NRLF 
 
 B M E53 DDb 
 
 WEIGHTS 
 
 MEASURES AND MONEY 
 
WEIGHTS, 
 
 MEASURES, AND MONEY, 
 
 OF ALL NATIONS. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 F. W. CLARKE, S.B., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTBT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 "DUTIVERSITT] 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 
 1, 8, AND 5 BOND STREET. 
 1891. 
 

 2 
 
 ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION ........ 5 
 
 II. THE WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY, OF ALL NATIONS, AL- 
 PHABETICALLY ARRANGED ACCORDING TO LOCALITY . 1 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 I. MEASURES OF LENGTH . . . . . .85 
 
 II. KOAD MEASURES . . . . . . . 91 
 
 III. SQUARE MEASURES . . . . . . .92 
 
 IV. LAND MEASURES 93 
 
 V. CUBIC MEASURES . . . . . . .96 
 
 VI. LIQUID MEASURES ...... 96 
 
 VII. DBY MEASURES 101 
 
 VIII. WEIGHTS 106 
 
 IX. MONEY . . 116 
 
INTEODUOTIOK 
 
 IN the following pages the compiler has sought to ar- 
 range, in a manner convenient for reference, the weights, 
 measures, and money, of all nations. The work is naturally 
 divided into two parts : first, a classification according to 
 countries, arranged alphabetically; and, second, a set of 
 tables in which the value of each unit is given both in 
 English and in metric standards. This use of the metric 
 system, coextensively with the ordinary system, may be 
 regarded as the characteristic feature of the book. Of 
 course, its introduction on so broad a scale doubled the 
 labor of constructing many of the tables in the work, but 
 the writer believes the labor to have been profitably spent. 
 The metric weights and measures are now legal in thia 
 country, and are used by at least twenty nations besides ; 
 surely, then, they deserve as much attention as our own 
 more locally familiar but more bungling systems. Our 
 three sets of weights, our three different gallons, and our 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 two dissimilar bushels, all unrelated to each other, or to 
 the units of length, must soon give way before the sim- 
 plicity and elegance of the metric system. That this event 
 may soon happen, and that the weights and measures of 
 the world may before long be reduced to metric uniformity, 
 is the sincere wish and hope of the writer. 
 
 F. W. C. 
 
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONET. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 THE tables given in this part of the work need no explanation 
 gave in one particular. In the tables which relate to coinage the 
 weight is expressed in troy grains, and the fineness in thousandths. 
 Thus a gold coin is 900 fine when it contains in 1,000 parts 900 
 of pure or " fine " metal. It will be noticed in many cases that 
 the absolute metal value of a coin varies from its assumed the- 
 oretical worth. Variations of this sort are, however, generally 
 trifling, although obviously unavoidable altogether. 
 
 Abyssinia* 
 
 Length. The pic = 27 inches, or 0.686 metre. 
 Liquid Measure. The kuba, or cuba, = 0.2684 gallon, or 
 1.0166 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. For grain, the chief measure is the ardeb; 
 which at Gondar in the interior is divided into 10 madegas, and 
 at Massowah on the sea-coast into 24 madegas. At Gondar, the 
 ardeb equals 0.11465 bushel, or 4.039 litres ; at Massowah it is 
 0.33333 bushel, or 11.745 litres. 
 
 Weight. 10 dirhems make 1 wakea. 
 
 12 wakeas " 1 rotl, rottolo, or liter, = 4,800 
 
 grains. 
 
 32 rotl " 1 mond, or maund. 
 
 12 dirhems " 1 mocha, = 1 troy ounce. 
 
8 A CHIN. 
 
 For coinage, Abyssinia depends upon foreign countries. Ve- 
 netian sequins, Spanish dollars, and the " Maria Theresa dollars," 
 of Austria, are chiefly in circulation. The last-named coins are 
 also called patakas, or patacks. 
 
 23 harfs = 1 pataka. 
 
 2^ patakas = 1 sequin. 
 
 Large payments are made in gold ingots, weighed by the 
 wakea. A wakea of gold commonly rates at a little less than 12 
 patakas, but of course the value fluctuates. In some localities 
 small bricks of salt, and strings of beads, serve as currency. 
 
 A chin, or Acheen. See SUMATRA. 
 
 Afghanistan* 
 
 The money, weights, and measures of Afghanistan are like 
 those of Persia, Arabia, and India. 
 . In length, 1 goess = 45.67 inches, or 1.16 metres. 
 
 Algeria. 
 
 Since the French conquest, the French coinage, weights, and 
 measures, have been used. The earlier, native values were about 
 as follows : 
 
 Length. The Turkish pic = 24.92 inches, or 0.633 metre. 
 " Arabic " = 18.96 " " 0.482 " 
 
 Each pic is divided into eight parts, called robi. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The khoulle = 4.4027 gallons, or 16.66 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. The tarrie = 0.56295, the saa = 1.36215, and 
 the caffiso = 9.00718 bushels. 
 
 Weights. The karob = 3 grains. The mitkal or metical = 
 72.06 grains, used in weighing gold, etc. The wakea = 12.04 oz. 
 The rotl attari, for spices, = 1.20396 Ib. ; the rotl feuddi, for 
 gold and silver, = 1.096714 Ib. ; the rotl gheddari, for fruits, = 
 1.354458 Ib. ; and the rotl khebir, = 2.03167 Ibs., or a little less 
 than one kilogramme. There are also corresponding quontars, or 
 cantaros, equal respectively to 100 of each rotL 
 
 Money. The former silver rial-boudjou was equal to $0.3617, 
 The pataca chica, money of account, was worth about $0.223. 
 
ARABIA 9 
 
 Amboyna. See MOLUCCAS. 
 
 Aiinam. 
 
 Length. Here there are two systems ; the first used for cloth 
 measure, the second employed by architects and builders. 10 ly 
 = 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 tac ; 10 tac = 1 thuoc ; 10 thuoc = 1 
 truong ; 3 truong = 1 that ; 10 that = 1 gon. In this system the 
 phan = 0.2558 inches. In the architect's scale the phan = 0.1918 
 inches, and is subdivided as in cloth measure. Above the thuoc, 
 5 thuoc = 1 ngu ; 3 ngu = 1 sao ; 10 sao = 1 mau. 
 
 Road Measure. 2 ly = 1 dam, of about 0.55 mile. 
 
 Surface. Squares of builder's long measure are used in meas- 
 uring land. 
 
 Capacity. No authentic system. 
 
 Weight. The ly, = 0.6 grain, is decimally subdivided down 
 to its millionth part. Of course these minor weights are imaginary. 
 Above the ly, 10 ly = 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 dong ; 10 dong = 
 1 luong ; 10 luong = 1 nen ; 1.6 nen = 1 can. The can = 1.378 
 Ibs., or 624.838 grammes. 10 can = 1 yen; 5 yen = 1 binh; 2 
 binh = 1 ta ; 6 ta = 1 quan. The quan 688.76 Ibs. 
 
 Money. 60 sapeks = 1 mas ; 10 mas = 1 kwan. The kwan 
 equals $0.6698. 
 
 Antigua. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Arabia* MOCHA ; See also MUSCAT. 
 
 Length. The guz, gez, or goess = 25 niches, or 0.63498 me- 
 tre. The cobido or covid = 19.0 niches, or 0.4826 metre. The 
 kassaba = 4.1 yards, or 3.75 metres. 
 
 Road Measure. The baryd, of 4 farsakh = about 12 miles. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 16 vakias = 1 noosfia or nusfiah ; Snoosfiaa 
 = 1 gudda or cuddy; = 1.999 gallon, or 7.567 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. 40 mecmedas or kellas = 1 teman or tomand ; 
 1 teman of rice weighs 168 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Weights. Q vakias = 1 maund or maon, = 3 Ibs., or 1.3608 
 kilogrammes. 10 maunds = 1 frazil, = 30 Ibs., or 13.61 kilo- 
 
10 ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 grammes. 15 frazils = 1 bahar, = 450 Ibs., or 204.12 kilo- 
 grammes. At Bet-el-faki the maund is equivalent to 2.039 Ibs., 
 and at Jidda to 1.830078 Ibs. In the former place the bahar con- 
 tains 400 maunds, and at the latter only 100. These towns also 
 have a rotl, equal at Bet-el-faki to 1.019531 Ibs., and at Jidda to 
 0.366016 Ib. 
 
 At Mocha the wakega, used in commerce, = 1 Ib. avoirdupois ; 
 the wakega for gold and silver being only 0.68571 Ib. Minor 
 weights are the danik, 7.86 grains troy ; the coffala, used in weigh- 
 ing gold and silver, 48 grains ; and the miscal, 72 grains. 
 
 Money. Accounts are kept in piastres of 80 caveers; the 
 value of the piastre being about $0.8337. Another authority 
 makes it 90 cents. Payments may be made also in Spanish dol- 
 lars. The commassee is a small native coin containing 7 carats 
 silver, and worth about 40 to the dollar.- 
 
 Argentine Confederation. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures has recently been 
 introduced, and is now the only system recognized in the custom- 
 houses of the republic. The former weights and measures were 
 as follows, being of Spanish origin : 
 
 Length. 4 palmas = 1 vara ; 2 varas = 1 braza. Also, 3 
 pies = I vara. The vara = 34.1208 inches, or 0.866 metre. 
 
 Road Measure. The legua = 600 varas, or 0.3231 mile. 
 The milla = 1.149 miles, or 1.85 kilometres. Used upon rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 32 frascos = 1 baril. The frasco = 0.6274 
 gallon, or 0.2374 litre. 
 
 Dry Measure. The lastre = 2 toneladas, or 15 fanegas. The 
 fanega = 3.8936 bushels, or 137.195 litres. 
 
 Weight. 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal ; 20 
 quintals = 1 tonelada. The libra = 1.0127 Ib., or 0.45936 kilo- 
 gramme. The arroba of Buenos Ayres = 25 Castilian libra, or 
 25.3583 Ibs. The marco, for gold and silver, = 3544.4 grains. 
 
 Money. 8 reales = 1 peso fuerte; 16 pesos = 1 onza. The 
 United States value of the peso fuerte (Secretary of the Treasury, 
 1874) is exactly $1.00. The gold onza, of 1813 to 1832, according 
 
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 11 
 
 to the United States assay, = $15.5146. That from 1828 to 
 1832, $14.6579. 
 
 Australia* 
 
 Generally the same as Great Britain. The value of certain 
 gold coins is given as follows by the Director of the United States 
 mint: Pound of 1852, weight .281 ounce, 916 fine, value $5.324. 
 Of 1855, weight .256 ounce, 916 fine, value $4.8501. Sovereign 
 of 1855 to 1860, weight .2565 ounce, 916 fine, value $4.857. 
 
 Austrian Empire. 
 
 After January 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal one. 
 See also, BOHEMIA, HUNGARY, and POLAND. 
 Length. 12 punkte make 1 linie. 
 12 linien " 1 zoll. 
 12 zoll " 1 fuss = 1.03713 feet, or 0.31611 
 
 metre. 
 
 6 fuss " 1 klafter. 
 
 The elle = 2.465 fuss, = 30.676 English inches. 
 The ruthe = 12 fuss, = 12.44556 English feet. 
 Engineers and surveyors use a system derived from the ruthe, 
 in which *fa ruthe = 1 decimal fuss, yfoy ruthe = 1 decimal zoll, 
 and ~oW ruthe = 1 decimal linie. 
 
 Road Measure. 4,000 klafter, or 24,000 fuss = 1 meile. The 
 meile = 4.714227 miles, or 7.5866 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. Commonly, squares of the measures of length. In 
 measuring land, the joch (which is divided into three metzen), = 
 1,600 square klafter, or 57,600 square fuss. The joch = 1.4223 
 acres, or 51.55 ares. 
 
 Measure. 
 
 2 pfiff make 1 seidel. 
 
 2 seidel " 1 kanne or halbe mass. 
 
 2 kannen " 1 mass, = 1.49525 quarts, or 1.4149 li. 
 
 10 mass make 1 viertel. 
 4 viertel " 1 eimer, = 14.9525 gallons, or 56.5997 
 
 litres. 
 
 24 eimer make 1 dreiling. 
 82 eimer " 1 fuder. 
 
12 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Dry Measure. For coke and coal the stiibich, = 2 metzen, is 
 used; for lime, the kalkmiitkel, = 2| metzen; for wood, the cord 
 of cubic klafter. Ordinary dry measure is as follows : 
 2 becher make 1 kleines massel. 
 
 2 kleine massel " 1 grosses massel. 
 2 grosse massel " 1 miiller-massel. 
 2 miiller massel " 1 achtel. 
 2 achtel " 1 viertel. 
 
 4 viertel " 1 metze,= 1.74512 bushels, or 
 
 61.49 litres. 
 
 30 metzen " 1 muth. 
 
 Weight. 1st. Ordinary Commercial: 
 4 pfennigemake 1 quentchen. 
 4 quentchen " 1 loth. 
 2 loth " 1 unze. 
 
 4 unzen " 1 vierding or vierling. 
 
 2 vierding " 1 mark, = 0.6173 pound, or 280.0 
 grammes. 
 
 2 mark make 1 pfund, = 1.2346 pounds, or 560.0 
 
 grammes. 
 
 20 pfund make 1 stein. 
 
 5 stein " 1 centner, = 123.4615 Ibs. 
 4 centner " 1 karch. 
 
 20 centner " 1 schiifslast (shipping ton). 
 
 40 centner " 1 last (ordinary). 
 The saum =275 pfund. 
 
 The saum (of 2 lagel) for Styrian steel = 250 pfund. 
 The zollpfund of the Zollverein, for customs, = 500 grammes. 
 The miinzpfund also = 500 grammes. 
 2d. Weights for Precious Metals : 
 4 pfennig make 1 quentchen. 
 4 quentchen " 1 loth. 
 
 16 loth " 1 mark, = 4,333 grains, or 280.0 grammea 
 
 The karat for jewels = 3.1799 grains, or 0.206085 gramme. 
 3d. Apothecaries' Weight, in which the pfund is 1 mark. 
 
 20 gran make 1 scrupel. 
 
 3 scrupel " 1 drachme. 
 8 drachmen " 1 unze. 
 
 12 unzen " 1 pfund = 6,499 grains troy. 
 
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 13 
 
 Money. Formerly, 4 pfennige made 1 kreutzer ; 60 kreutzer 
 1 florin or gulden ; 2 gulden 1 thaler. The ducat was 4 gulden, 
 20 gulden were coined from the Cologne mark of fine silver, each 
 one being worth $0.5054. 
 
 The new florin or gulden of 100 kreutzer is equal to - 4 L 5 - of a 
 miinzpfund (500 grammes) of fine silver. The vereinsthaler of 
 aV munzpfund is 1| florins. This florin is worth $0.4803, and 
 rates in the United States custom-houses at $0.4760. 
 
 The following table gives the chief coins, their value, weight 
 in troy grains, and fineness in thousandths : 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 $9 1502 
 
 " kt By U. S. mint 
 assay . 
 
 
 215 04 
 
 986 
 
 9.1320 
 
 Souverain or sovrano. No longer coined 
 
 it 
 
 
 900 
 
 6 7763 
 
 " " By U. S. mint as- 
 say 
 
 m 
 
 174.24 
 
 900 
 
 6.7540 
 
 
 U 
 
 171 27 
 
 900 
 
 6.6462 
 
 
 u 
 
 85 64 
 
 900 
 
 3 8231 
 
 Ducat Before 1865 
 
 ,( 
 
 
 986 
 
 2 2871 
 
 Four-florin piece. By U. S. mint assay 
 
 u 
 
 49.92 
 
 900 
 
 1.9350 
 2.2946 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 401 28 
 
 902 
 
 1 0260 
 
 Former Conventions or specie - thaler. 
 Before 1857. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 0109 
 
 Former Conventions or specie - thaler. 
 By U. 8. mint assay 
 
 u 
 
 432.96 
 
 833 
 
 1.0230 
 
 Maria-Theresa-thaler. 'Still coined with 
 date 1780 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 0109 
 
 Maria - Theresa-thaler. By U. S. mint 
 assay . 
 
 u 
 
 429.60 
 
 838 
 
 1 .0210 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 7204 
 
 " " By U. S. mint assay 
 
 u 
 
 286.08 
 570.91 
 
 900 
 900 
 
 0.7310 
 1.4409 
 
 Two " " 
 
 u 
 
 380 61 
 
 900 
 
 9606 
 
 Gulden before 1853 (Conventions-florin) 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 5054 
 
 " " " Kate in TJ S customs 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 4850 
 
 " " " U. S. mint assay 
 New gulden or florin 
 
 
 216.48 
 
 833 
 
 0.5110 
 4803 
 
 " " " U. S.mint assay... 
 Quarter-gulden. Weight 5 grammes... 
 10 kreutzer. " 2 " 
 5 " "1 " 
 
 Billon. 
 Bronze. 
 
 190.56 
 77.15 
 30.86 
 15.43 
 201.59 
 
 900 
 520 
 500 
 375 
 
 0.4860 
 0.1201 
 0.0480 
 0.0240 
 0.0192 
 
 
 
 50.39 
 
 
 0043 
 
 Half-kreutzer 
 
 M 
 
 25 20 
 
 
 0024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Azores Islands. Generally like PORTUGAL. 
 
 Dry Measure. 2 quartos = 1 meio ; 2 meios = 1 alquiere { 
 
BADEN. 
 
 4 alquieres = 1 fanga, of 1.35959 United States bushels, or 47.907 
 litres. 
 
 Money. The milreis, in IT. S. custom-houses, rates at $0.835. 
 
 Baden* See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. The ruthe, = 3 metres, is divided decimally into 10 
 fuss, 100 zoll, 1,000 linien, and 10,000 punkte. The elle = 6 deci- 
 metres. In United States measure the fuss = 11.811 inches. The 
 klafter = 3 ellen. 
 
 Road Measure. The wegstunde (J- meile) = 14814.8148 fuss. 
 The meile = 5.5234 English miles. 
 
 Surface. 100 square ruthen = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = 1 morgen. 
 The morgen = 36 ares, or 0.8897 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The fuderis divided decimally into 10 ohm, 
 100 stiitzen, 1,000 mass, and 10,000 glas. The value of the mass 
 is 1.5 litres, or 1.585 quarts. 
 
 Dry Measure. The malter (of 150 litres) is divided decimally 
 into 10 sester, 100 masslein, and 1,000 becher. 10 malter = 1 
 zuber. In United States measure the malter = 4.257 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 1 centner = 10 stein = 100 pfund = 1,000 zehnling, 
 = 10,000 centass = 100,000 dekass or pfennig = 1,000,000 ass. 
 The pfund, which is the same as the zollpfund or munzpfund of 
 Germany in general, = 500 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs. 
 
 For apothecary's weight, see GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Money. The table gives the more important coins of Baden, 
 their material, fineness, and value in United States dollars : 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Former L/ndwig d'or . * 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 $3 4388 
 
 " doppelthaler (3J gulden). Before 1857. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 1 4409 
 
 " 2 guldenstuck " " 
 
 it 
 
 
 8252 
 
 " gulden of 60 krentzer " " 
 
 n 
 
 
 0.4126 
 
 u " " " in U. S. custom-houses 
 
 u 
 
 
 4000 
 
 Vereinsthaler (If- gulden) . . 
 
 H 
 
 900 
 
 7204 
 
 Gulden (60 kreutzer) 
 
 u 
 
 900 
 
 4117 
 
 J guldenstiick 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 0.2054 
 
 8 kreutzerstiick . . .... 
 
 Billon. 
 
 
 0206 
 
 Kreutzer 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 00686 
 
 
 
 
 0.00348 
 
 
 
 
 
BA VARIA. 15 
 
 Bahamas. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Balearic Islands. See SPAIN. 
 
 On these islands there are various local measures and weights. 
 Even the more general standards, as the libra, the cantaro, palma, 
 etc., have, however, different values on the different islands of the 
 group, the discrepancies being sometimes very great. Peculiar to 
 Minorca is the gerrah = 3.18599 gallons. Majorca has the quartes, 
 1.10274, the quartin, 7.16781 gallons; and the oder of 100.2178 
 Ibs. For length, the palmo = 7.697 inches. For weight, the libra 
 = 0.882 Ib. 
 
 Bantam. See JAVA. 
 
 Barbadoes. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Barbary States. See ALGERIA, TRIPOLI, and TUNIS. 
 
 Barbuda. See WEST INDIES, 
 
 Batavia. See JAYA, 
 
 Bavaria. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 121inienmakel zoll. 
 
 12 zoll " 1 fuss, = 11.49 in., or 0.29184 metre. 
 
 6 fuss 1 klafter. 
 10 " " 1 ruthe. 
 
 The elle = 34.25 zoll. By engineers and surveyors the fuss is 
 decimally divided. Local values of the fuss and of the elle are 
 known at Augsburg and Nuremberg. 
 
 Road Measure. The meile = -fa of an equatorial degree, = 
 4.6143 miles. The Anspach meile = 5.3652 miles. 
 
 Surface. The juchart, morgen, or tagewerk = 40,000 square 
 fuss, and is decimally divided. It equals 34.0536 ares, or 0.8416 
 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 64 mass make 1 imer. For wine, the eimer 
 = 16.9444 gallons; for beer, 18.07505 gallons. The mudde of 
 Augsburg, an old measure, = 14.92156 gallons ; the Nuremberg 
 visirmass = 0.30302 gallon; and the schenkmass of the 
 
16 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 city = 0.2 8505 gallon. In old times almost every large town 
 seems to have had its own local system. 
 
 Dry Measure. 2 dreissiger make 1 masslein. 
 
 2 masslein u 1 massel or achtel. 
 
 4 massel " 1 viertel. 
 
 2 viertel " 1 metze. 
 
 6 metzen " 1 scheffel, = 6.31002 bush- 
 
 els, or 222.34 litres. 
 
 For wood, the klafter is used, = 126 kubik fuss, or 3.1325 cu- 
 bic metres, or 110.6305 cubic feet. 
 
 Weights. 4 quentcben make 1 lotb. 
 
 4 loth " 1 halber vierling. 
 
 2 halbe vierling " 1 vierling. 
 4 vierling " 1 pfund. 
 
 This is the pfund of the Zollverein, of 500 grammes, or 3.102364 
 Ibs. avoirdupois. The commercial pfund = 560 grammes, ia 
 divided into 16 unzen, 32 loth, and 128 quentchen, and is equal 
 to 1.2346 Ibs. avoirdupois. For apothecary's weight, the old 
 apothecary's pfund of Nuremberg, with its subdivisions, is used 
 throughout Germany. See GERMAN EMPIRE, 
 
 Money. 4 pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 60 kreuzer = 1 florin or 
 gulden; 16 gulden = 1 krone. The table gives the more impor- 
 tant coins, their material, weight in troy grains, fineness in thou- 
 sandths, and value m United States dollars: 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fraeness. 
 
 Valu*. 
 
 Krone . 
 
 Gold. 
 
 171 .414 
 
 90Q 
 
 $6 58T2 
 
 
 
 85 722 
 
 900 
 
 g <>936 
 
 former Carolin 
 
 
 
 
 4 99-20 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 3414 
 
 " Ducat 
 
 
 
 
 2 2876 
 
 Vereins - Zweithalerstiick ( 2 - Thaler 
 
 Siver. 
 
 5Tt.481 
 
 900 
 
 1.4409 
 
 "Vereinsthaler . 
 
 
 285.742 
 
 900 
 
 7204 
 
 Zweiguldenstuck (2-gulden piece) 
 Gulden, or florin . 
 
 
 826.561 
 163 .282 
 
 900 
 900 
 
 .8234 
 .4117 
 
 ^-Gulden ... 
 
 
 81.641 
 
 900 
 
 2058 
 
 Viertel^ulden 
 
 
 70 650 
 
 520 
 
 1029 
 
 6-Kreuzerstuck 
 
 Bi on. 
 
 38.005 
 
 
 0412 
 
 & " 
 
 
 19 002 
 
 
 .0206 
 
 Kreuzer 
 
 
 12; 988 
 
 
 0069 
 
 Zweipfemrigstiick (J- kreuzer}. 
 
 Bs* nze. 
 
 38.575 
 
 
 .0034 
 
 Pfennig ......... 
 
 
 19 282 
 
 
 .0017 
 
 Heller 
 
 
 102 224 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BOHEMIA. 
 
 17 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 The weights and measures are the metric weights and measures 
 of France. Sometimes different names are used, as aune for me- 
 tre, litron for litre, livre for kilogramme. 
 
 Money. The lawful currency is in francs and centimes, pre- 
 cisely as in France. The value of the franc, as a money of ac- 
 count, is in the United States $0.193. The franc formerly rated 
 at $0.186. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Welgkt. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 121.92 
 
 899 
 
 $4.T200 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 385.84 
 
 897 
 
 .9800 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 158.60 
 
 835 
 
 .3640 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beloochistaii. Like AFGHANISTAN. 
 Bengal. See INDIA. 
 Bermudas. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Birmah. (RANGOON.) 
 
 Length. The palgat or paulgaut = 1 inch, or 0.0254 metre ; 
 18 paulgauts = 1 taim or cubit ; 22 paulgauts 1 saundaung or 
 royal cubit. 
 
 Road Measure. Y saundaungs 1 dha or bambou; 1,000 
 bambous = 1 dain or taing. The taing = 2.4306 miles, or 3.9116 
 kilometres. 
 
 Weight. 100 ticals or 3 catties = 1 vis ; 150 vis = 1 candy. 
 Che candy = 600 Ibs., or 226.801 kilogrammes. 
 
 Bohemia. (PRAGUE.) See also AUSTRIA. 
 
 Length. The Prague fuss = 11.88 inches, and the elle 23.2 
 inches. 
 
 Surface. 2 strich = 1 Austrian joch. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 seidel = 1 pinte ; 32 pinten = 1 eimer ; 
 4 eimer = 1 fass. The fass = 64.5598 gallons. 
 
18 
 
 BOKHARA. 
 
 Dry Measure. 12 seidel = 1 massel ; 4 massel = I viertel ; 
 4 viertel = 1 strich. The strich =2.65618 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 20 pfund = 1 stein ; 6 stein = 1 centner. The pfund 
 is subdivided as in Vienna, bat is a trifle lighter than the Imperial 
 standard. 
 
 These are only local weights and measures. The legal system 
 is, of course, that of Austria. 
 
 Bokhara. See TURKESTAN. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 The metric system is recognized at the custom-houses. The 
 other weights and measures are of Spanish origin. 
 
 Weights. 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The quintal = 46 kilo- 
 grammes, or 101.4179 Ibs. 
 
 Money. 10 cents = 1 real ; 10 reals = 1 peso. The peso is 
 rated in the United States (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at 
 $0.9651. Its theoretical value is about $1.03. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Onza or doubloon (1827^-1836). Legal 
 rate 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 $15 601 S 
 
 Onza or doubloon (1 827-1836). By U. 8. 
 mint assay 
 
 U 
 
 416 16 
 
 870 
 
 15 598 
 
 Peso. Former. By U. S. mint assay.. 
 \ peso " " " " " 
 New peso " " 
 
 Silver. 
 
 U 
 U 
 
 808.64 
 207.36 
 884.48 
 
 903$ 
 667 
 900 
 
 0.791 
 0.892 
 0.961 
 
 Borneo. 
 
 The island contains English and Dutch settlements, in which 
 the corresponding weights and measures are known. 
 
 Dry Measure. The gantang = 0.73782 bushel. 
 
 Weight* The pecul = 135.6354 Ibs. Minor weights seem to 
 be something as follows : 
 
 3 malaborong = 1 tica; 1 tica = 1 copang; 4 copang= 1 
 mace ; 4 mace = 1 pahaw ; 4 pahaws = 1 tael. The tael =s 
 about 614 troy grams, or 39.828 grammes. 
 
BREMEN. 
 
 19 
 
 Bourbon, Isle of. 
 
 French colony, using French weights and measures. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 The metric system is now the legal system of weights and 
 measures. The former scales were essentially Portuguese, with va- 
 riations, these being different in different parts of the empire. 
 The alquiere = 1.13512 bushels ; the vara = 1.18878 yards ; the 
 arroba (of 32 arratels) == 32.3792 Ibs. ; the quilate, a weight for 
 gems, = 3.075 grains ; and the outava, for topazes, = 57.17 grains. 
 
 Money. The milreis, as a money of account (Secretary of the 
 Treasury, 1874), is rated in the United States at $0.5456. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 20 Milreis. 
 
 10 " 
 5 " 
 
 Former Jos 
 2 milreis. 
 
 Milreis.... 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 $10.9235 
 10.906 
 5.4617 
 2.7309 
 8.7195 
 1.0924 
 1.025 
 0.5462 
 0.2731 
 0.1092 
 0.0109 
 0.0055 
 
 By U S. mint assay 
 
 Si ver. 
 Copper. 
 
 276.00 
 133.30 
 69.15 
 
 917$ 
 916 
 916 
 
 
 
 10 ... 
 
 Legal rate . 
 
 893.39 
 898.60 
 196.64 
 98.32 
 89.33 
 
 916 
 9181 
 916 
 916 
 916 
 
 By U. 8. mint assay 
 
 
 500 reis 
 
 
 200 " ... 
 
 
 20 " ... 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bremen. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 Length. 10 linien= 1 zoll. 
 
 12 zoll = 1 fuss, = 11.386 inches, or 0.2892 metre. 
 
 2 fuss = 1 elle. 
 
 3 ellen = 1 klafter. 
 8 " = 1 ruthe. 
 
 Road Measure. The meile of 20,000 Rheinfuss = 3.9 miles, 
 or 6.28 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. The morgen = 120 square ruthen = 30,720 square 
 fuss. The morgen = 0.6343 acre. 
 
 Solid Measure. The, faden = 72 kubikfuss. 
 
20 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 mingel make 1 quartier. 
 
 9 quartier " 1 viertel, 
 
 6 viertel " 1 anker. 
 
 4 anker 1 ohm, = 38.2965 galls., or 144.964 
 
 litres. 
 
 6 ohm " 1 fuder. 
 The sttlbchen = 4 quartier. 
 
 " oxhoft = 6 anker. 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 4 spinten make 1 viertel. 
 
 4 viertel " 1 scheffel, = 2.10195 bushels, or 
 
 74.064 litres. 
 40 scheffel make 1 last. 
 
 Weights. 4 ort make 1 quentchen. 
 
 4 quentchen " 1 loth. 
 2 loth " 1 unze. 
 
 8 unzen " 1 mark. 
 
 2 mark " 1 pfund, = 1.09906 Ibs., or 0.498 
 
 kilogramme. 
 
 The schiffpfund (of 20 liespfund) = 290 pfund. The fracht- 
 pfund or pfundschwer = 300 pfund. The centner =116 pfund. 
 
 Money. 5 schwaren=l grot ; 72 groten=l thaler. The value 
 of this thaler is $0.7476, but it was recognized in the United 
 States, under the law of March 3, 1843, at $0.71. By the law of 
 1842, the silver rix-thaler, worth $0.7911, was rated at $0.7875. 
 The old gold thaler, of which about 8 i' - equal the modern vereins- 
 krone, = $0.7912. 
 
 Brunswick (BKAUNSCHWEIG). See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 12 zoll = 1 schuh ; 2 schuh = 1 elle. The schuh = 
 11.235 inches, or 0.285 metre. The ruthe = 8 ellen. 
 
 Road Measure. The meile (of 34,424 Rhenish feet) = 6.7136 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. The morgen = 120 square ruthen, or 30,720 square 
 Bchuh. English value, 0.6208 acre. 
 
CANARY ISLANDS. 21 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 4 quartier = 1 stiib 
 chen ; 40 stiibchen = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The fuder also = 
 4 oxhoft. The fass of beer (4 tonnen) = 108 stiibchen. The 
 stiibchen = 0.988 gallon, or 3.74 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4: becher or locher = 1 vierfass ; 4 vierfass = 
 I hunt ; 10 himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel for wheat = 8.6672 
 bushels ; for oats, 10.40064 bushels. 4 scheffel make 1 wispel. 
 
 Weight, 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 
 quentchen = 1 loth ; 16 loth = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.0306 Ibs., or 0.4674 kilogramme. The schiffpfund = 
 20 liespfund = 280 pfund. 
 
 For apothecary's weight see GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Money. The former gold pistole, = 5 gold thaler, was worth 
 $3.96. The silver thaler of 24 gute groschen was worth $0.7254. 
 In the United States, by law of 1846, it rated at $0.69. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. See ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. 
 Cambodia. See ANNAM. 
 
 Canada, including NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUND- 
 LAND, PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, and the other BRITISH POS- 
 SESSIONS in NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Yv'eights and measures as in GREAT BRITAIN. In Lower Can- 
 ada, however, one or two old French measures are occasionally 
 met; as the minot, for wheat, = 1.11111 United States bushels; 
 and the arpent, for land, = 0.8449 acre. 
 
 Money. The standard is the dollar of 100 cents, equal in value 
 to that of the United States. The silver 20 and 25 cent pieces are 
 925 fine, with the following weight and intrinsic value : 20 cent, 
 weight 72.0 grains, value $0.185 ; 25 cent, weight 90.0 grains, value 
 $0.231. Under United States statutes, prior to act of March 3, 
 1873, the pound of the British Provinces rated in our custom- 
 houses at $4.00. 
 
 Canary Islands. 
 
 The measures, weights, and coins, are derived from SPAIN, 
 though somewhat varied. For length, the pie or Castilian foot = 
 11.126 inches. In weight, the libra = 1.0148 Ibs. 
 
22 
 
 CANDIA. 
 
 Candia. See CRETE. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, or Cape Colony. 
 
 Weights and measures those of GREAT BRITAIN. The currency 
 is also British, although occasionally the former Dutch values are 
 encountered. 
 
 Cape Verde Islands* See PORTUGAL. 
 
 Celebes. 
 
 The pecul = 135.64 Ibs. In general, the weights and meas- 
 ures resemble or are indentical with those of the other neighbor- 
 ing islands under the sway of the Netherlands. 
 
 Central America. (GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, SAN 
 SALVADOR, and COSTA RICA.) 
 
 The weights and measures are of old Castilian origin, but 
 varied. 
 
 Length. The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The cantara of 4 cuartillas = 4.2631 gal- 
 lons, or 16.137 litres 
 
 Dry Measure. Thefanegaof 4 cuartillas = 1.5745 bushels, or 
 55.48 litres. 
 
 Weight. 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The 
 libra = 1.043 pounds, or 0.4731 kilogramme. 
 
 Money. The unit is the pezo or dollar of 100 centavos. Its 
 value in the United States (Secretary Treasury, 1874) is $0.9650. 
 
 COINAGE TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Onza of 1833 by TT S mint assay 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 $14 9653 
 
 Costa Eican half-onza of 1850. U. S. 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 7.6232 
 
 2 escudos, or J onza. TJ. S. mint assay. 
 Pezo, or T V onza, 1825-1849. U. S. mint 
 assay . .... . 
 
 U 
 
 M 
 
 100.32 
 
 853} 
 
 8.6875 
 0.8295 
 
 Keals. 17. 8. mint assay 
 Pezo, 1S40 1872. " " " 
 u 1855 " " " 
 
 11 
 
 Silver.; 
 
 12.96 
 
 853} 
 
 .4880 
 1.0311 
 1.0137 
 
 * At present " " " 
 
 " 
 
 415.68 
 
 850 
 
 .9810 
 
CHINA. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Generally, British measures of length and surface are used. 
 The covid, when employed, = 18.5 inches. 
 
 For liquids, the seer = 1.2 quarts ; and the parrah = 6.76 
 gallons. 
 
 In dry measure, the chundoo = nearly half a pint. The amo- 
 mam = 5.7757 bushels. 
 
 The candy, or bahar, for weight, = 500 Ibs. Old measure = 
 520.675 Ibs. 
 
 The public accounts are kept in sterling money ; but, in or- 
 dinary commercial transactions, the sicca rupee is the standard. 
 See INDIA. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures is now legal. Old 
 standards, of Spanish origin, are as follows : The vara = 2.78 feet ; 
 the quartillo = 0.2906 gallon; the fanega = 2.575 bushels; the 
 libra = 1.043 Ibs. 
 
 Money. The peso or dollar of 100 centavos is the exact equiv- 
 alent of 5 francs, French currency. Value in United States cus- 
 tom-houses (1874), $0.9123. The gold condor = 10 pesos. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 $9 1225 
 
 " By U S mint assay 
 
 
 236.16 
 
 S9S 
 
 9 1360 
 
 Old peso or dollar. By U. 8. mint as- 
 
 Silver. 
 
 412.72 
 
 908 
 
 1.0460 
 
 New u *' " 5 francs 
 
 
 
 
 9648 
 
 " " " " By U. 8. mint assay. 
 
 u 
 
 384.48 
 
 900| 
 
 0.931 
 
 China. 
 
 Length. The yan is decimally divided into 10 cheung, 100 
 chik, 1,000 tsun, 10,000 fan. The official chik, as fixed by the 
 Mathematical Board at Pekin, = 13.125 inches, or almost exactly 
 % metre. The surveyor's and engineer's chik = 12.7 inches ; 
 and the commercial chik of Canton = 14.76 inches, but varies a 
 little. 
 
24 CIRCASSIA. 
 
 Road Measure. The itinerary chik = 12.17 inches ; of these, 
 1,800 make 1 li, = 1,825.5 feet, or 556.41 metres. 
 
 Capacity. Since in China almost every thing is sold by weight, 
 the wet and dry measures are seemingly superfluous. There are, 
 however, two systems, in which the measures are similarly named, 
 the names being distinguished by the affixes tsong and shi. These 
 series stand to each other in value as 65 to 100 ; the former being 
 for liquids, the latter for grain. In the liquid, or tsong series, the 
 tau is divided into 10 shing and 100 kop. The shing-tsong = 
 0.1375 gallon. The dry-measure shing (shing-shi) = 0.02177 
 bushel. Another measure, the sei, = 3.4716 bushels. 
 
 Weights. 10 mace = 1 tael ; 16 tael = 1 catty or kan ; 2 cat- 
 ties = 1 yin ; 50 yin = 1 pecul or tarn. The catty = 1% Ibs., or 
 604.8 grammes. Hence the pecul =133% Ibs. The shik is a 
 weight of 160 Ibs. 
 
 Money. The tael is decimally divided into 10 mace (tsee'n), 
 100 candereens (fun), and 1,000 cash (le). 
 
 The tael now rates in United States customs at $1.61. Old 
 rate, $1.48. In parts of China some coins from the English 
 mint are used ; these are of silver, 901 fine. The dollar of this 
 series weighs 415.68 grains, and is worth (by United States mint 
 assay) $1.04. The corresponding ten-cent piece weighs 41.76 
 grams, and is worth $0.10^. 
 
 Circassia. See RUSSIA. 
 
 Cochin China. See also ANXAM. 
 
 Here the covid = 15 inches. The tael = 590.75 grains. 
 
 Cologne* See GERMAN EMPIRE, and PRUSSIA. 
 
 Until recently the Cologne mark was used throughout Ger- 
 many in weighing the precious metals. This should equal 3,609 
 troy grains ; but the standard copy at Hamburg is 1 grain lighter. 
 
 Colombia, or New Granada. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures has recently been 
 adopted. The former system was of Castilian origin. 
 
CYPRUS. 
 
 25 
 
 Money. The peso, or dollar, is exactly equal to five francs 
 French currency. It is divided into 10 decimos and 100 centavos. 
 10 pesos make 1 gold condor. The value of the peso in United 
 States customs is $0.965. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 $15 6106 
 
 " " Popayan 
 
 
 15.3775 
 
 Condor of 10 pesos. Le^al value 
 
 ii 
 
 9.64T6 
 
 " " " " By U 8 mint assay 
 
 u 
 
 96751 
 
 
 Silver. 
 
 0.9726 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay 
 
 
 0.9692 
 
 
 
 
 Corea. See CHINA. 
 
 Corsica* See FRANCE. 
 
 A few liquid measures of Italian or Spanish origin may be 
 met with. 
 
 Costa Rica. See CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Crete, or Candia. 
 
 For length, the pic = 25.09 inches, or 0.6373 metre. 
 For liquids, the oke = 0.3458 gallon. The mistate, for oil, = 
 2.948 gallons. 
 
 The carga = 4.32311 bushels. 
 
 For weight, the cantaro of 100 rottoli or 44 oka = 116.57 IbA 
 
 The currency is essentially Turkish. 
 
 Cuba. See WEST INDIES. 
 Curacoa. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
 For length, the pic = 26.45 inches, or 0.6718 metre. 
 
 For liquids, the cass = 1.25 gallons. 
 
 For grain, etc., the medinno = 2.1312 bushels. 
 
26 DENERARA. 
 
 Weights. The oka = 2.7957 Ibs. The rotolo = 1^ oka, and 
 100 rotolos = 1 kantar or cantaro. Hence the kantar = 524.2 
 Ibs., or 237.77 kilogrammes. The moosa is a weight of 112 Ibs. 
 
 Demcrara. See GUIANA. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Length. 12 linie = 1 tomme. 
 
 12 tomme = I fod = 12.358 inches, or 0.3139 metre. 
 
 2 fod = 1 aln. 
 
 3 aln = 1 favn. 
 6 " = 1 rode. 
 
 Road Measure. The miil (= 12,000 aln) = 4.6812 miles, 01 
 7.5335 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. The tondeland (= 14,000 square aln) = 1.3635 acres, 
 or 55.2 ares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 poegel make 1 pot, = 1.0208 quarts, or 0.9666 
 
 litre. 
 
 2 pot " 1 kande. 
 
 39 " " 1 anker. 
 
 The pot = -fa cubic fod. The tonde (for beer) = 4.25 cubic 
 fod. The tonde (of tar) =120 pot. 
 
 Dry Measure. The tonde used for coal and charcoal = 5.5 
 cubic fod. Regular measures are as follows : 
 2 halvotting make 1 ottingkar. 
 2 ottingkar " 1 fjerdingkar. 
 2 fjerdingkar " 1 skoeppe. 
 8 skoeppe " 1 tonde, = 3.9477 bushels, or 
 
 139.098 litres. 
 
 This tonde = 4-J cubic fod, or 144 pot. 
 Weight. 10 ort make 1 quint. 
 
 10 quint " 1 pund, = 1.102368 pounds, or 500 
 
 grammes. 
 
 100 pund make 1 centner. 
 
 In this scale the pund is the pfund of the German Zollverein. 
 The old pund was defined as the weight of -fa cubic fod of rain- 
 water at 16| Centigrade ; or about 1.100885 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
ECUADOR. 
 
 27 
 
 16 old pund = 1 lispund ; 20 lispund = 1 skippund. 
 For precious metals 
 
 4 ort make 1 quintin. 
 4 quintin " 1 lod. 
 16 lod " 1 mark, = 0.5149 lb., or 233.56 
 
 grammes. 
 Apothecary's weight 
 
 60 gran make 1 drachme. 
 
 8 drachme " 1 unze. 
 
 12 unze " 1 pund, = 0.788974 lb. avoirdu- 
 
 pois. 
 
 Money. The rigsdaler equals 6 marks, and each mark is di- 
 vided into 16 skillings. 2 rigsdalers make 1 specie daler. 
 
 The krone is a money of account, worth hi United States cus- 
 toms $0.268. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Dobbelt Christian cTor (14? rigsdalers)... 
 Frederick d'or, or pistole (Tf rigsdalers). . 
 10 daler By U S mint assay ... 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 Billon. 
 Bronze. 
 
 
 896 
 896 
 895 
 900 
 879 
 875 
 877 
 875 
 
 $8.0124 
 4.0062- 
 7.9000 
 5.3580 
 2.6S60 
 1.0926 
 1.0840 
 0.5463 
 0.5300 
 0.2731 
 0.0910 
 0.0228 
 0.0057 
 0.0029 
 
 
 204.96 
 138.24 
 
 20 krone " " " " 
 
 Specie ducat (4}| rigsdalers) 
 
 Dobbelt rigsdaler (specie daler) 
 " " By U. S. mint assay., 
 jjjcrgdaler 
 
 '^M'M 
 
 " Old rate in U. S. custom-houses 
 
 
 Halvdaler (| rigsdaler) 
 
 Mark f 1 - rigsdaler) . . 
 
 
 875 
 500 
 250 
 
 4 skilling 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dominica. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 East Indies, See INDIA, CEYLON, ANNAM, BIRMAH, SIAM, MA- 
 LACCA, MOLUCCAS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, SOOLOO ARCHIPELAGO, 
 JAVA, SUMATRA, BORNEO, etc. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 Formerly, Spanish weights and measures were employed. Now 
 the metric system is hi vogue. 
 
28 EGYPT. 
 
 The peso, or dollar, is the equivalent of the French 5-franc 
 piece, and is rated in United States customs at $0.965. 
 
 The 4 escudo gold piece, by United States mint assay, weighs 
 207.84 grains, is 844 fine, and is worth $7.555. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Since 1871 the metric system has been legal. 
 
 Length. 4 kerats make 1 abdat. 
 
 3 abdats " 1 kadam. 
 
 2 kadam " 1 derah, deraa, or pic. 
 
 4 derahs " 1 gasab. 
 
 Of the derah there are six different kinds, as follows : The Nile 
 pic = 0.2545 metre ; the native pic (derah baladi) = 0.5682 me- 
 tre; the Constantinople pic (derah Istambuli) = 0.6691 metre; 
 the cloth pic (derah hendazeh) = 0.6479 metre ; the builder's pic 
 (derah meimari) = 0.7500 metre ; the itinerary or road-measure 
 pic =0.7389 metre. 
 
 The derah Istambuli =26.34 inches. 
 
 Ancient measures were the natural cubit, 17.71 inches, and 
 the royal cubit, 20.66 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. For the itinerary derah or pic, see table of 
 length. 
 
 2 baah make 1 cassaba (equal to 5 derahs). 
 600 cassabas " 1 mill, = 1.148 miles, or 1.847 kil- 
 ometres. 
 
 3 mili " 1 farsakh or league. 
 
 4 farsakh " 1 baride. 
 
 . , tt j safar yome, of which 2-| make ) 
 
 ( 1 of the meridian = 60 mili. f 
 
 Surface. Land is partly measured by the squares of the derah 
 meimari, and of the cassaba. (The cassaba, in length, = 3.55 
 metres.) 
 
 The feddan = 333^ square cassabas, and is divided hi to 24 
 k6rat. Value of feddan, 1.038 acres, or 42.008 ares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The guirbeh = 70.4467 quarts, or 66| li- 
 tres. 
 
EGYPT. 29 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 2 kerat make 1 kharroubah. 
 
 2 kharroubah " 1 thoumn-kaddah. 
 
 2 thoumn-kaddah " 1 roub-kaddah. 
 
 2 roub-kaddah " 1 nisf-kaddah. 
 
 2 nisf-kaddah " 1 kaddah, = 1.735 quarts, 
 
 or 1.91 litres. 
 
 2 kaddah " 1 malouah. 
 
 2 malouah " 1 roubouh, or rob. 
 
 2 roubouh " 1 kele. 
 
 2 kele" " 1 ouebeh. 
 
 6 ouebeh " 1 ardeb, = 2.603 bushels, or 
 91.72 litres. 
 
 These values are from the report of the United States Com- 
 missioners to the Paris Exposition of 1867. Other authorities 
 give the ardeb = 5.1648 bushels, and the ardeb of Alexandria = 
 7.6907 bushels. 
 
 Weights. 4 kamha make 1 ke"rat. 
 
 24 kerat " 1 darhim or drachm, = 47.73 grains, 
 
 or 3.0929 grammes. 
 400 darhims make 1 oke, oka, or occa, = 2.7275 Ibs., 
 
 or 1.237 kilogrammes. 
 144 darhims make 1 rotl, or rottolo = 0.9819 pound, 
 
 or 445.41 grammes. 
 100 rotl make 1 cantaro = 98.19 Ibs. 
 
 The harsela, used for weighing silk, is the oke. The darhim, 
 when used for weighing gold, silver, or gems, is also known as the 
 mitkal or metical. 
 
 Money. 40 paras make 1 piastre. As a money of account, 
 the Egyptian dollar of 20 piastres now rates in United States cus- 
 loms at $1.0039. (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874.) 
 
30 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Vain*. 
 
 Bedidlik, or 100-piastre piece. Legal rate. 
 " " U. S. mint 
 
 Gold. 
 
 131.761 
 132.00 
 
 875 
 875 
 
 $4.9690 
 4.9740 
 
 
 it 
 
 658S1 
 
 875 
 
 2.4845 
 
 g() 4t U tl 
 
 n 
 
 
 875 
 
 9940 
 
 5 " " " " Very rare.. 
 Tallari or dollar, 20 piastres. Legal rate. 
 Half-tallari, 10 
 Quarter" 5 " " " 
 1 piastre, " " 
 
 Silver. 
 
 U 
 
 64(54 
 429.591 
 214.796 
 107.398 
 20.883 
 19 200 
 
 875 
 833* 
 688* 
 833* 
 750 
 755 
 
 0.2475 
 0.9900 
 0.495 
 0.2475 
 0.0475 
 0400 
 
 1 Lo.^al rate 
 
 H 
 
 10.441 
 
 750 
 
 0.0248 
 
 
 11 
 
 5.221 
 
 750 
 
 0124 
 
 Piastre (40 paras) " " 
 20-para piece " " 
 
 Copper. 
 
 799.41)0 
 899.745 
 
 
 0.0495 
 0.0248 
 
 
 (C 
 
 199.872 
 
 
 0124 
 
 5 " 
 
 H 
 
 99.936 
 
 
 0.0062 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 England. See GREAT BRITAIN. 
 Fayal. See AZORES. 
 Finland* See RUSSIA. 
 Formosa. See CHINA. 
 
 France (including CORSICA). Colonial Possessions : ALGERIA, 
 SENEGAL, ISLE OP BOURBON, ISLAND OP ST. MARIE near MADA- 
 GASCAR, PONDICHERRY and other towns in INDIA, several of 
 the WEST INDIA ISLANDS, FRENCH GUIANA or CAYENNE, the 
 ISLANDS of ST. PIERRE and MIQUELON near NEWFOUNDLAND, 
 the MARQUESAS ISLANDS, and NEW CALEDONIA. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures originated in 
 France, just before the beginning of the present century. All its 
 units are derived from the unit of length. 
 
 Length. The unit here is the metre, which was intended to 
 represent the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator 
 to the pole, measured over the surface of the earth. It slightly 
 varies from this, however, and can therefore be regarded only aa 
 a unit of length represented by a bar of platinum in Paris, meas- 
 
FRANCE. 81 
 
 ared at the temperature of melting ice (0 Centigrade, or 32* 
 Fahrenheit). 
 
 10,000 metres make 1 myriametre,= 6.214 miles. 
 1,000 " " 1 kilometre, = 0.6214 " 
 100 " " 1 hectometre, = 328.09 feet. 
 10 " " 1 decametre, = 32.809 " 
 
 The metre = 39.37079 inches. 
 
 1 metre equals 10 decimetres. Decimetre = 3.937079 inches. 
 1 " " 100 centimetres. Centimetre = 0.3937 " 
 1 " " 1,000 millimetres. Millimetre = 0.03937 " 
 
 Surface. Squares of the metre and its derivatives are used. 
 Also the are, equal to a square of ten metres to the side. 
 
 100 ares, or 10,000 square metres, make 1 hectare = 2.4714 
 acres. 
 
 The are of 100 square metres = 1076.43 square feet. 
 
 The -j^nj of an are, 1 sq. metre, is the centare = 1550.06 square 
 inches. 
 
 Capacity. The litre is the unit for both wet and dry measure, 
 and equals one cubic decimetre. 
 
 10,000 litres make lmyrialitre,= 2641.8 U. S. gallons. 
 1,000 " " 1 kilolitre, = 264.18 " " 
 
 100 " " 1 hectolitre, = 26.418 " " 
 10 " " 1 decalitre, = 2.6418 " " 
 
 The litre = 1.05672 quarts, U. S. measure, 
 1 litre equals 10 decilitres. Decilitre =0.211344 pint, " " 
 1 " " 100 centilitres. Centilitre=0.02113 " " " 
 1 " " 1,000 millilitres. Millilitre = 0.002113 " " 
 
 In dry measure the kilolitre = 28.3782 F. S. bushels ; the hec- 
 tolitre = 2.83782 bushels ; the decalitre = 1.13513 pecks ; the 
 litre = 0.227 half-peck, and so on. In measuring wood and coal 
 the kilolitre is known as the stere, the myrialitre as the decastere, 
 and the hectolifre as the decistere. 
 
 Weight. The standard of weight is the gramme, which repre- 
 sents the weight of one cubic centimetre of distilled water at its 
 maximum density. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 AvoirdupoU 
 
 1,000,000 grammes make 1 millier or tonneau, = 2204.62 Ibs. 
 
 100,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 quintal, = 220.462 
 
 " 1 myriagramme, = 22.0462 " 
 " 1 kilogramme, = 2.20462 " 
 
 " 1 hectogramme, = 3.52739 oz. 
 " 1 decagramme, = 0.35274 " 
 
 The gramme 15.432349 grains. 
 
 1 gramme equals 10 decigrammes. Decigramme =1.543235 " 
 1 " " 100 centigrammes. Centigrammer=-0.15432 " 
 
 1 " " 1,000 milligrammes. Milligramme =0.01543 " 
 
 The " Systeme Usuel," interdicted since 1840, was a popular 
 compromise between the ancient system and the present one. In 
 it, the metre was divided into two pieds or feet of twelve pouces 
 each. Two metres made one toise, and twelve decimetres, one 
 aune or ell. In weights, the livre or pound of 500 grammes was 
 divided into two marcs, sixteen onces, one hundred and twenty- 
 eight gros, and nine thousand two hundred and sixteen grains. 
 The ancient Trench pied-de-roi was equal to 12.79 inches ; six of 
 these pieds made one toise, and two thousand toises one lieue-de- 
 poste, or league. The ancient pound (poids-de-marce) previous to 
 1795 was equal to 1.0793 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. 10 centimes make 1 decime ; 10 decimes make 1 franc. 
 The theoretical value of the franc in United States money is 
 $0.1945. The value recognized in United States custom rates ia 
 $0.193. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 100-franc 
 50 " 
 20 " 
 20 " 
 10 " 
 5 " 
 Louis (Toi 
 
 5-franc ] 
 2-franc 
 assay. . 
 
 piece. Legal rate 
 
 Gold. 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 Silver. 
 
 M 
 
 497.742 
 
 248.871 
 99.548 
 99.360 
 49.774 
 
 24.882 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 899 
 900 
 900 
 
 $19.2955 
 9.6478 
 8.8591 
 8.8470 
 1.9296 
 0.9648 
 4.6604 
 8.8258 
 0.9726 
 0.9600 
 0.3890 
 
 0.3560. 
 
 It 11 It 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay. . . 
 " Legal rate 
 
 
 1785 
 
 1810 to 1840 
 
 
 
 >iece. Legal rate 
 
 385.750 
 384.000 
 154.320 
 
 153.600 
 
 900 
 900 
 835 
 
 835 
 
 " By U. 8. mint assay. . 
 " Legal rate 
 
 " 1867-'8. By U. 8. mint 
 
 
FRANKFORT- ON- TEE-MAINE. 
 
 33 
 
 COIN TABLE. Continued. . 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Franc, weight 5 grammes. Legal rate . 
 Piece of 50 centimes. " 4i 
 " " 20 " " " 
 " " 10 
 " " 5 u " " 
 " " 2 " " 
 
 U U J U tl U 
 
 Silver. 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 u 
 
 77.160 
 88.580 
 15.432 
 154.320 
 77.160 
 80.864 
 15.432 
 
 885 
 
 885 
 835 
 
 $0.1945 
 0.0972 
 0.0389 
 0.0195 
 0.0097 
 0.0039 
 0.00195 
 
 
 
 
 
 Equivalent in value to the French franc are the francs of 
 Switzerland and Belgium, the lira of Italy, the peseta of Spain, 
 and the drachma of Greece. These should weigh 5 grammes 
 apiece, the minor silver coinage being proportionately heavy. 
 Several of the South American states now have silver pesos or dol- 
 lars weighing 25 grammes, and equivalent to the 5-franc piece of 
 France. Of the bronze coins, whose weights in the above table 
 are given in grains, the weight of each one is represented in 
 grammes by the number of centimes ; 10 centimes weighing 10 
 grammes, and so on downward. 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 12 linien make 1 zoll ; 12 zoll make 1 werkschuh or 
 fuss. This fuss = 11.205 inches. The elle = 21.55 inches. Sur- 
 veyors use a fuss (feldfuss) of 14.006 English inches. This is 
 decimally divided into 10 zoll or 100 linien. 10 feldfuss make 1 
 ruthe. 
 
 Surface. The morgen = 16,000 square feldfuss = 0.5004 acre. 
 
 Liquid Mea&ure. 4 eichmass, or 4 neumass = 1 viertel ; 20 
 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The viertel = 1.8945 gal- 
 lons. The mass is divided into 4 schoppen. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 schrott = 1 masschen; 4 masschen = 1 ge- 
 Bcheid ; 4 gescheid = 1 sechter ; 2 sechter = 1 metze ; 2 metzen 
 s= 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 malter or achtel. 
 
 The malter = 3.25626 bushels. 
 
 Weights. 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 
 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 
 
34 FRENCH GUINA. 
 
 mark = 1 pfund. There were in Frankfort two different pfunds, 
 this one (= 1.114073 Ibs. avoirdupois) being about 8 per cent 
 heavier than the other. Apothecary weight has been long uniform 
 throughout all Germany. 
 
 Money. 2 heller or pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 4 kreuzer = 1 
 batzen ; 15 batzen = 1 gulden or florin ; ! florins or 90 kreuzer = 
 1 thaler. The .former gulden (1837) was worth $0.4126. In 
 United States customs it rated at 40 cents. The value of the 
 former gold ducat was $2.2876. 
 
 French Guiana. See GUIANA. 
 
 German Empire. See also BADEN, BAVARIA, BREMEN, BRUNS- 
 WICK, COLOGNE, FRANKFORT, HAMBURG, HESSE, HANOVER, Lii- 
 BECK, MECKLENBURG, PRUSSIA, SAXONY, and WURTEMBERG. 
 
 For old or local systems of weights, measures, and coinage, see 
 these various headings. Recently the metric system has been 
 adopted as the lawful system of Germany, with merely some trifling 
 modifications. 
 
 Length. The meter or stab, zentimeter or new zoll, millimeter 
 or s'trich. 
 
 Surface. The ar and hektar. 
 
 Capacity. The liter or kanne, the hektoliter or fass. 50 liters 
 make 1 scheffel ; liter is called a schoppen. 
 
 Weight. The kilogramme, of 2 pfund ; the dekagramme or 
 neu-loth ; dezigramme, zentigramme, and milligramme. 50 kilo- 
 grammes make 1 zentner ; 1,000 kilogrammes make 1 tonne. 
 
 For the values of the above measures and weights, see the tables 
 given under FRANCE. 
 
 Under the Zollverein the weights were a zollpfund of 30 zoll- 
 loth, = 500 grammes or - kilogramme ; the zollcentner of 100 
 zollpfund ; the zollstein of 2 zollcentner. The miinzpfund, used 
 for gold and silver, and divided into 10,000 ass, also equaled 500 
 grammes. 
 
 Throughout Germany the apothecaries have used the apothe- 
 cary weights of Niirnberg, or Nuremberg. The pfund of this sys- 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 35 
 
 tern is subdivided exactly as in English apothecaries' weight, and 
 equals 0.788974 Ib. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. The present standard is the mark of 3 of a thaler. 
 In United States customs it now rates -at $0.2382. The vereins- 
 thaler equals -$ of a miinzpfund of fine silver, and in Northern 
 Germany is divided into 30 silbergroschen. In Southern Germany 
 the florin or gulden rates 52 to the miinzpfund of fine silver, and 
 is divided into 60 kreuzer. 
 
 COIN TABLE. (See also the various German States.) 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ten-thaler piece. By U. S. mint assay. . 
 Vereinskrone. Should weigh just 10 
 
 Gold. 
 
 204.960 
 154320 
 
 896 
 900 
 
 $7.9000 
 6 6462 
 
 Vereinskrone. By U. 8. mint assay.. . . 
 
 M 
 
 
 900 
 
 6 6420 
 
 Half-krone. Weight 5 grammes 
 
 
 77 i 60 
 
 900 
 
 8 8231 
 
 20 marks Le^al rate. . 
 
 
 122 880 
 
 900 
 
 4 7620 
 
 Double vereinsthaler, 3f gulden 
 Veveinsthaler. Legal rate 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 900 
 900 
 
 1.4409 
 7204 
 
 " By IT. 8. mint assay 
 Thaler, before 1857. Legal rate 
 
 
 285.600 
 
 900 
 
 0.7140 
 
 0.7220 
 
 " " " By U. 8. mint assay 
 Gulden or florin of South Germany be- 
 fore 1857 
 
 II 
 
 341.760 
 
 750 
 
 0.7120 
 4126 
 
 Gulden or florin of South Germany since 
 
 1857 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 4117 
 
 Gulden or florin of South Germany since 
 1857. By U. S. mint assay. . . . 
 
 <l 
 
 163 200 
 
 900 
 
 408 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland. Colonial Possessions: HELGO- 
 LAND, GIBRALTAR, MALTA and Gozo, in EUROPE ; GAMBIA, SI- 
 ERRA LEONE, parts of the GOLD COAST, CAPE COLONY, NATAL, 
 the islands of FERNANDO Po, ST. HELENA, MAURITIUS, and the 
 SEYCHELLES, in AFRICA ; ADEN, BRITISH INDIA, parts of FAR- 
 THER INDIA, CEYLON, PENANG, MALACCA, SINGAPORE, LABUAN, 
 and HONG-KONG, in ASIA; CANADA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA 
 SCOTIA, PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, LABRADOR, 
 HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY, BALIZE, most of the WEST INDIA 
 ISLANDS, BERMUDAS, GUIANA, and FALKLAND ISLANDS, in AMER- 
 ICA; AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, NEW ZEALAND, NORFOLK ISLAND, 
 AUCKLAND ISLANDS, and the FEEJEE ISLANDS, in POLYNESIA. 
 
86 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Length. 3 barleycorns make 1 inch. 
 
 12 inches " 1 foot = 0.3047 metre. 
 
 3 feet " 1 yard = 0.91438 metre. 
 5 yards " 1 rod, perch, or pole. 
 
 4 poles or 100 links " 1 chain. 
 10 chains " 1 furlong. 
 
 8 furlongs " 1 mile = 1.6093 kilom'rs. 
 
 The old Scotch mile was 1|, and the old Irish mile l-fr English 
 miles. 
 
 A line = -fa inch. A nail = 2 inches (cloth measure). A palm 
 3 inches. A hand (in measuring height of horses) = 4 inches. 
 A span = 9, a cubit 18, a Scotch ell 37.06, and an English ell 
 45 inches. A fathom is 6 feet, and a cable's length 120 fathoms. 
 A league = 3 miles. A degree of the equator = 69.1613 miles, 
 and a degree of meridian = 69,046 miles. 
 Surface. 
 144 square inches make 1 square foot, = 9.29 sq. decimetres. 
 
 9 " feet " 1 " yard, = 0.836 sq. metre. 
 30i " yards " 1 " rod. 
 16 " rods " 1 chain. 
 40 " " " 1 rood. 
 
 4 roods " 1 acre, or 43,560 square feet. 
 
 640 acres " 1 square mile, = 259 hectares. 
 
 The acre = 0.405 hectare. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The imperial gallon is here taken as the 
 standard, and defined as the bulk of ten pounds of distilled 
 water at the temperature of 62 Fahr. Its cubic capacity is 
 277.274 cubic inches. The gallon of the United States is 231 cu- 
 bic niches ; the old corn-gallon contained 268.8, and the old beer- 
 gallon 282. 
 
 Wine Measure. 
 
 4 gills make 1 pint, = 0.567932 litre. 
 2 pints " 1 quart, = 1.135864 litres. 
 4 quarts " 1 gallon, == 4.543458 litres. 
 86 gallons " 1 tierce. 
 64 " " 1 hogshead. 
 108 " " 1 pipe, butt, or puncheon. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 37 
 
 But these larger measures are not always to be trusted. In 
 practice, they are actually measured in gallons. 
 
 Ale and Beer Measure. Up to the gallon, like wine measure 
 
 9 gallons make 1 firkin. 
 2 firkins " 1 kilderkin. 
 
 2 kilderkins " 1 barrel. 
 
 3 " "1 hogshead. 
 2 hogsheads " 1 butt. 
 
 2 butts " 1 tun. 
 
 The value of such terms as barrel, pipe, hogshead, butt, pun* 
 cheon, tun, etc., varies with circumstances. Thus, a hogshead of 
 claret is about 46 gallons, one of brandy 55 to 60 gallons. The 
 pipe, for different wines, ranges from 90 to about 120 gallons, and 
 so on. These terms are not rigidly defined. 
 
 Apothecaries' Measure. 
 
 60 minims make 1 fluid drachm ( 3 ). 
 
 8 drachms " 1 " ounce ( ). 
 20 ounces " 1 pint. 
 
 8 pints " 1 imperial gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. Up to the gallon, the same as in liquid mea 
 ure, the value of the gallon being the same. 
 
 2 gallons make 1 peck, = 9.0865 litres. 
 
 4 pecks " 1 bushel, = 36.3460 " 
 
 4 bushels " 1 coomb. 
 
 2 coombs " 1 quarter, = 8 busliels. 
 
 5 quarters " 1 wey or load, = 40 bushels. 
 2 weys " 1 last, 80 bushels. 
 
 A strike is 2 bushels. A pottle is half a gallon. 
 
 Ciibic Capacity in general. A cubic foot= 1,728 cubic inches 
 A cubic yard = 27 cubic feet. 
 
 42 cubic feet make 1 shipping ton (British). 
 
 Weight. The standard is the pound, which is divided into 
 7,000 grains. These grains are of equal value in all the following 
 tables : 
 
 4 
 
38 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight. 
 
 16 drachms make 1 ounce (oz.), = 28.35 grammes. 
 
 16 ounces " 1 pound (lb.), = 453.6 " 
 
 14 pounds " 1 stone. 
 
 2 stone " 1 quarter (qr.), 28 pounds. 
 
 4 quarters " 1 hundred- weight (cwt.), 112 pounda 
 
 20 hundred-weight " 1 ton, 2,240 pounds. 
 
 Troy Weight. 
 
 24 grains make 1 pennyweight (dwt.). 
 
 20 pennyweights " 1 ounce, =480 grs., or 31.15 gram'es. 
 12 ounces " 1 pound, = 5,760 " or 373.76 " 
 
 By this scale, gold, silver, platinum, and some gems are 
 weighed. Pearls and diamonds are weighed by the carat of 4 
 grains ; 5 diamond grains being equal to 4 grains troy. 
 
 Apothecaries' Weight. 
 20 grains make 1 scruple. 
 
 3 scruples " 1 drachm. 
 
 8 drachms " 1 ounce j Same as in troy weight, as is also 
 12 ounces " 1 pound | the grain. 
 
 These weights are used in compounding prescriptions, 
 gists buy by avoirdupois. 
 Money. 
 
 4 farthings make 1 penny. 
 12 pence " 1 shilling. 
 
 20 shillings " 1 pound or sovereign, = $4.8666. 
 In United States custom-houses it rates at $4.84. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Drug- 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pound or sovereign. Legal rate 
 
 Gold 
 
 123.147 
 
 916 
 
 $4.8666 
 
 Pound. Newly coined. By U. S. mint 
 assay 
 
 
 
 123.264 
 
 916* 
 
 4.8650 
 
 Pound. Average worn. By U. S. mint 
 assay ,. 
 
 u 
 
 123024 
 
 916J 
 
 4 8560 
 
 Half-sovereign. Legal rate 
 
 K 
 
 61 574 
 
 916 
 
 2.4383 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GREECE. 
 COIN TABLE. Continued. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 od 
 P 
 fi- 
 ll 
 Crowr 
 Half-c 
 Florin 
 Bhiffln 
 
 assa 
 Shillin 
 assa 
 Sixpei 
 Fourp 
 Three 
 Twop< 
 Penny 
 Penny 
 Halfpt 
 Fartln 
 
 Moidore 27 shillings.. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si ver. 
 Bronze. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 Carolus 23 " 
 
 
 
 
 Guinea = 21 " 
 Mark 13s. 4d.. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Half-guinea 10s 6d 
 
 
 
 
 Angel 10 shillings 
 
 
 
 
 Seven-shilling piece.. 
 
 
 
 
 Noble - fis. Bd... 
 
 
 
 
 , 5 shillings 
 
 435.897 
 217.948 
 174.359 
 87.179 
 
 87.600 
 
 85.440 
 43..5S9, 
 ~21t.00~ 
 21.794 
 14.530 
 7.265 
 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 
 924f 
 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 
 $1.1105 
 0.5552 
 0.4522 ^S 
 0.2261 ^' 
 
 0.225ft 
 
 0.2190 
 0.1130 
 0.0728 
 0.0565 
 0.0377 
 0.0188 <*f 
 0.0188 
 0.0094 
 0.0047 
 
 rown 
 
 2 shillings 
 
 
 Newly coined. By U. 8. mint 
 
 y. 
 
 g. Average worn. By U. 8. mint 
 
 y 
 
 ice or tester. Legal rate 
 
 ence, or groat. 
 
 :>nce. 
 
 
 
 ;nny. 
 
 n <r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greece. 
 
 The present system of weights and measures is chiefly metric. 
 
 Length. Formerly there were two piki, one for silks of 25 
 English inches, another for linen and woolens of 27 inches. The 
 present piki is the metre, with the usual subdivisions. The kilo- 
 metre is called stadion. In ancient Greece the foot was equal to 
 11.81 English inches; the cubit was 1-J feet, the stadium*was 400 
 cubits. 
 
 Capacity. The litra, or litre ; the kailon, or hectolitre. The 
 former staro of 3 bachels was equal to 2.54835 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 400 drachms or 44 oke make 1 cantaro. In different 
 places the cantaro has different values, ranging from 112 to 128 Ibs. 
 
 The gramme is known as the drachme, the kilogramme as 
 mina, and 1 kilogrammes as talanton. 
 
 Money. 106 lepta or centimes make 1 drachme or franc. The 
 drachme is the exact equivalent of the French franc, and rates in 
 the United States at $0.193. Formerly its value was only $0.1761. 
 
 
*Q GREENLAND. 
 
 In gold, the 20-drachme piece, by United States mint assay, is 
 900 fine, weighs 88.8 grains, and is worth $3.442. 
 
 The silver 6-drachme piece, by the same authority, is 900 fine, 
 weighs 345.12 grains, and is worth $0.863. 
 
 The true value of the present coinage is, of course, somewhat 
 higher. 
 
 Greenland* See DENMARK. 
 Grenada. See WEST INDIES. 
 Guadeloupe* See WEST INDIES. 
 Guatemala. See CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 Guiana, British. See ENGLAND. * 
 Guiana, French. See FRANCE. 
 Guiana, Dutch. See NETHERLANDS, 
 
 Guinea. 
 
 Length. The jaktan = 4 yards, or 12 feet. 
 
 Weight. 2 media-tabla = 1 agtrirage ; 2 agtrirages = 1 piso 
 or uzan ; 4 piso& = 1 benda-offa ; 2 benda-offas =: 1 benda. 3 
 media-tabla make 1 quinto ; 6 media-tabla 1 seron ; 10f media- 
 tabla 1 eggeba. The media-tabla = 31.02 grains troy. The akey 
 is a weight of 20.03 grains. The rotl = 0.9538 Ib. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. Reckoning is mostly in dollars. 
 
 Hamburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. % achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle. 
 The fuss = 11.27 inches. Surveyors use the Rheinfuss (12.357 
 inches) decimally divided. 
 
 Road Meaxwe. The meile of 24,000 Rhenish feet is equal to 
 4.68 miles. 
 
 Surface. Themorgen = 117,600 square fuss, = 2,3852 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 ossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier = 1 kanne ; 
 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel = 1 
 anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm = 1 fuder. The eimer = 4 
 
EANO VER. 41 
 
 viertel ; the tonne = 24 viertel ; the oxhoft = 30 viertel. The 
 riertel = 1.90737 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 spinten = 1 himt ; 2 himt = 1 fass ; 2 fass = 
 
 1 scheffel ; 10 scheffel = 1 wispel ; 3 wispel = 1 last. The scheffel 
 = 2.98811 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 
 
 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund ; 14 
 pfund = 1 liespfund ; 20 liespfund = 1 schiffpfund. The pfund = 
 1.067886 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. 12 pfennige = 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark; '3 
 mark = 1 rixdollar. This mark = $0.2972 ; old United States 
 customs rate $0.28. 34 marks are coined from the Cologne mark 
 (3,608 troy grains) of fine silver. Banco is an imaginary value 
 of account, in which the Cologne mark is divided into 27f marks 
 banco. The mark banco = $0.3642 ; old United States customs 
 rate, $0.35. 
 
 The gold ducat = $2.2715. 
 
 Hanover* See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 12 linien or 8 achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 
 fuss = 1 elle ; 8 ellen = 1 ruthe. The fuss = 11.496 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. The meile of 25.400 fuss = 4.6086 miles. 
 
 Surface. 60 square ruthen = 1 vorling ; 2 vorling = 1 morgen 
 of Calenberg. Also, 1 drohn = 1 morgen of Calenberg. This 
 morgen = 0.6472 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier 1 kan- 
 ne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel = 
 
 1 anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm = 1 fuder. 8 viertel = 1 
 eimer ; 30 viertel = 1 oxhoft. 
 
 The viertel = 2.07198 gallons. For beer, 26 stiibchen == 1 
 tonne ; 4 tonnen = 1 fass. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 vierfass or 3 drittel = 1 himt ; 6 himt = 1 
 malter ; 8 malter = 1 wispel ; 2 wispel = 1 last. The malter = 
 5.30559 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 4 ortchen = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth 
 
 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.079444 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
12 HAWAII. 
 
 Money. The thaler of 24 gute grosehen. The former silver 
 thaler was worth $0.722. The former gold Louis d'or,Wilhehn d'or, 
 or pistole, = $3.9593. 
 
 Hawaii. See SANDWICH ISLANDS, 
 Hayti. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 12 linien=l zoll; 12 zoll = 1 fuss (waldfuss or 
 standard foot). This fuss = 11.324 inches. The landfuss or 
 surveyor's foot = 11.217 inches. 2 landfass = 1 elle; 7 ellen = 
 I ruthe, 
 
 Surface. The acker (of 29,400 sq. landfass) = 0.5897 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass = 1 viertel ; 
 20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The mass for wine = 
 0.52423 gallon; for beer, 0.57667 gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. 1 masschen = metze ; 4 metzen = 1 himt ; 2 
 himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 2.3 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 16 unzen 
 = 1 pfund. The pfund = 1.067534 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Por apothecaries' weight, see GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Money. The former gold pistole or Wilhelm <Tor, value 5 tha- 
 ler, = $3.9822. Modern pistole or Friedrich-Wilhelm d'or = 
 $4.009. Silver as in Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt* (System of 1821.) See also GERMAN EM- 
 PIRE. 
 Length. The fuss, = J metre or 9.8427 Inches, is divided 
 
 decimally into 10 zoll of 10 linien each. 10 fuss make 1 klafter. 
 
 The elle = metre. 
 
 Surface. 40,000 square fuss or 4 viertel make 1 morgen, = 
 
 0.6178 acre. 
 
 Solid. The stecken for wood = 100 cubic fuss, or 55.177 cu- 
 bic feet. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass == 1 viertel ; 
 
 20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The schoppen = litra 
 
 or 0.52836 quart. 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 43 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 masschen = 1 gescheid ; 4 gescheid = 1 
 kiimpf ; 4 kiimpf = 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 malter. The mass- 
 chen = litre, or 0.001419 bushel. The raalter = 36.326 bushels. 
 For lime, the kalkbiitte = 10 cubic fuss, or 5.5177 cubic feet. 
 
 Weight. 4 richtpfennig = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 
 loth ; 32 loth = 1 pfund ; 100 pfund = 1 centner. The pfund = 
 600 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs. 
 
 Before 1821 the weights and measures were those of Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Money. Florins or gulden, of 60 kreuzer, of 4 pfennig. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Valuo. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 $4.0371 
 
 " Karolin 
 
 
 
 4 9920 
 
 Vereinszweithalerstucke. 2-thaler 
 
 Silver. 
 
 900 
 
 1 4409 
 
 Vereinsthaler If-^ulden 
 
 
 900 
 
 7204 
 
 2-GuIdenstiicke 
 
 u 
 
 900 
 
 8234 
 
 Gulden, or florin 
 
 ti 
 
 900 
 
 4117 
 
 f-GuIden . 
 
 H 
 
 900 
 
 2058 
 
 
 Billon. 
 
 
 0720 
 
 8 " 
 
 
 
 0360 
 
 1 " . 
 
 u 
 
 
 0120 
 
 Pfenni 01 
 
 Conner 
 
 
 0080 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hindostan. See INDIA. 
 Holland. See NETHERLANDS 
 Honduras. See CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Hungary* See AUSTRIA. 
 
 There are some local weights and measures, and some local 
 variations from general standards. In length, the arsin = 23.01084 
 inches, and the stab = 5.18565 feet. For liquids, the fass = 
 62.545 gallons ; and the eimer varies from 15.03 gallons in Lower, 
 to 19.37 gallons in Upper Hungary. 
 
 The metze = 1.77354 bushels. The oka is a weight of from 
 2.78 to 3.082 pounds. 
 
44 ICELAND. 
 
 Iceland. See DENMARK. 
 The alen = 22.47 inches. 
 
 India, British. The PRESIDENCIES of BENGAL, MADRAS, and 
 BOMBAY. 
 
 India, French. PONDICHERRY and other minor cities. 
 India, Portuguese. GOA and other cities. 
 
 For FARTHER INDIA, see BIRMAH, ANNAM, SIAM, and MALACCA. 
 See also CEYLON. 
 
 Originally, the weights and measures of India were extremely 
 discordant, every petty state or city having its own system. For 
 present purposes only the chief headings can be given, taking first 
 the three Presidencies in their order. 
 1. BENGAL (CALCUTTA). 
 
 Length. 3 jows or barleycorns make 1 unglee. 
 4 unglees or fingers " 1 moot. 
 3 moots or hands " 1 span. 
 
 2 spans make 1 cubit, covid, or haut = 18 inches. 
 2 covids " 1 gez, guz, or yard, = 36 inches, or 
 
 0.914 metre. 
 2 guz make 1 fathom. 
 
 Another table divides the haut or covid into 8 gheria of 9 jaob 
 each. The guz of Patna = 42.5 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. The coss of 1,000 fathoms = 1.1364 miles. 
 Surface. 20 square covid = 1 chattack ; 16 chattack 1 
 cottah ; 20 cottah = 1 biggah. The biggah = 0.3306 acre, or 
 13.38 ares. 
 
 Grains and liquids are generally measured by weight. Still, 
 some dry measures can be given : 
 
 6 chattack = 1 khoonke ; 16 khoonke = 1 raik ; 4 raik = 1 
 pallie ; 20 pallie = 1 soallee. The soallee = 2.3378 bushels. The 
 kahoon, of 42.44 bushels, represents 2,986f pounds weight of 
 grain. In the Mahratta country the koorah = 4.0615 bushels. 
 
 Weights. There are two sets of values for these, the factory 
 values and those of the bazaar. The latter are ten per cent. 
 heavier than the former. The factory-weights are the ones given 
 
INDIA. 45 
 
 6 siccas make 1 chattack. 
 16 chattacks " 1 seer. 
 40 seers " 1 maund, = 74.667 Ibs., or 33.87 
 
 kilogrammes. 
 
 In the Mahratta country the maund = 26.249 Ibs. ; and at Mai- 
 da it 100.45 Ibs. The pussaree is a weight of 10.27 Ibs., and 
 the pao for grain = 0.816114 Ib. 
 
 For gold and silver, the new sicca weight or tola is- used, of 
 180 grains ; being grain heavier than the bazaar tola. For pearls, 
 the ruttee = 2.825 grains. At Delhi the ruttee is used for precious 
 metals and gems, and is 1.25 grains; another weight for similar 
 purposes being the val, of 5.63 grains. Still another set of weights 
 for precious metals exists, as follows : 2 punko = 1 nely ; 2 nely 
 = 1 dhan ; 25 dhan = 1 anna of 14.04 troy grains. 
 
 Money. 12 pies or pice make 1 anna ; 16 annas make 1 Com- 
 pany's rupee = $0.46217. 
 
 The sicca rupee is worth slightly more than the old rupee, 
 and weighs just one new sicca or tola; 80 sicca rupees, or 36 cop- 
 per annas, weigh one seer. The gold mohur = 15 sicca rupees. 
 
 In United States customs the Company's rupee formerly rated 
 at 44-J cents ; the sicca rupee is now received at $0.4584. By 
 United States mint assays the rupee and gold mohur rank as fol- 
 lows : Silver rupee, weight 179.52 grains, 916| fine, value $0.457. 
 Gold mohur, weight 180 grains, 916| fine, value $7.1059. 
 
 2. MADRAS PRESIDENCY. 
 
 Length. The covid, cubit, or haut, is here very variable. At 
 Madras it is 18.6 inches, nearly ; at Masulipatan it is 19.125 
 inches ; and, at Mysore, 19.1 inches. Two of these, at Mysore, 
 make 1 gujah. At Travancore the kole = 29.065 inches ; and on 
 the Malabar coast the ady = 10.46 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. At Seringapatam, the coss = 3.6458 miles. At 
 Mysore, the hardary = 2.7344 miles, and the gavada 14.5833 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. 24 maoney make 1 casseney or cawney, of 240 
 square covid. At Madras the cawney = 1.3223 acres ; in the Car- 
 natic it is 1.0047 acres. 
 
48 INDIA. 
 
 Capacity. 8 ollucks make 1 puddy. 
 
 8 puddles " 1 marcal, 0.34884 bushel. 
 6 marcals " 1 parah or chunam. 
 80 parahs " 1 garce, = 139.535 bushels. 
 At Masuiipatan the marcal = 0.403 bushel. At Mysore the 
 candaca = 11.13 bushels. Both wet and dry measures are de- 
 termined by weight. 
 
 Weight. 10 pagodas make 1 pollam. 
 8 pollams " 1 seer. 
 5 seers " 1 vis (visay). 
 8 vis " 1 maund, = 25 Ibs., or 11.34 kil- 
 
 ogrammes. 
 
 20 maunds make 1 candy, = 500 Ibs. 
 
 The candy (also called baruay) is 485.5 Ibs. at Mysore and 
 Seringapatam, and 695.5 Ibs. on the Malabar coast. The mangal, 
 for pearls, = 6 grains. 
 
 Money. Essentially the same as in BENGAL. The star pagoda 
 formerly rated hi United States customs at $1.84. Its real value 
 is $1 .9102. The gold mohur of Madras = $7.0696. 
 3. BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 
 Length. 16 tussoos make 1 hath or cubit, = 18.12 inches. 
 
 24 " " 1 guz " yard, =27.18 " 
 At Guzerat, the guz = 23^ inches. The hath, haut, or covid, 
 at Surat, = 20.9 inches ; at Ahmednuggur, 14 inches. 
 Surface. The biggah = 0.6074 acre. 
 Capacity. 16 adoulies make 1 parah. 
 
 8 parahs " 1 candy, = 25 bushels. 
 At Anjar 4 mapp make 1 shye, = 0.88243 bushel. 
 At Mangalore the mudi = 1.3019 bushels. 
 Weights. 30 pice or 72 tanks make 1 seer. 
 
 40 seers " 1 maund, = 28 Ibs. 
 
 20 maunds " 1 candy, = 560 " 
 
 At Surat the candy = 340.16 Ibs. ; at Ahmednuggur, 1577.14 
 Ibs. The maund is 26.23 Ibs. at Anjar, 75.87 Ibs. at Aurungabad, 
 79.78 Ibs. in the Deccan, and 39.74 Ibs. at Gujerat. For pearls. 
 the ruttee = 9 grains. 
 
ITALY. 47 
 
 Money. 100 reas make 1 quarter. 
 
 4 quarters or 16 annas make 1 rupee, = $0.46217. 
 100,000 is a lac, and 10,000,000 a crore of rupees. The gold 
 mohur of Bombay = $7.1061. 
 
 4. PONDICHERRY. 
 
 The covid =18 inches. 
 
 The garce = 103.967 bushels. 
 
 The maund = 25.9 Ibs., the candy = 588 04 Ibs. 
 
 For gold and silver, the nello = 0.37 grains. 
 
 The gold moon pagoda = $1.6015. 
 
 5. GOA. 
 
 The covado or cubit = 26.8 inches. 
 
 The maund = 24.75 Ibs. ; the candy or bahar = 495 Ibs. 
 
 Portuguese weights and measures are somewnat used. 
 
 Ionian Islands. 
 
 With the exception of some scattered weights and measures 
 of Italian or of Turkish origin, the British standards have been 
 adopted. 
 
 Length. The Jarda Ionia = 1 yard. The stadio = 22 yards. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The dicotoli = 1 imperial pint ; the gallone 
 = 1 imperial gallon ; the barile =16 imperial gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. The chilo = 1 imperial bushel. 
 
 Weight. The libbra sottile = 1 Ib. troy; the libbra grosso = 
 1 Ib. avoirdupois ; the centinajo or talento =100 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
 In old weights, the oke = 2.6998 Ibs. ; the cantaro = 118.8 Ibs. 
 
 Money. 104 oboli = 1 Spanish dollar. 
 
 Ireland* See GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 For former local systems of coinage, weights, and measures, 
 see MODENA, PARMA, ROMAN STATES, NAPLES, SARDINIA, VENETIAN 
 LOMBARDY, and TUSCANY. 
 
 For weights and measures, the French metric system is em- 
 ployed. 
 
 The monetary system is also like that of France, the lira being 
 the equivalent of the franc. 
 
JAMAICA. 
 
 The present value of the lira in United States customs is 
 $0.1930. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 20 lire. 
 
 Legal rate 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 $3 8591 
 
 
 By U. S. mint assay 
 
 
 99 36 
 
 899 
 
 3 8470 
 
 5 " 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 384 00 
 
 900 
 
 9600 
 
 Lira. 
 
 11 U U It 
 
 ti 
 
 7680 
 
 835 
 
 1780 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jamaica* See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Length. The inc = 6.25 feet, or 1.906 metres. 
 
 The sals = 11.9291 inches, or 0.303 metre. 
 Capacity. 5 itchigau make 1 gonghau. 
 
 2 ghongau " 1 ischiomasse". 
 10 ischiomasse " 1 ittomasse (or sjoo ?). 
 The itchigau is about 1.68 litres, or 1.775 quarts. 
 Weight. The monme = 27.007 grains. The rjoo = 116| 
 grains, or 7.525 grammes. 
 
 Money. Gold and silver ingots, whose value varies with the 
 demand, are used in circulation*; also coins of varying values, 
 those of brass and copper having central holes. The chief value 
 in commerce now is the yen, the equivalent of our trade dollar, 
 and which is received in the United States customs (1874) at 
 $0.997. The kobang, itzebu, and itakane, are no longer coined. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Kobang. j Two assays at U. 8. mint 
 " j showing 'variations 
 
 Gold. 
 
 173.76 
 138.72 
 
 568 
 572 
 
 $4.4400 
 8.5760 
 
 20 yen. By TJ. B mint assay . . 
 
 U 
 
 514.56 
 
 900 
 
 19.9440 
 
 Itakane -. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 2.9280 
 
 
 
 
 
 08650 
 
 " By U. 8 mint assay 
 
 H 
 
 183.92 
 
 890 
 
 0.3310 
 
 Yen. " " " " 
 
 H 
 
 416016 
 
 900 
 
 1.0400 
 
 50 sen. " " " " 
 
 U 
 
 192.96 
 
 800 
 
 0.4280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LUBECK. 49 
 
 Java. 
 
 Old Dutch weights and measures are somewhat in use. Other 
 weights and measures vary, having, perhaps, one value at Bantam, 
 and another at Batavia. 
 
 Length. The covid = f of a yard. Other units are old Dutch. 
 
 Capacity. The kanne = 0.394 gallon. The legger, for arrack, 
 = 160.0 gallons. 
 
 The bambou, at Bantam, = 0.09223 bushel, and the koyang 
 = 147.566 bushels. At Batavia the koyang = 62.432 bushels. 
 This measure is for rice. 
 
 Weight. 10 catties make 1 gantang (for coffee) ; 100 catties 
 make 1 pecul. The pecul = 135.6312 pounds. The bahar at 
 Bantam = 396 Ibs., that used for pepper = 406.78 Ibs. ; at Bata- 
 via its value is 610.17 Ibs. The timbang, for grain, = 677.9625 
 Ibs. At Bantam the tael =0.1511 lb., and at Batavia it equals 
 0.0847 lb. 
 
 Money. See NETHERLANDS. Prior to January 1, 1874, the rix- 
 dollar of Batavia was rated in United States customs at 75 cents. 
 It is divided into 48 stivers. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Weights, measures, and money, like the United States. 
 
 The dollar of Liberia rates in United States customs at $1.00. 
 
 Lombardy. See VENETIAN LOMBARDY, and ITALY. 
 
 Lubeck. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 12 punkte = 1 linie; 6 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 
 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle. The fuss = 11.335 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 ort = 1 planke ; 2 planken = 1 quartier ; 
 2 quartier = 1 kanne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 
 viertel; 5 viertel = 1 anker; 4 anker = 1 ahm; 6 ahm 1 fu- 
 der. The eimer is 4, and the oxhoft 30 viertel. The viertel = 
 1.9787 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. (For wheat.) 4 fass = 1 schefiel ; 4 scheffel 
 t= 1 tonne 3 tonnen = I dromt ; 8 dromt = 1 last. The scheffel 
 5 
 
50 MADAGASCAR. 
 
 = 1.0097 bushels. For oats and fruit, the scheffel = 1.1213 
 bushels. 
 
 Weights. 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 
 2 loth = 1 unze; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.068744 Ibs. 
 
 Money. 12 pfennige = 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark 
 (Hamburg standard). The former gold ducat = $2.271, and the 
 silver thaler of 2 mark = $0.722. 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 But little is known of the weights and measures of this island. 
 
 Length. The rahf = 46.46 inches, or 1.18 metres. In the 
 northern part of Madagascar its value is double this. 
 
 Capacity. The bambou = 0.0568 bushel. 
 
 Weight. For gold and silver, 3 nanki = 1 vari ; 2 vari = 1 
 sompi. The sompi = 60 grains. 
 
 Madeira Islands. See PORTUGAL. 
 
 Some of the standards vary slightly from those of the mother 
 country. The libra = 1.011 Ibs. For wine, the pipa = 110 gallons. 
 Prior to 1873 the milrea of Madeira rated in United States customs 
 at $1.00. 
 
 Malabar Coast. See INDIA. 
 
 Malacca* Including STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Length. At Singapore the covid or hasta = 18 inches. An- 
 other covid = 18.0529 inches. The jumba = 14.4 inches. 
 
 Surface. The orlong = 1.3223 acres. 
 
 Weight. 100 catties = 1 pecul ; 3 peculs = 1 bahar or candy. 
 The catty = 1.35 Ibs. ; that used for gold and silver, 2.049143 Ibs. 
 The mace, or miam =44.83 grains ; at Singapore, 52 grains. The 
 buncal, for gold (Singapore), = 822 grains. For tin, the tampang 
 (an equivalent of the catty) = 1.356 Ibs. ; and the kip = 40.678 
 pounds. 
 
 Malay Archipelago. See BORNEO, CELFBES, JAVA, SUMATRA, 
 the MOLUCCAS, etc. 
 
MEXICO. 61 
 
 Malta. 
 
 Length. The canna = 8 palmi of 10.3 inches each. The foot 
 = 11.17 English inches. 
 
 Capacity. For oil, the caffiso = 5.499 gallons. -For wine, the 
 barile = 10.997 gallons. For corn, the salma = 8,224 bushels. 
 
 Weight The libbra or rottolo = If Ibs. The cantaro = 100 
 rottoli. 
 
 Money. 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo. The scudo of 
 Malta used to rate in United States customs at 40 cents. 30 tari 
 = 1 Sicilian dollar. Both dollars and doubloons circulate. The 
 former gold doppia or pistole of 10 scudi (before 1800) was worth 
 $4.6512 ; and the silver oncie (also before 1800) was worth 
 $1.6955. 
 Manilla. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 Marquesas Islands. Is T ow a FRENCH COLONY. 
 Martinique. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Mauritius* 
 
 The weights and measures of Great Britain, and also those of 
 the metric system, are used. 
 
 Money. The current dollar of 100 cents. In public accounts 
 the pound sterling is the standard. The Spanish dollar, French 
 napoleon of 20 francs, and East India rupees, are also in circu- 
 lation. 
 
 Mecklenburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 The weights and measures are those of Hamburg ; except in 
 the case of measures of capacity, which come from Liibeck. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 The weights and measures are Spanish, with many local va- 
 riations. The metric system is now legal 
 
 In length, the vara = 32.9 inches. In liquid measure, the 
 frasco 2-J quarts, and the baril = 20 gallons. In dry measure, 
 the fanega =1.55 bushels. 
 
 Weight 25 libra = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal The 
 tercio -- 160 libra. The libra = 1.01418 Ibs. 
 
52 
 
 MOCHA. 
 
 Money. Formerly, the dollar was divided into 8 reals ; now, 
 the usual division into 100 cents is employed. The dollar is rated 
 in United States custom-houses at f 1.0475. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value, 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 $15 7471 
 
 " Newly coined. By U. 8. mint 
 assay 
 
 U 
 
 416.40 
 
 870* 
 
 15 6110 
 
 Doubloon. Average worn. By U. 8. mint 
 assay . . 
 
 
 41640 
 
 866 
 
 15.5300 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 19 6800 
 
 " " of Maximilian. By U. S. mint 
 assay . . 
 
 U 
 
 521 28 
 
 875 
 
 19 6430 
 
 20 pesos of Eepublic. By U. 8. mint as- 
 say 
 
 M 
 
 51888 
 
 873 
 
 195150 
 
 Peso or dollar 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 1.05G7 
 
 " " " Average. By U. 8. mint 
 assay 
 
 (i 
 
 41568 
 
 901 
 
 * 
 1.0400 
 
 Peso of Maximilian . . 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 0421 
 
 " " " By U. 8. mint assay. 
 
 u 
 
 413.28 
 
 902$ 
 
 1.0550 
 
 Mocha* See ARABIA. 
 
 Mode n a. See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 6 piede = 1 cavezzo. The pie = 20.593 inches. The 
 braccio = 22.741 inches, 
 
 Surface. S6 square piede = 1 square cavezzo ; 4 square ca- 
 vezzi = 1 tavola ; 72 tavole = 1 biolca. The biolca = 0.7009 
 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 boccali = 1 fiasco \ 20 fiasci = 1 barile. 
 The fiasco = 0.65028 gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. 2 staja = 1 sacco. The stajo = 1.9978 bushels. 
 
 Weight 16 ferlini = 1 oncia \ 12 oncie = 1 libbra or lira. 
 The libbra = 0.7044- Ib. 
 
 Money. 15 lire Modenesi = 1 seudo. The scudo = $0.8055. 
 
 Moldavia* See ROUMANIA. 
 
 Molucca Islands. 
 
 The chief islands are GILOLO, AMBOYNA, CKRAM, TERNATE, and 
 the BANDA group. Being under control of the Netherlands, the 
 
NAPLES. 53 
 
 modern Dutch weights and measures are somewhat used. Still, 
 there are other standards resembling those of Java, Sumatra, etc. 
 
 In AMBOYNA, the bahar = 597.61 Ibs., the mace = 28 grains, 
 and the tael = 455.8 grains. Hence, 16 mace = 1 tael. The 
 koyang = 55.3371 bushels. 
 
 In TERNATE, the catty = 1.3017 Ibs, 
 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Coinage, weights, and measures, of the neighboring countries. 
 
 M ontserrat. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Morocco. 
 
 Length. The codo, covid, covado, cadee, or dhra'a, as given 
 by different authorities, varies from 19.85 to 22.48 inches. Per- 
 haps 20.92 inches, or 0.5313 metre, is the best value. The pic = 
 26 inches. 
 
 Capacity. The muhd or mud 5.184 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 100 rotl = 1 cantaro. The rotl of commerce = 1.19 
 Ibs. ; that of the markets = 1.7 Ibs. 
 
 Money. Spanish dollars and doubloons circulate. 
 
 The gold boutki or bendoki = $1.9952. The silver rial of 
 1776 = $1.0449. 
 
 Muscat. 
 
 Length. The covid = 39.13 inches. 
 
 Capacity. 34 sidios = 1 ferren. The ferren = 7.9254 gallons. 
 Weight. 24 kotschas = 1 maund ; 60 maunds = 1 candy. 
 The maund = 8f Ibs. 
 
 Money. As in Persia and Arabia. 
 
 Naples. See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 5 minuti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 palmo ; 8 palmi 
 = 1 canna. The palmo = 10.381 niches. 7 palmi make 1 per- 
 tica or passo. 
 
 Road Measure. The miglio of 7,000 palmi = 1.147 miles. 
 
 Surface. The moggio of 60,625 square palmi = 0.8584 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 60 caraffi s= 1 barile ; 12 barile 1 botta, 
 2 botti = 1 carro. The caraffa = 0.1929 gallon. This scale ia 
 
54 NATAL. 
 
 for wine and spirits. For oil, 6 misurelle = 1 quarto; 16 quarti 
 = 1 stajo ; 16 staja = 1 salma. The stajo is sometimes divided 
 into 20 pignate. The stajo = 2.61633 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. 24 misure = 1 tomolo ; 36 tomoli ~ 1 carro. 
 The tomolo = 1,5646 bushels. 
 
 Weight. In general commerce the rotolo of 2 libbre is used, 
 the libbra = 0.70722 Ib. avoirdupois. The same libbra occurs in 
 the following tables : 
 
 1. Weight for gold, silver, silk, spices, drugs, and colors. 20 
 ccini = 1 trapeso j 3 trapesi or scrupoli = 1 dramma ; 10 dramme 
 = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. 
 
 2. Apothecaries' weight. 20 accini = 1 scrupolo ; 3 scrupoli 
 = 1 drachma ; 10 drachme = 1 oncia ; 12 oneie = 1 libbra. 
 
 Money. 10 grani = 1 carlino ; 2 carlini = 1 taro ; 5 tari = 1 
 ducato. 
 
 The ducat, by United States law of 1846, rated at 80 cents. 
 
 The gold oncetta, or 3-ducati de regno, = $2.5067. The silver 
 ducato = $0.8265. Scudo or piastre, of 12 carlini, = $0.992 ; or, 
 by United States mint assay, $0.9437. 
 
 Natal. See CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. 
 
 Netherlands* Colonial Possessions: JAYA, SUMATRA, parts of 
 BORNEO, BANCA, CELEBES, the MOLUCCAS, other smaller islands 
 in the EAST INDIES, and part of NEW GUINEA. In America, 
 DUTCH GUIANA, CURACOA, and other WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 
 
 Since 1817 the weights and measures of Holland have been of 
 the metric system ; merely some of the old Dutch names have 
 been retained. Compare FRANCE. 
 
 Length. The streep or millimetre, duim or centimetre, palm 
 or decimetre, el or metre, roede or decametre, and mijle or kilo- 
 metre. Before 1817 the voet was a measure of 11.15 inches, and 
 the old Amsterdam el was 27.08 inches. 
 
 Surface. The vierkante roede or are, and the bunder or hec- 
 tare. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The vingerhoed or centilitre, maatje or 
 decilitre, kan or litre, and vat or hectolitre. 
 
NEW CALEDONIA. 
 
 55 
 
 Dry Measure. The maatje or decilitre, kop or litre, schepel or 
 decalitre, mudde or hectolitre, scheepston (wisse) or kilolitre, and 
 last or 30 hectolitres. 
 
 Wdgld. The korrel or decigramme, wigtje or gramme, lood or 
 decagramme, ons or hectogramme, Niederlandsch pond or kilo- 
 gramme, and centnaar of 100 kilogrammes. 
 
 In apothecaries' weight a pond of 375 grammes is subdivided 
 into ounces, drachms, scruples, and grains, exactly as in the United 
 States and Great Britain. 
 
 Money. 5 cents make 1 stiver. 
 
 20 stivers " 1 florin or guilder, = $0.4084. 
 50 stivers " 1 rijksdaaler. 
 
 Formerly, 12 groot made 1 schilling. In United States cus- 
 toms the florin now rates at $0.405. Formerly it rated at $0.40. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Double Wilb 
 Double duca 
 William. 10 
 B 
 Ducat . 
 
 am. 20 florins, about 
 t 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 Bi on. 
 
 Co per. 
 
 207.65T 
 10T.825 
 103.828 
 103.200 
 53.912 
 51.914 
 
 385.750 
 
 900 
 983 
 900 
 899 
 983 
 900 
 
 945 
 
 $8.0514 
 4.5668 
 4.0257 
 8.9970 
 2.2884 
 2.0128 
 1.0212 
 
 1.3189 
 
 0.4084- 
 0.2042 
 0.1021 
 0.0408 
 0.0204 
 0.1021 
 0.0408 
 0.0204 
 0.0102 
 0.0041 
 0.0041 
 0.0020 
 0.0020 
 
 florins, abou 
 Y U. S. mint 
 
 t ... 
 
 assay 
 
 
 Half-William 
 Bijksdaaler. 
 grammes 
 Ryder. (Fo 
 Guilder, or fl 
 Half-guilder 
 J-guilder. 
 
 T\i " 
 
 3fr " 
 25 cents. 
 
 10 " 
 5 " 
 2^ " 
 Cent 
 
 J-Cent. 
 
 
 2* florins. Weight 25 
 
 r colonial tra< 
 orin. 10 gra 
 5 
 [For colonies} 
 
 <" u 
 
 Pays-Bas. 
 
 Colonies. 
 Pays-Bas. 
 Colonies. 
 
 le ) 
 
 mines weight. 
 
 154.820 
 77.160 
 49.067 
 19.315 
 9.414 
 55.162 
 21.605 
 10.570 
 192.875 
 74.064 
 59.828 
 29.664 
 85.494 
 
 945 
 945 
 720 
 720 
 720 
 640 
 640 
 640 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nevis. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 New Brunswick. See CANADA. 
 
 New Caledonia. (French Colony.) 
 
56 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Newfoundland. See CANADA. 
 New Granada. See COLOMBIA. 
 New South Wales. See AUSTRALIA. 
 New Zealand. Same as AUSTRALIA. 
 Nicaragua. See CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Norway. (See SWEDEN for modern system.) 
 Length. 12 linie make 1 turn. 
 
 12 turn " -lfot,= 11.6904 inches, or 0.297 metre, 
 
 2 fot " 1 aln. 
 
 3 aln 1 fainn. 
 5 " "1 rode. 
 
 Road Measure. The mill of 36,000 fot, and grenzmiil of 
 80,000 fot. The latter = 5.5352 miles. 
 
 Surface. The tunna or tondeland = 56,000 square fot. 4 
 kappland = 1 fjerding ; 4 fjerding = 1 spannland ; 2 spannland 
 = 1 tondeland. The tondeland =1.2132 acres. 
 
 Solid. 1 vedfamn = 108 cubic fot, or 99.855 cubic feet. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 jungfrus make 1 qwarter. 
 4 qwarters " 1 stop. 
 
 2 stops " 1 kanna, = 0.69106 gallon, or 
 
 2.617 litres. 
 
 48 kannas make 1 tunna. 
 J)ry Measure. 
 
 4 orts make 1 qwarter. 
 
 4 qwarters " 1 stop. 
 
 2 stops " 1 kanna. 
 
 7 kannas " 1 fjerding. 
 
 4 fjerdings " 1 span, == 2.0786 bushels, or 
 
 73.2419 litres. 
 2 spans make 1 tunna. 
 
 The tunna also = 32 kappe. 
 
PALESTINE. 
 
 Weight. 4 qwintin make 1 lod. 
 2 lod " 1 untz. 
 
 16 untz " 1 skalpund, = 0.93Y3 Ib. 
 
 This pund is divided into 8,848 as. 
 
 20 skalpunds make 1 lispund. 
 400 " " 1 skippund. 
 
 Apothecaries use a pund of 7,416 as, which is divided into 
 untzs, drachmas, scrupels, and grans, as in England. 
 
 For gold and silver, the mark, of 4,384 as, is divided into 8 
 untzs, 16 lods, and 64 qwintins. 
 
 Money. 12 runstycken make 1 skilling. 
 
 120 skilling " 1 riksdaler, = $1.0929. 
 
 Former value of the riksdaler in United^tates custom-houses, 
 $1.06. The crown now rates (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at 
 $0.268. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Kiksdaler or specie-daler 
 
 Silver. 
 
 446 683 
 
 875 
 
 $1 0929 
 
 " " By U. 8. mint 
 
 H 
 
 444960 
 
 877 
 
 1 0840 
 
 
 11 
 
 2'>3 841 
 
 875 
 
 5464 
 
 1 ort 
 
 It 
 
 92129 
 
 878 
 
 21S6 
 
 12 skilling 
 
 H 
 
 44.598 
 
 878 
 
 1093 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 0864 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 
 
 0182 
 
 1 " 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 0091 
 
 u 
 
 <t 
 
 
 
 0046 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nova Scotia* See CANADA. 
 Nubia. See EGYPT. 
 
 Oldenburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 The former gold pistole = $3.9593. 
 
 Ottoman Empire. See TURKEY. 
 Palestine. See TURKEY. 
 
58 PARAGUAY. 
 
 Paraguay. 
 
 The peso of Paraguay rates in United States customs at $1.00. 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 Parma. JSee also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12punti=l oncia; 12 oncie 
 = 1 braccio di legno ; 6 braccia = 1 pertica. This braccio = 
 21.344 inches. The pie is a measure of 22.428 inches. 
 
 Surface. 12 tavola = 1 staro; 6 stari = 1 biolca of 288 
 square pertica. The biolca = 0.7528 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. As at Milan. See VENETIAN LOMBARDY. 
 
 Dry Measure. 8 quarteroli = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo or 
 staro. The stajo = 1.334 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 24 granuc= 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 oncia ; 1 2 oncie 
 = 1 libbra; 25 libbre = 1 rubbio. The libbra = 0.7197 pound. 
 
 Money. The gold sequin, or zecchino, = $2.2691. Gold pis- 
 tole = $4.2676. Gold 20-lire = $3.8591. Silver ducato (prior 
 to 1815) = $0.9933. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 No regular system of weights and measures applies to the 
 whole country. 
 
 Length. The archin arisen = 38.28 inches, and the archin 
 schah = 31.46 inches. At Ispahan, the guerze or gueza = 37.39 
 inches, or 0.949 metre. 
 
 Capacity. 4 sextarios make 1 chenica. 
 2 chenicas " 1 capicha. 
 
 25 capichas " 1 artaba, or arta, = 1.8514 bush- 
 els, or 65.236 litres. 
 The artaba also equals 8 collothun. 
 Weight. 2 mascais make 1 dirhem. 
 50 dirhems " 1 rattel. 
 6 rattels " 1 batman. 
 
 In Tauris the batman = 6.3408 Ibs. ; in Shiraz its value is 
 double the above. In Ispahan, the mahnd shah = 13.6601 Ibs. ; 
 while in Shiraz, Bushire, and Gamri, its value is 27.3202 Ibs. In 
 Teheran, the rik of 1,600 miskal = 17.075 Ibs. 
 
POLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 Money. 5 dinars make 1 kasbequis. 
 
 2 kasbequis " 1 dinar-bisti. 
 5 dinars-bisti " 1 shatree. 
 2 shatrees " 1 mahmoodi. 
 2 mahmoodis " 1 abassi. 
 
 50 abassi " 1 tomaun. In gold, = $2.2437. 
 
 There is also a half-tomaun in gold. In silver, the sahibkiran 
 of Mohammed Shah = $0.2243 ; but this coin varies in value un- 
 der different rulers. 
 
 Pern. 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The vara = 33.367 inches. The libra = 1.014286 Ibs., the 
 quintal = 100 libra, and the fanega = 140 libra. 
 
 Money. A system based on the French was adopted in 1863.. 
 In it the sol (divided into 100 cents) is the equivalent of 5 franca, 
 In United States customs the sol now rates at $0.9650. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Piece of 20 sols, 100 francs 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 $19.2953 
 
 By U. S. mint assay 
 Old doubloon. " " u " 
 
 
 506.40 
 
 898 
 
 19.2130 
 15 5567 
 
 Old dollar. " " " " 
 Dollar of 1858. " " " " 
 Half-dollar, 1836-1838. By U. 8, mint 
 assay 
 
 Silver. 
 
 415.63 
 367.68 
 
 20T.84 
 
 901 
 909 
 
 650 
 
 1.0480 
 0.92SO 
 
 0.8750 
 
 Sol. By U. S. mint assay 
 
 it 
 
 384.96 
 
 900 
 
 0.9600 
 
 " Legal value 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 9726 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philippine Islands. (Colony of SPAIN.) 
 The pecul = 139.45 Ibs. 
 The caban of rice = 133 Ibs. ; of cocoa, 83| Ibs. 
 
 Poland* See RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA. 
 
 The former standards of Krakau (Cracow, in Austrian Poland) 
 are worth partially citing. 
 
 Length. The stopa (of 12 calow, etc.) = 14.032 inches. 
 
 ^ 
 
 'UNIVEESITY; 
 
80 PORTO RICO. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The garniec = 0.99145 gallon. That of 
 Warsaw was 1.05671 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. The korzec = 3.4082 bushels. At Warsaw, 
 8.6324 bushels. 
 
 Weight The funt (of 2 mark or 48 skoyciec) = 0.895 Ibs. 
 
 Money. The former gold ducat (25 zloty) = $2.9887. 
 
 The silver zloty = $0.1146. There were also pieces of 2, 6 
 and 10 zloty. 
 
 Porto Rico. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Portugal. Colonial Possessions. The MADEIRA, AZORES, and 
 CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ISLAND OP ST. THOMAS, parts of GUINEA, 
 MOZAMBIQUE, GOA, and other cities in INDIA, MACAO in CHINA, 
 TIMOR and other islands in the MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 
 
 The metric system has lately been adopted. The old style 
 was as follows : 
 
 Length. 12 pontos make 1 linha. 
 
 12 linhas " 1 pollegada. 
 
 8 pollegadas " 1 palmo da craveira. 
 
 3 palmos " 1 covado. 
 
 5 palmos " 1 vara, = 43.28 inches, or 1.099 
 metres. 
 
 2 varas " 1 braya. 
 
 The grao = 2 linhas, and the dedo = 8 linhas. 
 Road Measure. 8 estadios make 1 milha, = 1.2786 miles. 
 
 3 milhas " 1 legoa. 
 
 Surface. The geira is 4,840 square varas, = 1.4287 acres. 
 Cubic. Timber is measured in cubic pollegadas, earth in cubio 
 bra9as, brick and stone work in cubic palmas. 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 quartilhos make 1 Canada. 
 
 6 canadas " 1 alquiere, pote, or cantaro. 
 2 alquieres " 1 almude. 
 
 In Lisbon the alquie"re = 2.18475 gallons, or 8.6299 litres. 
 " Oporto " " = 3.31279 " " 12.5399 " 
 26 almude make 1 pipa or bota. 
 2 pipas " 1 tonekda. 
 
PORTUGAL. 
 
 61 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 2 maquias make 1 outava. 
 
 2 outavas " 1 quarto. 
 4 quartos " 1 alquiere. 
 4 alquieres " 1 fanga. 
 
 15 fangas " 1 moio. 
 
 The fanga of Lisbon = 1.5347 bushels, or 54.0768 litre* 
 " " " Oporto = 1.9374 u " 62.2663 " 
 For coal, in Lisbon, the fanga = 21.1667 bushels. 
 Weight. 24 graos make 1 scrupulo. 
 
 3 scrupulos " 1 outava. 
 8 outavas 
 
 16 on9as 
 grammes. 
 
 32 arratels 
 
 4 arrobas 
 
 1 arratel, = 1.01186 Ibs., or 459 
 
 1 arroba. 
 1 quintal. 
 13| quintals " 1 tonelada. 
 
 For gold and silver, a marco of arratel is used. Apothecaries 
 have a libra of 12 on9as, or arratel. 
 
 Money. The rei is an imaginary money of account, the sum 
 of 1,000 reis being called a milreis. A million of reis is a conto 
 
 of reis. 
 
 20 reis make 1 vintem. 
 
 100 
 320 
 
 400 
 
 480 
 
 1,000 
 
 1 tostao or testoon. 
 
 1 crusado. 
 
 1 sello or new crusado. 
 
 1 milreis. 
 
 The milreis now rates in United States customs at $1.0847. 
 The British pound rates in Portugal at 4,500 reis, and the 
 French franc at 180 reis. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ooroa. (Crown 5 000 reis ) 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 
 85 8257 
 
 " By U 8 mint assay .... . 
 
 U 
 
 147 84 
 
 912 
 
 5 8070 
 
 Milreis 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 1 0815 
 
 600 reis. By U S. mint assay 
 
 
 192 00 
 
 912 
 
 0*4860 
 
 
 
 
 
 
82 PEINGE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 Prince Edward's Island* See CANADA. 
 
 Prussia. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. -12 scrupel = 1 lime; 12 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 
 1 Rheiufuss. This fuss = 12.357 inches, or 0.3138 metre. 12 
 Rheinfuss = 1 ruthe. The elle = 2^ fuss. Surveyors divide the 
 ruthe decimally into 10 decimal fuss, 100 zoll, and 1,000 linien. 
 
 Road Measure. The postmeile of 24,000 Rheinfuss = 4.6807 
 miles, or 7.532721 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. The morgen of 180 square ruth en = 0.6309 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 2 ossel = 1 quartier ; 30 quartier = 1 an- 
 ker ; 2 anker = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. 
 The anker = 9.07319 gallons, or 34.345 litres 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 masschen 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel ; 
 4 viertel = 1 scheffel ; 12 scheffel = 1 malter ; 6 malter = 1 last. 
 
 The wispel =18 scheffel. The scheffel =1.5597 bushels, or 
 64.9577 litres. 
 
 Cubic Measure. The klafter = 108 cubic Rheinfuss, = 117.8 
 cubic feet. The haufen = 4 klafter. 
 
 Weight. Formerly, the pfund (= 1.03118 Ibs. avoirdupois) 
 was divided into marks, unzen, loth, and quentchen, as in most 
 of the other German states (for example, Hanover and Ham- 
 burg). This pfund was represented by $ of a cubic Rheinfuss of 
 distilled water, weighed in vaeuo> at the temperature of 65f Fahr. 
 16 pfund made 1 liespfund, and 20 liespfund made 1 schiffpfund. 
 22 pfund made the stein, and 5 stein the centner, The more mod- 
 ern scale is as follows : 
 
 10 zent = 1 quentchen ; 10 quentchen = 1 loth; 30 loth = 1 
 pfund ; 100 pfund = 1 centner ; 3 centner = 1 tonne. This pfund 
 is. the Zollverein pfund of 500 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs. 
 
 For gold and silver, the mark of -J- the old pfund is divided into 
 16 loth or 288 gran. 
 
 Apothecaries' weight as in Nuremberg. See GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Money. For recent system, see GERMAN EMPIRE. Formerly, 
 12 pfennige made 1 groschen, 30 silbergroschen made 1 thaler. 
 Still earlier, the thaler was divided into 24 gute groschen. The 
 thaler equals in weight ^ of a Cologne mark of fine silver. 
 
ROMAN STATES. 
 
 63 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Old ten-thaler piece. By IT. S. mint 
 
 Gold 
 
 204 960 
 
 903 
 
 $7 9710 
 
 Old Friedrich d'or 
 
 
 
 
 4 0096 
 
 Old ducat 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 2 0048 
 
 V ereinskrone. 
 
 <t 
 
 171 278 
 
 900 ,' 
 
 6 64615 
 
 
 It 
 
 85637 
 
 900 
 
 8 3^308 
 
 Doppeltchaler. 2 thalers 
 
 Silver 
 
 571 555 
 
 900 
 
 1 4409 
 
 Tlialer .... 
 
 
 2S5 778 
 
 900 
 
 7204 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay 
 
 
 285 600 
 
 900 
 
 7140 
 
 " Old. Before 185T. By CT. S. mint 
 assay 
 
 
 341 760 
 
 750 
 
 7120 
 
 Seohstelthaler, or 5 groschen 
 
 
 
 520 
 
 1201 
 
 2$-silbergroschenstiick 
 Silbergroschen. 
 
 Bi on. 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 220 
 
 0.0600 
 0240 
 
 
 
 
 220 
 
 Qi20 
 
 4 pfennige 
 
 
 
 
 0080 
 
 3 ' ... 
 
 
 
 
 0060 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 
 
 0040 
 
 
 
 
 
 0020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Queensland. See AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Roman States. See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. The commercial palmo = 8.796 inches ; the mer- 
 cer's palmo = 8.347 inches; the architect's palmo = 8.79 inches. 
 The pie = 11.592 inches ; at Ancona, 15.384 inches. The canna 
 = 78.4 inches, the braccio of Rome = 30.732, and the braccio of 
 Ancona= 25^ inches. Architects divide their palmo into 1 2 oncie of 
 10 decimi each ; 10 of these palmi make 1 canna, and the catena 
 of 10 stajoli is 57| palmi. There is also an architect's pie or foot 
 of 16 oncie, = 11 72 inches. 
 
 Surface. The rubbio of 370,300 square architect's palmi = 
 4.5658 acres. It has various subdivisions. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 quartucci = 1 foglietta ; 4 fogliette = 1 
 boccale; 32 boccale = 1 barile ; 16 barile = 1 botte. For wine, 
 the barile = 15.412, and for oil 15.185 gallons. In Bologna, 4 
 fogliette = 1 boccale; 15 boccale = 1 quarterone; 4 quarterone 
 = 1 corba. This boccale = 0.346 gallon. The soma = 18.49 
 gallons at Ancona, and 43.386 gallons at Rome. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 quartucci = 1 scorzo ; If scorzi = 1 sta- 
 rello ; 4 starelli = 1 quarta ; 4 quarte = 1 rubbio. At Rome, the 
 
64 ROUMANIA. 
 
 rubbio = 8.355 bushels ; at Ancona, 7.974 bushels. In Bologna, 
 4 quarticini = 1 quarterone ; 4 quarterone = 1 stajo ; 2 staja = 
 1 corba. This corba is the same as in liquid measure, and = 2.232 
 bushels (20.7617 gallons, liquid). 
 
 Weight. 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 oncia; 12 on- 
 *ie = 1 libbra. In Bologna, 4 grani = I carato ; 10 carati = 1 
 ferlino ; 2 ferlini = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 lib- 
 bra. The libbra = 0.7477 Ib. at Rome, 0.7984 at Bologna, and 
 0.7277 at Ancona. 
 
 Monet/. 10 bajocchi = 1 paolo ; 10 paoli = 1 scudo.- The 
 scudo (of 1835) = $1.0465. The Madonna scudo of Bologna = 
 $1.0445. In gold, the 10 scudi Romani of 1853 = $10.47 ; and the 
 zecchino of Rome and Bologna prior to 1835 = $2.276. A modern 
 piece of 2 scudi, by United States mint assay, is worth $2.6047. 
 
 Roumaiiia. (MOLDAVIA and WALLACHIA.) 
 
 Length. The palma = 10.89 inches. The khalebi, for wool- 
 ens, = 26.43 inches, and the kot, for silk and linen, = 24.86 
 inches. The endaseh is 26.08 inches. 
 
 Capacity. The viadra of 10 oka = 3.7434 gallons, or 14.1699 
 litres. The kilo = 12.345 bushels, or 434.98 litres. 
 
 Weight. 4 litra = 1 oka or occha ; 44 okas == 1 cantaro. The 
 oka = 2.818 Ibs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money. 100 ban para = 1 piastre or lei. The lei is meant to 
 be the equivalent of the franc. The silver piece of 2 lei, by 
 United States mint assay, weighs 154.56 grains, is 835 fine, and 
 worth $0.358. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Length. 12 linia make 1 duhne. 
 
 12 duimes " 1 foute, = 1 English foot, or 
 
 0.304761 metre. 
 7 foutes make 1 sagene, sashen, or sachine. 
 
 4 verschoks make 1 tchetverk. 
 4 tchetverk " 1 archeen, archine, or arsheen. 
 3 archines " 1 sachine, = 7 feet, or 2.1335 
 metres. 
 
RUSSIA. 66 
 
 Road Measure. The verst or werst = 500 sacliines, or 3,600 
 feet. The Lithuanian meile = 4.9958 miles, or 8.039816 kilo- 
 metres. 
 
 Surface. The deciatine = 2,400 square sachines, or 2.6997 
 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 100 tcharkas = 1 vedro ; 3 vedros = 1 an- 
 ker ; 40 vedros = 1 sarakowaja. The vedro = the volume of 
 750.57 cubic inches of distilled water, or 30 pounds weighed in 
 vacuo at the temperature of 16f Centigrade. 
 
 2 quars make 1 polou-stoff. 
 2 polou-stoffs " 1 stoff. 
 4 stoffs " 1 polou-vedro. 
 
 2 polou-vedros " 1 vedro. 
 
 The kronchka is -fa vedro. The vedro = 3.249 gallons, or 
 12.299 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 2 garnetz make 1 tschetverka. 
 
 4 tschetverkas " 1 tschetverik. 
 2 tschetveriks " 1 pajak. 
 2 pajaks " 1 osmina. 
 
 2 osminas " 1 tschetviert, or chetviert. 
 
 The tschetverik = 0.7446 bushel, or 26.2367 litres. 
 Weight. 96 dolis make 1 zolotnick. 
 
 3 zolotnicks " 1 loth. 
 8 " "1 lana. 
 
 12 lanas " 1 funte, = 0.9028 lb., or 0.4095 
 
 kilogramme. 
 
 40 funtes " 1 pood or pud. 
 
 10 poods " 1 berkowitz or berkovetz. 
 
 3 berkovetz " 1 packen. 
 
 Ir pharmacy, the funte is f of the commercial funte, and is sub- 
 divided, as hi England and Germany, into ounces, drachms, scru- 
 ples, and grams. 
 
 Monet/. 100 copecks make 1 ruble or rouble. The ruble = 
 $0.7779 ; or, in United States customs (1874), $0.7717. Before 
 1800 the ruble was of somewhat greater value. 
 
66 
 
 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Half-imperial. 5 rubles ... .... 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 100.842 
 100.800 
 820.362 
 320.160 
 159.838 
 80.948 
 64.827 
 48.020 
 32.928 
 16.464 
 
 880 
 916 
 833 
 875 
 833 
 8-33 
 833 
 820 
 820 
 820 
 
 $3.9869 
 3.9760 
 0.7779 
 0.7780 
 0.8889 
 0.1945 
 0.1556 
 0.1167 
 0.0778 
 0.0390 
 0.0078 
 0.0039 
 0.0020 
 
 " Bj U. S. mint assay 
 Ruble 
 
 " By U 8 mint assay 
 
 Half-ruble or poltinnik 
 
 Quarter-ruble or tschetvertak ... . 
 
 Fifth-ruble, or abassis 
 
 15 copecks or zloty-polski 
 
 
 5 " " piatak 
 
 Copeck . 
 
 
 
 
 Polushka v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Bartholomew. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Christopher's or Kitt's. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Eustatius. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Helena. (British Colony.) 
 
 St. John. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Martin. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Thomas. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 St. Vincent. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Weights, measures, and money, as in the UNITED STATES. 
 The barrel of whale-oil = 31| gallons. 
 
 San Salvador. See CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 Santa Cruz, or St. Croix. See WEST INDIES. 
 Santa Lucia. See WEST INDIES. 
 Santo Domingo. See WEST INDIES. 
 
SARDINIA. 67 
 
 Sardinia. See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12 punti = 1 oncia . 12 oncie 
 = 1 pie liprando. This pie = 20.228 inches. In Genoa there 
 is a pie manuale = f the above. In the same city, 5% oncie 1 
 palmo ; 2 palmi = 1 braccio ; and about 9 palmi = 1 canna. In 
 Turin and Piedmont generally, 6 piede liprando = 1 trabucco ; 2 
 trabucci 1 pertica. The raso = 14 oncie. 
 
 Road Measure. The miglio (4333$ piede liprando) = 1.3835 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. In Piedmont the giornata of 100 square pertica = 
 0.9393 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. In Genoa, 90 amole or 50 pinte = 1 barile ; 
 2 barili = 1 mezzaruola. This barile = 17.084 gallons. 
 
 In Piedmont (Turin), 2 quartini = 1 boccale ; 2 boccali = 1 
 inta ; 6 pinte = 1 rubbio ; 6 rubbi = 1 brenta ; 10 brente = 1 
 carro. The rubbio = 2.4804 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. In Genoa, 12 gombette = 1 quarto ; 8 quarti 
 = 1 mina. The mina = 3.4257 bushels. 
 
 In Turin, 20 cucchiari = 1 copello ; 4 copelli = 1 quartiere ; 
 2 quartiere = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staje = 1 sacco. The 
 sacco = 3.2635 bushels. 
 
 Weight. In Genoa, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 
 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra ; 1-J libbre = 1 rottolo. The libbra 
 = 0.70021 Ib. ; in peso g rosso it is -fa higher. 
 
 In Piedmont (Turin), 24 granotini = 1 grano ; 24 grani = 1 
 denaro ; 3 denari = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 
 libbra. This libbra = 0.81332 Ib. The marco, for gold and sil- 
 ver, is | libbra. The apothecaries' libbra is !$ marco. 
 
 Money. 100 centesimi = 1 lira nuova. The lira = $0.193. 
 The silver livre of Genoa formerly rated in United States custom- 
 houses at 21 cents. 
 
 Former Coinage. In Genoa, the gold zecchino or sequin, 
 coined for the Levantine trade, = $2.2906. The gold dopia or 
 Genovine, old, = $23.5913 ; new, = $14.9082. The doppie (20 
 lire nuove) of Sardinia = $3.8591. The carlino of Piedmont 
 (1786) = $27.4582 ; of Sardinia (1773) = $9.4586. The silver 
 Bcudo (6 lire Piedmontese), before 1800, = $1.3689. The scuto 
 or scutcheon dollar of Sardinia (2 lire of S.), 1773, = $0.9091. 
 
68 SAXONY. 
 
 Saxony. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 fuss -- 1 
 elle ; 8 ellen = 1 ruthe. The fuss = 11.148 inches, and the ar- 
 chitect's fuss of Leipsic = 11.13 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. The postmeile (24,000 fugs) =- 4.223 miles. 
 The polizei-meile (32,000 fuss) = 5.6303 miles. 
 
 Surface. The morgen of 76,800 square fuss = 1.5216 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 quartier = 1 nossel ; 2 nossel = 1 kanne ; 
 63 kannen = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. 
 Also, 54 kannen = 1 anker ; 3 eimer = 1 oxhoft ; 5 eimer = 1 
 fass. The kanne = 0.3181 gallon. In Dresden the measures are 
 smaller than the above, which belong to Leipsic. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 masschen = 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel ; 
 4 viertel = 1 scheffel; 12 scheffel = 1 malter; 2 malter = 1 wis- 
 pel. The scheffel = 2.9485 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 15 gran = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentlein ; 4 
 quentlein 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark 
 = 1 pfund. The pfund = 1.0306 Ibs. The centner =110 pfund. 
 For apothecaries' weight, see GERMA.N EMPIRE. 
 
 Money. 12 pfennige = 1 neugroschen ; 30 neugroschen = 1 
 thaler. Values as in Prussia. 
 
 The former August d'or (and double August d'or hi same pro- 
 portion) = $4.0098. The former specie-thaler of 24 gute groschen 
 (IJ thaler) = $1.091. 
 
 Sennaar. See EGYPT. 
 
 Servia. 
 
 Length. The archine = 28.0 inches, or 0.711 metre. 
 Weight. 100 drachm = 1 litra ; 4 litra = 1 oka. The oka -* 
 2.8188 Ibs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money. 80 para = 1 piastre. The piastre = $0.0794. 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Length. 2 soks make 1 ken. 
 
 2 kens " 1 vouah, = 6.306 feet, or 1.922 metres 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 69 
 
 Road Measure. The roenung of 2,000 vouahs = 2.3886 miles, 
 tt 3.84401 kilometres. 
 Capacity. 
 
 40 sats make 1 sesti, = 0.33462 bushel, or 11.7908 litres. 
 40 sesti " 1 cohi. 
 
 In liquid measure the cohi = 13.385 gallons, or 50.6662 litres. 
 Weight, 
 
 4 ticals make 1 tael. 
 20 taels " 1 catty. 
 50 catties " 1 pecul, = 133.35 Ibs., or 60.488 kilo- 
 
 grammes. 
 
 Money. Gold ticals, each equal to 10 silver 'ticals. The latter 
 is worth about 61 cents, United States coinage. 
 
 Siberia. See RUSSIA. 
 
 Sicily* See also NAPLES, and ITALY. 
 
 Length. 8 palmi = 1 canna. The palmo = 9.5297 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The salma = 22 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. The salma generate =7.8 bushels ; the salma 
 grosso = 10 bushels. 
 
 Weight. The libbra of 12 oncie = 0.70723 Ib. The rottolo 
 grosso of 33 oncie = 1.925 Ibs. ; the rottolo sottile of 3O oncie 
 1.75 Ibs. 
 
 Money. 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo; 2-J scudi = 1 
 oncia. The silver Sicilian scudo of 1785 = $0.9833. Prior to 
 1873 the oncia rated in United States custom-houses at $2.40. 
 
 Sierra "Leone. (British Colony.) 
 Society Islands. (French Colony.) 
 
 Sooloo Archipelago* 
 
 The mace = 58.33 grains. The tael = 0.0833 Ib. The lachsa 
 = 66| Ibs., or 30.236 kilogrammes. 
 
 Soudan. Bee EGYPT. 
 
 South Australia. See AUSTRALIA. 
 
70 SPAItf. 
 
 Spain. Colonial Possessions. CANARY ISLANDS, CUBA, PORTO 
 Rico, etc. ; PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, part of NEW GUINEA. See 
 also BALEARIC ISLANDS. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures is now the legal 
 system. Its units have Spanish names, however, as " litro," " me- 
 tro," etc. The following tables belong to the old system, as used 
 in Madrid : 
 
 Length. 12 puntos = 1 linea ; 12 lineas = 1 pulgada ; 6 pul- 
 gadas = 1 sestna ; 2 sesmas = 1 pie (foot) ; 3 pies = 1 vara ; 4 
 varas = 1 estadal. The pie = 11.128 inches ; also, 9 lineas = 1 
 dedo ; 12 dedos =. 1 palma. 
 
 Road Measure. The legua of 8,000 varas = 4.2151 miles. 
 Surface. The yugada, of 50 fanegadas, or 460,800 square 
 varas, = 79.355 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 copas = 1 quartillo or cuartillo ; 4 quar- 
 tillos = 1 aziunbre ; 8 azumbres = 1 arroba mayor or cantara. 
 This arroba = 4.26304 gallons, and is supposed to contain the 
 weight of 35 libras of pure water. The arroba for oil, divided 
 into 4 quartillos or 100 panillas, '= only 3.31853 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 ochavillos = 1 racion ; 4 raciones = 1 quar- 
 tillo ; 2 quartillos = 1 medio ; 2 medios = 1 almude ; 12 almudes 
 = 1 fanega ; 12 fanegas = 1 cahiz. The fanega = 1.599 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 12 granos = 1 tomin ; 3 tomines = 1 adarme ; 2 
 adarmes = 1 ochava or dracma ; 8 ochavas = 1 onza ; 8 onzas 
 = 1 marco ; 2 marcos = 1 libra. The libra = 1.016097 Ibs. The 
 apothecaries' libra = 0.7615 Ib. 
 
 25 common libras = 1 arroba; .4 arrobas = 1 quintal; 20 
 quintals = 1 tonelada. 
 
 Money. The peseta of 100 centimes = 1 French franc. 
 
 Formerly, 20 reals vellon, or lOf reals of plate, made 1 duro, 
 piastre, or dollar. Also, 10 reals made 1 escudo ; each real being 
 divided into 10 declines. 
 
SWEDEN. 
 
 71 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Doblon 10 escudos .... 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Si ver. 
 Br nze. 
 
 129.411 
 129.984 
 51.764 
 
 25.882 
 128.640 
 103.200 
 
 900 
 896 
 900 
 900 
 896 
 896} 
 
 $5.1678 
 5.0150 
 2.0088 
 1.0019 
 4.9640 
 3.8G10 
 4.9861 
 16.1154 
 1.0100 
 0.96UO 
 0.5049 
 0.2020 
 0.1780 
 0.1010 
 0.0505 
 0.0252 
 0.0126 
 0.0050 
 0.00-^6 
 
 " " " By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 2 " 
 
 100 reals. By U. 8. mint assay 
 80 " " u " " 
 
 
 
 
 Recent duro or dollar. 2 escudos 
 Dollar of 5 pesetas. By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 400.563 
 384.000 
 200.281 
 80.113 
 76.800 
 40.057 
 20.028 
 192.900 
 96.450 
 38.580 
 19.290 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 810 
 885 
 810 
 810 
 
 Peseta. Former 
 
 " Present. By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 j> ea l 
 
 Medio real. \ Th . contain 95 
 
 ? f fflS per ' 4tto - 
 
 Media-decima. ) and zmc ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sumatra. 
 
 Length. 2 jankal = 1 etto ; 2 etto = 1 hailoh ; 4 hailoh = 1 
 tung. The tung = 4 yards, or 12 feet. , 
 
 Capacity. The koolah = 0.1173 bushel. The pakha=: 0.14535 
 gallon. 
 
 Weight. The catty = 2.118 Ibs. ; the maund, 77 Ibs. ; the pe- 
 cul, 133^ Ibs. ; the candil, 423| Ibs. For camphor, the ootan=4 Ibs. 
 
 Surinam. See GUIANA. 
 Sweden. See also NORWAY. 
 
 The systems here are decimal, but based upon former units. 
 Length. 10 linien make 1 turn. 
 
 10 turn " 1 fot, = 11.679 inches, or 0.2966 
 
 metre. 
 
 10 fot " 1 stang. 
 10 stang " 1 ref. 
 
 Surface. The square ref, of 10,000 square fot, = 0.2175 acre, 
 or 8.8007 ares. 
 
 . Capacity. In both wet and dry measure cubes of the measures 
 of length are used ; as, the cubic turn, cubic fot, etc. In both wet 
 and dry measures the canna is -fa of a cubic fot, and equals 
 
72 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 2.617188 litres. In dry measure this = 0.7428 bushel. In liquid 
 measure it = 0.6914 gallon. 
 
 Weights. 100 korns make 1 ort. 
 
 100 orta " 1 skalpund, = 0.93379 lb., or 
 
 423.57 grammes. 
 100 skalpunds make 1 centner. 
 100 centners " 1 last. 
 
 Money. 100 ore make 1 riksdaler-ryksmint, or crown. The 
 former riksdaler silfver was 48 skillings of 12 ore each. The 
 crown now rates in United States custom-houses at $0.268. The 
 riksdaler, prior to 1873, rated at $1.06. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 214.909 
 
 976 
 
 $9.0420 
 
 Two " 
 
 
 107.455 
 
 976 
 
 45210 
 
 Ducat 
 
 u 
 
 53 727 
 
 976 
 
 2 2005 
 
 " By U. S mint assay 
 
 
 
 58.280 
 
 975 
 
 2.2370 
 
 Carolin (10 francs). By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 it 
 
 Silver 
 
 49.920 
 523 531 
 
 900 
 750 
 
 1.9350 
 1 10 :> 3 
 
 J-Kiksdaler silfver 
 
 
 261.765 
 
 750 
 
 05512 
 
 
 u 
 
 130 887 
 
 750 
 
 02756 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay. 
 r riksdaler silfver. 10-ore 
 
 
 131.040 
 52353 
 
 750 
 750 
 
 0.2730 
 1102 
 
 " " 6-ore 
 
 
 
 
 00551 
 
 2-ore. .. 
 
 
 
 
 00220 
 
 Ore 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 00110 
 
 j-ore 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 0.0055 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Switzerland* 
 
 Prior to 1856, almost every canton in Switzerland had its own 
 system of weights and measures. The present uniform system is 
 upon a semi-metric basis. 
 
 Length. 10 traits make 1 ligne. 
 
 10 lignes ' 
 10 pouces " 
 timetres. 
 2 pieds " 
 
 2 braches " 
 
 3 aunes " 
 
 1 pouce. 
 
 1 pied, = 11.8112 inches, or 30 cen- 
 
 1 brache. 
 1 aune. 
 1 toise. 
 
 The perche = 10 pieds. 
 
TRINIDAD. 73 
 
 Road Measure. The lieue of 16,000 pieds = 2.983 miles, 01 
 4.8 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. The arpent, 400 pieds square, = 3.558 acres, or 1.44 
 hectares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 25 pots make 1 setier. 
 4 setiers " 1 muid. 
 
 The pot is subdivided into fa , and $. It represents -jV cubic 
 pied, or the bulk of 3 livres weight of pure water at the tempera- 
 ture of 4 Centigrade. The pot = 1.585 quarts, or 1.5 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. 10 emines make 1 quateron (usually divided 
 into \ and T^). 10 quaterons make 1 sac. 
 
 There is a double quateron also. The quateron, f of a cubic 
 pied, is the volume of 30 livres of pure water at 4 Centigrade. It 
 is equal to 0.425 Y bushel, or 15 litres. . 
 
 Weight. The livre or pfund of the Zollverein is used, equal 
 to 1.1023 Ibs., or 500 grammes. 100 livres make 1 quintal. 2 
 loth = 1 once ; 16 onces = 1 livre. 
 
 The livre of pharmacy =375 grammes, and is divided into 12 
 onces, and these again are subdivided into drachmes, scrupules, 
 and grains, as in England. 
 
 Money. 100 rappen make 1 franc. This franc is tiie exact 
 equivalent of the French franc. See FRANCE. 
 
 By United States mint assay, the silver 2-franc piece of Swit. 
 zerland weighs 153.6 grains, is 835 fine, and worth $0.356. 
 
 Syria. See TURKEY. 
 Tahiti. See SOCIETY ISLANDS. 
 Tasmania. Like AUSTRALIA. 
 Tobago. See WEST INDIES. 
 ronquin. See ANNAM. 
 Tortola. See WEST INDIES. 
 
 Trinidad. See WEST INDIES. 
 7 
 
74 TRIPOLI. 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 BARCA and FEZZAN have the same weights and measures. 
 Length. <The dra'a or pik of 3 palmi 26.42 inches. The 
 arbi dra'a or lesser pik 19.029 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The mataro, for oil, 6.163 gallons. 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 4 orbahs make 1 temen. 
 
 4 temen " 1 ueba or hueba, 3.0452 bushels. 
 Also, 20 tiberi 1 cafiso, 1.152 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 16 kharoubas make 1 drachma. 
 10 drachmas " 1 uckia. 
 16 uckias " 1 rotl. 
 
 100 rotls " 1 cantaro, 109.714 Ibs. 
 
 Also, 40 oke " 1 cantaro or kantar. 
 The metical, for gold and silver, 73.6 grains. 
 
 Money. 100 para 1 gersh (plural, gurush). The gersh =s 
 = $0.1046. Under Mahmoud II. (1808) the gersh = $0.1865. 
 The mahbub of 20 piastres = $0.8709 in United States custom- 
 houses. 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 Length. The dra'a hendaseh, for woolen goods, 26.49 inches. 
 The pik, for linen, 18.62 inches ; for silk 24.83 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The metter or mitre 2.6417 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. The cafiz or caffiso 14.0753 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 16 uckia make 1 rotl or rottolo, 1.1175 Ibs. 
 
 For meat, etc., the rotl suekyl.2532 Ibs., and the rotl ghredari 
 for vegetables 1.4098 Ibs. The cantaro 100 rotl. 
 
 For gold and silver, the metical 59.7 grams. 
 
 Money. 16 kharoubas make 1 piastre, $0.1286. In United 
 States customs it rates at $0.125. 
 
 The gold 25-piastre piece, by United States mint assay, weighs 
 77.28 grains, is 900 fine, and worth $2.9954. The silver 5-piastres 
 (same authority) weighs 245.28 grains, is 898 fine, and worth 
 $0.612. 
 
TURKEY. V5 
 
 Turkestan. 
 
 Length. The hasch = 28 inches, or 0.711 metre. 
 Weight. 8 seer make 1 batmaun, = 276.41 Ibs., or 125.88 
 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money. 14 pools make 1 tenga. 
 
 21 tengas " 1 tilla, = $2.7155. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 In Turkey (both European and Asiatic) the weights and meas* 
 ures vary in the different provinces, and with the nature of the 
 substances to be measured. The following system is that used in 
 Constantinople : 
 
 Length. Builders' and surveyors' scale 
 12 nocktats make 1 hatt. 
 12 hatts " 1 parmack. 
 
 24 parmacks " 1 archine, = 29.528 inches, or 75 
 
 centimetres. 
 Scale for measuring cloths 
 
 2 guirahs make 1 ouroub. 
 
 8 ouroubs " 1 endaseh,= 25.7 inches, or 0.6523 
 
 metre. 
 
 At Smyrna the endaseh = 24.65 inches, and the pic = 26.29 
 inches. The pic = 26.63 inches at Aleppo, and 22.83 inches at 
 Damascus. 
 
 Capacity. 4 chiniks make 1 kilo, = 1.00075 bushels, or 35.26 
 
 litres. 
 
 4 kilos " 1 fortin. 
 For liquids, the almud = 1.381 gallons. 
 Weight. 4 karats make 1 deuke. 
 
 4 deukes " 1 dirhem or drachm. 
 100 dirhem " 1 chequi. 
 4 chequis " 1 oke or occa, = 2.8337 Ibs., or 
 
 1285.4 grammes. 
 
 44 okes *make 1 kantar or cantaro. 
 
 In Asia Minor and Syria there is also the batman of 6 okes. 
 Also the rottolo, which ranges from 1.2656 Ibs. at Smyrna to 5.0643 
 Ibs. at Aleppo. 
 
TUSCANY. 
 
 Money. 40 paras make 1 piastre. The piastre is also divided 
 into 100 aspers. Its value is $0.04325. United States custom- 
 house rate, $0.0439. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 557 552 
 
 9164- 
 
 $21 6250 
 
 250 " ' " ykiyuslyk 
 
 
 27S.T76 
 
 916j- 
 
 10 8125 
 
 100 " " yusilykrnedjid 
 
 
 111 224 
 
 9164- 
 
 4 3250 
 
 100 " By U. 8. mint assay.... 
 50 " " ellyklyk 
 
 
 110.880 
 55612 
 
 915 
 916J 
 
 4.3700 
 2 1625 
 
 25 " " yirmibechlyk 
 
 
 27.'806 
 
 916* 
 
 1.0812 
 
 20 " " yrinilykmedjid 
 20 " By U. 8. mint assay 
 10 " onlyk 
 
 Silver. 
 
 371.224 
 369.600 
 185.612 
 
 830 
 830 
 830 
 
 0.8650 
 O.S520 
 4325 
 
 5 " " bcchelyk 
 
 
 92.806 
 
 830 
 
 2162 
 
 2 " " ikylyk 
 
 
 37.194 
 
 880 
 
 0.0365 
 
 
 
 18.597 
 
 830 
 
 0432 
 
 
 
 9298 
 
 830 
 
 0'216 
 
 40 paras ( 1 piastre) 
 
 Br nze. 
 
 331.360 
 
 
 0432 
 
 20 " . 
 
 
 165.680 
 
 
 0216 
 
 10 " 
 
 
 82 840 
 
 
 0108 
 
 
 
 41.420 
 
 
 0.0054 
 
 Para 
 
 
 8.284 
 
 
 0.0011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tuscany, (Florence and Leghorn.) See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 12 denari = 1 soldo; 10 soldi = 1 palmo; 2 palmi 
 =: 1 braccio; 4 braccia = I canna. The palmo = 11.49 inches. 
 The architect's canna = 5 braccia. 
 
 Road Measure. The miglio of 2,833^- braccia = 1.0277 miles. 
 
 Surface. The saccato of 16,500 square braccia = 1.389 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. For wine, etc., 2 quartucci = 1 mezzetta ; 2 
 mezzette = 1 boccale ; 2 boccale 1 fiasco ; 20 fiasci = 1 barile. 
 The barile = 12.0444 gallons, and should weigh 133^ libbre. The 
 barile of spirits weighs 120 libbre. For oil, the barile is only 16 
 fiasci, and weighs 120 libbre. 2 barile of oil = 1 soma. 
 
 Dry Measure. 2 bussoli = 1 quartuccio ; 2 quartucci = 1 
 mezzetta ; 2 mezzette = 1 metadella ; 4 metadelle = 1 quarto ; 2 
 quarti = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staja = 1 sacco ; 8 sacci = 
 1 moggio. The moggio = 16.5904 bushels. 
 
 Weight. 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 3 denari = 1 dramma ; 8 
 dramme = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. The libbra 0.7486 Ib. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 77 
 
 Money. 100 centesimi = 1 lira. Lira = $0.1637. Formerly 
 rated in United States custom-houses at $0.16. The deni of 10 
 lire = $1.6341. The francescone, of 10 paoli or 4 fiorini (before 
 1839), = $1.0904. The fiorino or florin (before 1850) = $0.2728. 
 In Lucca, the silver 5-lire nuove Leucchesi of 1840 = $0.7221. 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 In weights and measures, the United States differs but little 
 from GREAT BRITAIN. By an act of Congress, passed in 1866, the 
 metric system was legalized, but as yet it has not come into use. 
 Some of the units in this country are slightly varied from the true 
 units, however, as for instance the metre, which is really 39.37079 
 inches, is legalized at 39.37 inches. These variations will be given 
 in their proper places below. 
 
 Length. The ordinary system as in GREAT BRITAIN. In the 
 metric system the metre is legal at 39.37 inches. The standard of 
 length is a brass copy of the English standard yard, by Troughton 
 of London, and is deposited in the office of weights and measures 
 at Washington. The scale is 82 inches long, the standard yard 
 being from the 27th to the 63d inch. At 62 Fahr. it exceeds 
 the true British standard yard by 0.00087 inch. 
 
 Surface. As hi GREAT BRITAIN. The hectare is legal at 2.471 
 acres, and the are at 119.6 square yards. 
 
 Cubic Measure. For wood, 16 cubic feet make 1 cord foot, 
 and 8 cord feet make 1 cord. 
 
 Shipping Measure. 40 cubic feet make 1 United States ship- 
 ping ton. 100 cubic feet make 1 register ton. The latter value 
 is merely to facilitate computation. Wheat in bulk is a good 
 standard of comparison, since the long ton of 2,240 pounds of 
 this grain occupies just about 40 cubic feet. The register tonnage 
 of a vessel represents her entire internal capacity. Her real car- 
 rying capacity for cargo is, however, 20 to 25 per cent, less than 
 this ; so that her actual measurement cargo hi shipping tons is 
 from l to 2 times the number indicated hi the register. 
 
 Liquid Measure. The standard is the Winchester gallon of 
 231 cubic inches. In GREAT BRITAIN the imperial gallon 13 
 277.274 cubic inches. Hence the imperial gallon = 1.2003 United 
 
78 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 States gallons. The litre is legal at 1.0567 quarts. The follow, 
 iiig table is the usual one for wine measure : 
 
 (hhd.) 
 
 4 gills 
 
 make 1 pint. (pt.) 
 
 2 pints 
 
 " 1 quart, (qt.) 
 
 4 quarts 
 
 " 1 gallon (gal.) 
 
 42 gallons 
 
 " 1 tierce. 
 
 63 " 
 
 " 1 hogshead. (I 
 
 84 " 
 
 " 1 puncheon. 
 
 26 " 
 
 " Ipipe. 
 
 152 " 
 
 " 1 tun. 
 
 10 " 
 
 " 1 anker. 
 
 18 " 
 
 " 1 runlet. 
 
 314 " 
 
 " 1 barrel, (bbl. 
 
 In some of the States 32 gallons make a barrel. Beer measure 
 as in GREAT BRITAIN. Apothecaries' measure also as in GREAT 
 BRITAIN, except that its gallon and subdivisions are of the Win- 
 chester scale. 
 
 Dry Measure. The bushel is 2150.42 cubic inches, that of 
 ENGLAND being 2218.192 cubic inches. Hence the imperial 
 bushel = 1.0315 United States bushels. In dry measure the litre 
 is legal at 0.908 quart. The following is the usual table : 
 
 2 pints make 1 quart. 
 
 4 quarts " 1 gallon of 268.8 cubic inches. ^ 
 2 gallons " 1 peck. (pk.) 
 4 pecks " 1 bushel, (bush.) 
 36 bushels " 1 chaldron. (For coke and coal.) 
 
 Weight. The three scales, avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries', 
 are the same as in GREAT BRITAIN. The standard avoirdupois 
 pound of the United States, copied from the British standard, is 
 0.00734 grain too heavy. The gramme is legal at 15.432 grains, 
 and the kilogramme at 2.2046 Ibs. For postal purposes, at pres- 
 ent, 15 grammes is reckoned the equivalent of the half-ounce. As 
 for the ton, in some States it rates at 2,240 Ibs., and in others at 
 only 2,000. The latter value is the more usual and the more ra- 
 tional one. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 79 
 
 Money. 10 mills make 1 cent. 
 10 cents " 1 dime. 
 10 dimes " 1 dollar. 
 10 dollars " 1 eagle. 
 
 In the West and South, 12^- cents make a bit. In New York 
 this sum is called a shilling. The shilling of the New England 
 States is 16-jj- cents. These values, however, are not legal. 
 
 The present nickel five-cent piece represents the metric sys- 
 tem ; being 2 centimetres in diameter, and weighing 5 grammes. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Double-eagle. $20 Gold. 516.000 
 
 Eagle. $10. Before July 31, 1834 .... A 270.000 
 
 Since " " " .... I S B - 258.000 
 
 t-Eagle. $5. Before " " .... jt-2 135.000 
 
 Since " " " *;.. "fll 129.000 
 
 i-Eagle.$2.50. Before " " " .... 5*1 67.500 
 
 Since " " " .... a | 64.500 
 
 Three dollars 77.400 
 
 One dollar 25.800 
 
 Tradedollar Si ver. 420.000 
 
 Dollar. Before Jan. 18, 1837 41 6.000 
 
 From " " " to 1853 412.500 
 
 Half-dollar. Before " " " 208.000 
 
 Byactof " " " 208.000 
 
 Since March 31, 1853 192.000 
 
 " By act of 1878, weighs 12| grammes. 192.900 
 
 Quarter-dollar. Before Jan. 18, 1837 104.000 
 
 Byactof " " " 103.125 
 
 " Since March 31. 1858 96.400 
 
 " Act of 1873, weighs 6 grammes 96.450 
 
 Dime. Before Jan. 18, 1837 41.600 
 
 " By act of " " " 41.250 
 
 " Since March 31, 1853 38.400 
 
 " By act of 1873, weighs 2| grammes 38.580 
 
 Half-dime. Before Jan. 18, 1837 20.800 
 
 Byactof " " " 20.625 
 
 " Since March 31, 1853 19.200 
 
 Three-cent piece. Before 1853 12.375 
 
 " " Since " 11.520 
 
 Five-cent " Copper and nickel Alloy. 77.1 60 
 
 Three cent " " " " " 80.000 
 
 Two-cent " Copper, tin, and zinc Bronze. 96.000 
 
 Cent. Weight variable for different dates Copper. 
 
 " Copper and nickel Alloy. 72.000 
 
 " Copper, tin, and zinc Bronze. 48.000 
 
 Half-cent. Obsolete. Weight variable Copper 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
80 URUGUAY. 
 
 The following tables give the standard weight and least current 
 weight of gold coins, both singly and in sums. 
 
 1. In sums. Coins over $1.00 in value : 
 
 Sum of $100. Standard, 5.375 oz. Least current weight, 5.348 oz. 
 
 " $500. " 26.875 " " " " 26.741 " 
 
 11 $1,000. " 53.760 " " " " 53.481 " 
 
 " $5,000. " 268.750 " " " " 267.407 " 
 Of the gold dollar, 5,000 pieces are current when weighing not 
 
 less than 266.145 ounces troy. 
 
 2. Single coins : 
 
 Name of Coin. Standard. Least Current Weight. 
 
 Double-eagle, 516.0 grains, 513.42 grains. 
 
 Eagle, 258.0 " 256.71 " 
 
 Half-eagle, 129.0 " 128.36 " 
 
 Quarter-eagle, 64.5 " 64.18 " 
 
 Three dollars, 77.4 " 77.02 " 
 
 Dollar, 25.8 " 25.55 " 
 
 Uruguay. 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The fanega = 7.776 bushels, or 274 litres. 
 
 The libra = 1.014286 Ibs. 
 
 In money, the patacon rates in United States custom-houses at 
 $0.9498. 
 
 Van Piemen's Land* See TASMANIA. 
 
 Venetian Lombard?. (VENICE and MILAN.) See also ITALY. 
 
 Length. 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12 punti = 1 oncia; 12 oncie 
 = 1 braccio. Also, 2 piede 1 braccio. The pie" = 15.61 inches 
 at Milan, and 13.69 at Venice. The metre and its divisions are 
 also used, under Italian names. 
 
 Road Measure. The miglio = 1 kilometre, or 0.6214 mile. 
 
 Surface. 100 square palmi make 1 tornatura, = 1 are, or 
 0.0247 acre. Also, 1 campo = 0.6881 acre. 
 
 Capacity. 10 coppi = 1 pinta ; 10 pinte = 1 mina ; 10 mine 
 = 1 soma. The pinta is the French litre, or 0.26418 gallon. 
 
WEST INDIES. 81 
 
 Weight. 10 grani = 1 denaro; 10 denari = 1 grosso ; 10 
 gross! = 1 oncia ; 10 oncie = 1 libbra metrica, or kilogramme. 
 This libbra = 2.2046 Ibs. 10 libbre = 1 rubbio. 
 
 For gold and silver, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 on- 
 cia; 8 oncie = 1 marco. The marco = 7.5562 troy ounces. 
 
 Money. 5 centesimi = 1 soldo Austriaca ; 20 soldi = 1 lira. 
 This lira = 20 Austrian kreuzers ; hence, 3 lire = 1 Austrian 
 florin. 
 
 In gold, the sovrano = $6.778. The zecchino, or sequin, by 
 French mint assay, is worth $2.2704. 
 
 In silver, the scudo nuove = $1.0109 ; the scudo Cisalpine = 
 $0.8971 ; and the croisat, 6r scudo della croce of the Venetian 
 Republic, = $1.2839. The Filippo of Milan (1786) = $1.1408 
 
 Venezuela* 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre. 
 
 The arroba = 17.052 quarts, or 16.137 litres. 
 
 The quintal of 4 arrobas = 101.4381 Ibs., or 46.012 kilo 
 grammes. 
 
 The peso of 100 centajos = $0.7836. In United States cus- 
 torn-houses it rates at $0.7773. 
 
 Victoria. See AUSTRALIA. 
 Wallachia. See ROUMANIA. 
 West Australia. See AUSTRALIA. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 1. SPANISH. Cuba, Porto jRico, Isle of Pines, and Culebra. 
 
 2. FRENCH. Martinique, Deseada, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante. 
 Les Saintes, and part of St. Martin. 
 
 8. SWEDISH. St. Bartholomew. 
 
 4. DUTCH. Part of St. Martin, Buen Ayre, Curacoa, Oruba^ 
 and Tortuga. 
 
 5. DANISH. Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. Jan or John. 
 
82 WURTEMEEEQ. 
 
 6. BRITISH. Jamaica, Barbadoes, Grenada, Santa Lucia, St. 
 Vincent, Trinidad, Tobago, Antigua, Barbuda, Dominica, Nevis, 
 Montserrat, St. Kitfs, Tortola, the Bahamas, and various minor 
 islands. 
 
 7. INDEPENDENT. Hayti, including the separate republic of 
 Santo Domingo. 
 
 In the SPANISH WEST INDIES, SPANISH weights and measures 
 are used, with slight variations. The vara = 83.375 inches. The 
 fanega = 3.12367 bushels. The arroba = 4.1 gallons. 
 
 In money, the peso of Cuba and Porto Kico now rates in 
 United States custom-houses at $0.9258. 
 
 In the FRENCH possessions, the old weights and measures of 
 France are used. In MARTINIQUE, the aune = 1.30148 yards; the 
 barique = 50 gallons; the livre = 1.079176 Ibs. ; the carre = 
 3.1909 acres. LES SAINTES has the BRITISH system. 
 
 In ST. BARTHOLOMEW, SWEDISH values are used. 
 
 In the DANISH possessions the weights and measures are those 
 of DENMARK ; although ENGLISH standards of length are also used. 
 
 In the DUTCH WEST INDIES, except CURA^OA, the weights and 
 measures of HOLLAND are employed. CuRAgoA has a SPANISH sys- 
 tem, hi which the vara = 33.375 inches. 
 
 In the BRITISH possessions, the weights and measures are 
 practically those of the UNITED STATES. In Jamaica, 102.023 gal- 
 lons make a puncheon. The pound of Jamaica rates in United 
 States custom-houses at $4.865. 
 
 In HAYTI and SANTO DOMINGO are still the old French weights 
 and measures, as in the FRENCH WEST INDIES. The dollar of 
 HAYTI is the same in value as the dollar of the UNITED STATES. 
 
 Wwrtemberg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Length. 10 punkte = 1 linie ; 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 10 zoll = 1 
 fuss ; 10 fuss = 1 ruthe. The klafter is 6 fuss. The fuss = 11.26 
 inches, and the Stuttgart elle = 24.18 inches. 
 
 Surface. The morgen of 38,400 square fuss = 0.7789 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 10 mass = 1 immi; 
 16 immi = 1 eimer ; 6 eimer = 1 fuder. The mass = 0.4853 gal. 
 to. 
 
ZANZIBAR. 
 
 83 
 
 Dry Measure. 4 viertlein = 1 ecklein ; 2 ecklein = 1 mass- 
 lein ; 2 masslein = 1 achtel ; 2 achtel = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = I 
 simri ; 8 simri = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 5.0292 bushels. 
 
 Weight. As in the Zollverein, whose pfund is 500 grammes. 
 For gold and silver, the mark = 233.855 grammes. The apothe- 
 caries' pfund (subdivided as hi Germany generally) 357.6337 
 grammes. 
 
 Money. 60 kreuzers = 1 florin ; 5f florins = 1 ducat. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Vierfache iubilaums-dukaten 
 
 Gold 
 
 986 
 
 $9 4S98 
 
 
 
 
 4 5410 
 
 Dukaten . . 
 
 H 
 
 986 
 
 2.3725 
 
 Doppeltevereinsthaler 
 
 Silver 
 
 900 
 
 1.4409 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 0.8252 
 
 
 H 
 
 900 
 
 0.7204 
 
 Gulden or florin . 
 
 ti 
 
 900 
 
 0.4126 
 
 Half-gulden 
 
 
 
 
 0.2068 
 
 6-kreuzer .... 
 
 BiUon. 
 
 383 \ 
 
 0.0413 
 
 3 " 
 
 
 167| 
 
 0.0206 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 0.0069 
 
 
 Cooper. 
 
 
 0.0084 
 
 
 ^vyyoi 
 
 
 0.0017 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yucatan* See MEXICO. 
 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 Length. The ohra = 22.48 inches, or 0.571 metre. 
 
 Capacity. The djezla = 7.305 bushels, or 257.4 litres. 
 
 Weight. The bazla = 34.226 Ibs., or 15.525 kilogrammes. 
 The mane = 3.0071 Ibs. The franzella of 36 rotoli = 35.2822 Ibs. 
 
 Money. The Austrian " Maria Theresa thaler " is here knowt 
 KB the " Janurio dollar." 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 I. MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 IN the following table the units of length of various nations 
 are arranged alphabetically ; the value of each one being given in 
 English or American feet or inches, and in French metres. The 
 metre is now a legal standard in the Argentine Confederation, 
 Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Ger- 
 many, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, and the United 
 States. After January 1, 1875, it will also be the standard in 
 Austria, 
 
 Any value in feet may be converted into Russian sachines by 
 simply dividing by seven. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or laches. 
 
 Metre*. 
 
 Adv . . . 
 
 Malabar Coast.... 
 
 10.460 Inches. 
 
 0.26568 
 
 itr:;: ; :; :: 
 
 Denmark 
 
 24.716 " 
 
 0.62777 
 
 
 Iceland 
 
 22.470 " 
 
 57073 
 
 u 
 
 Norway 
 
 23 3808 " 
 
 59386 
 
 Arbi dra'a 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 19 029 " 
 
 048333 
 
 Archin arisch 
 
 " schah 
 
 Persia 
 
 38.28 " 
 31.46 " 
 
 0.97229 
 0.79907 
 
 
 Russia 
 
 28 00 " 
 
 071119 
 
 
 Servia 
 
 28 00 " 
 
 71119 
 
 M 
 
 Turkey 
 
 29.5281 " 
 
 0.75000 
 
 Anne 
 
 Martinique 
 
 46.8533 " 
 
 1.19005 
 
 
 Switzerland.. 
 
 47.2449 " 
 
 120000 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.83334 " 
 
 0.00085 
 
 Brae a 
 
 Portugal 
 
 7.218 ' feet 
 
 2.20007 
 
 Braccio . 
 
 Ancona 
 
 25.3333 inches. 
 
 064346 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 20 9535 " 
 
 053221 
 
 u 
 
 Modena .. 
 
 22 741 " 
 
 57761 
 
 u 
 
 Naples... 
 
 27.508 
 
 0.69869 
 
86 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 0.54018 
 0.78079 
 0.58114 
 0.69544 
 0.60000 
 1.73328 
 2.241S5 
 2.09293 
 2.10934 
 1 09135 
 1.93639 
 8.13578 
 0.01000 
 8.33369 
 0.33837 
 0.32257 
 0.37489 
 0.39112 
 0.48259 
 0.68071 
 0.65957 
 0.85559 
 45719 
 0.46026 
 0.46989 
 0.38099 
 1.37157 
 0.47243 
 
 0.53136 
 0.99388 
 0.45719 
 0.45719 
 0.53085 
 10.000006 
 0.10000 
 0.01882 
 0.01773 
 
 Braccio di legno 
 
 Parma 
 
 21.344 inches. 
 80.732 " 
 22.98 " 
 27.38 
 28.6225 " 
 5.6868 feet. 
 7.3553 
 6.8667 " 
 6.9207 
 6.5334 " 
 6.3531 " 
 10.2965 " 
 0.393708 inch. 
 10.9375 feet. 
 13.125 inches. 
 12.7 " 
 14.76 " 
 12.17 
 19.000 " 
 26.800 
 25.968 " 
 14.0000 " 
 18.0000 " 
 12.1200 " 
 18 5000 " 
 15.0000 " 
 27.0000 
 18.6000 
 
 20.9200 " 
 39.1300 
 18.0000 " 
 18.0000 " 
 20.9000 " 
 32.80899 feet. 
 3. 937079 inches 
 0.7212 ' 
 0.67923 " 
 
 
 u 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Brache 
 
 Venice 
 Switzerland 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 Braza 
 
 Canna. . . 
 
 
 Malta 
 
 it 
 
 Naples. . . 
 
 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Cavezzo 
 Centimetre 
 
 Modena 
 France, etc 
 
 . Cheung ... .... 
 
 China. 
 
 Chik Official 
 
 
 " Surveyor's 
 " Commercial . 
 
 " 
 
 " Itinerary. . . 
 Cobido, or covid 
 
 it 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Covado 
 
 Goa 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Covid, hath, or haut. 
 
 Ahmednuggur. . . 
 
 / hath, or haut 
 
 Bombay 
 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 
 Cochin-China 
 Java 
 
 
 or haut 
 codo, covado, cadree, 
 or dra'a. 
 
 Madras 
 Morocco 
 
 
 Muscat 
 Pondicherry 
 Singapore 
 Surat 
 
 
 or hasta 
 
 hath, or haut 
 v Decametre . 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Decimetre 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Dedo 
 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Derah, deraa, dhra'a, and 
 
 
 Duim 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 0.3987 inches. 
 1.00000 " 
 89.37079 
 45.0000 " 
 37.0600 " 
 80.6758 " 
 23.62-25 " 
 32.2235 
 22.772 " 
 22.470 " 
 22.540 " 
 22.992 
 22.434 " 
 31.4966 
 22.670 " 
 23.200 " 
 26.2586 
 
 0.01000 
 0.02540 
 1.00000 
 1.14209 
 0.94131 
 0.77915 
 0.60000 
 0.81847 
 0.57838 
 0.57073 
 0.57251 
 0.58398 
 0.56981 
 O.SOOOO 
 0.57581 
 0.5S927 
 0.66690 
 
 ^ Duime 
 
 El 
 
 Netherlands 
 England 
 Scotland 
 
 
 u 
 
 Elle .... 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 
 
 
 Bremen 
 Brunswick 
 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 Hanover 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 Lubeck 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prussia... 
 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Fet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 ttlle 
 
 Saxony 
 
 22 296 inches 
 
 56681 
 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 24 180 " 
 
 61416 
 
 Endaseh... 
 
 
 24 65 " 
 
 62610 
 
 
 
 26 08 " 
 
 66242 
 
 it 
 
 Turkey 
 
 25 TO " 
 
 65227 
 
 Estadal.. 
 
 Spain 
 
 11 128 feet 
 
 8 30275 
 
 Etto 
 
 
 18 0000 inches 
 
 45719 
 
 Famn 
 
 
 70 1424 " 
 
 1 78158 
 
 ^ Fan 
 
 China 
 
 18125 " 
 
 00333 
 
 Fathom 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 
 1 82871 
 
 Favn 
 
 
 74 148 Inches 
 
 1 88381 
 
 Feldfuss. See fuss . 
 
 
 
 
 Fod 
 
 Denmark 
 
 12 358 " 
 
 31389 
 
 Foot. . 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 12 000 " 
 
 30476 
 
 
 Malta 
 
 11.17 " 
 
 28871 
 
 it 
 
 United States 
 
 12,000 " 
 
 80476 
 
 Fot 
 
 
 11 6*>04 " 
 
 296 ( )3 
 
 
 Sweden 
 
 11 679 " 
 
 29664 
 
 Foute 
 
 Russia 
 
 12 0000 " 
 
 804761 
 
 Fuss... . 
 
 Austria 
 
 12 4456 " 
 
 316111 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 11 611 " 
 
 30000 
 
 u 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 11 490 " 
 
 29184 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 1 1 886 " 
 
 28919 
 
 Werkschuh 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 11 205 " 
 
 28460 
 
 Feldfuss 
 
 
 14 006 " 
 
 35575 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 11 27 u 
 
 28626 
 
 
 
 11 496 " 
 
 29199 
 
 Waldfuss.... . 
 
 Hesse-Cassel . 
 
 11.324 " 
 
 2763 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 98427 " 
 
 25000 
 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 11 835 " 
 
 28790 
 
 
 
 11 880 " 
 
 80174 
 
 Kbeinfuss . 
 
 Prussia . 
 
 12.357 " 
 
 81386 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 11 148 " 
 
 2816 
 
 u 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 11.260 " 
 
 0.28599 
 
 Gez. See guz. 
 
 
 
 
 Gheriah 
 
 Bengal 
 
 225 " 
 
 05715 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gon 
 
 Annam 
 
 639.498 feet. 
 
 194.91606 
 
 Grao 
 
 Portugal 
 
 0.1808 inch. 
 
 0.00458 
 
 Guerze, or gueza. . . 
 
 
 37.89 inches. 
 
 0.94969 
 
 Guirah 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1.6062 " 
 
 0.04077 
 
 G*ujah. kee guz 
 
 
 
 
 Guz, or goess 
 
 Afghanistan 
 
 45 6700 " 
 
 1 16 
 
 
 Bengal 
 
 36 0000 " 
 
 91438 
 
 
 
 271800 " 
 
 69086 
 
 u 
 
 Gujerat. . . 
 
 28.3384 " 
 
 0.59266 
 
 U 
 
 Mocha 
 
 24.9998 " 
 
 0.68498 
 
 
 Mysore 
 
 38 2000 " 
 
 0.97026 
 
 Hailoh 
 
 Sumatra ......... 
 
 30.0000 u 
 
 0.91438 
 
 Hand 
 
 Great Britain . . . 
 
 4.0000 " 
 
 0.10160 
 
 Hasch 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 28.0000 u 
 
 0.71119 
 
 Hasta See eovid 
 
 
 
 
 Hatt 
 
 Turkey 
 
 01025 u 
 
 00260 
 
 Haut, or hath. See also eovid 
 
 Masulipatan 
 Mysore 
 
 19.1250 " 
 19.1000 " 
 
 0.4857T - 
 0.4S518 
 
 
 France etc 
 
 326 0899 feet 
 
 100 00000 
 
 Inc... 
 
 Japan 
 
 6.25 " 
 
 1.90624 
 
88 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 0.02540 
 3.65753 
 0.22859 
 0.00635 
 0.91438 
 0.00635 
 0.36575 
 8.74897 
 0.96101 
 0.67131 
 1000.00000 
 1.89667 
 1.80000 
 1.75104 
 1.73514 
 2.50000 
 1.71599 
 0.73S24 
 0-63143 
 0.00300 
 0.00212 
 0.00197 
 0.00229 
 0.00212 
 0.00219 
 0.00218 
 0.00206 
 0.00297 
 0.20319 
 0.00065 
 73.07448 
 1.00000 
 0.00100 
 0.07620 
 0.05714 
 2.43583 
 0.00022 
 0.57098 
 O.OS153 
 0.02540 
 0.07620 
 0.10000 
 0.27660 
 0.21666 
 0.19550 
 0.22809 
 0.26162 
 0.26=367 
 0.21986 
 0.22349 
 0.24705 
 0.21199 
 0.29057 
 0.03125 
 5.07991 
 3.00000 
 0.00643 
 
 Inch 
 
 Great Britain 
 Guinea 
 Sumatra 
 Bengal* 
 Ionian Isles 
 
 1.0000 inch. 
 12.0000 feet. 
 9.0000 inches. 
 0.250 " 
 36.0DOO " 
 0.250 " 
 14.400 " 
 12.300 feet. 
 87.836 inches. 
 26.43 " 
 8280.899 feet. 
 6.22278 " 
 5.9056 * 
 5.765 " 
 5.698 , 
 8.202 
 5.63 " 
 29.065 inches. 
 24.86 
 0.11811 " 
 0.08333 " 
 0.07728 tt 
 0.09016 u 
 0.08333 u 
 0.08648 * 
 0.0855 " 
 0.03118 " 
 0.1168 " 
 8.0000 " 
 0.02558 " 
 239.75 feet. 
 89.37079 inches 
 0.031)871 " 
 3.00000 " 
 2.2500 " 
 7.9917 feet. 
 0.00854 inches. 
 22.48 
 3.2125 " 
 1.0000 " 
 3.00000 " 
 8.937079 " 
 10.89 u 
 8.5302 
 7.697 " 
 8.9797 " 
 10.3000 u 
 10.381 " 
 8.656 
 8.796 " 
 9.5297 " 
 8.S46 u 
 11.49 " 
 1.2308 " 
 16.6667 feet. 
 9.8426 " 
 0.2558 inch. 
 
 Jaktan 
 
 Jaiikal 
 Jaob 
 
 Jarda Ionia 
 
 Jow 
 
 Jamba 
 
 Singapore. . . . 
 
 Kussaba 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Ken 
 
 Siam 
 
 Khalebi, for woolens. .. 
 
 "Rruirnania . . . 
 
 Kilometre 
 
 France 
 
 Klafter 
 
 Austria 
 
 M 
 
 Baden . . 
 
 U 
 
 
 M 
 
 Bremen 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 Wurtemberg 
 Travancore 
 
 II 
 
 Kole 
 
 Kot. Tor silk and linen . . . 
 Ligne T^ 
 
 Koumania 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 iine 
 
 Great Britain 
 Spain 
 Portugal 
 
 Liinea 
 Linha 
 lania 
 
 Linie 
 
 Austria .... 
 
 
 Denmark 
 
 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 Sweden. . .. 
 
 clank 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 Annam 
 
 Ly 
 
 Mau 
 
 
 Metre 
 
 France 
 
 Millimetre 
 
 
 Moot 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Nail 
 
 Great Britain 
 Annam 
 
 Ngu 
 
 Nocktat 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Ohra 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Ouroub. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Palgat,' or paulgaut 
 
 Birinah 
 Great Britain 
 
 Palm 
 
 u 
 
 Palma 
 
 Eoumauia 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Balearic Isles 
 Genoa 
 
 Palmo. . 
 
 
 
 
 Malta 
 
 
 Naples 
 Portugal 
 
 da craveira 
 
 
 Rome 
 Sicily 
 
 
 Tuscany. ...... 
 
 Parmack 
 
 Turkey . 
 
 Perch. See rod 
 
 Great Britain 
 Switzerland 
 Annftm 
 
 Perche 
 
 Phan. Cloth measure. . . , 
 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 89 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 Pic, or pik 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 27.0000 inches. 
 26.630 
 24.92 
 25.09 
 26.45 
 22.83 
 9.0198 
 22.3705 
 25.5083 
 29.5281 
 29.0911 
 26.0000 
 26.42 
 24.83 
 11.3736 
 11.126 
 11.128 
 15.384 
 20.228 
 13.485 
 15.61 
 20.598 
 22.428 
 11.592 
 13.69 
 11.8112 
 89.37079 
 16.6667 f et. 
 1.082 inc es. 
 0.0075 
 1.18112 
 0.00720 
 0.9273 
 0.0064 
 7.7433 feet 
 8.8716 
 97.325 
 8.115 inc es. 
 16.6667 f et. 
 10.2988 
 9.7420 
 32.80899 
 12.44556 
 9.8427 
 9.575 
 15.181 
 14.980 
 11.6717 
 15.328 
 18.0865 
 12.857 
 14.865 
 9.3883 
 7.00000 " 
 11.9291 inches. 
 28.975 feet. 
 22.0000 inches. 
 
 0.68579 
 0.67639 
 0.63296 
 0.63721 
 0.67182 
 0.57987 
 0.2545 , 
 0.5682 
 0;0479 
 0.7500 
 0.7389 
 0.66039 
 0.67106 
 0.63067 
 0.28888 
 28259 
 0.28265 
 0.39075 
 0.51377 
 0.34251 
 0.39649 
 0.52305 
 0.56966 
 0.29443 
 0.34772 
 0.30000 
 1.00000 
 5.07991 
 0.02748 
 0.00019 
 0.03000 
 0.00018 
 0.02355 
 0.00017 
 2.36012 
 1.18006 
 29.66412 
 0.07912 
 5.07991 
 8.13885 
 2.96930 
 10.00000 
 8.79332 
 3.00000 
 2.91841 
 4.62704 
 4.56584 
 3.5574S 
 4.67184 
 8.98867 
 8.76635 
 4.63048 
 2.85999 
 2.13356 
 0.30299 
 7.30745 
 0.55878 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 Algeria 
 
 M 
 
 Crete. 
 
 U 
 
 
 a 
 
 Damascus 
 
 " Nile . . . 
 
 Egypt. . 
 
 native 
 " cloth. 
 
 
 u 
 
 " builder's 
 " road 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 Morocco 
 
 H 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 " for silk. 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Pie . . 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Canary Isles 
 
 
 
 
 Pig 
 
 Ancona 
 
 " liprando 
 
 Genoa 
 
 u 
 
 Milan 
 
 u 
 
 Modena 
 
 u 
 
 Parma 
 
 A 
 
 
 H 
 
 Venice 
 
 Pied 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Piki. 
 
 Greece . . 
 
 Pole. See rod 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 Portugal 
 
 Pollegada. 
 
 Ponto 
 
 
 Pouce 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Punkt 
 
 Austria 
 
 Pulgada 
 Punto 
 
 Spain 
 
 Eahf 
 
 N. Madagascar... 
 Sweden 
 
 
 Eef. 
 
 Bob, or robi 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Eod perch or pole 
 
 Great Britain 
 Denmark 
 
 Eode 
 
 
 Norway 
 
 Eoede .... 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Euthe 
 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 it 
 
 Bavaria. . 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 
 Hanover 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Prussia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 Russia 
 
 Sachine, sagene, or sashen. . 
 Sals 
 Sao 
 
 Japan 
 
 Saundaung, or royal cubit. . 
 
 Birmah... 
 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 Scbuh 
 
 Brunswick... 
 
 11.285 inches 
 
 28536 
 
 Sesma 
 
 Spain 
 
 5564 
 
 14132 
 
 Sok 
 Span 
 
 Siam 
 
 Bengal 
 
 18.918 
 9.0000 
 
 0.46051 
 22859 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 9 0000 
 
 22859 
 
 Stab S66 metre 
 
 
 89 37079 
 
 1 00000 
 
 
 Hungary 
 
 62.2278 
 
 1 5S055 
 
 Stadio 
 
 
 66 000 feet 
 
 20 11(544 
 
 Stadion. See kilometre. .. 
 
 Greece .. .... 
 
 8280.899 
 
 1000 00000 
 
 Stang 
 
 Sweden 
 
 9 7325 
 
 2 96641 
 
 Btreep 
 
 Netherlands . . . 
 
 0.08937 inch 
 
 00100 
 
 Strkh 
 
 Tac 
 
 Germany 
 
 0.03937 
 
 2 558 
 
 0.00100 
 06407 
 
 Taim, or cubit. . 
 
 Birrnah 
 
 18 0000 " 
 
 45719 
 
 Tchetverk 
 
 Kussia 
 
 7.00000 " 
 
 17780 
 
 That 
 
 
 63 9498 feet 
 
 19 49161 
 
 Thuoc 
 
 
 25 58 inches 
 
 64972 
 
 Toise 
 
 
 11 8112 feet 
 
 8 60000 
 
 Torame ...... 
 
 Denmark ... 
 
 1.02983 inches 
 
 02616 
 
 Trait. 
 
 
 0011811 " 
 
 00030 
 
 
 Annain 
 
 21 3166 feet 
 
 6 49720 
 
 Tsun 
 
 China. 
 
 1 3125 inches 
 
 03334 
 
 Turn 
 
 
 9742 " 
 
 02474 
 
 
 Sweden 
 
 1.1679 " 
 
 0-2966 
 
 Tuns' . . . 
 Unglee 
 
 Sumatra 
 Bengal 
 
 12.0000 feet. 
 0.7500 inches. 
 
 3.65753 
 
 01905 
 
 Vara 
 
 Argentine Confed 
 
 84 1208 " 
 
 86664 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 42.7961 " 
 
 1 .08700 
 
 
 Central America. 
 
 32.874 " 
 
 83493 
 
 
 Chili 
 
 33 867 " 
 
 S4756 
 
 
 Cuba 
 
 83 375 " 
 
 84771 
 
 
 Curacoa . . 
 
 83 375 " 
 
 84771 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 32 9 " 
 
 83564 
 
 
 Peru 
 
 83.367 u 
 
 84756 
 
 
 
 48 28 " 
 
 1 09928 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 83.884 " 
 
 84794 
 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 82 874 " 
 
 83498 
 
 Verschok 
 
 
 1 75000 " 
 
 04445 
 
 Vouah 
 
 Siam.... 
 
 6.306 feet 
 
 1.92203 
 
 Waldfuss. See fuss 
 
 
 
 
 Werkschuh. " 
 
 
 
 
 Yan 
 
 China. . . 
 
 109 875 " 
 
 83 3369 
 
 Yard 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 3 0000 " 
 
 91438 
 
 Zentimeter. See centimetre 
 
 Germany 
 
 0.3937 inch. 
 
 01000 
 
 Zo\\ 
 
 Austria. 
 
 1.03718 " 
 
 02634 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 1.1811 " 
 
 '03000 
 
 u 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 9575 " 
 
 9 432 
 
 
 
 9488 " 
 
 02409 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 0.9362 " 
 
 0->S78 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 98375 " 
 
 >:) 372 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 0.9391 " 
 
 02385 
 
 
 
 0958 " 
 
 02483 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. . .. 
 Liibeck 
 
 0.9437 " 
 9446 " 
 
 0.02397 
 0.02399 
 
 
 
 1 0975 " 
 
 02615 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 0.9290 " 
 
 0.02359 
 
 
 Wiirtemberg . . 
 
 1 1260 " 
 
 02859 
 
 
 
 
 
ROAD MEASURES. 
 
 91 
 
 II. KOAD MEASURES. 
 
 THE value of each unit is here given in English miles and 
 French kilometres. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Kilometres. 
 
 Baryd 
 
 Arabia... 
 
 12.0000 (about). 
 
 19.311780 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 13.176 
 
 22.169923 
 
 Coss 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 1.1364 
 
 1.828826 
 
 
 Seringapatam .... 
 
 3.6453 
 
 5.867241 
 
 Dam . . 
 
 
 0.55 (about). 
 
 0.885123 
 
 Estadio 
 
 Portugal 
 
 0.1598 
 
 0.257168 
 
 Farsakh 
 
 Arabia 
 
 8.0000 
 
 4.827945 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 3.444 
 
 5.542481 
 
 
 Great Britain . . . 
 
 0.125 
 
 0.201164 
 
 Gavada 
 
 Mysore 
 
 14.5833 
 
 23.469123 
 
 Grenztniil . 
 
 
 5.5352 
 
 8.91788 
 
 
 Mysore 
 
 2.7344 
 
 4.40051 
 
 League 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 3.0000 
 
 4.827945 
 
 Legoa ... . .... 
 
 Portugal 
 
 8.8358 
 
 6.172044 
 
 Louua 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 0.3-231 
 
 0.51997 
 
 ,F 
 
 Spain 
 
 4.2151 
 
 6.783424 
 
 Li 
 
 China 
 
 0.3457 
 
 0.55641 
 
 Lieue 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 2.9826 
 
 4.80000 
 
 Ly 
 
 Annam 
 
 0.275 
 
 442561 
 
 Meile 
 
 Austria 
 Baden 
 
 4.7142 
 5.5234- 
 
 7.5S6613 
 
 8.88888 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 4.6143 
 
 7.42586 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 3.9006 
 
 6.27729 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 6.7136 
 
 10.804297 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 4.6807 
 
 7.532721 
 
 
 Hanover 
 
 4.6086 
 
 7.416626 
 
 
 Lithuania 
 
 4.9958 
 
 8.039816 
 
 
 Prussia . ... 
 
 46307 
 
 7.532721 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 4.2227 
 
 6.79565 
 
 polizei 
 
 
 5.6303 
 
 9.060872 
 
 Mglio 
 
 Lombardy 
 
 6214 
 
 1 00000 
 
 
 Naples 
 
 1.1469 
 
 1.845723 
 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 1.3835 
 
 2.226487 
 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 1 0277 
 
 1 65389 
 
 Miil 
 
 
 4.6812 
 
 7.53352 
 
 
 
 66422 
 
 10.68939 
 
 Miile 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 6214 
 
 1 00000 
 
 Mile 
 
 England 
 
 1.00000 
 
 1.609315 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 1.27272 
 
 2.048219 
 
 M 
 
 Scotland 
 
 1 1250 
 
 1.810479 
 
 Milha 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1 2756 
 
 2 057348 
 
 Mili 
 
 Egypt 
 
 1 148 
 
 1 847494 
 
 Milla 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 1.149 
 
 1.849108 
 
 Roenung 
 
 Siam 
 
 Birmah 
 
 2.3886 
 2 4-306 
 
 3.84401 
 3 911601 
 
 Verst or Werst 
 
 Russia 
 
 0.6628 
 
 1.066654 
 
 Wegstunde 
 
 Baden . . .. 
 
 27617 
 
 4 44141 
 
 
 
 
 
SQUARE MEASURES. 
 
 III. SQUARE MEASURES. 
 
 THE value of each unit is here given in English square 
 inches or square feet, and in square metres. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 Square archine 
 
 Turkev 
 
 6.0549 feet 
 
 5625 
 
 aune 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 15.5006 " 
 
 1 4400 
 
 
 
 1550 inch 
 
 0001 
 
 chile. Mathematical 
 
 China 
 
 1.1959 feet. 
 
 1111 
 
 decametre 
 
 
 1076 43 " 
 
 100 0000 
 
 decimetre 
 
 
 15.5006 inches. 
 
 0100 
 
 fod 
 
 Denmark 
 
 1 0605 foot 
 
 09834 
 
 foot 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 1 0000 " 
 
 09288 
 
 fot 
 
 Norway 
 
 0.9484 " 
 
 08817 
 
 
 
 9472 " 
 
 OS799 
 
 foute 
 
 Eussia 
 
 1.0000 " 
 
 09288 
 
 fuss 
 
 Austria 
 Baden 
 
 1.0757 
 0.9688 " 
 
 0.09998 
 09000 
 
 a 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 9168 " 
 
 08517 
 
 
 
 
 9003 " 
 
 08362 
 
 " (werkschuh) . 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 8719 " 
 
 08099 
 
 " (feldfuss) 
 
 
 1 3623 " 
 
 12656 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 0;8820 " 
 
 OS194 
 
 u 
 
 Hanover 
 
 9178 " 
 
 08524 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. . . 
 
 0.8905 " 
 
 08273 
 
 tl 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 6728 " 
 
 06250 
 
 li 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 8922 " 
 
 08289 
 
 U 
 
 Prussia 
 
 1.0605 " 
 
 09834 
 
 u 
 
 Saxony 
 
 0.8638 " 
 
 08018 
 
 u 
 
 
 8805 " 
 
 08184 
 
 
 Bengal . 
 
 9.0000 " 
 
 88359 
 
 klafter 
 
 
 88 7233 feet. 
 
 3 59732 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 34.8763 " 
 
 3 24000 
 
 u 
 
 Bavaria ... 
 
 83.2352 " 
 
 3 06614 
 
 u 
 
 
 81 6969 " 
 
 2 94466 
 
 metre 
 
 France, etc ... . 
 
 10.7643 " 
 
 1 00000 
 
 millimetre 
 
 
 000155 inch. 
 
 000001 
 
 palmo 
 
 Portugal 
 
 0.5203 foot. 
 
 0.06565 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 0.4836 " 
 
 04494 
 
 pie 
 
 
 08600 " 
 
 07989 
 
 pie 
 
 Ancona 
 
 1.6435 " 
 
 0.15268 
 
 ' k liprando 
 
 Genoa 
 
 2 8415 " 
 
 26396 
 
 " manual 
 
 Milan!!"!!!!! !!" 
 
 1.2628 
 1.6922 " 
 
 0.11731 
 15721 
 
 H 
 
 
 2 9449 " 
 
 27358 
 
 u 
 
 
 8.4931 " 
 
 32456 
 
 u 
 
 Rome . . . 
 
 9331 " 
 
 08669 
 
 u 
 
 
 1.3015 " 
 
 0.12091 
 
 pied . 
 
 Switzerland . . 
 
 0.9688 " 
 
 09000 
 
 rod 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 266 6222 " 
 
 25 80538 
 
 rode 
 
 Denmark 
 
 106.0549 " 
 
 9.85238 
 
 
 Norway 
 
 94.9066 " 
 
 8 81674 
 
 ruthe 
 
 Austria 
 
 154 8930 " 
 
 14 38912 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 96.8787 " 
 
 9.00000 
 
 U 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 91.6806 " 
 
 8 51712 
 
 u 
 
 
 230.4628 
 
 21.40918 
 
LAND MEASURES. 
 
 93 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 Square ruthe 
 
 
 224 4004 feet. 
 
 20 84689 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 186.2286 
 
 12.55545 
 
 " 
 
 Hanover 
 'Hesse-Cassel 
 
 234.9476 
 171 2565 
 
 21.82572 
 15 90813 
 
 u 
 
 Prussia 
 
 152.6954 
 
 14.18539 
 
 11 
 
 Saxony .... 
 
 2-20.9682 
 
 20 52543 
 
 u 
 
 Wtirtemberg. 
 
 88 0465 
 
 8 17958 
 
 sachine 
 
 Eussia 
 
 49.0000 
 
 4.55108 
 
 tchuh 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 0.8766 
 
 0.08148 
 
 vara 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 8.0710 
 
 75106 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 12 6594 
 
 1 17603 
 
 u 
 
 Central America. 
 
 7.5049 
 
 0.71720 
 
 H 
 
 Chili 
 
 77315 
 
 71834 
 
 m 
 
 Cuba 
 
 7 7354 
 
 71861 
 
 u 
 
 Mexico 
 
 7.5165 
 
 0.69814 
 
 u 
 
 Peru 
 
 77315 
 
 71834 
 
 II 
 
 Portugal 
 
 18 0080 
 
 1 20846 
 
 u 
 
 Spain 
 Venezuela . 
 
 7.7395 
 
 75049 
 
 0.71910 
 71720 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 9 0000 
 
 0" 83592 
 
 zoll 
 
 Austria 
 
 1.0757 in h. 
 
 0.00069 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 1.3950 
 
 0.00090 
 
 H 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 09168 
 
 00059 
 
 It 
 
 Bremen 
 
 9003 
 
 0.00058 
 
 u 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 0.8766 
 
 00056 
 
 u 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 8719 
 
 00056 
 
 It 
 
 
 8820 
 
 00057 
 
 H 
 
 H anover 
 
 0.9178 
 
 0.00059 
 
 " 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Lubeck 
 
 0.8905 
 0.8922 
 
 0.00057 
 0.00057 
 
 u 
 
 Prussia 
 
 1.0605 
 
 0.00068 
 
 " 
 
 Saxony 
 Wiirtemberg. .... 
 
 0.8638 
 1.2679 
 
 0.00055 
 0.00082 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV. LAND MEASURES. 
 
 HERE the value of each measure is given in English acres and 
 in French ares. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Ares. 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 0.5897 
 
 28 8610 
 
 Acre 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 40 4629 
 
 H 
 
 United States . . 
 
 1.0000 
 
 40.4629 
 
 Ar 
 
 Are 
 
 Germany 
 France 
 
 0.0247 
 0.0247 
 
 1.0000 
 1 0000 
 
 
 Lower Canada . . . 
 
 0.8449 
 
 84.1912 
 
 *Tk 
 
 Switzerland... 
 
 3.5568 
 
 144.0000 
 
LAND MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Ares. 
 
 Bifgah 
 
 Bengal 
 
 0.3306 
 6074 
 O.T009 
 0.7528 
 2.4714 
 0.6S81 
 1.0047 
 1.3223 
 0.00025 
 0.00103 
 0.0165 
 2.6997 
 0.4315 
 1.5871 
 1.0382 
 0.15165 
 1.4287 
 0.9393 
 2.4714 
 2.4714 
 1.4223 
 
 13.3770 
 24.5772 
 28.3605 
 30.4605 
 100.0000 
 27.8425 
 40.6531 
 53.5042 
 0.0100 
 0.0417 
 0.6676 
 119.2498 
 17.4597 
 64.2188 
 42.0084 
 6.1342 
 57.8094 
 38.0068 
 100.0000 
 100.0000 
 57.5505 
 
 
 Bombay 
 
 Biolca 
 
 Modena 
 
 
 Parana. 
 
 Bunder 
 
 Netherlands 
 Yen. Lombardy.. 
 Carnatic 
 Madras 
 France, etc 
 Bengal 
 
 Campo 
 
 Cawney or casseney .... 
 
 
 Centare 
 
 Chattack or chittack 
 Cottah 
 
 
 Deciatina . .... 
 
 Russia... 
 
 
 Hanover 
 Spain 
 
 Eo-yot 
 
 Fanegada 
 
 Feddan 
 
 Fierdinff . . 
 
 Norway 
 
 Geira 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Giornata 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Hectare 
 
 France J 
 
 Hektar 
 
 Germany J 
 Austria 
 
 Joch 
 
 Juchart See morgen 
 
 
 Kappland 
 
 Norway 
 
 SSL: : 
 
 0.03791 
 0.04326 
 0.0551 
 1.3201 
 0.8584 
 0.8897 
 0.8416 
 0.6343 
 0.6208 
 0.5004 
 2.3852 
 0.6472 
 0.6178 
 0.6309 
 1.5216 
 0.7789 
 1.3223 
 0.2175 
 0.2500 
 4.5653 
 1.3890 
 0.6066 
 0.1255 
 0.7111 
 0.00973 
 0.01045 
 1.3635 
 1.2132 
 0.0247 
 0.0247 
 0.2224 
 0.1544 
 0.3-236 
 79.3550 
 
 1.5339 
 1.7504 
 2.2295 
 53.4152 
 34.7334 
 36.0000 
 34.0536 
 25.0656 
 25.1194 
 20.2476 
 96.5123 
 26.1876 
 24.9980 
 25.5281 
 61.5686 
 31.5168 
 53.5042 
 8.8007 
 10.1157 
 184.7459 
 56.2031 
 24.5448 
 5.0781 
 28.7732 
 0.3937 
 0.4228 
 55.1713 
 49.0697 
 1.0000 
 1.0000 
 9.0000 
 6.2474 
 13.0938 
 3210.941 
 
 Kerat . 
 
 
 Mau... 
 
 Annam 
 Naples. 
 
 Mo"""io 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 juchart, or tagewerk 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Bremen. 
 
 
 Brunswick. . . 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 
 of Calenberg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 Prussia 
 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 Orloner . . 
 
 Bef 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Hood 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 Rome .. 
 
 Bubbio 
 
 Baccato 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 
 
 Staro 
 
 Parma 
 
 gtrich 
 
 
 Tavola 
 
 Modena 
 
 
 Parma . . 
 
 
 
 " or tunna 
 
 Norway 
 
 Tornatura 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 Netherlands 
 Baden 
 
 Vierkante roede 
 Viertel 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Vorling 
 
 Yugada 
 
 Spain 
 
CUBIC MEASURES. 
 
 95 
 
 V. CUBIC MEASURES. 
 
 THE following table is inserted merely to facilitate many calcu- 
 lations, and does not pretend. to be even approximately complete. 
 The value of each cube is given in English cubic feet or cubic 
 inches, and in either cubic metres (m.), cubic decimetres (dm.), or 
 cubic centimetres (cm.). 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metric. 
 
 Ou 
 
 bic archine 
 
 Turkey 
 
 14.8996 feet. 
 0.0610 inches. 
 1.3084 feet. 
 62.449 inches. 
 1.0922 foot. 
 1.0000 
 0.9246 " 
 0.9219 " 
 1.0000 " 
 1.1156 " 
 0.9585 " 
 0.87T8 " 
 0.8542 " 
 0.8141 .' 
 1.5899 " 
 0.8284 " 
 0.8792 " 
 0.8403 " 
 0.5518 " 
 0.8420 
 1.0919 " 
 0.801 T " 
 0.8261 " 
 1.0000 inch. 
 35.815 feet. 
 648.56 inches. 
 581.35 
 0.7974 feet. 
 2.1070 " 
 4.7838 " 
 1.4191 " 
 2.1970 " 
 5.0537 " 
 6.5287 " 
 0.9015 " 
 1.4848 " 
 0.9535 " 
 0.8185 " 
 27.0000 " 
 1.1421 inches. 
 1.6476 
 0.8780 " 
 0.8541 
 0.8206 
 0.8140 
 
 0.421875i 
 1.00000 en 
 13.70159 dn 
 1.000 
 30.842 
 28.307 
 26.179 
 26.103 
 28.307 
 31.558 
 27.000 
 24.856 
 24.185 
 23.052 
 45.020 
 23.458 
 24.895 
 23.796 
 15.625 
 23.863 
 30.911 
 22.704 
 23.391 
 16.387 
 1.000 
 10.628 d 
 9.527 
 22.581 
 69.662 
 135.620 
 40.181 
 62.835 
 143.090 
 184.860 
 25.524 
 42.043 
 27.000 
 23.237 
 0.764 
 18.275 em 
 27.000 
 14.385 
 18.980 
 18.44T 
 13.846 
 
 ' centimetre 
 
 France, etc 
 China 
 
 cbik (mathematical)., 
 decimetre 
 
 France etc 
 
 fod 
 
 
 foot . 
 
 Great Britain 
 Norway 
 
 fot 
 
 
 Sweden 
 
 foute . 
 
 Kussia 
 
 fuss 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 H 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 H 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 11 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 M 
 
 Hanover 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Hesse-Darmstadt . 
 Liibeck 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 tl 
 
 H 
 
 Prussia 
 
 H 
 
 Saxony 
 
 li 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 Great Britain 
 France etc 
 
 inch . 
 
 metre 
 
 palmo 
 
 Portueral 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 pie... 
 
 
 pie :.... 
 
 Ancona 
 
 " liprando 
 
 Genoa 
 
 " manual 
 
 
 
 Milan 
 
 Modena 
 
 N 
 
 Parma 
 
 M 
 
 Eome 
 
 Venice 
 
 pied 
 
 Switzerland 
 Brunswick 
 
 schuh 
 
 yard. . . 
 
 Great Britain 
 Austria 
 
 Baden 
 
 zoll .... 
 
 
 H 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 H 
 
 
 H 
 
 Brunswick 
 Frankfort... 
 
 H 
 
96 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or In 
 
 ches. 
 
 Metric. 
 
 Cubic zoll 
 
 Hamburg . ... 
 
 0.8282 
 
 inch. 
 
 13 598 cm. 
 
 
 Hanover . 
 
 08792 
 
 
 14 402 " 
 
 U U 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 0.8404 
 
 u 
 
 13 772 " 
 
 it 11 
 
 Lttbeck 
 
 0.8428 
 
 u 
 
 13 807 " 
 
 u u 
 
 Prussia . 
 
 1 0919 
 
 It 
 
 17 882 u 
 
 41 U 
 
 
 0.8017 
 
 II 
 
 13.128 " 
 
 U U 
 
 Wurtemberg. 
 
 1.4276 
 
 u 
 
 28944 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VI. LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 IN this table the value of every measure is given in United 
 States or Winchester quarts or gallons, in English imperial quarts 
 or gallons, and in litres. The litre is a legal standard in the Ar- 
 gentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, 
 Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, 
 Spain, and the United States. After January 1, 1876, it will be 
 the standard in Austria. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 U. S. Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Ahm 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 38.1472 galls. 
 
 81. 7785 galls. 
 
 144.3988 
 
 
 Hanover 
 
 414395 
 
 34.5156 
 
 156 8(j09 
 
 u 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 39.5738 
 
 32.1288 
 
 149.7986 
 
 Almud ... 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1.38086 
 
 1.1517 
 
 6.2269 
 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 4.3695 
 
 8.6394 
 
 16 5899 
 
 
 
 6 62558 
 
 65186 
 
 25 0798 
 
 Alquiere 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 2.18475 
 
 1.8197 
 
 8 2699 
 
 
 Oporto. 
 
 8.31279 
 
 27593 
 
 12 5399 
 
 
 
 01898 
 
 1589 
 
 7184 
 
 Inker 
 
 Bremen 
 
 9.5741 
 
 7.9744 
 
 36.2408 
 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 9.9528 
 
 8.2898 
 
 37.6743 
 
 K 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 9.5368 
 
 7.9434 
 
 86.0996 
 
 it 
 
 Hanover 
 
 10.3599 
 
 8.6289 
 
 89.2158 
 
 u 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 98935 
 
 8.2405 
 
 37 4498 
 
 II 
 
 Prussia 
 
 9.0732 
 
 7.5572 
 
 84.344T 
 
 (I 
 
 Saxony 
 
 17.1768 
 
 143064 
 
 65 0174 
 
 u 
 
 United States 
 
 10.0000 
 
 8.3208 
 
 37.8523 
 
 Arroba 
 
 Cuba 
 
 4.100 
 
 8.4141 
 
 15.5197 
 
 " for wine... 
 " for oil 
 
 Spain 
 
 4.26304 
 331S53 
 
 8.5507 
 27640 
 
 16.1J369 
 12 5615 
 
 u 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 4.263 
 
 8.5507 
 
 16.1369 
 
 Azumbre 
 Baril 
 
 Spain 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 0.5329 
 20.0768 
 
 0.4439 
 16.7228 
 
 2.0172 
 75.9966 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 20.0000 ' 
 
 16.6416 
 
 75.7046 
 
 Barile. . . 
 
 Ionian Islands. . 
 
 19.2096 
 
 16.0000 
 
 72.7146 
 
LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 97 
 
 Barile. For wine. . 
 
 Locality. 
 
 " For wine.. 
 
 Barique | 
 
 V Barrel. Beer 
 
 Boccale 
 
 For wine.. 
 
 Bota. ySeepipa... 
 Botta. For wine.. 
 
 For wine. . . 
 
 " " beer 
 
 Caffiso. " oil 
 
 Canada 
 
 Cantara 
 
 " /Seearroba 
 Cantaro. ' alquiere ! 
 
 Caralfa 
 
 Carro 
 
 Malta 
 
 Modena 
 
 Naples 
 
 Rome 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Martinique 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 Modena 
 
 Rome 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Naples 
 
 Rome 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Malta '.'.'.''. 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Central America. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Naples 
 
 United Ststes 
 Measure. 
 
 10.997 galls. 
 11.0056 
 11.574 
 15.412 
 17034 
 12.0444 
 50.0000 
 43.2126 
 31.5000 
 0.27514 
 0.4816 
 0.2067 
 0.3011 
 113.631 
 123.878 
 246.592 
 129.6643 
 129.6643 
 5.499 
 0.3(5412 
 4.2631 
 
 9.1505galh, 
 
 9.1667 " 
 
 9.6402 " 
 
 12.8309 " 
 
 14.2295 " 
 
 10.0319 " 
 
 41.6040 " 
 
 36.0000 " 
 
 26.2363 " 
 
 0.229*1 " 
 
 0.4011 u 
 
 0.1721 " 
 
 0.2503 4i 
 
 94.6451 " 
 
 107.3446 " 
 
 205.3906 " 
 
 103.0000 " 
 
 103.0000 " 
 
 ' 4.5302 " 
 
 0.3033 " 
 
 8.5508 " 
 
 0.77156 qts. 
 257.757 galls. 
 
 Sardinia 148.322 " 
 
 Cass '. Cyprus 1.25 " 
 
 Centilitre France, etc 0.1057 qts. 
 
 Cohi Siam 13.385 gall?. 
 
 Copa Spain 0.1332 qts. 
 
 Coppo Yen. Lombardy.. 1.0567 k ' 
 
 Corba Roman States 20.761 7 galls. 
 
 Cuartilla I Central America. . 1.0658 " 
 
 Cuartillo... Spain 0.5329 qts. 
 
 Cuba or kuba Abyssinia 0.2634 galls. 
 
 Cuddy. See gudda. Mocha 1.9990 " 
 
 Decalitre France, etc 2.6418 " 
 
 Decilitre " " 0.1057 qts. 
 
 Dicotoli Ionian Islands . . . 0.6003 " 
 
 Dreiling Austria 353.36 galls. 
 
 Eimer " 14.9525 " 
 
 " For wine... Bavaria 16.9444 " 
 
 " Hamburg 7.6295 " 
 
 Hanover 16.5758 " 
 
 ' Lubeck 7.9147 " 
 
 I Prague 16.1387 " 
 
 | Prussia 13.1464 " 
 
 | Saxony 20.0384 " 
 
 Wiirtemberg 77.6494 " 
 
 Fass. Beer Brunswick 106.7045 " 
 
 1 German Empire..! 26.418 " 
 
 Hanover 107.7430 " 
 
 Hungary 52.5450 " 
 
 " i Prague 64.5598 " 
 
 " Saxony 100.1737 " 
 
 Perren Muscat 7.9254 " 
 
 Fiasco... Modena 2.2011 qts. 
 
 9 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 0.6427 qts. 
 
 2 14.6901 galls. 
 
 123.9568 " 
 
 1.4114 " 
 
 0.0880 qts. 
 11. 1436 galls. 
 
 0.1109 qts. 
 
 0.8s02 " 
 
 17.2921 galls. 
 
 0.8377 " 
 
 0.4439 qts. 
 
 0.2236 galls. 
 
 1.665 " 
 
 2.2004 " 
 
 0.8802 qts. 
 
 0.5000 " 
 
 293.9 galls. 
 
 12.4588 " 
 
 14.1132 " 
 
 6.3547 " 
 
 138062 " 
 
 6.5923 " 
 
 13.4416 " 
 
 15.1144 * 
 
 16.6908 * 
 
 64.6755 " 
 
 88.8756 " 
 
 22.004 " 
 
 89.7409 " 
 
 4:3.7656 " 
 
 53.7729 " 
 
 88.4364 " 
 
 6.6012 " 
 
 1.8333 qta. 
 
 41.6259 
 
 41.6594 
 
 43.8110 
 
 58.3390 
 
 64.6630 
 
 45.5916 
 
 189.2615 
 
 163.57-25 
 
 119.2369 
 
 1.0415 
 
 1.8226 
 
 0.7824 
 
 1.1397 
 
 430.1272 
 
 487.84i6 
 
 933.4242 
 
 490.8199 
 
 490.8199 
 
 20.8153 
 
 1.4783 
 
 16.1371 
 
 0.73059 
 975.687 
 563.3356 
 4.7316 
 0.0100 
 50.6662 
 0.1274 
 0.1000 
 78.5392 
 4.0344 
 0.5053 
 1.0159 
 7.5668 
 10.0000 
 0.1000 
 0.5634 
 1358.4 
 56.599T 
 64.1396 
 28.8799 
 62.7443 
 29.9595 
 61.0398 
 68.6895 
 75.8513 
 298.93 
 403.91 
 100.00 
 407.84 
 198.9 
 244.38 
 379.187 
 30.0000 
 2.0842 
 
98 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres 
 
 Fiasco 
 
 
 2.4089 qts. 
 10.8054 galls. 
 0.0039 qts. 
 
 0.03125 " 
 0.4816 " 
 2.5096 " 
 
 2.500 " 
 478.47;) galls. 
 396.27 " 
 229.779 " 
 237.121 " 
 227.346 " 
 228.884 " 
 248.633 " 
 251.524 " 
 253.613 " 
 237.448 " 
 217.788 " 
 240.461 " 
 465.904 " 
 1.2251 " 
 1.0000 " 
 1.2006 " 
 0.1501 qts. 
 0.125 " 
 0.1585 " 
 2.21 91 galls. 
 1.9990 " 
 17.6117 " 
 26.418 " 
 64.8324 " 
 64 S324 " 
 6=3.0000 " 
 4.4382 " 
 1.7752 qts. 
 44.3822 galb. 
 0.0864 qts. 
 1.0567 " 
 2.0416 " 
 2.7642 " 
 2.7656 " 
 0.7477 " 
 1.0567 " 
 1.9074 
 2.0720 " 
 1.5760 " 
 1.9787 " 
 1.2723 " 
 4.4027 galls. 
 21.6408 " 
 264.18 " 
 
 0.0550 qts. 
 
 . 1.0736 " 
 160. 0000 galls. 
 1.0567 qts. 
 
 0.1057 * 
 1.4954 " 
 
 2.0064 qts 
 9.0000 sails 
 0.1'0325 qts 
 0.02603 " 
 0.4011 " 
 2.0903 " 
 2.0823 " 
 398.533 galls. 
 330 06 " 
 191.387 " 
 197.501 " 
 189.360 " 
 190.641 " 
 207.095 " 
 20'J.499 " 
 211.238 " 
 l'J7.7f,8 " 
 181.399 " 
 200.284 " 
 209.499 " 
 1.0204 " 
 0.8329 " 
 1.0000 " 
 
 0.125 qts. 
 
 0.1041 " 
 0.1320 ' 
 1.8483galh. 
 1.665 " 
 14.6685 " 
 22.004 " 
 54.0000 " 
 54.0000 " 
 52.4737 " 
 3.6967 " 
 1.4786 qts. 
 36.9667 galls. 
 0.0720 qts. 
 0.8802 u 
 1.7005 " 
 2.3023 " 
 2.3085 " 
 0.6228 " 
 0.8802 " 
 1.5387 " 
 1.7258 " 
 1.3127 " 
 1.6489 " 
 1.0597 " 
 3.6671 galls. 
 18.0000 " 
 220.04 " 
 0.0458 qts. 
 0.8942 " 
 133.267 galls. 
 0.8302 qts. 
 0.0880 " 
 1.2455 " 
 
 2.2809 
 40.0166 
 0.0037 
 0.0296 
 0.4560 
 2.3749 
 2.3672 
 1811.19 
 1500.00 
 869.78 
 897.57 
 8C0.06 
 86(3.39 
 941.17 
 952.09 
 960.00 
 893.80 
 824.39 
 910.22 
 1763.58 
 4.6400 
 3.7853 
 4.5435 
 0.1421 
 0.11S4 
 0.1500 
 8.4000 
 7.5663 
 66.6655 
 100 000 
 245.410 
 245.410 
 238.474 
 16.8000 
 1.6-00 
 168.4000 
 O.OS1S 
 1.0000 
 1.9832 
 2.6174 
 2.6172 
 0.7079 
 1.0000 
 1.8061 
 1.9620 
 1.4914 
 1.8737 
 1.2047 
 16.6655 
 81.8033 
 1000.0000 
 0.0521 
 1.0166 
 605.65 
 1.0000 
 0.1000 
 1.4149 
 
 vFirkin 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States.... 
 
 Eoman States 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 Fluid-drachm . 
 
 " ounce 
 
 Foglietta 
 
 Frasco 
 
 
 Fuder. . . . 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 
 Bremen 
 Brunswick 
 F"ankfort 
 
 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 Hanover 
 
 
 
 Hesse -Cassel 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 Lubeck 
 
 Prussia 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 United States.... 
 
 U U 
 
 Great Britain .'.'.'.' 
 
 United States.!!. 
 Baden 
 Japan 
 Mocha 
 
 V&allon. Beer meas. 
 Winchester. 
 Imperial . . . 
 Gill.. 
 
 " Winchester. . . 
 Glas. 
 
 Gon^hau 
 
 Gudda or cuddy. . . 
 Guirbeh 
 
 Egypt 
 France, etc 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States!!!! 
 Japan 
 
 Hectolitre 
 VHogshead. Beer. . 
 
 Wine.. 
 
 Ischiomasse 
 Itchigau 
 
 Ittornass6. 
 
 u 
 
 Jungfru. .... 
 
 Norway 
 Netherlands 
 Denmark 
 
 Kan 
 
 Kande 
 
 Kanna. 
 
 Norway. 
 Sweden 
 
 
 Kanne 
 
 Austria 
 German Empire. . 
 Hamburg 
 Hanover 
 Java 
 
 
 u 
 
 i; 
 
 " . i Lubeck 
 
 
 Khoulle 
 
 Algeria 
 Great Britain 
 France, etc 
 China 
 
 kilderkin 
 
 Kilolitre 
 
 Kop 
 
 K uba or cuba 
 Legger. For arrack 
 Litre 
 
 Abyssinia 
 Java 
 
 
 Maatje... 
 Ma/ 8 . . 
 
 Netherlands 
 Austria 
 
LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 99 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 Enslis'i 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Baden 
 
 1 585 qts 
 
 1.320 qts 
 
 1.5000 
 
 " For beer 
 
 
 1 1296 " " 
 
 9408 " 
 
 1.0696 
 
 " Eichmass.... 
 
 Frankfort .... 
 
 1 S945 " 
 
 1.5779 " 
 
 1.7989 
 
 " Neuinass 
 " For wine 
 
 Hesse-CasseY. '. ! ! ! 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 1.6844 " 
 2.0969 " 
 2 1184 " 
 
 1.4029 " 
 1.7465 " 
 1.7604 " 
 
 1.5949 
 
 1.9855 
 20000 
 
 u 
 
 Wi'irtemberg 
 
 1 9412 " 
 
 1.6168 " 
 
 1.&388 
 
 Mataro For oil 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 6 1 630 galh 
 
 5 1333 galls 
 
 23 3288 
 
 Metter or raitre. . . 
 
 Tunis 
 
 26417 "' 
 
 2.2003 " 
 
 9.9996 
 
 Mezzaruola 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 34 1680 " 
 
 28.4591 " 
 
 129.8366 
 
 Mezzetta 
 Millilitre 
 
 Tuscany 
 France, etc 
 
 0.60212 qts. 
 00106 " 
 
 05015 qti. 
 
 0.00088 " 
 
 0.5701 
 0.0010 
 
 Mina 
 
 Ven Lombardy 
 
 2 641 8 galls 
 
 2 2004 galls. 
 
 10.0000 
 
 Mino-el 
 
 Bremen 
 
 9 131 qts. 
 
 1776 qts 
 
 0.2018 
 
 Mistate 
 
 Misurella. For oil 
 
 Crete 
 Naples 
 
 2.948 galls. 
 1114 qts 
 
 2.4505 galls. 
 0928 qts 
 
 11.1590 
 0.1055 
 
 Muid 
 Nossel 
 
 Switzerland 
 Brunswick 
 
 89.627 galls. 
 0.4940 qts 
 
 33.006 galls. 
 0.4115 qts. 
 
 150.0000 
 0.4678 
 
 
 Hanover 
 
 5180 " 
 
 4314 " 
 
 0.4905 
 
 H 
 
 Noosfiah or nusflah 
 
 Saxony 
 Mocha 
 
 O.C862 " 
 9997 " 
 
 0.5549 " 
 0.8351 " 
 
 0.6024 
 0.9466 
 
 Oessel 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 4768 " 
 
 3971 " 
 
 0.4515 
 
 
 Prussia 
 
 6049 " 
 
 5088 " 
 
 0.5728 
 
 Ohm. (Compare 
 afim.) 
 
 Baden 
 
 89 627 galls 
 
 33006 galls 
 
 150.0000 
 
 
 Bremen 
 Brunswick 
 
 382965 " 
 39.5202 " 
 
 81.8969 " 
 32.917 * 
 
 144.9637 
 149.5958 
 
 For beer'..!."! 
 
 Frankfort 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 87.8910 " 
 46.1333 " 
 42 2688 " 
 
 31.560 " 
 38.425 " 
 35 2064 " 
 
 143.4287 
 174.6283 
 1600000 
 
 
 Prussia 
 
 36 2928 " 
 
 30.229 " 
 
 187.3790 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 40 0806 " 
 
 83 383 " 
 
 151.717 
 
 Oka 
 Oke 
 
 Koumania 
 Crete 
 
 1.4974 qts. 
 1 3882 u 
 
 1.2472 qts. 
 1.1521 " 
 
 1.4179 
 
 1.3097 
 
 Ort 
 
 Liibeck .. 
 
 2475 " 
 
 2061 " 
 
 0.2334 
 
 Oxhoft 
 
 Bremen 
 
 57 4448 galls 
 
 47 8467 galls 
 
 227 446 
 
 M 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 59 2802 " ' 
 
 49.3755 " 
 
 224.394 
 
 II 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 572210 " 
 
 47 6603 " 
 
 216.598 
 
 i; 
 
 
 62 1593 " 
 
 51 7735 " 
 
 235 291 
 
 M 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 59 3608 " 
 
 49 4426 " 
 
 224 698 
 
 tl 
 
 Saxony. . . 
 
 60 1158 " 
 
 50 0710 " 
 
 227.554 
 
 Pakha 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 5814 qts 
 
 04843 qt& 
 
 05600 
 
 Panilla 
 
 Spain 
 
 0.1327 " 
 
 0.1105 " 
 
 0.1256 
 
 Parrah 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 6 75 galls 
 
 5.6222 gails 
 
 25.5507 
 
 Pfiff 
 
 Austria . . 
 
 1869 qts 
 
 1557 qt 
 
 01770 
 
 V Pint. Imperial 
 u Winchester.. 
 Pinta 
 
 Great Britain 
 United States 
 Sardinia. Turin.. 
 
 0.6003 4 ' 
 0.5000 " 
 1 C536 " 
 
 0.5000 " 
 0.4164 " 
 1 3773 " 
 
 0.5679 
 0.4734 
 1 5658 
 
 
 Ven Lombardy 
 
 1 0567 " 
 
 8802 " 
 
 1 0000 
 
 vPipa. For wine . . . 
 
 Madeira 
 
 110.0000 galls. 
 
 91.621 galls 
 
 416883 
 
 
 Portugal. .... 
 
 56.8035 " 
 
 47 3126 " 
 
 215.018 
 
 .Pipe 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 129 665 " 
 
 108 0000 " 
 
 490 82 
 
 
 United States 
 
 126 0000 " 
 
 104 9475 " 
 
 47695 
 
 Planke 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 0.4950 qts 
 
 0.4123 qts 
 
 04687 
 
 Poegel 
 
 Denmark 
 
 0.2552 " 
 
 2126 " 
 
 02416 
 
 Pot 
 
 
 1 0208 " 
 
 8502 " 
 
 9666 
 
 u 
 
 Switzerland... 
 
 1.585 " 
 
 1.320 * 
 
 1.5000 
 
100 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 vTuncheon 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 29.665 galls. 
 
 08.0000 galls 
 
 490.82 
 
 u 
 
 United States 
 
 84 0000 " 
 
 6& 97 " 
 
 317 965 
 
 i/^uart. Beer meas . 
 " Imperial. . . 
 / Winchester 
 Quarter . 
 
 Great Britain 
 United States 
 
 1.2251 qts. 
 1.2006 " 
 1.0000 " 
 8455 " 
 
 1.0204 qts. 
 1.0000 " 
 0.8329 " 
 2878 " 
 
 1.1600 
 1.1358 
 0.9469 
 3271 
 
 Quarterone 
 
 Roman States 
 
 5.1 904 galls. 
 
 4 3232 gall? 
 
 
 Quartier .... 
 
 Bremen 
 
 8524 qt 
 
 7099 qt 
 
 8071 
 
 
 
 
 8 4> 29 " 
 
 0855 
 
 H 
 
 llambur" 
 
 0.9536 " 
 
 7942 " 
 
 09029 
 
 " 
 
 Hanover 
 Lubeck 
 
 1:0360 " 
 9900 " 
 
 0.8629 " 
 0.8246 " 
 
 O.DSH) 
 0.9374 
 
 u 
 
 Prussia 
 
 . 1.209S " 
 51904 " 
 
 1.0077 " 
 4323 " 
 
 1.1455 
 
 04914 
 
 Quartilho 
 
 Portugal 
 
 3641 " 
 
 3032 " 
 
 03448 
 
 Quartillo 
 
 Quartino. 
 
 Chili 
 Spain 
 
 1.1624 " 
 0.5329 " 
 4134 " 
 
 O.H6S2 " 
 0.4438 " 
 3443 " 
 
 1.1007 
 0.4946 
 03914 
 
 Quarto. For oil... 
 
 Naples 
 
 0.6541 " 
 
 0.5448 " 
 
 0.6194 
 
 Quartuccio. Wine. 
 
 Roman States.... 
 Tuscany 
 
 0.1204 " 
 0.3011 " 
 
 0.1003 " 
 0.2508 " 
 
 0.1140 
 0.2851 
 
 Rubbio 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 2 4804 galls 
 
 2 0659 galls 
 
 9.38S8 
 
 Runlet 
 
 United States 
 
 IS 0000 " 
 
 14 9925 " 
 
 6S1341 
 
 Salma 
 
 Schoppen 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 22.0000 " 
 4736 qt 
 
 18.3242 " 
 3945 qt 
 
 83.27(i6 
 04484 
 
 
 German Empire . . 
 
 0.5284 " 
 
 0.4401 " 
 
 0.5000 
 
 H 
 
 Hesse-Cassel . . . 
 
 0.524-3 " 
 
 0.4366 " 
 
 0.4964 
 
 H 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 0.5284 " 
 
 0.4401 " 
 
 0.5000 
 
 H 
 
 Wiirtemberg .... 
 
 0.4S53 " 
 
 0.4042 " 
 
 0.451)5 
 
 Seer 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 1 2000 " 
 
 9995 " 
 
 1.1363 
 
 Seidel 
 
 Austria 
 
 0.3738 " 
 
 0.3113 " 
 
 0.3.->39 
 
 
 Prague 
 
 0.5044 " 
 
 0.4201 " 
 
 0.4776 
 
 Setier 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 9.9067 galls 
 
 8.2515 galls. 
 
 87.5000 
 
 Shing-tsong 
 
 China 
 
 0.55 qt. 
 
 0.4581 qt. 
 
 0.5407 
 
 Sidio 
 
 
 9324 " 
 
 7766 " 
 
 0.8S29 
 
 Soma 
 || For oil 
 
 Roman States 
 Tuscany 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 43.386 galls 
 19.271 " 
 26.418 " 
 
 36.137 galls 
 16.0511 " 
 22.004 " 
 
 164.225 
 72.9464 
 100.0000 
 
 Stajo. For oil . 
 
 Naples 
 
 2.6163 " 
 
 2.1791 " 
 
 9.9035 
 
 Stop 
 Stiibchen 
 
 Norway 
 Bremen 
 
 1.3821 qts. 
 
 3.4096 " 
 
 1.1512 qts. 
 
 2.8399 " 
 
 1.3057 
 3.2285 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 Hamburg 
 
 8.9520 " 
 3.8147 " 
 
 8.2917 " 
 3.1773 " 
 
 3.7421 
 3.6121 
 
 u 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 4.1439 " 
 
 3 4515 " 
 
 8.9328 
 
 u 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 3 9574 " 
 
 3 2962 " 
 
 3.7473 
 
 Stutz 
 
 Baden . 
 
 3.9627 galls 
 
 3.8006 galls 
 
 15.0000 
 
 Tau 
 
 
 1 125 " 
 
 987 " 
 
 4.2585 
 
 VTierce 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 43.2216 " 
 
 36.0000 " 
 
 163.606 
 
 Tonelada 
 
 United States 
 Portugal. .... 
 
 42.0000 " 
 113.607 " 
 
 3.4982 " 
 94.6252 " 
 
 158.98 
 429.998 
 
 Tonde. Of beer 
 
 Denmark 
 
 34 7072 " 
 
 28.9082 " 
 
 131.377 
 
 " "tar 
 
 
 30.624 " 
 
 25.5072 " 
 
 115.1)209 
 
 Tonne . . 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 26.676 " 
 
 22.2189 " 
 
 100.9766 
 
 it 
 
 
 45 7771 " 
 
 38.1285 * 
 
 173.279 
 
 H 
 
 Hanover .... 
 
 41.2646 " 
 
 34.3708 " 
 
 156.1609 
 
 /Tun 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 259 33 " 
 
 216.0000 " 
 
 981.641 
 
 
 United States... 
 
 252.0000 " 
 
 209.895 
 
 ( 953.805 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 101 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States* 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 
 33 1709 galls 
 
 27 6286 galls 
 
 125 562 
 
 Vakia . 
 
 Mocha 
 
 00624 qt. 
 
 0.05197 qt. 
 
 0.0591 
 
 Vat 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 26418 galls 
 
 22 004 galls 
 
 100 0000 
 
 Vedro 
 
 
 3 -'49 " 
 
 2 7061 
 
 12 2990 
 
 Viadra .. 
 
 Roumania 
 
 3.7434 
 
 3.1179 
 
 14.1699 
 
 Viertel 
 
 Austria . . 
 
 37381 
 
 3.1135 
 
 14.1498 
 
 
 
 1 9148 
 
 1 5949 
 
 72102 
 
 H 
 
 Frankfort. .*? 
 
 1.8945 
 
 1.5771 
 
 7.1712 
 
 H 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 19074 
 
 1.5887 
 
 7.2208 
 
 
 
 Hanover 
 Hesse'Cassel 
 
 2.0719 
 2.0969 
 
 1.7257 
 1.7465 
 
 7.8428 
 7.9374 
 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 21134 
 
 1.7603 
 
 8.0000 
 
 it 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 19787 
 
 1 6431 
 
 74899 
 
 Vingerhred 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 0.0106 qt. 
 
 0.0088 qt. 
 
 0.0100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 YII. DRY MEASURES. 
 
 THE value of every unit is here given in British or imperial 
 bushels or pecks, United States or " Winchester " bushels or 
 pecks, and litres. For the list of countries in which the litre is 
 recognized, see the note at the head of the Liquid-Measure table : 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Achtel 
 
 
 8726 peck 
 
 8459 peck 
 
 76868 
 
 " See massel . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " malter. 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3143 peck 
 
 3047 peck 
 
 3 6496 
 
 Adoulie 
 
 Bombay 
 
 7813 " 
 
 0.7574 " 
 
 6.8825 
 
 Almude ... 
 
 Spain 
 
 5330 " 
 
 0.5167 " 
 
 4.6592 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 1 13512 bu 
 
 1 1004 bush 
 
 899965 
 
 
 Portugal .... 
 
 1.5347 peck. 
 
 1.4878 peck. 
 
 13.5192 
 
 Amomam 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 5 7757 bush. 
 
 5.5993 bush. 
 
 20.9924 
 
 Ardeb 
 
 
 2 603 " 
 
 2 5235 " 
 
 91.7196 
 
 
 
 45^6 peck 
 
 4446 peck 
 
 40398 
 
 H 
 
 Massowah 
 
 13333 " 
 
 1.2926 " 
 
 11.7458 
 
 Artaba .. 
 
 Persia 
 
 1 8514 bush. 
 
 1.7948 bush. 
 
 05.2361 
 
 Bambou. 
 
 Bantam 
 
 3689 peck 
 
 3576 peck. 
 
 32396 
 
 
 
 2272 " 
 
 2203 " 
 
 20014 
 
 Becher 
 
 Austria 
 
 OM4 " 
 
 0.0527 " 
 
 0.4792 
 
 H 
 
 " or locher 
 v Bushel. Imperial... 
 " Winchester 
 Caffisoor cafiz 
 
 Cahiz. . '.".'. 
 
 Baden 
 Brunswick 
 Great Britain 
 United States 
 Algeria 
 Tunis 
 Spain 
 
 0.0170 " 
 0.2167 " 
 1.0315 bush. 
 1.0000 " 
 9.0072 " 
 14.0753 " 
 19 1897 " 
 
 0.0164 " 
 0.2101 " 
 1.0000 bush. 
 0.9694 u 
 8.7321 " 
 13.6454 " 
 18.6037 " 
 
 0.1500 
 1.9089 
 86.3460 
 35.2361 
 817.88 
 495.96 
 676.20 
 
 Candaca 
 
 Mysore... 
 
 11.13 " 
 
 10 79 " 
 
 392.18 
 
102 
 
 D.RY MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litre*. 
 
 Candy .... 
 
 
 25.00 bush. 
 2.9622 peck. 
 4.32811 bu. 
 5&885S w - 
 0.00135 pk. 
 00015 u 
 0.14812 " 
 1.0315 bush. 
 1.00075 P k. 
 0.03125 " 
 13.3848 bush. 
 0.9257 peck. 
 4.1260 bush. 
 2.232 " 
 1.5745 peck. 
 1.1352 " 
 0.0135 " 
 7.305 bush. 
 0.1316 peck. 
 1.1790 " 
 12. 1164 bush. 
 0.0078 peck. 
 0.1703 * 
 3.8936 bush. 
 1.5745 " 
 2.575 " 
 3.1237 " 
 1.55 " 
 1.599 " 
 7.776 " 
 1.5347 " 
 1.9374 " 
 1.4941 " 
 1.0097 peck 
 2.0786 " 
 0.9869 " 
 4.0030 bush 
 2.9513 peck 
 130.535 bush 
 103.967 " 
 0.3923 peck 
 1.4274 " 
 0.9547 " 
 0.2181 " 
 0.2467 " 
 2.8o8 bush 
 3.4069 peck 
 2.9881 " 
 3.5371 " 
 4.5615 " 
 1.9095 " 
 0.1909 " 
 4.7738 bush 
 0.2169 peck 
 
 24.2350 bush. 
 2.8716 peck. 
 4.1911 bush. 
 54.6057 " 
 0.0011 peck. 
 0.0014 " 
 0.1436 " 
 1.0000 bush. 
 0.9702 peck. 
 0.0307 " 
 12.9760 bush. 
 0.8974 pck. 
 4.0000 bush. 
 2.1541 " 
 15264 peck. 
 1.1005 " 
 0.0110 " 
 7.0S19bush. 
 
 0.1276 peck. 
 1.1480 " 
 11.7464 bush. 
 O.OOTSpeck. 
 0.1651 " 
 8.7747 bush. 
 1.5264 " 
 2.4963 " 
 8.0288 " 
 1.5026 
 1.5502 " 
 7.53S5 M 
 1.4878 bush. 
 1.8782 " 
 1.4484 " 
 0.9778 peck. 
 2.0151 " 
 0.9567 " 
 8.8807 bush. 
 2.8612 peck. 
 135.274 bush. 
 100.792 " 
 0.3803 peck. 
 1.3838 " 
 0.9256 " 
 0.2114 " 
 0.2392 " 
 2.7512 bush 
 3.3610 peck 
 2.S963 " 
 3.4291 " 
 4.4222 " 
 1.8512 " 
 0.1851 " 
 4.6280 bush 
 0.2103 peck 
 41.144 bush 
 0.2878 peck 
 2.8804 " 
 
 880.9 
 26.1292 
 152.329 
 1984.7 
 0.0100 
 0132 
 1.3048 
 36.3460 
 8.8156 
 0.2753 
 471.162 
 8.1545 
 145. 3S4 
 78.6347 
 13.8698 
 10.0000 
 0.1000 
 257.4 
 1.1593 
 10.^858 
 426.98 
 0.0687 
 1.5000 
 137.19 
 55.479 
 90.783 
 110.067 
 54.C.159 
 56.3425 
 274.0 
 54.0768 
 62.26(58 
 52.6462 
 8.8944 
 18.3104 
 8.6936 
 141.05 
 25.998 
 4916.66 
 3663.39 
 3.4558 
 12.5739 
 8.4000 
 1.9212 
 2.1732 
 100.0000 
 30.5399 
 26.3222 
 31.15S3 
 40.1822 
 16.8000 
 1.6SOO 
 168.00 
 1.9104 
 1495.42 
 2.6154 
 26.1719 
 
 Capicha 
 Carga 
 
 Persia 
 
 Crete 
 
 Naples...-.;. ..., 
 France, etc 
 
 Centilitre 
 Chattack 
 
 Chenica 
 
 Persia 
 
 Chilo 
 
 Ionian Isles 
 
 Chinik 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Cohi 
 
 Siam 
 
 Collothun....*. 
 v Coomb 
 
 Persia 
 Great Britain 
 Bologna 
 
 
 Cuartilla 
 
 Central America. . 
 France, etc 
 
 Decalitre 
 
 Decilitre 
 
 
 Djezla 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 Hanover 
 Lubeck 
 
 DritteL 
 
 Dr" nit 
 
 Ecklein 
 
 Einine .... 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 Switzerland 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Central America. . 
 Chili 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuba 
 Mexico 
 
 Fanera 
 
 Spain 
 Uruguay 
 Lisbon 
 
 
 Oporto 
 Hamburg 
 
 Fasa 
 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Fjerding 
 
 
 Fjerdingk'ar 
 Fortin 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 
 Madras 
 
 
 Pondicherry 
 JJussia 
 
 Gametz . 
 
 Gombetta 
 Gonghau 
 Grosses massel 
 Halvotting 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Austria.. 
 
 Denmark 
 France, etc 
 Brunswick 
 Hamburg 
 Hanover 
 
 Hectolitre .... 
 
 Himt 
 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 Japan 
 
 Ischiomasse 
 
 Ittomasse 
 Kaddah 
 
 u 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Kahoou 
 
 
 42.44 bush 
 0.2969 peck 
 2.9712 " 
 
 Kanna . . . 
 
 Norway 
 
 u 
 
 Sweden. . . 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 103 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Kel6 
 
 
 0.8685 peck 
 
 0.8419 peck. 
 
 7 6506 
 
 Kella. See mecmeda 
 
 Mocha 
 
 
 
 
 Kerat 
 Kharroubah 
 
 Egypt 
 
 0.0068 " 
 0.018(5 " 
 
 0.0066 " 
 0.0132 " 
 
 0.05'.)9 
 1198 
 
 Khoonke 
 
 Bengal 
 
 O.OC73 " 
 
 0.0071 " 
 
 0643 
 
 Kilo 
 
 Ron mania . 
 
 12345 bush 
 
 11 968 bush 
 
 434 98 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1 00075 " 
 
 9702 " 
 
 35 2624 
 
 Kilolitre, or stere.. 
 Kleines massel 
 
 France, etc 
 Austria. . . ... 
 
 28.33 " 
 1090 peck 
 
 27.5121 " 
 01 057 peck 
 
 1000.00 
 9602 
 
 Koolah 
 Kop 
 
 Sumatra 
 China 
 
 0.4692 " 
 O.OOS7 " 
 
 0.4548 " 
 0.0084 " 
 
 4.1332 
 O.OT66 
 
 
 Netherlands... . 
 
 1135 " 
 
 0.1105 " 
 
 1 00 
 
 Koyang 
 
 Bantam 
 Batavia 
 
 147.506 bush. 
 62.432 " 
 
 14=3.059 bush. 
 60.5->5 " 
 
 5199.64 
 2199 85 
 
 u 
 
 The Moluccas . . . 
 
 55 3371 " 
 
 53647 " 
 
 1949 86 
 
 Kumpf 
 
 Hesse-Darinstadt 
 
 9082 peck 
 
 0.8S04 peck 
 
 8 00 
 
 Last... 
 
 Bremen 
 
 84.0779 bush. 
 
 81.5103 bush. 
 
 2962.57 
 
 i/ ........ .... 
 
 Great Britain . . . 
 
 82 5200 " 
 
 80.0000 " 
 
 2907 . 68 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 89 6433 " 
 
 86 9057 " 
 
 315S 63 
 
 it 
 
 
 84 881)4 " 
 
 8'' 2970 " 
 
 2991 17 
 
 K 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 9(i 9312 u 
 
 93 9710 " 
 
 34i5 46 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 85 14 " 
 
 82 54 " 
 
 3000 00 
 
 Lastre 
 
 Prussia 
 
 112.2917 u 
 58 4040 u 
 
 108.S624 " 
 56 6 -) 04 " 
 
 8956.72 
 2057 92 
 
 Litre 
 
 France, etc 
 
 01 135 peck 
 
 Oil 05 peck 
 
 1.0000 
 
 Maatje 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 00113 " 
 
 00110 u 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 0459 " 
 
 00445 w 
 
 4043 
 
 M;'isohen .. . .. 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 0509 " 
 
 0.0493 " 
 
 0.4484 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 2876 u 
 
 2788 " 
 
 2 53:35 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 0567 " 
 
 00550 " 
 
 5000 
 
 u 
 
 
 0975 " 
 
 0.0945 u 
 
 8589 
 
 u 
 
 Saxony .... 
 
 1 5 ^ " 
 
 1786 " 
 
 1 62:35 
 
 Masslein 
 
 Baden . . 
 
 1703 " 
 
 1651 " 
 
 1 5000 
 
 
 
 2632 " 
 
 2551 M 
 
 2 3185 
 
 U 
 
 Wurtemberg . 
 
 1572 " 
 
 0.1524 " 
 
 1 8848 
 
 Malouah 
 
 Egypt. . 
 
 4337 " 
 
 4204 " 
 
 3.8205 
 
 Maker 
 
 Baden 
 
 4.2570 bush 
 
 4.1208 bush. 
 
 150.0000 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 3 25026 " 
 
 3.1568 " 
 
 114.7878 
 
 K 
 
 Hanover 
 
 530559 " 
 
 5 1434 " 
 
 186.948 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 8 63 -? 6 " 
 
 8 5216 " 
 
 128 000 
 
 H 
 
 Prussia 
 
 18.7164 " 
 
 18.1448 " 
 
 659.492 
 
 Maquia 
 
 Saxony 
 Portugal 
 
 35.3S20 u 
 
 0959 peck 
 
 84.3050 " 
 0929 peck 
 
 1246.7 
 844S 
 
 Marcal 
 
 
 1 35936 " 
 
 1 8178 " 
 
 11 9749 
 
 
 Masulipatan 
 
 1.612 " 
 
 1.5628 M 
 
 14.2001 
 
 Massel or achtel . . . 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 5264 " 
 
 05108 " 
 
 4 6371 
 
 
 Prague . . . 
 
 6640 u 
 
 6437 " 
 
 5 8492 
 
 Medinno 
 Medio 
 
 Cyprus 
 Spain 
 
 2.1312 bush. 
 0.2664 peck 
 
 2.0661 bush. 
 0.2534 peck. 
 
 7&.0951 
 2.346? 
 
 Mctze 
 
 Austria 
 
 1 7451 bush 
 
 1 691 8 bush 
 
 61 4904 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 4 2067 peck 
 
 4 0782 peck 
 
 37 0568 
 
 i 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 1.6281 " 
 
 1.5784 " 
 
 14 3419 
 
 M 
 
 Hesse-Cassel .... 
 
 1.1500 " 
 
 1 1149 " 
 
 10 1304 
 
 I 
 
 Hungary 
 
 1 7735 bush 
 
 1 7 193 bush 
 
 62 4912 
 
 U 
 
 Prussia 
 
 3899 peck 
 
 3779 peck 
 
 8 4346 
 
 It 
 
 Saxony.... 
 
 0.7371 " 
 
 07146 " 
 
 6 4931 
 
 Mina 
 
 Parma. . . 
 
 0.6670 bush. 
 
 0.6466 bush. 
 
 23.5025 
 
104 
 
 DRY MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Mina, 
 
 Sardinia 
 Turin 
 
 8.4257 bush. 
 6527 u 
 
 3.3211 bush. 
 323 " 
 
 120.708 
 22 99 W 6 
 
 it 
 
 
 1 65' (0 peck 
 
 1 6083 peck 
 
 14 6141 
 
 u 
 
 Yen. Lombardy 
 
 1 1852 " 
 
 l'l<)05 " * 
 
 10 0000 
 
 Minot. Old measure 
 
 Lower Canada. . . . 
 
 1.1111 bush. 
 2607 peck 
 
 1.0772 bush. 
 527 peck 
 
 39.1508 
 
 OClfiK 
 
 Moggio .... 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 16 5904 bush 
 
 16 OS37 bush 
 
 584 F >8 
 
 Moio 
 
 
 28 (1202 " 
 
 22 317'? " 
 
 811 141 
 
 Mudde 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 2 888 " 
 
 2 7512 " 
 
 100 000 
 
 Mudi 
 Muhd 
 
 Mangalore 
 
 1.3019 " 
 5 1840 " 
 
 1.2C-21 " 
 5 0'-*57 " 
 
 45.874 
 182 663 
 
 Miiller-massel 
 
 Austria 
 
 0.4362 peck. 
 
 (1.4229 peck 
 
 3 8425 
 
 Muth 
 
 
 52 8536 bush 
 
 50 7548 bu~h 
 
 1844 73 
 
 Ochavillo 
 
 Spain 
 
 OOS4 peck 
 
 0081 peck 
 
 0740 
 
 Olluck 
 
 Madras 
 
 00217 " 
 
 0210 " ' 
 
 1^1^ 
 
 Orbah. . . 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 7613 " 
 
 0*7831 u 
 
 6 7063 
 
 Ort 
 
 Norway 
 
 0093 " 
 
 0090 " 
 
 ()8i9 
 
 Osmina. 
 
 Eussia 
 
 2 9784 bush 
 
 2 8874 bush 
 
 104 95 
 
 Ottingkar 
 
 Denmark 
 
 9869 peck 
 
 9567 pock 
 
 8 6986 
 
 Ouebeh. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 1 4020 " 
 
 1 859^ *' ' 
 
 12 3502 
 
 " or ueba .... 
 
 TriS>u". 
 
 3 0452 bush 
 
 2 9522 bush 
 
 107 30 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1918 peck 
 
 1859 peck 
 
 1 6896 
 
 Pajak 
 
 Eussia 
 
 1 4892 bush 
 
 1 4437 bush 
 
 59 4735 
 
 Pallie 
 
 Bengal 
 
 4676 peck 
 
 4533 peck 
 
 4 1191 
 
 Parah 
 
 Bombay 
 
 3.125 bush. 
 
 3.0295 bush 
 
 110 113 
 
 " or chunam 
 ^Peck. Imperial 
 " Winchester. 
 Puddy 
 
 Madras 
 Great Britain 
 United States 
 Madras . 
 
 1.7442 " 
 1.0315 peck. 
 1.0000 " 
 1744 u 
 
 1.6909 " 
 1.0000 peck. 
 0.9694 
 1691 " 
 
 51.4515 
 9.0865 
 8.8090 
 1 5863 
 
 Quarta 
 
 Eome 
 
 2 0887 bush 
 
 2 0249 buh 
 
 78 5976 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Great Britain 
 Norway 
 
 8.2520 " 
 0389 peck 
 
 8.0000 li 
 0377 peck 
 
 290.8 
 3427 
 
 Quarterolo 
 
 Parma . . . 
 
 0.3335 " 
 
 3233 " ' 
 
 2 9878 
 
 Quarterone 
 
 Bologna 
 
 1 1160 " 
 
 1 081 9 " 
 
 9 8308 
 
 Quarticino 
 
 
 0.2790 " 
 
 0.2704 " 
 
 2 4577 
 
 Quartillo 
 
 Spain 
 
 0.1332 " 
 
 1291 " 
 
 1 1734 
 
 Quarto 
 
 Genoa 
 
 1 7129 " 
 
 1 6606 " 
 
 15 0889 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 0.3836 " 
 
 0.3719 " 
 
 3 3791 
 
 Quartuccio 
 vQuateron 
 
 Eome 
 
 Switzerland . 
 
 0.3798 " 
 1.7028 " 
 
 0.3682 " 
 1.6504 " 
 
 3.3457 
 15 0000 
 
 Eacion 
 Raik 
 
 Eoubouh or rob 
 
 Spain 
 Bengal 
 Egypt 
 
 0.0333 " 
 0.1169 " 
 0.4339 " 
 
 0.0323 " 
 0.1133 " 
 4206 " 
 
 0.2933 
 1.0298 
 3 8222 
 
 Eubbio 
 
 Ancona 
 
 7974 bush 
 
 7 7305 " 
 
 280 972 
 
 Baa 
 
 Eome 
 
 8.355 " 
 1 36^1 " 
 
 8.0998 " 
 1 3205 " 
 
 294.397 
 47 9950 
 
 Bacoo 
 
 Modena 
 
 3 9956 " 
 
 3 8736 " 
 
 140 789 
 
 
 Turin. 
 
 3.2635 " 
 
 3 1638 bush 
 
 114 992 
 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 2.0738 " 
 
 2 0104 " 
 
 78 0725 
 
 Salma . 
 
 Malta 
 
 8 224 " 
 
 7 9728 " 
 
 289*781 
 
 " generate 
 
 Sicily.. 
 
 7.8 " 
 
 75618 " 
 
 274 841 
 
 " grosso 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 9 6946 " 
 
 353 26 
 
 Sat 
 
 Scheepston 
 
 Siam 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 0.3346 peck. 
 28 38 bush 
 
 0.3244 peck. 
 27 5121 bush 
 
 2.9475 
 1000 00 
 
 Bcheffel 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 631002 " 
 
 61173 u 
 
 2 9 2 34 
 
 
 
 210195 " 
 
 2 037T ' 
 
 74 0645 
 
 u 
 
 Brunswick... 
 
 8.6G72 " 
 
 8.4025 " 
 
 305.398 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 105 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Bcheffel 
 
 German Empire.. 
 
 1.4190 bush. 
 
 1.3756 bush. 
 
 50.0000 
 
 
 Hamburg . 
 
 2.9881 " 
 
 2.8968 " 
 
 105.2898 
 
 < 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 23 " 
 
 2.2297 " 
 
 81.25 
 
 " for wheat . . 
 
 Liibeck..; 
 
 1.009T " 
 
 0.9788 " 
 
 85.5778 
 
 " " oats .... 
 
 
 1.1213 " 
 
 1.0871 " 
 
 39.5102 
 
 
 Prussia . . . 
 
 1.5597 " 
 
 1.5121 " 
 
 54.9577 
 
 u 
 
 
 2 9485 " 
 
 28584 " 
 
 103.8985 
 
 N 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 
 5.0292 " 
 
 4.8756 " 
 
 117.2098 
 
 Schepel 
 
 Netherlands. 
 
 1.1352 peck. 
 
 1.1 005 peck. 
 
 10.00 
 
 Schrott 
 Scorzo 
 Sechter 
 
 Frankfort 
 Rome 
 Frankfort 
 
 0.0127 " 
 1.5191 " 
 8140 " 
 
 0.0123 " 
 1.4727 " 
 0.7891 " 
 
 0.1119 
 
 13.3817 
 7.1705 
 
 Sei 
 
 China 
 
 3 471 6 bush. 
 
 8 3656 bush. 
 
 122.3256 
 
 Seidel 
 
 Prague 
 
 0.^554 peck. 
 
 0.0537 peck. 
 
 0.4880 
 
 Sester 
 
 Baden . . 
 
 1.7028 " 
 
 1.6504 " 
 
 15.0000 
 
 Sesti 
 
 Siam 
 
 1.3385 " 
 
 1 2975 M 
 
 11.7908 
 
 Sextario 
 
 Persia 
 
 0370 " 
 
 0358 " 
 
 03259 
 
 Shye 
 
 An jar 
 
 8.5297 " 
 
 8.4219 " 
 
 31.0931 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 8 2563 M 
 
 3 1568 " 
 
 2* (>S47 
 
 It 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 3.6326 " 
 
 8.5216 " 
 
 32.0000 
 
 Simri 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 2.5146 " 
 
 2.4378 " 
 
 22.1511 
 
 Skoeppe 
 
 Denmark 
 
 1 9738 " 
 
 1 9135 " 
 
 17.3872 
 
 Soallee 
 Soma 
 Span 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 Norway . 
 
 2.3378 bush. 
 2.8380 " 
 2 0786 " 
 
 2.2664 bush. 
 2.7512 " 
 2 0151 " 
 
 82.3749 
 100.0000 
 73.2419 
 
 Spint 
 
 
 5255 perk. 
 
 5094 peck. 
 
 4.6291 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 7470 " 
 
 0.7242 " 
 
 6.5808 
 
 Stajo 
 
 Bologna . . 
 
 1 11 58 bush. 
 
 1.081 7 bush. 
 
 89.3164 
 
 
 Modena 
 
 1 9978 " 
 
 1 9368 " 
 
 70.3946 
 
 it 
 
 Parma 
 
 1.3337 " 
 
 1.2929 " 
 
 46.9944 
 
 u 
 
 Turin 
 
 1 0878 " 
 
 1 0546 " 
 
 88.8298 
 
 u 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 6915 " 
 
 6704 " 
 
 24.3658 
 
 Starello 
 
 Rome 
 
 2.0888 peck 
 
 2.0250 peck. 
 
 18.4002 
 
 Stop 
 
 Norway 
 
 1556 " 
 
 0.1508 ' 
 
 1.3707 
 
 Strich 
 
 Prague 
 
 2 65618 bu 
 
 2 5751 bush. 
 
 9'U>905 
 
 Tarrie 
 
 
 2 2 51 8 peck 
 
 2 1830 peck 
 
 19.8-S71 
 
 Tau 
 
 China 
 
 o's708 " 
 
 0.8442 " 
 
 7.6709 
 
 Tchetverik 
 
 Eussia 
 
 2 9784 " 
 
 2 8874 " 
 
 26.2367 
 
 Tchetverka 
 
 
 7446 " 
 
 0.7219 " 
 
 6.5592 
 
 Tchetviert 
 
 H 
 
 5 9521 bush 
 
 5.7703 " 
 
 209.728 
 
 Teman 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 3 0452 peck 
 
 2 9528 " 
 
 26.8252 
 
 Tonde 
 
 
 8 9477 bush 
 
 8 8271 bush 
 
 139.098 
 
 Tomolo 
 
 Naples 
 
 1 5646 " 
 
 1 5168 " 
 
 55.1308 
 
 Tonelada 
 
 Argentine Confed 
 
 29 20 9 " 
 
 28 3102 " 
 
 1029.3 
 
 Tonne 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 4 0388 " 
 
 8 9154 " 
 
 142-312 
 
 Tunna 
 TTeba or hueba 
 
 Norway 
 Tripoli 
 
 4. ,572 M 
 30452 " 
 
 4.0302 " 
 2 9522 " 
 
 146.488 
 107.801 
 
 Yierfass 
 
 Hanover 
 
 8644 peck 
 
 8574 peck 
 
 7.7907 
 
 Viertel 
 
 
 1 7451 " 
 
 1 6918 " 
 
 15.3724 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 2.1083 " 
 
 2.0391 " 
 
 18.5280 
 
 M 
 
 Bremen 
 
 2 1019 " 
 
 2 0377 " 
 
 18.5156 
 
 H 
 
 
 2 6562 " 
 
 2 5751 " 
 
 23.8985 
 
 u 
 
 
 1 5597 " 
 
 1 5121 " 
 
 13 7394 
 
 U 
 
 Saxony 
 
 2.9485 " 
 
 2 8584 " 
 
 25.9733 
 
 It 
 
 W urtemberg 
 
 6284 " 
 
 6092 " 
 
 5.5356 
 
 Viertlein 
 
 
 0019 " 
 
 0018 " 
 
 0167 
 
 Wey... 
 
 Great Britain... 
 
 41.260 bush 
 
 40.0000 bush 
 
 1458.84 
 
106 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 En^liBh 
 
 Measure. 
 
 Litre*. 
 
 Wispel 
 
 Brunswick 
 Hamburg 
 
 34.6638 bush. 
 29.8811 " 
 
 33.6101 bush. 
 28.9686 " 
 
 1221.59 
 
 1052 89 
 
 u 
 
 Hanover 
 
 42.4447 " 
 
 41.14S5 " 
 
 1495.59 
 
 M 
 
 Prussia 
 
 '28.0746 " 
 
 27.2172 " 
 
 989.^2 
 
 u 
 
 
 70.7640 " 
 
 68 4328 " 
 
 2493.45 
 
 Zuber 
 
 
 42.5700 " 
 
 41.2632 " 
 
 1500.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VIII. WEIGHTS. 
 
 IN this table the value of every weight is given in English 
 or American avoirdupois, and in metric grammes. Each value in 
 grammes may be converted into pfunds of the German Zollverein 
 by dividing by 500. The gramme and its derivatives are legal 
 standards in the Argentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, 
 Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mex- 
 ico, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States. After Janu- 
 ary 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal system in Austria. 
 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Accino 
 
 
 Naples 
 
 69 grain. 
 
 0447 
 
 Adarme 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 27.73 
 Q-> 04 ' 
 
 1.8001 
 4 0202 
 
 Akey . 
 
 
 
 20 03 ' 
 
 1 2979 
 
 Anna 
 
 
 Bengal 
 
 14 04 ' 
 
 9098 
 
 Arratel . 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 1 0119 Ibs. 
 
 459 00 
 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1 0119 ' 
 
 459 00 
 
 Arroba 
 
 * 
 
 
 25 3175 ' 
 
 11441 3 
 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 32 3792 
 
 14687 4 
 
 ti 
 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 25 3536 
 
 11500 4 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 26 0750 
 
 118^7 7 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 25.3645 
 32 3795 
 
 . 11505.4 
 14687 4 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 25.4024 
 
 25 3595 " 
 
 11522.6 
 11503 1 
 
 As 
 
 
 
 74 grain 
 
 0479 
 
 Ass 
 
 
 Baden 
 
 77 " 
 
 0500 
 
 Bahar. 
 
 See also candy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amboyna . . 
 
 597 607 ib's 
 
 271076 
 
 " 
 
 At Bet-el-faki 
 " Jidda 
 
 Arabia 
 
 815.625 " 
 183 OOS t' 
 
 369970. 
 
 87013 
 
 u 
 
 " Mocha 
 
 it 
 
 450 000 " 
 
 204121 
 
 M 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 Bantam 
 
 396 000 " 
 
 179627. 
 
 It 
 
 For pepper. . . 
 
 
 406.780 
 
 184517. 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 107 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Bahar 
 
 Batavia 
 
 610.170 Ibs. 
 
 276775 
 
 
 
 
 
 Batman . 
 
 Shiraz 
 
 12.6816 " 
 
 5750 3 
 
 
 Syria 
 
 17.0022 " 
 
 7712 2 
 
 u 
 
 Tauris. 
 
 6.3408 " 
 
 2876.2 
 
 u 
 
 Turkostan 
 
 276.41 " 
 
 125380 
 
 Bazla. 
 
 
 84.226 " 
 
 155'->5 
 
 Bends 
 
 
 2 2689 oz 
 
 64 3288 
 
 Benda-offa 
 
 u 
 
 1.1344 " 
 
 32 1605 
 
 Berkovetz or berkowitz .... 
 Binh 
 
 Russia 
 
 360.6764 Ibs. 
 68.8760 u 
 
 163603 
 31242 
 
 Buncal 
 
 Singapore 
 
 1.9017 oz. 
 
 53.9136 
 
 Caban. Of rice 
 ' " cocoa. . . 
 
 Philippine Isles.. 
 
 133.000 Ibs. 
 83.500 " 
 
 60329. 
 37876. 
 
 Can 
 
 Annam 
 
 1.3775 " 
 
 624.888 
 
 Canilil 
 Candy 
 
 Sumatra 
 Ahmednuggur.. . 
 
 423.5 . " 
 1577.140 " 
 
 192101. 
 715895. 
 
 
 Birinah 
 
 5UO.OOO " 
 
 226801 . 
 
 
 
 560 000 " 
 
 254018. 
 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 500 000 " 
 
 2''6801 . 
 
 
 Goa. 
 
 495.000 " 
 
 224538. 
 
 
 
 Madras 
 
 500.000 " 
 
 226801 . 
 
 
 Malabar 
 
 695.500 " 
 
 315481 . 
 
 
 Malacca 
 Muscat 
 Mysore 
 
 405.000 
 525.000 
 4S5.500 " 
 
 183709. 
 238142. 
 220^24. 
 
 
 'Pondicherry. 
 
 588.040 " 
 
 266737. 
 
 
 Surat 
 
 340.160 " 
 
 154298. 
 
 See also bahar 
 
 
 
 
 Cantaro 
 
 Crete 
 
 116.570 " 
 
 52886. 
 
 
 
 524 190 " 
 
 237774. 
 
 
 Egypt _ 
 
 98.190 " 
 
 44539. 
 
 Old weight 
 
 Greece 
 
 112.000 " 
 
 50804. 
 
 " " 
 
 Ionian Isles 
 Malta 
 
 118.SUO " 
 175 000 " 
 
 53S38. 
 793al 
 
 Commercial 
 
 Morocco 
 
 119. UOO " 
 
 53979. 
 
 
 
 Roumania 
 Tripoli 
 
 123.992 " 
 109 714 " 
 
 56243. 
 
 49707 
 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 111.750 " 
 
 50690. 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 124.082 " 
 
 5656 
 
 Carato 
 
 Bologna 
 
 2.91 grains. 
 
 0.1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ca y See also kan . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Batavia 
 
 1.8563 Ibs 
 
 615 2-*2 
 
 
 
 1 1111 " 
 
 503 993 
 
 Commercial 
 
 Malacca. 
 
 1.3500 " 
 
 612.364 
 
 For gold and silver. 
 
 Siam 
 
 2.0491 " 
 2.6670 " 
 
 929.478 
 1209.759 
 
 
 
 2.1180 " 
 
 960.723 
 
 
 Ternate 
 
 1 3017 " 
 
 590 455 
 
 Centass 
 
 Baden 
 
 77 161 grains 
 
 5 0000 
 
 Centigramme 
 
 France, etc.. 
 
 0.154 " 
 
 0100 
 
 Centinajo or talento .... .... 
 
 Ionian Isles 
 
 100.000 Ibs. 
 220 460 " 
 
 46360.8 
 100000 
 
 Centner 
 
 Austria 
 
 123.4615 " 
 
 51)002. 
 
 u 
 
 Baden 
 
 110 230 " 
 
 50000 
 
 u 
 
 Bremen . . 
 
 127.4909 " 
 
 57S30. 
 
108 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gramme h 
 
 Centner 
 
 Denmark. . . 
 
 110 230 Ibs. 
 
 50000 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 110. '280 " 
 
 50000. 
 
 u 
 
 Prague 
 
 130.080 " 
 
 61726 
 
 u 
 
 Prussia 
 
 110 230 " 
 
 50000 
 
 u 
 
 Saxony 
 Sweden. . . . 
 
 113.366 
 93 379 " 
 
 51423. 
 
 42357 
 
 Chat tack. Bazaar 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 2.0531 oz. 
 
 58.2059 
 
 " Factory . 
 
 
 1 8(564 " 
 
 52 ill 28 
 
 Chequi 
 
 Turkey 
 
 11 3348 " 
 
 321 3433 
 
 Coffala 
 
 Mocha 
 
 48.0 grains. 
 
 3.1104 
 
 Copaug 
 
 Borneo... 
 
 9 60 u 
 
 0.6220 
 
 Danik 
 
 Mocha 
 
 7.86 " 
 
 0.5933 
 
 Darhem. See dirhem ... 
 
 
 
 
 Decagramme 
 
 France etc. . 
 
 154 32 " 
 
 10 0000 
 
 Decigramme. (In Germa- 
 ny, dezigramme) 
 Dekass, or pfennig 
 
 Baden '.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 1.5432 " 
 7.766 " 
 
 0.1000 
 
 0.5000 
 
 Denaro 
 
 Genoa 
 
 17.02 " 
 
 1.1029 
 
 
 Parma 
 
 17.49 " 
 
 1 1333 
 
 44 
 
 
 18 17 " 
 
 1 1774 
 
 44 
 
 Turin 
 
 19 77 " 
 
 1.2311 
 
 u 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 18 19 " 
 
 1 1787 
 
 44 
 
 Ven. Lombardy. . 
 
 15.432 " 
 
 1.0000 
 
 Deuke . . . 
 
 Turkey . . 
 
 12.397 " 
 
 O.S038 
 
 Dhan. For precious metals. 
 Dirhern, darhlin, or drachm. 
 
 Bengal 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 0.56 
 40.00 " 
 
 0.0363 
 2.5920 
 
 u 44 a u 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Persia. Shiraz. . . 
 Tripoli 
 
 47.73 " 
 295.90 " 
 48.00 " 
 
 3.0929 
 19.1744 
 3 1104 
 
 44 44 (4 (4 
 
 Turkey 
 
 49 59 " 
 
 3 2133 
 
 Doli 
 
 
 0.685 " 
 
 0.0444 
 
 Dong 
 
 Annam 
 
 60 27 " 
 
 3 9055 
 
 Drachm. Apothecaries 1 
 Drachma. . .. 
 
 England and IT. S. 
 Greece 
 
 60.00 " 
 15.432 " 
 
 8.8880 
 1 0000 
 
 Drachme 
 
 Kussia 
 Servia '.... 
 Austria 
 
 57.60 " 
 49.33 " 
 67.70 " 
 
 3.7325 
 3.1966 
 4.3869 
 
 
 Denmark . . 
 
 57 53 " 
 
 3 7279 
 
 14 
 
 Germany 
 
 57.53 " 
 
 3.7279 
 
 Dracma. See ochava 
 Dramma 
 
 Spain 
 Naples 
 
 55.57 " 
 41.25 u 
 
 3.0MJ9 
 2.<,730 
 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 54.59 " 
 
 3.5374 
 
 E^eba 
 
 Guiiiea 
 
 330 S3 " 
 
 21 4412 
 
 Ferlino 
 
 Bologna 
 
 29.11 " 
 
 l.J-863 
 
 
 Modena. 
 
 25.68 " 
 
 1.0641 
 
 Frachtspfund 
 
 Bremen 
 
 329.718 Ibs. 
 
 149560. 
 
 Frauzella . , 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 85 2S22 " 
 
 16004.0 
 
 Frazil 
 
 
 30 0000 " 
 
 13608.1 
 
 Funte 
 
 Kussia 
 
 0.9028 " 
 
 409.510 
 
 
 
 7899 " 
 
 858.298 
 
 Gantang 
 
 Java 
 
 13.5031 " 
 
 6152.2 
 
 Grain 
 
 England and IT. S 
 
 1 . 0000 grain. 
 
 0.0643 
 
 Gramme. 
 
 
 15 432 " 
 
 1.0000 
 
 Gran, Apothecaries' 
 
 Austria 
 Denmark 
 
 1.18 " 
 0.96 " 
 
 0.0732 
 0.0622 
 
 41 44 
 
 Germany 
 
 0.96 " 
 
 0.0022 
 
 U 
 
 Norway.... 
 
 0.95 
 
 0.0615 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 109 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Gran 
 
 Russia 
 
 96 grain 
 
 0622 
 
 
 Saxony . ... 
 
 94 
 
 0(509 
 
 Grano 
 
 Bologna 
 
 72 
 
 0466 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 0460 
 
 
 Parma 
 
 0.73 
 
 0473 
 
 
 Rome 
 
 76 
 
 0492 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 77 
 
 0500 
 
 
 Turin 
 
 82 
 
 0581 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 0492 
 
 H 
 
 Ven Lombardy 
 
 1.54 
 
 1000 
 
 Granotino 
 
 Turin 
 
 03 
 
 0019 
 
 Grao 
 
 Portugal 
 
 0.77 
 
 0500 
 
 Grosso 
 
 Ven. Lombardy 
 
 154 82 
 
 10 0000 
 
 Harsela. For silk 
 Hectogramme . . . 
 
 Egypt 
 France, etc 
 
 2.7275 Ibs. 
 3.5273 oz 
 
 1237.2 
 
 100 0000 
 
 Heller 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 7 04 grain 
 
 4562 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 
 4933 
 
 ^lundred- weight 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 112 000 Ibs 
 
 50703 
 
 
 United States 
 
 100.000 * 
 
 45360 
 
 Kamha 
 
 Egypt . . 
 
 49 grains 
 
 031 T 
 
 Kan or catty 
 
 China. 
 
 1 3334 Ibs 
 
 604 83 
 
 Kantar. See cantaro 
 
 
 
 
 Karat 
 
 Turkey 
 
 3 09 grains 
 
 2002 
 
 Karch 
 
 Austria 
 
 493 85 Ibs 
 
 224009 
 
 Karob 
 
 Algeria 
 
 3 00 grains 
 
 1944 
 
 Kerat 
 Kharrouba .... 
 
 Egypt 
 Tripoli 
 
 1.99 ' " ' 
 3 00 " 
 
 0.1239 
 11)44 
 
 Kiloramm0 , 
 
 France etc. 
 
 2 2046 Ibs 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 40 678 " 
 
 18 451 
 
 Korrel 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 1.54 grains 
 
 1000 
 
 Kotscha 
 
 Muscat 
 
 5.8333 oz 
 
 165 3762 
 
 Lachsa 
 
 Sooloo Archipela- 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 6667 Ibs 
 
 30236 
 
 Lana 
 
 Russia .... 
 
 1.2037 oz 
 
 84 1251 
 
 Last 
 
 Austria 
 
 4938 46 Ibs 
 
 2250085 
 
 
 Sweden 
 
 9337.9 " 
 
 4245671. 
 
 Libbra 
 
 Ancona 
 
 0.7277 
 
 850 58 
 
 
 Bologna 
 
 0.7984 
 
 862 15 
 
 " Sottile 
 
 Genoa 
 
 7002 
 
 8.17 61 
 
 41 Grosso.... 
 
 
 0.7691 
 
 848 85 
 
 Sottile 
 
 Ionian Isles .... 
 
 8229 
 
 873 27 
 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 453.603 
 
 or rottolo 
 
 Malta :. 
 
 1.7500 
 
 794 005 
 
 
 Modena 
 
 0.7044 
 
 819 52 
 
 
 Naples. 
 
 7072 
 
 320 79 ' 
 
 
 Parma 
 
 7197 
 
 826 46 
 
 
 Rome 
 
 7477 
 
 889 16 
 
 
 
 Sicily 
 Turin 
 
 0.7072 
 0.8133 
 
 320.79 
 868 91 
 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 7486 
 
 839 56 
 
 Metrica... 
 li 'a 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 2.2046 
 1 0127 
 
 1000.00 
 450 36 
 
 
 Balearic Isles . . 
 
 8820 
 
 400 07 
 
 
 Canary Isles 
 
 1 0148 
 
 460 31 
 
 
 
 1 0430 
 
 473 10 
 
 
 Chili 
 
 1.0480 
 
 473 10 
 
 
 Madeira.... 
 
 1.0110 
 
 458.50 
 
 10 
 
110 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 460.04 
 460.09 
 344.24 
 345.42 
 460.90 
 460.09 
 6979.4 
 6544.7 
 67S0.5 
 8503.0 
 
 Libra 
 
 Mexico 
 
 1.0142 Ibs. 
 1.0143 
 0.7539 " 
 0.7615 " 
 1.0161 
 1.0143 " 
 15.3868 " 
 14.4284 " 
 14.9481 " 
 18.7457 " 
 
 u 
 
 Peru 
 
 " Apothecaries' 
 
 Portugal 
 Spain 
 
 H 
 
 Uruguay .... 
 
 Uflspfund 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 H 
 
 Hamburg. . . 
 
 Lispund 
 
 Norway 
 
 Liter. See rotl 
 Litra 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Eoumania 
 
 11.2720 oz. 
 11.2720 " 
 1.0792 Ibs. 
 1.1023 
 0.8267 " 
 225.27 grains. 
 205.00 
 20:3.14 
 154.32 
 270.06 " 
 270.06 " 
 241.12 " 
 240.42 " 
 225.44 
 243.39 
 233.60 " 
 236.10 
 233.52 " 
 241.12 " 
 233.79 
 257.19 " 
 197.49 
 241.12 " 
 O.CO " 
 28.50 
 38.33 
 60.42 " 
 52.00 " 
 58.33 " 
 13.6601 Ibs. 
 27.3202 
 2.13 grains 
 3.0071 Ibs 
 6.00 grains 
 8.1015 oz. 
 8.0949 
 8.0754 
 8.1288 
 8.2902 
 9.8768 
 8.7925 
 8.2448 
 8.2491 
 8.2384 
 8.9126 
 8.5481 
 
 319.5634 
 319.5634 
 439.5251 
 500.0000 
 375.0000 
 14.6041 
 13.2841 
 18.1636 
 10.0000 
 17.5000 
 17.5000 
 15.6250 
 15.5806 
 14.60S6 
 15.7718 
 15.1374 
 15.2994' 
 15.1322 
 15.6250 
 15.1497 
 16.6666 
 12.7974 
 15.6250 
 0.0389 
 1.S468 
 2,4870 
 8.9152 
 3.3096 
 3.7798 
 6196.2 
 12392.4 
 0.18SO 
 1364.02 
 0.8S88 
 229. 6S 
 229.49 
 245.85 
 230.45 
 235.03 
 280.01 
 249.27 
 233.74 
 233.86 
 233.56 
 252.67 
 242.20 
 
 
 Servia 
 
 Livre 
 
 Martinique 
 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Lod. For gold and silver. . 
 
 Norway 
 
 " For gold and silver. . 
 Lood 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 Austria 
 Bavaria 
 
 Loth 
 
 H 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 4. 
 
 
 M 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 u 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 H 
 
 Hanover 
 
 H 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 it 
 
 Hesse-Darmatadt. 
 Liibeck 
 Prussia 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 Eussia 
 Switzerland 
 Annam 
 Amboyna 
 
 U 
 
 LY . 
 
 Aface 
 
 
 Borneo 
 
 u 
 
 China 
 
 u 
 
 Singapore 
 Kooloo Archipel.. 
 Ispahan 
 Shiraz 
 
 M 
 
 Mahndshah 
 
 Maleborong 
 
 Mane 
 
 Borneo 
 Zanzibar 
 Madras 
 
 
 Marco 
 
 Argentine Confed 
 Portugal 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 u 
 
 Spain 
 
 a 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 Austria 
 
 Mark 
 
 
 u 
 
 Brunswick 
 Cologne 
 Denmark 
 Frankfort 
 
 u 
 
 (I 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Mark 
 
 Hanover . . 
 
 8 6356 oz 
 
 244 82 
 
 
 Lfibeck 
 
 8 5499 
 
 242 39 
 
 ii 
 
 Norway 
 
 1 4806 
 
 210 66 
 
 
 Prussia . . . 
 
 8 2494 
 
 283 87 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 8 2448 
 
 233 74 
 
 
 
 8 2511 
 
 233 855 
 
 M seal 
 
 
 
 4 7939 
 
 M und 
 
 
 21 9429 1 
 
 9952 
 
 
 An jar. 
 
 26 2800 
 
 10898 
 
 At Bet-el-faki 
 
 " Jidda .. 
 
 Arabia 
 
 2.0390 
 1 8301 
 
 924.89 
 830 13 
 
 " Mocha 
 
 H 
 
 3 0000 
 
 1860 8 
 
 
 Aurungabad 
 
 75 8C67 
 
 84418 
 
 
 
 74 60 67 
 
 83869 
 
 
 
 82 1838 
 
 37256 
 
 
 Bombay 
 
 28 0000 
 
 1 '2701 
 
 
 
 79 7800 
 
 86188 
 
 H 
 
 Goa 
 
 24 7500 
 
 11227 
 
 || 
 
 Gujerat . . 
 
 89 7396 
 
 18026 
 
 U 
 
 Madras 
 
 25 0000 
 
 11840 
 
 H 
 
 
 8 7500 
 
 8969 
 
 H 
 
 Pondicheny . 
 
 25 9000 
 
 11748 
 
 M 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 77 0000 
 
 84927 
 
 Media-tabla 
 
 
 
 2 0101 
 
 
 
 72 06 
 
 4 66 ( )5 
 
 
 JVypt 
 
 47 73 
 
 8 0929 
 
 U Ik 
 
 Tripoli:::::::::.: 
 
 73 60 
 
 4 7692 
 
 U 11 
 
 Tunis 
 
 59 70 
 
 3 8686 
 
 Millier 
 
 France etc. . 
 
 2204 6 Ibs 
 
 1000000 
 
 
 
 0154 grains 
 
 o ooioo 
 
 Mina 
 
 Greece 
 
 2 2046 Ibs. 
 
 1000 
 
 Miscal 
 
 Mocha 
 
 72 00 grains 
 
 4 6656 
 
 Mocha 
 
 
 1 0971 oz 
 
 81 1020 
 
 
 
 27 007 grains 
 
 1 7602 
 
 Moosa 
 Miinzpfund 
 
 Cyprus 
 Austria 
 
 112^000 Ibs. 
 1 1028 " 
 
 50703. 
 500 0000 
 
 
 
 22 046 " 
 
 10000 
 
 Nanki 
 
 
 10 00 grains 
 
 (}4so 
 
 Kely . 
 
 Bengal 
 
 28 " 
 
 0181 
 
 Nen 
 
 
 18 7800 oz 
 
 890 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ochava or dracma 
 Oka or oke 
 
 Spain 
 Crete 
 
 55.57 grains. 
 2 6402 Ibs 
 
 3.6009 
 1197 6 
 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 2 7 ( *57 " 
 
 1268 1 
 
 u 
 
 ECTDt 
 
 2 7275 " 
 
 1237 2 
 
 
 Greece. .... 
 
 8 3714 " 
 
 1529 3 
 
 
 Ionian Islands. . . 
 
 2.6998 " 
 
 1224 6 
 
 
 
 2 8188 " 
 
 1278 6 
 
 
 
 Servia 
 Tripoli 
 
 2.8188 " 
 2.7353 " 
 
 1278.6 
 
 1240 7 
 
 Ortchen! .' ! .' '. .' '. .' '. ." '. '. '..'..'.. 
 Onoa .. 
 
 Turkey 
 Hanover 
 Portugal 
 
 2.8837 " 
 14.86 grains 
 1.0119 oz. 
 
 1285.4 
 0.9629 
 28.6873 
 
 Once 
 
 Eussia . 
 
 1.0582 " 
 
 29 8582 
 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 1 1091 " 
 
 81 2500 
 
 One ia 
 
 Bologna 
 
 1.0646 " 
 
 80.1786 
 
 
 Genoa... 
 
 0.9886 M 
 
 26.4670 
 
112 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Oncia 
 
 Modena 
 Naples 
 Parma 
 
 0.9392 oz. 
 0.0429 
 0.1)596 " 
 
 26.6278 
 
 26.7312 
 27 2047 
 
 
 Home 
 
 9969 " 
 
 28 06'2l 
 
 
 Siciiy. 
 
 0.9429 " 
 
 26 7312 
 
 
 Turin. 
 
 1.0844 " 
 
 80 7427 
 
 
 
 9982 " 
 
 28 2990 
 
 
 Ven. Lombardy 
 
 8 5273 " 
 
 100.0000 
 
 Ons.. 
 
 Netherlands. 
 
 3 5273 " 
 
 100 0000 
 
 Onza 
 
 Spain 
 
 1.0161 " 
 
 28.8066 
 
 Ootan. For camphor. . 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 4 0000 Ibs. 
 
 1814 4 
 
 Ort 
 
 
 
 9739 
 
 " Ordinary 
 
 Denmark 
 
 77.16 " 
 
 5.0000 
 
 ' For srold and silver 
 
 
 14 OS " 
 
 9124 
 
 M 
 
 Sweden 
 
 65 35 " 
 
 4 2347 
 
 Ottavo 
 
 Bologna .... 
 
 58.22 " 
 
 3.7727 
 
 
 Turin. . . 
 
 59 30 " 
 
 3 842T 
 
 Ounce. Avoirdupois 
 
 England and U. S. 
 
 1.0000 oz. 
 
 28.3502 
 
 " Troy and apotheca- 
 ries' 
 
 44 14 44 
 
 1.09T1 " 
 
 81.1028 
 
 Outava 
 
 Brazil 
 
 57.17 grains. 
 
 3 7046 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 55 34 " 
 
 3 5801 
 
 Packen 
 Pagoda 
 
 Russia 
 Madras 
 
 1082.03 - Ibs. 
 54 38 grains 
 
 490810. 
 3 5238 
 
 Pahaw 
 
 Borneo 
 
 153 50 " 
 
 9 9469 
 
 Pecul. . 
 
 
 135.6354 Ibs. 
 
 61524. 
 
 u 
 
 Celebes 
 
 185 6400 " 
 
 61526. 
 
 " or tarn 
 
 China 
 
 133 3334 " 
 
 60480 
 
 
 Java 
 
 135.6312 " 
 
 C1522. 
 
 K 
 
 Malacca 
 
 135 0000 " 
 
 61236 
 
 u 
 
 
 139 4500 " 
 
 63''54 
 
 u 
 
 Siam 
 
 133 85 " 
 
 6048 S. 
 
 u 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 133 33 " 
 
 60477 
 
 Pennyweight 
 
 England and U. 8. 
 
 24.00 grains. 
 
 1.5552 
 
 Pfennig 
 
 Austria 
 
 16 88 " 
 
 1 0!l83 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 Frankfort 
 
 14.09 " 
 15.21 " 
 
 0.9140 
 9856 
 
 H 
 
 Hamburg .... 
 
 14 60 " 
 
 0.9461 
 
 M 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 14 61 " 
 
 1'56 
 
 H 
 
 Saxony 
 
 14.18 " 
 
 0.9189 
 
 Pfund . 
 
 Austria 
 
 1.2346 Ibs. 
 
 560 00 
 
 
 
 9284 " 
 
 421 12 
 
 
 Baden .... 
 
 1.1028 " 
 
 500 00 
 
 (i 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 1 1023 " 
 
 500 00 
 
 " Commercial 
 
 
 1.2346 " 
 
 560.00 
 
 it 
 
 Bremen . 
 
 0991 " 
 
 498.54 
 
 H 
 
 
 0306 " 
 
 467 48 
 
 U 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 .1141 " 
 
 505 34 
 
 U 
 
 
 1023 " 
 
 500 00 
 
 " Apothecaries 1 
 
 44 
 
 Hamburg . . 
 
 .7889 " 
 0679 " 
 
 857.83 
 484 40 
 
 U 
 
 
 0794 " 
 
 4S9 64 
 
 u 
 
 
 0675 " 
 
 484 22 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 1023 " 
 
 500.00 
 
 t( 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 068T " 
 
 484 77 
 
 u 
 
 
 1 1028 " 
 
 500 00 
 
 M 
 
 Saxon v 
 
 1.'0306 " 
 
 467.48 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 113 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gramme*. 
 
 Pfnnd 
 
 
 1 103 Ibs 
 
 500 00 
 
 Pfundschwer . . 
 
 Bremen. 
 
 329 57 " 
 
 149493 
 
 Phan 
 
 
 6 03 grains 
 
 3907 
 
 Pice 
 
 
 163 33 " 
 
 10 5838 
 
 Piso or uzan 
 
 Guinea 
 
 124 08 " 
 
 8 0404 
 
 Pollam 
 
 Madras . 
 
 1 2250 oz. 
 
 34 7289 
 
 Pond. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 '2 2046 Ibs 
 
 1000 00 
 
 " Apothecaries 1 
 
 Russia 
 
 0.8267 
 86 0676 " 
 
 375.00 
 16360 
 
 Pound. Avoirdupois . 
 
 England and TJ S 
 
 1 0000 " 
 
 453 6029 
 
 " Troy and apothe- 
 caries 1 
 
 
 0.8229 " 
 
 873 2674 
 
 pund 
 
 Denmark 
 
 1 1023 " 
 
 500 00 
 
 Apothecaries 1 
 
 
 0.78897 " 
 
 357.89 
 
 " Apothecaries 1 
 
 Norway 
 
 7856 " 
 
 856.35 
 
 " Set sl&o skiilpund . . 
 
 U It 11 U 
 
 Punko 
 
 Sweden 
 Bengal 
 
 0.9373 " 
 0.9338 " 
 0.14 grains. 
 
 425.16 
 423.57 
 0091 
 
 Quan 
 
 
 6SS 76 Ibs 
 
 312221 
 
 ^Quarter 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 28 0000 " 
 
 12700 
 
 
 United Stales 
 
 25 0000 " 
 
 11340 
 
 Quentchen 
 
 Legal. . 
 
 Austria 
 Bavaria 
 
 67.51 grains. 
 
 60 28 " 
 
 4.3750 
 3 9062 
 
 Commercial. . . 
 
 Bremen 
 
 67.51 " 
 60 10 ' 
 
 4.8750 
 3 8945 
 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 56.36 " 
 
 8.65-21 
 
 
 Frankfort. . . 
 
 60 85 " 
 
 3 9476 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 58 40 " 
 
 8 7843 
 
 
 Hanover 
 
 59 02 " 
 
 3 8045 
 
 
 
 53 83 " 
 
 3 7,s80 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 60.23 " 
 
 8 9062 
 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 58 45 " 
 
 3 7876 
 
 
 Prussia 
 
 60 28 " 
 
 8 9062 
 
 Quentlein 
 
 Saxony 
 
 56.70 " 
 
 8.6093 
 
 Quilate. For gems . . 
 
 Brazil. . .. 
 
 3.075 " 
 
 1996 
 
 Quint 
 
 Denmark 
 
 1.7636 oz. 
 
 50 0000 
 
 Quintal 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 101.270 Ibs. 
 
 45936. 
 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 101 .418 " 
 
 46000. 
 
 
 Central America 
 
 104.800 u 
 
 47310. 
 
 
 
 220 46 " 
 
 100000 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 101 418 " 
 
 46003 
 
 
 Peru 
 
 101.429 " 
 
 46008. 
 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 129.518 " 
 
 58749 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 101.609 " 
 
 46089 *-- 
 
 
 
 110 23 " 
 
 50000 
 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 101 .438 " 
 
 46012. 
 
 Qu ntin 
 
 Denmark 
 
 56 32 grains. 
 
 3 6496 
 
 Ordinary . . . 
 
 Norway. . 
 
 51 25 " 
 
 8 3210 
 
 For gold and silver 
 
 
 50.79 " 
 
 3.2911 
 
 Quinto 
 
 Guinea 
 
 93 06 M 
 
 6 0303 
 
 Kattel .... 
 
 Persia 
 
 1.0568 Ibs. 
 
 479.86 
 
 Riohtspfennier 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 15 08 grains. 
 
 0.976B 
 
 Rik P g 
 
 Teheran 
 
 17 075 Ibs. 
 
 7745 2 
 
 Kjoo 
 
 
 116 125 grains 
 
 7 5247 
 
 Eotl or rottolo 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 0.6857 Ibs. 
 
 811 .03 
 
 " attari, for spices 
 " feuddi. erold and silver. 
 
 Algeria 
 
 1.2089 " 
 1.0967 " 
 
 646.09 
 
 497.46 
 
114 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gramme*. 
 
 Eotl gheddari, for fruits 
 
 Algeria ... . 
 
 1 8545 Ibs 
 
 614 40 
 
 khebir . 
 
 
 2 0317 " 
 
 921 58 
 
 At Bet-el-faki 
 
 Arabia 
 
 1 0195 " 
 
 46'- 1 45 
 
 " Jidda . . 
 
 
 8660 " 
 
 1C 6 02 
 
 
 Eevnt 
 
 QS19 " 
 
 445 41 
 
 Of commerce ... . '. . 
 
 Morocco . . 
 
 1 19 " 
 
 539 79 
 
 " the markets. ... 
 
 
 1 70 " 
 
 771 12 
 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 1 0971 '* 
 
 497 $4 
 
 suckv, for meat etc. . 
 
 Tunis 
 
 1 2532 " 
 
 568 45 
 
 ghredari, for vegetables 
 
 
 1 .4098 " 
 
 639 49 
 
 Botolo 
 
 Aleppo 
 
 5 0643 " 
 
 2297 17 
 
 
 Crete 
 
 1 1657- " 
 
 5^8 76 
 
 " 
 
 Cyprus 
 Genoa . . 
 
 5.2419 " 
 1 0508 '* 
 
 2377.73 
 476 42 
 
 M 
 
 Naples 
 
 1 9645 " 
 
 891 10 
 
 44 Grosso 
 " Sottile 
 
 Sicily 
 
 1.9250 " 
 1 7500 " 
 
 872.18 
 793 80 
 
 u 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 1.2(556 " . 
 9801 " 
 
 574.08 
 441 57 
 
 Eubbio 
 
 Parma. 
 
 17 9D25 " 
 
 8163 5 
 
 H 
 
 
 22 046 " 
 
 10000 00 
 
 Euttee. for pearls 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 2 825 grains. 
 
 1881 
 
 6aum 
 
 Austria 
 
 839 536 Ibs. 
 
 154014 
 
 " For steel 
 
 
 308 669 " 
 
 140013 
 
 Bohiffslast 
 
 (i 
 
 2469 23 " 
 
 1120043 
 
 Schiffspfund 
 
 Bremen 
 
 318 727 " 
 
 144574 
 
 u 
 
 
 288 568 " 
 
 130894 
 
 M 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 299.008 " 
 
 135630 
 
 Scrupel 
 
 Austria . 
 
 22 88 grains. 
 
 1 426 
 
 
 
 19 18 " 
 
 1 2429 
 
 H 
 
 Norway . 
 
 19 02 " 
 
 1 2325 
 
 Scruple 
 
 England and TT S 
 
 20 00 " 
 
 1 2960 
 
 Scrupule 
 
 Russia. 
 
 19 20 " 
 
 1.2442 
 
 Scrupulo 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 18 89 " 
 
 1 1917 
 
 Beer 
 
 Bengal 
 
 1 866T Ibs 
 
 846 74 
 
 
 
 11 2000 oz 
 
 817 5222 
 
 H 
 
 Madras 
 
 10.0000 " 
 
 283 502 
 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 34 5512 Ibs 
 
 15672 
 
 Seron 
 
 Guinea 
 
 186 12 grains 
 
 12 0606 
 
 Bhik 
 
 China. 
 
 160 00 Ibs. 
 
 72576. 
 
 Sicca Factory 
 
 Bengal 
 
 1C3 32 grains. 
 
 10 5832 
 
 " Bazaar 
 
 
 179.64 " 
 
 11.6407 
 
 Skalpund 
 
 Norway .... 
 
 0.9873 Ibs. 
 
 425 16 
 
 
 
 9338 " 
 
 423 57 
 
 Skippund .... 
 
 Norway 
 
 374.914 " 
 
 170061 . 
 
 Bompi 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 60 00 grains. 
 
 3.8880 
 
 Stein 
 
 
 24 694 Ibs 
 
 11201 2 
 
 
 Baden . ..... 
 
 11.0230 
 
 5000. 
 
 v/Stone . .... 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 14 0000 
 
 6330.4 
 
 Ta 
 
 
 137 752 
 
 62484 
 
 Tael 
 
 Amboyna 
 
 1 0018 oz. 
 
 28.4010 
 
 
 Bantam. 
 
 2.4176 
 
 48 5400 
 
 
 
 1 8552 
 
 87 8529 
 
 
 
 1 4034 
 
 89 8280 
 
 
 China 
 
 1 3334 
 
 87.8019 
 
 
 Cochin China 
 
 1 3503 
 
 88.2810 
 
 
 
 Siam 
 
 2.1336 
 
 60.4ST 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 115 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupoia. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Tael 
 
 Sooloo Archipel 
 
 1 3328 oz 
 
 87 7849 
 
 Talantoii 
 
 
 3 3070 Ibs 
 
 1500 00 
 
 Talento or centinajo 
 Tarn. See pecul 
 
 Ionian Islands . . . 
 China 
 
 100.0000 " 
 133 3334 " 
 
 45360. 
 
 60480 
 
 Tampang For tin 
 
 Malacca 
 
 1 356 " 
 
 615 28 
 
 Tank 
 
 
 63 40 grains 
 
 4 4303 
 
 Tercio 
 
 Mexico 
 
 162.269 Ibs " 
 
 73605 
 
 Tica 
 
 Borneo 
 
 6 40 grains 
 
 414T 
 
 Tical 
 
 Birrnah 
 
 233 33 " 
 
 15 1201 
 
 
 Siam 
 
 2:.33 " 
 
 15 1201 
 
 Timbang. For grain 
 
 Java 
 
 677 963 Ibs 
 
 807524 
 
 Tomin 
 Ton 
 
 Spain 
 Great Britain.... 
 United States 
 
 9.26 grains. 
 2240.00 Ibs. 
 2000 00 " 
 
 0.6001 
 1016064. 
 
 907200 
 
 Tonelada 
 
 Argentine Con fed. 
 
 2025 40 ' " 
 
 918721* 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1T4S 493 " 
 
 793116 
 
 H 
 
 Spain 
 
 2032 194 " 
 
 921803 
 
 Tonne 
 
 German Empire . 
 
 2201.6 " 
 
 1 000000 
 
 Tonneau 
 
 France .... 
 
 2204 6 " 
 
 1000000 
 
 Trapeso. 
 
 Naples. 
 
 13 T5 grains 
 
 8910 
 
 Uckia 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 ] 09T1 oz 
 
 81 00^8 
 
 
 Tunis 
 
 1 1 1 75 " 
 
 81 6811 
 
 Untz. Ordinary 
 
 Norway. 
 
 9373 " 
 
 26 5724 
 
 14 Apothecaries 1 
 
 
 1.0477 " 
 
 29 7023 
 
 41 For gold and silver. 
 
 u 
 
 0.9289 " 
 
 263343 
 
 Unze. Ordinary 
 
 Austria . 
 
 1 2346 " 
 
 85 0000 
 
 Apothecaries' 
 
 
 1 2379 " 
 
 35 0944 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 1 2346 " 
 
 35 0000 
 
 
 
 1 0991 " 
 
 31 1595 
 
 Apothecaries 1 
 
 Denmark . . . . , 
 
 1 0519 " 
 
 29 8214 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 1 1141 " 
 
 81 5847 
 
 Apothecaries' 
 
 Germany 
 Hamburg 
 
 1.0519 " 
 1.0679 u 
 
 29.8214 
 80 2820 
 
 
 Hanover . 
 
 1 0794 " 
 
 80 6010 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 1 0675 " 
 
 30 2636 
 
 
 
 Lubeck 
 Saxony 
 
 1.0687 " 
 1.0306 " 
 
 30.2976 
 29 2175 
 
 Uzan. See piso 
 
 Guinea .... 
 
 248 1 6 grains 
 
 16 0809 
 
 Vakia 
 
 Arabia 
 
 1 2000 oz 
 
 84 0200 
 
 Val. For gold, gems, etc. . 
 Vari 
 
 Delhi 
 
 Madagascar .... 
 
 5.63 grains. 
 30.00 " 
 
 03643 
 1 9440 
 
 Vierling, or vierding 
 
 Austria 
 Bavaria 
 
 4.9384 oz. 
 4 4091 " 
 
 140.006 
 125000 
 
 Vis .... 
 
 Birmah 
 
 3 3333 Ibs. 
 
 1512 
 
 
 
 3 1250 " 
 
 1417 5 
 
 Wakea 
 
 
 400 00 grains 
 
 25 9209 
 
 
 
 12 0395 oz 
 
 841 3198 
 
 Wakega. Commercial. 
 
 Mocha 
 
 1*0000 Ib. 
 
 45360 
 
 " For gold & silver 
 
 
 6857 " 
 
 811 03 
 
 Wictie 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 15432 grains 
 
 1 0009 
 
 Yen 
 
 
 13.7752 Ibs. 
 
 62484 
 
 Yin 
 
 China 
 
 2 6667 " 
 
 1209 6 
 
 Zehnlin " 
 
 Baden 
 
 1 7636 oz 
 
 500000 
 
 Zent 
 
 Prussia 
 
 25 72 grains 
 
 1 6666 
 
 
 
 15 " 
 
 1000 
 
 Zentner. 
 
 u u 
 
 110.23 Ibs. 
 
 50000 00 
 
 Zollcentner.... 
 
 Germany... 
 
 110.23 
 
 50000.00 
 
116 
 
 MONET. 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gramme*. 
 
 Zollpfund 
 
 Germany.. 
 
 1 1023 Ibs 
 
 500 0000 
 
 Zollstein .... 
 
 
 220 46 " 
 
 100000 00 
 
 
 Kussia 
 
 65 83 grains 
 
 4 2658 
 
 
 
 
 
 IX. MONEY. 
 
 IN the following table only the more important monetary 
 standards are given, the minor subdivisions being, with few excep- 
 tions, omitted. For each unit four values are given : First, its 
 value in American currency (of the United States); which, ex- 
 pressed in dollars, represents also its value in dollars of Canada 
 and Liberia, pesos of Paraguay, and pesos fuerte of the Argentine 
 Confederation. Second, its value in French francs, to which are 
 equivalent the francs of Belgium and Switzerland, pesetas of 
 Spain, lire of Italy, drachmes of Greece, and piastres or lei of 
 Roumania. By dividing any value in francs by five, the corre- 
 sponding value may be obtained in pesos of Bolivia, Central 
 America, Chili, Colombia, and Ecuador, and in sols of Peru. 
 Third, its value in English sterling. Fourth, its value in German 
 marks : 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Marki. 
 
 Crown. See krone . . 
 Dollar. 
 
 Canada 
 
 1 0000 
 
 51813 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 4 1 1/ 
 
 4 1450 
 
 " See tallari. . . 
 
 Egypt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hong-Kong 
 Liberia 
 
 1.0400 
 1.0000 
 
 5.3885 
 5.1813 
 
 4 3K 
 4 IX 
 
 4.3108 
 4 1450 
 
 " See peso 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 South America. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 United States 
 
 1.0000 
 
 5.1813 
 
 4 1 V 
 
 41450 
 
 Drachme 
 
 Greece 
 
 01930 
 
 1 0000 
 
 Qlv- 
 
 
 Escudo 
 
 Spain 
 
 0.5049 
 
 2.6160 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 0923 
 
 Florin. See guilder. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " gulden.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Franc 
 
 
 1930 
 
 1 0000 
 
 9V 
 
 gooo 
 
 
 France. . . 
 
 01980 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 08000 
 
 u 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 1930 
 
 1 0000 
 
 Q V 
 
 8000 
 
 Qersh 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 01046 
 
 05419 
 
 51 
 
 04335 
 
 Guilder or florin 
 Gulden" " 
 
 Netherlands 
 Austria 
 
 0.4084 
 0.4803 
 
 2.1161 
 
 2.4886 
 
 1 8^ 
 1 11^ 
 
 L6929 
 1.9909 
 
MONEY. 
 
 117 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Dollars 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Marks. 
 
 Gulden or florin 
 Krone. Vereins 
 
 Germany 
 
 0.4117 
 6.6462 
 026bO 
 0.6698 
 0.1930 
 0.1930 
 0.2401 
 0.3642 
 0.5456 
 1.0847 
 1.6015 
 7.1050 
 0.9498 
 0.1930 
 1.0000 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 1.0567 
 1.0000 
 0.7836 
 0.0495 
 0.&337 
 0.1930 
 0.0794 
 0.0432 
 0.1286 
 4.8666 
 0.5463 
 1.0212 
 1.0929 
 1.1023 
 0.2756 
 0.7779 
 0.4622 
 <>^t;:j 
 ".fiuVi 
 1.0926 
 1.9102 
 1.6100 
 1.0039 
 0.7204 
 0.7912 
 0.7204 
 2.7155 
 2.2437 
 1.0400 
 
 2.1832 
 34.4363 
 1.3886 
 8.4705 
 1.0000 
 1.0000 
 1.2500 
 1.8922 
 2.8269 
 5.6202 
 8.2979 
 36.8135 
 4.9212 
 1.0000 
 5.1813 
 6.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.4751 
 5.113 
 4.0601 
 0.2565 
 4.3197 
 1.0000 
 0.4114 
 0.2238 
 0.6663 
 25.2158 
 2.8306 
 5.2912 
 5.6627 
 5.7114 
 1.4279 
 4.0306 
 2.3948 
 1.2606 
 5.0000 
 5.6611 
 9.8974 
 8.8419 
 5.2015 
 8.7500 
 4.0995 
 3.7500 
 14.0700 
 11.6254 
 5.3885 
 
 . s. d. 
 1 8| 
 1 7 4J 
 1 1% 
 2 9 
 
 % 
 iH* 
 
 2 2| 
 
 if 
 
 1 9 2X 
 8 11 
 9^ 
 
 4 IK 
 
 3 11 
 3 11 
 3 11 
 3 11 
 3 11 
 4 4K 
 4 IK 
 8 2K 
 
 # 
 
 V 
 
 2^ 
 
 .* 
 
 2 8 
 
 4 2^ 
 4 6 
 4 6K 
 1 1* 
 8 2K 
 1 10% 
 
 8 11? 
 4 6 
 7 10J 
 6 8 
 4 IX 
 
 I 1 ** 
 o o 
 
 2 11X 
 
 H IX 
 9 2% 
 4 3K 
 
 1.7066 
 27.6917 
 1.1109 
 2.7764 
 0.8000 
 0.8000 
 1.0000 
 1.5138 
 2.2615 
 4.4962 
 6.6383 
 29.4508 
 3.9370 
 0.8dOO 
 4.1450 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 4.8S01 
 4.1450 
 3.2481 
 0.2052 
 8.4558 
 0.8000 
 0.3291 
 0.1790 
 0.5830 
 20.1726 
 2.2645 
 4.2329 
 5.6626 
 4.5691 
 1.1423 
 8.2645 
 1.9160 
 1.0085 
 4.0000 
 45289 
 7.9179 
 6.6735 
 4.1612 
 8.0000 
 4.0796 
 3.0000 
 11.2560 
 9.3003 
 4.8108 
 
 Norway & Swed'n 
 Annam 
 Roumania 
 Italy 
 
 Kwan 
 
 Lei or piastre.. .. 
 Lira .. 
 Mark 
 
 Mark-banco 
 Milreis 
 
 Hamburg .... 
 
 Brazil 
 
 
 Portugal 
 Pondicherry 
 
 Moon pagoda 
 Mohur (15 rupees) 
 
 India . 
 
 Patacon. 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Peseta 
 
 Peso or dollar 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Bolivia. 
 
 
 it 
 
 Central America. 
 Chili 
 Colombia 
 
 " 
 
 H 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 H 
 
 Mexico 
 
 " 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 Mocha 
 
 Pi stre .. . 
 
 
 or lei 
 
 Roumania 
 
 
 Servia . 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 M 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Pound sterling 
 
 Great Britain 
 Denmark 
 
 Rij, r sdaler " 
 
 Kijksdnaler 
 Eiksdaler 
 
 Netherlands 
 Norway 
 
 " silfver... 
 " ryks mint 
 Ruble or rouble 
 Rupee 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 Russia 
 
 India 
 
 Shilling 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 Peru 
 
 Sol... 
 
 Specie daler 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Star pagoda . . . 
 
 Madras 
 China 
 
 Tael. . 
 Tallari or dollar 
 Thaler. Vereins 
 Old rix 
 
 " Vereins.... 
 Tills 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bremen. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 Tomaun 
 
 Persia 
 
 Yen 
 
 Japan 
 
 THE END 
 
VALUABLE 
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Appletons' American Cyclopaedia. A Popular Dictionary of 
 General Knowledge. Edited by GEORGE RIPLEY and CHARLES A. DANA. 16 
 vols. Large 8vo. . Per vol., cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00 ; half morocco, $7.00-, 
 half russia, $8.00 ; full morocco, or russia, $10.00. 
 " The American Cyclopaedia " is a library in itself ; it is well printed and in 
 
 convenient form ; it is trustworthy, impartial, complete, thoroughly American, 
 
 deeply interesting, and instructive. 
 
 Appletons' American Annoal Cyclopaedia, and Register of Im- 
 portant Events for the Year. New Series, beginning with 18T6, embraces 
 Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs ; Public Documents, Biography, 
 Statistics, Commerce. Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechan- 
 ical Industry. Large 8vo. Per vol., cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half mo- 
 rocco, $6.50 ; half russia, $7.50 ; full morocco, or russia, $9.00. 
 Maps, Woodcuts, and Steel Engravings illustrate the volumes. The first 15 
 
 volumes, 1861 to 1875, may also be procured, singly or collectively. 
 
 Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, and Collateral In- 
 
 formation in the Arts, Manufactures, Professions, and Trades, including 
 
 Medicine, Pharmacy, and Domestic Economy. Designed as a Comprehensive 
 
 Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia, and General Book of Reference for the 
 
 Manufacturer, Tradesman, Amateur, and Heads of Families. Sixth edition. 
 
 Revised and partly rewritten by RICHARD V. TUSON, Professor of Chemistry 
 
 and Toxicology in the Royal Veterinary College. Complete in two volumes. 
 
 8vo. 1,796 pages. With Illustrations. Price, cloth, $9.00 ; sheep, $11.00. 
 
 " The great characteristic of thi? work is its general usefulness. In covering 
 
 such diverse subjects, the very beat and most recent information seems to have 
 
 been sought for, and the work is remarkable for intelligent industry. This very 
 
 complete work can, then, be highly recommended as fulfilling to the letter what 
 
 it purports to be a cyclopaedia of practical receipts." New York Times. 
 
 Smith's Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible ; being a Re- 
 vised and much Enlarged Edilion of "Smith's Concise Dictionary of the 
 Bible." Edited by Rer. S. W. BARNUM. Embellished with many hundred 
 Woodcuts, including Maps, Plans of Cities, Illustrations of Manners, Cus- 
 toms, etc. Complete in 1 vol. Large 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00 ; half 
 morocco, $7.50. 
 
 Glossary of Terms and Phrases. Edited by the Rev. H. PERCY 
 SMITH, M. A., of Balliol College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $3.00. 
 The object of the work is to bring together such words, expressions, quota- 
 tions, etc., English or other, as are among the more uncommon in current litera- 
 ture, and require, not for the scientific but for the ordinary reader, explanations, 
 for the want of which the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, even the drift 
 of an argument, is often missed; explanations, moreover, not to be obtained 
 without reference to, and perhaps tedious search among, a large and varied num- 
 ber of books, many of them not easily accessible. 
 
 Landmarks of English Literature. By HENRY J. NICOLL. 12rno, 
 
 vellum cloth, $1.75. 
 " We can warmly recommend this excellent manual." /Stf. James's Gazette. 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORICAL REFERENCE- BOOK, 
 
 COMPRISING C 
 
 A Chronological Table of Universal History, a Chronological Diction- 
 ary of Universal History, a Biographical Dictionary. 
 
 WITH GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND READERS. 
 By LOUIS HEILPRIN. 
 
 New edition. Crown 8vo. Half leather, $3.00. 
 
 " A second revised edition of Mr. Louis Heilprin's ' Historical Reference-Book ' has 
 just appeared, marking the well-earned success of this admirable work a dictionary 
 of dates, a dictionary of events (with a special gazetteer for the places mentioned), and 
 a concise biographical dictionary, all in one, and all in the highest degree trustworthy. 
 Mr. Heilprin's revision is as thorough as his original work. Any one can test it by 
 running over the list of persons deceased since this manual first appeared. Correc- 
 tions, too, have been made, as we can testify in one instance at least." New York 
 Evening Post. 
 
 " One of the most complete, compact, and valuable works of reference yet pro- 
 duced." Troy Daily Times. 
 
 " Unequaled in its field." Boston Courier. 
 
 "A small library in itself." Chicago Dial. 
 
 "An invaluable book of reference, useful alike to the student and the general reader. 
 The arrangement could scarcely be better or more convenient." New York Herald. 
 
 "The conspectus of the world's history presented in the first part of the book is as 
 full as the wisest terseness could put within the space." Philadelphia American. 
 
 " We miss hardly anything that we should consider desirable, and we have not been 
 able to detect a single mistake or misprint" New York Nation. 
 
 " So far as we have tested the accuracy of the present work we have found it with- 
 out flaw." Christian Union. 
 
 " The conspicuous merits of the work are condensation and accuracy. These points 
 alone should suffice to give the * Historical Eeference-Book ' a place in every public 
 and private library." Boston Beacon. 
 
 "The method of the tabulation is admirable for ready reference." New York 
 Home Journal. 
 
 " This cyclopaedia of condensed knowledge is a work that will speedily become a 
 necessity to the general reader, as well as to the student/ 1 Detroit Free Press. 
 
 "For clearness, correctness, and the readiness with which the reader can find the 
 information of which he is in search, the volume is far in advance of any work of its 
 kind with which we are acquainted." 1 Boston Saturday Evening Gazette. 
 
 "The latest dates have been siven. The geographical notes which accompany 
 the historical incidents are a novel addition, and exceedingly helpful. The size al^o 
 commends it, making it convenient for constant reference, while the three divisions 
 and careful elimination of minor and uninteresting incidents make it much easier to 
 find dtites and events about which accuracy is necessary. Sir William Hamilton avers 
 that too retentive a memory tends to hinder the development of the judgment by pre- 
 senting too much for decision. A work like this is thus better than memory, It is a 
 * mental larder ' which needs no care, and whose contents are ever available. ' J\ew 
 York University Quarterly. 
 
 New York: D. APPLBTON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
T 
 
 T 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 USEFUL BOOKS FOR LITERARY WORKERS. 
 
 HE VERBALIST. A Manual devoted to Brief Discus- 
 sions of the Right and the Wrong Use of Words, and to some 
 other Matters of Interest to those who would Speak and Write 
 with Propriety. By ALFRED AYRES. i8mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 HE ORTHOEPIST. A Pronouncing Manual, contain- 
 ing about Three Thousand Five Hundred Words, including a 
 considerable Number of the Names of Foreign Authors, Art- 
 ists, etc., that are often mispronounced. By ALFRED AYRES. 
 i8mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 T 
 
 RHYMESTER ; or the Rules of Rhyme. A 
 Guide to English Versification. With a Dictionary of Rhymes, 
 an Examination of Classical Measures, and Comments upon 
 Burlesque, Comic Verse, and Song- Writing. By the late TOM 
 HOOD. Edited by ARTHUR PENN. i8mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 HE CORRESPONDENT. By JAMES WOOD DAVID- 
 SON. Small I2mo. Cloth, 60 cents. Information, with forms 
 of address, salutation, etc. 
 
 E 
 
 RRORS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH. By the 
 late WILLIAM B. HODGSON, LL. D., Professor of Political 
 Economy in the University of Edinburgh. American revised 
 edition. I2mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 T 
 
 OF TONGUE AND PEN. ByJ. H. LONG, 
 M.A., Principal of Collegiate Institute, Peterborough, Ontario. 
 I2mo. Cloth, 60 cents. 
 
 HE ART OF AUTHORSHIP. Literary Reminis- 
 cences, Methods of Work, and Advice to Young Beginners. 
 Opinions of many Leading Authors of the Day. Compiled 
 and edited by GEORGE BAINTON. I2mo. Cloth, untrimmed 
 edges, $1.25. 
 
 New York: D. APPLETON & CO., i, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
APPLETONS' HOME BOOKS. 
 
 A SERIES OF NEW HAND-VOLUMES AT LOW PRICE, DEVOTED TO AH. 
 SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO HOME AND THE HOUSEHOLD. 
 
 Complete in twelve volumes, handsomely printed, and bound in cloth, flexible, 
 with illuminated design. 12mo. 60 cents each. 
 
 The twelve books are also put up in three volumes, four books to the volume, in the, 
 following order, handsomely bound in cloth, decorated. Price of each of these 
 volumes, 83.00, or JjgG.OO the set, in box. 
 
 1. Building a Home. By A. F. OAKEY. Illustrated. 
 
 " Mr. Oakey discusses house-building for the purposes of people of moderate means 
 in the Middle States, and gives plans and elevations of cottages, from the very cheapest 
 to a house to be built at a cost of $9,000. The conditions of building, with reference 
 to the climate and material, are fully set forth, and the class of readers whom the book 
 contemplates will find it of advantage. 1 ' New York World. 
 
 2. HOW to Furnish a Home. By ELLA RODMAN CHUECH. 
 
 Illustrated. 
 
 " Mrs. Church's directions for house-furnishing, while very artistic and cheerful, are 
 adapted to the wants of the great army of limited incomes. What may be done in the 
 way of home decoration and upholstery is pointed out, with advice on the finishing 
 touches that so often go to make a house a home." Philadelphia, Ledger. 
 
 3 The Home Garden. By ELLA RODMAN CHURCH. Illus- 
 trated. 
 
 M We have instructions for gardening and flower-raising, in door and out. Roses 
 end lilies have separate chapters, and there is much valuable information about fern- 
 eries, city gardens, miniature greenhouses, and methods of utilizing small spaces for 
 vegetable-raising." Albany Argus. 
 
 4. Home Grounds. By A. F. OAKEY. Illustrated. 
 
 " ' HOOK Grounds' tells, in a very suggestive way, how the surroundings of a sub- 
 urban home may be made beautiful at little expense." Christian at Work. 
 
 5. Home Decoration : Instructions in and Designs for Embroid- 
 
 ery, Panel and Decorative Paintings, Wood-carving, etc. By 
 JANET E. RUUTZ-REES. With numerous Designs, mainly by 
 GEORGE GIBSON. 
 
 CONTENTS: I. Introductory; II. General Remarks; III. Materials and Prices; IV. 
 Stitches and Methods; V. Window-Hangings and Portieres; VI. Screens; VII. Lam- 
 brequins and Small Panels ; VIII. Incidental Decorations ; IX. Wood-carving. 
 
 6. The Home Needle. By ELLA RODMAN CHURCH. Illustrated. 
 CONTENTS: I. "Go Teach the Orphan-Girl to Sew"; II. Beginning Right Under- 
 
 Garments; III. Under-Garments (Continued); IV. "The Song of the Shirt"; V. 
 Rudiments of Dress-making; VI. Dress-making in Detail; VII. Sewing and Finish- 
 Ing; VIII. The Milliner's Art; IX. Children's Garments; X. House-Linen ; XI. Tho 
 Mending Basket; XII. A Patchwork Chapter. 
 
7. Amenities of Home. By M, B. w. s. 
 
 " The author has not spared good sense, right feeling, or sound princ 
 book for the family circle it would be hard to name." Literary World. 
 
 8. Household Hints J A Book of Home Receipts and Home 
 
 Suggestions, By Mrs. EMMA W. BABCOCK. 
 
 "The author has evidently been used to the nice economics of life, and her experi- 
 ence is of more than ordinary value. The book is not entirely given up to culinary 
 items; there are talks on various subjects, and happy suggestions on making and 
 ordering a pleasant home, that shall have a ' certain physiognomy of its own.' " Boston 
 Courier. 
 
 9. The Home Library. By ARTHUR PENN, editor of "The 
 
 Rhymester." Illustrated. 
 
 CONTENTS: I. A Plea for the Best Books ; II. On the Buying and Owning of Books" 
 III. On Keading; IV. On Fiction (with a List of a Hundred Best Novels)', V. On 
 the Library and its Furniture; VI. On Book-binding; VII. On the Making of Scrap- 
 Books; VIII. On Diaries and Family Kecords; IX. On the Lending and Marking of 
 Books ; X. Hints Here and There ; XL Appendix List of Authors whose Works 
 should be found in the Home Library. 
 
 " A practical, suggestive, serviceab'e volume, belonging to a series of what may be 
 called domestic guide-books, all useful, instructive, and convenient." /Saturday Re~ 
 view. 
 
 10. Home Occupations. By JANET E. RUUTZ-REES. Hhis- 
 
 trated. 
 
 CONTENTS : I. Introductory; IT. What can be done with Leather; III. The Possi- 
 bilities of Tissue-Paper; IV. Modeling in Wax-Flowers; V. Modeling in Wax- 
 Fruits, etc.; VI. The Preservation of Flowers and Grasses; VII. Spatter- W ork ; 
 VIII. Frame-Making; IX. Collections; X. Making Scrap-Books; XL The Uses of 
 Card-Board: XII. What can be done with Beads; XIII. Amateur Photography: 
 XIV. Miscellaneous Occupations. 
 
 11. Home Amusements. By M. E. W. S., author of "Ameni- 
 
 ties of Home," etc. 
 
 CONTENTS; I. Prefatory; II. The Garret; III. Private Theatricals, etc.; IV. Ta- 
 bleaux Vivants ; V. Brain Games; VI. Fortune-Telling; VII. Amusements for a Rainy 
 Day; VIII. Embroidery and other Decorative Arts; IX. Etching; X. Lawn Tennis; 
 XI. Garden Parties; XII. Dancing; XIII. Gardens and Flower-Stands; XIV. Caged 
 Birds and Aviaries; XV. Picnics; XVI. Playing with Fire Ceramics ; XVII. Arch- 
 ery; XVIII. Amusements for the Middle-Aged and the Aged; XIX. The Parlor; 
 XX. The Kitchen; XXL The Family Horse and other Pets; XXII. In Conclusion. 
 
 12. Health at Home. By A. H. GUERNSEY, and I. P. DAVIS, 
 
 M. D., author of " Hygiene for Girls." 
 
 CONTENTS: I. Home Surroundings ; II. Privies and Water-Closets ; III. The House 
 Itself; IV. The Air we Breathe; V. The Water we Drink; VI. The Food we Eat; 
 VII. Lighting and Warming; VIII. Disinfectants; IX. The Bedroom; X. The Cloth- 
 ing we Wear; XI. Personal Habits; XII. Household Practice; XIII. Poisons and 
 Antidotes ; XIV. Accidents and Emergencies. 
 
 This series covers almost every topic pertaining to the American Home, and makei 
 altogether an invaluable library on the most interesting of all themes. Many of the 
 books are copiously illustrated. 
 
 Hew York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street 
 
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 DECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES, and their Ef- 
 
 J- V. feet on the Production and Distribution of Wealth and the 
 Well-being of Society. By DAVID A. WELLS, LL. D., D. C. L., 
 Membre Correspondant de 1'Institut de France; Correspon- 
 dente Regia Accademia dei Lincei, Italia ; Honorary Fellow 
 Royal Statistical Society, G. B. ; late United States Special 
 Commissioner of Revenue ; President American Social Science 
 Association, etc. I2mo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 "A wonderfully wide and full collection of facts and figures bearing on the question. 
 It would be well if that part of the volume which specially relates to the fluctuation of 
 prices in recent years could be put in the hands of every man whose political action is 
 likely to be influenced by the heresy that gold is becoming scarce and inadequate in 
 amount for the circulating medium, and that the scarcity is causing a decline in prices 
 measured in gold." Chicago Economist, August, 1891. 
 
 " The book is the best contribution Mr. Wells has ever made to economical and 
 statistical and social science, and one of the best that is to be found in any country or 
 language." N. Y. Evening Post. 
 
 " Mr. Wells deals with the subject of recent economic changes in a manner alto- 
 gether superior to anything which this country can now show. For masterly and 
 dispassionate treatment of economic facts and tendencies, no less than for grasp of 
 principle, we must go to Americans like Mr. Wells and Mr. Atkinson, or to French 
 economists like M. Leroy-Beaulieu." Macmillan's Magazine, London, March, 1890. 
 
 A STUD Y OF MEXICO. By DAVID A. WELLS. 
 -*^* Reprinted, with Additions, from "The Popular Science 
 Monthly." I2mo. Cloth, $r.oo ; paper, 50 cents. 
 
 " Several efforts have been made to satisfy the growing desire for information re- 
 lating to Mexico since that country has become connected by railways with the United 
 States, but we have seen no book upon the subject by an American writer which is so 
 satisfactory on the score of knowledge and trustworthiness as is this one." New York 
 Sun. 
 
 "... Mr. Wells is the first traveler who brings to bear upon the subject a mind 
 thoroughly trained in the observation and discussion of finance, manufactures, agri- 
 culture, the question of labor and wages, and other practical issues, which are of great 
 importance and interest in estimating the present and future of Mexican institutions.' 
 New York Journal of Commerce. 
 
 TUNINGS NOT GENERALLY KNOWN; A 
 
 J- Popular Hand-Book of Facts not readily accessible in Literature, 
 History, and Science. Edited by DAVID A. WELLS. I2mo. 
 Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 " The general idea of the work will be readily gathered from its title and from a 
 glance at its contents. It contains many little items of information, gathered from the 
 broad fields of literature, history, and science, which are not contained in cyclopaedias 
 and ordinary hand-books, and which are not readily found when sought." 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
A 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 HISTOR Y OF ENGLAND IN THE EIGHT- 
 EENTH CENTURY. By WILLIAM E.. H. LECKY, author 
 of " History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rational- 
 ism in Europe," etc. Complete in eight volumes. Crown 8vo. 
 Cloth, per vol., $2.25 ; half calf, $36.00 per set. 
 
 " On every ground which should render a history of eighteenth-century England 
 precious to thinking men, Mr. Lecky's work may be commended. The materials ac- 
 cumulated in these volumes attest an industry more strenuous and comprehensive than 
 that exhibited by Froude or by Macaulay. But it is his supreme merit that he leaves 
 on the reader's mind a conviction that he not only possesses the acuteness which can 
 discern the truth, but the unflinching purpose of truth-telling." New York Sun. 
 
 ryANCROFTS HISTORY OF THE UNITED 
 
 J3 STA TES, from the Discovery of the Continent to the Estab- 
 lishment of the Constitution in 1789. By GEORGE BANCROFT. 
 Complete in six volumes, 8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, per set, 
 $15.00 ; half calf, or half morocco, $27.00 ; full morocco, $50.00. 
 
 The six volumes of this new and fully revised edition of Bancroft's " His- 
 tory of the United States," now complete, comprise the twelve volumes of 
 the original octavo edition, including the " History of the Formation of the 
 Constitution," last published, and are issued at just half the price. Volume 
 VI contains a new Portrait of Bancroft engraved on Steel. 
 
 H 
 
 :T STORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE 
 
 UNITED STA TES, from the Revolution to the Civil War. 
 By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be completed in five volumes. 
 Volumes I and TI are now ready, and Volume III will be pub- 
 lished this winter. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each. 
 
 HTHE HOUSEHOLD HISTORY OF THE 
 -f UNITED STA TES AND ITS PEOPLE. For Young 
 Americans. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. Richly illustrated with 
 350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 This work is illustrated in a novel and strikingly effective manner. En- 
 gravings adorn every page, and appear in the text and in the margins. There 
 are full-page illustrations in colors, maps in colors line the covers, and many 
 small maps are inserted in the text. The work is handsomely printed, and 
 bound in a very attractive manner. 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3 & 5 Bond Street. 
 
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 /fPPLETONS' STUDENTS' LIBRARY. Con- 
 sisting of Thirty-four Volumes on subjects in Science, History, 
 Literature, and Biography. In neat i8mo volumes, bound in 
 half leather, in uniform style. Each set put up in a box. Sold 
 in sets only. Price, per set, $20.00. Containing : 
 
 5vol. 
 
 HOMER. By W. E. GLADSTONE. 
 SHAKSPERE. By E. DOWDEN. 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE. By S. A 
 
 BROOKE. > 
 
 GREEK LITERATURE. ByR.C.jEBB. ) 
 PHILOLOGY. By J. PEILE. 
 ENGLISH COMPOSITION. By J 
 
 NlCHOL. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. By G. GROVE. 
 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By H. F 
 
 TOZER. 
 
 INTRODUCTION* TO SCIENCE PRIM- 
 ERS. By T. H. HUXLEY. 
 PHYSIOLOGY. By M. FORSTER. 
 CHEMISTRY. By H. E. ROSCOE. 
 PHYSICS. By BALFOUR STEWART. 
 GEOLOGY. By A. GEIKIE. 
 BOTANY. By J. D. HOOKER. 
 ASTRONOMY. By J. N. LOCKYER. 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By A. 
 
 GEIKIE. 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. By W. S. 
 
 JEVONS. 
 
 LOGIC. By W. S. JEVONS. 
 HISTORY OF EUROPE. By E. A. ] 
 
 FKEEMAN. ^ 
 
 HISTORY OF FRANCE. By C. M. 
 
 YONGE. 
 HISTORY OF ROME. By M. CREIGH- 
 
 TON. 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. By C. A. 
 
 FYFFE. 
 OLD GREEK LIFE. By J. P. MA- 
 
 HAFFY. 
 
 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By A. S. 
 
 WlLKINS. 
 
 SOPHOCLES. By LEWIS CAMPBELL. 
 EURIPIDES. By J. P. MAHAFFY. 
 VERGIL. By Prof. H. NETTLESHIP. 
 LIVY. By W. W. CAPES. 
 DEMOSTHENES. By S. H. BUTCHER. 
 MILTON. By S. A. BROOKE. 
 
 THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS AND THE 
 
 APOLOGISTS. By Rev. G. A. JACKSON. 
 THE FATHERS OF THE THIRD CENTURY. 
 
 By Rev. G. A. JACKSON. 
 THOMAS CARLYLE: His Life, his Books, 
 
 his Theories. By A. H. GUERNSEY. 
 RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Philosopher 
 
 and Poet. By A. H. GUERNSEY. 
 MACAULAY: His Life, his Writings. By 
 
 C. H. JONES. 
 SHORT LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS. By 
 
 C. H. JONES. 
 SHORT LIFE OF GLADSTONE. By C. H. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 RUSKIN ON PAINTING. 
 TOWN GEOLOGY. By CHARLES KINGSLEY. 
 THE CHILDHOOD OF RELIGIONS. By E. 
 
 CLODD. 
 HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHURCH. By 
 
 E. M. SEWELL. 
 THE ART OF SPEECH. Poetry and Prose. 
 
 By L. T. TOWNSEND. 
 THE ART OF SPEECH. Eloquence and 
 
 Logic. By L. T. TOWNSEND. 
 THE WORLD'S PARADISES. By S. G. W. 
 
 BENJAMIN. 
 THE GREAT GERMAN COMPOSERS. By 
 
 G. T. FERRIS. 
 THE GREAT ITALIAN AND FRENCH COM- 
 
 POSERS. By G. T. FERRIS. 
 GREAT SINGERS. First Series. By G. 
 
 T. FERRIS. 
 GREAT SINGERS. Second Series. By G. 
 
 T. FERRIS. 
 GREAT VIOLINISTS AND PIANISTS. By 
 
 G. T. FERRIS. 
 
 /tPPLETONS' ATLAS OF THE UNITED 
 *! STA TES. Consisting of General Maps of the United States 
 and Territories, and a County Map of each of the States, printed 
 in Colors. Imperial 8vo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 The Atlas also contains Descriptive Text outlining the History, Geography, and 
 Political and Educational Organization of the States, with latest Statistics of their 
 Resources and Industries. 
 
 NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS. 
 
T 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 *HE HISTOR Y OF ANCIENT CT VI LIZ A TION. 
 A Hand-book based upon M. GUSTAVE DUCOUDRAY'S " His- 
 toire Sommaire de la Civilisation." Edited by the Rev. J. VER- 
 SCHOYLE, M. A. With numerous Illustrations. Large I2mo. 
 Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 "With M. Ducoudray's work as a basis, many additions having been made, derived 
 from special writers, Mr. Verschoyle has produced an excellent work, which gives a 
 comprehensive view of early civilization. . . . As to the world of the past, the volume 
 under notice treats of Egypt, Assyria, the Far East, of Greece and Rome, in the most 
 comprehensive manner. It is not the arts alone which are fully illustrated, but the 
 literature, laws, manners, and customs, the beliefs of all these countries are contrasted. 
 If the book gave alone the history of the monuments of the past it would be valuable, 
 but it is its all-around character which renders it so useful. A great many volumes 
 have been produced treating of a past civilization, but we have seen none which in the 
 same space gives such varied information." New York Times. 
 
 T 
 
 *HE HISTOR Y OF MODERN CIVILIZA TION. 
 A Hand-book also based upon M. GUSTAVE DUCOUDRAY'S 
 " Histoire Sommaire de la Civilisation " ; edited by the Rev. J. 
 VERSCHOYLE, M. A. Illustrated. Uniform with " The His- 
 tory of Ancient Civilization." I2mo. Cloth, $2.25. 
 
 "Contains a vast quantity of information on many subjects, generally arranged 
 with much skill." Saturday Review. 
 
 "The work of author and adapter has been admirably executed, and the result is 
 that rarest of literary portents a summary at once comprehensive and readable." 
 London Telegraph. 
 
 T 
 
 ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA, and its 
 Bearings upon the Antiquity of Man. By G. FREDERICK 
 WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D., F. G. S.A., Professor in Oberlin 
 Theological Seminary ; Assistant on the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey. With an Appendix on " The Probable Cause 
 of Glaciation," by WARREN UPHAM, F. G. S.A., Assistant on 
 the Geological Surveys of New Hampshire, Minnesota, and 
 the United States. With 147 Maps and Illustrations. New 
 and enlarged edition, 1891. One vol., 8vo, 625 pages, and 
 Index. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 "Not a novel in all the list of this year's publications has in it any pages of more 
 thrilling interest than can be fonnd in this book by Professor Wright. There is noth- 
 ing pedantic in the narrative, and the most serious themes and startling discoveries are 
 treated with such charming naturalness and simplicity that boys and girls, as well as 
 their seniors, will be attracted to the story, and find it difficult to lay it aside." New 
 York Journal of Commerce, 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 A ROUND AND ABOUT SOUTH AMERICA, 
 
 ** Twenty Months of Quest and Query. By FRANK VINCENT, 
 
 author of " The Land of the White Elephant," etc. With Maps, 
 
 Plans, and 54 full-page Illustrations. 8vo, xxiv + 473 pages. 
 
 Ornamental cloth, $5.00. 
 
 No former traveler has made so comprehensive and thorough a tour of 
 Spanish and Portuguese America as did Mr. Vincent. He visited every 
 capital, chief city, and important seaport, made several expeditions into the 
 interior of Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and ascended the Parana 1 , 
 Paraguay, Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena Rivers ; he visited the crater 
 of Pichinchas, 16,000 feet above the sea-level ; he explored falls in the center 
 of the continent, which, though meriting the title of "Niagara of South 
 America," are all but unknown to the outside world ; he spent months in 
 the picturesque capital of Rio Janeiro ; he visited the coffee districts, studied 
 the slaves, descended the gold-mines, viewed the greatest rapids of the globe, 
 entered the isolated Guianas, and so on. 
 
 r N AND OUT OF CENTRAL AMERICA; and 
 
 other Sketches and Studies of Travel. By FRANK VINCENT. 
 With Maps and Illustrations. I2mo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 B 
 
 RAZTL : Its Condition and Prospects. By C. C. ANDREWS, 
 ex-Consul-General to Brazil. I2mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 " I hope I may be able to present some facts in respect to the present situation of 
 Brazil which will be both instructive and entertaining to general readers. My means 
 of acquaintance with that empire are principally derived from a residence of three 
 years at Rio de Janeiro, its capital, while employed in the service of the United States 
 Government, during which period I made a few journeys into the interior." Front 
 the Preface. 
 
 Travels and Investigations in the "Middle 
 V-^ Kingdom" A Study of its Civilization and Possibilities. 
 With a Glance at Japan. By JAMES HARRISON WILSON, late 
 Major-General United States Volunteers and Brevet Major- 
 General United States Army. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 "The book presents China and Japan in all these aspects; the manners and cus- 
 toms of the people ; the institutions, tendencies, and social ideas ; the government and 
 leading men." Boston Traveller. 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 ASTRONOMY WITH AN OPERA-GLASS. 
 ** A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens 
 with the Simplest of Optical Instruments. By GARRETT P. 
 SERVISS. 8vo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 This is a unique book, quite alone in the field that it occupies. The call for a 
 fourth edition within two years after its first publication attests its popularity. As one 
 of its reviewers has said, " It is the most human book on the subject of the stars." 
 It would have supplied Thomas Carlyle's want when he wrote, "Why did not some- 
 body teach me the stars and make me at home in the starry heavens?" Interest in 
 the geography of the heavens is increasing every year, as the discoveries of astrono- 
 mers with the giant telescopes of our day push back the limits of the known universe, 
 and this book is to those who read of such discoveries like an atlas to the student of 
 history. 
 
 Some of the compliments that the book has received are these : 
 
 "A most interesting and even fascinating book." Christian Union. 
 
 " The glimpses he allows to be seen of far-stretching vistas opening out on every 
 side of his modest course of observation help to fix the attention of the negligent, and 
 lighten the toil of the painstaking student. . . . Mr. Serviss writes with freshness and 
 vivacity." London Saturday Review. 
 
 "We are glad to welcome this, the second edition, of a popular introduction to the 
 study of the heavens. . . . There could hardly be a more pleasant road to astro- 
 nomical knowledge than it affords. ... A child may understand the text, which reads 
 more like a collection of anecdotes than anything else, but this does not mar its sci- 
 entific value." Nature. 
 
 " Mr. Garrett P. Serviss's book, ' Astronomy with an Opera-Glass,' offers us an 
 admirable hand-book and guide in the cultivation of this noble aesthetic discipline (the 
 study of the stars)." New York Home Journal. 
 
 " The book should belong to every family library." Boston Home Journal. 
 
 " This book ought to make star-gazing popular." New York Herald. 
 
 "The author attributes much of the indifference of otherwise well-informed per- 
 sons regarding the wonders of the starry firmament to the fact that telescopes are avail- 
 able to few, and that most people have no idea of the possibilities of the more familiar 
 instrument of almost daily use whose powers he sets forth." New Orleans Times- 
 Democrat. 
 
 " By its aid thousands of people who have resigned themselves to the ignorance in 
 which they were left at school, by our wretched system of teaching by the book only, 
 will thank Mr. Serviss for the suggestions he has so well carried out" New York 
 Times. 
 
 " For amateur use this book is easily the best treatise on astronomy yet published." 
 Chicago Herald. 
 
 " 'Astronomy with an Opera-Glass ' fills a long-felt want" Albany Journal. 
 
 " No intelligent reader of this book but will feel that if the author fails to set his 
 public star-gazing the fault is not his, for his style is as winning, as graphic, and as 
 clear as the delightful type in which it is printed." Providence Journal. 
 
 " Mr. Serviss neither talks over the heads of his readers nor ignores the sublime 
 complexity and range of his themes, but unites simplicity with scholarship, scientific 
 precision with life-long enthusiasm, and a genuine eloquence with rare touches of hu- 
 mor. Considered as a product of the publishing industry, the book is elegance itself." 
 7^ Chautauquan. 
 
 New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
^ITH 
 <* 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO.S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 SCIENCE OF LA W. By Professor SHELDON 
 AMOS, M. A. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 CONTENTS. Chapter I. Recent History and Present Condition of the Science 
 of Law; II. Province and Limits of the Science of Law; III. Law and Morality; 
 IV. The Growth of Law ; V. The Growth of Law (continued); VI. Elementary Con- 
 ceptions and Terms; VII. Law in Relation to (i) the State, (2) the Family, (3) the 
 other Constituent Elements of the Race; VIII. Laws of Ownership of Property; IX. 
 Law of Contract ; X. Criminal Law and Procedure ; XI. The Law of Civil Procedure ; 
 XII. International Law ; XIII. Codification; XIV. Law and Government. 
 
 " Professor Amos has certainly done much to clear the science of law from the tech- 
 nical obscurities which darken it to minds which have had no legal training, and to make 
 clear to his ' lay ' readers in how true and high a sense it can assert its right to be con- 
 sidered a science, and not a mere practice." Christian Register. 
 
 'TJIE SCIENCE OF POLITICS. By Professor 
 * SHELDON AMOS, M.A., author of "The Science of Law," 
 etc. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 CONTENTS. Chapter I. Nature and Limits of the Science of Politics ; II. Po- 
 litical Terms ; III. Political Reasoning ; IV. The Geographical Area of Modern Poli- 
 tics; V. The Primary Elements of Political Life and Action ; VI. Constitutions; VII. 
 Local Government ; VIII. The Government of Dependencies; IX. Foreign Relations ; 
 X. The Province of Government ; XI. Revolutions in States ; XII. Right and Wrong 
 in Politics. 
 
 " The author traces the subject from Plato and Aristotle in Greece, and Cicero in 
 Rome, to the modern schools in the English field, not slighting the teachings of the 
 American Revolution or the lessons of the French Revolution of 1793. Forms of gov- 
 ernment, political terms, the relation of law, written and unwritten, to the subject, a 
 codification from Justinian to Napoleon in France and Field in America, are treated as 
 parts of the subject in hand. Necessarily the subjects of executive and legislative au- 
 thority, police, liquor, and land laws are considered, and the question ever growing in 
 importance in all countries, the relations of corporations to the state." N. Y. Observer. 
 
 IGEST OF THE LAWS, CUSTOMS, MAN- 
 NERS, AND INSTITUTIONS OF ANCIENT AND 
 MODERN NA TIONS. By THOMAS DEW, late President of 
 the College of William and Mary. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 No pains have been spared by the author to secure accuracy in facts and figures ; and 
 in doubtful cases references are given in parentheses, so that the student can readily 
 satisfy himself by going to original sources. The department of Modern History, too 
 often neglected in works of this kind, has received special care and attention. 
 
 R 
 
 OMAN LAW ; Its History and System of Private 
 Law. In Twelve Academical Lectures. By Professor JAMES 
 HADLEY. I2mo. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 "Th most valuable short account of the nature and importance of the body of Ro- 
 man law. The lectures are free from embarrassing technical details, while at the same 
 time they are sufficiently elaborate to give a definite idea of tke nature and the great- 
 ness of the subject." Dr. C. K. Adams' s Manual of Historical Literature. 
 
 New York: D. APPLETON & CO., x, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS AND COURTS OF EU~ 
 
 ROPE. The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the 
 Reigning Families. By " POLITIKOS." With many Portraits. 
 I2mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 " The chief merit of this book is that it gives a new view of several sovereigns. 
 . . . The anonymous author seems to have sources of information that are not open 
 to the foreign correspondents who generally try to convey the impression that they are 
 on terms of intimacy with royalty." San Francisco Chronicle. 
 
 ADELINE'S ART DICTIONARY. Containing 
 *3 a Complete Index of all Terms used in Art, Architecture, 
 Heraldry, and Archaeology. Translated from the French and 
 enlarged, with nearly 2,000 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $2.25. 
 "Nothing could be more comprehensive in its way." New York Sun. 
 "General utility is its leading characteristic. . . . The book is well printed and 
 handsomely bound." Philadelphia Ledger. 
 
 /] WASHINGTON BIBLE-CLASS. By GAIL 
 -<ri HAMILTON. Large i2mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 This brilliant author's interpretations of the Bible have gathered about her the most 
 distinguished representatives of official life in Washington. In this book, prepared at 
 the special request of the eminent members of the class, Gail Hamilton offers her 
 incisive lucid "Bible-talks" to a larger audience. 
 
 " That these lectures are interesting, even entertaining, that, more than that, they 
 are stimulating and suggestive, need hardly be said. They are by Gail Hamilton, 
 that is enough. It is a book of fragments, interesting, entertaining, stimulating, sug- 
 gestive, and useful." Christian Union. 
 
 CLECTRICITY: THE SCIENCB OF THE 
 C' NINETEENTH CENTURY. A Sketch for General Read- 
 ers. By E. M. CAILLARD, author of " The Invisible Powers 
 of Nature." Illustrated. I2mo. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 " An admirable treatise," giving such an outline of modern electrical science as 
 may be readily understood by readers who have no previous acquaintance with the 
 subject. "Philadelphia Press. 
 
 L 
 
 A GRIPPE AND ITS TREATMENT. For 
 General Readers. By CYRUS EDSON, M. D., of the Health 
 Department, New York City. Small i8mo. Parchment 
 paper, 25 cents. 
 
 " The author believes that la grippe has come to stay, and that the masses should 
 know how to avoid its dangers. The volume gives a brief history of the disease, its 
 diagnosis and prognosis, and shows how the serious and fatal complications can be 
 avoided by proper hygienic care. It is a good little manual for every home." 
 Chicago Inter-Ocean. 
 
 New York: D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 
 
THE 
 
 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 
 
 ESTABLISHED BY EDWARD L. YOUMANS. 
 
 EDITED BY W, J, YOUMANS. 
 
 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY will continue, as heretofore, to sup- 
 ply its readers with the results of the latest investigation and the most 
 valuable thought in the various departments of scientific inquiry. 
 
 Leaving the dry and technical details of science, which are of chief 
 concern to specialists, to the journals devoted to them, the MONTHLY 
 deals with those more general and practical subjects which are of the 
 greatest interest and importance to the public at large. In this work 
 it has achieved a foremost position, and is now the acknowledged organ 
 of progressive scientific ideas in this country. 
 
 The wide range of its discussions includes, among other topics : 
 
 The bearing of science upon education ; 
 
 Questions relating to the prevention of disease and the improvement 
 of sanitary conditions ; 
 
 Subjects of domestic and social economy, including the introduction, 
 of better ways of living, and improved applications in the arts of every 
 kind; 
 
 The phenomena and laws of the larger social organizations, with the 
 new standard of ethics, based on scientific principles ; 
 
 The subjects of personal and household hygiene, medicine, and archi- 
 tecture, as exemplified in the adaptation of public buildings and private 
 touses to the wants of those who use them ; 
 
 Agriculture and the improvement of food-products ; 
 
 The study of man, with what appears from time to time in the depart- 
 ments of anthropology and archaeology that may throw light upon the 
 development of the race from its primitive conditions. 
 
 Whatever of real advance is made in chemistry, geography, astron. 
 omy, physiology, psychology, botany, zoology, paleontology, geology, or 
 such other department as may have been the field of research, is recorded 
 monthly. 
 
 Special attention is also called to the biographies, with portraits, of 
 representative scientific men, in which are recorded their most marked 
 achievements in science, and the general bearing of their work indicated 
 and its value estimated. 
 
 Terms: $5.00 per annum, in advance. 
 
 The New York Medical Journal and The Popular Science 
 Monthly to the same address, $9.00 per annum (full price, 
 $10.00). 
 
 New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3. & 5 Bond Street. 
 
:> 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 CO 
 
 (/i 
 
 DO 
 
 m 
 
 3 3 
 
 (Dx< D m 
 
 Q__n 
 Q Q 
 
 O (/> (Q 
 5' i 
 
 8-S 
 
 CD o 
 (D 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 C00fc,17b083 
 
 Cl