v. a. i . To smack, or strike with the open palm. 2. To move rapidly, to walk or run very fast. ' Isl. skelfa is occasionally used in the very same sense as our skelp ; percello, Kristnisag. Gl. ; skella, id. Rasskella, podicem manu verberare ; Gl. Orkneyinga-S . vo. skella.' Jam., under Skelp, vb. Gael, sgeilp, a stroke, is however alleged by Garnett as the possible origin of the word. Skelper, sb. An unusually large individual, or specimen, of a class. Once again, from the designation of a blow to that for a large-sized individual, as before remarked on. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 457 Skelping, adv. More than ordinarily large. Skep, sb. A basket of willow or flag-fabric, of different shapes in different districts. Formerly used as a measure in Cleveland, as in the Eastern Counties a ' Bushel-skip' is a familiar term still ; the prefix also being sometimes dropped. Wb. Gl. defines the ' Skep ' as ' a round-bottomed willow basket, without a bow :' Brockett, simply as ' a basket made of rushes." O. N. skeppa, modius ; Sw. skappa, a dry measure ; Dan. skjeppe, id. ; A. S. seep, sciop, a skip, basket, tub ; O. Germ, scbaff. Germ, kiepe, Pl.D. kipe, kupe, are collated with seep by Bosworth. Skeugh, skew, sb. (sometimes pr. skeuph). A spot or place the natural features of which are more or less oblique or twisted, partly from the contour of the surface, and partly from the direction of the water- course which runs through it ; a crooked dale-let with enclosing banks that do not look as if they were pairs. A word which occurs only, I think, in local names, as in Skelderskew, and which it has been proposed to refer to O. N. skogr, Sw. skog, Dan. skov, a forest (properly a forest of pine-trees : Sw. bull is a forest of deciduous trees). But it seems simply absurd to fancy that, when the general character of the whole district was that of being utterly overgrown with forest, as we know from Domesday (independently of other testimony) it was, a small and insignificant nook of the whole should be distinguished by a name which, if appropriate at all, must have been applied to the district in its entirety, and which, moreover, actually was so applied, in its English form, in the case of ' Danby on the Forest.' I am therefore disposed rather to look upon the name as locally descriptive in some other respect. ' Skew, skeugb, or sbaw,' says Ord, Hist, of Clevel. p. 244, more s-uo, ' means a wooded dell, and is still universally employed in Scotland to signify a dingle or dell.' Jam., however, does not give the form skew, nor do I believe it exists ; and scbaw or scbagb he defines as ' a wood, a grove," without even the slightest reference to ' dingle or dell.' What he does say that may have a possible application in our instance is, that scbagb or scbaw ' seems also used in the sense of shade, covert ;' and that this seems ' to be the primary and proper sense of the word,' for that it ' is evident that it is the same Goth, word which signifies a shadow and a wood. Thus S. G. skog, sylva, cannot be viewed as radically different from sJnigga, umbra.' Still this seems to be only apparently applicable : for we keep skug or scug in its own proper form and appropriate sound, both as a dialect-word and a local name Scug- dale. On the whole, therefore, I prefer the explanation of skeugb or skew given in the definition, and refer it to O. N. skidlgr, skeifr and the cognate words. Skew, v. a. and n. i. To twist round, move oneself angularly so as to face in a different direction. 2. To throw with an angular or sweep- ing movement, as the hand-sower does his seed. 3. To twist or wrench ; in this sense with off subjoined. O. N. skeifr, obliquus, curvus ; Sw. skef, Dan. skjev, id., skjceve or skjeve, to wry, twist ; N. S. scbeev, Germ, scbief, Dut. scbeef. ' To skew off; to twist or forcibly wrench off.' Wb. Gl. Skill, v. a. To distinguish or discriminate, to know or comprehend, 45 8 GLOSSARY OF THE to make out or arrive at the understanding of (a person or thing). See Scale. Dan. D. skjelle, to discriminate between, as, de ere binanden saa lige, atjeg kan ikke skjelle dem : they are so like one another I can't skill them. Comp. the customary use of the O. E. noun skil, as in the following passage from P. Plougbm, p. 240 : ' And why that oon theef on the cros Creaunt hym yald Rather than that oother theef, Though thow woldest appose, Alle the clerkes under Crist Ne kouthe the skille assoile ;' where skille not simply implies reason (Pr. Pm. Skylle. Racio), but the reason of a diffe- rence or discrimination. Comp. also the phrase ' It skills not' = it matters not, makes no difference. 'Ay! we's hard chaps t' skill;' a sentence addressed by one of a party I had at work examining a Houe or tumulus on these moors, to a migrating ' navvy," who, in utter perplexity as to what the object of such labour in such a place could be, had asked, ' Were we making a railway there?' Comp. sd vidt ban kunne skelne dem pa starrehen : so far as he could skill them (distin- guish between them) by the size. Arne, p. 68. Skillet, sb. A small metal pot for the fire, with a long handle. Hall, mentions the 'long handle' in his definition of the word, as also Wb. Gl. Wedgw., however, defines skillet or skellet as ' a small vessel with feet for boiling,' and connects it with It. squilla, a little bell, Germ, scbelle, id., O. Lat. skella. ' SMetta, in old Latin re- cords, a little bell for a church steeple, whence our vessels called skillets, usually made of bell-metal.' Philip's New World of Words, 1706, quoted by Wedgw. Skime, v. n. (pr. skahm). To look from underneath knit or lower- ing brows ; which may give an appearance of obliquity to the vision. ' To Scarm or Skime, to squint slightly ; more in the way of knitting the brows than from obliquity of the eyes.' Wb. Gl. Cf. O. N. skima, oculos circumferre, oculis emissitiis uti, skima, a chink, sufficient to show a glimmering of light. Comp. also S. G. skumogd, qui obscure videt, lusciosus ; A. S. sciman, scimian, to be dazzled, weak-eyed, lippus esse. These meanings are held by Wachtcr to flow from scbiemen, to shine faintly, to throw a glimmering light, Germ, schimmern. But one ought not to overlook the fact that a daz- zling light has more effect on the eyes, and on the action of him who uses his eyes under its influence, than a weak or glimmering light, and that A. S. sciman also means, and as its first meaning it would seem, to glitter, to shine ; which is also true of Germ, scbimmern, PI. D. sbemeren, Sw. skimra, Dan. D skimre, &c. It is not, therefore, possible that the appropriation of skime, in O. N. and our Dial, to the action of the eyes, skimmer, to the light itself, may depend on the acknowledgment of such effects of a dazzling light ? Skimmer, v. n. To shine brightly; as the morning sun, when it shines into the eyes, so to speak : to glitter or throw out bright rays ; as a bright object in the sunshine. O. N. skiomi, splendor, nitor, S. G. skimra, radiare, Dan. D. skimre, to give out rays of light, A. S. scymrian, id., Germ, scbimmern, to sparkle, to be dazzling, PI. D. sbemeren, schfnifrn, to dazzle. E. shimmer is applied to a glancing and feeble, rather than brilliant, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 459 light our word to a brilliant light such as nearly horizontal (as opposed to vertical) rays afford, as in the example subjoined. ' " A fine, shimmering morning ;" a splendid dawn, betokening a fine day.' Wb. Gl. Cf. N. aftenskumring, the dusk of the evening. Skimmering, adj. Bright, sunshiny, brilliant; but applicable only in the morning, before the sun has attained much height in the heavens, or when its rays shine more into the eyes, so to say, than later in the day. Skirl, v. n. To scream, to emit loud, high-pitched notes or sounds, Ihre collates E. sbrill with skralla, to emit a harsh sound, as broken pots, &c., do : thence, to give forth any harsh, discordant noise. Jam. quotes O. N. skralla, sonum stre- penim edere, Dan. skralde (misprinted skralber), a word applied, says Molb., to higher- pitched sounds than the words brage, buldre, dundre ; e. g. to the peculiar sound of the thunder that accompanies a levin-bolt ; to a screech, in short. O. N. skridla, to give forth a sound such as over-dry things do when touched, S. G. skrall, skrall, skorl, vociferatio, come nearer still to the sense of our skirl. Dan. D. skral, dissonant, and skralle, a loud- tongued woman, a scold, also approach nearly, while in skryle, S. Jutl. skraale, to screech, to shriek horribly, to cry aloud, or bewail, we have the exact counterpart of our word by simply allowing for the continually recurring transposition of the r. Skirling, sb. Screaming, the sound of shrill, high-pitched cries or notes. ' The skirling of the sea-gulls is said to be the forerunner of a gale." Wb. Gl. Skit, v. n. To sneer at or reflect upon a person, to ridicule in- directly. Skittish, adj. Given to, or characterised by, a tendency to indirect satire or reflection. ' Skittish, satirical.' Wb. Gl. Skivers, skiwers, sb. Meat- or butchers'-skewers ; splinters or split pieces of wood. ' Skewer. In Dev. called a skiver, probably identical with sbive or shiver, a splinter of wood ; Dan. skiceve, PI. D. scbeve, a bit of straw, or of the stalk of hemp or flax* comp. our Shiv ' Prov. E. skeg, a stump of a branch, peg of wood.' Wedgw. Comp. also chives a chive of garlic, cbife, a fragment, Fr. cbippe, cbtffe, a rag, a jag, Skrat, sb. See Scrat. Skrat -besom, sb. A broom or besom worn to the hard stumps by long or severe usage, so that when applied- it will rather scratch than sweep. See Scrat, vb. Skrimp, skrimpy, adj. Scanty, short in quantity, dealt out grudg- ingly. Rietz supposes a lost strong vb. skrimpa, to become dry, shrunken, smaller, of which the p. p. skrumpen and sup. skrumpit yet remain current, collating Germ. D. schrumpen, to 3*2 460 GLOSS ARY OF THE wrinkle, N. S. scbrumpeln, Dan. skrumpe, id., A. S. scrimman, to become dry, lean. To this vb. he refers the Sw. Dial, words skramp, lean, poor, of a horse, skramper, D. D. skrampel, an old skrile or poor horse, skrimp, a poor meadow, skromp, to become less or shrink, skrompen, shrunken, &c. Skrimp, v. a. To be sparing with, to dole out in scanty measure. See Skrimp, adj. Skrudge, v. a. To crowd or squeeze close ; to compress by per- sonal contact; as in a crowd. Cf. scrouge, to crowd, to squeeze. Scroodge, a crush. Halliwell. ' Scruse, to press or thrust hard,' quoted in Wedgw., together with a line from the F. Qneene : ' Into his wound the juice thereof did scruze.' Fr. escrager, escraser, to crush. Skufe, skuflf, sb. An abrupt or rocky bank, a precipitous rise from a plain. See Skafe. Slabber, v. a. To wet the thread with saliva in the process of spin- ning, using the finger and thumb for the purpose. D. Dial, slabber, the dribblings of saliva from the mouth, also the glairy discharge from the vagina of female animals before parturition ; N. slabba, to dabble, to spill. Comp. Germ, scblabbern, to slobber, scblabber-tucb, a bib ; PI. D. slabbern, to make a noise in water with the bill, as ducks do. Dut. slabberen, slabben, to slobber ; &c. Slabby, adj. Slight, unsubstantial. O. N. slapa, flaccere, pendere, slapp, laxus, remissus ; S. G. slappa, relaxare ; Dan. slap, not tight, relaxed, flaccid ; N. S. slapp. The Dan. word takes much the same sense, meta- phorically, as our word ; as slappe tider : times characterised by laxity of principle or action ; slappe gritndscetninger : loose, slight, unsubstantial foundations ; &c. Note also O. N. slappr, nugae, Dut. slobberen, to be loose and flabby, Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble, Sc. ^lanpie, flaccid, flabby, inactive. ' " A poor slabby job ;" as a slightly constructed building.' Wb. Gl. Slack, sb. A hollow, a place where the surface is more depressed than the surrounding area ; a bottom between two slight rises. Comp. Dan. slag, hollows of some length and breadth in a road or track ; D. Dial, slang, id., slaag, hollows in sand banks, occasioned by the removing action of the wind. Mr. Wedgw. remarks that our word Sc. slack ' may he explained by N. flakkje, slackness, a slack place in a tissue, where the surface would swag down.' Slafter, sb. Pr. of Slaughter. Comp. the sound of ' laughter.' Slain, slane, sb. (pr. sleean). The smut of wheat (Uredo caries). Comp. Sw. slo-sdd, seed which will not fructify ; Dan. D. slat, shrunken, withered, of corn ; as, et rtigar er sleit : the rye is pined ; S. Jutl. slag, poor, having no vigour. I be- lieve the fundamental meaning of all these words is, ' deficient in vital force or vigour.' They are applied to men and animals as well as to seed (or corn), and the congruity of sense, taken with the similarity of form, is sufficient to justify a reference of our word to them as its origin. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 461 Slair, v. a To idle or lounge about ; to realise the idea of a lazy sloven. The first of a numerous class of words all apparently connected in form, and yet with considerable diversities of meaning, but running through the notions having to do with what is wet, dirty, or slimy ; being idle, lounging, or gossiping ; being loose, unsteady, unstable, not to be depended upon. Mr. Wedgw. regards all these words, met with, more- over, through all the Northern tongues, as closely related to each other, and, it would seem, rightly. Our more prominent words belonging to the specified class or family, are slair, slairy, slathery, slattery, slidder or slither, slithery or slithering, slidderish, slowdy, Sluther, Slutherment, sluthery, and the number of almost coincident forms, with at the same time strikingly analogous, if not fully coincident, meanings, that are met with in the Northern tongues and dialects, is sufficiently remarkable. Under Slattern, Mr. Wedgw. remarks that ' the act of paddling in the wet and the flapping of loose textures are constantly signified by the same words ; and the idea of a slovenly, dirty person may be expressed either by reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglected dress, or by the wet and dirt through which he has tramped.' It might be added that there is a like connection between the ideas of passing over slippery surfaces or slimy substances and of general loose- ness or unsteadiness of gait or conduct, as in E. slippery, our slithery, slithering. It is of course difficult in such a case to allege of this or the other word in the family, that it is more nearly represented by this or that Dan., or Dan. D., or Sw. word, and so forth. Still in many cases the coincidence will be seen to be sufficiently striking. In the case of the present word, comp. Eng. slur, PI. D. sluren, to be lazy, deal negligently with, slurig, lazy, lifeless, indolent (which seems little more than a contracted form of sludderig or slod- derig), Dut. slodderig, slovenly, indolent, negligent, from which again sloore, and thence slorken, a lazy, dirty, slovenly wench ; S. G. slore, ancilla sordida ; Dan. D. sloie, a careless, slatternly female, sluddrig, slovenly, negligent, indolent, slater, a slut, slattern ; S. Jutl. slud (pr. slubr), anything about which one is careless, whence sludre, to shuffle, go lazily, slarre, id. Slairy, adj. Slovenly, sluttish. 4 <> Very slairy and slinky ;" both slovenly and skulkish or idle.' Wb. Gl. Slaister, v. n. To do a thing idly, or in a slovenly manner. Closely connected with the slair group of words. Comp. the succession in Dan. sluddre, to prate, gossip idly, trifle, be idle, slude, to be lazy, slovenly, indolent over one's work, sludske, to do anything idly, carelessly, in a slovenly way. Slaister, v. a. To flog, chastise with a whip, or other very flexible instrument. A frequentative from O. N. sld, ferire, percutere, verberare, whence slasa, Ixdere, vulne- rare, slasadr, laesus, S. G. sld, ferire, percutere, sldss, inter se decertare. " I '11 slayster thy shoulders," or, " I '11 give thee a good slaistering." ' Wt>. Gl. Slaisterer, sb. An idle, negligent, slovenly agent. Slake, v. a. i. To lick. 2. To wash or cleanse imperfectly, just wetting and rubbing off again ; such cleaning as could be done with the tongue. O. N. sleikja, to lick, slikja, to rub, levigate ; Dan. dikke, to lick, to rub. It is observ- able that one form of the word yet lingering with us is slairk, which is probably due to 46 a GLOSSARY OF THE the O. N. form deikja, Comp. the occasional Pr. of laik, namely lairk, from leykia. So also the form slahk, by no means an unusual one, may be due to slikja ; compare lahtle from O. N. litill. 1 Slaking, licking with the tongue.' Wb. Gl. Slake, sb. A lick, a mere make-believe in the way of cleansing. ' " A lick and a slake;" a mere wipe and not a thorough cleansing.' Wb. Gl. Slake-trough, sb. That part of the equipments of a blacksmith's forge in which the water used for plunging the hot iron in is kept. Slap, v. n. To go, or do a thing, with speed. See under Slap off. Slape, adj. i. Slippery, smooth, as applied to surfaces of even or uniform consistency, or to thick or viscous fluids, as Kale for the calves, thick soup, &c. 2. Slippery, in the sense of not to be trusted, treacher- ous, deceitful. O. N. sleipr, lubricus, sleipa, slipperiness, Slapeness. Comp. S. G. sldpa, O. Sw. slipa, to trail along the ground ; D. slibe, to grind or polish anything, so as to make it smooth, and, ultimately, slippery or slape ; Dan. D. slebbel, slebber, slippery ; slceb, slcebe, the plough- sole, rendered smooth and slippery by constant friction. As slape as glass.' Wb. Gl. ' As slape as an eel-tail.' Ib. : often applied metaphorically to a person who cannot be trusted, and so is called a slape an. ' And who so wille do after me Fulle slape of thrift then shal he be.' Townel. Myst. p. 1 7. Slape-ftngered, adj. Letting slip, or apt to let slip, through or from one's fingers or grasp. O. N. sleppifengr, in acquirendo vel attingendo infelix. Ihre gives slapp-bandt as equivalent. Slapen, v. a. i. To render slippery, to make smooth or even. 2. To induce action of the bowels, by the administration of laxatives or ape- rients ; or rather to render them active. Comp. Dan. slibe, to polish, and so make smooth, slippery ; Sw. slipa, id. ' " She would be all the better if she had her inside slapened a bit ;" of a cow.' Wb. Gl. Slape-scalp, sb. (pr. slape-scau'p). A plausible, unprincipled person. Slape-shod, adj. Having shoes on with such under-surfaces that slipping is induced ; especially of horses whose shoes have been worn so smooth that they afford no hold on ice or pavements. Slape-tongued, adj. Fair-spoken, smooth-tongued, plausible. Slap off, v. n. To go off or away hastily. Under Sldppa Ihre says, ' proprie significat relaxare : sl. Gl. ' " It 's sloppy walking ;" wet, puddly, under foot.' Tb. Slaps, sb. Slops ; dirty water only fit to be thrown away ; washings, rinsings. Slap-stone, sb. i. The sink in the kitchen, a shallow but broad stone trough, with a drain from it, for the various culinary or domestic cleansings to be performed over. 2. A hollowed stone, perforated or with a grating let into it, over a drain, for slops to be thrown upon or into. Slap up, v. a. To eat, or drink, anything up very expeditiously. ' Swiss scblappen, slabben, to slap, lap or sup up food with a certain noise. O. N. slupra, Dan. slubre, PI. D. slubbern, to sup up soft food with a noise represented by the sound of the word.' Wedgw. Comp. Dan. D. slappe or slabbe, to lap, as a cat does milk, which is no doubt the more immediate relative of our word. Slathery, adj. Wet, rainy ; of the weather : miry, puddly ; of the roads : but the idea in the speaker's mind is often composite of both these. ' Slodder, slotter, sluther, slud, sludge, slutch, slosh, slush, are used provincially or in fami- liar language for wet mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c.' Wedgw. Our word forms another addition to the list. See under Blair. Slattery, adj. Of slovenly duty habits; almost synonymous with slairy. Comp. Pl.D.sludderig, indolent, inactive, with slurig ; Dut. slodderig, slovenly, with sloore, a slovenly wench ; and, in the same way, set slattery side by side with slairy. Slaup, slope, v. a. To eat or drink greedily and coarsely, or with much accompanying sound. O. N. slupra, Dan. slubre, to sup up liquids ; PI. D. slubbern, id. ; Du. slobberen, to sup or swill up liquids coarsely, or to swill in liquids as pigs, ducks, &c , do, slabben, to lap, to slobber ; Dan. D. slappe or slabbe, to lap, as a dog or cat. Slaver, v. n. To eject saliva from the mouth ; or to suffer it to flow, voluntarily or involuntarily. See Slabber. Comp. O. N. slafra, lambere, slafr, linctus. Slaverment, sb. Sycophancy, fawning, insincerity, ' lick-spittle' per- formances. 464 GLOSSARY OF THE Sleek, v. a. i . To quench, appease, moderate ; of fire or what is hot, thirst, passion, the caustic qualities of lime, &c. 2. Also used ab- solutely or without an object, in the sense of to quench thirst or allay dryness. Pr. Pm. ' Slekkyn (sleckyn or whechyn). Extinguo.' ' pe first es fire swa hate to reken pat na maner of thyng may it sleken.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 6557. ' It sal slek J>aire thrist for ever.' MS. Harl. 4196, fol. 51 (quoted in Gl. to Pr. of Consc.) 0. N. slokva, extinguere ; also to be slack or remiss over a thing ; S. G. slacka, extin- guere. Ihre remarks that ' from its form this verb appears to be a factitive, and that the simple verb must have been an obsolete slaka, one cognate to which the English keep in slake, signifying to allay (sedare).' He also quotes slockna, extinguere. Sw. slockna, how- ever, is to cease to burn, to be extinguished. Dan. slukke, like Sw. slacka, is I. To extin- guish that which is burning: 2. To allay thirst, sorrow, &c. From Ihre's slockna no doubt proceeds our form slocken. A. S. slcecian is neuter, like Sw. slockna, signifying to become slack, or dull, and conveying what is doubtless the radical meaning of the word. ' It (light claret) is desper't good te sleek wi' iv a hot deea.' ' To slek my thrist ye war fulle fre.' Tounel. Myst. p. 316. Sleek, sb. Drink; especially of any kind well calculated to allay thirst. ' Good sleek.' Vgb. Gl. Sled, sb. A sledge. A means of carriage often used in time of snow to carry corn to the mill, turnips from the field to the Owslius ; also in leading peats or other moor-fuel down the extremely steep tracks or roadways which, in many places, are the only routes to or from the moor, and are utterly impracticable for loaded wheel-carriages. The Sled is also used for the transference of harrows, ploughs, &c., from the farmstead to the field, or fr.om one field to another. O. N. sledi, traha, esseda ; S. G. sliida, Dan. slcede, O. H. Germ, slita, Germ. scblitten, Dut. sledde, slidde. Cf. Gael, slaod, a sledge ; Prov. E. slade, to drag on a sledge, sled, to drag the feet. Slem, adj. i. Bad, untrustworthy, ill- done ; of work done. 2. Bad, idle, untrustworthy; of a workman, but also with a general application to persons. Dan., Sw., N. slem, bad, vile, wretched or worthless; O. Sw. slember, sletner ; Sw. D. slemmer, I. originally, crooked, awry: 2. bad, vile, shameful; N. S. slimm, awry, crooked, bad, dishonest or underhand ; Germ, scblimm, Dut. slim, &c. 1. ' Look'd weel enew, but desper't slem i' t' wark ;' of a pair of shoes. ' Nobbut a slem an ; his wark warn't te trust tae.' 2. ' A slem chap, as mean as he 's lang.' Slem, v. a. and n. To slur over, to do imperfectly or perfunctorily. ' An idle, lang-backed chap, slemmin' and slithering, an' deein nowght te nae yowse.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 465 Slew, v. a. and n, i . To turn or twist round ; to cause to swerve. 2. To swerve or turn oneself aside or round. 3. In the passive ; to be intoxicated. 1. ' " He never slews his throat over his shoulder when he kens a full can ;" never turns away his head when he sees a full cup.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' Slew'd all a yah sahd ;' twisted all to one side. Slidder, v. n. (often pr. slither), i. To slip or slide. 2. To walk in a listless sort of way, as if it were too much trouble to lift one's feet from the ground ; to slouch along ; to slip away quietly, so as to escape notice, or nearly so. Pr. Pm. ' Slyderyn (slidyn). Labo vel labor. Slydyr (or swypyr as a wey). Lubricus.' A. S. sliderian, slidrian, to slidder, slide ; Sw. sliddrig, unstable, slippery ; D. Dial, sludre, to go with a shuffling, listless gait ; Dut. slidderen, sledderen, to slip, slide, fall, slidderen, to creep, wriggle along the ground. Comp. Welsh llitbraw, to glide, slip, llitbrig, slippery ; O. N. slidra, torpor, pigrities, slidrulegr, lazy, inert. 2. ' There he gans, slithering alang, as gin it wur wark t' gan ;' labour to walk only. ' " Sliddered away ;" slipped by, gone aside.' Wb. Gl. Slidderish, adj. Slippery, in the sense of not to be trusted. Slight, adj. Smooth, sleek, glossy. 0. N. slettr, aequus, planus, glaber ; Sw. slat, laevis, politus ; Dan. slet, even, level, refined ; Germ, scblicbt, sleek, smooth, level, scblecbt, plain, smooth, level ; Dut. slecbt, slicbt, id. Slinky, adj. Apt to slip one's duties ; evasively negligent. Slip, sb. i. A pinafore for a child. 2. A case for pillow or bolster; of linen or cotton. Slip, v. a. i . To forget, to let slip from one's mind or recollection. 2. To let pass without notice or attention ; perhaps, wilfully. 3. Also used impers., in the sense of to forget. Ihre, as remarked under Slap, observes that the fundamental idea in S. G. slappa is that of laxity, in the first place literal, then metaphorical, so that it comes to mean to let pass, whether by reason of negligence or intention. O. N. sleppa also takes the meaning to let slip, as, a word from the mouth, or an occasion of action. Again, S. G. slippa has the meaning to escape, to slip out of liability or responsibility, while Dan. slippe takes all these meanings as well as that of E. slip in so and so slipped from my hands,' and that of hap- pening suddenly or unexpectedly. The meanings of our word are closely allied with those of the Scand. words where they imply ' slipping out,' as a word from the mouth ; the thought slips from the mind in like manner ; or again, in ' letting slip an occasion.' And the imp. use follows directly. 1. ' Weel, Ah "ve slipped it, ony how ;' forgotten to execute a commission. 2. ' He 's slipped mair furs nor yan ;' of a piece of badly ploughed land, where strips have been left unturned by the plough. 3. ' It slipped me altegither ;' escaped my recollection. 466 GLOSSARY Of THE Slipe, v. a. i. To strip, or take off any superficial matters with a rapid action; the skin off one's flesh; the feather or web from a quill ; the tiles or thatch from a roof. 2 . To cut slices off with rapid or decisive action. A. S. slifan, to cleave, to slice. Wedgw. quotes slive, sliver, a large slice, from Mrs. Baker ; and in Pr. Pin. we have not only ' Slyvyn asundyr. Findo,' but ' Slyvynge, cuttynge awey,' and ' Slyvynge of a tre or o}>er lyke. Fissula ;' in which we recognise senses pre- cisely identical with both those conveyed by our word. Comp. also Germ, schleifen, to level or rase, to pull a building or a snip to pieces, which is likewise a near connection of our word. Slithering, slithery, adj. Slippery, untrustworthy, apt to play false or deceive. See Slidderish. Slive, v. a. (pr. slahve). To slip on hastily and without heed to adjustment ; of any article of drees, especially a loose-fitting one. Connected with Pr. Pm. ' Slyp, or skyrte ; Sloppe, garment. Mutatorium ;' Pr. E. slop, smockfrock, &c. ; O. N. sloppr, a loose linen outer garment ; our own Slip in both its senses ; Fris. slupe, Dut. slook, an outer cover for a pillow ; and more nearly, in form, with sleeve, that which one slips au arm into. Note also Fris. slief, Swiss scblauf, a muff; Swab. anscbliefen, to slip on, ausschliefen, to slip off. Slocken, v. a. To quench ; applied much in the same senses as sleek. Also to drown or saturate with water. Pr. Pm. ' Slocltnyn, idem quod sleknyn ; slokkyn, slekkyn.' Cf. S. G. slockna. See under Sleek. Any place in a field where the water has stood for a long time, whether from fault, or want, of drainage, to the damage of the herbage, is said to be sleekened, as, ' w'olly slackened,' ' w'olly slocken'd wi' watter." Sloke, sb. The scum or slime which rises to the surface of stagnant water. I connect this with slough, of a snake, of a suppurating wound ; that which is cast or thrown off from anything ; which is the essential characteristic of our Sloke. Mr. Wedgw. refers slough to A. S. slog, perf. of slean, to cast, and collates slog, the rejecta- menta of fish in preparing them for food, as also what is called ' the slough of falling stars,' ' a gelatinous growth found in wet weather, popularly supposed to be cast to the earth by the falling star.' Comp. A. S. slynk he es unslegbe pat mas hym noght redy to deghe." Pr. of Consc. 1. 1939. ' Christ bad his priestis pece and grith, And bad hem not drede for to die, And bad hem be both simple and slie And carke not for no cattell.' Plowman's Tale, p. 180. Sly-cakes, sb. Cakes which, with a plain-looking exterior, contain abundance of rich material within. Smally, adj. Little, puny, undergrown. Directly from A. S. smealic, small, slender, thin. Cf. also S. G. smal, gracilis, tenuis, quatenus opponitur lato, O. N. smar ; as, Hanns syner vdro \>eir Sigurdr oc pdrltell, liller men oc smaer : his sons were those two, Sigurd and Thorkell, men of small stature and undergrown. Landnam. p. 152. Comp. Germ, scbmal, scbmaler leid, a puny body. ' A poor, smally creature.' Wh. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 469 Smatch, sb. A savour, flavour or taste. Also figuratively. See example. O. N. smekr, taste, savour, smacka, to taste ; S. G. smak, Dan. smag, A. S. smtec, O. H. G. smacb, gesmag, Germ, scbmack, PI. D. smakk, Dut. smaak, Fris. smek, Pol. smak. See Wedgw. in v. Smack. ' He has getten a smatcb o' London in his talk." Wb. Gl. Smere, sb. A patch of membrane, about the size of the palm of a hand, found covering the nostrils of a foal at birth. ' Smerewortb (? smereworf). The round birthwort, or the herb mercury. Phillips.' Halli- well. ' Called birthwort from its supposed remedial powers in parturition.' Prior. A. S. smering-ivyrt, smeort-wyrt, smert-wyrt. This is the only word that seems to have any relationship or likeness to our word. Cf. Gael, smur, smuir, a blot, spot, a meaning which might be extended to that in ' patch.' Smiddicom, smitMcom, smitticome, sb. The refuse matter ac- cruing from the exercise of the blacksmith's handicraft ; the scales and dust which result from the process of forging. Comp. Saw-corn, Coom or Cum. Smiddy, sb. The forge, blacksmith's shop. O. N. smiftja, smithy, &c. ' Al J>es world is Goddes smffifte, vorte smeo'Sien his icorene. Wultu J>et God nabbe no fur in his smi'S'Se ne belies ne homeres?' Ancr. Riwle, p. 284. Smit, sb. Infection; infectiousness. Dan. smitte, infection, D. D. smed, id.; der er smed i den mauds gaard, i den staid: there is infectious illness in such and such a man's court (farm), or among his cattle, &c. ; Sw. smitta ; A. S. smiting, contagion, infection. The connection with E. smite is apparent, and of course with A. S. smitan, &c. Smitch, sb. A black ; a sooty particle such as falls from the smoke of the chimney, or from the flame of a lamp that is turned up too high. Comp. Smudge ; also ' Smutcb, stain, smut, dirt.' Halliwell. Sw. smuts, inquinatio, sordes, Dan. smuds, filth, dirt, both due, probably, to Germ, scbmutz, O. G. smiz. Comp. also A. S. smitta, smut, macula, PI. D. smitte, Dut. smet. See under Smudge. ' iblsecched he haefede his licame : he had blackened his body, swulc ismitte of cole.' as if smutted with coal. Lay. ii. 318. Emitting, adj. Infectious. Smittle, v. a. To infect, to communicate an infectious disorder. Dan. smitte, Sw. smitta, to convey or communicate infection. Our word is simply a derivative. Smittle, sb. Infection. Smittle, smittlish, adj. Infectious. 470 GLOSSARY OF THE Smock, sb. A shift, or chemise. Hire's comment under Smog is ' Ismogs kl&de properly signifies a garment which is put on through an opening for the neck, called in Latin collobivm ; a garment for which the A. S. word is smoc. Isl. smeiga a sik klcede means to put one's head through the open- ing of the garment and so to put it on.' O. N. smokier, a shirt without arms. ' In Heligo- land smock is a woman's shirt.' Wedgw. O. N. smokka ser in : to insert oneself into (one's shirt or smock). See Smock-turning. ' Atte thy chamber dore thy Lord can knocke, & thou didest on thy smocke & was sore afrayd, &c.' Percy's F ol. MS. i. p. 458. Smock-turning, sb. Putting on one's Smock, or shift, inside out, ' for luck/ ' The practice of the wives and sweethearts of sailors and fishermen putting on their shifts inside out for success and a fair wind.' Wb. Gl. ' For luck,' originally assumed or imposed as a disguise, 'has long since obscured or even destroyed the personal identity of the wearer, not to say, in many cases, received a kind of factitious life at the expense of the wearer's existence. In this particular instance, the wearer originally was a practice or observance good as against the supernatural powers of the Elf, Troll, Witch, and other members of the same uncanny host, and depending upon the same principle as the notions about doing various actions involving rotation, so that the motion should be with or against that of the sun, as might be required in the special case or need concerned. The best explanation of these notions I have met with is in the following extract from Hylten Cavallius' Wdrend ocb Wirdurne, p. 288 : ' Rdttsyls, solrdtt, rdtt or med denotes motion in the same direction as that of the sun, that is to say, from East to West, from the left to the right, from within to without, from below and upwards. Whatever it may be that one desires to proceed for- tunately and happily must go rdtt or rdttsyls. A house which stands solrdtt, that is, with its gables East and West, is believed in Warend to be luckier for the inmates than one the gables of which point North and South. When a person is busy spinning, winding, arrang- ing the threads for the warp, twisting cords, spooling, &c., it must always be done rdttsyls. The Can and the Tankard must without fail circle or cross the board rdttsyls. Nay even, in settling a bargain, the hand-shaking must be done from below and upwards, or the bargain is sure to be unlucky. On the other hand, whatever goes forward in a direction contrary to that of the sun's movement, or from West towards East, from right to left, from without to within, from above and downwards, is said in the dialect of Warend to be done ansyls. afvlgt, ordt or mot.' (Comp. Widdersbins. A direction contrary to the course of the sun, from right to left. Halliwell. Also employed in Tbe Antiquary.) ' Nothing which is done with a motion of that sort can prosper or be attended with luck. If any one winds a ball of twine afvigt, the belief is that he will be, so to speak, handshackled, when it comes to a fight with the Evil one. In point of fact, no action of daily life may be done ansyls, ordtt or afvigt. Still, however, popular belief connects with such motion the idea that it has a peculiar counteracting influence against, or even is able to dissolve or remove, all kinds of witchcraft or other evil spells. Should any one therefore desire to elicit the holy flame the Gnideld or Need-fire it must be done by whirling a peg of dry oak in the ansyls direction against some other wood. If he would charm away a sty in the eye or the pain of a wrench the magic turns must always be done ansyls. The kink-cough is to be cured by drinking water that has dropped from a millstone turning ansyls. When any sickness is to be charmed forth over an earth-fast stone, the wise man or conjurer officiating must always circle the stone ansyls. To turn one's jacket, or any other portion of the clothing, inside out (afvigt) is of benefit against the bewilderment occasioned by the Forest- fay or any other evil influence originating in like beings.' So here, it is held, or was until CLEVELAND DIALECT. 471 lately, that turning one's apron was a sure defence against the mysterious power of attrac- tion attributed to the Will-o'-the-wisp. ' A charm against Fairies was turning the cloak.' Brand's Pop. Antiq. ii. 289. Thiele also, and Grundtvig, frequently mention the same or a like remedy for witchery or bewilderment. Smoor, smorr, smurr, v. a. To smother ; thence, to suffocate. Mr. Wedgw. looks upon smear as ' probably a contraction from smother, which itself is provincially used in the sense of smear or daub.' That our smoor or smorr is a like con- traction, or possibly a mere co-ordinate form, of smother, is still less open to doubt. Smoulder, again, in Clevel. Pr. would first drop the /, and then suffix an b to the d, or drop the d sound almost altogether, and so melt into smoother, or smoor. And I feel no sort of confidence that our smit, smittle, Smitch, smudge are not also nearly related to smoor, and so to smother, smoulder. The idea conveyed by smit is rather of what is tangible, than of what is merely palpable ; something as capable of being actually conveyed on the person or the clothes as the Smitch. itself; the one fundamental difference being that, in the one case the eye is capable of discerning the object denoted, in the other not : something, that is, very different from merely a blow or stroke, whether sharply inflicted or not. Again, Sw. D. smet, something which may be smeared upon anything, Dan. D. smid- else, id., with the corresponding verbs, smeta, smide, seem to connect smit, smut, Smitch, smuds or smuts with smear, smer, smor, &c., and this without going into the corresponding analogies presented in Germ., PI. D., and Dutch, as Dut. smodderen, to daub, dirty, smooren, smeuren, to smoke, suffocate, smoor, vapour, smoke, PI. D. smudderen, smuddem, smudden, to smear with dirt, daub, Germ. D. schmorren, to smoke tobacco, namely, Bav. scbmudrig, close, smothery ; of the weather. Comp. also Gael, smur, smuir, a spot, blot, smear, smuidre, smuidricb, clouds of smoke, dust or smothery vapour, smuidir, smuidricb, to smoke. Comp. Smudge. There is, however, an analogy in the case of Dan. smide, Sw. D. smeta, which ought to be noticed. E. strike is used provincially in the same sense, as e. g., for ' to butter bread ;' also in Hall., for ' to anoint or rub gently.' Smoor'd i' t' keld (often pr. smod-i-keld). Of a foal suffocated in the amnion, no help having been present at the time of birth. The amnion of the mare is said to be much tougher or more tenacious than of any other of the domestic animals, so that the catastrophe implied in Smod-i-keld is one not unlikely to happen if the mare foals unexpectedly. Smoot, v. n. i . To hide the face, as a shy child in its mother's dress. 2. To be shy in courtship; to abstain from open courtship, only prosecuting it when unobserved. We find Dan. smut bul, a place of concealment, or out of observation, smut vei, a retired or secret path, smutte, to withdraw oneself, more or less quickly, into concealment, which words Molb. connects with smug, a sb. which, by prefixing the prep, i, can be used as an adv., and signifies secretly, hiddenly, or the like. And these words are all connected with Sw. smutt, smuga, a strait or narrow opening, Sw. D. smuta, smota, the opening for the neck in a shirt, &c., Dan. D. smutte, a narrow passage, between houses, or the like, and through them with our Smout, Smout-hole. The primary idea seems to be that of hiding, or getting into hiding, as when it is said of the mouse, smuttede ind i bullet :' it scuttled into its hole ; and so our first meaning follows simply and naturally. Smooth, v. a. To iron ; linen, namely. 472 GLOSS A Ry OF THE Smoothing, sb. The act of ironing ; or perhaps, more generally, of getting up linen. Smooty-faced, adj. Shy, bashful, shame-faced. Smout, smout-hole, sb. A hole or opening in the bottom of a fence, through which hares or rabbits may pass; or, of a Dry-stone wall for sheep. Dan. smutte, a private means of egress or entrance, Dan. D. smtitte, smou, an opening, a small passage or entrance into a place, or means of egress from it ; a narrow passage between houses, &c. ; a small entrance or opening in the roof of a shed or byre through which hay may be put in, &c. ; Sw. D. smota, smuta, smutt, smuga, a strait or narrow pas- sage. See Smoot. Smout-stone, sb. A large flat slab of stone used to stop the Smout-holes in a wall. Smudge, v. a. and n. i. To smear, as a boy may his copy-book; or, of any action which leaves a smear or stain behind it. 2. To emit smoke, as a smouldering fire does, or a fire before it breaks out into flame. Dan. smudse, Sw. smtitsa, to smear, daub, dirty. For the connection of the second defi- nition see under Smoor, Smitcli, &c. Snag, v. a. To trim or cut off the branches of a tree when it has been felled. Jam. gives sneg, sneck, to cut with a sudden stroke of a sharp instrument, and quotes Teut. sndcken, Germ, schnecken, scindere. I do not find the latter word in Hilp., and it is probably Old or Prov. Germ. He collates also S. G. snygg, O. N. snogg, which latter is explained by Verelius as ' having the hair cut or cropped ;' and also O. N. snaugg klaede, torn clothes. There must have been an O. N. vb., which has been lost, signifying to cut, chop, truncate, and with which O. N. and S. G. snickare, Dan. snedker, a carpenter, one who has to do with cutting and shaping wood, were connected. Comp. N. sniclea, to cut, whittle, Fl. snocken, id., Austr. scbnegern, to whittle, Gael, snagair, to carve wood. But D. D. snoge is, as nearly as possible, coincident with our snag, in both sense and form, meaning to trim off the side branches of a tree. Snahl, sb. Pr. of Snail. O. N. snigill (whence our ab or at sound), S. G. snigel, O. Sw. snigil, Dan. snegl, A. S. stuegl, snegl. Snahzling, snahzly. Pr. of Smzling, smzly. Snake-stone, sb. An ammonite. ' Tradition asserts these formations to have been living snakes with which Whitby was infested before the days of the Abbey ; but by the prayers of St. Hilda the foundress, and the outstretching of her miraculous wand, they were swept over the Cliff and turned into CLEVELAND DIALECT. 473 Stones! Three " Snakestones " on a heart-shaped shield constitute the Whitby arms.' Wb. Ol. ' Then Whitby's nuns exulting told How, of a thousand snakes, each one Was changed into a coil of stone, When holy Hilda prayed ; Themselves, within their holy bound, Their stony folds had often found.' Marmion, canto ii. Snap, sb. A round, crisp gingerbread cake or ' nut.' Snape, v. a. To check, to snub or put down. Cf. O.N. sneipa, pudorem alicui suffundere. D.D. sneve, snewe, sneewe, I. To snip off, lop off: 2. To check, put down, snape. Molb. collates Sw. D. sniffsa, which puts sneve in con- nection with snidan, as a frequentative. E. snub, Dan. snibbe, to check, put down, snubbe, to dock, cut short, and several other words of cognate form and significance, belong to this class. ' She began to say so and so, but I very soon snaped her.' Wb. Gl. Snarly, adj. Chilling, bitter. See Snahzly. ' F e snawe snitered ful snart, bat snayped be wylde.' Sir Gav>. and Gr. Kn. 1. 2003. Hall, gives ' snartly, severely, sharply,' and Mr. Morris quotes O. N. snart, cito ; but the connection is with N. snaere, to blow, applied especially to a cold, searching wind, snoa, id., Sincere, a cold wind or breeze, from the valleys among the mountains ; Sw. D. sno, vb. and sb., id. Rietz looks upon this last word as connected with Sw. D. sno, to twist, turn round, and it with O. N. snua, sneri, snuit ; a notion which may receive confirmation from the N. word, sn&re. Snawle, v. n. (sometimes pr. with a sound of/", or nearly so). To snuffle, to speak through the nose. Mr. Wedgw. quotes PL D. snuff, snuffe, nose, snout, in connection with the words snuff, sniff. In like manner, S. G. snabel, O. H. G. snabul. Germ, scbnabel, Dut. snabel, may be placed side by side with our word. Comp. also ' nevelynge with the nose,' Pr. Pm., with Sw. ndbb, nasus, and cognate words. There can be no question of the near connection between the nouns signifying nose and the actions intended by snawle, snuffle, sniff, sniff, snuff', &c. Sneck, sb. The latch, or small bar of metal which acts as a fastener, of a door or wicket, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Snekke, or latche. Clitorium, pessulum.' ' Mdk. Good wyff, open the hek. Seys thou not what I bryng ? Uxor. I may thole the dray the snek. A, com in, my swetyng.' Townel. Myst. p. 1 06. Cf. Manx sneg, a latch. Jam. says, ' I know not the origin if it be not Teut. snacken, captare, captitare, q. what catches.' Comp. our Sneck-dog, and Sc. ' snack, to snap or bite suddenly, as a dog.' No doubt the word is a close ally of snap, snatcb, snack, many instances of the convertibility of p and ek having already been met with. Sneck, v. a. To fasten or secure ; by aid of the Sneck, or latch, namely. See Heck, Sneck, sb., Thumb-sneck. 3P 474 GLOSSARY OF THE Sneck-band, sb. The string, one end of which is fastened to the Sneck or latch, and the other passed through a hole in the door, and which, when pulled, raises the Sneck and permits the door to be opened. Sneck-dog, sb. A lurcher : sometimes applied to a greyhound. See under Sneck, sb. The dog whose peculiar function is snatching, seizing, catching, as others depend on their scent for bringing their master up to his game. Snever, snewer, adj. Slender, slight. S.G. snafwer, arctus; of that which meets with difficulty, as a garment that is too small. Ihre connects this word with O. N. n&fr, arctus, difficilis, Germ, nau, genau, and S. G. napp- lig, Sw. D. ncefra, arctare, impedire, neegg, curtus, another prov. form of which is sneegg, Sw. snaf, strait, contracted. But Dan. snever approaches our word most closely, and in sense as well as form ; for besides strait, tight, not big enough, it means slender, pined. Snickle, sb. i. A snare or 'wire,' such as is employed for the capture of hares or rabbits. 2. A smaller and thinner snare for bird- catching. Mr. Wedgwood's definition of snickle, ' a snare for game, a knot that closes with a sudden snap or spring,' in the second part of it seems founded on a misconception. I do not think that the notion of a snap or spring is in the least degree involved. On the con- trary, in fact ; as the action of a snare is essentially opposed to that of a spring-trap. There is no suddenness in it, but a gradually increasing tension and constriction. Our Snock- snarl is allied, the Leeds form of which is snicksnarl. Leeds Gl. also gives snittle as another form of snickle, and Carr adds that Cotgr. gives snitle, a running knot. I look upon the ck as the fundamental form, and should refer the word to the same root as snegel, a snail, snican, to creep, sncecka, limax, &c., in reference to the comparatively gradual action of the snare comp. Dan. snegle, to advance or move gradually, as a snail does unless indeed it may be supposed, as Wedgw. says is the case in snare, there may be a refe- rence to the twisting of the wire or hair employed in forming the snickle. Of Dan. snegl, Molb. remarks that, used adjectively, it expresses the idea of spiral, which is precisely the idea on which the material form of a snare depends, and this view is to a certain degree confirmed by the word snick-snarl or Siiocksnarl. See Wedgw. in vv. Snare, Snarl. Observe also that D. D. snog is either a form, or a synonym, of Dan. snor, twine the equi- valent of E. snare. Snickle, v. a. To employ Siiickles, or snares, for the capture of hares, or rabbits, or birds. Snifter, v. n. To sniff, or snuff up audibly as people with a cold do, or those that are too dirty and too lazy to blow their noses when required. Simply another form of Eng. sniff", prov. E. snift. Snifterer, sb. One who has the unpleasant habit of sniftering, or sniffing. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 475 Snig, v. a. To drag wood out from the place where it has been felled, by the aid of a horse or horses yoked on to the end of a chain fastened round the butt. A. S. snican, to creep, N. snikja, to sneak, insinuate oneself, Dan. snige, to cause to move in a gliding, unobtrusive manner, to move in like manner oneself. Molb. remarks of the word, that either it is wanting in the allied tongues and dialects, or that O. N. smiiiga, A. S. smugan, serpere, represent it. The adaptation from a gliding, unobtrusive, sneaking manner of procedure, or motion, to that of simple gliding motion along the ground, as of a tree drawn by a horse or horses with the application of no machinery save the chain which supplies the means of traction, is simple and natural. Snig-chain, snigging-cliain, sb. The chain employed in the pro- cess of snigging timber, or dragging it out from where it was felled. Sniggle. The same as Snickle, which see. Sniggle, v. n. To laugh in a suppressed way-, but derisively. Simply another form of snigger, or snicker, to laugh in an absurd or contemptuous way. Wedgw. says that Cotgr. understands sneer in this sense : but it is possible that it may be rather our snire or its equivalent that he speaks of; and snire has always appeared to me rather a contraction of, or resulting from elimination of the g in, snigger, with a limitation of meaning, than in any other light. Comp. Germ, scbnaken, to jest, to quiz. Snire, v. n. To laugh, not loud, but derisively ; to make merry, mali- ciously or provokingly, at another person's expense, and with an affected quietness. See under Sniggle. Snirls, snirrels, sb. (pr. snolls). The nostrils : the first form a con- traction of the second. There can be no doubt that E. snore (A. S. snora, sb.) is closely allied to this word. Swiss scbnerre, PI. D. snurre, the snout, nose, present a still closer relationship and family likeness. The words, Germ, scbnarcben, Dan. snorke, PI. D. snorken, snoren, Lap. snoret, snorret, all meaning to snore, no less than Sw. snor, the mucus from the nose, seem to indicate the former existence of words of like form with our Snirrel, Swiss scbnerre, PI. D. snurre, and with the same signification of nose, meaning nostrils, and with which snore would be closely connected. Snite, v. a. To cleanse, to wipe, to ' blow,' the nose, namely ; but without the use of a handkerchief, at least, necessarily. Pr. Pm. ' Snytyn' a nese or a candyl. Etnungo, mungo.' O. N. snita, emungere, S. G. snyta, Dan. snyde, A. S. snytan, id. ; PI. D. snitjen, to snuff the candle ; Dut. snuiten, emun- gere ; Germ, scbnduzen, scbneuzen, id. A parallel S. G. form is snoppa. ' Snite thy nose ;' or, ' Snite thy snolls.* Wb. Gl. Snlzling, snlzly, adj. (pr. snahzling, snahzly). Chilling, pinching, penetrating ; of the wind. Hall, gives ' snizy, cold. Cumb.,' which is doubtless related to our words, and Cr. Gl. has ' snitbe, cutting, sharp, applied to the wind,' which Skinner speaks of thus ; vox elegantis- sima ; significat ventum yalde frigidum et penetrabilem, ab A. S. snidan, Belg. snijden, to 3 p 2 476 GLOSSARY OF THE cut.' Hall, also gives the three forms snathe, snaze, sned, to prune trees (the third with the additional meaning, to lop), which Mr. Wedgw. connects not only with ' Westerwald scbna- sen, scbnaseln, Cimbr. snoazen, snozen, snoazeln, to prune, to lop trees,' but with ' O. N. sneis, branch or twig of a tree ; afsneisa, to cut off branches, to prune ;' which again finds a connection in O. N. and S. G. snida, to cut, D. D. snede, to lop, cut side branches off, as well as in Bav. scbnaiten, to prune, lop, A. S. snidan, &c. The forms sned (snidan), snathe taken conjointly with snaze, illustrate Cr. snitbe as collated with Cumb. snizy, and our snizly. See, however, Snarly, which is grouped with ' Snarzly' by the Wb. Gl., though, as I think, incorrectly. Snobble, v. a. and n. (often pr. snovvle). To entangle, or be, or be- come entangled. This must be a derivative from O. N. snara, to twist, turn, or snna, id. ; Dan. snoe, to twist or twine, as a rope or string is made ; S. G. snor, snore, a rope or twisted cord. I look upon it as almost co-ordinate with E. snarl, ' to ruffle or snarl like overtwisted thread.' Cotgr. ; snarl, a snare. Hall. ; Sc. snorl, a snare, smtrlie, knotty. In fact the interval in slovenly or prov. Pr. between snovvle and snorl is not very wide. Snobble, sb. (often pr. snovvle). i. A confused or intricate entangle- ment, as of thread, wool, twine, &c. Also metaphorically, 2. A muddle, a state of perplexity or difficulty. Snooks, sb. Intertwistings and entanglements in thread, wool, twine, &c. See Snocksnarls. Snocksnarls, sb. The knots, or complicated intertwistings and entanglements of thread, string, silk or other twisted articles, when care- lessly handled and suffered to wind themselves up, &c., at their own pleasure. See Snickle. Snarl is a common South-country word, both vb. and sb., applied in the case of twisted and entangled string, thread, silk, &c., and its connection with E. snare, O. N. snara, Sw. snore, sno ; N. snare, to twist round, &c., is obvious. " , Snod, adj. Smooth, even, trim. O. N. snodinn, glaber, N. snaydd, made smooth or bare. S. G. snod, nudus, and D. Dial. snode, to chop the small boughs off a tree, or trim it, will no doubt serve to indicate a con- nection with O. N. and S. G. snida, to cut, chop, A. S. snidan, &c. The word in our dialect usually accompanies the word snog; as, '"Snod and snog;" smooth and compact.' Wb. Gl. Comp. ' Thou wouldst be a mettle lass enow, an thou wert snog and snod a bit better." Heart of Mid-Lothian (addressed to Jeanie Deans, whose bonnet had been violently torn off). Snog, adj. Tidy, trimmed, ' in apple-pie order.' O. N. sndggr, glaber, depilis, S. G. snygg, smooth, not hirsute, trimmed, Dan. D. snag, neat, tidy, trimmed, smoothed ; as, Han er lyke. Spico; Spire, of corne or herbe. Hastula.' ' Spyre of corne, barbe du ble.' Palsgr. ' Spear, to germinate, as barley.' Halliwell. ' Apud hortulanos nostros, spiror vocantur cymata, quz a caulis brassicae tempore verno pullulant.' Ihre. Dan. spire, exactly synonymous with our word ; N. S. spier, the shoot or sprout from newly germinating corn. Spectioneer, sb. An overlooker, or inspector, of work done, or of stores. Speeak, sb. Pr. of Spoke ; of a wheel, namely. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 483 Speir, v. n. To make enquiry, to ask for information. See Spur- rings. O. N. spyria, investigare, quaerere ; S. G. sporja, Dan. sptrge, A. S. spyrian, O. H. G. spuren, Germ, spuren, Dut. speuren, bespeuren, sporen, opsporen, Sc. speir. Pr. Pm. ' Speryn, or aske after a thing. Scistitor, percunctor, inquiro.' The O. N. vb., in use, frequently takes the meaning to learn, ascertain, hear, as the result of enquiries made : a remark partly true also of Sc. speir. Spelder, v. a. To spell ; to work out syllable by syllable. 4 To spell, to tell the letters of a word one by one, pointing them out with a spill, or splinter of wood. Lang, toco, la touche, buchette dont les enfans se servant pour toucher les lettres qu'ils 6pellent : Diet. Lang. Toucbe, a fescue : Cotgr. Festue, to spell with, festue : Palsgr. In Yorkshire it is called to spelder, from spelder or spilder, a splinter. Fris. spjeald, a splinter; letterspjealding, spelling; Dut. spell, a splinter; spellen, to spell.' Wedgw. Ihre conceives that ' E. spell is derivable from O. Sw. spiala, to divide, or one of the numerous words cognate with it ; as also Germ, spellen, Fr. epeler ; for the act of spelling is simply the dividing of a word into its component syllables.' Does not the Fr. epeler rather tend to confirm this hypothesis? Spelder-beuk, spelder-beeiik, sb. A spelling-book. Speldering, sb. The act of spelling ; the art of spelling. Spelk, sb. i. A long splinter, a long thin slip of wood. 2. A splint, in the surgical sense. O. N. spelkur, tibicines, radii, supports or stays for any fractured thing, applied so that it may not fall asunder ; at setia vid spelkur : to apply splints, in the surgical sense, spialk, a splinter ; S. G. spidlka, to separate into splinters or split parts ; Dan. Dial, spilke (pi. spilker), synonymous with O. N. spelkur, and especially applied to the Splinters of the surgeon. Hence spilke, vb. ; at spilke et been : to set a leg e. g. of a lamb by the aid of Spelks or Splinters ; A. S. spelc, a little rod by which anything is kept straight, a splint used for binding up broken bones ; Dut. spalk, a splint or splinter ; O. Dut. spalke ; A. S. spelcean, to support, fasten with splints. Spell, v. n. To endeavour to obtain without direct application or request ; to let one's wish or desire be seen without however avowing it, or evidently seeking to shew it. I refer this word to spell, a charm, incantation, A. S. spell, the sixth definition of which in Bosw. is ' a spell, charm,' and the example, \>a ongunnon lease men wyrcan spell : then false men began to work spells. The meaning to endeavour to obtain by magic observances instead of by direct or avowed effort or request, easily passes into that of endeavouring to obtain indirectly in another sense. Spell, sb. i. A splinter of wood, a longish and thin slice. 2. A cross-bar ; in a ladder, for instance. S. G. and Sw. D. spjdle, lamina lignea, qua trabium intervalla in xdibus ligneis opplentur ; Dan. and Dan. D. spile, small slips or splinters of wood, applicable as pins to keep any web, or the like, out-spread ; also, the cross-bars of a ladder ; N. Sax. spyle, a thin slice or splinter of wood ; North Fr. spile, spillje. Closely allied to Spelk. Other forms are spall, spawl, 3 Q 2 484 GLOSSARy OF THE speal, speall, speel, spele, spill, spoil, &c. ' The transverse pieces of wood at the bottom of a chair, which strengthen and keep together the legs, are called spells. Line.' Halliwell. With us they are Stowers. Comp. Germ, speiler, skewers, O. N. spelr, lattice-work. Spell, sb. A turn, or period, of exertion, labour, amusement, &c. ' Spell, a turn, a job. Spill, quantity, lot. North.' Halliwell. ' A spell at the pumps ;' ' a spell of work,' one man's, or one gang's lot or turn. ' To give a spell, to be ready to work in another's room ; fresh spell, when the rowers are relieved by another gang,' quoted in Wedgwood, who observes that ' the sense, like that of job, is a portion or separate piece.' O. Sw. spjdla, to divide, part, separate ; O. N. spillda, a severed portion of a thing ; PL D. spal, spall, a certain portion of land ; S. Jull. spoil, that which is cut off or severed. Probably D. Dial, speil, the radiating splits or fissures in oak or beech-wood, is related, as also spielled, spieldet, spicelet, applied to a cow with separate bands or divisions of a different colour on her skin. Spell, sb. The trap used in the game called Spell a' knorr. I give this word as a substantive and with its received meaning, although I conceive it to be simply due to confusion or misapprehension. There can be scarcely a doubt that O. N. and Dan. spil, Sw. spel, Germ, spiel, &c., is the origin of the word. It is curious too that the Old Scand. word primstick (see Ihre) is preserved in some districts (see Leeds Gl.) as a designation for the striking instrument in this game. Spell and Knorr. More correctly, Spell a' knorr = game of or at ball. See SpeU, Knorr. Spic-an-span, adv. Utterly, perfectly; always used in connection with the adj. ' new.' See Brandnew, to the remarks under which I need only add that Dut. spelle-niew, spik-spelder niew, Dan. splinterny, Sw. spillerstny, introduce two new elements in addition to the span, a chip, in O. N. spdnnyr, Germ, span, a chip, a shaving ; namely, the spelle, spelder, a splinter, a shiver of wood, cognate with our Spill, spelder ; and spik, coinciding with N. spik, a chip, splinter, Sw. spik, id., D. D. spigger, splinter-like, thin. The idea is still ' fresh from the hands of the workman.' Wedgw. Spice, sb. Confectionery in general ; ' especially gingerbread arti- cles.' Wh. Gl. Spice-bread, sb. Plum-cakes of a plainer description; much in vogue at School-feasts, or entertainments for the village school- children. Spice-cakes, sb. Tea-cakes enriched with currants. See Fat- rascals. Spinner-mesh, sb. A spider's web. Spindelione is the S. Saeland and Moen name for a spider, spindel the Sw., and spindel-nat or spindel-vaf the spider's web ; Dut. spinne-koppe. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 485 Spinner- web, sb. Spider's- web ; the gossamer of fine Autumn days. Sw. spindel-v'df, spindel-*waf, Dan. spindel-vav, Dut. spinne-web. Pr. Pm. ' Spinnar webbe. Tela aranee.' Spit, sb. i. A draining-spade, or digging instrument, long and narrow in form, and with a concave blade. 2. A spade of peculiar con- struction, with a turned- up cutting side, for digging or cutting peat : usually styled the Turf-spit, as the former tool is called a Dreeaning- spit. 3. The quantity of earth raised by one action of the spade in digging. 4. The depth reached in or by one such action. Radically almost the same word as spade. ' The type from whence the designation was originally taken seems to have been a splinter of wood (or flint, &c.), an object of finer point and narrower shape being indicated by the thin vowel in spit, as compared with the broader a in spattle, spade.' Wedgw. However, too much stress must not be laid upon this, as Mr. Wedgw. presently remarks, quoting our third meaning, and Dut. spitten, to dig. Still the general idea in Spit is that of a narrower digging tool than a spade ; and it is observable that the peculiar triangular knife on a long handle used for cutting hay out of the stack is always a Hay-' Spade,' not ' Spit.' The more immediate connection of Spit, therefore, is with the class of words represented by Dan. spid, spids, spydig, 8cc., a point, pointed ; Sw. spets, spetsig ; N. spyta, a spit, a pointed nail ; O. N. spita, a peg, pointed piece of wood ; O. H. G. spiz, Germ, spiess ; Dut. spit, spiet, Sec. Spittle, sb. A small instrument of the spade description; an iron blade fixed to a staff, and forming an instrument suitable for scraping a floor or the pavement in muddy seasons. A diminutive from Spit ; as spattle through M. Lat. spaibula, spatula, is from spade. Comp. A. S. wad-spitl, an instrument to set woad. Splauder, v. a. and n. i . To sprawl about, spread out one's arms and legs widely. 2. To display; to make a vulgar show. See Splaudered. ' Splay e, to spread abroad, to unfold' for display ' hence the terms splay-foot, splay-hand, splay-mouth, &c.' Halliwell. ' Splawed, spread out.' Ib. Splauder, of course, is a deri- vative from splay or splawd. Splaudered, p. p. Gaudily or ostentatiously dressed out ; bedecked so as to make a vulgar display. Splauderment, sb. i. Vulgar display, or personal ostentation. 2. Extravagance in expression, or manner of speaking. Wh. Gl. Splaws, sb. The nibs of a pen : the parts which expand are ' splayed,' or 'splaw' or splauder out; under pressure, namely. Spletten, splitten, p. p. of to Split. Sponge, sb. Leaven ; a portion of leavened dough reserved to ' raise' or lighten the next batch with. 486 GLOSSARF OF THE Spool, sb. (pr. spoil, in some cases), i. The small wooden reel or winder on which cotton, silk, &c., is usually wound. 2. The reel, to- gether with what is wound on it. Pr. Pm. ' Spole, or scytyl, webstares instrument. Spolia.' S. G. spole, instrumentum textorium, Dan. spole, N. S., Dut. spole, Germ, spule, O. Fr. espauUe, &c. Spout, sb. A Force, Foss or waterfall, in a stream of no great volume of water. O. N. spyta, S. G. sputa, Dan. spytte, to project liquid from the mouth ; N. sputra, to spurt, spout out, sputr, a stream of liquid spouting out ; Dut. spuyten, to spit out, spout. The application to a small waterfall projecting itself forward (so to speak) in its fall from the ledge it runs over as very apparent. The word occurs in several local designations, and the description given of one of the cascades so designated, namely, Mallyan Spout (Mauley Spout : the manor in which it is situated having originally belonged to the De Mauleys), is such as to illustrate the meaning of the word. It falls ' from a perpen- dicular rock 100 feet in height. The stream' not one of any considerable volume ' glides gently in a zigzag course about half-way down the precipice, when, falling from a point more prominent than the rest, it becomes broken into streams like threads, in the form of a shower-bath.' Graves' Hist, of Cleveland. Spraggy, adj. Abounding in bones ; thin in condition, so that the bones seem to preponderate over the flesh. This is another word which stands by itself, and I am uncertain which is the fundamental idea in it out of two. The two fundamental ideas in question are, first, that implied in the word ' refuse ' as applied to matters comparatively worthless or unfitted for economical uses or application ; second, that of a mere assemblage of splinter-, sprig-, dry-stick-like matters. Comp. Dan. D. spraggel, applied to hay which is so much overdried as to have become brittle or splintery, and of course useless or comparatively so as to all nutritive qualities. Fris. spriig is nearly equivalent. Closely connected with spreggel is sprekker, dry twigs, such as have fallen to the ground through natural decay or fracture by violence, fit only to be burnt. There is an analogy not to say, a resemblance between a bundle of bones and a bundle of dry twigs. Comp. sprig, sprag, a small, thin nail. The whole class of words will be ultimately referrible to the same origin with Sw. spricka, to burst fort, sprdcka, to shatter, break into splinters, Dan. sprtekke, id., Swiss spryggen, to splinter, spryggeli, a small splinter, &c., and with our own spreckle, sprent, &c. Sprent, sprint, v. a. and n. i. To sprinkle, scatter water about. 2. To spurt or fly about as water does when compressed or smartly struck or agitated. 3. To spot or spatter. We have had many instances before us in which / and k, or a representative of k, are clearly interchanged, or in which, to express it differently, parallel and synonymous, or nearly synonymous, forms from one and the same stock, take, the one a k, the other a /. Comp. brittle and bruckle or brockle, perk and pert, fet and fetch, &c. O. N. sprengia, Sw. sprdnga, Dan. sprcsnge, A. S. sprengan, all mean to dash or shatter into fragments, whence comes the secondary or derivative meaning to cause such fragments to fall in showers, thence to spatter, splash, as in S. G. sprenga, conspergere, sprinkle, Germ, sprengen, id. Take the p. p. of one of these verbs, as Dan. sprcenge, that is, sprcengt, and we have what, if not the actual form which our vb. presents, yet that which inevitably passes into it through the suppression of the g before d or t; and it would be quite reasonable to CLEVELAND DIALECT. 487 derive our word through this channel, and to confirm the derivation by numerous analogous cases. But perhaps it may rather be regarded, in virtue of the t change, as a parallel form with the verbs above quoted. It should, however, be observed that Jamieson regards Sc. sprent as I. a passive participle; and 2. a preterite verb. With us it is a regular verb, sprent, sprented, sprentit. As a pcpl., or pret. vb., it is simply the Dan. sprcengt, Sw. sprankt, Sec. Cf. N. spretta (synonymous with our sprent), where the n has given way to a t. Sprent, sb. i. A spring; such, for instance, as that at the back of a pocket-knife. 2. The hasp or staple-plate of a trunk- or portmanteau- lock which falls over the face of the lock, and through the staple of which, when pushed home, the lock of the bolt passes on turning the key. S. G. sprint, obex, vel quicquid inditur, ne juncta separentur. There is no radical or essential difference between this word and Sprent, a spot. That is the trace of ' what has sprung,' this is 'what has sprung" itself. First to dash into bits, then to fly or spring as those bits do, lastly to leave marks where they fall. Sprent, sb. A spot, the mark left by what has been sprinkled, or has spurted, over anything. Spring, v. n. To relax or become flaccid in the parts about the Barren, or 'shape/ when the time of calving is drawing close on; of a cow. Sprunt, sb. A hill, a steep road, or road up a hill. Richardson gives ' sprunt, adj. sharp, keen ;' and ' vb. to spring forwards and outwards." He says, ' Sprunt is, probably, by mere transposition of the r, spurn 'd, spurnt. A spurn in Holland (or as it is now more usually written spur) is any sharp, hard projection.' But I think the word is much more likely to be a cognate form with sprint, sprent, and like them to originate in a word or words cognate with Eng. spring, the sense being that which springs, from a plain namely, or from any level towards a higher one. Comp. the idea in the term spring-tide, in the idiom day-spring, and in the phrase ' the hill springs directly from the plain.' Note also sprint, to run on the toes, Leeds Gl.; S. Jutl. spryde, Sw. spruta, Dan. sprude, Eng. sprout, all of which Kok supposes betoken the former existence of a strong vb. spriota, spraut, sprutinn ; the last word containing alike the elements of both the form and the sense of our Sprunt. ' Titter oop t' sprunt mun ower a bit ;' he or she who reaches the top of the hill first must wait for the other. Sprunt, adj. Steep, sharp in ascent. Spurrings, sb. The publication of the banns of marriage ; the being ' asked' at church. An immediate derivative from speer, speir, even if not directly from O. N. spyria, S. G. sporja. See under Speir, and cf. the u forms below. ' the Erie took Grime into a chamber soone, & spurred him gentlye, " Sir, beene you marryed in your countrye ? " ' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 394. Jeg spurte alle folle : I asked every body. Arne, p. 58. Spyrja, imp. spurdi, &c. 488 GLOSSARF OF THE Spur- whang, sb. (pr. spur-weeang). A spur-strap or thong. See Whang. Squab, sb. A kind of rude sofa, or long broad bench with a cushion- covering, met with in most houses, and standing along the wall at one side of the fireplace end of the room. ' A squob to sit on, pulvinus, mollicellus.' Coles, quoted in Halliwell. ' Anything thick and soft ; a soft stuffed cushion, a thick fat man or woman, an unfledged bird or nestling : from a representation of the sound made by the fall of a soft lump.' Wedgw. I scarcely consent to the derivation. Rietz connects Sw. D. skvabb, loose, flabby fat, skvabba, a fat woman, skvabba, to shake or be tremulous from fatness, with N. skvapa, to shake, be tre- mulous, which again will join on to Prov. E. wabble or wobble, &c. Squary, adj. Of sufficient size and compact, without straggling ends or corners. ' A squary piece of wood ;' ' A nice squary-sized room.' Wb. Gl. Comp. Boundy as applied to coal. Stack-bar, sb. A hurdle. Stack-garth, sb. (pr. staggarth). The stack-yard, or enclosure in which the stacks are placed. O. N. stackgardr, faenile, septum faeni congesti, stakkebave being the equivalent Dan. D. word. Stack-prod, sb. A stick of twenty to twenty-four inches long, sharpened at one end, and used for sticking into a stack in the process of thatching to secure the Thack-bands to. Called also Theak- or Thack-prods. See Prod. St addle, sb. i. The structure of posts and cross-beams or Balks, built for the reception of a stack ; the object being to keep it off the ground, and so out of the reach of damp or vermin. 2. A per- manent, or quasi-permanent, mark or stain left on anything after that which has caused it has been removed. 3. Stains or marks of dirt, &c., which might perhaps have been removed by more diligence in washing. A. S. stdSel, strtSol, staftul, a foundation, basis ; a situation or station, a word with many connections, both in the standard language and in the dialects, as well as in the related tongues. See Staith, Stead, Staddle-stead, and comp. O. N. staddr, constitutus, stad- fest, a settlement, fixed residence, farmstead, stada, statio, mansio, Dan. sfade, stand, station, &c. The transition from our first meaning to the second and third is perfectly natural and direct. Staddlestead, sb. A permanent stain or mark left after the pro- ducing cause has ceased to act or been removed ; as, spots on the skin CLEVELAND DIALECT. 489 after an eruptive disorder ; stain-marks on iron left after the removal of rust, &c. See Staddle. An instance of tautology more marked than in many cases wherein the synonymous words conjoined belong to different languages, or to very different dialects of the same, from the fact that in this case the two words employed are, in one sense, scarcely so much as divergent forms of the same word. Still there is a difference. Staddle seems to be essentially A. S. staftel or slaftol (comp. however O. Sw. stdtbil, domicilium) ; and Stead in this district must be regarded as essentially Danish. See Stead, and cf. girdle steed : ' her mantle downe for heat shee did full right vnto her girdle steed.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 148. Staddling, sb. The kind of foundation prepared on which the stack is to be reared, made of Breekens, straw, brushwood, or what not. Stag, sb. A gelding of over a year old. Hald. gives steggr, vulpes mas ; item mas plurium ferarum. Our dialect retains the word, with slight variation in form, as the distinctive name of the males of two several species of creatures, namely, the year-old horse and the gander. See Steg. E. stag, as the male of the red-deer, gives place with us to the word Hart ; a word yet remaining in local names, although the animal itself has been extinct for, probably, nearly a hundred years. ' And at the latter end of summer they went unto the moore to seek theire staggs againe.' York Castle Dep. p. 149. Staith, sb. (pr. steeath). i. A quay, a permanent stage or platform by the water-side to facilitate shipping or landing goods. 2. An em- bankment, or sea-wall. Pr. Pm. ' Statbe, waterys syde. Stacio' O. N. stod ; skipa-stod, skipa-stada, statio navalis, item, portus ; N. stod, a landing-place, a shore ; A. S. s/S, shift, a shore, a bank, stceft-weall, shore-wall, the shore ; Dut. staede, statio navium ; Germ, gestade, the shore, bank, beach. Bosworth refers A. S. Steffi or staQ to ' O. N. star setti bann nidur staungr bdfa, occurs as descriptive of the formal act of taking possession. Perhaps this observance or ceremony may explain the origin of such local names as Stang-end, Stang-houe, &c., which occur not infrequently in this district. Stang, v. n. To shoot or throb with pain, or as pain sometimes does. O. N. stdnga, l. pungere, or to gore as a bull does : a. to distress, give mental pain; as, bvad stdngar \>ig ? what is it which pains you, distresses you ? (See example.) So also Dan. stange is to prick with a sharp-pointed instrument, to gore ; Sw. stdnga. The reten- tion of the a in our dialect to the exclusion of the A. S. or y (stingan, styngan) } is signifi- cant. See Teng, which is our equivalent to E. sting. ' It slangs to my heart like a knife ' Wb. Gl. 1 It stangs an' warks desper*t sair ;' of pain like tic, or tooth-ache, &c. Stang-fish, sb. A small sea-fish, the spines of which, if a person's hand happen to be pricked or struck by them, leave a severe and painful irritation behind them, the weever (Trachinus draco. Yarr.) Stang, To ride. To take a kind of Lynch-law notice of the offences of an adulterous or brutal husband; in doing which the effigy of the offender in rather more lawless times, it would be the offender him- self is carried about, astride, on a long pole, with the accompaniment of music (or clatter) of the* marrowbones and cleaver description, and with the frequent recitation of some doggrel perhaps composed for the occasion setting forth the offences of the culprit. Of frequent occur- rence, even yet. Possibly the whole ceremony ends with a bonfire and the burning of the offender's effigy. 3 R 2 49 a GLOSSARY OF THE Stape, v. a. To incline or make to slope ; of a stone or plank set to lean against a wall, a barrel or tub tilted to allow its contents to flow more easily, of a cart when skelled, &c. O. N. steypa, deturbare, invertere ; S. G. stupa, supinus ; Sw. stupa, to cause to stoop, bow down or lean, as stupa en tunna, to tilt a cask. A. S. stupian, Dut. stuypen, to stoop, bend oneself down, are nearly connected ; as also are N. stoypa, to cast down, to fall, stupa, to fall. Stark, adj. Stiff, rigid, unyielding. O. N. sterkr, styrkr, fortis, robustus ; Dan. stark, possessing strength, vigour, power to resist or to overcome ; S. G. stark, rigidus, immobilis, as well as fortis, st ^ te parlurs beon euer ueste on euerichc halue, and eke wel istekene :' Ancr. Riwle, p. 50; and again at p. 62 : ' Louerd Crist, ase men wolden steken veste everich burl : uor hwou ? ^ heo muhten bisteken dea'S berate.' ' And alle that hoped it myghte be so Noon hevene myghte hem holde, But fellen out in fendes liknesse Nyne dayes togideres, Til God of his goodness Gan stablisse and stynte And garte the hevene to stekie And stonden in quiete.' P. Plougbm. p. 22. In the Gloss., Mr. Wright explains stekie, by ' to stick fast,' which is nonsense, and, in his usual unsatisfactory style, assigns it to an A. S. origin, without reference or remark. Beyond doubt the meaning is ' close,' ' shut.' Mr. Wedgwood is undoubtedly right in saying, ' To stick or steke, to stab, to stitch, to fix or fasten, and thence to close, to shut.' Germ, sleeken, to stick into, to stick fast, to close or come to an end, Dut. steken, id., O. N. stika, to dam, Dan. stikke, Sw. sticka, A. S. stican, N. S. stecken, &c., do not seem to present any applications of decisive analogy to our steck, Sc. steek. ' Steck t' heck.' Wb. Gl. 1 " Steck him to t' bonny side o* t' deear ;" to the painted side, or outside : exclude him.' Ib. ' " Steck thy een ;" shut your eyes.' Ib. Stee, stegh, sb. A ladder. Variously spelt stee or stey, Brock. ; stee, Leeds Gl. ; stee, steigb, Cr. Gl. O. N. stigi, scala, trames, kadal-stigi, a rope ladder ; Dan. stige, a ladder, D. D. (S. Jutl.) sti, steps up and over a wall, a ladder ; Sw. steg, steps up, or down, to or over a place ; A. S. stigel, a stile, gradus, scala ; Dut. steiger, steps by the water side ; PI. D. stegel, Fris. stegbe, Germ, steige. From the corresponding verbs, signifying to ascend, O. N. and Sw. stiga, Dan. stige, A. S. stigan, &c. Note Semi-Sax, stien, Pr. Pm. ' Steyyn' up. Scando, ascendo.' Collate also 'Sly, by pathe. Semita, callis.' We have instances of the use of the word in this sense yet extant in local names ; as Hunters-stee at Westerdale, applied to what is even yet a narrow as well as steep bit of road, leading up from the old bridge to the village, and which sixty or seventy years since must have been a strait and difficult ascent enough. Steead. Pr. of Stood. Steean. Pr. of Stone. Steer, sb. An ox, under two years old. M. G. stivrs, juvencus ; Germ, stier, a bull ; Prov. Germ, stabr, stier, a ram ; Bav. ster, sleren, O. H. Germ, stero, id. Hilp. and Molb. both look upon the Germ, word as con- nected with O. N. tyr, Dan. tyr, Sw. tjr, a bull (comp. taurus), possibly with Germ, tbier, a beast. See Stirk. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 495 Steg, sb. i. A gander, the male of the common goose. 2. A stupid, vacant-seeming person, a rude lout, or clown. O. N. steggr, vulpes mas, item mas plurium ferarum. Mr. Wedgw. quotes ' O. N. steggr, steggi, a gander or drake.' Note especially, however, N. stegg, the male of any pair of birds, as, gdsastegg, the gander. See Stag. Steg, v. n. To be vacant-looking, to seem stupid, to do foolish things; to be rude and unmannerly, or awkward in gait. Probably a derivative from Steg = gander, just as goose is continually applied as an epithet betokening silliness or stupidity. ' S te gg* n g> vacant looking ; or " as foolish as a goose." ' Wb. Gl. 1 Where are you going stegging and hauving to ? ' Ib. Stegly, adj. Unsteady, skittish; of a horse, or a girl of somewhat light character. Probably connected with E. stagger and its cognate words. Dan. D. supplies stegle, to fall head over heels, also to stumble, to be near falling but to make stumbling efforts to recover oneself, and steggel or stegl, rough, uneven (of a road or path), calculated there- fore to cause to stumble ; with which comp. Dan. D. stagle, stagge, to stumble, to be near falling, Sw. D. slagre. The first meaning of our word would be unsteady, with a material unsteadiness, as a stumbling person, a thing standing on a tottering basis, or the like ; then, by a change of thought, unsteady in act or thought, of living creatures, a horse or a girl. Cf. Sw. D. skakal, N. skakall, applied to a road, and meaning uneven, rough, causing what is carried over it to shake about. Stell, sb. i. An open ditch or drain of some depth and width, with or without water constantly in it, or running. 1 Stell, a large open drain in a marsh.' Brock. ' A large open drain. Cumb.' Halliwell. There can be no doubt that this is merely the abbreviation of water-stell (water-stead, the bed of a river, Hall, still exists), A. S. water-steal, a water place, a lake, marsh. There are several analogous instances of the use of the word Stell, as, ' Stell, a fold for cattle. North ' (Hall.), ' Stelling, a place where cattle retire to in hot weather ;' stell being simply place, place set apart, for this or that purpose, A. S. steal, a stall, place, stead, borsa- steal, a place for horses, or a stable stable itself being a similar instance of an absolute meaning arbitrarily imposed upon a word which originally had a much wider or more general meaning. Comp. also O. H. G. stall, Germ, stelle ; kernstal, the core of an apple or other fruit, literally the kernel-place. Wedgw. quotes also Bav. kerzenstall, a candlestick, and burgstall, a place where a castle stands, or has stood. Steven, stewen, v. a. i. To shout at the top of one's voice, to lift up one's voice to the utmost. 2. To roar or bluster as the wind does. O. N. stefha, in jus vocare, to summons ; Dan. staevne, Sw. stamma, O. Sw. st'dmna, to cite, to fix a definite day for an appearance ; A. S. stefnian, to call, cite, proclaim. From the measured and elevated pitch of the voice in making the judicial summons or citation a transition would be easy to any loud calling, crying, or shouting ; and thence to any loud sound produced by the voice-organs, or the air through which they become operative. ' " To storm and stewon ;" to scold and bluster.' Wb. Gl. 4 " It sfewons and stoors ;" it blows hard, and the dust, rain or snow, drifts with the wind.' Ib. 49 6 GLOSSARY OF THE Steven, stewen, sb. A loud shout, or outcry. A word of very frequent occurrence in old writers : ' f"a umbe stunde : Then after a while stefne }>er sturede. Stevens there stirred : wide me mihte iheren : Wide might men hear Brutten iberen.' The Britons clamour. Lay. iii. 124. The parallel reading in the second text is stetnne cf. O. Sw. st'dmna. In Ancr. Riwle the form is stefne or steuene, where the general sense is crying aloud, calling with an eager or loud voice. Again, ' He (St. Paul) says, " Our Lord sal come doun fra heven In Goddis byddyng, and archaungel Steven, And in ]>e son of Goddes awen beme, Alle J?e world )>an for to deme.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 5040. ' Abelle. God that shope both erth and heven I pray to thee thou here my Steven.' Townel. Myst. p. 12. In ' Mi dere Fader of heven, that . . . From ded to lyfe at set stevyn rasid me ;' Ib. p. 284, we have the judicial idea that of the formal appointed day presented. Comp. ' For all day mete men at unset Steven :' Knight's Tale, p. 13, O. N. stefna, at fara stefnu : to put in an appearance ; Dan. stavne, id. But the usual sense is more coincident with that of A. S. stefen, stefn, stafen, stefne, a voice, sound, noise, with which Bosw. collates PI. D. stemme, Dut. stem, Germ, stimme, O. H. Germ. stimma, O. L. G. stemmi, M. G. stibna, vox. In Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 395 the word occurs, in a slightly different, but still parallel, application, namely of an appointment as to place, if not the place itself: ' then forth went Egar and Pallyas where the steeds & steuen was." Stickle-haired, adj. With the hair rough and bristling ; of the coat of a neglected horse or colt. Sw. stickelharig, having short, stiff, semi-erect hair. Dan. stikliel-baaret seems, however, to be applied to a horse in whose coat grey hairs are seen interspersed with the rest of a darker hue. D. D. stingelbaar, stegelbaar implies stiff rigid fibres in wool, Germ, sticbel- baarig, stubby-haired, bristly haired, with a special application in the case of a horse, rubican. The latter word is perhaps the source of the other two, and is immediately con- nected with sticbeln, to prick, stick, stitch, sticb, puncture, pricking ; A. S. sticel, PI. D. steJtel, a prick, sting. Bosw. remarks of Dan. stikkel, Sw. stickel, that they are ' generally used in compound words.' Stickly, adj. Bristly, rough, prickly. A. S. sticel, sticels, a prick, a sting, stician, to prick ; S. G. slicba, Sw. slinga, O. N. stinga, Dan. slikke, O. H. G. stecban, O. L. G. sieccban, steban, PI. D. steken, O. D. stecban, Dut. steken, O. Lat. stigare, stigere, Gr. ffriyftv, Pol. szytcb, W. ystigaw, Ir. steacbam, Gael. stig. From the idea of what pricks to that of what stands up in shape and appearance like to that which pricks. The application of the Sw. sticka to the act of knitting is another illustration of the idea in a different direction. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 497 Stiddy, sb. (often pr. stithy). An anvil. O. N. sttfSi, O. Sw. st'ddba, Sw. stad, Dut. sft'te. Probably nearly connected with A. S. sft'o", s(yS, firm, fixed, O. E. stitb, stitbe, strong, stiff. Comp. Dan. and Sw. stadig, steady, solid, fixed. ' ij stitbes.' Invent. Pr. Fincb. p. ccxcix. ' The smith That forgith sharpe swerdis on the stitb.' Knight's Tale, p. 16. Stife, adj. Close, oppressive, occasioning difficulty of breathing; applied in the last-named sense to a still, frosty morning when there is much damp in the air, as shewn by the deposit of rime or hoar-frost. There can be little doubt that Mr. Wedgw. is right in connecting this word with stifle, side by side with which word he places O. N. stifla, to dam or stop water, stifla, a stoppage, as of the nose, or of water. Fr. estouper, to stop, to close, estovffer, to stifle, smother, choke, E. stiff, fo ram, to thrust in, are also collated ; to which latter word might have been added Prov. Eng. stuffy, close, suffocating, oppressive, as well as stife and stifey. This brings our word into connection with a new class of words Germ, stop/en, PI. D. stoppen, to stuff, to stop, staff, dust, ' the choking material ;' Wedgw. ' For when they should draw their breaths this stuffing air and dust came in at their mouths so fast that they had much ado to hold out two days.' North's Plut. quoted in Wedgw. Comp. Dan. stave, the minute, im- palpable atoms a dry body may be resolved into ; Sw. stoft, O. Sw. stbf, O. N. dupt. The idea in our word is always that of (so to speak) an implied material closeness, of air rendered difficult to breathe by the presence of impalpable, but still material, particles. The atmosphere of a room or church where sulphurous smoke has been given out by the fire from bad coal, or imperfect ignition, is stife or stifey, as well as the vapour-filled air of a frosty morning in a low-lying, naturally somewhat damp or partly airless place. Comp. Dan. stave, to hunt by scent, N. S stoffern, id., where the reference is to the impalpable particles of the odoriferous matter secreted by animals of the chase ; also D. D. stole, to emit a strong or bad smell ; of mankind. ' As stife as a dungeon.' Wb. Gl. ' A close stife smell.' 76. Stifey, adj. Close, suffocating. This word has rather more of what may be called an active sense than stife. Stiff, adj. i. Firm, resolute, obstinate, self-willed. 2. Short and stout, with the appearance of considerable strength ; of the person. ' pe seldeste broker : Locrin was ihaten. J?e wes J>e wiseste : pe wes J>e warreste. (most war, aware, wary.) pe wes J>e strengeste : Stifhe wes on )x>nke.' (in thought, purpose.) Lay. i. 89. 0. N. styfr, durus, rigidus, obstinatus ; Dan. stiv , rigid, stiv-sindet, resolute, inflexible, lite- rally, stiff-spirited or stiff-dispositioned ; S. G. styf, robustus, en styf karl : homo validus ; A. S. stif, stiff, hard, infiexibilis ; Germ, steif, steifer-kopf, stubborn head, steifer sinn, in- flexible spirit ; PI. D. stiff, Fris. stef, Dut. styf. 1. 'Ye '11 finnd folk very stiff about 't;' resolute, indisposed to yield or give up their usages, or the like. 38 49 8 GLOSSARY OF THE Cf. ' And whan he lifte up Lazar, With stif vois hym callede : Lazar e, veni faros, Dide hym rise and rome, Right before the Jewes.' P. Plougbm. p. 328. a. ' Neea, nat that renky, but a stiff sort iv a chap ;' not very tall and athletic, but strong-built. Stiller, sb. A piece of wood, flat and usually circular, set to float on the surface of liquids when carried in a pail or the like, to obviate the leaping tendency of the fluid. Stinging-spittle, sb. An implement employed in the process of thatching a house, &c. 'Sting, to thatch a stack. North.' Halliwell. It may be presumed that the term is derived from the process of insertion stinga, pungere, to prick, stick in employed in North-country thatching, not only in the case of the Stack- or Theak-prods, but also with regard to the inner ends of the straw employed as thatch. Stint, sb. The act of sparing ; sparingness, stinginess. Pr. Pm. ' Styntynge, or cesynge. Pavsacio, descistentia.' A. S. stintan, to stint, stunt, S. G stand, stutt, participial forms from stympa, to crop, truncate, cut short; O. N. stiittr ; O. Sw. slunta, abbreviare, to stint or stunt ; Dan. D. stynte, to cut shorter, stunte, to be over-short, or scanty, stunter, short woollen stockings without the sole part. From the simple idea of shortened, or cutting short, to that of cutting off the supply, sparing, denying, and we have the meaning of our word. * " He has nae stint about him ;" the reverse of greediness.' Wb. Gl. Cf. ' & they will stint nought, till thou be to ground brought.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 476. Stirk, sb. Properly a heifer, between the ages of one year and two. Sometimes loosely applied to animals of either sex, as in Scotland. A. S. stirc, stiorc, styrc, Germ, starke, PI. D. starke, sterke, Dut. stieric, a heifer. There can be little doubt that ' sterke, starke are the feminine of slier, a bull :' Bosw. Pr. Pm. ' Styrk, neet or hecfer. Jttvenca.' ' xxi stirketti quorum . . . . xj femellae." Invent. Pr. Finch. Stither, v. a. To steady, or make steady. See under Stiddy. A. S. stitbe, stithelic, hard, rigid. Note also Sw. D. styd'd siframm, to walk with pains, supported by a stick, O. Sw. stydhia, Sw. sloda, to push, lean on a stick, &c. ' " Stitber thyself;" walk steady.' Wb. Gl. Stob, sb. i. The stump of a tree. 2. A short post, or piece of wood that may be stuck or driven into the ground. 3. A splinter of wood, which may stick into the flesh ; the natural spine or prick of a plant, as of a thistle. Wh. GL Dan. D. slap, the stub or stump of a tree which has been cut down ; especially the pro- jecting part which is left above the ground, stabb, the stump of a sapling ; also a short pin or splinter, Sw. stabbe, id., and Engl. stab, resembling each other in form, but seemingly CLEVELAND DIALECT. 499 divergent in meaning, are fairly brought together by our present word, which embraces the ideas expressed in each word. So also does Gael, stob, a projecting stump, a stake, a prickle, which, as a vb., signifies also to stab, to drive into the ground or other penetrable substance. Dan. stub, again, implies not only the stub or stump of a tree or sapling, but also the stumps of any matter which has been cut off, and which are left standing up ; as, of grass after mowing, of the straw when the corn 5s cut. Comp. Sw. stubb, stipula, stubbe, truncus, stipes, E. stubble, and also O. N. stubbr, Sw. stubbe, N. stabbe, A. S. styb, stybb, a stock, stump, PI. D. stubbe, Fris. stobbe. ' First on the wall was paintid a forrest, Wyth knotty-knarry barrein treys old, Of stubbis sharp and hideous to behold.' Knight's Tale, p. 16. Stob, v. a. i. To stick Stobs, or small posts, or quasi-posts, into the ground for the purpose of defining the limits, or the shape, of any- thing, as a railway, a house, an enclosure. 2. To prop up or strengthen by the use of shores. 3. To confirm or strengthen, any one in his opinions or purposes. I. ' Weel, they ha'e getten t* new parsonage-house stabbed out.' 3. ' " They stabbed him up in his own belief;" strengthened him in his owa opinions, by assenting to him or otherwise.' Wb. Gl. Stob off, v. a. To cut or lop off branches from a tree, or the top brush from a hedge, but not so close as not to leave Stobs or stumps behind. This is by Wb. Gl. confounded with stoo or stove, which, however, is properly a different word. Dan. stubbe, to lop, cut short off, Sw. stubba, id., a frequentative from stufwa, amputare, O. Sw. styfwa. Ihre. Stock, sb. A beam, or Balk of wood ; especially applied to those pieces of wood which constitute the frame of the bedstead. See Bed- stocks. O. N. stockr, a beam, a staff, a bedstead; Dan. stok, a beam, or Balk of timber, a staff; Sw. stock, trabs, caudex, sponda, vel pars lecti anterior ; A. S. stoc, stocce, a trunk, block, stick ; O. H. G. stocb, Germ, stock. Stodge, v. a. To fill (oneself, namely) full with food, to produce re- pletion by continued eating. Hall, gives this word with the more general sense, ' To stuff, to fill, to distend, to squeeze tightly together.' Cf. Germ, staucben, stauen, to thrust, to stow goods together in packing. Stone-horse, sb. (pr. ston'us). An entire horse, a stallion. Stone-mother-naked, adj. Absolutely, utterly naked. See Mother- naked. Stoo, v. a. Pr. of Stove. To lop or chop off. Stooden, p. p. of to Stand. ' How wad it ha' stooden gin Adam had n't sinned ?' A question proposed in the public room of a small inn. 3 s 2 500 GLOSSARY OF THE Stook, sb. i. Twelve sheaves of corn set up in due order in the harvest-field : the ' shock' of the South. See Thrave. 2. The straw from the same. Welsh ystwc, shock of corn. Garnett, Phil. Essays, p. 164. Wedgw. quotes ' Rouchi stoc, estoque, a shock or stock,' and ' Bohem. slob, a heap, a hay cock.' Stook, v. a. To set up the bound sheaves of corn in Stocks, or shocks. Store, adj. and adv. Much, greatly, to a great or considerable extent. Chiefly used with the word 'good' prefixed. From the mode in which this word is customarily used I think it must be looked upon not as a sb., in the sense of supply, abundance, but as an adj. or adv. ; in which case O. N. stor, stor, O. Sw. slur, Sw. and Dan. star, A. S. star, Fris. star, PI. D. stuvr, great, vast, huge, is the origin. Comp. O. N. stor-illa, fearfully bad, storaudigr, immensely rich, stor- mikill, very big, with the examples, observing that the phrase employed is simply an inver- sion of stor-god used adverbially. ' " He likes the situation good store ;" that is, very much.' Wb. Gl. ' " I was afraid in the night, good store;" sorely frightened.' Ib. ' " They are well off in the world good store ;" have wealth in abundance.' Ib. Store-pigs, sb. Pigs reserved or kept on the farm over the winter for the purpose of being fatted and killed during the ensuing winter. Hall, mistakenly defines the word by ' pigs nearly full grown.' See Holding-ewes. Storm, sb. A fit of continued hard weather, with its accompaniment of snow lying without melting. Stot, sb. An ox ; but rarely applied except to one that is not very old. S. G. stut, Dan. stud, juvencus, a bullock : ' nos fere vocem usurpamus de juvenco cas- trato.' Ihre. ' And Grace gaf Piers Of his goodnesse foure stottes ; Al that hise oxen eriede, Thei to harewen after.' P. Plougbm. p. 411. Stothe, stooth, v. a. To plaster the walls of a room or building with the aid of Battens and laths, instead of by applying the material directly to the stone face. ' Stotbe, the slay of a weaver's loom. Also, a post or upright in a wall.' Halliwell. Pr. Pm. ' Stotbe or post (of a howse), sto\>e. Posticulus, postulus.' The Battens or small posts, placed vertically along the walls at intervals of eighteen to twenty-one inches, and to which the laths are then nailed, are naturally the prominent feature in the process of stoth- ing, and thence doubtless the name. A. S. sty, slutt, a post, pillar. Stothing, stoothing, sb. The plastering of the walls of a room or building, as applied upon laths instead of upon the stone-face of the wall itself. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 501 Stound, sb. i. The first sensation of a blow or sudden injury; a sudden sharp sensation of pain. 2. A heavy blow. Mr. Wedgw. says, ' Properly a blow. A. S. stunian, to dash, strike. Sc. staund (a stab), a sharp pain affecting one at intervals,' and connects with it O. H. G. stunt, a moment ; Germ, stund, O. E. stotmdmele, to which may be added stunde, stonde, of repeated occur- rence in Layamon, A. S. stund, stand, O. N., Sw., Dan. stund, Dut. stand, a stound, space of time. Bosw. remarks that ' Ihre derives stund from Sw. stunta, to shorten, cut off, lessen : so that stund, according to him, would signify a separated part.' Of the two, the balance of probability would seem to me to rest with the latter supposition. A sudden blow or shock or pang marks time in a certain sense ; but still more the succession of shooting pains or pangs, stabs of pain, which is almost always the actual idea implied in the word as com- monly used. Pain in a tooth, which comes in starts, is said to come in Stounds ; the shooting twinges of tic, in the same way ; and so forth. True, Jam. quotes O. N. stynia, doleo, stunde, dolui, but it does not appear that the word really applies to bodily pain at all. Haldorsen's definition is ' ingemescere, suspirare,' and Dan. siattne, which is given as equiva- lent, simply means to sigh deeply, to sob, to groan. Stound, v. n. i. To come with sudden violence; of pain. 2. To ache badly but intermittingly. Stoup, sb. A post, either of wood or stone ; to a gate or door, or standing singly, or in lines or groups. O. N. stolpi, columna, S. G. stolpe, columna ; ' habemus vocem hanc cum veteribus Belgis communem :' Ihre : Dan. stolpe, a thick post, used as a support or underprop for anything. To a similar definition of Sw. stolpe, Dalin adds the word ' a pillar." The Dut. word referred to by Ihre is stolpe. Common in the compounds Gate-stoup or Yat-stoup, Bounder- stoup, as well as in continual use as a simple word, as in Stoups and Bails, &c. Stoup, sb. A measure or vessel for wine or other drinkable fluids ; a large drinking-cup or vessel : apparently of variable dimensions, and sometimes made of wood. O. N. staup, poculum, S. G. stop, measura liquidorum, Dan. D. stob, stou, a drinking-cup of wood, stob, staab, a large wooden drinking-vessel, a measure, containing two kander, or four potter: the Sw. stop containing about three pints (Bosw.); A. S. stoppa, steap, stop, a stoop, pot, vessel ; O. H. G. stoupb, stuof, Germ, stauf, a large drinking-cup ; PI. D. stoop, a large drinking-cup containing a gallon ; Dut. stoop, a measure containing four pints. Pr. Ptn. ' Stoppe, boket. Situla, baustrum. Stoppe, vessel for to mylke yn.' Jam. is, it would seem, justified in saying that stoup ' denotes a vessel, used as a measure, of indefinite size :' in fact it is continually qualified in O. . ballads, as well as in Sc., by some prefix, as in ' pint-stoup,' ' mutcbkin-sloup,' &c. Stour, v. n. i. To drive, or rush along with violence, as dust, falling or drifting snow, in a strong wind. 2. To rush out of the chimney and fireplace ; of soot and fine ashes under the influence of a down-blast in stormy weather. This word must needs be closely related to E. stir, A. S. styran, stiran, styrian, astyrian, to stir, move, excite. Comp. O. N. styr, styrr, bellum, Sw. stora, to trouble, disturb. The word exists also in the comp. Dan. word forstyrre, with an intensified meaning, to disturb, 502 GLOSSARY OF THE trouble, harass, to the point or pitch of spoiling, ruining, destroying. Collate also Germ. storen, to disorder, disturb, violate the peace, namely ; O. H. G. sturan, storan, P. D. storen. It should be noted that slyran takes the absolute sense to steer, rule, govern comp. S. G. styra and thence that of to restrain, to inflict punishment. So also storen is simply to create confusion by rummaging or ransacking, as in search of anything. And in like man- ner our stour takes its special meaning or application, of rapid or forcible motion or rushing of fine particles. Stour, sb. i. Dust, in quantity and in motion. 2. That which looks like dust; fine snow driven by the wind; fog. 3. Also, commotion, stir, disturbance. Hall, gives ' Stoure, battle, conflict (A. S.),' but it really is O. N. slyr or styrr which bears that meaning, so that our third meaning preserves the original sense. ' " They raised a great stour about nowght ;" a violent contention about trifles.' Wh. Gl. ' And she that helmid was in starke stouris.' Monke's Tale, p. 164. Cf. styrendes vesen : a disposition to make a commotion. Arne, p. 106. Stour, stower, sb. i . A stout piece of wood, bar, or pole ; a stake, for instance, a hedge-stake. 2. Cross rails or bars, between post and post in a fence, between leg and leg, in a chair, between the end frame- pieces of a gate, or the sides of a ladder, &c. O. N. and O. Sw. staur, fustis, sudes, S. G. stor, vallus, palus, stormdl, the intervals between the stakes which support a fence, gdrdsgardstorar, hedge-stakes, Sw. stafwer, Dan. staver, are all closely allied. D. D. starre, the staves or Stours inserted between the timbers in the wooden framework of a wall which is intended to be plastered or coated with clay. Comp. stavre (pr. stauri) a word applied to the long separate-looking beams or rays some- times cast by the sun, and understood to presage high wind. Stoury, adj. Characterised by driving dust or snow ; of the day or weather. Stout, adj. Well and strong. ' Why, I am glad to see you looking so stout again ;' to a convalescent. ' Aye, lahtle 'an 's reeght stout agen, noo, thank'ee.' Stove, v. a. (pr. stoo; comp. 'doo' for 'dove'). To cut or lop the branches of trees ; to cut down a hedge which has grown too high, but so as to leave a fence, formed by the stumps ; to sever a small tree or sapling from its root, or at the surface of the ground. O. N. stofna, styva, Dan. stcevne, to lop, cut branches from trees, cut close to the ground as osiers are cut ; S. G. stufwa, styfwa ; Sax. stuven, afstuven, to crop, lop, cut off. Ihre connects stub, slubbe, stuf, stump herewith. See Stob. Stoven, sb. i. A stool, or stub of a tree that has been cut down. 2. A shoot growing from such stool or stump. O. N. stofn, caudex, truncus, S. G. stuf, pars cujusque rei amputatae residua, parallel with which is O. N. stafr; Dan. Dial, stoun, the stool of a tree that has been felled, as, gjor ikke stounen forlang : deean't mak' t' sloven ower lang. Note Dan. stavne skov, a wood of CLEVELAND DIALECT. 503 brush, so much of which is cut down year by year so that no tree can grow in it. Cf. bandar-sttifnum, bandar-stvfunum, Flat. i. 185, 193 (the definite dative), applied to the stump or stumps of a man's arms whose hands had been cut off. Straighten, v. a. and n. i . To put in order or make neat ; to remove extraneous matters and lay appertaining things in their places ; after a piece of work done, for instance, occasioning litter while doing, and requiring various implements and appliances in the doing. 2. To ex- amine and settle the accounts between any two parties. I. ' Finished t' job, an' straightened a' oop.' Strait, adj. Narrow, confined, scarcely large enough, constraining; of a road or lane, clothes, a room or other space, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Streytbe, streyt or streight. Strictvs, angustus, artus.' ' T' strait lonnin" ;' the name of a lane between Ainthorpe and Danby National School. Stramash, v. n. To dash, or smash to pieces, with violence, occa- sioning much clatter and din. Comp. stram, i. A loud sudden noise: 2. To beat, to spring or recoil with violence and noise ; to dash down. Devon ; stram-bang, violently, startlingly. Devon ; strammer, a great falsehood ; strumming, huge, great. West : Halliwell. ' PI. D. stramm, G. straff, tight, stretched. Violence of action is expressed by reference to the noise which accompanies it.' Wedgw. Strand, sb. i. The border of the sea, the sea coast. 2. With a local application at Whitby ; the sea-coast between Bleeawyke Blawych in old deeds and East Row Beck, or Thordisa Beck, near Mulgrave, together with a considerable inland area, is what is implied in the ex- pression Whitby Strand. O. N. strond, strand, ora, littus, also a stripe or strip; Sw., Dan., A. S., Germ., Dut., PI. D. strand. Streek, v. a. i. To stretch, to extend. 2. To lay out; of a dead body. 3. To array, deck out, bedizen. Sw. strdclta, Dan. streekke, A. S. streccan, O. H. G. streccban, Germ, strecken, PI. D. s trek ken. 3. ' Streak'd out : laid forth in dress or display, garbed out.' Wb. Gl. Strength, sb. Security, in the legal sense. 1 1 have strength in my pocket for 600 ;' spoken by one among a party of creditors met to decide on plans for realising their deceased debtor's estate and meeting the demands on it in the best way, and meaning due legal securities. So and so 's got t' au'd woman's brass, but Ah has the strength for 't all reeght ;' by a person acting in some sort as trustee for an old lady whose money was out on loan. Stretcher, sb. A bar of wood, used, when horses are pulling at length instead of abreast, to keep the trace-chains at their proper width 504 GLOSSARF OF THE apart; the Stretchers being inserted, one in the rear of each horse, and held in their places, by the simple process of passing each end into a loop of either chain. Comp. Cobble-tree, Swingle-tree. Strickle, sb. A four-sided implement of oak, some twelve or four- teen inches long (without the handle), and tapering to a point, the sides of which are greased and then dressed over with Lae-sand, for the purpose of whetting or sharpening the scythe. Sw. strykstikka, strykspan, Dan. stryge-spaan. Comp. also Dan. stryge-sand, a kind of sand used upon the stryge-spaan, with our Lae-sand. From Sw. stryka, O. Sw. and O. N. strjuga, Dan. stryge, Dut. stryken, PI. D. striken, Fris. strica, to rub, stroke, rub one thing or surface against another. A. S. strican, like Germ, streicben, wants the meaning just given as that of the cognate verbs specified, and signifies ' to go, to continue a course,' as also do O. N. slrjuka, aufugere, elabi, and Sw. stryka. Germ, streicbeln, however, is to pat, caress, stroke in a petting way, and PL D. striken takes the meaning to sharpen a tool. Mr. Wedgwood looks upon the meaning to go, to continue a course, as a secondary or derivative one : it is, ' to take the course of a stroke, to sweep or move rapidly along a surface, to graze or touch lightly.' Stride-a-kirk, stridykirk, adj. Large, long-legged ; Wh. Gl. Given there as applied to a disproportioned female. 1 A great stridykirk lass." Stridlings, adv. Astride or straddling-wise. Comp. Mostlings, Nearlings, Sidelings, &c. Strike, v. a. (but used as n.). To kick, as a horse does. ' Tak' heed, honey. Deean't gan ower near yon meear. She strikes.' Cf. the usage in 4 Ladyes manye a one wringing, & wayling, and riuing there heare, striking, & crying with voices full cleere.' Percy's F ol. MS. i. p. 389. Strik'-stick, sb. The stick which is passed along the rim of the corn-measure for the purpose of sweeping off the excess of corn and giving the exact measure. Pr. Pm. ' Strek, of a mesure as of a buschel or other lyke. Hostorium.' Comp. 4 strickle, a piece of wood used in striking off an even measure of com." Halliwell. Strike, strickless, are equivalent forms Strikille in Nominale MS. ' In ceconomic matters the vb. stryka is used to express measuring corn by the aid of the strike-stick. Hence struket mal or strick- measure (see our Strip-measure) is antithetical to rogadt-mal, heaped measure.' Ihre. Sw. stryktrd, Dan. strygetrce, Dut. strijckstock, a Strike-stick or strickle. Strip-measure, sb. The measure that is given in a standard bushel, or half-bushel, for instance ; the heaped-up corn being stroked or stripped CLEVELAND DIALECT. 505 off by a flat, straight-edged piece of wood passed evenly over the rim of the measure. Ihre notices struleet mil, or strike-measure, as antithetical to rogadt mdl, or heaped measure, and strip is a parallel form to strike. See Wedgw. in vv. Strip, Stripe. Pr. Pm. ' Strekyn or streke-mesvre, make playne by mesure, as bushell, &c. Hosiio.' Strong, adj. (pr. strang.) i. Hard, severe; of a frost. 2. Stiff, heavy, tenacious, clayey; of land. 3. Weighty, bulky, oppressive; of a load or burden. 0. N. strdngr, severus, inclemens, as, slrdngr vetr, hyems tempestuosa ; Dan. strceng vinter, Sw. slrdng vinter, strang hold ; also strdngt arbete, laborious work, strdngt straff', severe punishment ; Dan. strengt liv, a hard life, streng faste, a strict fast ; A. S. strong, streng, strong, severe, rigid ; PI. D. streng, severe, sharp ; Fris. strang, Germ, strenge, O. H. G. streng, severus, inclemens. Comp. GO'S nu \>eonne gledluker by stronge wet ant biswincfule :' go ye now, then, along the hard and toilsome way. Ancr. Riwle, p. 188 ; and again, at p. 112, the sufferings of our Lord are termed 'stronge deorwuffte pinen.' Cf. also ' strengest bore,' Kn. de La Tour-Landry, p. 84 ; &nne strangne free/man : a strong thief, namely, Barabbas, A.S. Gosp. Matt, xxvii. 16. 1. ' A strong frost ;' ' a strongisb frost ;' a hard frost. 3. ' Wheea, ye 've gitten a strongisb leead (load) laid on.' ' A strong back-burden;' a heavy pack borne at one's back. Strother, sb. Haste, bustle, hurry and stir. Under A. S. strudan, Bosworth remarks, ' The proper sense of this word is to employ bodily power or strength, to endeavour, to take pains by exercise of bodily power or strength, and is formed from the noise made by these exertions. Adelung.* This would seem to be entirely descriptive of the idea implied in Strother, which is most likely a simple derivative from the A. S. word with the common dialectic transition of d into tb, as in didder, dither, dodder, dother, &c. In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. 1. 113, we find ' In J>e founce ]>er stonden stone? stepe, As glente J>urj glas Jat glowed and glyst, As stremande stemej quen strode men slepe ;' where the editor questioningly suggests ' bold, fierce,' as the meaning of strode. May not our word suggest that the meaning probably is active, laborious, diligent or bustling ? Strucken, p. p. of to Strike. Strunt, sb. The tail. Hall, says, ' of a bird properly ;' Brock, gives ' tail or rump ;' Wb. Gl. ' the tail of an animal.' To strvnt is to dock, to cut off short ; strunty is short, docked. The idea seems to involve that of shortness. Cf. sluniisb, dumpy : North. Halliwell. Sw. D. stunt, short, squat, O. Sw. stunter, id. Halliwell's strunt, = the penis, might originate in A. S. sfrynan, sirynd, that which is begotten. Ihre gives strunt as meaning the earliest sprouts or shoots of the beech and the pine in spring, referring it to the same A. S. verb. Collate also Germ. strunk, and Dan. D. strunk, a stump, as in the case of a cabbage stalk when the cabbage has been cut. But probably the relationship may be with stunt. Cf. Scruffier, scuffler, Scruff, scuff, &c. Struntish, strunty, adj. i. Short, stumpy. 2. Sullen, obstinate. See Strunt, Stunt, Stunty. 3 T 506 GLOSSARY OF THE Strut-stour, strut-stower, sb. A prop or support, consisting of a piece of wood or timber, one end of which abuts on the object requiring to be propped, the other is fixed in the earth. See Stour or Stower, a word which, in the one before us, is simply combined with E. strut, in the sense, prop, stay, support. Comp. not only Dan. D. sired, a prop, or strut, but strutte, to stick forward, to stand stiffly out. See also Pr. Pm. Strowtyn. Turgeo. The word is not unlikely connected with S. G. strida, certare, O. H.G. stritan, Germ, streiten, a class of words, in all of which the idea of one thing or person thrusting or pushing or exerting strength against another is involved. Stuff, sb. Material, produce, goods, furniture : a word of very com- mon and varied use and application. 1 There 's a vast o' stuff on t* land, surely ;' growth or produce. ' He 's a deal o' stuff on. hand, noo ;' a very large stock in trade. Weel, they 'a' getten a gay bit o' s/w^tegither, Ah lay ;' have accumulated a good deal of money or property. Stuffy, adj. Close, suffocating ; of the atmosphere of a room that is over-heated or over-filled ; of the atmosphere, on a damp, sultry, close day. See Stife. Stunge, sb. The heavy pain from a blow or injury lasting over a certain space after its infliction; the stunning sensation produced by a violent blow. ' Stunnisb. To stun ; to sprain. Lane.' Halliwell. A. S. stunian, to beat, strike against, stun, should supply the derivation of this word, and probably the Lane, form furnishes a suggestion as to the step or steps by which the derivation proceeds. Stunt, sb. A fit of obstinacy ; the being obstinate or mulish. Sw. D. stunnt ; taga stunnt, exactly coincident with our tak' stunt. Comp. also A. S. stunt, foolish, stupid, stuntlic, like a fool, stuntlice, foolishly, stupidly. Possibly Dan. D. stutt, short and surly in speech, grumpy, may be connected, and relationship with stunt, short, be suspected. See Stunt, adj. ' " He would not learn his lesson, but took stunt;" became obstinate.' Wb. Gl. Stunt, adj. i. Short and thick, stumpy. Thence, 2. Hard to be bent; strong, in the sense of stiff; inflexible. And thence again, 3. Unyielding, obstinate. S. G. stunt, stutt, truncatus, brevis, O. Sw. stynt, O. N. sluttr, id. ; Sw. stunta, to shorten, cut short, Dan. studse, id., Dan. D. stynte, to cut short, stunte, to be too short. See Stunt, sb., Strunt, &c. I. ' A stunt stick.' 3. 'He's as stunt as a burnt whang: there's no turning him.' Halliwell. As inflexible as a burnt leather-thong, which has lost all its pliability and may break, but cannot bend. Stuntish, adj. Inclined to obstinacy. ' " Rather stnntisb ;" inclined to be obstinate.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 507 Btunty, adj. i . Short in growth or stature ; of Ling, or any other shrubby plant: of a person also, who is short in stature. 2. Ill-tem- pered, obstinate, sulky. See Stunt, adj. Sturdy, sb. (pr. sto'ddy). A disorder of sheep, arising from the presence of hydatids in the brain: the animal affected losing power over its limbs to a greater or less degree, and seeming to be bereft of sense. ' Sturdy. Provincially, giddy, sulky and obstinate ; also a disease in sheep in which the animal becomes stupefied. Cr. Gl. Sturdy or stubborn, estourdy. Palsgr. Gael, stuird, stuirdean, vertigo, a disease in sheep, drunkenness. Macleod. It. stordire, to make dizzy or giddy in the head. Fl. Sp. aturdir, to stupefy, confuse.' Wedgw. Sturken, v. n. To stiffen. Simply another form of starken. The meaning given in Wb. Gl. is illustrated by a reference to the solidifying of melted grease when set by to cool. Hall, gives the meanings, ' to grow, to thrive.' It should rather be to grow in strength, to become stiffer, in the sense of strength. Sturten, v. a. See Sturken, of which it is, as it is given in Wh. Gl., another form. Stut, v. n. To stutter; to stammer, or hesitate in speaking. Pr. Pm. ' Stotyn' or stameryn. Titubo, blatero.' ' To stut or stagger in speaking or going.' ' I stutte, I can nat speake my words readily, je besgue.' Palsgr. Cf. Germ, stot- tern, to stutter ; also to stumble. Mr. Wedgw. connects the word with Germ, stossern, to kick, thrust against, anstoss, a stammering or stuttering, PI. D. stoot, a blow, stotern, to stutter. In like manner S. G. stut, a blow, sluts, rebound, are not only equally related, but have the same form as our word. Sty ! Sty ! The cry to pigs intended to cause them to go away, to frighten them out, or the like. See Jack ! Jack ! Succour, v. n. To rest or lean, to find support or stay. A very curious instance of the application of a word, in a sense not only not inconsistent with its original sense, but strictly congruous with it, only to inanimate, non-sentient objects instead of to living, sensible, appreciating ones. 4 " Let the ladder succour against the wall ;" rest or lean." Wb. Gl. Suffer, v. n. To be deprived of life, to be killed or to die ; under extremity of want, cold, or the like. ' A desper't lang storm. It 's doubtful a vast o' t' moorbo'ds '11 suffer;" of a long continued wintry fit, with the snow lying deep upon the moors. ' A deal o' t' young pa'tridges would suffer i that heavy downfa' i' t' foreend o' July.' ' Van o* thy yows has suffered, James. Ah seen it Hgging i' t' cleugh.' Sugar-scot, sb. The same as Sweet-scot. 3 T 2 508 GLOSSARY OF THE Summer-binks, sb. A summer-house or garden alcove, fitted, as usually, with benches or low seats round the interior. Summer-colt, sb. The seeming undulation of vapour near the sur- face of the ground, or along the line of a wall, &c., on a hot sum- mer's day. ' See how the Summer-colt rides." Wb. Gl. Cr. Gl. gives ' Summer-goose, an exha- lation from marshes ;' but with a reference to gossamer, which is defined as ' down of plants, cobwebs, or rather vapour arising from boggy or marshy ground, in warm weather.' Again towards the close of his remarks upon gossamer, Mr. Carr uses the words, ' this down or rather exhalation ;' which leads to the conclusion that he simply adopts the notion ex- pressed in the quotation he gives from Skinner, to the effect that gossamer is ' the early morning dew solidified by the sun into the likeness of the webs of spiders :' rorem ilium matutinum divino sole exsiccatum, instar telae araneae ; a notion so remote from fact, that any real comparison between Summer-colt and Summer-goose is of course out of the question. Jamieson gives summer-, or simmer-couts, with the definition, ' The name given to the exhalations seen to ascend from the ground on a warm day ;' adding, ' perhaps, q. summer-colts, in allusion to the undulating motion of these vapours, which may have been thought to resemble the frisking of young horses.' The example given above, and quoted by the Whitby glossarist from Mr. Marshall's Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 1 796, proves that Jamieson's surmise is correct, and sets at rest the question as to the etymology, or rather, origin of the word. See Gossamer, Muz-web, &c. Sump, sumph, sb. A bog, a cesspool, a drain. Ihre gives sump, palus, sumpig, paludosus, collating O. H. G. sunft, Dut. somp, as also E. swamp, swampy. O. Sax. swamp. Molb. gives Dan. sump, and collates Germ, sumpf, A. S. swamp. From that which is calculated to suck up water, and hold it when sucked up, to a spunge, or vice versa, is easy and natural. Cf. then also O. N. svampr, spongia, O. Sw. swamp, Dan. svamp, M. G. swamms, A. S. swam, a fungus, O. Germ, swam, stiam, Germ scbwamm, PI. D. swam, swamp. Sunder, v. a. To expose to the air and sun, to air ; of hay, says Halliwell : but of more general application in Cleveland. Compare "Winder, to winnow, to expose to the action of the wind. I do not think that this is simply a use of the E. vb. sunder, in the sense of to spread, to separate in that sense. There seems always the implied thought in the speaker's mind of exposure to the sun, and not of mere separation or opening out. ' Lay them claithes oot to sunder a bit ;' where the use of the verb is gerundial. Sundown, sb. Sunset, evening. Sup, v. a. To drink by sups, to take liquids by the aid of a spoon. 'Supa: 1. sorbere, sorbillare: usurpatur de cibis jurulentis; A. S. stipan; Al. supban ; Belg. soepen, suypen : 2. Sorbillatim bibere,' to drink by sups. Ihre. He adds that his ' countrymen make this difference between supa and dricka, that the latter signifies to take a copious draught, the former only small quantities or tastes of the liquid,' and compares E. sip, Dut. sippen, Welch sippian. ' " To sup sorrows by dishfuls ;" to have frequent occasion for grief.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 509 Sup, sb. A small quantity of any liquid : of very frequent use, in divers modes of application. ' A labile soop o' brandy.' 4 T' mak' a lahtle soop o' waiter.' ' Ah 'd be glad t' beg a soop o' poort wahn o' ye.' ' He lahks 's soops, t' au'd man diz." We 's lahk t' get a soop o' wet, Ah think ;' likely to have some rain. Suppings, sb. Liquids for drinking : usually with the implied idea of to be taken a little at a time ; whether as drams, for instance, or by aid of a spoon. Swab, sb. A sot, one who drenches himself with drink. ' The radical meaning of the word is to sop or slop, to splash in water.' Wedgw. Ihre gives swabb, a sort of mop used on shipboard, and called a swab, deriving it from A. S. swebban, to swab, swabber, used by sailors. Dan. svabre, to swab, to cleanse a ship's decks by aid of a swab, svaber; Sw. svabb, svabba, svabel, svabla, two nouns with their corre- sponding verbs, of like signification ; N. svabba, with its varying forms sabba, subba, to spill or splash water over, to dabble in water ; Dut. zwabber, zwabberen, Germ, scbwabbeln, scbwappen, to splash, dabble, swab. The ship's swab sucks up a quantity of liquid : hence the application. Rietz connects the word with skvimpa, and so with E. swamp, &c. Swad, sb. A hull, or outer shell or husk; of peas, beans, hazel- nuts, &c. We have parallel forms the d replaced by p or b in O. N. sveipr, Dan. svob, a husk, pod, wrapper, envelope. Our word must still, however, through swaddle, swaddling- clothes, swaddling-band, be closely related to swathe, to wrap, to enfold. Comp. swalb- bonds, swatbe-bands, swatbing-clotbes, with swaddling-clothes ; and this helps to explain ' swatb, to tie up corn into sheaves; " swathed or made into sheaves." Cotgr." Halliwell. And thus in swathe we have essentially the same idea as in Swad ; namely, of that which enfolds or envelopes something within. See Wedgw. in v. Swad. Swag, v. n. To sway on one side or other, as a cart with an exces- sive or ill-packed load is wont to do ; to hang down, and swing side- ways, in motion, as Falstaff 's belly might, or a sack with only its bottom part filled with weighty matters, and suffered to hang loose. Swag, says Ihre, ' among the Upland folk means a low or hole-like place ; perhaps from O. N. sueigia, inclinare. E. swag-down, propendere.' Dan. D. svack, id., Sw. D. svacka, svak-ryggad, having a sunk-in back ; Dan. D. svakke, to bulge out or lean out of the per- pendicular ; of buildings. Our word seems to combine the notion of protuberance, or of what sinks to the bottom of the containing hollow, with the idea of lateral motion. See also under Sag. Swagger, sb. A pennon or vane, a flag. Cf. Dan. vager, with precisely the same sense. The vimpel, pennant, is hoisted at sun- rise, but at sunset it gives place to the vager, which Molb. calls ' a short vimpel.' The vb. vage is applied to express the rising and falling motion of a ship upon the waves, and a ship is said at vage godt when she rises well to the sea and ships but little water ; bun vager som en maage i storm: she rides like a mew in a sea. There is the idea of con- 510 GLOSSARY OF THE tinuous motion in either the riding ship or the floating pennant, and there would be some inconsistency in connecting our word either with our Swag or E. swagger, which latter word Wedgw. defines by ' to walk in an affected manner, swaying from one side to the other.' For the implied idea in both these words is weight, properly loose weight, put into motion in the one case material weight, in the other assumed importance. As regards the initial s in the Clevel. word, and its want in the Danish, comp. Dan. svag, veg or vaag, Sw. swag, wek, O. Germ, swacb, weib, Germ, scbwacb, weich, Dut. zwak, week, PI. D. swak, week, weak, tender, infirm. See Bosw. in v. Wdc, waac, weak. 1 " They carry a tight swagger upon a rotten mast ;" make a great show on little means ; or, a hollow display.' Wb. Gl. Swaimish, swaimous, sb. Hesitating, diffident, bashful or shy. O. N. sveima, to waver, fluctuate, as a flexible body does under the action of running water. Comp. Dan. svamme, Sw. simma, &c. The transition of sense from material motion of a weak or yielding body to the undecided conduct of a hesitating character is simple and natural enough. Mr. Wedgwood, however, gives the provincial forms sweamisb, weamisb, squeamish, modest ; the former of which is probably only another form of our word, and of which he says that they ' must be explained as easily turned sick or morally disgusted,' connecting them with E. qualm, Dan., Sw., Germ, qualm, Dut. walm, &c. But possibly the vb. sweamen, to grieve, to put to shame, which occurs four or five times in Ancr. Riwle, may suggest another connection for swaimish.. In ' he ne mei uor reoufie wernen hire, ne sweamen hire heorte mid wernynge,' make her heart ashamed, or backward or diffident about asking again, through denial, appears to be the meaning. But no deri- vation is suggested. Pr. Pm. also gives ' Swemyn. Molestor, mereo ; Sweem, swemynge or mornynge. Tristicia; Skeymowse, or sweymows or qweymows. Abbominativus,' with ' sweam or swaim, subita segrotacio. Gouldm.,' in a note. Note also the word in ' Of paradis hem 'Senke'S swem.' Gen. and Ex. p. 12. See also p. 56. Taking all into consideration, it seems almost certain that O. N. sveima, with its etymons (which all, though varying in their individual significations, have yet a general bond of connection running through them), S. G. svima, D. D. svime, A. S. swiman, to be dizzy, to have a swimming in the head, Bav. schwaimen, to hover in the air, wander or wave to and fro, Germ, scbweimer, scbwemmer, a name for the windhover or kestrel, are all cognate. Note also swaymous, Cumb., swam- ous, Cr. Gl. ' " I felt swaimisb at asking ;" diffident, or reluctant to make the request.' Wb. Gl. ' " Don't be over swaimish ;" do not be too backward.' 76. Swang, sb. A low, damp or as usually somewhat boggy, tract of ground. O. N. svangr, lacuna, a hollow place, O. Dan. svang, id., Sw. D. svanga or svonga, id., connected by Rietz with the v. a. svinga, svank, a hollow, and also exactly synonymous with our word, connected by the same authority with the v. n. svinka, to swing, to shake, to quake (as a bog does). Swank, v. a. To support or lend strength to ; to back up and make strong, so as to render more equal to any trial, or to exertion generally. Cf. A. S. swincan (pret. swanc), to labour, toil. The idea seems to pass from the act of labouring to the strength requisite for the act, or from ' to find strength," to ' to get or supply strength. The example in Wb. Gl. is, ' He can now swank his navel with a good beef-steak ;' fortify his interior, as we might say. The various applications of the Northern forms swanking, swanky, namely, ' large,' ' hearty,' ' strong and strapping,' confirm this CLEVELAND DIALECT. 511 view ; and the passage quoted by Hall, from Morte Arthure furnishes additional con- firmation : ' He swounande diede, and on the swarthe lengede, Sweltes ewynne swiftly, and swanke he no more ;' where the sense clearly seems to be, he found strength no more, not even to move himself. Swanking, adj. Large, strong and strapping, hearty. Swape, sb. A spring, or beam (of whatever size) suspended on such a principle that the inequality of the counterpoise may assist in the lift- ing of weights ; as of the heavy pestle in pounding, of the grocer's knife in cutting sugar, and so on. ' A great poste and high is set faste ; then over it cometh a longe beame whiche renneth on a pynne, so that the one ende havynge more poise than the other, causeth the lyghter ende to ryse ; with such beere-brewers in London dooe drawe up water. They call it a sweepe. Elyott ;' quoted by Halliwell. ' Swape, the handle of a pump. Nor/.' Halliwell. ' Swipe, the crane-like contrivance for drawing water, consisting of a rod unevenly balanced on a post, having a weight at the short end and bucket at the long end.' Wedgw. The sugar-cutting machine seen in grocers' shops is supplied with a strong spring, in lieu of the unevenly balanced beam ; the principle, however, being precisely the same in either case. Dut. wip, or wipgalge, from vrippen, to vibrate, at once suggests O. N. svipa, vibrare, to swing about, as a sword, cudgel, S. G. swepa, vagari, &c., as the immediate origin of our word. Swart, adj. Dusky-looking, black. O. N. svartr, Sw. svart, O. Sw. swart, Dan. sort, M. G. swarts, A. S. sweart, swart, sweort, swert, O. Germ, svarz, Germ, scbwarz, PI. D. and Fris. swart, Dut. zwart. Yet preserved in some local names, but in rare use otherwise. Swarth, sb. i. Skin, rind. 2. Sward, the surface part of grass land. O. N. svarftr, svorftr, as lelufu svorft i boffte bonom : they cut a gash in the skin of his head, svarftleysa, ground or soil without Swarth or turf, svarfireip, a hide rope ; S. G. sward, cutis crassior, thick hide and hairy, whether that of the human head, or pig-skin comp. our Pig-swarth ; Dan. sver, soy\>r, sode, Bret, saoud or saoitt, the O. N. synonym, and M. G. sau\>s, an offering, creature offered in sacrifice, goes on to say, ' It seems probable that the original signification of O N. saudr has been the sodden (or seethed) flesh of a sacrificed animal, or burnt offering (br'dnnoffer), and on this basis it is that I have taken leave to arrange this very old word and its con- nections in this place ;' that is, under the class-word sio'Sa, to seethe, boil. In local papers, schedules of cattle-shows, advertisements of sales, &c., the word is spelt ' Swarth-sheep.' I have excluded the r as not really belonging to it. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 513 Swatter, v. a. and n. i . To splash about in water, as a duck does in taking flight, as geese and ducks do in washing ; thence, simply to throw or splash water about, in showers or drops, and thence 2. To dis- sipate or waste. Comp. S. G. sqwcetta, liquids effundere, sqwdttra, spargere, dissipare, sqwdttra bort pen- ningar : nummos prodigere. Ihre connects these words with E. scatter and Germ, zettern, dispergere. Of squatter Wedgw. remarks, that although ' not generally recognised in our dictionaries,' it is fully understood by every one. Jam. defines swatter, squatter, ' to move quickly in any fluid substance ;' Halliwell, ' to spill or throw about water, as geese and ducks do in drinking. Also to scatter, to waste.' 2. ' They swattered their money away like dike-water.' Wb. Gl. Swatterments, sb. Scattered portions of liquid, drops flung about. Sweets, sb. Sugar sweetmeats; 'suckers' or soluble sweetmeats, of whatever description. Sweet-scot, sb. A preparation of sugar and butter melted or boiled together over the fire, and laid out in shallow-pans to cool and harden. See Sugar-scot, Butter-scot or -scotch. Swelt, v. n. i. To faint, to fall in a state of syncope, from whatever cause, whether sudden shock, grief, exhaustion, &c. 2. To be overdone with heat and ready to sink. 0. Flem. swelten, deficere, languescere, exactly corresponds in meaning with our word. Note also O. N. svelta, O. Sw. swcelta, to suffer, or cause to suffer, from hunger, to starve outright ; Dan. svelte, suite (the former archaic and almost obs.), id. ; Dan. D. svelte, to perish or die in a lingering fashion ; O. Germ, svilizon, to perish by heat ; M. G. swiltan, to die. ' Manye a lovely lady, And lemmans of knyghtes, Swowned and swelled For sorwe of hise (Death's) dyntes.' P. Plovgbm. p. 431. 1. ' She fairly swelled when she heard it.' Wb. Gl. Swerd, s'erd. Pr. of Sword. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' swerde,' ' swerdberare,' &c. Swid, v. n. To tingle or smart, as a wound or burn, &c. See Swidge, Swither. O. N. sviSa, dolere, angi, svtfSi, dolor intensus vulnerum, ignis, et frigoris ; S. G. swida, dolere, as sdret swider : the wound swids or swidges, smarts, is full of pain. Ihre re- marks that ' O. N. swida first implies the act of burning, then the pain of the bum.' Dan. svie expresses the sense of pain after burning, from cold, or from the action of a cutting wind upon the face. With the meanings of O. N. sw'fla comp. the corresponding meanings of were. O. H. Germ, suiden is thought by Ihre to bear the same two meanings. ' Cam him no fieres swafte ner :' Gen. and Ex. p. 107 ; of Aaron, when the fire burnt the 250 men with censers, Numbers xvi. 5H GLOSSARY OF THE Swidden, v. a. (often pr. swithen). To burn superficially, or singe off superficial matters; as hair or wool from a skin, Ling from the moors, &c. O. N. svtiSa, adiirere, svfSna, aduri, torrescere ; Sw. sveda, to burn or singe off, O. Sw. sweda, id. ; Dan. svide or svie, to burn superficially, to singe or scorch off, as hair, one's clothes, &c. It is applied also to the parching or scorching effects of great heat upon grass and the like. O. N. svfSja, to flay, take the skin off, is probably allied. Swidden, swivven, sb. Any place on the moor from which the Ling and other herbage has been burnt away, and which still shews signs of burning. Simply a noun formed from the p. p. of the original verbs, O. N sviftinn, Dan. sveden. Conip. Sw. svedjeland, land on which the brush and other wood has been cut down and burnt by way of fertilizing as well as preparing it to receive a corn crop. Swidge, v. n. To smart, to tingle with pain. This must be looked upon as a parallel form to swid, swi.th.er, rather than as coinci- dent, as in Stound, Stunge, bit, bitch, Pote or Poit, poke, pot (applied to the belly), Podge, &c. Probably swizzen, another form of swidden, through swithen, is the immediate bond of connection. Swill, v. a. To throw water, out of a pail or the like, over anything, as a floor, a carriage, for the purpose of washing or cleansing it; or without any such definite object. See Sowl. A. S. swilian, to swill, wash. ' I swyll, 1 rynce or dense any manner vessell.' Palsgr. in Halliwell. Swill, sb. A shallow open willow or wicker basket of very light or open construction. Perhaps connected with some or other of the Gothic names for the sallow or osier-plant O. N. selja, Dan. selje, Sw. salg, A. S. sealb, seal, salb, salig, O. H. Germ, salapa, Fin. salawa, (Gael, sail, saileog). The Germ, name sabl-weide (sallow-withy), ' may be allied to sell, that is, band, a tie.' Hilpert. All the names just quoted are ' different forms of a word that implies a shrub fit for withes, A. S. sal or sad, a strap, tie or band. Sal, a hall, in O. H.G. a house, G. saal, seems to be of the same origin, and to tell us that our ancestors dwelt in bouses of wicker-work.' Prior, Pop. Names of Br. Plants The italics are mine, and I suspect that the same connection which exists (or may exist) between sal, s&l, saal, salig, &c., and wicker-work is the connection upon which our word Swill depends for its origin. How easily the to is taken up or dropped is patent. Comp. Sw. simma not only with E. swim, but with Dan. svamme, O. N. svema; E. such with O. E. swuc, swucb, A. S. sw ulc ; our sound with E. su/oon ; &c. Swine-saim, sb. Hogslard. See Saim. Swine-swill, sb. Slops of various kinds, which may be thrown to- gether to aid in the sustentation of a pig. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 515 Swine-thistle, sb. The corn sow-thistle (Sonckus arcensis). The ' SmatbystyfU or TbotetbystyUe. Rostrum parcinum' of Pr. Pm., Dr. Prior iden- tifies as Soncbus oUrafoa. ' Tbowtbystylle, A. S. b*/fcbs/./ or ^ubiste/, O. G. dvtistd, sprout-thistle, from Jurfc a sprout, an indication of the plant having been valued for its edible sprouts ; altered to Sow-thistle through its name in the Ortus sanitatis, C. cxlviii, stnoe-distel, or, in some editions, saw-distd, a corruption of its A. S., and older German name.' In this case, onr word would seem to be a further corruption or rather, change still; and it applies to the S. arvtnsis, a weed sufficiently troublesome to the farmer and gardener from the vitality of its trailing root. But is it quite consistent with the above explanation that we have not only Germ, sau-distd (S. oUraeeus, and Cariine-thistle), and Sw. svtM-tistd (S. oUracau), but also Dan. svinedild, svine-ild, as well as svinetid&d ? Rosing also gives the synonymous svine-mdk. Molb. explains svineddd, svinetidsd by ' a common garden weed which pigs willingly eat,' and on the whole I do not think (whether Molbech's be the right explanation or not) that so general an application of the word sow or twine can hare prevailed through a mistake or corruption, and prevailed moreover to the entire supplanting and loss of the original name in all North Europe. Swingle, v. a. To beat flax ; that is, to go on with the first, or roughest, process in dressing it, in order to detach it from the ' hards.' Pr. Pm. ' S-wengyl, for flax or hempe. Excvdum;' A. S. swiagel, a whip, PL D. swinge, a board for beating flax or hemp ; swengd, a swipe or swape ; Dnt. twengd, Germ, scbutaa- gd, scbwengd, a swipe, swing, flail, sebwing-stoek, a hemp-brake or swingle ; Dan. sviagd, a whip, svingd-spaan, a swingle ; Sw. swangd, a swape ; all depending on the swinging or vibrating motion which belongs to them when in action. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' Fleyle swyngyl. Tribultim.' Svringd, that part of the flail which falls on the com in the straw. HalliweU. Swingle-trees, sb. The bars which hang at the houghs of the horses iff drawing a plough, the harrows, &c., and to which the traces they pull by are affixed. See Cobble-tree, and compare Stretcher. Dan. D. svingel-trcur, Sw. D. svaagd. Germ, scbwengd. Swip, sb. The personal image or representation, a likeness ; as in our common expression 'the very image of another. O. N. svipr, look, countenance, fashion of features. See also svipadr, vnltn mmRf, smplibr, id. ; smpgdrr or sviptdrr, of a fierce countenance, svipbimgginn, dejected looking ; Sw. D. fvepa, to be like another in appearance or countenance ; N. snip, look, face, with the implied idea of likeness to another, svtpa, to be like or resemble another. He 's the very swip of his father.' Wb. Gl. Swipple, sb. That part of the flail with which the com is actually beaten out O.N. svipa, flagellum, tvipeL, to swing, as in die act to strike, svapa, percutere ; O. Sw. twepeL, scutica ; Dan. svtbe, id., svippe, to strike with a whip. Comp. O. N. svipall, a poet, name for Odin ; properly an adj. signifying mobilis : Egilss. A. S. swipe, with the cognate words, all signify a whip, a scourge. Our Swipple is the swatgyl of Pr. Pm^ swingd of Forby. Cf. the use of swapt, below. ' the swapt together with swordes soe fine ; thd fought together tiO they both swett.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 31 1. 3 U 2 516 GLOSSARY OF THE Swirrel, sb. A squirrel. See Cat-swirreL Brockett says that ' Swerle is applied to express the gliding of a stream of water. A small runner in Sandgate, Newcastle, was anciently called the Swerle ; now corrupted into squirrel.' With us the corruption ' proceeds in the other direction, as also in swirt for squirt given by Brock, in the next page, and in our Swot. Switched, adj. Drunk, intoxicated Switcher, sb. One which outdoes another, a thing that is large, con- spicuous, noted, specially excellent. Again the passage from the idea of beating to that of eminence in size or weight, of dis- tinction or superiority generally. ' A switcher at speaking.' Wb. Gl. Switching, adj. Great, extensive, noted, remarkable. The verb is quoted in Leeds Gl. as being still in use : ' This, or the other, thing switches that ;' outdoes it. 1 A great switching place ;' ' a switching speaker.' Wb Gl. Swither, v. n. To smart, to ache, to tingle with pain. See Swid, Swidge. " It ukes and switbers ;" itches and tingles.' Wb. Gl. Swithering, sb. The act of smarting or tingling. Swittle, sb. A wire or cylindrical rod of iron heated to bore holes with in wood. * This word seems not to be applied otherwise than in connection with the idea of being heated, that is to say, that a wire adapted for use as a Swittle would not be termed a Swittle unless actually used for the purpose of being heated to bore holes with. And this leads to the conclusion that it must in some way be connected with the O. N. svida, adurere. Comp. svid, the magic circle ; at market svid : to draw such a circle, within the limits of which ghosts are to be circumscribed, on pain of burning, svid, what remains after a heap of wood has been burnt. Svida also seems to have meant some kind of pointed weapon, a lance or spear probably as well as a fire ; and it is possible such a weapon may sometimes have been employed as a Swittle. ' A reed-yat swittle ;' a red-hot borer. Swizzen, v. a. To singe, to burn superficially. See Swidden, and Swidge. Swizzle, swizzlement, sb. Drink, of whatever kind. Comp. Soss, N. svsla, to paddle, dabble in water ; squisb-squasb, noise made by the feet when walking with shoes full of water, or over a soft water-covered surface, of a swamp, for instance ; sqitasb, to splash. Sword-dance, sb. An ancient performance, probably of Danish origin, still kept up in many parts of N. England, and enacted about the period of the new year. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 517 Sword-dancers, sb. A party of performers consisting of six dancers, a king, one clown or perhaps two, called Bessy, Madge, or Madgipeg, a musician, and possibly other actors, who together practise the sword- dance. See Plough-stots, Madgipeg, Fond-plough, Sword-slipings, sb. Open, if not actual, hostility : a nearly equiva- lent expression to ' Daggers-drawings.' See Slipe. The word simply means sliping, or drawing, the sword from the sheath, pre- paratory of course to a downright fight. * " They are fairly at sword-dipings wi* t' ane t* other ;" ready to draw the sword upon each other.' Wb. &. Syke, sb. A streamlet, a rill of water ; a small run draining out of a boggy place. O. N. siki, lacuna aquosa, sijk, sijke, rivulus aquae ; O. Sw. site, S. G. sign, defiuere. per tacitos meatus et rimas permeare ; D. D. sige, a damp or moist place, a low place in the land where water collects and stands the winter through, $t, syk, a marshy or boggy spot ; A. S. stcb, a farrow, gutter, water-coarse ; O. H. G. gesicb, stagnum. Comp. the Sw. names Alsike, Gronstke, with our Houlsyke, &c. Taal, v. n. To settle, to accommodate oneself to new circumstances, habits or home. A varying, hot interesting form of the more ordinary thole. Comp. Dan. taale, to put op with, submit to, as derived from O. N. ]>ola, as also Sw. tola, Sw. D. tula, tyla, to be patient, accommodate oneself to what requires patience to do or bear ; N. tola, tola. ' Thor sheep deean't tool weel te their new heeaf.' Wb, Gl. Tackets. sb. Tacks, small nails. Ta'en, takken, forms of p. p. of to Take. * Bot bi )>e name of ded may be tone, And nnderstanden ma dedes |>an ane.' Pr. of Come. 1. 1680. Ta'en tiv, p. p. of To take til, or tiv ; to yield to personal attrac- tion, become attached to. Thae tweea ha' ta'en til ilk other strangely.' Cf. ' to sooe he hit wende. J>at ArSnr hh wolde for-saken : and nawiht to )>an fehte taken.' Lay. ii. 572. Tag, sb. A twist of long, freshly-cut grass. See Tag, vb. Comp. Dan. D. tag, long straw, rushes, &c., employed for thatching. Sw. D. tat, used as a designation for Artaido pbragmties. Of coarse these meanings depend on the original 51 8 GLOSSARY OF THE meaning of the word involved, that of covering, which thatching implies. Hence, ' (back, the covering of a house : the original meaning of the word being straw or rushes, but after- wards extended to slate and tiles,' quoted by Molbech (D. D. Lex.) from Hallamsb. Gl. Since tag or tak thus comes, arbitrarily to imply reeds, long straw, or grass, it may afford a derivation for our word. On the other hand we have in Hall. ' tag-lock, an entangled lock ;' and ' tag, to cut off the dirty locks of wool around the tail of a sheep.' in both of which words the same idea is latent as in our word, namely that of twisting or wisping up or together so as to cause coherency. Cf. A. S. tige, a tie, or that which may be tied. Tag, v. a. To flog or flagellate with Tags, or wisps of long fresh grass hastily cut and twisted together. In former days when a considerable number of mowers or Shearers chanced to be working together in the same harvest field, one of the men was not unlikely to be desired by his fellows to wet that is to kiss some young woman or other, either on the ground of some jesting sarcasm or reflection on their power of working (as likely as not vented on purpose), or for some other reason. If he demurred about doing as he was bid, or did it but not to the satisfaction of the others, the penalty was to tag him, or belabour him with twisted wisps of long grass. Tagreen-sliop, sb. A 'marine stores' shop; a shop at which all kinds of second-hand articles are bought and sold. Probably taker-in, contracted in Pr., accounts for Tagreen. Comp. the ' leaving- shop' of Our Mutual Friend, for the idea. Tak, sb. A marked or peculiar flavour. If two articles of food are cooked together, and the stronger flavoured one communicates a taste to the other, it is said to ' have a tak o' t' ither.' Anything burnt in the cooking and so flavoured has a tak. See Takt. Tak', sb. A taking or hiring, for a set rent, of land or premises; almost equivalent to lease, except that taking for a set term of years is very seldom implied. ' Weel, he 's getten t' faarm, an' a desper't good tak' an' all.' Take, v. a. and n. (but with the object unexpressed), i . To bite readily, rise at the bait; of fish. 2. To be attractive, to lay hold on one's interest or regard. 1. ' " Weel, d' they tak' at all, the moorn?" " Neea matters. Ah rose a few, yah bit, bud they 's gien ower agen, noo." ' 2. ' Foals 's takkin' desper'tly noo. It's main thing at a vast o' shows;' spoken by an Agricultural Society committee-man in support of an additional class or two of foals to the schedule. Tak' hold, v. a. To undertake ; an office, or specified performance or duty, namely. ' He wur ex'd t' stan' judge, last Cattle Show : bud he wur desper't shy o' takkin' bod.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 519 Takken by t' heart. Grievously afflicted with sorrow, or mental pain. ' So : give na mair, she "s got her part ; She 's weak ; 'twill take her by the heart.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 49. Takken by t' heead. Under the exciting influences of drink, pas- sion, fancies, &c. Takking, sb. i. A capture, a haul; also a swarm of bees. 2. A con- dition or state of concern or agitation. 1. ' " A brave talking o' bees;" a large swarm.' Wb. Gl. ' " A rare takking o' fish ;" a good catch, a heavy haul.' Ib. 2. ' " He's in a bonny takking ;" in great anxiety or agitation." Ib. ' " A sour tabbing ;" an ill humour.' Ib. Tak' off, v. a. i. To mimic, to represent another's personal pecu- liarities or action in a laughable fashion. 2. To proceed upon some journey or expedition. 2. ' He 's ta'en (or takk'n) off" to sea ;' run, or gone, away to sea. ' " Are you just takking off -a. bit?" walking out a little.' Wb. Gl. Tak' off, sb. i. A satire or piece of personal ridicule; a laughable representation of one's person or manners. 2. A mimic, one apt at hitting off personal peculiarities or laughable incidents, a practical ' quiz.' Tak' on, v. a. To retake, or take again ; of a farm, house, &c., which may have been given up as to notice, that is. Tak' one's fare. To take one's chance or luck ; to risk what may happen. Tak' on wi', or wiv. To engage, or engage oneself to, another, to enter into a personal arrangement or understanding with another ; of a workman and any given employer, of a young woman with a swain as her ' follower,' or to walk with, &c. ' " Wheea, Jossy 's takk'n on wiv 's au'd maaster ageean ?" " Ay." ' Folk ses at Bessy Longburn 's takken on wi* James Gill, an' leads wiv 'im reglar." Takt, adj. Having a marked flavour ; usually applied in the case of an acid liquid. Tack. A smack, or peculiar flavour. Halliwell. I connect the word with O. E. tacbt, peculiarity, blemish. See under Mistetch, and comp. the use of the word in the following extracts : ' Gentilwomen and nobille maydenes comen of good kyn ought to be goodli, meke, wele tacbed, ferme in estate, &c.' Knigbt of La Tour-Landry, p. 18. ' But yef the husbonde perceiuithe of the wiff sum leude tacbts in her gouernance or behauing, &c.' Ib. p. 24. ' Some folks mak's their botchet sweet. We allays mak's went takt' 520 GLOSSARF OF THE Tak' tent. To pay special attention, give watchful heed ; as for the purpose of reckoning or keeping count of objects passing in succession ; e.g. sheep passing through a gate, bushels of corn measured out, or the like. See Tent. " Mind an' tak' tent on 'em ;" count them as you go on.' Wb. Gl. 4 Com furth, Adam, I shalle the leyd, Take tent to me, I shalle the reyd.' Townel. Myst. p. 6. Tak' up, v. n. i. To become fair; of the weather. 2. To reform one's ways, manner of life, behaviour. 1. ' Ay, it 's been a droppy time ; bud Ah thinks its gannan t' tak' oop noo.' 2. ' He 's nobbud bin a ragally chap ; bud mebbe he '11 tak' oop yet.' Tale, sb. A specified number or quantity, of an article. See Tell. 4 For there shall no straw be given you, yet shall ye deliver the tale of bricks.' Exod. v.i8. 4 He 's livered 'em all, t' full tale.' Tallow-craps, sb. The scraps of skin, &c. left after melting down the tallow from the leaf or inner fat which surrounds the kidney in the sheep. See Craps. T' ane. The one, one of two : replied to by t' tother. See Ane. Tang, sb. The tongue of a buckle, the prong of a fork, the prong of a knife or other article which runs into and is fixed in the handle. O. N. tdngl, that part of the knife, sword, &c. which runs into the handle, Sw. D. tange, Dan. tange (quoted by Molb. from Moth). All three of these words also signify what in E. is called ' a tongue' of land. The connection of our teng with the present word is more than probable, the Lincolnsh. form being tang ; and the relationship of either to sting, the not unusual suppression or addition of s being understood, is at least a matter of possibility. Rietz supposes a ' lost strong verb' tinga {tang, tungit), to stick fast, be firmly fixed, and col- lates A. S. tingan (pret. tang), to press, drive, and connects with it the words tanga, the fibrous portions of roots cf. E. tangles, tang, sea weed tange, the quick of an animal's horn, tunga, tongue, and tange before quoted, which, besides the applications already noticed especially kniv-tdnge, syl-tange, haft of an awl, takes those of any projecting part or point of the human frame, as, the os coccygis, the pointed (solid) part of an animal's tail, the dead projecting branch of a tree, especially a fir-tree, &c. Cf. also Germ, tangel, needle, or pointed leaf, of the pine, fir, &c. Tangles, sb. Sea-wrack. See Sea-tang. O. N. \>avngull, fucus, caule maximo lignescente, phycodendron. Molbech's remark under the word tang is, that it serves as a common designation for a variety of different kinds of salt-water plants and sea-weed, as fucus serratus, fucus vesiculosus, and others, besides more especially Zostera marina. Tangling, tangly, adj. Slatternly, untidy in dress, ragged and slovenly as to one's clothes and appearance generally ; of a female, most commonly. 1 A lang, tangly lass.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 521 Tantle, v. n. i. To dawdle or loiter, to walk slowly or lazily. 2. To walk totteringly or uncertainly, like a child who has only just begun to run alone ; to walk feebly or slowly. Germ, tdndeln, to dawdle, to loiter ; also, to trifle, toy, dally. With the second meaning comp. the Lincolnsh. tantling-jobs, small or trifling doings or occupations ; tantrels, defined by Hall, as idle persons. Closely connected, as Mr. Wedgwood shews under Dade, Dading- strings, are Sc. dander, dandill, to saunter, to go astray through idleness or inattention ; dander, to talk incoherently; while dade, doddle, toddle present further forms for the expression of our second signification. Comp. also dandle, applied to a child, and Cumb. dander, to hobble. Halliwell. Tantrel, tantrill, sb. An idly wandering person ; a desultory wan- derer or vagabond ; thence, a gipsy. ' Thinkst thou I'm in necessity To turn thy tantrill 's-tail on me?' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 26. The explanation given of the word in this place being, ' a bold, impudent jade.' Tarn, sb. A largish sheet of water, a lake : properly an upland lake or large pond. O. N. tjorn, stagnum, palus. The Sw. D. presents several varying forms of the word, some of which are tjdrn, tjdr, tjdnn, tjinn, tarn ; N. tjann, kjann, Dan. D. kjefian, to rage, given by Bosworth with a single reference. Other- wise it might have been connected with Sc. taave, taw ; tewyn of Pr. Pm. ; E. tew (of leather), &c. Tawm, sb. A line; specially a fishing-line. Also spelt 'taum' ' tome/ ' tarn.' O. N. taumr, a bridle-rein or thong, a rope, a fishing-line ; Sw. torn, Sw. D. taum, D. tamme, N. taum. Taylieur, sb. A tailor. ' hosebondes hit vsen ; Trewe tilieris on er)>e' taillours & souteris, And alle kyne crafty men." Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 131. Team, teem, v. a. and n. i. To empty out, to pour off or away; of solid matters as well as liquids. 2. To pour or rain heavily. 0. N. tcema, to draw out, to draw fully out, exhaust or empty ; Sw. tijmma, Dan. tomme, Pr. Pm. ' Tame, or attame vessellys wythe drynke or oj>er lykurys : Tamyn or emptyn vessel with licour. Attamino, depleo : Temyn or makyn empty. Vacua.' 1. ' Gan an' help James team yon manner i t" tolf-acres.' ' Half an egg 's better an a team'd shell." Wb. Gl. 2. ' It rains and teams on;' ' it teams doon." 76. Tea-graithing, sb. The equipage for the evening meal or tea ; the ' tea-things.' See G-raith, Graithing. Tea-party, sb. An institution in N. Yorkshire in connection with School-feasts, Chapel, or Mechanics' Institute matters, and the like. Sometimes the object is to raise a fund, when the tickets of admission are paid for : in this case the viands may be provided by a committee, and the profits only be available. But frequently and invariably in the case of a school-treat the provision is made gra- tuitously by the farmers and well-to-do people in the district : and a richly-spread board such tea-table is. In the writer's purely agricultural and thinly-peopled parish, considerably above four hundred guests, a very large proportion adults, have on occasion of a Christmas-tree School-treat, or Harvest-thanksgiving festival, more than once partaken of such a tea in the National School-room ; and yet abundance of cakes of various kinds and other good things have been spared for distribution among the aged poor who were unable to be present. And once a party of more than nine hundred assembled at a similar entertainment pro- moted by the local Mutual Improvement Society. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 523 Tear-back, sb. (pr. teear-back). A romping, hoydenish person. Tea-tattling, sb. The tea-things ; whatever is necessary to the due setting out of the tea-tray or -table. Teaty, adj. Testy, peevish, touchy. Cr. Gl. gives ' teathy,' Jam. and Brock. ' teethy.' Comp. Totty or Tutty. Jam. suggests ' quasi shewing the teeth ;' which, however, can scarcely be much to the purpose, as tot, a petty passion, a petted child's freak of temper, besides Halliwell's ' totted, excited, elevated,' proves the word to be independent of either tooth or teeth. Our form teaty probably suggests a form toty or tooty comp. doory, deeary ; stone, Steean, &c. tatty being the form employed by Chaucer ' My hede is totty of my swink this night :' Reve's Tale, 1. 1145 ; and it is observable that, in the quotation from MS. Rawl. C., given by Hall., the form as used is toty : ' So toty was the brayn of his hede, That he desired for to go to bede.' Note E. totter, Pr. Pm. tateryn, to jangle, jabber, speak without reason, and totte, a fool. Wedgw. suggests the connection of the Pr. Pm. word. Tedious, adj. (pr. tiddious, tidjous). Restless, fidgetty, uneasy, requiring constant attention; of an infant or young child when teeth- ing, or poorly ; or of a sick person of mature age who gives a great deal of trouble to his nurses, from restlessness or fractiousness and impatience. Tell, v. a. To number, count, reckon up. O. N. telja, O. Sw. telja, tcelja, Sw. D. tdlle, told, Dan. telle, A. S. tellan, N. S. tellen, Dut. tellen, Germ, zablen, to reckon, to count or number. Hence Tale, that which is reckoned, a number or quantity. In the Nonne's Priest's Tale, Chaucer has the line 1 And therfore litill tale he therof tolde of any dreme ;' and again, a few lines lower ' And I say farthirmore, That I ne tell of laxatives no store :' where the sense of the vb. is reckon, esteem, value. In earlier English still, the vb. is used in the same sense, but absolutely. Thus, Ancr. Riwle, p. 352, ' I none t>inge ne blisse ich me bute ine Godes rode, f>et ich )>olie wo, -| am itold unwurS ;" and again, p. 224, ' No sihSe )>et 30 iseo^5, . . . ne telle je but dweole.' Comp. also, ' For mi cristendom, For J>* is myn he3iste name : )>erof meste ic telle :' Seinte Marker ete, p. 26 ; and, ' Sone so )>u telles te betere J>en an oSer.' Hali Meid. p. 43. The same usage also obtains in Layamon, at p. 532 of vol. ii. Bosw. gives several examples of this usage of tellan, and this, among others, of our sense ' Telle j>as steorran gif \>u mage :' tell the stars if you be able. Also, ' Tellyn, or noumeryn. Numero.' Pr. Pm. 3 x 2 524 GLOSSARY OF THE Telling, sb. A scolding, rebuke, reprimand. ' Weel he 's gettin' a bonny telling noo, onnyways ;' he is receiving a severe verbal casti- gation. Probably only an accommodation of the ordinary word. Still, comp. A. S. teelan, telan, to blame, censure, accuse. Tell-pyet, sb. A talebearer, a tell-tale. Telly, sb. A straw, a stalk of grass. Possibly Sw. telning, a shoot, young twig, Sw. D. teln or tain, O. Sw. tailing, A. S. telgor, N. S. telge, tellicb, id., may suggest an origin for this word. Sw. D. also affords the verb telna, to throw out root-shoots. Mffifty bis tuigge ctS'Se telge bfS bnesc ~) hleofa acendo : when now its twigs or shoots are nesh, and leaves fresh-grown. Nortb, Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 32. Telly-pye, sb. A tale-bearer. Tempesty, adj. With thunderstorms prevailing, or appearing likely to come on. ' Varry tempesty t' daay ; t' thunnercracks 's just flaysome.' ' It has a tempesty look wi" 't, t' daay.' Temse, sb. A sieve made of hair, used in the dressing of flour. Dan. D. terns, tims or limse, Sw. D. tdmms, N. Fris. terns, Dut. teems, M. Lat. tamisium, tela ex serico vel equinis jubis, Fr. tamis. Hence temse-bread, Ray's Coll. Eng. Words, and ' temse-bread, or temsed bread, bread made of flour better sifted than common.' Johnson's Diet. Cf. Dan. timset meel, timset bred, and getemeseda hlafas of Nortb. Gosp. Matt. xii. 4. Teng, v. a. To sting, as a bee or wasp, or other venomous creature. See Tang. It is questionable if this word be really more than sting with the s removed. It may of course depend upon the idea implied in Tang ; that, namely, of a pointed or penetrating object. Tenged, p. p. Stung. Any animal of the ox kind is liable to an affection which by the Dale's people is attributed to the venom of a small insect ; ' a small red spider,' Wb. Gl. says, ' attacking the roots of the tongue.' The symptoms are swelling of the parts and copious or excessive discharge of saliva. Tongue-tenged is the customary expression ; but a tenged Ox or Owse amply conveys its own meaning to country ears. Tengs, sb. The tongs. Dan. tang, pi. t&nger, Sw. tang, pi. tdnger, A. S. and Dutch tang. The sound of the diphthong in the Dan. and Sw. plurals coincides pretty nearly, not to say, almost exactly, with that of the e in our word. Tent, v. a. i . To watch, or look after, cattle in the roads, or fields ; or birds in the sown fields. 2. To wait or watch for an opportunity to the disadvantage of another person. Simply a North-country form of tend. ' Josepbe. A, Lord, I lof the alle alon, That vowches safe that I be oone To tent that chyld so ying.' Townel. Myst. p. 79. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 535 I. " Why 's William Dale not at school ?" " Please, Sir, he 's tenting moother's lahtle coo o* t' Howe." ' a. ' " I '11 tent you for it ;" I '11 lay wait for you.' Wb. Gl. Tent, sb. Care, attention, observation. See Tak' tent. ' Mind an' tak" tent on 'em.' Tether, sb. A band, or chain, to tie or fasten an animal at pleasure, so that it may not go beyond a certain area or limit. Comp. Dan. fair, Jutl. teger, otherwise, taier, tyr; which word Molb. surmises may spring from toug, a rope, Sw. tog, and toga, to draw or pull. Rich, would connect tedder or tether with tied, pret. of tie. The Sw. word is tjuder, and on tjudr, after collating O. N. tiodr, E. tedder, Dut. tuddr, tuyer, Dan. toyre, Ihre remarks that Lye derives it from Irish lead, a rope, ' to which he might have added Welsh tidaw, dida, whence E. tie, Fl. todderen, Dut. tuyeren, A. S. tian' Tetherment, sb. Any bandage or wrapping wherewith an object is bound round and round. Tettered, To be, v. p. i. To be rough or ragged like a colt's coat; to hang in tatters or rags, like a much worn and neglected garment. 2. To be entangled or in a confused, intertwined con- dition. Comp. Sc. tatte, tail, a lock of hair, tottis, refuse of wool, tatty, tattit, matted, felted, of wool or hair; Sw. totte, Dan. tot, a small knot of wool or other fibrous material, rough or ravelled; Dan. D. tat or tate, Fin. tutti, Germ, zote, entangled tufts of wool, tatters or torn ends on clothes ; O. N. totr, tetur, id. Rietz also collates O. N. \> or ew. Cf. row = rough, Cbanon's Yeman's Tale, p. 123 ; ru, Gen. and Ex. p. 44 ; ' rouwe breres,' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 116. ' 'S teugb 's an au'd steg.' Tew, v. a. and n. i. To toil, to take trouble, to fidget or move un- easily. 2. To crease, toss or tumble, fine linen, paper, &c., by the action of the hands or other means. Probably due to the same source as the vb. tew or taw, applied to the preparation of leather, flax, &c. : perhaps the same word, only having an arbitrary sense imposed upon it, taken from the restless, almost fidgetty, manual operations employed in the processes speci- fied, and limited to such action simply, in the first instance. This would connect it with O. Sw. tjitga, A. S. teogan, Old Sax. tioban, N. Fris. tjaen, M. G. tiuban (pret. taub}, all meaning to draw, pull, drag, and specially with such derivatives from these words (or some of them) as Sw. D. toja, to pull out, as fibres, or cause to stretch, as leather, Dan. D. tbge, tbje, id., O. N. togi, a lock of wool pulled out, Sw. D. tav, Dan. D. tave, filaments of flax. The radical identity of the word tave with tew, may also suggest itself. See Tave. Tewing, adj. Toilsome, worrying, wearying. ' " A tewing bairn ;" a restless child,' Wb. Gl. ' " A tewing hay-time ;" a wet and unfavourable season for hay-making, involving extra labour and trouble.' Ib. Thabble, sb. The plug which fits into the hole at the bottom of the large fixed leaden milk-trough, in use in a large dairy, and which, having a shank long enough to project above the surface of the milk, may be removed without breaking the cream, and on its removal the milk flows away and leaves the cream behind. Essentially the same word, to all appearance, as S. Engl. thole, Pr. Pm. ' Tholle, carte pynne, or tolpyn. Cavilla.' See tboles, ' also termed thole-pins,' in Hall., O. N. \>ollr, Dan. tol, Sw. tulle, Sw. D. tolle, tolla-pinne. The Dan. and Sw. words, besides the meaning of Eng. thole, thole-pin, or pegs stuck in the gunwale of a boat for the oars to work against in the act of rowing, bear also the meaning of stopper, to a bottle, flask, &c. Hall, gives ' tbibel, a smooth round stick for stirring broth or porridge ;' and ' tbavel, a pot-stick.' Now the connection between thabble and tbavel is the same as between dribble and drivel, bobble and hoffle, &c. : in other terms, they are the same word. But between tbavel and tbowl there is the same kind of connection or coincidence as between tbavel and thabble comp. cbavvle with cbowl or jowl, dravel, Dan. dratfle, &c. , with drawl and tbowl is an- other way of spelling thole, admitted by many, though wrongly, in preference to that form, as being nearer the sound as spoken. In fact, the Essex fishermen, with whom in my youth I had a sufficient acquaintance, in their pronunciation of the word made it almost a dissyl- lable, as tbow-el rather than thole. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 527 Thack, theak, theaking, sb. Thatch. O. N. \>ak, Sw. tab, Dan. tag, D. D. tak, tag, A. S. \>ac, \>ekia, Sw. D. taka, Dan. taklte, A. S. \>accan, &c. Pr. Pm. ' Tbdkkyn howsys. Sartatego.' ' " He has a vtell-tbeaked back ;" well covered with clothes, or with flesh ; in good bodily condition.' Wb. Gl. Thacker, theaker, sb. A thatcher. ' Tyll-tbakkers are mentioned in the year 1327.' Wb. Gl. The writer does not mention where, but doubtless in the surviving documents connected with Whitby Abbey : a mention which serves well enough to suggest the remark that the original meaning of tbaclt or ibatcb, or its equivalents in other Northern tongues (and probably of their common original) was simply to cover, then to cover with a roof, and next with what necessarily furnished roof- material in early days, rushes, reeds, straw, &c., bodie, Thack, or (batch. Tharf, adj. Backward, reluctant, disinclined towards anything, whe- ther from indisposition for exertion, or shyness or cowardice, &c. O. N. \>6rf, necessitas, opus, \>urfa, indigere, O. Sw. \ntrva, \>orva, tbarfwa, Sw. D. /an/a, tarv (sb.), Dan. tarve, tarv, A. S. \>eorfan, \>urfan, O. H. G. durfan, Germ, darben, M. G. \>avrban, Fin. tarvet, &c. There is a curious transition of idea in the signification of the word in several of the tongues quoted from, passing from necessity through compulsion into profit ; and the signification which our word bears in the Cr. Gl. possibly gives a kind of intermediate step in the passage on towards reluctance or disinclination to any given action ' Tbarf, stark, stiff; metaphorically, backward, unwilling* as if the process of thought were, necessity seen or admitted ; resisted ; and, eventually, yielded to reluctantly. Some- thing of the same sort is seen in the sense of the A. S. adv. \>earflice ; ' of necessity, dili- gently, cautiously,' of course, therefore, slowly or deliberately ; and it is not always easy to discern between the slowness or deliberateness of caution and that of reluctance. See Tharfly. Tharflsh, adj. Somewhat reluctant, or backward ; shy, timorous. " She 's rather a tbarfisb kind of a bairn ;" a diffident sort of child.' Wb. Gl. Tharfly, adv. Slowly, deliberately, as if reluctantly or unwillingly. A. S. \>arflice. See the remarks under Tharf, towards the end. ' The rain comes very tbarfly.' Wb. Gl. ' " He nobbut mends varry tbarfly ;" gets better very slowly." Ib. That au'd Donnot. The evil-one, the devil. See Donnot. Thawel, thavel, sb. A pot-stick ; a stick used for ' pushing or stir- ring down the contents of a pot when it is likely to boil over.' Wh. Gl. Essentially the same word as Thabble, which see. 528 GLOSSARF OF THE Theak-band, sb. A tie or rope of twisted straw, or tarred band, which, is passed round the thatching at intervals of twelve or fifteen inches, and held in its place by being passed once round the heads of the Theak-prods which are driven firmly into the substance of the stack. Theak-prod, sb. A rod or stick sharpened at one end and used in thatching for securing the Theak-bands to. See Thack. Theak- band, Prod. Thee, sb. Thigh. ' Devs. In tokynyng that them spekes with me, I shalle toche now thi tbee, That halt shalle thon ever more, Bot thou shalle fele no sore. What is thy name thou me tefle ?' Totmul. Myst. p. 47. Theet, adj. Water-tight O. N. btettr or \xttr, densns, soh'dus, O. Sw. fatter, Sw. D. tjett or tjatt, Dan. tat, Germ. dicbt. Ihre ghres the second sense of tat as * denoting that which is entire, which has no chinks or leaks, as, ttt taU fat : a flawless TesseL, through which nothing can ran or flow.' * Tbybt, hool fro' brekynge, not brokyn. Soiidus.' Pr. Pm. ' Gif f Tessd beean't tbtet, t' watter 11 wheeze.' Thick, adj. Intimate, particularly friendly or united with. 1 * As thick as inkle-wearers ;" who, as Grose observes, are a very brotherly set of people.' (!) O. Gl. See Inkle. As thick as thack,' Cr. Gl. Thick of hearing, adj. Deaf. See Hard of hearing. Thills, sb. Shafts of a waggon or cart More frequently Limmers. See Sills. A. S. b7, b3/, a stake, board, plank, joist ; also ' temo, qnem hodie eriam tbifl Yocamos.' Lye. quoted by Bosw. Think long of, To. To feel that some expected person ' delays his coming ;' to grow weary with waiting. ' ' I am afraid you hare expected me before?" " Aye, Ah had begun f think long - : -- ' Mi leue sone, now art bou come With bi meyne, here a bone. Do my sone bat bi wflle is, To bee me btMfab Itmgt I-wis.' Assvmpcio B. M. 1. 495. ' Woe is me, for his lone in his countrye ! Shee may tbtnkt longe or she him see !' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 393. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 529 Think on, v. n. To bear in mind; to remember when die time for any specified action comes. CteadMlmiee^ . Raelf. p. 326; and also * Dedie spans none dtat lyf has bonse, Therfor Aymk , N.Sax. A>^, Fm. dor^, Germ. 4mf, *ko m P. Phmgtm^ &c. It is wordiy of note diot as mnct of dv modera'names m Den- mark have changed *v? into reaf or \>raf, a handful, a thrave of corn ; M. H. G. trava, a pile, a heap ; Mid. Lat. trava. ' For I wille chose and best have, This holde I thrifte of alle this tbrafe.' Townel. Myst. p. 12. Comp. also, ' As I haue thoughtes a (breve, Of thise thre piles, In what wode thei woxen, And where that thei growed.' P. Plougbm. p. 333. Threap, v. n. To maintain or insist pertinaciously ; to repeat or reiterate obstinately. A. S. }>reapian, to afflict, chide, which Bosw. seems to connect with \>reagian, and this again with drefan, as also with Germ, truben, betruben, M. G. draiban, drobjan, Dan. bedrbve, Sw. bedrofwa, &c. ' M. Magdelene. Do way your tbrepyng, ar ye wode ? I saghe hym that dyd on roode, And withe hym spake with mowthe." Townel. Myst. p. 280. This in reply to Peter and Paul (!), who pertinaciously insist that she cannot have seen the risen Saviour. Chaucer also uses the word. Threeten. Pr. of Threaten. This would appear to be the old or original pronunciation of the word, which is the A. S. ]>reat, Creation, spelt with the same diphthong, in fact, as threap^ and written tbrete in Townel. Myst. p. 271. It is noteworthy that Bosworth connects \>reat with N.S.trupp, O. H. G. troppus, Dan. trop, Sw. tropp, E. troop, a host, band, company. And ' as a band or company is used to intimidate, hence a threatening, threat.' Possibly this should suggest further connections for threap. Three-thrums, sb. The purring of the cat. Thrift-box, sb. A child's money-box. Thriver, sb. One that thrives well, grows, or improves in condition, satisfactorily; of plants, persons, animals. ' " They look like tbrivers ;" of children, plants, and suchlike, which appear in good condition.' Wb. Gl. Throat-seasoner, sb. A dram. Throdden. Thriven; shewing signs of 'condition' from feeding. Apparently the p. p. of Thrive. The formation of throdden from thrive seems to be so anomalous, that one is rather tempted to look for another origin for this word. However, as t and p in certain cases seem to admit of interchange, so in rare instances v and d may possibly replace each other. The form thriven, tbrowen, is not of rare occurrence in Cleveland. In Gr. Gl. the forms ' tbrodden, well-fed," and ' throddy, fat, broad, bulky,' are given. Note also, however, the Dan. prov. form trodden, puffy, swollen, trodne, to puff or swell up, trude or trunde, to swell, become plump, as peas soaked in water, O. N. frrutna, (p. p. \>ruttinn), swollen, become round or plump, Sw. D. trdten, N. truten, troten, as possible connections of our throdden. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 53! Throdden, v. n. To thrive, to improve in growth or condition, or both, by care, cultivation, or the like. Hall., as well as Wb. Gl., gives this word, which must be supposed to be a derivative from that which precedes it. Comp. Sc. tbryft, to thrive. Throng, sb. (usually pr. thrang). i. A confused crowd. 2. A state of bustle, confusion. 3. The condition of being very busy, much occupied. O. N. \>raung or \>rong, pressure, as from a closely-packed multitude, a crowd, as also the bustle and confusion incident on its presence, the corresponding vb. being \>rbngva; Sw. D. (rang, O. Sw. \>rang, tbrang, (rang, N. trang, D. Dial, trang, the pressure of a great crowd. A. S. gives the verb \rringan, with pret. \>rang (pi. we }rrungon), whence doubt- less the E. vb. throng. ' Master, the multitude throng thee and press thee.' Luke x. 5. The Northern dialects exhibit, most abundantly, instances of the use of both the sb. and the adj., the latter being peculiar to them and the Scandinavian tongues or dialects. Brocket! gives tbrang, to press, thrust, squeeze, which is identical with the Scripture use above quoted. 2. ' " They came i' t' varry tbrang on 't ;" in the very thick of the commotion.' Wb. Gl. ' A desper't throng on ;' a deal of bustle, activity, business, evident. 3. ' T' Missis 's in a vast o" throng wiv her cheeses ; t' rattons ha' getten at 'em.' [The use of the word grunge or \>rung, e. g. ' Engel to mon ine \>runge ne scheawude him neuer ofte,' Ancr. Riwle, p. 160, corresponds with that of the standard Eng. word. I scarcely look on sense I . as ' provincial' in any sort.] Throng, adj. i. Closely packed or crowded. 2. Busy, closely occupied. 0. N. \>raungr, O. Sw. granger, Sw. and Sw. D. trang, Dan. trang, tight, crowded, com- pressed, narrow, strait. 1 . ' Throng deed, this ;' spoken by one in a thick crowd and subjected to the necessary pressure and other consequences of such situation. 2. ' We 's desper't tbrang, what wiv yan and what wiv anither.' Thropple, sb. The wind-pipe. A. S. ]>rot-bolla, the throat-pipe, gurgulio. Pr. Pm. ' Tbrote golle. Epiglotum, frumen ; ' to which is appended the note, ' " Throte gole or throte bole, neu de la gorge, gosier." Palsgr. " Epiglotum, a throat bolle. Frumen, the ouer parte of the throte, or the throte- bolle of a man." Ortus . ..." A throte bolle, frumen hominis est, rumen animalis est ; ipoglottum." Cath. Ang.' Thropple, v. a. i. To seize by the throat or windpipe. 2. To throttle or strangle. I . " They tbroppled t' ane t' other ;" took each other by the throat.' Wb. Gl. Throstle, sb. (pr. throssel). The thrush (Turdus musicus). A. S. \>rosle, \>rostle, Germ, drossel, N. S. droossel, Dan. drossel (from a Germ, source ; maal-trost being the name for our Throstle). Note also Sw. trast, the species thrush, O. N. ^rostr, the red-wing (Turdus iliacvs). Bosw. also collates Bret. drasJe, draskl, Slav. or Russ. Pol. drozd, drosd, as well as Gael, truid and Welsh tresglen Pr. Pm. ' Tbrusfylle, bryd (thrushill or thrustyll). Merula.' GLOSSARY OF THE Through, through-stone, sb. (pr. thruff, thruff-steean). i. A build- ing or squared stone of sufficient length to cover the thickness of the wall so that its ends appear in each face ; a bonding-stone ; so called, of course, from passing through the wall. Through, throw, sb. (pr. thruff or t'ruff). A large grave-stone or monument ; as distinguished from a ' head-stone.' A. S. \>nib, \>ryb, a grave, coffin, sepulchre. Bosworth collates Germ, tnibe, a trunk, chest, todtentrube, a coffin ; O. N. \>ro, cavum excisum ; and adds \>rub is visibly related to trog, a trough. Gemetton \>rub of bwitum stane fcegere geworbte : they found a tomb of white marble most beautifully wrought ; ' And ine stonene \>rub biclused heteueste :' and in a tomb of stone narrowly enclosed. Ancr. Riwle, p. 378. Sc. tbroucb; Pr. Pm. ' Tburwbe stone, of a grave (thwrwe ston of a byryinge ; throwe or thorw ston of a beryynge ; throwe or throw stone). Sarcofagus.' Through, prep. In the course of, at intervals in. * It rained heavily through the night.' ' " Has she had her medicine all right ? " " Yes, Sir. I gave it her twice through the night." ' Through, through with. Used adverbially. At the end, in the sense of finished, completed. ' " Well, James, how are you getting on with your work ?" " Wheea, Ah thinks Ah 's about through." ' ' It 's about through wiv 'im ;' he can go on no longer, has come to an end. ' Ah s' be through wi' this greeavin' by dinner-time.' Through-open, adj. (pr. thruff-oppen). i. Thorough, in the sense of through from one side to another, as in the expression ' a thorough draught.' 2. Transparently honest or upright and truthful. 1. ' " A tbruff-oppen draught ;" the wind through a house by opposite doors or windows.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' " A tbrujf-oppen sort o' body;" single-purposed.' Ib. Through time. In time, in the course of time ; the idea of ' gradu- ally' being often implied. ' He'll get deean through time;' he '11 finish or make an end, by-and-by; of a slow eater or worker, for instance. Through, To get. See example. ' George C. can't get through yon horse o' his ;' can't succeed in finding a purchaser, can't sell it. Throven, p. p. of to Thrive. Throw, sb. A turning-lathe. Pr. Pm. ' Tbrawyn, or turne vessel of a tre. Torno.' A. S. ]>rawan, to throw, wind ; as 'to throw silk;' to wheel, turn round, M. G. tbreiban, O. G. and N. S. dreien, Germ. drehen, Dan. dreie, to have or give a rotatory motion, to turn on the lathe. Hence our sb. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 533 Throw, v. a. To vomit, to be sick. The Essex expression common also to that entire district is to throw up, but with the addition of the mention of the matters ejected : e.g.' he threw up all his elevens ;' ' all his food ;' ' all the contents of his stomach." Here the vb. is used quite absolutely. ' Desper'tly follered on wiv sickness, our James is. He 's thrown a vast o' times sen moorn.' Throw over, v. n. To upset, be overturned; of a cart or wag- gon, &c. 4 She (a waggon) threw over just anenst G. N.'s neukinY Thrufif, sb. Pr. of Through, a large gravestone or monument, a table-tomb. Thrum, v. n. To purr ; of a cat. Thrumble, v. a. (pr. thrumm'l, u as oo in 'soot'), i. To work be- tween the finger and thumb, so as to give full scope to the sense of touch ; of a would-be purchaser, to test the quality of an article ; of a grazier or butcher, to ascertain the condition of a beast ; &c. Cf. Sw. D. trumla, to grope, feel about, guide oneself by the hands, other forms being tramla, trabbla. Hall, gives tbrumble, to handle awkwardly, a meaning still nearer that of the Sw. word collated. Cf. also Dan. tromle, trumle, N. trnlla, to roll, to roll or turn over, N. trommel, Dan. tromle, a roller ; nearly connected with our troll, E. trowl. The defi- nition in Wb. Gl. is ' to roll as a pea between the finger and thumb,' a very close approach to the fundamental notion. Thrummy, adj. Substantial, fat, in good condition. Thrum, an end, a knot, something, that is, that is thicker in substance than the adjoining parts, or substance, seems to give origin to this word. Pr. Pm. ' Tbrumm, of a clothe. Villas, fractillus.' Dan. D. from, an end, a stump, Sw. D. tromm, trumm, a stump, thick end of wood or a tree. See Thrum in Richardson. ' A brave, thrummy bairn.' Thrust, v. n. i . To push, shove ; some degree of effort being usu- ally implied. 4 Throost, Mr. A., tbroost: wilt 'ee be sae guid;' addressed by the mistress of the house to a visitor on the outside of the door, which, from damp (or like cause), resolutely resisted all her efforts to open it from the inside. Thrusten out, p.p. i. Projecting, standing forward before the rest; of part of a building or wall, or of an angle of an enclosure. 2. Excluded, or turned out of doors. Thumb-sneck, sb. A Sneck or latch which is raised by the action of a small lever, passed underneath it, and pressed down by the thumb when it is wished to open the door. See Sneck-band. 534 GLOssARy OF THE Thunner. Pr. of Thunder ; the u as oo, and often the h nearly or quite suppressed. ' Thise tboners and levyn downe gar falle Fulle stout, Both halles and bowers, Castels and towers.' Townd. Myst. p. 29. ' It (the Star of the Nativity) was marvelle to se, so bright as it shone, I wold have trowyd, veraly, it had bene tboner flone.' 76. p. 92. Thus and so (pr. thus an' seea), used adverbially. Not very well, middling, indifferently. ' " I am only thus and so;" in the condition which we call middling.' Wb. Gl. Thwait, sb. A hamlet, a cluster of two or three houses. Thwaite in Cr. GL, quoted by Molb. Dan. D. Lex. under tved, is defined ' a field, cleared of wood;' in Hall., ' Land, once covered with wood, brought into pasture or tillage,' with the remark appended that ' thwaite enters into the name of many places in Westmorland and Cumberland.' Brockett describes tbwaite as simply ' a level pasture field.' Ferg. quotes Isl. \>veit, Dan. tved, tvede, and looks upon tbwaite in the name of a place as giving evidence of a Norse origin, tborpe on the other hand, pointing more to what is understood by Danish influence. I do not find the former either in Hald., or in Mobius. Molb. collates the word tved with A. S. \rwitan, \>weotan, E. thwite, to cut, cut in two, but admits that the Sleswig word tved and Eng. twait, land cleared from the forest and brought under cultivation, may ' lead to a different mode of explanation.' Sw. D. tvett, tvet, tvait, N. tveit, tvet, signify a chip, a bit chopped off, a severed or sundered piece, of wood namely, and Rietz gives also the vb. tveta, to hew or chop off from a bigger block, collating tbwite, \>witan. Of course, so far as tbwait bears the meaning given in the definition it is simply in a secondary sense. Tice, v. a. To allure, entice, induce. Comp. ' Tycyn, or intycyn. Instigo, allicio.' Pr. Pm. Ticing, adj. Tempting, seductive. Tick, sb. A small mark, such, for instance, as may be made with a pen or pencil against the several items in an account, or a catalogue, to signify that they have passed under review. The true meaning is no doubt that given by Hall., viz. ' a slight touch,' and the derivation the same as that of touch. Tick, tick off, v. a. In going through the items of a bill or cata- logue, to affix small marks in order to draw attention to, or signify that the matters marked have duly passed in review. Tie, sb. i. Obligation, in the sense of compulsion; necessity. 2. Constraint, or rather the source or cause of constraint or confine- ment. 1. ' " Well, James will have to go, I suppose?" " Neea, Ah known't. There's nae tie." ' ' Decan't tew yersel', Thomas. There 's nae tie t' dee 't te daay.' 2. ' T' au'd lady 's a gret age. She '11 be a desper't tie on em ;' on the people she lives with. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 535 Tie, v. a. To constrain, oblige, compel. ' Ah 's tied t' gan ;' obliged to go. Tied, It 's. It must, it cannot but, it is sure or certain (to be, to wit). ' " It 's tied to be sac ;" it will surely prove to be so.' Wb. Gl. Also ' it must needs happen so.' Tie-top, sb. A garland ; a fair rosette. Tiffany, sb. A sieve, finer than the Temse, for dressing flour: taking the name from the material employed, a fine gauze-like fabric, or ' tiffany.' Title, v. n. (pr. tahfl). To grow weary, become exhausted or worn out. There can be little doubt of the essential identity of this word with the Dan. vernacular lofle, to move or walk, especially lazily or as if with unwillingness. Comp. also Dan. D. tovelig, of one who idles over a thing or occupation, does it lazily, lavsom, lingering, slow in achievement, words connected with Dan. tave, to loiter, linger, O. N. tefia, N. Fris. tewe, Dut. toeven, N. S. (oven, &c. In our word the transition is from the slow, lingering, toil- ing motion, as of a weary person, to the idea of weariness itself. Tift, sb. A squabble or altercation, the act of quarrelling ; the quarrel being understood to be not a very serious one. ' Tip, a draught of liquor ;' ' tiff, a draught of liquor ;' ' tippy, smart, fine :' ' tiff, to deck out, to dress.' These parallelisms from Hall, suggest the possibility that the p and the / in the several words are convertible, an idea which seems to have presented itself also to Richardson's mind : see Tiff. But tip also implies a light touch, quickly given ; so also, in the phrase ' tipped it off' applied to the act of drinking, quickness of action is necessarily implied. May not the hastiness of temper and its results which are conveyed in the word tiff or lift be as naturally expressed by it as hastiness of touch or hastiness of deglutition. In other terms may not the words in question be coincident ? In which case the derivation of tip furnishes that oitiffortift. Comp. O.N. typpilyndr, iracundus, fifty; where the same connection is evident. I do not know that ' tyffyn, werke ydylly,' Pr. Pm., militates against this notion, light, desultory strokes of trifling with work rather than good downright blows of labour, seeming to be implied. Tift, v. a. and n. To dispute, contend, argue over anything. See Tift, sb. ' " They may tew and lift it amang themselves ;" may contend in the matter and settle it among them.' Wb. Gl. Tift, v. a. To adjust or settle, one's dress, namely ; to dress out, or array. Comp. ' life, to dress, put in order.' Halliwell. Fr. tifer, atifer, to deck, prank, trick, trim, adorn. Rich., in v. Tiff. See remarks under Tift, sb. ' Get thyself washed and lifted up a bit." Wb. Gl. 536 GLOSSARY OF THE Tifting, sb. i. A scolding or quarrelling bout. 2. A scolding given or received. 2. ' They gave me a bonny lifting.' Wh. Gl. Tike, tyke, sb. i. A dog, a cur. 2. A churlish, or mean and low person. Applied also playfully, to a hungry child. 0. N. tilt, tijk, a bitch, O. Sw. tik, a small bitch, Sw. D. tik, f. a bitch, a foolish woman ; m. a hound, a senseless lout of a man, Dan. D. tiig, a female hound or dog, N. tik, Lapp. tiks or tiksje, Cam. tdcb, a name to call up a dog by, N. S. tacbe. 1. ' " A nest of hungry tykes;" applied to a set of healthy, hungry children.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' The Jewes that were gentil men, Jhesus thei despised, Both his loore and his lawe ; Now are thei lowe cherles. As wide as the worlde is, Noon of hem ther wonyeth But under tribut and taillage As tikes and cherles.' P. Plougbm. p. 398. Til, prep. To. O. N. til, Sw. till, Dan. til. ' I ne wote what I shalle say tille hir.' Townel. Myst. p. 40. ' And if we euyll do, we sail wende till endles payne.' Rel. Pieces, p. 3. ' And tyl a grove, that was fast there beside With dredful fote then stalkith Palamon.' Knight's Tale, 1. 1480. ' Gan thy ways til her.' Wb. Gl. [Grimm asserts that til, to, is ' peculiar to the Northern dialects." Dr. Bosworth seems to demur, and claim the particle as at least possibly A. S. as well.] Timersome, adj. Fearful, apprehensive, easily frightened. Timmer, sb. Pr. of Timber. Comp. Sw., N. S., and Dutch timmer, Dan. tammer. Tinkler, sb. A tinker : a word frequently used to ' point a moral.' ' Tinker, so called from the noise they make on something metallic ... or when at work. It is still pronounced tinkler in the N. of England.' Richardson. ' He sware an' banned like a tinkler.' Tinkler's-wife, tinkler's-woman, sb. A woman of low associa- tions ; one who tramps about the country a companion of Tinklers, or other like disreputable itinerants. Tipe, v. n. To fall over. We have in the Cr. Gl. tipe ower, to fall down, to swoon ; tipe off, to die ; and, in an active sense, the Lincolnsh. tipe, to tip up or overturn ; to throw, or toss with the hand ; to pour liquor from one vessel into another. Hall, and Line. Gl. Also tipe-stick, the bar which CLEVELAND DIALECT. 537 keeps the body of the cart in its place and prevents it tiping up or over ; ripe, or Tipe-trap (see next word), all of which depend upon tip, the furthest point or edge of a thing, as towp, topple, towple depend upon top, the uppermost point or edge of a thing, either of which supposes extreme instability, or difficulty of balancing or resting, for any object placed upon them. Tipe-trap, sb. A trap, the springing principle of which is a floor or bridge balanced or working on a pivot : the equilibrium is destroyed by the weight of the animal passing over the bridge, the catch is thus loosened, and the door or doors fall. Tippy, sb. The brim of a hat or cap, or edge of a bonnet. O. N. lyppi, summitas rei. Comp. A. S. tappet, a tippet ; ' the tippet being worn on the shoulders.' Bosw. Cf. also tip, top. Tire, sb. i. Tinsel edging or other decorative work employed by the cabinet-maker, &c. 2. The metal edging or ornament of coffins. See Coffin-tire. Rich, connects the word tire in its application to the iron rim of a wheel with the vb. tie, whether correctly or not I do not now enquire. But I think there can be no doubt of the connection of the present word with standard tire, attire, vb. and sb. See Wedgw. in v. Attire. Tite, adv. Soon, readily, willingly. In the comp., titter. O. N. tidt or titt, soon, quickly, readily, Sw. D. tidt, N. tidt, Dan. tidt or tit, Out. tijt, A. S. tid, time. ' I shall telle thee as tid What this tree highte.' P. Plougbm. p. 334. ' Calle on tyte.' Townel. Myst. p. 9. ' We shall assay as tyte.' Ib. p. 25. ' And whene bou heres Haly Wryte . . . take kepe als tyte if bou here oghte bat may availe be till edyfycacyone.' Rel. Pieces, p. 22. ' Ah wad as tite gan as stay.' T' ither. The other ; the second of two. Answering to T' ane. Titter, comp. adv. Sooner, rather, more willingly. See Tite. Cf. O. N. and O. Sw. tidare, Dan. tiere ; jo tiere, jo kjeerere : ' the sooner the better.' ' Pbarao. Go, say to hym we wylle not grefe, Bot thay shalle never the tytter gayng.' Townel. Myst. p. 62. I wad titter gan than stay.' Wb. Gl. ' I was there titter than you.' Ib. ' " T' titter oop sprunt mun ower a bit ;" the one soonest up the hill must wait awhile ;' until the other comes up, that is. Ib. Thae peas cooms titter tae, than onny ithers Ah kens ;' come earlier. Titterest, adj. Speediest, nearest O. N. tidazt, Dan. tiest. Cr. Gl. gives the form tittest. ' Yon is t' titterest road.' Wb. Gl. 3 Z 538 GLOSS A RF OF THE Titterly, adj. Early. ' A tztteriy mak' ;' of peas, potatoes, &c. ; an early sort. Tir, prep. To: a form used, exclusively, before words beginning with a vowel or silent k. Ah *s gannan fr (H)nfl, t' mooro.' Gan tn *nn. honey, an* gi'e 'm a boss.' Tiwy, v. n. To run about actively. Wh. Gl. I find no connection for this word. Oar Essex word almost equivalent was cbny or cbivty. Possibty the kmting woid Jtatngr is connected. The example is cnrioos. ' He wad run tnyatg about fita cock-ket te sundown, athont feeling shank-weary.' Wb. Gl. T* moom, adv. To-morrow. Cotnp. ' Abraham rul eriy watj rp on ^e mane.' E. Emg. Attit. Poems, B. 1. 1001. ' parfor at menu, when >ou sese lyght Tbynk als bon sal dygh ar nyghtl' Pr. of Corns*. 1. 2668. I think die word is certainly To-meant and not At morn, though it is difficult to say decidedly from the Pr. which it really is. See T* moorn t moom. T* moorn 't moorn. To-morrow morning : ' the morn at mom ;' that is, ' to-morrow at morn.' In Sir Gam. and Or. Km. the word is mao** * " God moron*, syr Gawayn," savde Jat ayr lady.' " Good marmot gaye," quoth Gawayn >e Wy)>e.' D. 1108, 1213. T 1 morn 't neeght. To-morrow night ; * to-morrow at night' To. prep. For. ' What did you hare to brekefast?' Cf. Hare to their mede.' Totand. Myst. p. 293. ' " for there is a knight amongst vs afl that must marry her to his wife." ' " What ! wedd her to wife!" then said Sir Kay, " in the dineOs name," ' &c. Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 1 13. ' The second took her to wife ;' ' for seren had her to wife.' Luke xx. 30, 33. To-fall, sb. A building, or piece of building, added, at the side, to an existing one. Pr. Pm. ' To-faOt, schndde. Afpemdichtm, leges! Brock. speDs it toofall, /no/off, and teefaU, the first two erroneously, the third as the phonetic form. Here, the Pr. is rather ten-fall. The South-country designation corresponding to this is learn-to. To-falL Used adjectively, in the sense of ' lean-to/ and descriptive of a roof covering an added building hi such wise that its higher side is in contact with the wall of the original building. See To-fall, sb. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 539 Toflfer, toffermentB, sb. Old odds and aids, proauscaous articles afl of the 'rubbish' description, or not much better, such as axe pretty sore to accumulate in the lumber-room of any bouse with a moderate- sized nfmHy m ft. ijtmt tut tit*, aatnemaOa Boogie*, tofrar &c/ Grimm, 1). JC. p. 985. At to the hrtmyiiMJoot natnre of the ftfor rite simplest recol- fcrtioii of dw MBJEate of Shakspene'* witch cauldron is Bnfficienl to give some notion toad, flkt of snake, eye of newt, toe of frog, wool of bat, tongue of dog, adder's fork, blind- wora*s sting, lizard's leg. ovSefc wing, teak of dragon, tooth of -wolf; -with many others too long to detail. Or, to take a more prosaic and matter-of-fact catalogue of like articles seen by Lome in die Goto conrt fcnair, "aeries of knots made is threads, alk, horse-hair, fibres, roots; dneds of hnm, i ijjri fcrl auJfru. prepared from lite third stomach of some rumi- nating animal, Ac,' CD say odBog of horns for magic ointment. traB-pipe&, rudely carred faces bone, witch-knots etnrefaphag wit'ch-hare-iegE. and many other rocMke matters tmmma^^^^B^ttm.CacnSmimltttimifMK wSmttdt WarArme. Is it impossible that Gftor, matiag coleetiaas ud as dvse and of such articles, may bare eventually coae to oaeaa any janbled -jiliL.g> of odds and cads, ragf and tatters, of misceilaneons or beterogcoeoBs te&se, sadk as onr wond Tofier actnaly does denote ? It may be ob- served tnat Grim connects A. S. teufui, ttfer. vezmihon, Vhp medium for 'writing, and so die posable vebide of rancs, seoet ^pells, -vnth tijrar, tvfur. Our supposition involTes kss, and takes less tor granted, t^t^gn A^ of Grimm's, * I irodd not niner down wmtjftfoe Six ai dae old tofirmemts put together.' JPZ?. GZ. Toit, v. n. To be concerned in IlinJum or foolish proceedings ; to 'la*/ Toe Wb. GL gwes *nok* as a kind of synonjm to lias word ' toitatg or hoioi^ play- ing die fool; an alocatkn wfaka renmnds one of lite expression ixoty-tcofy. CL Pr. Pro.. a given as sjnonynMms mnA. fdfff, /die and j^aZet, -while j"biZc is defined by sSatidms, falbtf. 'Roqnefbrte gives /oZete, foleton., ^f of Tjfcf word before ns. Tongue-padding, tongue-waling, sb. A scolding, a roond of abuse. See Wale or WeaL 3x2 54 GLOSS A RF OF THE Toom, adj. Empty. 0. N. totnr, O. S. tomber, Sw. D. torn, Dan. torn, empty. See Team. ' As loom 's an egg-shell.' Wb. Gl. ' Half an egg 's better an a toom shell." Topping, sb. A roll or curl of hair standing somewhat up above the forehead ; a crest, on a person, or on animals. Comp. O. N. toppr, cirrus, villus, the forelock of a horse or man, specially of the former ; O. Sw. topper, id.; Sw. topp; A. S. belmestop, a helmet's top; Pr. Pm. ' Top, or fortop, top of the hed. Aqualium.' ' " I' 11 cowl his topping for him ;" I '11 clip his forelock for him.' Wb. Gl. (Wrongly explained. See Coul.) Tottering, adj. i. Variable, changeable, unsettled; of the weather. 2. Uncertain, doubtful, hazardous ; of a time of sickness, or the lasting of a storm. Pr. Pm. ' Toterynge, or waverynge. Vacillatio.' Cf. merry-totter, titter-totter, titter- ci/m-totter, teeter-my-tauter (the Essex form), names for the game of see-saw, in which the idea connected with totter is that of vacillation, variableness, now up, now down ; so that our word is thoroughly descriptive as applied to designate the sudden or frequent weather fluctuations in an unsettled season. 1. 'It's nobbut a tottering time for harvest.' Wb. Gl. 2. ' " I have had a tottering time of it ;" a time of danger or suspense in consequence of sore sickness. Sailors also are heard to speak in a similar strain after a storm.' Ib. Touchous, adj. Irritable, testy, disposed to resent small injuries. Towp, towple, v. n. To totter or fall over. See Tipe. Town's-hall, sb. The town-hall, or municipal building of a town. To you, I'll be. I will be with you, I'll come to you. Trade, sb. Traffic, in the sense of passing backwards and forwards ; of men or animals. The O. N. tradk, tradltr, crebra vestigia pedum, presents a precise analogy to this word ; and trod also, by implication, for it means a road or way, limited by fences or other bound- aries, by which men and beasts find admittance to the farmstead. Note also Dan. traad, walking, going. ' Trade,' says Rich., of the standard E. word, ' is a way or course trodden and retrodden, passed and repassed ; thence intercourse, regular course or practice, intercourse for buying, selling or bartering ; traffic.' Our word is limited to the inter- mediate sense of ' passing and repassing, treading and retreading.' See Trod. ' A vast o' rabbits here, by the trade they make.' Trail, v. a. i. To drag or draw along the ground, or without the assistance of wheels. 2. To move about from place to place in an idle, lazy, desultory sort of way. Comp. Out. treylen, to draw a ship with a rope. Rich, says ' treylen is from trecken, as draggle or drawl from draw,' there being no difference save in the initial letter. He also makes two quotations from P. Plougbm., involving the word troile. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 54! ' It was not carried, it was trailed.' Wh. Gl. ' " He trails a light harrow : his hat covers his family ;" he is unmarried and has no cares of a domestic nature." Ib. In York Cast. Dep. the following passage is met with, p. 196 : ' That she and Jane Makepiece of New Ridley had trailed a horse of the said George downe a great scarr ;' this, as alleged to be done by witchcraft, was an act different from that of physical dragging or trailing, and gives the word another sense. In Sir Gaw. and Gr. Knight it also takes yet another sense, namely that of following by the trail, as a hound does the fox. Trailtengs, sb. A slatternly, ungainly female. See Tengs. The definition of this word in the Wb. Gl. is ' a slipshod female as awkward in he r manner as " the walking tongs." A " trollopy trailtengs" is the usual epithet.' Trailtripes, sb. A dirty, slatternly female. It may be a question if the true orthography of this word be not ' trail-trapes, -traips.' See Trapesing. Trailtripes would imply long tatters or links dragging from the slovenly ragged dress ; but the other spelling and consequent explanation would be the better of the two. Trallops, sb. A dirty slattern. Richardson defines trollop, ' one who goes, strolls (drawls) about from place to place, carelessly, loosely dressed.' ' Trollerie, a trowling, a disordered ranging.' Cotgr. In ' And thus hath he trolled forth Thise two and thritty winter :' P. Plougbm. p. 387, the word troll seems equivalent to trail in a neuter sense, and probably suggests the con- nection of trollops. Sw. D. trilli-vippa, the connection of which is with trill, troll, to whirl or turn about, to roll, seems to designate levity of conduct rather than laziness or slatternliness. Trallopy, adj. Sluttish, slatternly, untidy. Tramp, v. n. To go on foot. Comp. Sw. trampa, Dan. trampe, Germ, trampen, to tread, stamp with the feet. Tramp, tramper, sb. A vagrant, a travelling beggar, a low pedlar. Tramp-house, sb. A lodging-house for the reception of vagrants or tramps. Trap, v. a. To catch so as to pinch or crush ; as one's fingers in a door. ' I got my finger-end trapped in the door.' Wb. Gl. Trapesing, adj. Wandering about idly ; flaunting about, as an idly- disposed girl to shew herself or her dress ; walking up and down unne- cessarily, or like one who does not know how to get the time over. Germ, traben, Dut. trappen, to tramp. Skinner refers the word (rape or trapes to this source, says Rich. Add Sw. Dial, trappa, to proceed with mincing steps, Sw. trippa, id., N. S. trappen, to tramp, to prance. 542 GLOSSARY OF THE Trappings, Cart-trappings, sb. The harness of a horse employed in drawing a cart. Pr. Pm. ' Trapyn hors. Falero. Trapere, or trapur. Falera ;' our word being simply a homelier application of the old word. Trash, v. n. i. To trudge about, or on and on, under fatiguing cir- cumstances; whether on toilsome paths, or by going the same round over and over again. Thence, 2. v. a. To weary, fatigue, harass ; but occurring most frequently in the passive. Sw. D. traska, to walk with toil and wearisomely, especially in the case of what is under- stood by ' bad travelling' in Clevel. ; that is, when the roads are muddy and heavy; Dan. traske, to walk in bad muddy paths, or to go toilingly and much round about ; Sw. traska, to trudge, jog along ; Swiss trdtscben, to walk toilsomely or heavily. The connection is with trdda, E. tread, A. S. treden, &c., as also with trace. See Ihre in v. Trdda, and Rietz under the same word. Trash, sb. (often pr. thrash). A person of worthless character, a good-for-nought. This word and that which precedes it are quite distinct and unconnected. Our Trash, sb. (see Rietz, in v. Trds), is evidently coincident as well as synonymous with O. N. tros. Comp. N. tros, worthless twigs, &c., fallen from the trees in a forest, Dan. D. trods, the same, collected, or as simply fit, for burning. But the Sw. D. word tras not only means the same sort of worthless rubbish as the Norse and Dan. words do, it takes the additional sense of ' a worthless or good-for-nothing person ' oduglig menniska ; as du a ett trds : you are a trash. Comp. our example. ' She 's te nae guid ; she 's nobbut a naasty t(b}rasb.' Trashments, sb. The testicles. Cr. Gl. gives, and correctly, 'Any- thing worthless,' as the real signification of the word. ' " Odzucks ! I think I shall run mad ! Good people hold me fast ; Fain would I go and geld myself but now the time is past." Enter King's Fool, with a knife, and says, " Mebbe not ! Who 's that that wants gelding ? I '11 a-warrant thee I '11 take thy trasb- ments from thee." ' Egton Sword Dance Recitation. Travellers'-joy, sb. The common stags-horn club-moss (Lycopodium clavatum), Tribbit-stick, sb. (sometimes pr. triwet or tre wit-stick). The bat used in the game of Spell a' knorr. It consists of a longish and flexible stick, to the end of which is affixed a small bat of hard wood, the flat face of which is about five or six inches long, and about two broad at the widest part, near the end. Pr. Pm. ' Trypet. Tripula, trita.' Mr. Way's note on this is, ' Possibly a trippet, which, according to Mr. Halliwell's Prov. Diet, is the same as trip, a ball of wood, &c. used in the game of trip, in the North of England, as described by Mr. Hunter in his Hallamshire Glossary. The ball is struck with a trip-stick.' On the preceding page we find ' Trebgot, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 543 sly instrument to take brydys or beestys (trepgette),' with tripulum as the varying Latin definition from one of the copies collated. Observe tripula in the definition of trypet ; and also the note to Trebgot; 'Palsgrave gives "pitfall for byrdes, treboucbet." The term which originally designated a warlike engine for slinging stones . . . signified also a trap or gin for birds and vermin.' Now the trap used in conjunction with the Tribbet-stick, is, essentially, an iron spring which, when liberated from its catch by a touch of the Tribbit- stick, projects or ' slings' the Kuorr or ball into the air to give the striker his chance of driving it far away. May not treboucbet, slurred into trebgot, trepget (in Ducange) have been further slurred into trypet (assumed as synonymous in virtue of the Lat. explanation, tripula) and our more modern tribbet ? So that the word Tribbet-stick would really mean ' trap-stick,' or the stick used in conjunction with the ' trap." Comp. trap-bat, the name of the small bat used in playing the game of ' trap-ball.' For other corruptions in the names of the instruments used, and of the game itself, see Spell. Trig, v. a. To supply, fill, stuff; of the result, rather than the action, of eating heartily. I connect this with O. N. tryggia, to secure, make safe, attach, Dan. betrygge, O. N. tryggr, Dan. tryg, Sw. trygg, safe, secure, fearless. Sw. D. trygg, trygga, affords another and very interesting illustration of a quasi-arbitrary sense imposed upon the vb. under notice. It means to secure, or rather take measures to secure, on behalf of strange children or cattle introduced to a new habitat, thriving or prospering, affection, regard, &c., towards and in their new quarters and surroundings bebandla kreatur so, ate de blifva trygga ocb trifvas da de ombyta vistelseort: to deal with them so that they may become secure and thrive well when they have changed their place of abode. ' Thus folks lead a new horse or cow, on introducing it for the first time to the homestead, three times round an " earth-fast stone," and cause it to eat, at each circuit, some corn out of a measure.' O-troj, on the other hand, means to thrive badly or not at all, in which the direct sense of safety, security, is as much lost sight of as in our trig. ' Trigg'd with a good dinner.' Wb. Gl. Trim, v. a. To put the finishing stroke, in arranging or completing anything ; to do a thing so as to impart an air of ' finish' to it. Comp. the usage in the expression * to trim a boat.' Trim for tram, To take. To misinterpret one's words or meaning ; to take a speaker's words in a sense contrary to his intention, through heedlessness or inattention. Trod, sb. A foot-path ; a path or track made by the continued im- press of feet. See Horse-trod. O. N. trod, a roadway to a farmstead, tradk, a path beaten by many footsteps ; Dan. traad, marks left by treading, foot-traces ; Sw. D. trad, a pathway or track formed on ice or snow by repeated trampling ; A. S. tfttd, a path, track ; N. S. trade, id. See Trade. Troll, v. a. (sometimes pr. trowl). i. To roll, trundle, cause to cir- culate. Also 2. v. n. To roll or be rolled. Pr. Pm. ' Tryllyn or trollyn. Volvo.' O. N. tritla, to turn, roll or whirl round ; Sw. trilla, to turn round, roll ; Dan. trille, N. trilla, N. S. drillen, Schw. trillen, Switz. trdllen. Cf. 544 GLOSSARY OF THE Dan. trille-bvr, Sw. D. trille-bor, a wheel-barrow. Most of the verbs quoted are both a. and n., like our own. ' But when you list to ridin any where You mote trill a pin slant in his ere." Squire's Tale, 1. 335. Chaucer also speaks of tears trilling down the cheeks ; a sense quoted by Dean Rietz. Troll-egg days, sb. Monday and Tuesday in Easter-week. See Pace-egg, Roll-egg. Trollibobs, trollibods, sb. The entrails or intestines. Cr. Gl. states that this word is usually preceded by the word ' tripes,' as ' tripes and trol- libobs ;' Hall, gives trollybags as signifying tripe ; and doubtless this is the fundamental word, the idea being that of a convoluted bag-like receptacle. See Troll. Trollowerance, sb. A teetotum. See Scopperil. This word is given on the authority of the Wb. Gl. Lowerance is the Pr. of Laurence, and possibly the word is a corruption of troll-Laurence = spin-Laurence, formed on the same principle as ' Jumping-Dick,' ' Skip-Jack," ' Double-Tommy,' &c. Comp. Pr. Pm. ' trol- lynge or rollynge. Volucio.' Trone. The common Pr. of Throne. Trow, sb. A trough. A vessel or utensil hollowed out of stone so as to contain water, is so called, as well as a trough made for such special purpose. Pr. Pm. ' Tbrowbe, vessel, trow. Alveus.' O. N. \>ro, Dan. trug, Sw. trag, N. S. trog, Germ, and Dut. trog, A. S. trog, trob. O. N. has trog, linter, alveus, a word effectually pre- served in the Northumb. trows given by Halliwell. The word was applied by the finder to an ' Ancient-British* predecessor of the quern, in the writer's possession ; being a hard stone with a dish-shaped hollow wrought in it. Trumpery, sb. A worthless or indifferent sort of person. Trundle-stick, sb. A boy's hoop-stick. Trunk, sb. A frame of iron or wood, covered with strong netting, and used in the capture of lobsters and crabs. Trunker, sb. A fisherman engaged in lobster-catching with Trunks. Trunking, sb. The pursuit of lobster and crab-catching, by means of ' pots/ or Trunks. Truss, sb. A large bundle : thus drapery goods rolled together and packed in coarse canvas form a Truss. Rich, quotes Fr. trousser, Dut. tross, trossen, Germ, trass, Sw. tross, Low Lat. trossa, trossare, to pack up as baggage. Rietz, however, collates Irish trus, to bind, surround with a tie or girth, with Sw. D. words tross, a rope, a tie, trossa, to bind bundles of brushwood, &c. This word and the corresponding verb are of very frequent occurrence in early writers. ' Noble men and gentile ne bereth nout packes, ne ne vareS nout {trussed mid trusses (trusseaus).' Ancr. Riwle, p. 166. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 545 Turn, v. a. To card wool roughly, or for the first time and in pre- paration for the finer cards. In the absence of any other derivation might not O. N. \>emba, arcuare, \>embiz, intumes- cere, be suggested as possibly cognate? The wool, when taken off the 'cards' in what are called Tummings, is in hollow, puffy-looking rolls. Timder, sb. Pr. of Tinder. Comp. bussbop ; ' The said Hugh Pontchardin loked earnestly on the bussbop, and the bussbop said unto him, " Hugh &c." ' Capgrave, quoted in York Castle Dep. p. 161, note. See Bisshel. Tunty, num. adj. Twenty. ' Ah '11 take tunty groats for 't ; nowght nae less.' Tup, sb. A ram. Cf. Sw. tupp, a cock, Sw. D. topp, N. tupp. Comp. also Sw. bons-tvpp, the cock of the domestic fowl, tjdr-topp, the cock of the woods. Much as Steg, which as O. N. steggr seems to have meant the male of most or all animals, is with us limited now to the mean- ing, gander, male of the goose (comp. also Stag, Stirk), so Tup has come to bear the single meaning it now does in lieu of the more general meaning of the male among fowls. Tup-lamb, sb. A male lamb. Turf, sb. i. The surface-matter of the moor, which, consisting of vegetable matter accruing from the long-continued growth of the Ling is available as fuel or Fire-eldin, It is cut in large flakes or cakes about two inches thick, the growing Ling having been previously burnt off it. 2. A single piece or flake of Turf. See Turf-spit. O. N. tor/, Dan. torv, Sw. torf, Sw. D. torv, N. torv, N. S. tor/, A. S. turf, Out. turf, Germ, torf, &c. ' In parts of the Highlands,' says Worsaae, Minder, p. 330, ' " the Danes" are occasionally credited with the distinction of having been instructors to the natives. One of the first Jarls in the Orkneys had, according to the Sagas, the name Torf-Einar, in consequence of his having been the first to grave turves on a certain Scottish promontory designated Torfness. This point may have been Tarbet ; and it certainly belonged either to Caithness or to Sutherland. And it is at least a remarkable coincidence that the people of the district in question still repeat the tradition that it was " the Danes" who taught them the use of turf as fuel.' Turf-graving time, sb. Autumn ; the period between hay-time and harvest especially. Turf -reek, sb. The smoke of a fire made with Turf or Peat. Turf-spade, turf-spit, sb. The implement or tool used in graving Turves, consisting of a triangular cutting instrument with one upright side, to sever the Turf sideways as well as from the subsoil. This is affixed to a long, strong, curved shaft with a cross-handle, and is urged on by an impulse given by the thighs. See Knappers, Spit, Spittle. 546" GLOSSARY OF THE Turn, v. a. i. To turn from one's course or purpose; to sway or influence. 2. To hinder or stop. 1 . ' He 's desput hard to to'n.' 2. 'He's to'n'd wiv a little; he's nowght fit for these parts;' of a clergyman newly appointed to a Dales parish, who, happening to lodge some little distance from his church, suffered himself to be kept away for two or three Sundays in succession by snow, which, though deep, was by no means impassable, even on foot. Turn-pike, sb. A high-road ; in contradistinction to a Loaning, or a Moor-road. Turns, To do one's own. To attend to one's own personal work or wants. ' She 's nane sae ill but what she can dee her own to'ns ;' make her own bed, wash up, fill the kettle, &c. Turn to the door (pr. to'n te t' deear). To turn out of the house, or out of doors. Tutty, adj. Fractious, testy, ready to be offended. See Teaty. Twadgers, sb. Small round gingerbread cakes, thick and tough, and slightly flavoured with lemon now rarely seen. Wh. Gl. Twangy, adj. and adv. With odd or affected intonation ; of a per- son's manner in speaking or reading. ' She talks rather twangy.' Wb. Gl. Twattle, v. a. To treat caressingly, to fondle, to coax. Hall, gives ' to tattle, to chatter,' as a further meaning for this verb, his other being ' to pat, to make much of.' Ihre gives the vb. twatta, to wash, and also to prattle, to trifle, remarking that Germ, wascben, in like manner, takes the same significations. So also O. N. \>ven1iia, meditari, A. S. ymb\>eabtian, to take thought about. ' I unbethongbt myself.' Wb. Gl. Comp. the sense in ' Therfor, felow, hold thi peasse, And umbitbynke the what thou saysse.' Townel. Myst. p. 4. At p. 251, the form is ttmtbynke : ' Nay, I pray the do not so, Umthynke the better in thy mynde.' Again, in the simple sense of calling to mind, ' Umbetbynke J>e nowe how J>ou has done gret synns and many." Rel. Pieces, p. 16. TTmbethinking, unbethinking, sb. A reminder, a sudden act of reminding. '"I gave him an unbetbinking ;" a reproof or blow given at a time when little ex- pected.' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 549 Umstrid, adv. Astride. O. Gl. gives ' umstridden, astride or astraddle.' There must have been many words compounded with vm in the earlier ages of the dialect. Toumel. Myst. preserves umsbade, and Hall, quotes wnbeclappe, umbegrippe, umbelappe, vmbeset, umbigoon, umbraid, umbyluke, vmgang, umgife, and several others. Uncoiling, sb. The accompaniment of a personal contention be- tween women ; cap-pulling. Uncouch, adj. Uncouth, strange, awkward. Uncustomed, adj. Smuggled, on which no duty has been paid. Under, To keep at. To have subject, or under one's authority. See At after. ' " They keep them at under ;" in a state of subjection.' Wb. Gl. Undercold, sb. A cold caught by the wind blowing up under the clothes. Wh. Gl Underdraw, v. a. To line the inner side of a roof with lath and plaster. Underdrawing, sb. The inner coat or integument of a slated or tiled roof, of lath and plaster, the laths being nailed to the under side of the battens on the upper side of which the slate-laths are fixed. Undergang, v. a. To undergo, endure, pass through. Undergang, sb. A passage beneath any obstruction, a railway, for instance, crossing a road, and under which a passage or quasi-tunnel is made for the roadway. Underganging, sb. The act of undergoing, or enduring ; sufferance, in Shakspere's sense. " A desperate underganging ;" a severe ordeal, or operation to be undergone.' Wb. Gl. Underhanded, adj. Undersized, of small stature. The Lincolnsb. Gl., with its customary incorrectness (or worse), defines this word, ' too little help, small in stature, unfair,' what is meant by the words in the first clause being that the person spoken of as underhanded has an insufficient amount of bands, that is of workers. Probably the second sense may be looked on as a kind of transition in sense from the first. Underling, sb. An ill-thriven, under-grown or stunted child, or young creature of any sort. Cf. Hall., ' Underling, an inferior. " He was to alle men underlynge So lowe was niver jyt no kynge." MS. Cantab. Ff. n. 38, f. 241.' Hence the idea implied in our word ; inferiority in size, growth or capacity for thriving. Comp. also Pr. Pm. ' Underlynge. Subditvs.' 550 GLOSSARY OF THE TTndermind, v. a. To undermine, to work beneath any object house, wall, tree so as to weaken its foundation or interfere with its stability. Pr. Pm. ' Vndermyndyn, idem quod vnderdelvyn . . . Vnderdelvyn. Suffbdio.' Underpinning, sb. A course (or courses) of mason-work introduced at the lower part of a building to support, or prevent the fall of, that which is above : especially when the ' introduction' is subsequent to the completion of the building. N. S. pinn, penn is a peg, a plug (Bosw. in v. Pinri) ; and the idea of insertion is strongly implied in our vernacular use of the word before us. Ungain, adj. Not near at hand, inconvenient of access ; inconvenient or awkward. See Gain. Unheppen, adj. i. Clumsy, awkward, without contrivance or management. 2. Untidy, sluttish in person and dress. Ancr. Riwle affords instances of the form unbep in the sense of mishap, but probably the affinities of our word may lie in a different direction. Note Sw. D. bapen, astounded, amazed, unbecomingly eager in pursuit of anything, Sw. bapen, thunderstruck, being collated by Rietz with O. E. awhaped, which, he adds, ' Skinner derives from A. S. wajjan, stupere, horrere.' Dan. Dial, also has the form keep, embarassed, perplexed, shy, which approximates to awkward ; and the connection of heppen, which Hall, says ' sometimes stands for unbep- pen, not dexterous, &c.,' with beep is more than probable. The MM is either a corruption, arising from what Mr. Wedgwood terms ' an instinctive striving after meaning,' or more likely still, a mere conversion of um. Unkard, unkid, adj. i. Strange or unused, to a place; unaccus- tomed, to a kind of work, or manual occupation; strange to or not knowing, persons. 2. Awkward, strange, generally. Hall, gives the spelling unkard. He also gives, unco, awkward, strange ; tinkud, un- known, and unketh, uncouth, strange. Brockett's spelling is unket, unkid, while Cr. Gl. gives only uncoth. Jamieson's sole form is unco, adj. and adv. Hall., following Bosworth, makes A. S. un-cwyd, without speech or strife, quiet, solitary, the origin of ' the provincial word unhid,' meaning ' sine lite, quietus, solitarius.' I cannot but think that our unkard, linked, or unkid is rather due to A.S. un-curiS, unknown, strange, and its various senses to be quite paralleled by those of the word strange. Cf. uncoueh, a mere modern corruption of uncouth. ' They are unkard to t' spot.' Wh. Gl. ITnlisting, unlisten'd, adj. Without inclination, indisposed to, any action or line of conduct. ' I feel unlisting to stir.' Wb. Gl. Unmenseful, adj. Unbecoming, indecent; ill-mannered; shabby, unseemly. See Mense, Monseful. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 551 Unsayable, adj. Not to be influenced by advice or recommenda- tion; self-willed, pertinacious. See Said. Unslot, v. a. To unfasten a door or hatch, say by slipping back the bolt or Slot. See Slot. Unsteck, v. a. To unfasten, a door or Heck, by lifting the latch or Sneck. Unstrong, adj. In weak health ; not having recovered strength after an illness. ' fe ueond, J>et makeS uet keif t to wilde, feble \ wistrong.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 136. Observe also the sb. unstrengtb ; ' )Tus J>eos two J>inges bihold i bine licame ful'Se 1 unstrencfte.' Ib. 278. ' " I doubt Willy has not mended well o' this last bout." " Nay, Ah 's seear he 's varrey unstrong, puir chap." ' Up, v. n. To exclaim, to break into words suddenly. Possibly not a mere abnormal use of the preposition up. Kok gives the word abe, in the same sense, as of extensive and very frequent usage in S.Jutland, deriving it from O.N. opa, op. Besides other instances, he gives e kok aber : the cock exclaims, crows. Comp. the word tupped in the following extract from Ancr. Riwle, p. 88 : ' }are hit is M ich wuste herof; auh )>auh, )>urh me ne schulde hit neuer more beon tupped:' it is long since I knew of it ; but yet it should never have been i-upped through me ; spoken of aloud, pro- claimed. ' Then Ah oops an' seeas.' ' Bud he oops an' seeas " nowght o' t" soort." ' Upgang, sb. A track or roadway up an ascent. Up-grown, adj. Adult ; arrived at years of maturity. Uphold, v. a. To warrant, maintain, make good. ' I'll upbo'd ye, it was sae.' Wb. Gl. ' " He teeak five an' tho'tty shilling wage o' Satterday at neeght, an' he'd wared t' heeal iv it i drink afore Monday at neeght." " Ay, Ah s' upbo'd ye : a drucken donnot ! " ' Uphold, sb. (pr. upho'd). Maintenance; that which is requisite to supply a person's wants ; and thence, his demands. A direct derivative from the ordinary sense of the standard vb. ' to support, sustain.' ' " He 's of a desperate upbo'd ;' of a person of expensive habits, or of one who is a great eater.' Wb. Gl. Uprising, sb. A prosperous rise in one's circumstances and con- dition ; a getting on the world. Upset-price, sb. The price at which anything is offered to public sale. Upset with or wiv. Very much pleased or elated. ' He 's desper'tly upset wiv his new wife.' 552 GLOSSARY OF THE TTpstand, v. n. To remain ; to continue in the same state and cir- cumstances as heretofore : occurring most frequently in pres. pcpl. We find a similar and, in some cases, precisely analogous usage of the word in O. N. Thus, Flat. i. 525, Orms Storulfsson took bann ser fari med \>eim manni er Ozsorr borzski bet er skip atti uppistandanda j pj'orsa ok for utan med bonum : Orm Storulfsson took his passage with the man called Ozsorr, who had a ship abiding in piorsa, and fared out with him ; and again, er uppi stodj Gufarosa : who continued in Gufarosa. ' Are they all upstanding yet ? ' Wb. Gl. Uptak', sb. One who excels the others he is named or associated with ; one eminent among all. ' He was t' uptak' on 'em all.' Wb. Gl. Up, To be. To be old enough to be off the parents' hands, if not actually adult. ' Seven childer in a' ; but tweea iv 'em 's oop.' Urling, sb. A dwarfish child or person ; one who through sickness or other cause has not grown properly. Otherwise spelt Orling. Hall, has ' urled, starved with cold," and Jam. ' nrlttcb, having a feeble and emaciated appearance ;' as also ' wroul, an ill-grown person, or puny child ;' which latter word he collates with warwolf or warwovf, a puny child, or an ill-grown person of whatever age. I should rather regard our TJrling as another form of Wreckling, collating the Dan. D. forms vraag or vrag, vr&gling, a dwarf, a misshapen, ill-grown person; S. Jutl. wasting, vratling ; words which, especially with Jamieson's intermediate form wroul, seem to afford a not un-easy mode of affiliation for TJrling. The Wb. Gl. simply connects it with Underling, as if another form of it. Use-money, sb. Interest for money lent, or deposited. Use, To no. Unprofitable, good for no purpose. ' Gin a man can nowther wark nor show off, he 's to nae use.' Uwer, adj. Upper, higher. Comp. Sw. ofver. Vast, used substantively. A great quantity, or number. Comp. Pew. ' There was a strange vast o' folk at Mally D.'s burial.' ' A vast o' wet 's fa'an this back end.' ' A vast o' muck astor ;' the roads are very wet and dirty. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 553 Vend, v. a. To discharge or throw clear ; as of material in an excavation. Merely a form of vent. Comp. ' vent one's anger,' and the like. Vent, sb. A slit or opening in a garment. Also sounded and spelt Pent. For illustration here, as better than any I can otherwise offer, I quote from Mr. Way's note to Fente in Pr. Pm. : ' In the Assembly of Ladies, a poem attributed to Chaucer, Attemperaunce is described as arrayed in a blue gown, purfled, or trimmed with fur. " After a sort, the coller and the vent, Like as armyne is made in purfeling, With greate pearles full fine and orient, They were couched all after one worching." In the thirteenth century the fent or vent appears at the collar of the robe, both in male and female costume, being a short slit closed by a brooch In such instances it is suf- ficiently apparent why the fent should be termed, as in the Pr., fibulatorium ; but at a later period being considerably prolonged, the opening of the robe in front extending often much below the waist, a brooch was no longer sufficient to close it. At the period when Chaucer wrote, the fent was trimmed with rich furs, and the fastenings were ornaments of chased work, jewelled In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf, A.D. 1459, there was " j jakket of red felwet, the ventis bounde with red lether." ' Very. Used as an adjective and intensitive. ' Nobbut a varra trifle ;' a very small or insignificant portion or quantity. ' A varra deeal ;' a large quantity. Vessel-cups. A corruption of Wassail-cups. Viewly, viewsome, adj. Fair to look at, handsome, beautiful. W Wad, v. a. To wager, to bet. Pr. Pm. ' Wedde, or thyng leyyd in plegge. Vadivm, pignus, vadimonium ;' A. S. wed, a pledge, earnest ; N. S. and O. Dut. wedde, id. ; Fris. wed, a promise ; Germ, wette, a bet, wager ; O. N. ved, a pledge, a deposit. Dan. vedde is to deposit, and then to wager or bet, veddemaal, a bet ; Sw. vad, a bet, v'ddja, to appeal. The transition from deposit simple to deposit made in a bet is easy enough, indeed necessary. Comp. the following extracts : ' For if there be in a countre an horeling, a shrewe, Lat him come to the court hise nedes for to shewe, And bring wid him silver and non other wed, Be he never so muchel a wrecche, hise nedes sholen be spede. Political Song, quoted by Marsh, Second Ser. p. 252. 554 GLOSSARY OF THE ' My lond ich wul'.e sette : to wedde for seoluere.' Lay. ii. 636. ' I dare lay my heede to wed Or that we go untille oure bed That we shall here anothere.' Townel. Myst. p. 281. Cf. Jag vill stitta mitt bufuud i vad, att : I will lay my head in wad that Dalin's Sw. Diet. Wae 's t' heart. An exclamation of pity or condolence, or sorrow and concern : contracted either from ' wae is at the heart/ of the speaker namely ; or, from ' wae is the heart.' Spelt Waesis f heart, Wb. Gl. ; Wastebeart, Leeds Gl. ; Waast-beart, Cr. Gl. Waff, v. n. i. To bark as a small dog or cur does. 2. To emit puffing sounds, from the escape of steam ; as a boiling pot, especially when the contents are thicker than simple water, does. Pr. Pm. ' Wappyn, or baflfyn as houndys (or snokyn). Nicto;' also, ' Wappon, or berkyn,' and ' Wappynge (of howndys) or berkynge. Bajulatvs, latratus;' and Hall, gives wap, wappet, a kind of cur, a yelping cur. Comp. Fris. wop, cry, clamour, wopa, to call for assistance ; M. G. hana wopida, the cock crew. Comp. also A. S. wapelian or wopelian, to burst out, to bubble, and also the sound implied in the sniffing of the dog. If nothing else suggested a connection with O. N. 6p, clamour, shouting, cepa, to cry aloud, make an outcry, the resemblance of the M. G. phrase to the S. Jutland e kok aber, the cock crows, necessarily must ; and it is a very noteworthy circumstance that Kok, in indicating the pronunciation of abe, gives the form 0bf for that purpose ; which, independently of the general principle that p and/ are constantly interchangeable, establishes the fact that in this particular case such interchange is a fact. Our word is spelt whaffm. Wb. Gl. Waffle, v. n. To waver or vacillate ; to be undecided. O. N. voflur (pi.), doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, vaflun, id., vetfla, to make to oscillate freely; A. S. wafian, to wave, fluctuate (Bosw. collates waffle, from Brock., with this word) ; wafol, waful, hesitating through astonishment, doubting. See "Waffling, waffly. Waffling, waffly, adj. Vacillating, undecided, hesitating, in action and plan. ' A windy, waffling soort o' chap, wheea nivver kens his ain mind.' See "Waffly. Waffly, adj. Given to chattering or babbling. N. vavla, to chatter, talk nonsensically, A. S. wceflan, to babble, speak foolishly, whiffle. Bosw. collates N. S. wewern, Dut. weifelen, Germ, zweifeln, and O. N. vifla, confundere, as also Welsh cbwfio, to move. I regard this word as actually existing in our dialect, though not clearly distinguished now-a-days from waffling : for I find the idea of chattering con- nected with the word waffly ; and am not certain that the illustration given under waf- fling should not really be taken as an example of waffly. Note the connection of windy. Waffy, adj. Weak, tasteless. See Wauf. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 555 Waft, sb. A slight puff of air or wind ; the breath of a gentle breeze blowing fitfully. Comp. with the standard word, and note the use in ' And the sighs of their fears, and the wind of their prayers waft them (good men) safely to their port.' Taylor, Vol. I. Serm. 8 (quoted by Richardson). Waft, sb. A wraith, an apparition assuming the form of a person whose death is approaching ; and imminent, if seen by himself. Quite possibly this word may rather be connected with the standard word than with O. N. vofa, spectrum, umbra, manes, but the connection with either is not very apparent. Jamieson gives one of the senses of waff, waif, as ' a transient view, a passing glance," with the instance, 'I had just a waff o' him,' and collates this use with Northumb. tfq^'(and therefore with our 'Waft). The connection is not improbable. The notion involved in the word is fast passing away in the district. An old man (who died in 1866) was nearly the last believer, on personal grounds, with whom I have had acquaintance. He, however, mentioned to me two or three distinct cases, which are recorded in Henderson's Folklore of the Northern Counties of England, p. 30. Wage, sb. A remuneration for work done or service rendered. ' They gav' her a decent wage.' Wb. Gl. ' " What did he give you for doing it, John ? " " Tweea groats, an" nobbut a bite o' breead, wur all t' wage Ah getten." ' Wain, sb. A waggon. See Bride-wain. I give the definition that is usually given of this word ; but I must append the remark that, if intended to imply that the wain and the modern waggon are the same vehicles, the definition is incorrect. The veritable 'Wain, now never seen, was a narrow, long-bodied vehicle, with two wheels only, and these at the hinder end. The front or foremost end trailed along the ground. O. N. and Sw. vagn, O. Sw. wagn, Dan. vogn, A. S. ween (con- tracted from waegeri), Welsh gwain, Sec. Wain-house, sb. (pr. wain-'us). A shed to protect the waggons, &c., of a farm from the weather. Wait of. To wait for. Compare To call of. ' I waited of him half an hour an' five minutes. Wake. Pr. of Weak. ' For me J>at es so wayke, and so vnmyghtfull,' &c. Rel. Pieces, p. 52. Wake, sb. A feast, either on occasion of the anniversary of the founding of the parish church, or of a death; being all that is left of the vigils or watching waking which once accompanied such dates and events. O. N. vaka, a vigil, a wake-night, as well as watchfulness or keeping awake. Comp. also vaage, in Dan. D. vaagestue ; at bolde vaagestue being as nearly as possible equivalent to our to ho'd a Lyke-wake. Comp. further Sw. D. valte-natt ; ' I W'drend blir der- fbre graf-blet an i dag kalladt Vake-natt :' hence, in Waerend, the grave-ale (cf. buri-a/) is still to this day called the Wake-night. See Lich-wake. 4 B 2 556 GLOSSARY OF THE Wakensome, adj. Easily roused from sleep ; not of a sleepy nature. Hall, gives wackersom and wakken, both as meaning wakeful, or nearly so. Our word is sounded wackensome. Comp. A. S. wacon, watchfulness. The Northumbr. form of the adj. employed in Rel. Pieces, pp. 56, 57, is wakkyre, coincident with which is Halliwell's wakker, easily awakened. Wale, v. a. (pr. wheeal). To beat, chastise, flog. Necessarily a derivative sense from that of E. weal or wale, the idea being made to rest upon the effect, instead of simply upon the act, of beating. Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Wale, or strype after scorynge." Waling, sb. (pr. wheealing). A flogging, or castigation. Walker, sb. A fuller ; one who is employed in a Walk-mill. A. S. wealcere, a fuller ; Sw. valkare, Dan. valker. Walking-mill, walk-mill, sb. A fulling-mill. ' Wallta, pressare, volutare, ut solent qui fulloniam exercent.' Ihre. With this collate O. N. velkia, contrectare, volvere, Sw. valka, to full, valk, a fulling-mill, Dan. valke, vallte- molle ; A. S. wealcan, Germ, walken, &c., and M.Lat. walcatorium. Through the M.G. vul- lareis, a fuller, Ihre points out the probable connection of the O. Sw. word walka, to full, with Finn, walkia, white, walawa, shiningness. On the other side, the connection with E. fuller, fulling is apparent. Walk with. To court, or be courted by. See Lead. ' Ay, she 's gien t* ither chap oop an' walks wiv oor Willy noo.' Waller, Dry-stone-waller, sb. A man whose stated occupation it is to build the mortarless stone walls so characteristic of the district. See Dry-stone-wall (Appendix). Wally, v. a. See WhaUy. Walsh, adj. Insipid; watery. Jam. refers this word to Teut. gaelscb, ingratus, insuavis sapore aut odore ; and Dan. D. has gicelsod, disagreeably or nauseously sweet. But it may rather be a contraction of wal- lowish, nauseous, Hall., which, again, from wallow, flat, insipid. Cf. valg, tasteless, insipid, Aasen, p. 637, and also ' Dut. walgben, to nauseate, loathe ; walgbinge, nausea, inclination to vomit. Ik walg daran, it turns my stomach. From the sensation of rolling in the stomach caused by incipient sickness. Germ, walgen, walgern, to roll. Sanders.' Wedgw. Note besides, Pr. Pm. wtelkwe-swete, for bitter-sweet or woody night-shade (Solatium dul- camara), and walletb in the lines below : ' Venim or vernioch' or vinegre, I trouwe Walle]) in my wombe.' Skeat's P.Plottgbm. p. 55. Wame (pr. wheeam), wem, sb. The belly, stomach ; one's ' inside/ O.N. vbmb, venter infimus ; Sw. vamb, vdmm, belly ; Dan. vom, A. S. wamb, N. S. wamm, Dut. warn, Fris. wamb, Germ, wampe, O. G. wambe ; in tbes uueles uuambu : in the whale's belly ; M. G. wamba. ' They fill their wombe with wine and ale.' Plowman's Tale. ' He 's a desper't pain in 's wem.' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 557 Wan (pr. as the adj. ' wan'), p. p. of to Win. Wangle, v. n. To totter, or shake to its fall ; of a wall, building, &c. Compare Wankle. O. Sw. wankla, fluctuare, a frequentative from wanka, wackla, vacil- lare ; A. S. wicelian, Dut. waggelen. A. S. wancol, woncol, N. S., Dut. and Germ, uiankel, unstable, wavering, Sw. and Dan. vankel-modig , as well as E. wag, waggle, Sw. vagga, to rock, and sb. a cradle, &c., all are closely connected. ' " Take care, it 's beginning to wbangle ;" of a wall tottering to its downfall.' Wb. Gl. Wang-tooth, sb. A molar tooth or grinder. A. S. wang-toft, wong-toft ; O. N. vdngi, the jaw, cheek ; O. Sw. wang, A. S. wang, weng, waeng, Dut. wang, Germ, wange, O.H.G. uuanga, id. ' And of this assis cheke, that was so drey, Out of a wange-totbe sprang anon a well, Of whiche he dronke inough.' Monke's Tale, 1. 155. Wankle, adj. Unstable, tottering ; unsettled or changeable. A. S. wancol, woncol; N. S. and Germ, wankel, unstable, unsteady, wavering. See "Wangle. ' quelen J>a aeldren : died the elder, quelen )>a jeongere. died the younger, qlsen t>a wifmen : died the women, quelen )>a wanclen.' died the wancle; the weaklings or children, Lay. iii. 280. namely. ' " A wankle prospect ;" unlikely prospect of success in a matter.' Wb. Gl. ' " Wankle weather ;" uncertain or changeable weather.' Ib. Want, sb. A deficiency ; no supply at all, or, more usually, an in- sufficient one. Comp. the O. N. idiom, one which occurs by no means infrequently, moreover : A ainbveriu kuellde bar \>at til tidenda at mannz uar vant of lide \>eirra : one evening there was a report that there was a want of a man belonging to their company. ' Not a varrey guid plant (of wheat, &c.) ; there 's a want i' pleeaces ;' the seed has failed to grow, or the young plant has died out, here and there in the field. Wap-cloth, sb. Coarse and thick cloth, for making pilot-coats, or fishermen's pea-jackets. Pr. Pm. ' Wappon, or hyllyn wythe clothys or o}>er lyke. Tego, contego,' in which we have the same sense as wap bears still in many districts, to ' wrap or bundle up.' Comp. the forms wrap, wlap (our lap) ; ' and thei schulen wlap in it the arke of witnessynge :* Wicliffe's Bible, Numbers iv. 5 ; and hap, of which Mr. Wedgw. says, ' probably a corrup- tion of wbap from wlap ; " lappyn or wbappyn in clothes." Pr. Pm.' The application in our word is obvious. War (pr. as the noun 'war,' when emphasised; otherwise, more as ' wur'). Imp. tense of To be. O. N. var, van, var (imp. of at vera, to be) ; Dan. var, Sw. var. 558 GLOSSARY OF THE Warbels, sb. i. Somewhat globular swellings along the back of a beast, occasioned by the presence of the larva of the gadfly (CEstrus bovts). 2. The said larvae themselves. See Twitch-bell. Hall, gives warbeetles as the Norfolk form of this name, and Pr. Pm. gives ' Warbote, wyrme. Emigranevs, boa ;' while in the notes we find, ' Bibo, exbane, or warbodylle," from Lat. Eng. Vocab. Roy. MS. 1 7 C. xvii, where warbodylle is clearly the same as Halli- well's warbeetle. But further, warbote or warbot is evidently a compound of the same prefix war, and bot, the origin of the hot in borse-bot, the name for the genus Gasterophilus. With bot collate baud, a weevil, and bude in sharnebude, Hall., and also with bed in wool-bed, a hairy caterpillar, corrupted into obed, oubit, &c. This bed or bit, says Dr. Adams, Transact. Phil. Sue., 1860 -I, p. 93, ' is the common name for an insect, bede, bode or bude, which is of such frequent occurrence in the A. Sax. vocabularies, in Old English, and in the modern Provincial dialects.' Now bodylle, in warbodylle, is beyond doubt a diminutive from bode, and contracted in Pr. it would eventually become boll, bol, bel cf. chees-boll, kitchen-boll and so furnish the last syllable in Warbel. For the war, cf. Pr. Pm. ' Warre, a knobbe or knotte of a tree ;' ' Warre or knob, new (nseud).' Palsgr. ; A. S. wear, a knot, O. Dut. weer, wier, nodus, callus. [There is a somewhat curious coincidence of sound and, in part, in sense also, between Dan. vabel or vable, a swelling in the skin, filled with water, and our "Warbel cf. vaabeloiet, having projecting eyes, eyes that stick out like "Warbels on the animal's back which might easily help to mislead.] War-days, sb. All days but Sunday; ordinary days, every-day in the same sense as in one's ' every-day clothes.' S. G. hwardag, an every-day : that is, an ordinary or working day ; Dan. bverdag. One of the many amusing instances of attempted etymologies by incompetent hands is supplied by this word : ' Wardays Query worse-day : war worse ;' ' War-day, working day ;' ' wart-day, work day.' Ware, v. a. To lay out, expend, or spend. O. N. veria, negotiari, uti rebus suis (Hald.), with the instance, atveriafe sinii til olmttsu giafa : to ware one's money upon alms gifts. Cf. Welsh gwariaw, to spend, Garnett, p. 165. The sb. obtains in all the Northern tongues; as O. N. vara, merx, Sw. vara, Dan. vare, A. S. ware, Germ, waare, Eng. ware, &c. ' Had I bot a penny on the wold I war't.' Townel. Myst. p. 311. ' " It was an i\l-wared penny ;" spent in a bad bargain.' Wb. Gl. Wark. Pr. of Work, the a as in ' bark.' Wark, v. n. To ache. O. N. verkia, \>adverkiar, it aches ; Sw. vcerka, Dan. verke or vcerke, to ache, to be in pain, or sensible of pain ; A. S. were, weorc, pain. ' For I have made me in- this strete Sore bonys and warkand fete.' Townel. Myst. p. 45. ' Our manciple I hope he will be dede, Swa werkis ay the wangis in his hede.' Reve's Tale, p. 31. [Notice the use of hope = I fear, doubt or expect, and comp. our Clevel, doubt] Wark, sb. An ache, sharp pain ; as Teeath-wark, Heead-wark. Cf. Ihre's bofud-wcerke, head-ache. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 559 Warn, v. a. i . To summon formally ; to summon to the performance of a stated or public duty. 2. To induct into a public office, by the formal process of warning and swearing in. Cf. ' If I ne venge me of the villanie, that men have doen to me, I sommen or warne hem, that have doen to me that villanie, and all other, to doe me an other villanie.' Chaucer's Tale, p. 154. ' The kynge had do warne alle his barons to be at his feste at Cardoell." Merlin, p. 62. The surveyor of highways warns the several farmers to attend with their draughts on such and such days to fulfil their Statute-work. 2. He was warned in as constable." Wb. Gl. Warp, sb. Deposit or sediment left by the water of a stream much charged with earthy matters. ' Pr. Pm. ' Warpynge, of the see or o)>er water. Alluvium.' A word depending on the same origin as the latter element in Moudiewarp. The simple meaning of A. S. weorpan is to throw, to cast : but O. N. verpa is constantly applied in the sense of to throw together, so as to form an accumulation, or heap, or mound ; thus, at verpa baug : to heap a funeral pile; at verpa gard: to form a fence or bank. Hence, first, the application in the name of the mole, and, secondly, in the case of the gradual accumulation of soil which takes place in the process of warping. Another like application of the word is in Dan. D. varp or vcerp, so much of a field as is ploughed the same way, that is to say, the furrow slices all. laid upon each other or in the same direction, with which Molb. collates N. Engl. ' warp, a quantity of land consisting of ten, twelve, or more ridges with a water-furrow on each side. To plough land in warps. Halloway's [qu. Halliwell's] Dictionary.' Warped, To be, v. p. To be charged or encumbered with copious deposits of sedimentary matters left by a stream, or the tide. Warridge, sb. The withers of a horse. Comp. synonymous Germ, witber-rist. Warse, adj. Worse. See Waur. ' Nae warse an new ;' as good as new. Warsen, v. n. To grow worse. " He worsens on 't ;" becomes worse, in point of health.' Wb. Gl. Warsening, sb. A becoming worse; a declension in health, or otherwise. Warzle, v. a. To wheedle, to obtain one's ends, namely by flat- tery or cajolery. This is probably the same word as wizzle or whizzle, and its proper orthography wizle ; but its connection is not very apparent. Comp., however, Sc. weise, wyse, to use caution or policy for attaining any object in view, to prevail by prudence or art. ' " A warzling sort of a body ;" a wheedler.' Wb. Gl. ' " They wizzled it out of him ;" tricked him out of it.' 76. The same book also gives ' to smuggle,' as a sense borne by the word. Warzlement, sb. Cajolery, wheedling ways. 560 GLOSSARF OF THE Waste, v. a. To spoil, make unfit for use : a word of very general application. 'Have you wasted your frock?" to a little girl who had spilt something over it at dinner-time. ' Ah "s feared t* corn '11 be quite wasted;' in a wet harvest-time. Of hay, in the same way. A book subjected to rough usage, is wasted; and so is a knife, or other steel article, which has been inadvertently left exposed to damp, &c. Wastrell, wastrill, sb. An extravagant person, a spendthrift. For the termination cf. Gangerill or Gangers!!, Dotteril, Haveril, &c. ' A waster ; the opposite to a home-bringer." Wb. Gl. Water-bleb, sb. A small blister or pustule containing water. See Bleb. Water-brash, sb. Eructations more or less of an acid or acrid character and accompanied by the rising into the mouth of a small portion of acid or acrid liquid : a not infrequent accompaniment of acute heart-burn. See Brash., and comp. water-springe, water-teems : Halliwell. Water-can, sb. A gardener's water-pot ; any tall tin vessel for con- taining water. Water-dike, sb. A hole or cavity, traffic-worn in a road or pave- ment, and filled with water in rainy weather. See Dike. Water-heck, sb. The barred wooden frame of equal width with a stream and hung across a shallow part of it, to prevent cattle, &c., from passing along the shallow and so straying from their proper limits. Wath, sb. A ford in a running stream. O. N. vad, a ford ; et enkelt steed bvor man can vade eller ride over en elv : any given place where one can wade or ride across a stream ; O. Sw. wad, Sw. vad, O. D. watb, Dan. vad or vaad. The fact that a "Wath, or Wathstead, still exists in Clevel. side by side with every old bridge, or modern successor of such bridge, is very significant. The Lincolnsb. Gl. with the splendid disregard of sense, reason, and the merest acquaintance with ordinary sources of information or knowledge which distinguishes that book, states that ' Wath-stead, or more properly (!) waith-stead, derives its name from its situation on a wade (!) or ford : wade or waith being derived from the Latin vadum.' The compiler seems never to have heard of the Danish occupation of much of Lincolnshire, and conse- quently the idea that "Wath is a purely Scandinavian word, in use long before the men who spoke it ever even heard of the Romans or their tongue, could find no means of access to his mind. His word watb-stead I take to be simply the ' site, or place, of a wath or ford.' Watter. Pr. of Water, a as in 'hat' nearly, but with the slightest suspicion of an r after it. ' anon they doluen in the ground, and a waiter there they found.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 468. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 561 Wattles, sb. The rods laid on the timber framework of a roof to lay the thatch on. A. S. uiatel, a wattle, hurdle, covering, tegula viminea. An instance given is ]mrb \>a watelas, Luke v. 19: through the tiling, in the Engl. version; per tegulas, Bosworth; 'by the sclattis," Wycliffe's version; Kerb fta watla, North. Gospels. Literally, through the "Wattles. Wauf, wauflsh, adj. i. Faint, sickly-seeming, weak. 2. Tasteless, insipid, weak, as tea. Jam. writes this word waucb, waugb, and refers it to ' Teut. walgbe, nausea, walgben. Isl. velgia, nauseare.' Comp., however, Dan. D. vag, vaag, vog, vov, sick, weak, infirm, Sw. vag, which, allowing for the change of g or gb into f, corresponds both in sense and form with wauf . Comp. er manden syg ? Net, ban er kun vov : is the man sick ? Nay, he 's nobbut wauf, with our 1. ' " Ah feels rather wavfisb ;" faint, or as if going to faint.' Wb. Gl. Cf. the Scottish use ; ' Allan, who is a little wowf (crazed). Legend ofMontrose, p. 80. 2. '" Poor wauf stuff ;" of weak tea.' Wb. Gl. Waufishness, sb. i. A sensation of faintness or sickness. 2. A sickliness or faintness of odour. Waugh, waughish, adj. Wan, pale ; as people look when fainting or ready to faint. The same word as Wauf (spelt also ' waff'), but with a gutteral sound spelt ' wow,' ' wowish,' in Wb. GL, and with a somewhat varying sense. See "Wauf. Waur, comp. adj. Worse. ' " I am mickle at waur, I 'se obliged to ye ;" I remain much at the point of worse, or I am no better.' Wb. Gl. Waver, sb. A light breath of wind. See Waft. Comp. S. Jutl. vcedenxev, a slight puff of wind, the gentle breathing of the wind, in which the first element is identical with E. weather (O. N. vedr, Dan. vejr), and the latter with S. Jutl. vaver, O. N. v a/a, to waver, quake, be agitated. Waver, sb. A sapling left to grow when the surrounding wood has been felled. Dan. D. vceger, or vagger, a name applied to the sapling growth of certain species of willow, the Salix arenaria, &c. Other forms of the word are vegger, a supple willow- wand, vege (in the pi. vager) and vegre, which Moth gives as ' a withy, a wand.' Molbech also gives vag as signifying flexible, weak in the sense of bending. Wax, v. n. To grow, increase in size or stature. O. N. vaxa, O. Sw. waxa, Sw. v tixa, Dan. voxe, A. S. weaxan, Fris. waxa, Germ, wacb- sen, M. G. wabsian. Pr. Pm. ' Waxyn, or growyn. Cresco, accresco.' ' pas ofte of lutel wacseft muchel." Ancr. Riwle, p. 54. 4 c 562 GLOSSARy OF THE ' And thurgh his (God's) gudnes ilke a day ere all thynges waxande' Rel. Pieces, p. 20. ' I fare as doth a tre That blossomith er that frute ywox be.' Marcbaunts Tale, p. 68. Comp. the usage in God bad us for to wex and multiplied Wife of Bath's Prol. p. ?6. ' " He waxes like a selly ;" like a willow, which grows rapidly.' Wb. Gl. Wax, sb. Growth, stature. Cf. Sw. vtixt, Dan. vcext ; O. Sw. fullvcexen, of full growth. ' Thou art the best on thi wax that ever was clekyt.' Townel. Myst. p. 311. ' " He has n't getten his wax yet ;" has not attained his full growth.' Wb. Gl. The word is constantly applied in the same sense to fruit, vegetables, &c., which are not yet full grown. Comp. Chaucer's ' ere that fruit be ywox ' under "Wax, vb. Wax-kernel, sb. A glandular swelling ; enlarged or swollen glands in the side of the neck, below the ear, especially. Otherwise ' waxen- kernels,' ' waxyng kyrnels.' The comment of the Wb. Gl. on this word, which is at least useful as illustrating popular notions, and therefore, in a measure at least, in accounting for the existence of a popular word, is, that such swellings are ' said to be more common among young people who are growing than among the more mature.' Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Coorne, or harde knott in >e flesche.' Way-wards. A suffix to the names of places, towns, &c., signifying in the direction of such places or towns. ' " Which way are you going ?" " Ah 's gannan' Casselton-woy-/att&." ' Weaky, weeky, adj. Moist, watery, juicy, full of sap. Comp. O. N. vokna, to become or be wet, vokva, to make wet, to moisten, vbkvi, mois- ture, dampness ; Dan. vcedske, Sw. vatska. The Durham form is woky, Halliwell. Cf. Dzn.fugtig, N.S.fucbt,fuchtig, Germ, feucbt. Wear in, v. a. To break in, to train ; to bring up in the way they should go ; of both young animals and young persons. To wear in. To gather in with caution ; used to express the manner in which a shep- herd conducts his flock into the fold in order to prevent their rambling. " Will ye go to the ew-bughts, Marion, And wear in the sheep wi' me?" Ritson's Scottish Songs. Teut. weer-en, propulsare.' Jam. The definition of our word seems rather to point to the same etymology with ware, beware. I doubt very much, however, whether the Sc. phrase is not coincident with ours, with simply an extension of meaning, but in the same direction still. I look upon our expression as simply involving the idea of use or custom implied in that of continued wearing, as in ' daily wear,' ' motley 's the only wear,' &c. ; an usage of the word which induces Hall, to admit it into his Dictionary with the definition ' the fashion.' As also Nares, one of whose instances is ' No, indeed I will not, Pompey ; it is not the wear.' Measure for Measure. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 563 Thus to wear in is to use, accustom, or habituate its object to such and such ways, pro- cesses, acts of submission or performance ; and thence to train, to break in. Similarly, in the Sc. expression, the meaning may simply be to cause the sheep to move over or along their wonted track according to their daily custom into the fold or bugbt. Wearing, sb. (pr. wearing). A consumption or decline ; phthisis. Comp. the purely analogous Dan. word taring, a decline or consumption, placing side by side with it the every-day English phrase ' wear and tear.' Cf. also Sw. tdrande sjukdom, a wearing sickness, tdr-feber, hectic fever or the fever of consumption. '"What's the matter with James M. ?" "He's in a wearing, Ah doubts. Leastwise the doctor says he 's heavily consumpted." ' Weasand, sb. The gullet, the windpipe. Sometimes sounded wizzan. Probably from A. S. bvteosan, to wheeze, difficulter respirare. Comp. Dan. Dial, bv&se, to make a whistling sound, as the wind does, O. N. bvtssa, Sw. D. bivtisa ; Pr. Pm. ' We- saunnt, of a beestys' throte.' ' There thou mayst brain him, Having first seized his books, or with a log Batter his skull, or paunch him with a stake, Or cut his wezand with thy knife.' Tempest, iii. 2. Weather-fast, adj. Confined or detained by stress of weather. See Bed-fast, House-fast. Comp. Sw. D. bbrfast, wind-bound ; of a ship compelled to lie at anchor for want of a favourable wind. Wed, p. p. of to Wed : a word in more frequent use in all its tenses and moods than to Many. ' " When are you boun to be wed ? " going to be married.' Wb. Gl. Weddingers, sb. A marriage party, the party present at a wedding. Wedged, To be, v. p. To be distended with milk, with hard or knotty lumps originating in the swollen and inflamed milk-glands; of the female breast or the cow's bag or Yuer. Ihre's remark upon O. Sw. wigg, a wedge, is ' In Swedish wik properly denotes an angle or any pointed object, as in French coin signifies both a wedge and an angle.' Possibly the original idea of our word may be due to the hard, pointed-seeming lumps of the distended breast or udder, rather than simply to that of distention or tightness which is implied when one speaks of objects being wedged in in any given receptacle or containing envelope. Weead. Pr. of Wode or Wood, mad. Weean, sb. (Pr. of Wean, for quean). A female, a woman, a wife. O. N. qvenna, quinna, kona, O. Sw. qwinna, kona or ktma, Sw. quinna, Dan. qvinde, kone, O. H. Germ, qnena, A. S. cwen, a woman, a wife. Gamert's remark is that ' North York- shire wbean is a softening of the Anglo-Saxon cwen' In reference to what may be called 4 C 2 564 GLOSSARy OF THE the contradictory senses of the words queen and quean the distinction drawn by Piers Ploughman between a queyne and a queene the following extract from a note to Dasent's Translation of Rask's O. N. Grammar may not be out of place : ' The Engl. queen is the highest title, while the Dansk qvind is a term of coarse abuse (conf. Engl. quean) ; the Icel. kona and Dansk kone are so honourable that they are often said of queens instead of wife, but the Sw. kona is contemptuous.' The Pr. Pm. distinction is ' Qvene. Regina ;' ' Qven, womann of lytylle price.' Ihre, quoting Wachter, supposes that some such word as bor has, in the case of the latter, dropped from before cwen. There is nothing opprobrious in the use of our Weean. The remark of the Wb. Gl. is that it is ' a term as commonly heard among the uneducated as the word " wife." ' Weeanish, adj. Womanish, effeminate. Weean-strucken, adj. Love-smitten ; of a man, as fellow-fond, or man-keen of a female. Weeze, v. n. To ooze or drain away. Comp. O. N. veisa, a swamp, a morass, vos, moisture ; O. Sw. wtisa, a moist, swampy place, Dut. waase ; A. S. vosig, moist, oozy, vos, juice, liquid that can be squeezed out. Our word preserves the original w, which E. ooze, oose, have dropped. ' Gin t' possk't beeant drop-dry it 'ull weeze oot ;' of the water in it. Wefted, To be, v. p. To be mixed up, or concerned with ; to be in circumstances of intimate relation or association with. Derivation obvious. ' He gat sair wefted wi' bad company.' Wb. Gl. Weigh, weigh on, v. n. To exercise or apply material pressure, to produce the effect of weight. ' Weigh on t' ither end, Willy. 'T '11 travel easier by owght ;' of a long heavy object not quite evenly balanced on a two-wheeled truck. ' Weigh on t' hann'l's a bit ; she'll wark then ;' to an inexperienced person guiding a lawn-mowing machine. Weigh-bau'k, sb. A weigh-beam or balance. Weigh-scales, sb. The balance of the retail shop. Also used figuratively, as in the instances below. ' " T' matter 's still i' t' weigb-scales ;" as yet undecided (by justice).' Wb. Gl. ' He gets nowther better, nor worse ; he 's still i' t' weigb-scales it 's now whither-way he turns." Ib. Weight, sb. Quantity, numbers, proportion. A word of perpetual use, in senses best indicated by examples. ' Nae great weight o' wet,' or ' of rain ;' no very heavy downfall. ' " Were there many people at the burial ? " " Neea : nae great weight." ' ' No great weight ;' of game, rabbits ; or of ability, sense, wisdom ; . or of attendants at a service, or entertainment ; or of surplus stock-in-trade, corn, produce, &c. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 565 Welk, whelk, sb. The blow or concussion of a heavy falling body. There is probably no radical difference between wale, weal or wbeal, the raised or swollen stripe left on the flesh after a blow with a whip or flexible stick, and welk or whelk of the same signification. Pr. Pm. places the several words together, thus ; ' Wbele or whelke, score (whelle, qwelke, wheel). Pvsttda.' The idea of the blow itself, no doubt, in this word, as in so many others, takes the place of that of its effects ; and hence doubtless the usage of our present word. 4 It fell wiv a desper't wbelk, for seear.' [The E. Counties peasantry use bulk in much the same sense : they would say, ' It fell wi' a stammen bulk, sure/y.'] Welly, adv. Wellnigh, almost, all but. "Welt, v. n. i. To tumble or roll over. 2. To totter, to be likely to fall over. O. N. vellta, volvere, O. Sw. w'dlta, Dan. vwang or \nuong, O.N. \>veing, O. Sw. twdnge (all of them probably depending on a verb signifying to restrain, coerce, compel, bind ; O. Sw. twinga, &c.). Rich, connects thwack or whack with A. S. \>accian, to strike. Our Essex school-boy's word was tback, equivalent to thrash, lick, &c. In the case of either word the sense of quantity follows from that of a blow, as in such countless other instances. Wholly, v. a. i. To induce a person to act, or to obtain one's end, by caressing modes, wheedling or flattery. 2. To stroke the back of an animal gently. I admit this word on the authority of the Wb. Gl., believing it to be identical with Halliwell's wally, to cocker, to indulge. On the supposition that it is correctly defined by Mr. Robinson, the surmise that it may be connected with O. N. vela, vcela, to take in, im- pose on, O. Sw. wela, Pr. Pm. ' Wyle, sleythe. Cautela, astucia,' E. wily, wile, assumes some look of likelihood. Jam. gives ' Wyle, wile; used in relation to what is accomplished by caution or artful means.' The Ancr.Riwle forms, wieles, wi^eles, parallel -whhjigelung, jikeliing, fikelare or vikelare cf. also A. S. ficol, signifying both fickle, and crafty, with wicelian, to move, stagger, and wigelung, soothsayer, wiglian, to conjecture, guess, divine- suggest a connection between wile and flattery or, at least, cajolery, which does not lessen the probability of our surmise. Whang, sb. (sometimes pr. wheeang). A thong, or strap ; applied also to whipcord, in Wh. Gl. A. S. \>wang, \>wong, a thong ; O. N. \>veing, O. S. twdnge. Whang, sb. i. A heavy fall, or loundering blow. 2. A large slice or portion. 1. ' It came down with a mighty great whang.' Wh. Gl. ' " A whang over the back ;" a flogging.' Ib. 2. ' A whang of bread.' Ib. ' He devours his meat in great whangs' Ib. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 567 Whang, y. a. i. To strike heavy blows, throw or throw down with violence. 2. To eat voraciously, throw food down one's throat in great morsels scarcely masticated, as a famishing dog might See under Whack : the idea of striking seems to follow from that of the instrument with which the strokes or stripes are given. Whanging, adj. Of great or considerable size or proportions, big, very much or great. ' " A whanging lot ;" a huge quantity.' Wb. Gl. Whap, v. a. To shut with force, to bang, as a door ; to impinge upon with force so as to drive an object from its place; to thrust in with sudden motion. Comp. Welsh cbwap, a blow, cbitiapio, to strike, to slap. It seems probable there may be two senses from two different sources involved in this word. In the notes to Pr. Pm. Wappon, to wrap up, enfold with wrappings, directions from an old medicine book are given, to take a whelp, open it, ' and al hot wap the hed J?eryn.' Now a person who thrusts his hand quickly into, say a vessel of hot liquid, would be said to whap his hand in; as another might be said to whap his head in at a window, implying, certainly, that he did it with a degree of suddenness or impetus. But the same idea is not absent from the expres- sion of the Pr. Pm. note. Compare ' Wbop, to put or place suddenly.' Halliwell. The vb. occurs in Chaucer, Legende of Tbisbe, p. 190, in a neuter sense ' And at the last than her love hath she founde Ybeting with his helis on the grounde, Al blody, and therwithal abacke she sterte And like the wawis qttappe began her heart.' The Glossarial explanation in this place, as also in a like passage quoted by Nares, and in Troilus and Cress, iii. 57, is 'to quake, to tremble.' But in the first place the heart does not, any more than the waves, quake or tremble, but beats, knocks, pulsates ; and in the second I cannot but suspect a connection between awbaped, Tr. and Cr. i. 316, awbapid, Compl. oftbe Bl. Knight, 169, and quappe or wappe in the passages quoted above. The meaning is, evidently, struck with surprise, astonishment, thunderstruck, or simply ' struck,' as we frequently hear it expressed in common conversation ' I was quite struck for a moment ;' although Rich., after Somner, collates it with A. S. wafian, to be amazed or astonished. Now if the word wap in the prescription above be correctly referred to wappon, to wrap, it may be] a question whether our word when so used as to imply sudden immer- sion, or entrance into a closed place, does not correspond with it ; perhaps also, even in the application to wap, or whap, the door to, an instance given in Wb. Gl. ' A desper't high wind an' all. 'T wbapped top o' t' pike off by t' easins in a blink." What for ? Wherefore, why, on what account or for what reason ? used interrogatively. ' What for -didst 'ee dee that ?' What for not ? Why not ? wherefore not ? ' " Are ye gannan then ?" " Aye. What for no/?" ' 568 GLOSSARF OF THE What one could. As much as he was able, to the uttermost of his power. ' Ah ran what Ab could;' as fast as ever I could. ' Ah weighed what Ab could;' pressed as hard as I possibly could on the object specified. Cf. Han gow a hwdpas etaff of bam crumum :' the dogs eat of the crumbs. Matt. rv. 27. Whemmel, v. a. and n. i. To upset or turn over. 2. To totter over or be upset. 3. To move from side to side, as if totteringly, so as to cause the water hi the vessel which is the object of the action to rise and dash against the sides, and so rinse it out Jam. refers Sc. yubemle, wbommd, to S. G. bvinda, to be giddy. I should prefer O. N. bvdfa, invertere, to turn upside down, as the Dan. interpretation in HakL implies, assuming that the/is replaced by m, as in the case of toft, tanti, Sec. ; in fact, just as Skinner sup- poses A. S. dbwylfan, obraere, to give origin to English whelm (see Richardson, in v.). But I conceive that wfaemmel or whemmle is, in point of fact, only a form of whelm, arising in a very common transposition of both letter and sound. In this view, compare Pr. Pm. ' wamdynge, (yocmlyng or loamliiige) of be stomake, idem quod walmynge, supra,' with the said Vfalmjnge, the note to which is, ' " JVawseo, evomere, et proprie in navi ad vomitum provocari, et vohmtatem vomendi habere sine affectn ; to wambk." Ortus. " Attecter, to wamble as a qneasie stomacke dothe." Cotgr.' Without therefore entering upon the question whether bvdfa might not be more judiciously alleged as a probable origin for vibdm than abwylfan a surmise certainly not lessened in probability by Chaucer's form overwbdve or the probability that wamble, wamdymge, are virtually identical with wheminel, whem- iTiaVi-ng (for nausea and actual vomiting are both literally, though in different degrees, upsetting, eversion of the stomach and its contents), I think there can be link question that whemmel, if not derived from bvdfa directly, is only another form, by metathesis, of vibdm.. Cf. HaffiweO's ' v&dme, to cover over ; also, to turn over.' * " Tak a bryght bacyne, and anoynte it with myike reme, and wbdme it over a prene.** * Wbdmy*, a vessel.' Pr. Pm. ; the note to wbdmyn being, * I whelme an holow thyng over an other thyng.* 570 GLOSSARY OF THE Whewt, whewtle, v. n. To utter a shrill note, to squeak, to whistle; to try to sing, as a young bird at his first commencement as a singer. Comp. wbewer, a name for the widgeon. ' Its note is a shrill whistle, and in some parts of England it is in consequence called the Whew Duck. Its name in France, Canard Sif- fievr, has reference to the same circumstance." Yarrell, iii. 193. Comp. also Sc. qttbew, to whiz, to whistle, which Jam. refers to Welsh cbava, cbwaw, a blast, cbwawiaw, to blow. Whidder, v. n. (pr. wither). To move with impetus sufficient to make solidly-fixed things shake, or to convey the idea of making them shake. Hald. has bvidra, cito commoveri, cognate with which is probably A. S. bwecfSerung, a murmuring, bwcifteran, to murmur, bweoft, bwffi, a blast. If, as seems to be likely, whidder is referrible to this source, we have here another instance in which the effect pro- duced is represented by the same word as represents the cause, to the virtual exclusion of the last from all practical notice. Whiddering, whidderment, sb. (pr. withering, witherment). Con- cussion, the shaking power, or sensation, of a heavy object falling from a height or projected with violence. Whiff, v. n. To puff; of the smoke from a chimney into the room under the force of a down-blast. An accommodation of E. wbtff' in its ordinary sense. Comp. waft, waver. ' The smoke whiff's down the chimney.' Wb. Gl. While, adv. Until, before, in the sense of ' till' or ' until/ nearly. ' Wait wbile I come ;' ' not wbile night,' that is, not before night, or not until night. ' He bade me wait wbile Kesmas, an' its nobbut Marti'mas now.' The traces of this usage which is of constant occurrence, and very striking or of the origin of it, rather, may be occasionally met with in eaily texts. Thus in Nortbumb. Gosp. Matt. i. 24 ; ' ~) be tie cwmade bea "So buile bin gecende hire frumcende sunu :' and he knew her not the while she brought forth her first-born son; and again, v. 1 8, wfS, oSSe fta bwile liores beofon and eorfto : until, or the while heaven and earth pass away. In the following extract from Rel. Pieces, p. 68, on the contrary, wbils is equivalent to Eng. whilst, and till to our while, or %a bwile of the N. Gospels : ' Thy body wbils in |>e sepulchre lay still ; Till J>ou at hell come J>ou walde noghte stynte.' As also at p. 54, the wbills = Eng. the wbile, whilst or wbile. ' The wbills myne herte was in depe thoghtes.' No doubt our while is the remains of an elliptical mode of expression, equivalent to ' during the time or space (bwile) before.' Whilk, rel. pr. Which. Dan. and Sw. bvilken, A. S. bwylc, bwile, N. S. welk, Fris. bwelk, Germ, welcber, O. Germ. buvelich, welicber, M. G. bweileiks, O. N. bvilikr. ' There-eftyre sail J>ou wyte wbylke are J>e seuene werkes of mercy.' Rel. Pieces, p. 28. ' Wbilk on 'em is 't ? ' Wb. Gl. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 571 Whimly, adv. Softly, gently, stilly. Spelt also wheamly, wheemly. Hall, gives both wbitnly with the meanings, homely, from Somersetshire, softly, silently, from the North ; and wbeamly, slily, deceitfully, from Lincolnsh. There can be no doubt, both, with all their divergences in meaning, are coincident and not remotely connected with A. S. cweman, to satisfy, please, delight. We have countless instances of similar progressive transitions of sense (and in both directions), as in the words skill, sleight or sly, cunning, &c., and in all allied tongues and dialects. Here the progression is, from the pleasing or satisfying mode or manner of an action or thing, to, first, a gentle or silent mode or manner, then to insinuating, then to insidious or deceitful and treacherous. Ihre gives the adj. yu&melig, commodus, deriving it from M. G. quiman, the Mod. Sw. form being bequdmlig, and Dan. bequemmelig ; besides which Rietz gives the Sw. D. synonymous form Jtvembarr, quoting also O. Swedish forms qtuemeliker, qucemlagb, as well as Sc. queem, A. S. cymlic, suitable. Whin-dig, sb. A mattock, a Pick-hack. Whins, sb. Furze- or gorse-bushes (Ulex Europaa). ' Usually derived from Welsh cbwynn.' Rich. Whin-stone, sb. Rock or stone of volcanic action, such as basalt or greenstone. Whippet, sb. An active person; usually applied to a female of small stature. Derivation obvious. Comp. whipper-snapper. Whisht, interject. Be still, be silent, make no noise. One of the many forms of the interjectional sound Hist ! bush ! 'sb ! busbt ! buisbt ! wbisb ! from which verbs, adjectives and adverbs have been abundantly formed. ' Wbisbtl bairns, wbisbt I Ye mak' ower mickle din by hauf.' Whisht, adj. Still, silent, noiseless. See Whisht, interj. Whisht, adv. Stilly, noiselessly. ' It 's nobbut an engine, I think. An' she "s coming very wbisbt and all.' Whisk, v. a. and n. i. To move quickly or swiftly. 2. To cause to move quickly and lightly ; of an instrument." 3. To remove dust, or any small and light object by a quick and light movement of some instrument Comp. Germ, wiscben, for either of the senses given. Grimm, speaking of a ' house- spirit," says, wiscbte binten ofen : it whisked behind the oven. Cf. O. Sw. wiska, a light brush, a feather flapper ; Dut. wiscb, id. Whiskey, sb. An antiquated kind of gig, with a hood to it. Richardson's derivation is ' WbisJy a carriage moving quickly, easily moved.' White, v. a. To slice or shave off portions of wood with a knife. A. S. \nvitan, }>weotan, to cut off; ' of }xere ilcan s/ySe sponas \rweoton :' from the very columns they cut off chips ; a quotation given by Bosw. Cf. also A. S. bwiteL, a whittle, 4 D 2 573 GLOSSARF OF THE large knife. Jamieson suggests a connection between bteitel and bwtta, to whet, and its cognate words. The vb. giren above gives rise to enquiries to be prosecuted in a different direction. White-flint, sb. A species of sedimentary rock found near the sur- face on many parts of the Cleveland Moors (Inferior Oolite series) and said by the miners to lie about forty yards above the poor coal- seams of the district It is intensely hard and is used for road-metaL The workmen say it cuts up the hammers used in breaking it more than the Blue-flint, or basalt, does. Called ' Crowstone' by Professor Phillips. Whiteheft, sb. Flattery, cajolery, indirect and coaxing personal means for obtaining an object. See Heft ; the prefix white implying more of plausibility than Heft simply could. Whiteheft, v. a. To induce or act upon a person by cajolery or interested coaxing. ' " They vbitebefted him out in't ;" gained their point by wheedling or flattery or plausi- bility.' Wb. Gt. Whitings, sb. Wood shavings; longish superficial chips cut off with a kniffe. Whittle, sb. A knife: especially a large one, such as is used by butchers. A. S. bvitd, a large knife. See "White, vb. Whittle, v. a. To cut wood with a knife, but rather in the way of slicing than simply cutting it notch wise. See White, vb. Whittle, sb. A hang-nail. See WotwelL Whizzle, v. a. To obtain by cajolery. Wh. Gl. gives also ' to smuggle.' See Warzle. Wheats, whoat-meaL Pr. of oats, oat-meaL The vowel-sound is the same as in oats, only shortened, as if it were the object of the speaker to utter it as shortly or abruptly as possible. Pronounce ' oat' in half the usual time allotted to it, and with a decided impact of the tongue on the roof of the mouth at the close, and the pronunciation of Whoat is safe. Cf. the form vrytmestom Kioanm, into outer darkness. North. Gosp. Matt. viiL 12. Who B' aw P See Wheea s* aw' *t ? CLEVELAJfD DIALECT. 573 Wick, sb. The growing part of a plant nearest to die roots. ' Fed dose? Why, its eaten into t' bard wuk; of a pastime which lias been fed TT dose. CUBIU. O. N. f*ir, cntis vd caro nab Dgoobos, id ungulis animantimn, E. yiaci. Wick, adj. i. Quick, in the sense of living, aHve. 2. Lively, active, Simply fact altered into wide bj the JnlitHlim of w far 7*. I. * They 's all Met,-' of objects Momimglj, or that migih* reasonably have become, dead, but are yet in puuesuon of vital fancy. a. * A desper't wici 'an foe seear ;' of a wry fivety dxQd. ' T* amirj/ yoong ejhap at irver Ab seen f of a yoraog HOB full to overflowing of animal fe and ifiuiiv. * As a*ct as an ecL' IFS. GZ. Wicken, v. a. i. To pat Kfe into one, to revive or resuscitate. 2. To quicken, to stimulate, to urge to greater speed or exertion. Wicken, v. n. To gather Wickens, or couch-grass. One of the processes in carry- summer agriculture, in cleaning and preparing the land for fallow crops. * T* last's awa'mwJwmt' i t' farWandales ie9d;* die female fkrm-&ervam if out, gathering Wicken-graas, wickens, sb. Turitch, couch or coach-grass (Tri- ttctan. repau). A- SL * emict [PL D. ymtt, jwt, Dt. trmedt grm$, qmkk-gro'wiQg grass, coucb-gTasE. qmhefc-^ass.* Bosw. I merely '**' this to observe tixat it is a mistake to associate the idea of qnidmess or speed with this pbnt. The ffiBnmHail idea in tike name is of tenacity of fife. Every Joint of the long, creeping; roots has the UUBU of sdf-pr opagation and increase, and besides that, it is no easy matter to kfll the weed by any process short of actual burning. m a compost-iieap made wildh qwkk-Gme; I hare kaown many fragments of the jointed roots escape the action of the fcne, and retain Efc fidly swfidaft to sfnt into -vigorous growth as SOOD f fin umtmrpt OK SBPCE&QJU Imml sod nwnp^j^np T**gg*, A. S. kmtegfm, N. SL acfe, E. whinny, Lat. Unna-e. IpiVHI these words may be gronptd so as to shew the mutual relationship of the rariouf forms. Thns tmggi*, g*igg*. tmmgam fiat; next ncboK, *sg*; then replacmg the aspinte, exaggerating it, and shning the gottntal, Mmm-in, mtnu*j, wiebarn, or, with the : : - ' : '-.'.- ' ' ." - - .ri -: " Wicks, sb. Quick-set plants; seedlings of die vUtethorn (MespBaa oxyacamtinu) intended to plant in mAmyr a new fence. See Wicks, To run. BOEW. gives A. S. * Cmic-leam, a w3d ash, wxkxsMree or wkh-trce, sedge-bushes, j-oniper- tiee;* IV. Pm. ghnes * Qpyct tre or ryrrfs, an|rw, or gaulj* tie, Jtmermf ' Garstyt tn, 574 GLOSSARY OF THE or qwyce tre, supra in Fyrrys ;' ' Fyrrys, or qwyce tre, or gorstys tre. Ruscm.' In a note the editor adds, ' Ruscus is properly the plant with sharply-pointed leaves, called butcher's- broom, but that which is here intended appears to be the Ulex Europeeus, Linn., called commonly furze or gorse.' What Bosworth's 'sedge-bushes' may mean I do not know. The mountain-ash, known also by the names wicleen-tree, wiggin or wbigben, "Witch-wood not, as far as I know, wicb-tree I think is scarcely intended by the word civic-beam. I take the prefixes wiggin, wicken, witch, all to be applied in reference to its famed virtues as against the witch and her power. While in respect of the plants which are, rightly or wrongly, connected together in the above extracts, furze or gorse, butcher's-broom, juniper (besides also others termed rbamnus, rubus, in other portions of the Pr. Pm. notes), it is to be observed that they are all, like our "Wicks (the common quick, or quick-set), prickly plants, either as to their leaves or stem. But they are not remarkably tenacious of life, and by no means quick-growing. Possibly the name has rather a reference to the quality pointedness or sharpness just as our sharp implies speed, quickness. Wicksilver, sb. Quicksilver, mercury. Wicks, To run. To plant seedlings of the whitethorn in the process of forming a new fence. Widdy, sb. An osier, or willow-rod. ' Withy' of other dialects. Comp. Germ, weide, a willow, N. vidja, Dan. vidie, &c. 4 Uor he is ase J>e wfiSi )>et sprutteS ut )>e betere t>et me hine ofte cropped.' Ancr. Riwle, p. 86. Widerobe, sb. Pr. of Wardrobe. Wide-setten, adj. Of coarse fabric ; of any woven material in which the spaces between the threads of the warp and the woof are very evi- dent, or wide. ' " A wide-seUen harn appron ;" an apron of wide or open texture in the fabric.' Wb, Gl. Wife, sb. Any female of mature age and growth. O. N. vif, a woman, a female ; O. Sw. wif, id. ; A. S. wif, mulier, faemina ; O. G. uuib, iiuip, wyb, Germ, weib, a woman, married or unmarried. Our dialect, therefore, maintains the original sense. ' " A young wife," a young woman ; " an aud wife," an old woman.' Wb. Gl. Wike, sb. A small inlet or tiny bay on the coast. Of frequent occurrence along the line of coast from Scarborough to Redcar; as, Clougton-wike, Hayburn-wike, Bleea-wike, Runswick, &c. O. N. vik, sinus brevior et laxior, afford; O. Sw. wik, Sw. vik, cove, creek; Dan. vig. The derivation of the word viking, sea-robber, pirate, is by many referred to this word. ' They (the Vikings) are supposed," says Ihre, ' to have derived their name from wik, a bay, cove, inasmuch as with a view to concealment and the opportunity of attacking their victims by surprise, they frequently resorted to the more retired parts of the coast.' Molbech's commentary on the words vig and fiord is ' Fiord is generally employed to designate a more considerable bay (indbaining of bavet), vig a lesser one. An Islandic proverb says, " A wike may well be interposed between friends, but it should be a fjord between foes." ' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 575 Wikes, sb. The corners of the mouth. Also written ' weaks ' in Wh. Gl. O. N. vik, recessus, secessus (this sb. is marked n. by Ihre, whereas vtk, a bay, afford, is f.), kiaft-vik, the corners of the mouth ; O. Sw. wili, angulus, ogonwik, the angles or corner of the eye ; Dan. mundvig, the corner of the mouth. Wildfire, sb. The erysipelas. ' Lo ! swilk a complyn is betwixt hem all, A wildefire mote on their bodies fall !' Reve's Tale, 1. 1063. It seems to me there can be little doubt that, in this modified imprecation, the meaning of the words wilde fire is coincident with that of our local word. In other places where Chaucer uses the word, the same meaning may, I think, be assumed. ' The term (wildfire) sometimes designates some disease, possibly erysipelas, of which and of its remedies see Sloane MS. 1571, f. 51, 6.' Mr. Way's note to Wyylde fyyr, Pr. Pm. Hall, quotes the passage indicated under the word ' Wild-fire. The erysipelas.' Wilf, sb. The willow. Saltx of sorts. A. S. wilige, wilege, wylege, N. S. w elig ; wilgemand, a basket or hamper made of willow- twigs (cf. Maund) ; Dut. willigbe, wilgbe. Our word presents yet another instance of the /or v sound replacing that of the original g or gb. Win, v. a. To reach, attain to ; generally used so as to imply pre- vious effort, toil, labour, perhaps of some, or of long continuance. Comp. the primary idea in O. N. vinna, to labour, strive, toil, in M. G. winnan, pati, laborare, O. Germ, winnen, winnan, winnan, laborare, certare. ' I warne 3ou, alle werk-men- winne\> while je mowe.' Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 91. The sense of to obtain, to gain, to take in possession, seems to follow as a secondary one. ' It snew and it stoured, an' it warn't while efter dark at Ah got wossel'd thrufF and wan yamm ;' the snow fell thick and it drifted fast, and it was not until after dark I succeeded in wrestling through and reached home. ' " Where 's yer son an's wahf, noo?" " We heared of 'em last at New York: they's won sae far on their journey out." ' ' Then the wenten to the castle with-oute lesse, wherein many a Sarazen was, that noe man might to them winne by noe manner of gynne.' Percy's Folio MS. i. 491. Win through, To. To struggle through, an illness for instance, or difficulties of any kind ; the thought or idea of final recovery, success or superiority, being the one prominently implied. See under Win. ' He 's sair matched, but Ah thinks he '11 win tbrujf;' he is in circumstances of great difficulty, but I think he will come out successful from the struggle. ' He 's sair an' badly. But t' doctor thinks he "11 win tbrvff.' Winch, winge, v. n. To draw in the hind quarters as if with the intention of kicking ; to kick slightly, to raise the feet from the ground GLOSSARY OF THE as if beginning or motioning to kick, rather than actually kicking ; of a mare unwilling to admit the advances of the horse, or of any horse slightly resenting the doings of another, whether in play or otherwise. Pr. Pm. ' Wyncyn. Calcitro, recalcitro ; smytyn with the fote as hors.' ' Grinder, to wriggle, to writhe.' Cotgr. ' Her mouth was swete as brakit or the meth, Or horde of applis layd in hay or heth, Winsing she was as is a jolly colt, Long as a mast and upright as a bolt.' Miller's Tale, 1. 153. ' It is hard for thee to wincbe against the pricke.' Udal, Actes, c. 26. ' For let see who that dare Shoe the mockish mare, They make her wincbe and kicke.' Skelton, quoted by Rich. The more prevailing form here is winge. ' I blaired and wbindged like any man and down my cheeks the salt tears ran.' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 58. The explanation given for wbindged here being ' howl'd like a dog when he is hurt.' I infer a confusion (if not a connection) between winge and wringe. See Wringe, to whine. Wind, sb. Breath. ' Myn ees are woren bothe marke & blynd, Myn and is short, I want wynde, Thus has age dystroed my kind And reft myghtes alle.' Townel. Myst. p. 1 54 Wind, Out of. Out of breath. Winded, To be. To be in, or reduced to, a state of breathlessness ; of horse or man, under severe and continued exertion. Winder, v. a. To winnow ; to separate the chaff, &c., from the grain by aid of wind, whether the natural wind, or a current of air created by machinery. ' Isboset sette ane wummon uorte (for to) beon seteward )>et windwede hweate :' Ancr. Riwle, p. 2 70 ; and again, same page, ' for to winden hweate.' Pr. Pm. ' Wyndyn, yn l>e eyre as wynde (wyndyn with eyere). Ventilo.' Wynewynge also occurs, but is thought by Mr. Way to have been written wyndynge at first hand. With our form winder comp. our sunder, to expose to the sun. Also comp. windewe, windowyng, in Wiclif's Bible. ' Windewe thee not (ne ventiles) in to ech wynd.' Ecclus. v. 15. ' Afterward Y sawe the wether with hornys windowyng (ventilantem). Dan. viii. 4. Windering-machine, sb. The winnowing-machine. Windle-straws, sb. (pr. winn'l-straahs). Dead seed-stems of grass in pasture fields. A. S. windel-streowe, straw for platting. ' " You got some hay, then, James ?" " Aye, Ah 's getten a lahtle ; but its nowght na' better an winn'l-straabs, maist feck on 't." ' CLEVELAND DIALECT. 577 Windy, adj. Loquacious, talkative, noisy. ' A windy, waffly chap ;' a loquacious, chattering fellow. Winsome, adj. Attractive, captivating. In Lay. ii. 522, the first text has ' Arftur was wunsum ; per he hafde his iwillen :' where the second has wisman. No doubt wunsum is right. Comp. Fearsome, Love- some, Viewsome, &c., as well as E. handsome. ' A handsome, winsome young lady.' Wb. Gl. ' S6\>lice nun geoc ys wynsum, and myn byrdyn ys leobt.' A. S. Gosp. Matt. xi. 30. Winter-hedge, sb. A clothes-horse. Wire, sb. i. The stem of any thin-growing, tough-stalked plant. 2. The cord-like growth of the strawberry-runner. ' Blaeberry-tw'res ;' the stems of the bilberry or Blaeberry plant (V actinium myrtillvs). Wire-ling, sb. The crowberry plant (Empetrum nigrum). Wire-rush, sb. The hard rush (Juncus glaucus). See Reshes. Wiselike, adj. Sensible, prudent, giving evidences of good sense or wisdom. A. S. wis-lic, wiselike, wise, prudent. ' Of hise word, Su -wislike mune, Hise word, 'Sat is, hise wise sune.' Gen. and Ex. p. 2. Wist, Had I. Had I known. Had I wissen is another form of this phrase. ' Bot yong men of wowyng, for God that you boght, Be welle war of wedyng, and thynk in youre thoght, " Had I wyst" is a thyng it servys of noght.' Townel. Myst. p. 100. Mr. O. Cockayne's remarks on wist are as follows : ' The vb. Witan, once = Videre, prset. Wat=Vidi, part, past Witen = vid-tus, being put upon a new footing and its past tense being treated as a present, acquired wrongfully and anomalously a new przterite wiste, as, jef J>e husbonde wiste (subj.), with an anomalous participle past i-wist,' (or later wist). St. Marberete, p. 94. Wit, v. n. To be informed, to know or be acquainted. The Wb. and Leeds Gl. deal with the word wit, in such phrases as ' I hae getten t' wit on 't,' ' to get t' wit of a thing,' as a sb. On like grounds know, in the phrase ' get to know," would be a sb. To let wit is to let know, to suffer or cause another to come to the witting or knowledge of a matter ; and to get to wit or get wit is like in construction. Pr. Pm. ' Wytyn, or wetyn, or knowyn. Scio, cognosco, agnosco.' O. N. vita, scire, noscere, Sw. veto, Dan. vide, A. S. witan, N. S. weten, Fris. wita, M. G. witan, O. Germ. mtizzan, nuizssan, &c., Germ, wissen, to know, perceive, understand. 4E GLOSS 'A RY OF THE ' Wvte je J>et to soj>e ;' know ye that for sooth. Ancr. Riwle, p. 190. ' On alre erest hwon je schulen to owre parlures )>urle twite's et ower meiden hwo hit bco J>et is icumen.' Ib. 64. ' Isaac. I luf you mekille, fader dere. Abraham. And dos thou so? I wold wit how Lufes thou me, son, as thou has saide.' Townel. Myst. p. 37. ' " Do me to wete that ye can telle the cause why." And when thei herden this, thei seide, " Sir, we witetb not : but ther be somme that might wele knowe by astronomye." " Than," quod he, " enquereth amonge you who will take the labour to serche out the cause why, and lete me wete." ' Merlin, p. 28. ' I hae just getten t' wit on 't.' Wb. Gl. Wit, sb. Knowledge, information, intelligence. ' Ay, he 's a sharp chap. He 's getten a vast o" wit about maist things.' Cf. ' Itt gan to bren out of witt.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 480. ' A ffoole may teach a wise man witt.' Ib. p. 51 1. Witch, v. a. To bewitch, to bring under the (supposed) ill-effects of witch-craft. ' Shee witched me, being a faire young Lady, to the greene forrest to dwell, & there I must walke in womans liknesse, most like a feend of hell.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 1 1 6. Witch-wood, sb. The mountain ash, or rowan-tree; or rather the wood, or any portion of the wood, of the said tree. There cannot be the slightest doubt that this name for the mountain ash, or at least for wood of that tree generally used in the form of a small stick about as long and as thick as the little finger, I believe is due to its use as a charm, amulet, or preservative against the witch and her power. Whether or no the A. S. wice, N. S. quitscbe, witscbe, Germ, quitze be or no, is another question. Bosw., in v. Wice, adverts to the opinion noticed by Ihre that the tree received its Scandinavian name O. N. reynir, Sw. ronn, Dan. ran, ronnetra ; whence our Rowan or Rowan-tree ' from runa, incantation, because of the use made of it in magical arts,' and there can be little doubt that ' Plat, wikk-rode (the divining-rod), being made from the rovn-tree,' is as indicative of its own meaning as our "Witch-wood. And for my own part, alike from the form of the words cf. wice, Englished by Bosw. by witcbe, with wicce, a witch ; wiggen, wbigben, or wicleen with N. S. wikken, wicken, wigelen, to soothsay, play the part of a witch, wikker, wicbler, a wizard, &c., from the notorious use of the wood of the rowan-tree as a charm, and from the probable origin of the Scand. name for the same tree, I think it probable that all these names wiggen, wicken, wbigben, "Witch-wood are due to the same origin. Wite, wyte, v. a. To reproach or cast up to, to blame or impute culpability. O. N. vita, reprehendere, punire, viti, culpa, noxa ; O. Sw. wita, to lay to one's charge, to blame, also to punish, Sw. forvita, to reproach with ; A. S. witan, N. S. witen, verwiten ; M. G. idweitjan, exprobare, idweit, opprobrium, with which collate A. S. edwitan, atwitan and edwyte in P. Plovgbm. p. 99 CLEVELAND DIALECT. 579 ' His wif gan tdwyte hym tho." 4 Ffor I synfull wreche ha; ofte sawlde the ffor a littill worldly vanyte, And for a littill fleschely delyte, Wharefore I am mare )>an Judas to wyte.' Rel. Pieces, p. 67. ' Abel. Godes wille I trow it were That myn brened so clere : If thyne smoked am I to wilet' Townel. Myst. p. 15. ' You need not wite me with that." Wb. Gl. Wither, v. a. To notch or cut the shank of any object which has to be fixed in a quasi-socket in such a way that jagged points shall stand out so as to oppose or prevent the drawing back of the object ; of Gate- crooks, e.g., or any iron to be inserted in a post or stone- work. Derived directly from the sb. See "Withers. Withering, sb. The barbing or series of jagged points on the shank of a Gate-crook, intended to be inserted in a Gate-stoup, or the like. Withers, sb. The barbs of an arrow-head; jags or sharp points which stand so as to impede or prevent backward motion of that on which they stand. I do not find this word and those which depend on it (see "Wither, vb. and "Withering) in any collection of dialect words yet published. The derivation is obvious : A. S. wffier (met with in composition), N. S. wedder, Old G. uuidar, Germ, wieder, M. G. witbra, O. N. vtftr, Sw. veder, Dan. veder, all meaning against, in opposition to, in a backward direction, and chiefly (or exclusively, some of them) used in composition. From A. S. wfSer, the vb. wifterian, to resist, oppose, follows, and in Ancr. Riwle one of the various readings on p. 238 gives the form wtiSerffi, in the sense strives against, resists. In Lay. we have the adj. wfSer, hostile, adverse, and the sb. witter, hostility; used also adverbially on wiSere ' the wind com on wf&ere,' the wind came adverse. The application of this sense of oppo- sition to motion is transparent in our word : the "Withers are what hinder the withdrawing, or motion in a given direction, of the arrow-head they belong to. Witty, adj. Wise, sensible, shrewd. Pr. Pm. ' Wytty. Ingeniosus, prudens, sapiens.' ' Ac thing that wikkedly is wonne, And with false sleightes, Wolde never the wit of witty God But wikkede men it hadde.' P. Plougbm. p. 302. ' For thorugh werre and wikkede werkes And wederes unresonable, Weder-wise shipmen, And witty clerkes also, Han no bileve to the lifte, Ne to the loore of philosofres.' Ib. p. 316. ' A witty, wiselike labile chap, for a bairn, as ivver Ah seen.' Cf. ' Thou was witty and wyse, thi werkes vn-wylde.' Rel. Pieces, p. 88. 4 E 2 580 GLOSSARY OF THE Within wersel's, To do owght. To do it with only the usual hands or labourers employed. '"Fine weather for the hay, Willy. Why haven't you more hands on?" " Wheea, bairn, we 's au'd-fashioned folk : us lahk's f dee wer ain to'ns wiv-in wersel's." ' Wiv, prep. With. A form in most frequent use before a vowel. ' " Who 's with him?" " Naebody. He's wiv 'imself;" ' all alone. Wivoot, prep, and adv. Without. Wizzen, v. n. To wither, to shrivel. A. S. wisnian, weosnian, to dry up, wizzen, O. N. visna, O. Sw. wisna, Dan. visne, O. H. Germ, ituesnan. Wizzened, adj. Shrivelled, withered and corrugated ; as an over- kept apple. ' " A wizzened apple ;" pined and furrowed with long keeping.' Wb. Gl. Wizzen-faced, adj. Having a thin and wrinkled countenance. Wode, wood, adj. (pr. wud, weead). Furious, outrageous, mad. A. S. wod, mad, furious, insane. Cf. N. S. wood, madness, Dut. woede, rage, fury, Germ. wuth, O. H. G. wuot, id. ; M. G. wod, one possessed ; O. N. odr, mad, furious, Sw. D. od, mad, O. Sw. o\>er, furious, mad ; Sanscr. vad, to be enraged. ' Whan the kynge Rion saugh the damage that thei hadde hym don he was nygh wode for ire.' Merlin, p. 324. I halde me jitt werse, and maie wode pan be Jewes ware bat did be one be rude.' Rel. Pieces, p. 67. ' His brother made lesingis On him ther as he stode, And tolde them that comin in That Gamelyn was wode.' Coke's Tale of Gamelyn, 1. 760. " He went clean wud;" completely mad.' Wb. Gl. ' As nigh weead as mought be, gin he warn't weead.' Woe worth ye (pr. wae-worth-'ee). May evil or woe befal you. A. S. weorftan, wurftan, to become, come to, be made, be, come to pass ; N. S. weerden, Dut. warden, Germ, werden, M. G. wairtban; O. N. verda, to be, to be brought to pass, Sw. varda, Dan. vorde. Comp. the usage in our phrase with gewyrfteft to duste : be- cometh, i. e. shall become dust ; and note the form wel wurfie, Gen. and Ex. p. 5. ' And when the gud lady bat was abbas, and the lady bat was prioresse . . . saw that the holy abbaye was in poynte for to wortbe to noghte thorowe J>e wikkydnes of thir foure,' &c. Rel. Pieces, p. 58. Wold, sb. An open, tolerably level expanse at some elevation above the general level of the district. Mr. Wedgw. connects this,, and I think rightly, with O. N. vollr, Dan. void, field, mound, rampart, and not with A. S. weald, wald, N. S. wold, woold, &c., a forest, wood. ' Dre der he toe, ilc "Sre ger hold, And sacrede god on an wold.' Gen. and Ex. p. 27. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 581 Won, wone, v. n. (pr. wun, or as the number ' one'). To dwell, live, abide. A. S. wunian, to dwell, inhabit, reside, N. S. wanen, Dut. wonen, Germ, wobnen, O. Germ. vitonen, uuonan, uuaneti. Ihre gives waning, habitatio, but with the remark that it is not an original Sw. word, while Molb. simply says of Dan. vaaning, that it is the Germ. wobning. ' Thou maide and mothir, doughter of thy sonne, In whom that God of bounte chese to wonne.' Second Nonne's Prologue, 1. 36. ' In my fader house, forsothe, Is many a wonnyng stede.' Townel. Myst. p. 182. ' Lucifer. In heven, therfor, wit I wold Above me who should won.' Ib. p. 3. ' " We wun at t' aud spot yet ;" we live at the old place still.' Wb. Gl. Work, v. n. i. To apply assiduous labour, contend with difficulties or toil perse veringly ; to contend, with an intensitive sense. 2. To throb and be painful ; of wounds, the teeth, &c. 1. ' He wrought on wi 'm a lang piece, but 't war te nae use ;' of efforts to deter an obstinate man from some foolish action. ' 'T war an ill-leeakin' spot as iwer Ah seen ; but he wrought on an' gat 't menseful at t' last end ;' of a neglected garden, &c. Cf. ' Alse he (Esau and Jacob) wrogten and figt.' Gen. and Ex. p. 42. 2. ' It wrought an* stanged while 't wur bad to bide." ' It wrought an' warked while Ah was fair wild wi' 't ;' where warked = ached. Cf. ' then all my wounds wrought art once.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 365. Workened, adj. Entangled, twisted up or together. Wh. GL I find nothing at all like this in form or sound except only wbirken in Hall., which he gives as meaning ' to suffocate ; Note, drowned, whirkened.' Cotgr. Possibly, by metathesis, the word may be connected with N. S. wruk, wruuk, a piece of wood full of knots and protuberances : at least, there is some degree of resemblance between the ideas in the two cases ; the woody fibres are, in the case of the wruk, sufficiently workened in our sense. But I suspect the word to be only Pr. Pm. Querkenyd, with a divergent or arbi- trary sense imposed. Worms, sb. Applied to the maggots or gentles, the larvae of the Flesh-fly, found in carrion, &c. Worn, adj. (pr. wun, as won, or wan, adj.). Spent, used up, exhausted, worn out. ' Ah 'm wo'n for want o' sleep.' Wh. Gl. ' " He 's a wo'n man ;" worn out from old age or other causes.' Ib. ' Puir au'd chap ! he 's about wo'n. He '11 dee nae mair guid at labour.' Worry, v. a. To kill, as a dog does a rat, a rabbit or a hare, by a sudden or quick snap or shake, or by any vigorous line of action. Not as a cat 'worries a mouse' in standard English. A fox rase at my feeat, an' "cur dog wur wi' me, an* he click'd ho'd on 't an' worried it in a glift : Aye, afore Ah c'd mell wi' 'm.' [A fact.] 582 GLOSSARY OF THE Wossle, v. n. Pr. of Wursle, the form which ' wrestle' takes by meta- thesis of r and the subsequent vowel. ' We shall all get wosselled thruff, through time." Comp. the sense in the D. Dial, phrase ; liggt og vraasle i en seng : to lie and toss about in a bed, which is, however, a coincidence in form and sense only. Wostle, wostler, wost- house. Pr. of Hostle, Hostler, and Host-house. Wotwell, sb. A hang-nail. See Whittle. Hall, gives the form wortwall, and Lincolnsb. Gl. wirt-springs, from which it seems that wirt or wort is one distinct element in the word ; with which our form wo't agrees. I would collate with it Bav. fratt, Dut. vraet, a place galled by nibbing, Swiss fretten, fratten, to become sore by nibbing. Cf. fray, to rub, frayed out, nibbed or chafed so as to shew ragged edges. In this last word we have the exact idea of the hang-nail, which I believe I have heard called a fret, though I cannot now recal where. But I cannot connect the final syllable otherwise than by surmise. Wreath, sb. An annular pad, worn upon the head by women who carry burdens on their heads. The Durham equivalent for this seems to be weise, and the weise seems to be made of other materials besides the 'woollen' mentioned in the Wb. Gl. definition. ' Many years ago, a girl who lived at Nether Witton, as she was returning from milking with a pail on her head, saw the fairies playing in the fields, although her companions could not see them. The reason, it seemed, was that her weise, or pad for bearing the pail on her head, was composed of four-leaved clover, which gives the power of seeing fairies.' Keightley's Fairy Mytbol. p. 310. Our word is A. S. wret heo wergeft (wearieth) euerichon wreofoefS him by oSer :' supporteth himself by the other. Wreckling, wrackling, sb. The last young animal in a litter, of pigs, for instance ; any puny, undergrown animal, as the last in a large litter usually is : applied to a child or any diminutive, stunted-looking individual. See TTrling. Kok gives S. Jutl. vrassel, vrdsling (for vragsel, vragsling), in the same sense, and quotes Outzen for vrag and vragling; which last is identical with our word. Comp. Dan. vrag- braeder, boards which are not of sufficient dimensions, whether as to length, breadth or thickness, and are therefore rejected put aside as vrag. This is connected with obs. Danish vraeke, to cast out, to reject, and, through it, with O. N. reka, to drive, &c. Again, comp. wrack, wreck, wreckage, that which is cast up or rejected by the sea. Hence the derived idea, that which is of little worth, i. e. fit to be rejected, and so, poor, puny, not good for much. See Wedgw., who takes a somewhat different view. Writings, sb. Deeds, or other formal documents. Wringe, v. a. To twist, to strain. A. S. wringan, N. S. wringen, Dan. vreenge, Sw. vrdnga, &c., to wring, twist, compress. Comp. E. wreneb, sb. and vb., D. D. vreenge, N. Fris. wrenge. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 583 The vb. is used in a neuter sense in Pr. of Consc. 1. 1536. ' Som has J>air clethyng hyngand als stoles, Some gas tatird als tatird foles ; Some gase wrynchand to and fra And some gas hypand als a ka ; pus uses yhong men all new gett." Wringe, v. n. i. To whine, as a dog does; to utter sounds expres- sive of pain. 2. To complain. Probably from Isl. hrinr, Dan. vrinske, Sw. vrenska, &c. ; words expressive of the shrill cry or whinny uttered by a stallion when excited. Wrong with, To get. To be at variance, or have a misunderstand- ing, with any second person. Wrought, pret. and p. p. of to Work (pr. wrowght). In its parti- cipial sense, worked, having labour exacted; or, purged, by medicine, namely. ' Ower sair wrought ;' much too hard-worked. Wry, v. a. To twist, turn obliquely aside. ' And in derision wry'd her mow :' Joco-Ser. Disc. p. 27 ; an instance which the standard adjectival use of the word wry serves well to illustrate. Wumm'l. Pr. of Wimble, an auger. ' Wymbyl, or persowre. Terebellum.' Pr. Pm. Wye, sb. A heifer, of any age up to three years : qualified as Year- ling Wye, Two-year-old Wye. O. N. quiga, a heifer, O. Sw. kwiga, qitiga, Dan. quie. The Lincolnsh. form is quee or quey (pronounced qne). ' That she and Jane Makepeace of New Ridley had trailed a horse of the said George downe a great scarr, and that they have now power of a qvye of the said George, which now pines away.' York Castle Dep. p. 196. ' T' rooan coo 's getten cauv'd, an" it 's a white wye.' Wye-calf, sb. A heifer-calf. Sw. qiiig-kalf, Dan. qvie-kalf. Yabbable, yabble, yabblish. Pr. of Able, Ablish, &c. Yacker. Pr. of Acre. 5 #4 GLOSSARY OF THE Yaffle, v. n. To talk fast and rather unmeaningly ; to talk as a tooth- less person does, mumblingly. Wh. GL Dan. cevle, to prate, talk fast, chatter. In the Leeds Gl. the word means ' to bark gently ;' and in Cr. Gl. ' to bark." ' Yaffling. Snarling or barking ; as " their dog is always yaffling." ' Lincolnsb. Gl. ' Yaff, to bark. North.' Halliwell. It is impossible to dissociate these words from yap, to bark, yelp, yape, to gossip, and the probability (or more) of a connection with wbapp, wbaff, will at once suggest itself. Yah, yan, yance. Pr. of A, Ane, Ance. Yak, yak'rons. Pr. of Ak, Ac-corns. Yal, yal'us. Pr. of Al, Al-house or Al-us. Yam, v. a. To eat greedily, rather than only heartily, and with the attendant noise that usually accompanies voracious feeding, i I connect this word with S. Jutl. biamsk, voracious, greedy ; at biamske i sig : to eat in a greedy, swinish manner. Molb. notices two or three other significations of the adj., which are also given by Kok in the Gl. attached to his Essay on the S. Jutl. Dialects ; namely, drowsy, numb of intellect, or seeming to be so, possessed by half-insane whims or crotchets, &c. Kok refers the word to O. N. binta or hyma, to be drowsy, dull of intellect, wandering in mind cf. Sw. D. hima, to be dizzy, to have a swimming in the head, N. bimla, bimble, to slumber, be overpowered with sleep and it again to a word signifying to cover or conceal ; a supposition in which Rietz concurs as to the Sw. and other words just quoted. Thus it belongs to the same root as bam, hamn (see Hamp), bimin, bim- ntel, &c., and is accounted for by Kok thus: biamsk, i. sleepy, drowsy, heavy in action as from loss of sleep, ombyllet af sovnen : overwhelmed (covered over, literally) by sleep : 2. dull of understanding, silly, half-possessed, of one bvis forstand er ombyllet: whose under- standing is clouded over or obscured. In like manner, biamsk, swinish, greedy, voracious, of one who, to use a prov. E. idiom, ' puts himself outside his food' in a voracious or glut- tonous way. Comp. the expressions, pertinent to food, ' to put it out of sight,' ' to put it within him (the eater),' ' to make it disappear,' &c., all applied principally to the eating performances of a very hungry person. Yam m ing, sb. The act of eating with avidity and noisily. Yan, sb. A gang or set of work-folk in the harvest-field, viz. three Shearers and a Binder. Hall, explains it as ' one ridge of corn, with the reapers employed on it.' Comp. Chaucer's yev e, yaf, yafe, yef, yeft, for give, gave, gift, yeten or yetin for getten or gotten, yede, yode (went) for gaed or goed, and so on without end, and the presumption arises that Yan is simply another form of gan(g). Yannerly, adj. i. Lonely, solitary, unsocial, shy, retiring. Thence 2. Backward, unwilling. Thence 3. Selfish, as not ' willing to com- municate.' Cf. onerly, yonderly, Halliwell. The form last given suggests the probable origin of this word. Just before yonderly Hall, gives yond, from Spenser, as meaning ' furious, CLEVELAND DIALECT. 585 savage ;' with which collate our common expressions past all, past owght, past biding ; as Rich, collates French outtragevx from oultre or outre, Lat. ultra. 2. ' " He was very shy and yannerly ;" unsocial.' Wb. Gl. 3. ' " A yannerly sort of body ;" a selfish person.' Ib. Yap, v. n. To bark as a small, troublesome cur does. See under Yaffle, and comp. Dan. D. jappe or biappe, to be over-hasty in action or speech, to stammer or haffle in speech, as one might from too great haste in utterance ; connected with which are the adj. jap or biap, and the sb. japitrug, japskaft, a stutterer, japve ybate Than is he warned over late.' Pr. of Consc. 1. 2001. ' Auh hore wunnynge naueiS no iet.' Ancr. Rhvle, p. 74- ' Of heven and hell thei kepe the yeates.' Plowman's Prologue. In the next example the word is applied to an orifice in a hollow stick ' an halowe sticke :' And with his sticke That was ordained with that false yett.' Ftman's Tale, 1. 1 298. 586 GLOSSARY OF THE Yat-crook, sb. (pr. yat-creeak, -cruik, -crewek or -crewk). The iron hook fixed in the gate-post and on which the hinge rotates. Yat-house, sb. A gate or entrance house; one through which a gated archway opens into a courtyard. Wh. Gl. Yat-stoup, sb. A gate-post. See Stoup. Yaud, yode, sb. A nag, a mare. Applied also, as 'jade' is, to either female, or she-animal, in the way of vituperation. Essentially the same word with jade; and sometimes applied in the way of abuse to a man. Yearn, yearning, or yenning. Pr. of Earn, Earning. Yed, v. n. To burrow or make runs underground; as the mole, rabbit: also applied to a miner. Hall, gives ' Yed, an aperture or way where one collier only can work at a time.' The connection is with gad, beyond doubt. Comp. ' gad-bit, a nail-passer. Var. Dial.' Hall., a Nail-passer being simply a gimlet, or that which makes a small hole or orifice through which the nail shall pass. The idea in this word, therefore, is exactly coincident with that in Yed, both vb. and sb. Comp. also 'gad-nail, a long and stout nail.' Halliwell. Yedder, v. n. To form a fence or hedge ; the operation consisting in interweaving the more pliant branches of trees, or underwood, be- tween upright stakes. A. S. edor, eader, eftei-, a fence or hedge. Tusser, as quoted in Cr. Gl., has the form edder (sb.) without the y. ' In lopping and felling save edder and stake, Thine hedges, as needeth, to mend or to make.' Yedder, sb. A pliant rod, or single cutting from among underwood, capable of being interwoven or twisted in and out among upright posts or hedge-stakes set in the earth. See Yedder, vb. ' He shall deliver unto you, William de Bruce, ten stakes, eleven strut-stowers, and eleven yedders, to be cut by you with a knife of one penny price.' From a document connected with Whitby Abbey, quoted in Young's Hist, of Wbitby. Yed-wand, sb. (Pr. of yerd-wand). A yard measure, or wand. Pr. Pm. ' Yerde, metwande. Ulna;' A. S. gyrd, gird, a staff, rod. The one an use of the other with an arbitrary sense attached. Cf. gyrde-landes, yard-land, measured land. Yeead. Pr. of Head: more usually Heead, without the strong aspi- ration which eventually brings in the y. Yemman. Pr. of Yeoman. See Freeholder. Yer-nut, yen-nut, sb. Pr. of Earth-nut (Bunium flexuosum}. CLEVELAND DIALECT. 587 Yeth-wur'm, sb. Pr. of Earth-worm. Applied metaph. to a person of mean, grovelling habits or propensities. ' " A poor yetb-worm ;" a. miser, a muckworm.' Wb. Gl. Yetling, sb. A small cast-iron pot, on three small legs or feet. ' ij yedynges.' Invent. Finch. Pr. civ. This word is given by Brock, with a reference to Jamieson's>e//anflf; which, with another form, yettlin, he gives as meaning, ' of or belonging to cast iron.' He adds also ' Yettlin, cast metal,' collating Old Sw. giuta, Teut. gbieten, to cast ; as metal. Note also Pr. Pm. ' Yetyn metall ; jetyn or sete metel, 3etyn. Fundo ;' A. S. geotan, fundere, geotere, fusor. See note in Pr. Pm. Yoke, v. a. To attach a horse or horses to a carriage of any sort. Yoke-stick, sb. The wooden yoke or shoulder-bar by aid of which two pails of water are carried with comparative ease. ' As crooked as a yoke-stick.' Wb. Gl. Yon, yont, adj. Used demonstratively. Yonder, that in the distance, or that observable ; object or person, namely. Often used absolutely. 1 What'sjwn?' What object, or proceeding, or cry, &c. is that, there? ' Yon chap 's sloped, folk sez.' ' Yon lass 's getten hersel' wed, then.' ' Far side o" yon field.' Yotten, yottle, v. a. To swallow with an effort, and especially with an audible effort. Cr. Gl. gives yocken with much the same meaning ; Hall, also, in the sense of to gargle no doubt in reference to the audible part of the performance. Cf. O. N.jodl, volutatio cibi in ore ; jodla, to work or roll the food about in one's mouth, as a yet toothless child does. The connection of thought is simple and obvious. ' " Be sharp and get it yottened down ;" to a patient who is reluctant to take his physic.' Wb. Gl. Yottening, sb. i. The act of drinking with effort. Thence 2. A hearty draught, a copious drink of anything. 2. ' " A good yottening o' yal ;" a good drink of ale.' Wb. Gl. Yow, sb. An ewe, or female sheep. O. N. o, an ewe, ewe-lamb, A. S. eowu, an ewe, Dut. ouive, Fris. ei. Yowden, v. n. To submit, yield duty or service, render obedience ; to hearken or pay attention. A. S. gyldan, gildan, to render service, to worship, p. p. golden. Comp. O. N. gialda, Dan. gielde, to render, make a return. Molb. adds of the latter word that it is scarcely in ordinary use. ' " She yowdens badly ;" as the gossips say of the wife in an ill-assorted match she sub- mits to her husband reluctantly, or with an ill-grace.' Wb. Gl. 4 F 2 -) 88 GLOSSARY OF THE Yowl, v. n. (sometimes pr. yole or yool). To howl, as a dog does ; to cry plaintively and loudly. Comp goul, said of the wind, as also yell, gale (in nightingale, as well as per se), bowl, Lat. vliilare, Germ, benlen; O. N._/'w/a, bjula, of the cry of children as yet unable to talk. ' f>e day of drede and of tremblyng, f e day of gretyng and goulyng, pe day of crying and of duleful dyn, pe day of sorrow J>at never sal blyn.' Pr. ofConsc. 1. 6108. Yowl, sb. A howl, or cry of pain uttered by a dog ; any loud cry of pain or grief. Yown, yune, sb. An oven. O. Sw. ugn, ogbn, ofn, omn; Sw.D. on, omn, um, ovn, &c. ; Sw. ugn, O.N. ofn, Modern Isl. onn ; N. ogn, om, omm ; Dan. ovn; A. S. ofen, Germ, ofen, &c., M. G. aubns. ' " A yat yown ;" a hot oven.' Wb. Gl. ' I is to gie notidge at Joanie Pickergill yeats yown t' nee't, t' moorn at moorn, an* t* moorn at nee't, an' neea langer as lang 's storm ho'ds, cause he c'n get na mair eldin ;' I am to give notice that John Pickergill heats his oven to-night, and to-morrow, morning and night, and no longer as long as the snow lasts, because he can get no more fuel. Yowp, v. n. (often pr. yope). i. To yelp; to cry intermittingly as a hurt dog does. 2. To talk fast and shrilly or loud. Simply another form of yelp. Comp. fau't for fault, Sau't for salt, Mau't (or malt, Bou'k or Boke for bulk, &c. 2. ' He $ealp (-,alp, in second text) bat he wolde fleon.' Lay. i. 122. ' I kepe not of armis for to yelp.' Knight's Tale, 1. 2240. ' ' Prithee dinnot gape and yowp sae ;" do not bawl or talk so loud.' Wb. Gl. Yuer, yur, sb. (sometimes pr. yowr) The udder or 'bag' of the co\v. O. N. jiigr, jiifr, jur, Dan. yver, Sw. jnfver, Sw. D. jur, jajtr, N. jur. Cf. A. S. itder, O. G. u.'ar, Germ, enter, N. Fris. joder, judder. The remarkable correspondence between our word and the Scand. forms cannot fail to be more striking, especially when the sound of the N., Sw., and Dan./v and v are taken into account. Yuer, v. n. To shew signs of increasing in size and becoming some- what turgid ; of the cow's bag or Yur, when her time for calving draws on. One of the symptoms of approaching parturition. Yule-cake, sb. A kind of plum-cake specially prepared for con- sumption at Christmas. I will not touch upon the disputed question of the etymology of Yule. Ihre quotes seven theories, and Mr. Baring-Gould gives yet another at p. 203 of his Scenes and Sagas of Iceland. The Swedish author describes Jul as ' a winter feast, which, now, is held in remembrance of the nativity of our Lord ; in heathen times, however, was devoted to the honour of the Sun ; although,' he continues, ' the times of the Christian festival and of the old heathen sacrificial solemnities do not coincide, the latter not having been held until January was somewhat advanced.' Jnlbrod he further describes as ' bread well spiced and CLEVELAND DIALECT. 589 seasoned, fashioned in various forms of animals and fishes, and wont to be placed on the table at Yuletide ;' and connects it with presents of bread which tenants were bound to offer to their landlords, by ancient usage, at that season. Mr. Hylten Cavallius, however and, it would seem, with an amount of probability almost verging on certainty connects this Julbrbd, or its equivalents, with more venerable ideas, and with offerings thereon dependent. He sees in all the Yule observances a transmitted and not dimly traceable memorial of ancient heathen customs or usage, all more or less sacrificial, propitiatory or protective. The idea of fiie, as not only in itself a holy thing, almost Being, but as closely connected with or related to the Sun, is the dominant idea in the universal and utterly venerable Northern practice of lighting nocturnal fires or sacrificial piles (offerbdl) in the open air, on occasion of each of the great annual festivals in honour of the Sun. This practice, enduring even to quite recent times, has long continued, notwithstanding the influence of Christianity to the contrary, to have associated with it the idea of purifying the land from unhallowed spirits and other beings, which, almost down to the present time, are held to be more espe- cially on the move on the nights which precede the great changes in the Sun's annual course, midsummer, midwinter, and the solstice or equinox. Originally these sacred fires were made upon some natural eminence, and probably in close connection with some great Houe or burial tumulus ; then the scene was transferred to the Hof or public temple, or possibly the royal hall : but, eventually, buildings of lesser pretensions, or private residences, became equally eligible, at least in the case of the Yule observances. But wherever held, besides the fire ihejulbdl or sacrificial pyre, and the jul-tanna or yule-torch- there was also, and invariably, feasting, accompanied by drinking, the song and the dance, kept up through a great part of the night. The very churchyards and churches themselves were, until not so very long since, lustrated with fire and lights, and at other seasons as well as at Yule. Regarding the Christian observance of Yule in Warend and the remark is of very general application throughout Scandinavia, and Northern England as well as preserving, in many particulars, traces of its origin from a heathen high-tide, Mr. Hylten Cavallius writes thus : ' Coinci- dently with the removal indoors of the heathenish sacrificial feast (blot-gille ; gille being a kind of joint-stock feast, each guest contributing part of the provision), the time-honoured and hallowed fire-usages underwent various changes. The ancient Yule-fires were still scrupulously kindled on the domestic hearth, as the Yule-bale was in old times under the open sky ; but, at their side from the earliest periods, was always seen the tanne, or torch of fat pinewood, as a holy symbol of the Sun, of light or fire. Such a tanne, like as it is even yet seen in Warend, is composed of dry bits of resinous fir, bound together with withies, to the dimensions of a thick pole, and from six to twelve feet in length. The Yule-tanne for that is its especial name to judge from its form and dimensions, must once customarily have been placed on the bare soil, or upon the floor of the temple (gudabofuef), for the purpose of throwing light upon the sacrificial rites at the Old Northern Yule-gild. In point of fact, the universal custom of the Warend folk still is to do whatever has to be done after dark by the light of the fire or of lighted sticks. As habits of greater refinement crept in, the smoky Yule-tonne was re-placed by the Yule-candle (Jvla-ljuset), which accordingly retains among the people the old religious regard paid to the Yule-tanne as a holy thing. Throughout the entire district of Warend no mere hovel or hut so poor can be found that no Yule-candle burns upon its table. Lighted always at the time of the evening meal, which corresponds with the Old Northen Yule offering, it continues to burn the night through just as used the heathen bale-fire of sacrifice. Everything upon which its rays fall, by reason of the holy influences of the light, augmented as they are by the high season of Yule, becomes lucky and protected against witching or enchantment. Money, valuables, the holiday clothes, therefore, are intentionally placed within the reach of its light that they may be blessed, saved from harm, augmented. Any end of the candle, which may remain from the Yule-night's burning, is carefully preserved throughout the year, and is a valuable remedy for sores, chapped hands, cracked lips, and even for the sore teats of the cows. The people also derive omens or prognostications from the Yule-candle. If it goes out, it portends 59 GLOSSARY. that some member of the household shall die within the coming year. If any one lights another candle at its flame, or snuffs it so carelessly that it is extinguished, that person may expect some great misfortune. The same idea as to the sanctity of the Yule-candle lies at the bottom of the popular faith that if any one at an entertainment takes the light from the table for instance, to employ it in looking for anything which has fallen down the guests will be sure to fall into dissension. It is a custom still kept up to place on the Yule- tide table, side by side with the Yule-candle, a so-called Jula-bog (Yule-heap or pile), con- sisting of cakes, loaves, cheese-cakes, and bread of various descriptions, amid which (and at the very top) is always to be found an oblong wort-cake (vbrt-brod; a loaf of bread the dough of which was kneaded with sweet-wort instead of mere water), which obtains the name of Yule-pig or Yule-calf (Jnla-galten, eller Jula-ltusen). There can be little or no doubt that in this venerable usage there is recollection of the sacrificial pile of heathen times, with its accompanying holy fire, and Prey's boar laid on it as the animal of offering. In fact, the entire festival, in all its observances, gives one the idea of its being a domestic feast of sacrifice, for which, indeed, the partakers prepare themselves, as of old, by scru- pulous ablutions. The Yule-table, decked as for a high festival, with its befitting cloth suspended in the roof above, as it were a sky, and with its abundance of divers meats, amid which the Jula-bbs, or dressed swine's-head, and the Yule-porridge (comp. our York- shire Frumenty or Furmity), together with its open can of Yule-ale, is itself simply nothing else than a domestic altar offering, with the wonted oblations to the protecting deities of the land and the home in which it is reared. In the Yule-pig, and the Yule-bos, we encounter the boar sacred in old times to Frey, which, in the remotest periods, was slaughtered on that eve as an offering, and on whose head men were wont to make their holiest vows. The Julabrasa (or special brasier or fireplace introduced into the living- room and used at Yule-tide) which, in days of old, burnt on the Hof or temple pavement, and even yet bums on every habitation's floor, was the domestic offering or bale-fire over which the memorial-cups were freely quaffed ; and the very Yule-psalms themselves are simply the Christian substitutes for the older sacrificial songs and idol-feast ballads which originally prevailed.' Yule-candle, sb. The candle specially burnt on Christmas Eve. The candle customarily presented by grocers to their customers commonly bears this name now. In former times it was different. See under Yule-cake. Yule-clog, sb. The large log specially provided for burning, and burnt, on Christmas Eve. As the Cr. Glossarist remarks, ' this must not be entirely consumed, but a part of it is religiously reserved by the superstitious for the following year.' ' The superstitious ' here has a wide meaning ; for it takes in all who continue the time-old custom, and many among them, without a thought turned in the direction of consequences, whether of luck or unluck. See under Yule-cake. APPENDIX. A A, prep. On, in. ' O. N. d, in, upon, Sw. D. d, upon, to, in ; Dan. D. aa, upon. ' Thee can't dee 't a that gate.' ' To'n (turn) doon a that hand ;' using a sign, to indicate which ' hand.' An, conj. If. Of perpetual use, often in the form and, in E. and Mid. Engl. writings : sometimes in the combined form and if. See the illustrations under An, And in Wedgw. O. Sw. tea, if. ' It looks as an it would rain.' Wb. Gl. ' for an euer I may thate fowle theefe gett in a fyer I will her burne.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 1 1 a. ' It were greatte wonder And ever shuld we thryfe.' Tournel. Myst. p. 98. An, adv. Than. O. N. enn, N. enn, en, Dan. end, Sw. aim, than. Mair an hau'f;' ' Less an hau'f nowght.' Cf. ban )> juw pat drzm j>at juw birrj> herenn Whannse )>e preost juw telleH> spell Biforenn Godess allterr.' Orm. p. 29. 594 APPENDIX. Dry-stone-wall, sb. A wall built with masses of stone roughly squared, but without lime. See Waller. Most of the enclosures in the vicinity of the moors, and all such as have been taken from the moor in recent times, are bounded by these walls. The run-wick fence or ordinary hedge is more frequent in the lower parts of the Dales or as bounding ancient enclosures. P Peel, v. a. To be sensible or conscious of; specially applied to the act of smelling. In constant use. ' Ah felt a varrey bad smell, Ah 's seear.' Flaught, sb. A Turf, a flat paring from the surface of the moor, used as fuel. See Turf. Cf. Dan. jiag-tarv, flag, flage, flat sods of turf peeled off the surface of grass-grown land. See under Flag. ' Item illis qui foderunt^fa^i/s ad potum iiijrf.' Roll of Disbursements, Wb. Abbey, quoted in Young's Hist. ofWbitby, p. 926. Por-fougliten, adj. Exhausted, worn out, past further exertion. Jam. collates ' Belg. vervecbt-en, to spend with fighting ; vervocbten, spent with fighting. The word (unless sore be a misprint for fore) occurs in the simple form fougbten in Percy's Fol. MS. i. ' then, sore fougbten, I waxid wearye." Prost, v. a. To turn up the heels of a horse's shoe and insert rough-headed nails in lieu of the sunk ones, to prevent slipping on icy roads. H Hag. See antea, p. 238. Cf. also N. bigl, very fine rain or snow, wet mist. Harr. See antea, p. 250. This word is more likely connected with O. N. ur, ros, pluvia, drizzling rain, N.>r, the same, or more especially drizzling rain or ' Scotch mist.' Jamp. Pret. of to Jump. L Late, sb. The immature pollack (Merlangus pollachius. Yam) The name is applied to fish of a certain size caught when railing, and probably half- grown coal-fish as well as half-grown pollack are included under it. I once caught seventeen in six successive casts with a salmon-rod (from a boat) below the Castle Rock at Scar- borough which averaged nearly three pounds apiece. APPENDIX. 595 Lyke-wake. The Lyke-wake Dirge, of which copies are given by Sir W. Scott (Minstrelsy, ii. 367), Brand (Pop. Antiq. ii. 155), Thorns (Anecdotes and Traditions, pp. 89, 90), Kelly (Indo- Eur. Folklore, p. 115), Allingham (Ballad Book, p. 121), Peacock (Notes to E. E.T.S.'s ed. of Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, pp. 90, 91) seems, by a notice in one of the Cotton MSS. (Julius, F. vi. 459), to be directly connected with Cleveland : for there can be little doubt, from the description of the song sung ' when any dieth, by certaine women to the dead bodie,' that it was identical with that preserved by Aubrey as sung at ' country vulgar Funeralls' in Yorkshire, as late as 1624 or 1626; and in the belief that it was the 'Lyke-wake Dirge" which was still wontedly sung in the neighbourhood of Guisborough about the end of the sixteenth century, as described by Sir Thomas Chaloner's correspondent in the MS. referred to, I make room for some notice of it here. The copies given all vary slightly in certain minor particulars, all of them shew traces of corruption, and a slightly attentive observation proves the correctness of Scott's surmise that a stanza is missing. Almost certainly two stanzas are wanting. In the following copy I follow Scott mainly, simply inserting from the other copies such readings as supply manifest dialect-corrections, and marking other variations in the margin, with the initials of the authors appended, to shew whence they come. No initial marks coincidence between Peacock, Kelly, and Brand. This a* nighte, this a 1 nighte Every night and alle 2 ; Fire and fleet 3 and candle-light, And Christe receive* thy 5 saule'. When thou from hence away are paste 7 Every night and alle ; To Whinny-moor 8 thou comes at laste, And Christe receive thy saule. If ever thou gave 9 either hosen or shoon 10 , Every night and alle ; Sit 11 thee down 12 and put 13 them on, And Christe receive thy saule. But if hosen nor 14 shoon thou never 15 gave 16 neean 17 , Every night and alle ; The Whinnes shall prick thee to the bare beean 18 , And Christe receive thy saule. 1 ae S. can. 2 awle. 3 sleet S. 4 recieve P. s thy. 'sawle. 7 doest pass away P. B. away dost [pass K. 8 muir S. moore P. gavest S. 10 shun B. P. 11 Sitt P. B. 12 downe P. 13 putt 14 and S. 15 ne'er S. " gavest S. 17 naen K. nane S. 18 bane S. P. * See A, num. adj. It may be observed that the true Cleveland phonetic form of this stanza would be This yah neeght, this yah neeght, Iwery neeght an' a(ll) ; Fire an' fleet an' cann'l leeght, An' Christ receive tha' saul. Ean must surely be a corruption. Scott's ae is correct, but it is the Scottish rather than the N. Yorkshire form. So sboon, beean, neean, braider, sit tbee downe, gave (in the second person) are true N. Yorkshire ; doest, contest, mayst, cotn'st, on the other hand, are corrup- tions. ' Thou are paste' in like manner would be ' thou is past' in Cleveland. 4 G 2 596 APPENDIX.. From Whinny-moore when 19 thou may passe 20 * 19 that. 20 pass. Every night and alle ; To Brig 21 o' Dread thou comes at laste 22 M Brigg S. M last. And Christe receive thy saule. [Two stanzas wanting. See below, pp. 603, 604.] From Brig' o Dread when 23 thou are paste M ,+ * that. M may passe. Every night and alle ; To Purgatory fire thou comes 25 at laste ** comest S. com'st K. B. And Christe receive thy saule. If ever thou gave either 28 meat 27 or drink, 26 gavest S. w milke. Every night and alle ; The fire shall never make thee shrinke 28 , M shrink. And Christe receive thy saule. But if meate 29 nor drink thou never gave 30 M milk. 30 gavest S. neean 81 , 31 nane S. naen K. Every night and alle ; The fire shall 32 burn thee to the bare beean 33 ^ will S. M bane S. And Christe receive thy saule. It is not easy to see where the fragmentary ' na brader than a thread ' can find place as really belonging to the poem. If analogy with the fairly coincident thought and expression of all the copies is to be taken as a guide, it is no part of the Dirge at all, but has probably been added by some copyist or commentator as an illustration derived from some other source. Introduced as Mr. Kelly inserts it, it not only breaks the rhyme preserved in the other stanzas and creates a divergence in form from theirs, but it detracts from the fulness and power of the whole by suppressing the thought of another peril or trial hardly past which is implied in the clause ' when thou may passe,' or ' when thou are paste.' In passing on to notice in detail the various topics of interest introduced by the poem, it may be well to remark in the first place that Scott's reading of ' sleet* where the other copies give ' fleet' is scarcely defensible : nor is it rendered probable by his suggestion, unsupported by either analogy or argument, that it is ' a corruption of sell for salt ; a quantity of which, in compliance with a popular superstition, is frequently placed on the breast of a corpse.' Further, I am not satisfied that what is surely the true reading, that is, ' fleet,' means water, as the various copyists interpret it. I connect it with the expression in the first line 'This a (one) night,' as well as with the fire and the candle-light with which it is inevitably asso- ciated as it stands. The 'fleet' of that one night the night of the Lyke-wake; the night preceding the final parting of the soul from the body (see Lich-wake) can scarcely be ' the water which lies between the world of the living and that of the dead ' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 117) ; and, if not that water, no other water is likely ; independently of the philological reasons for objecting to 'fleet' as meaning water in the sense supposed. I cannot but think the fire, the fleet, and the candle-light are all connected with the Lyke-wake customs, and that jfoe/ itself is either the same word as Clevel. Flet, live embers, or a near connection of it. The usage, hardly extinct even yet in the district, was on no account to suffer the fire * A better reading in some respects might be ' when thou are paste' cf. second stanza. The true Northumbrian construction would rather be ' when thou is past.' f Kelly reads this line ' From Brig o' Dread, na brader than a thread ;' Peacock prints it as in the text, except that for ' when' he reads ' that' : but immediately above it he gives ' na brader than a thread,' as if a fragment, or part of an imperfect line. APPENDIX. 597 in the house to go out during the entire time the corpse lay in it, and throughout the same time a candle was (or is yet) invariably kept burning in the same room with the corpse. The efficacy of burning embers,* as against the same dangers or casualties supposed to be averted by the fire and the candle-light, f is not, at the least, less than that of either of them. * Simply as an illustration of the supposed efficacy of live coals or burning embers against to use a quite general expression ' the powers of darkness,' I adduce the following from one source only : ' The Norse colonists of Iceland carried fire round the lands they intended to occupy in order to expel the evil spirits ; as long as a child remains unbaptised the fire must never be allowed to go out, lest the trolls should get an opportunity to abstract the infant ; when a newly delivered woman goes to be churched, she must, on leaving her house, pass above a live-coal thrown for the purpose through the door-way before her : if this is neglected she is liable to be taken off bodily by the trolls, or bewitched ; if a troll-wife (Anglice witch) comes upon the premises, on her departure a burning coal must be thrown after her ; when a cow calves, embers are to be taken three times upon the oven-peel and put in the first water given her to drink, that no witchwork may avail to abstract her milk ; when folks are about to churn, a live-coal should be laid below the churn ; if the butter won't come a burning chip or stick should be three times over thrust within the churn ; that the dead may not " come again," the palliasse they died on must be burnt and live embers be thrown after the funeral procession.' And yet, after adding other like observ- ances, the author, on the next page goes on to speak of the use of fire as now displaced in many instances by the substitution for equivalent purposes of ' steel, the cross, gunpowder, sacrament- wine, a good book, as a Bible or Psalm-book.' Warend ocb Wirdarne, pp. 191 193. f- ' Wherefore serveth holye candels ? (Nicholas). To light up in thunder, and to blesse men when they lye a dying' (Brand, i. 29). Their virtues are more fully set forth as follows : ' Mira est Candelis illis et magna potestas : Nam tempestates creduntur tollere diras Accensse, simul et sedare Tonitrua Czli, Dsemonas atque malos arcere, horrendaque noctis Spectra, atque infaustse mala Grandinis atque Pruinse.' Naogeorgus, in Brand, p. 28. In the prayer to be used at the ' Hallowing of Candles upon Candlemas Day' were these petitions : ' Grant that it may receave such a strength and blessing that in what places soever it be lighted or set, the Devil may avoid out of these habitacions, and tremble for feare, and fly away discouraged, and presume no more to unquiete them that serve thee' (Brand, p. 25). In certain ' Articles to be enquired of within the Archdeaconry of York A.D. 1630-1640' is the following item : ' Whether at the death of any, there be any super- stitious burning of candles over the corpse in the day after it be light* (Ib. ii. 145) ; the candle being, it would appear, sometimes 'set upon the body* itself; though oftener the expression is ' over the dead body,' two candles being in many cases employed. Moresin, besides mentioning the ' light or candle always set by dead bodies as long as they are unburied,' and the order of the Pope that in order to the purification of the corpse, by the aspersion of holy water, by incensing, by exorcising with solemn prayers, and by illumina- tion with hallowed candles (illustretur sacris luminibus), as long as it remains unburied,' gives also ' his conjecture on the use of the candle upon this occasion : " It was an Egyp- tian hieroglyphic for life, meant to express here the ardent desire of having had the life of the deceased prolonged." ' (Ib.) There can be no doubt indeed, that the lighted candle is ante-Christian, and we are not surprised at hearing that when a Jew has died, and the corpse APPENDIX. Still, were it not for what I take to be the intended connection between the wake-night and the ' fire, fleet and candle-light,' there might be some countenance in yet current folk- lore for the idea that all three might, in one way or another, bear reference to scenes or needs to be passed through by the departed soul on its road to the other world. A corre- spondent writes ' I think you mistaken in supposing the " fleet " to be flet, hot cinders. I am positive the fleet is flood. ... I heard some rustics talking about an odd old man who had been buried somewhere up your way, a few years ago, with a candle, a penny, and a bottle of port ; and, as they explained it, the candle was to light the way to Jerusalem, the penny to pay the ferry, and the port to sustain him on the journey.' And again, Pro- fessor George Stephens has kindly drawn my notice to the following extract : ' Within the coffin, along with herself, she got a pair of new brogues, a penny candle, a good hard- headed old hammer, with an Irish sixpenny piece, to pay her passage at the gate, and what more she could look for' (The Comical Sayings of Paddy from Cork, p. 13. Stirling. No date.) In both these instances we observe the candle accompanies the dead person, or is placed with him in the coffin. For the brogues, see below, p. 599. The amount of curious and most interesting folklore involved in the rest of the poem is both great and singularly striking, and the passage from the Cotton MS., to which reference was made above, may serve in some sort as an introduction to the general subject : ' When any dieth, certaine women sing a song to the dead bodie, recyting the journey that the partye deceased must goe ; and they are of beliefe (such is their fondnesse) that once in their lives, it is good to give a pair of new shoes to a poor man, for as much as, after this life, they are to pass barefoote through a great launde, full of thornes and furzen, except by the meryte of the almes aforesaid they have redeemed the forfeyte ; for, at the edge of the launde, an oulde man shall meet them with the same shoes that were given by the partie when he was lyving ; and, after he hath shodde them, dismisseth them to go through thick and thin, without scratch or scalle.' This 'great launde, full of thornes and furzen,' the 'Whinnimore' of Aubrey and the Dirge, is of frequent occurrence, in one form or another, in the folklore of many peoples, seated widely asunder and belonging to entirely different branches of the human family. It has to be traversed by the departed soul on its journey to the realms of death, of Hel or Hela, the Goddess of Death, of Norse and German mythology. But, in the first place, we must remember that ' of old Hell was never spoken of as a place of punishment and tor- ment. Those who went to it were not the bad alone, but all who died, even the noblest and the best. . . . The only apparent exceptions were the heroes who had fallen in battle, and whom Odin gathered to himself in Valhalla.' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 113). But further : ' Long and dreary was the road to Hel's dark dominion ; the descent to it from heaven was is formally laid out, ' the body is covered over with a black cloth and a light is set at its head' (Levi's Account of the Rites and Ceremonies of the Modern Jews, in Brand). But that Christian notions have been grafted on to an older observance is equally certain. Thus, independently of the 'power of the candle* to ' blesse men when they lye a dying* and to repel malignant demons, an old mediaeval practice in general vogue yet in Warend seems to Mr. Cavallius to connect itself distinctly with the time-old notions which long antedated any true knowledge of the soul, and which were connected with the Vard or uncorporeal constituent of the living human being notions which, beyond doubt, have the strongest family relationship to the English folklore ideas connected with the Corpse- candle, Dead-men's candle or Fetch-light. The practice in question is, when any one lies in artictdo mortis, for his nearest relative to place a lighted candle in his hand, uttering at the same time the pious wish ' may God grant that the everlasting light may be lighted for thee,' or, ' O Lord God, light for him the everlasting light' (land for bonom det eviga Ijiiset : kindle for him the everlasting candle). APPENDIX. 599 a journey of nine days and nine nights for the gods themselves. The greater part of the way lay through morasses and vast moors overgrown with furze and thorns, and that the dead might not pass over them barefoot, a pair of shoes was laid with them in the grave' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. pp. 113, 114). Again, ' in a vision said to have been exhibited in Italy to a child named Alberic, at the beginning of the twelfth century," among other fearful sights ' the Apostle Peter shewed him an extensive plain, three days' and three nights' journey in breadth, covered with thorns and brambles, in which souls were hunted and tormented by a demon mounted on a great and swift dragon, and their clothing and limbs torn to pieces by the thorns as they endeavoured to escape from him ; by degrees they were purged of their sins, and became lighter, so that they could run faster, until at last they escaped into a very pleasant plain, filled with purified souls, where their torn members and garments were immediately restored ' (Wright's St. Patrick's Purgatory, p. 121). 'When a Greenlander dies, his soul starts to travel into the land of Torngarsuk, where reigns per- petual summer, all sunshine and no night, where there is good water, and birds, fish, seals, and reindeer without end, that are to be caught without trouble, or are found cooking alive in a huge kettle. But the journey to this blessed land is difficult, the souls have to slide five days or more down a precipice all stained with the blood of those who have gone down before. And it is especially grievous for the poor souls when the journey must be made in winter or in tempest, for then a soul may come to harm, and suffer the other death as they call it, when it perishes utterly, and nothing is left. And this is to them the most wretched fate ' (Early History of Mankind, p. 293). Again, ' Among the Manacicas, a people in the interior of South America, the maponos or priests performed a kind of baptism of the dead, and were then supposed to mount into the air, and carry the "soul to the Land of the Departed. After a weary journey of many days over hills and vales, through forests, and across rivers and swamps and lakes, they came to a place where many roads met, near a deep and wide river, where the god Tatusiso stood night and day upon a wooden bridge to inspect all such travellers' (76. p. 351). The same idea is apparent also in what Grimm (D. M. p. 794) says of the ' British Bards,' viz., ' that they make the departed souls, in order to reach the unseen world, pass through the Lake of Dread and of the Skeleton, through the Vale of Death, and embark on the sea on the coast of which the entrance-gate to Hell is to be found.' Other notions, however, mentioned by the same great authority (p. 796, Note) not only present this journey-myth as obtaining among yet other peoples besides those already mentioned, but bring in most strikingly the group of ideas connected with the shoes of the poem, the brogues of the Irish burial. Thus, ' the Lithuanians were wont either to bury or burn the claws of the lynx and the bear together with the dead under the concep- tion that their souls were compelled to climb a steep mountain upon which is seated the Divine Judge. To the rich the undertaking is a greatly more toilsome one than to the poor who have no incumbrance of goods and chattels that is, if no grave sins weigh them down. The poor sinner is wafted up, as it were a feather, by a gentle wind, but the rich are rent and mangled by a dragon which dwells within the mountain ; after which they are whirled to their destination by a hurricane. By the Lithuanians this steep mountain is called Anafielas, by the (ancient) Poles Szklanna gora (the glass mountain). The belief of the latter was that the souls of the damned were enforced, for their punishment, to climb this glassy precipice, but on reaching the top, slipped and fell back with violence ;' and similar claws, or possibly artificial crampons, are mentioned by Bastian as having been buried with the dead to enable the souls the better to get up the mountain. But perhaps the ' Hell-shoon ' of the Northmen afford the most characteristic illustration of the notion now under review. Dasent's translation of the passage in Gisli Surssonar Saga, the most curious and graphic mention made of the Helsko in the Icelandic Sagas, is as follows : ' When they had laid Vestein in the cairn, as was the custom, Thorgrim went up to Gisli and said, " It is right and customary," says he, " to bind hell-shoon on men, which they shall walk in to Valhalla, and I will do that for Vestein." And when he had 6oo APPENDIX. done that, then he said " I cannot bind on hell-shoon at all if these loosen." ' The illus- tration afforded in all this to the ' Whinny moor' and the. ' Hosen and shoon' of the Dirge is sufficiently interesting, and if more were required to render it complete it would be almost supplied by the amusing instance of the need of shoes experienced by the dead given by Lucian, who makes the wife of Eukrates come back for the slipper which her friends had forgotten to burn with the rest of her wardrobe. Nor is that illustration less interesting and complete which, derivable from similar sources, may be adduced in connection with the ' Brig o' Dread.' ' The Bridge of the Dead is one of the well-marked myths of the Old World. Over the midst of the Moslem hell stretches the bridge of Es-Sirat, finer than a hair, and sharper than the edge of a sword. There all souls of the dead must pass along, but while the good reach the other side in safety, the wicked fall off into the abyss. The Jews, too, have their bridge of hell, narrow as a thread, but it is only the souls of the unbelievers who have to pass there' (Early Hist, of Mankind, p. 349). Grimm, who notices both these notions (p. 794, Note), adds that ' according to Herbelot the Mohammedans hold that at the last Judgment they will have to tread along a bar of red-hot iron laid over the bottomless pit, along which, however, the good will be permitted to place their good works on which to tread unscathed.' For the following illustration, extracted from a poem by a Spanish Morisco on the Day of Judgment, as foretold in the Koran, printed in 1867, I am indebted to the kindness of the Venerable Archdeacon Churton : ' En medio destas congojas Sonara una voz diciendo, " Tiende Melique la puente, Y afina Migueil el peso :" Sera puesto el Azirate Largo, altisimo, y estrecho, Cortante como una espada, Delgade como el cabello, Tendido sobre Chahana, Deleznable, alto y sereno, For donde habran de pasar Los del tribunal siniestro. Sobre el habra siete puertas, Siete puertas, siete apretos, Que no los pasara nadie Que tenga ningun defeto De alii seran despeflados Todos quantos no quisieron Cumplir con la obligacion De los divinos preceptos. Alle los que defaltaron En la azala, y sus deudos, Los lanzaran en Chahana ; Los del ayuno asi mesmo ; In the midst of these distresses A voice shall sound, saying, ' Let the Angel (of death) stretch out the bridge, And let Michael end the weighing.' Then shall the Al-sirat (the Brig o' Dread) be set, Long, very high, and narrow, Sharp-edged as a sword, Fine as a single hair, Stretched over Gehenna, Slippery, high and in open air, By which they will have to pass Who come from the left of the judgment-seat. Thereon shall be seven gates, Seven gates, seven narrow passages, That no one shall pass them, Who has any defect or failing. Thence shall be cast down All whosoever would not Fulfil the duty they owed To the divine precepts. There will be those who failed In the five prayers*, and their debts, They shall hurl them into Gehenna ; Those who failed in fasting also ; * The ' five prayers' are those enjoined by the Koran to be said by the followers of Mohammed five times a day. APPENDIX. 60 1 Los del azaque, y el hach, Those who failed in almsgiving and the pilgrimage Y los que no socorrieron And those who gave no help [to Mecca], A sus parientes y hermanos, To their kinsfolk and brothers, Y aquellos que no aprendieron And those who did not learn La ley del santo Alcoran. The law of the holy Koran Y a sus hijos instruyeron.' Or teach it to their children. But to pass on to illustrations afforded by Aryan Folklore : It was an ancient belief of the whole German race that the Milky Way is the way of souls, and in Fiiesland it is even called the Cow Path (kaupat). It was also believed that whoever had given a cow to the poor on earth would not stumble or be dizzy when he had to cross the fearful Gjallar bridge (Indo-Eitr. Folkl. p. 108), or bridge over the river Gjoll ; touching the position of which bridge note the colloquy of its keeper with Hermodr : ' " My bridge rings more under thee singly than under five troops of dead men who rode over it yesterday. Why ridest thou here on Hell-way?" " I ride Hellward," said he, " to look for Baldr. Hast thou seen ought of Baldr on Hell-way ?" ' This bridge over the river Gjoll, * ' roofed with shining gold" (Pair. Purgatory, p. 102), Kelly identifies with the bridge Tchinavat of the Persian Aryans, where, ' according to Parsee belief, the gods and the unclean spirits fight for pos- session of each soul as it arrives. If it be one of the righteous, it is defended by the other pure souls and by the dogs that guard the bridge' (Indo-Eur Folkl. p. 107). But besides all this : ' The Karens of Burmah tie strings across the rivers to serve as bridges for the ghosts of the dead to pass over to their graves ;' while, in Java, the bridge notion is also found, but ' in company with purely Indian matter, such as the Sapta Patala, the sevenf regions of hell, so that it is likely it came across from Asia. Batara Gulu built a wall of stone round Suralaya, the Dwelling of the Gods, and round it he formed the abyss Kawah, and set a bridge over it to reach the single opening in the Wall of Heaven. Off this bridge the evil-doers fall into the depths below.' Further yet : ' In North America, the Bridge of the Dead forms part of the Indian mythology. The Minnetarees believe that, on their way to the mansions of their ances- tors after death, they have to cross a narrow footing over a rapid river, where the good warriors and hunters pass, but the worthless ones fall in. Catlin's account of the Choctaw belief is as follows : " Our people all believe that the spirit lives in a future state ; that it has a great distance to travel after death towards the west that it has to cross a dreadful deep and rapid stream, which is hemmed in on both sides by high and rugged hills over this stream, from hill to hill, there lies a long and slippery pine-log, with the bark peeled off, over which the dead have to pass to the delightful hunting-grounds. On the other side of the stream there are six persons of the good hunting-grounds with recks in their hands, which they throw at them all when they are on the middle of the log. The good walk on safely to the good hunting-grounds. The wicked see the stones coming, and try to dodge, by which they fall down from the log, and go thousands of feet to the water, which is dashing over the rocks." The idea also reappears again among the Manacicas, as noticed at a former page (see p. 599). If the God Tatusiso, represented as " standing, night and day, on a wooden bridge over a deep and wide river, to inspect all souls as they arrived, did not consider the sprinkling after death a sufficient purgation of the sins of the departed, he would stop the priest, that the soul he carried might be further cleansed, and * ' The Bridge of the Dead,' says Mr. Tylor (p. 351), ' may possibly have its origin in the rainbow. Among the Northmen the rainbow is to be seen in the bridge Bifrost, over which the ./Esir make their daily journey.' And it is worthy of remark that the accepted etymology of Bifrost, quite independently of any reference to our present subject, is bif, trembling, rost, way, route ; with which we may justly compare the phrase ' Brig o" Dread.' f "Compare the ' seven gates, seven narrow passages' of the Spanish poem, above. 4 H 602 APPENDIX. if resistance were made, would seize the unhappy soul and throw him into the river.' (Early Hist, p/ Mankind, pp. 350, 351). For illustration of what may be called 'the scenery" of the Brig o' Dread, I adduce extracts from two different copies of the Legend of Sir Owain, the first as given by Scott from ' the MS. Collection of Romances, W. 4. I. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh ;' the second by Wright from ' the later poem of " Owayne Miles," contained in MS. Cotton. Calig. A. ii., fol. 89, v.' : ' They (the develes) drewe hym be the hatere, Tylle they come to a gret wattere, Broode and blakke as any pyke : Over the water a brygge there was, Forsothe kenere then ony glasse : The develle sayd knygte, here may thu se Into helle the rygte entr6 : Over thys brygge thu muste wende, Winde and rayne we shulle the sende ; We shulle the sende wynde fulle goode That shalle the caste ynto the floode. Hyt was narowe & hit was hyge, Onethe that other ende he syge, The myddylle was hyge, the ende was lowe, Hit ferde as hit hadde ben a bent bowe. ' The fendes han the knight ynome, To a stinkand water thai ben ycome : And Owain seigh ther ouer ligge A swithe strong naru brigge : The fendes seyd tho ; " Lo ! Sir Knight, sestow this ? This is the brigge of Paradis, Here ouer thou must go. And we the schul with stones prowe, And the wind the schul ouer blow, And werche the full wo ; Thou no schalt for all this unduerd, Bot gif thou falle a midwerd To our fewes mo." The brigge was as heigh as a tour And as scharpe as a rasour, And naru it was also ; And the water that ther ran under, Brend o" lightning and of thonder That thocht him michel wo. The fendes seyd to the knight tho, " Ouer this brigge might thou nowght go, For noneskines nede ; Fie peril, sorwe and wo, And to that stede ther thou com fro, Wei fair we schul the lede." Owain anon began bithenche Fram hou mani of the fendes wrenche God him saved hadde ; He sett his fot upon the brigge, No feld he no scharpe egge, No nothing him no drad.' Minstrelsy, ii. pp. 364, 365. Alberic, too, ' saw a great burning pitchy river, issuing from hell, and an iron bridge over it, which appeared very broad and easy for the virtuous to pass, but when sinners attempted it, it became narrow as a thread, and they fell over into the river, and afterwards attempted it again, but were not allowed to pass until they had been sufficiently boiled to purge them of their sins' (Patr. Purg. p. 121). Mr. Wright also quotes from 'a religious drama' of Calderon's on St. Patrick's Purgatory, in which the imagery harmonises exactly with what we have noticed above. Over a river, very broad, with flowers of fire on its banks and Owain, however, prayed earnestly to God for help, and when he attempted to pass, the bridge appeared to him wide and safe, &c.' Patrick's Purg. p. 74. APPENDIX. 603 a current of sulphur, was ' a bridge as narrow as a line, and so slender and weak, that it did not appear possible to pass without breaking it.' (p. 155.) In these pitchy streams and currents of brimstone, with flowers of fire and other like accessories, there is an obvious deviation from the simplicity of the original notion, that ' of the water that lies between the world of the living and that of the dead,' and which ' is found, in one shape or other, in all the Indo-European mythologies' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 117). Indeed, as Mr. Tylor remarks, in the New World, just as in the Old, ' the Bridge of the Dead is but an incident, sometimes, but not always or even mostly, introduced into a wider belief that after death the soul of man comes to a great gulf or stream, which it has to pass to reach the country that lies beyond the grave. The mythology of Polynesia, though it wants the bridge, developes the idea of the gulf which the souls have to pass in canoes or by swimming, into a long series of myths. It is not needful to enter here into details of so well-known a feature of the mythology of the Old World, where Charon and his boat, the procession of the dead by water to their long home, in modern Brittany as in ancient Egypt, the setting afloat of the Scandinavian heroes in burning ships, or burying them in boats on shore, are all instances of its prevalence. In North America we hear sometimes of the bridge, but sometimes the water must be passed in canoes. The souls come to a great lake across which they have to paddle. On the way there arises a storm, and the wicked souls are wrecked, but the good reach the happy island. So Charlevoix speaks of the souls that are shipwrecked in crossing the river which they have to pass on their long journey towards the West, and with this belief the canoe-burial of the North-West and of Patagonia hangs together.' (pp. 351, 352.) I pause here for a moment to remark that as the bridge, wherever it occurs, invariably presupposes the rapid rushing stream or river, and not the gulf or arm of the sea, we have one other reason for limiting the application of the word ' fleet' in the first stanza to some- thing connected with the ' a night,' and not with the soul-perils about to be mentioned in the succeeding stanzas. It seems also to the point to observe that while, in general terms, it is the righteous who surmount the peculiar perils of the Bridge of the Dead unscathed, or, in other words, those who have good works done in their lifetime to be their support and safeguard, in two or three special instances works of charity are distinctly mentioned as the peculiar prophylactic in operation. ' Those who failed in almsgiving, and those who gave no help to their kins- folk and brothers,' would be ' hurled into Gehenna ;' while ' whoever had given a cow to the poor on earth would not stumble or be dizzy when he had to cross the fearful Giallar bridge.' Bearing this in mind, let us recal the circumstance that on coming to Whinny-moor and to Purgatory fire a certain trial has to be undergone, or peril risked, by the journeying soul, in either case. Also let us observe that in either case again, a specified deed of charity, done in life, is the means of safety or deliverance. And next, it is to be remarked that, in both instances, while the mention of the deed of charity and its efficacy occupy one stanza, the consequences of its neglect are set forth in a second. By analogy, therefore, it may be concluded that, on coming to the Brig o' Dread, a third preservative or safeguard and probably another deed of charity is specified, and the consequences of its neglect set forth, as in the other two cases, and also, as in them, in two separate stanzas. Perhaps this may suggest and I venture the suggestion partly in the hope that it may possibly awaken some slumbering recollection or evoke s^me suggestive criticism that it is not unlikely almsgiving may have been the special good deed which formed the burden of the two missing stanzas, and that possibly they may have run somewhat thus : If ever thou gave either awmous or dole, Every night and alle ; At Brigg o' Dread nae ill thou sal thole, And Christe receive thy saule. 4 H 2 604 APPENDIX. But if awmous or dole thou never gave necan, Every night and alle ; Thou s' fall * an' be brusten to the bare beean, And Christe receive thy saule. Any lengthened comment on the topic of Purgatory fire would obviously be out of place here, and perhaps scarcely called for. Mr. Wright seems to think that ' the fables of Western Paganism furnished sufficient materials for the foundation of the (Purgatory) legends ' which abounded from a very early period ; but seems also inclined to limit the term ' Western Paganism ' to the Paganism of the Teutonic nations, notwithstanding the fact, noticed by him in a note on the same page, that ' nearly all the purgatory legends which exist are English or Irish.' The truth probably is that the notions on which all Purgatory notions are founded are as old and as widely disseminated as other folklore notions in general, or as the two or three particular ones which have been under review in the preceding pages, viz. the journey over Hell-way, the Hell-shoon. and the Bridge of the Dead. In truth they may be looked upon as involved in these, and in some the idea is certainly much more than merely latent. Thus where the God Tatusiso stops the bearer of the soul which he considers to be insuf- ficiently purged ' that it may be further cleansed ;' where the Lithuanian rich sinner is mangled by the dragon before being whirled to the Judge's presence by a mighty wind ; where the Polish belief makes the guilty soul climb up the glass mountain again and again only to totter and fall headlong back ; nay, where the disembodied soul has to pass over ' a great launde full of thornes and furzen,' or to navigate a stormy sea, or to slide down precipices covered with blood before coming to the special place of trial, the purgatorial idea is, already, to a very great degree, in being, and not simply waiting to be developed. Again, the whole class of legends, all of them claiming an indisputable descent from early Aryan parents, of the character of that which represents a certain Herr von Falkenberg as condemned to beat about the Ocean until the day of Judgment, on board a ship without helm or steersman, playing at dice for his soul with the Devil' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 1 19), in- cluding the several forms of the Wild Huntsman mythe i.e. of the Hunter doomed to hunt on till the Judgment Day for his unhallowed preference of the sport to aught else, heaven itself included ; of the Knight pursuing and taking vengeance on his faithless lady ; of the Furious Host (Wtitendes Heer) that is 'a cavalcade of the dead;'f including also (with divers others) those which represent excessive grief of the survivors as inflicting lengthened pain or trouble or anguish on the departed all these legends, and without including the notions * It will have been remarked that, in every case, the soul of the wicked, or unrighteous, or worthless man, on coming to the Bridge of the Dead, is represented as doomed to fall and abide the consequences of falling thousands of feet, or in whatever other way the terrors of the fall are enhanced. t ' At the end of the last century a woman was delivered of a still-born child. Soon afterwards she heard that the furious host had passed over the village, and in her anguish at the thought of her child, now doomed to sweep through the stormy air with the unblest spirits until the day of judgment, she was seized with a violent malady and died' (Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 271). I Kelly has collected several legends of this character at pp. 126, 127. In one the mourning mother sees her lost child with its shroud all wet, and exhausted with the burden of a pitcher of water it carried, so as to be unable to keep up with the procession it be- longed to the full pitcher, the draggled vestment, the exhaustion, being all due to the mother's unceasing tears. ' According to the belief of the Zend Aryans all the tears that were shed for the departed flowed into the great river the soul had to cross before it could reach the Tchinevar Gate.' The Swedish lover's ghost says to his mistress APPENDIX. 605 which lie at the ground of all the ancient and still existing usages of slaying slaves, whether at the funeral of the deceased important personage, or at stated periods subsequently, or only prospectively for the benefit of the slayer himself in the next world, all of them depend, in fact, on notions which either are purgatorial notions already developed, or con- tain such germs as must inevitably be quickened into fully expanded or decided purgatorial notions, at some not very distant epoch of their currency. In conclusion it may be observed, that, at almost every step or turn in what has been so far advanced, an enquiry has either thrust itself or been obtruded on our notice as to what the ancient idea of the (so-called) soul, in all quarters of the heathen world, as to its nature and properties, must have been, before such notions as those that have been dealt with could have taken form in the human mind. It is an enquiry which has never yet been adequately dealt with. Mr. Tylor, in a Lecture before the Royal Institution, as well as in his admirable volume recently quoted from, has touched upon it, and several others besides, perhaps Mr. Hylten Cavallius as fully as any ; but the entire question yet waits to be fully worked out. I will only add here that it is quite evident the whole train of notions in question involve conceptions the very antitheses of the spirit or soul of Christianity. Every legend, or fancy, or mythe implies the purest materiality. N Noe-sMp, sb. A name for a peculiar appearance or arrangement of the clouds, in virtue of which they lie in long lines diverging from one point of, or near, the horizon, and converging to that opposite, thus pre- senting some resemblance to the arrangement of the planks of a vessel or ship. Noab's-arks, clouds in the forms of arks, indicating rain. Halliwell. ' When the clouds collect and arrange themselves like the planks of a boat, the countryman says that " the Ark is built" (Arken bygges). If it presents itself either in the North-East or North-West, the weather is likely to change to wet, and the wind will blow in the direction indicated by that of the Ark.' Thiele, Overtr. Meninger, p. 18. The expression in Clevel. is Noe ship is up. and if it is in direction N. and S., and the wind blows from the South at the time, it is held to indicate rain ; otherwise, fair weather. If the direction is E. and W., and the appearance seems to be at a considerable elevation, it is said that wind will follow. It is curious that in this district an ordinary expression of direction is The ship looks Hum- mersea- wards, while at Sessay, near Thirsk, it is ' Noe ship points Ummer ;' Hummersea being nearly N. of Danby, and Ummer being supposed to mean Humber-mouth, and so to indicate a South-Easterly direction ; while in both cases rain is looked for as likely to follow. There is, it is not unlikely, something of interest involved in this coincidence of local expression, quite distinct from the names of the localities supposed to be involved. They For bvar ocb en tar som du fdller pdjord, For each and every tear thou droppest on Min kista bon blifver sd/ull utafblod. the earth, My coffin becomes in like manner full of blood. ' In a Servian popular song it is said that a sister wept incessantly over her brother's grave, but her tears at last became intolerable to the deceased, because he was detained on earth by her excessive grief, and suffered great torment.' 606 APPENDIX. have probably been allocated to the saying in the instinctive effort after meaning not infrequently noticeable in provincial sayings, legends, and even words. As to the name itself I quote the following from War. ocb Wird. p. 258 : ' When the clouds take the form of long streaks the appearance takes, in Wjirend, the especial name of Noe's ship (Noa-skeppet), a name which originally has not the slightest connection with the Noah of the New Testament, but is rather due to Noen or Noe, a corruption of the name Odin still very generally current in North Scania and certain parts of Warend. Noa-skeppet conse- quently must be the same as Odens-skeppet. The Warend folk take indications from it as to the coming variations of the weather. When Noe-ship stands right across the heavens it is held to forbode rain.' Mr. Hylten Cavallius holds that the idea depends upon the fact that Odin was ' the God of the waters and identifiable with the Neck,' and it is certain that his 'ship of gold' appears in more folklore notions than one (see D.M. p. 791). The cha- racteristic displacement of the word ship, and the substitution for it of ark, consequent on the change of Noe, = Odin, into the Bible Noah, and that, both in Denmark and in various parts of England, is alike noteworthy and instructive ; while the preservation of the true form in Cleveland is equally interesting from the illustration it both gives and receives in the case of the very numerous like instances in which purely Northern words and idioms are still faithfully retained among us. Pennock, sb. The young of the coal-fish (Merlangus Carbonarius. Yarr.) in their first stage of growth, as caught by the anglers from the pier, &c. See Billet. Pinchery. See p. 381. Pr. Pm. ' Pyncbar, or nyggarde.' ' " I pynche, I spare as a nygarde, ie fays du cbiche." Palsgr. " Sordidus, chicbe (Fr.), a niggard, a palterer, a dodger, a penyfather, a pinch- penny, one that will not lose the droppings of his nose." Junius' Nomenclator, version by J. Higins. . . . Forby observes that a very parsimonious economist is still called in Norfolk a pinch.' 76. note. Play-pipes, sb. A boy's plaything, made from a joint of the green stalk of the Bunnon or cow-parsley (ChcErophyllum sylvesfre), or of a stout oat-stem, by cutting it two-thirds through, at intervals of about one-third or half an inch, along the greater part of its length. This ' instrument' is played upon by blowing in at one end and, by a modified flexure, Causing the cuts to open in succession from one end to the other, so as to produce a series of varying notes. R Hailing, pcpl. Fishing for Billet, Late, or mackerel, using one or more artificial flies for bait. The flies are made of white feathers and are attached to a long line which is trailed along the surface of the water by the motion of the boat in which the fisherman is seated. APPENDIX. 607 Bangs, sb. (pr. reeangs). Stripes, wales or wheals of the skin or flesh produced by blows with a whip or switch. Have. Pret. of to Bive. Bind, sb. (pr. rind). The true skin or integument of any thing or being ; in the case of man, the inner or true skin in opposition to the cuticle or scarf-skin (epidermis). ' "He 's getten his rind rovven ;' of a person who had had a bad superficial laceration. S Set, sb. Trouble, difficulty, or that which occasions either or calls for energy and activity in encountering and overmastering either. See Hard-set. This ought to have been given as a second meaning of Set, sb. Its connection is close and obvious. ' An' a desper't set we had wi' 't ;' of getting some young pigs, which had escaped from a sack in which they were being carried, and had taken to their heels in different directions over the moor, caught and replaced in the sack. Settled, To be. This is doubtless immediately connected with A. S. sdbtlian, to reconcile, make peace, a frequentative from sebtian, O. N. scetta, reconciliare, to compose, settle, reconcile. Cf. * 1 forr to sabbtlenn hemm towarrd Hiss Faderr upp off heoffne.' Orm. p. 9. Perhaps the orthography of our word ought rather to be Battle. Snib, v. a. To castrate, geld ; usually applied in the case of lambs. Sw. snopa, to geld. See Snape, Snub, and compare the idea in O. N. snubba, Dan. snubbe, to cut short, curtail, and in E. snubbed, applied to the boughs and foliage of trees near the coast stunted or, as it were cut off, by the sea-blasts. Wb. Gl. has ' Scrib,' ' Scribb'd and Libb'd, farmers' terms, or rather they are used as one word, castrated :' but I believe the compiler has been mistaken in the word. Snib is in familiar use, but scrib is unknown in this district (Danby). Snork, sb. An act of smelling ; possibly, with audible evidences that it is going on. " Tak' a lang snoork ;" take a good smell.' Wb. Gl. Splinter, v. n. To splutter, to fly about, as spirts of fat from a cooking chop or rasher, ink from a spluttering pen, &c. A nasalised form of splitter, which ' expresses the idea of scattering abroad, in the first place, drops of liquid, and then fragments of a solid object.' Wedgw. Comp. splutter, and also PI. D. splittern, to shiver to pieces, Sw. splittra, id., splitter, a shiver or splinter. 608 APPENDIX. Spreckle, sb. A speckle, small spot, freckle. Comp. Sw. sprdcklig, speckled, spotted, Swiss gespriggelt, speckled, freckled ; Germ . sprenkel, a spot, sprenkeln, to mark with spots, to cause to be speckled, E. sprinkle, and Dut. sprenkelen, to sprinkle. Spreckled, adj. Speckled, freckled. Stack. Pret. of to Stick. Stickle, sb. A flurry, a state of hurry and indecision, or nervous haste and excitement, induced by the sense of being overtasked, or not having time enough, not knowing where to begin, or the like. Another provincial (Craven) usage of the word is seen in the sentence, ' Go on with your work without any stickling' i. e. without any hanging back or shyness or nervous reluctance such as might be induced by being suddenly overlooked by a more skilful worker than yourself. From the standard use of the word in ' to stickle for one's rights,' or ' for this or the other concession or object' through the Craven usage to our meaning the sequence is easy. E. stickle, as Mr. Wedgwood shews is from O. E. stifle, to govern, dis- pose, arrange, A. S. stibtian, and ' sticklers were persons appointed on behalf of each of the parties in a combat to see that their party had fair play, and to part the combatants when occasion required.' Swo't, sb. A squirt. We have here the customary change of qu into w, and the equally customary Clevel. sound of ir, as in bird which becomes Bo'd in Pr. T Turnpool, sb. (pr. to'npeeal). A whirlpool ; any deep part of a Beck or stream characterised by the presence of a whirlpool. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. COPIES. HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS OF WALES . . i His IMPERIAL HIGHNESS PRINCE LUCIEN BONAPARTE . . r THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OP ZETLAND, Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding . . 2 Adam, A. Mercer, Esq., M.D., Boston .... Allen, Rev. Thomas Dawson, North Cerney Rectory . Andrew, Rev. William, Hartlepool ..... Appleton, J. R., Esq., F.S.A., Western Hill, Durham Atkinson, Rev. Dr., Master of Clare College, Cambridge Atkinson, Rev. 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D., Escrick Rectory, York . . i Laye, Mrs. H., 7, Crescent," Scarborough i Leckenby, John, Esq., St. Nicholas Street, Scarborough . i Leng, Mr., Bookseller, &c., Hull 4 Linzee, Rev. E. H., Forest Lodge, Bracknell ... 3 London Library, The, 1 2, St. James' Square, London . i LongstafF, W. Hylton, Esq., Gateshead-on-Tyne . . i Loy, Thos., Esq., M.D., Stokesley i Lumby, Rev. J. R., Cambridge ...... i Lutt, Rev. E. K., Harmston Vicarage, Lincoln i Macmillan, A., Esq., Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London i Martin, Dr., Portlaw, Co. Waterford ..... 2 Mason, Mrs., Castlegate, York ...... i Mason, Rev. John, Sherburn Vicarage, Scarborough . . i Mattacks, Mr., Bookseller, &c., Colchester i Maynard, A., Esq., Skinningrove, Redcar i Medd, C. J., Esq., University College, Oxford i Meek, J., Esq., Middlethorpe Lodge, York i Melville, A., Esq., M.D., Professor of Geology, Queen's College, Galway .......... 2 Merriman, Rev. W. R. 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T., Esq., Kirkleatham Hall ... 2 Newcomen, Mrs., Kirkleatham Hall ..... 2 Oldfield, Joshua, Esq., York . . . . . i Olive, Edmund, Esq., Frome Selwood i O'Reilly, F. G., Esq., Scarborough ..... i Overton, Rev. John, Sessay Rectory, Thirsk ... 2 Oxley, James, Esq., Welsh Mill, Frome Selwood . . i Powis, Right Honourable Earl, 45, Berkeley Square, London Paine, Mrs., Farnham, Surrey ...... Parr, Rev. R. H., St. Martin's Parsonage, Scarborough . Peacock, Mrs., Hest Bank Lodge, Lancaster . (paid) Pearson, Rev. H. R. S., Lythe Vicarage, Whitby . Pease, Joseph W., Esq., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough Pease, Gurney, Esq., Darlington ...... Peirson, John, Esq., Norton Conyers, Ripon Peirson, George, Esq., Baldersby Park, Thirsk Pennyman, J. W., Esq., Ormsby Hall, Middlesborough Phillips, John, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., Prof, of Geology, Oxford Phillips, John H., Esq., Beadlam Grange, Helmsley Plumptre, Rev. Dr., Master of University College, Oxford Potter, Rev. F. H., Ham House, Charlton Kings . Prior, R. C. A., Esq., M.D., 48, York Terrace, London Prowde, Rev. R., Ingleby Greenhow, Stokesley . Queen's College, Cork, The Library ..... Queen's College, Galway, The Library .... Rawlinson, Lieutenant-General Sir H., M.P., r, Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London ...... Riccaby, Miss, Bridlington Quay ..... Richardson, Christopher, Esq., St. Hilda's, Whitby Rietz, Rev. Dr. J., Dean of Lund University, Sweden Roberts, Rev. George, Thornaby, Stockton-on-Tees Robinson, Mr. F. K., Church Street, Whitby Round, C. Grey, Esq. (the late), Birch Hall, Colchester Rowntree, Mr. William, Scarborough .... Russell, David, Esq., Clifton, York Spencer, Right Honourable Earl, Althorp . . . .; , UST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 615 COPIES. Scarborough Agricultural Library ..... i Sheppard, John, Esq., Frome Selwood i Sinkins, John, Esq., Wallbridge House, Frome Selwood Skeat, Rev. W. W., i, Cintra Terrace, Cambridge Slade, Barlow, Esq., North House, Frome Selwood Slade, William M., Esq., Surbiton, Surrey .... 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Trevor, Thomas Tudor, Esq., The Cottage, Guisborough Trevor, W. C., Esq., Guisborough Trinity College Library, Cambridge ..... Turnbull, William, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge . Turton, Edmund, Esq., Larpool, Whitby .... Uppleby, Mrs., Crescent House, Scarborough Vincent, W. C., Esq., Boston Lodge, Tadcaster . Voase, Thomas Ringrose, Esq., Anlaby House, Hull . Waterford, The Dowager Marchioness of Walker, William, Esq., Ainthorpe, Danby .... Walters, George, Esq., Elm, Frome Selwood Warner, Henry, Esq., Hornsey, London .... 6l6 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. COPI Watson, C. Knight, Esq., Secretary, Society of Antiquaries, Somerset House, London i Weatherill, William, Esq., Guisborough i Weatherill, Thomas, Esq., Guisborough i Wedgwood, Hensleigh, Esq., i, Cumberland Place, Regent's Park, London ........ i West, Francis G., Esq., Horham Hall, Thaxted i West, Rev. J. R., Wrawby Vicarage, Brigg . . . . i Wharton, J. T., Esq., Skelton Castle 2 Whitaker, Rev. R., Leconfield Rectory, Beverley i Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society i White, William, Esq., 70, Wood Street, Cheapside, London . 2 White, Thirkell, Esq., Boston i Wilkinson, W. M., Esq., 1 9, Mosley Street, Manchester . i Wilson, J., Esq., Castleton, Yarm ..... i Wilson, Isaac, Esq., Nunthorpe Hall, Stokesley . . . i Wood, Edward, Esq., F.G.S., Richmond, Yorkshire . . i Woodall, John, Esq., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough . i Woodall, Rev. E. H., St. Marie's, Sheffield i Woollett, R. F., Esq., The Mount, Newport, Monmouthshire i Woolley, Mrs., Tremayne Terrace, Anlaby Road, Hull . i Worsley, Rev. Dr., Master of Downing College, Cambridge . i Worsley, Rev. J. H., Leafield, Witney, Oxon i Wright, W. Aldis, Esq., Librarian, Trinity College, Cambridge i York, The Most Rev. the Archbishop of, Bishopthorpe Palace, York . i Yarburgh, G. J., Esq., Heslington Hall, York i Yeoman, Rev. H. W., Moor Monkton Rectory, York . . i Yonge, Miss, Elderfield, Otterbourne, Winchester . . i Yorkshire Architectural Society, York i