he FC-- \0 FAMILI E^, c simple and PRINTED F Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN m EVERY MAN HIS OWN CATTLE DOCTOR; OR , A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORNED CATTLE, AND SHEEP. PRICE 10s. 6n. itr BOARDS. ' EVERY MAN HIS OWN CATTLE DOCTOR; OR A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORNED CATTLE: B F. I fi G A CONCISE AVD FAMILIAR DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE DISEASES INCIDENT TO OXEN, COWS, AND SHEEP; With the most simple and effectual METHOD OF CURING EACH DISORDER, IX ALL ITS VARIOUS STAGES; AND TI1E MOST EFFICACIOUS TREATMENT OF COWS, BEFORE, AT, AND AFTER THE TIME OF CALVING, AND ALSO OF EWES DURING THE LAMBING SEASON. The fourth Edition, corrected and improved. By FRANCIS CLATER, CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST, RETFOKD, Author of " FvervMan his own Farrier,' Twenty-two large Impressions of \\liich have been sold. LONDON: Printed by E.avd H. Hod son, Cross-Strut, Ifntton-Carden; FOR B. & R. CROSBY AND CO. STATIONERS' COURT; Ridges, Newark; J.icksnn*, and Fothorby, I mitli; Heaton, Leach, Inchbald, .,'''.',:,,;' ** > Justice, Hondc n ; Si,,. a ul,.v.n, and Thomas and Co.Doncas- tcr ,e nd Drakard Stamford; Th,,rr,ill, s: til ford : Babin K ton, Horncastle; Storr, L 8 /"*"' Wiganj 1 incr, Bolton; Ball, a Eaion, Worcester; Gitton, Bridjtnortb ; Pw.le, faunton; EoUa! a ,?l't -,'n I? Vt , u'\ v''>' 1!1Cr a r d , Swint.onrn:-, anil UM.er, Colchester; Robinson, BUM i g |ej MI jld ; \\ i,,te, and Pearson, Wisbear I, ; P, ; . kcr, Whitchurch ; Painter Ir^l' ,;" i;s)n ' 1 i cn ' ord 1 ; Silvester, Newport, Shropshire ; Webb. Bedford: (iar-' Rinon' /> Jodd Woburn: Ar-,,leton. Darlington; Farrcr and Tbirlw, v , ^"; ! Hard.crc, Ha,ll ( -i 8 h: Mills. Theu.,rd; Header, Cranbrook ; >on ' Ll VLM. Toincss ; Pregoning and Thomas, Trnro; also by every HnH^V.r.1! M V>i J T|'ni, "nrwiric, wicnru-iti, snetrifia, Halilax, B tli Rr' e , i ' ""' 1>erb y- Peterborough, Norlhampt.m. Salisburv , faitiP r i ^P? f T De ^. r Penzance. Canterbury. Po-tofract, Bradf-.rd. Nov. sue, Carlisle, hdinbur^h, Glasgow, GreiMiock Aberdeen, Berwick, itud Dublin. 1814. TABLE OF THE CONTENTS TO THIS WORK. SECTION. INTRODUCTION i ix to xxvii Introduction to Second Edition . .xxviii I i Felon, Epidemic Colds, or In- fluenza 33 II Peripneuraony, or an Inflammation of the Lungs 41 III Tiie Yellows, or Jaundice ....... 48 IV" Inflammation of (he Brain 54 V Murrain, or the Pestilential Fever 63 VI Black Leg, Quarter Evil, or Black Quarter. 74: VII Red Water, and Black Water 85 VIII Diarrhoea, or Rottenness 94 IX Inflammation of the Liver 103 X Inflammation of the Kidneys 109 XI Inflammation of the Stomach.... 115 Xll Cholic, or Gripes, 122 XIII ...Fog Sickness, Hoven, or Blown.. 129 XI V r Staggers, Vertigo, or Swimming in the Head.. , 137 771 18 Vi. ^ CONTENTS. 8ECT. PACK XV The Milk Fever 113 XVI To extract ibe Placenta, or the Cleansing, from the Cow after Calving ]jl XVII How to extract a Calf, when il pre- sents itself iti a wrong position 156 XVIII The Falling^down of the Calf Bed 163 XIX Locked Jaw 168 XX On the Utility of Purging Medi- cines in most Diseases inci- dnt to Horned Cattle 171 XXJ The Hoose, or Cough 176 XXII Rheumatism, or Joint Felon .... 180 XXI II Poisons 185 XXIV The Bite of Venomous Reptiles.. 189 XXV The Down-fall in the Udder of Cows (known also bj the name' of Sore Udders) 193 XXVI Wounds 201 XXVI J . ... ...Wounds of the Joints 215 XXVIII . . . .Strains and Bruises . . , 218 XXIX Cancerous Ulcers 223 XXX The Foul in the Foot 229 XXXI To Dry a Cow of her Milk 233 XXXII Angle Berries 238 XXXI II . ..Sore Teats 24 1 XXXI V . ..The Mange . . . . : 243 XXXV. . . .Lice in Cattle 247 XXXVI.,,.. Warbles 250 tONTENfS. Vli. J>AGF. XXXVII . ...To make a Cow take the Bull ... XXXVIII.. Bull Burnt ..................... 253 XXXIX . ...Cows that Slink or Slip their Calves 259 XL ..... . . ..Blood, its Nature and Property.. 263 [ XLl ........ Bleeding, its Utility and when ne- cessary .................... 266 XLII ...... The Cow Pox ................... 269 XLIII ...... Wood Evil, Moor III, Clue Bound, or Fardal Bound, and Pantas 273 XL1V ..... .On Diseases that are incident to Young Calve.s, and the method of Treating Cows after Calving 276 XLV ....... The Method of treating the Navel String after Extraction ...... 280 XLVI ...... Diarrhoea, or Dysentery ..... ..... 285 XLVJJ ..... Costiveness in Young Calves ..... 290 XLVIII . . . .The Hoose in Calves ..... ....... 296 XLIX ..... Observations on the proper Me- thod of dividing the different Drinks mentioned in this Trea- tise suitable for. Horned' "Cattle from the nge of one year and upwards .................... 300 ON THE DISEASES OF SHEEP. SECT. PAGE L The Lambing Season 305 LI On the Diseases of Young Lambs ..312 LII Red Water 316 LIII The Rot . . 320 LI V Scab s 331 LV Sheep Lice and Ticks 339 LV1 Inflammation in the Udder 343 LVH The Foot Halt and Foot Rot 347 LVI1I The Scour, or the Diarrhrea 352 LIX To prevent the Fly 355 LX Sore Heads 359 LXI Maggots 363 LXII Debility and Indigestion 367 LXIII Inflammation 369 LXIV Wounds 372 LXV..t... ,.The Disease of the Eye, commonly called Blindness , . 374 U PWARDS of twenty-seven years have elapsed, since the author of the present Work, published a volume, intituled "Every Man his own Farrier;" which, through the favorable reception of the public, has gone through seventeen or eighteen impressions, without any additions or improvements since the second edition. This circumstance has caused the author much anxiety, as it always was his in- tention to make, and to communicate foy the public benefit, every improve- ment that lay in his power. X INTRODUCTION. In justification of himself therefore he deems it necessary to state, that after the copyright had been disposed of, to a Bookseller in the North of England, the latter (for some reason unknown to the author) rigorously prohibited him from making any alteration or addition whatsoever to his work. As, however, he has been in the habit of making numerous observations, both on the diseases of Horses, and also on the operations of veterinary medicines, since the publication of the second edition, the author entertains sanguine hopes, that (when the former copyright of " Every Man his own Farrier," shall have expired) he will be able to offer an impression, so materially enlarged and corrected throughout, as to prove not un- worthy the attention of a liberal public, by whom it has already been so^avora- INTRODUCTION. XI bly received, though in a comparatively imperfect state*. The following Treatise on the DISEASES OF NEAT CATTLE AND SHEEP, is not the production of a few years' experience, but the result of upwards of forty years extensive practice. The author's motives for publishing a Treatise on the disorders incident to these valuable animals, are briefly as follow: I. They have hitherto been almost en- tirely neglected ; or have otherwise been considered as beneath the notice of medical gentlemen ; whose abilities and opportunities certainly qualify * The improvement and additions here alluded to, have lately been published in the twenty-second edition of Every Man his own Farrier," a very large number of which has already been disposed of. See Extracts from the Reviezes at the end of this Introduction. XU IKTRODUCTION them to convey better information than that, which the author of the following sheets has been able to pro- duce. II. In most of the different publications relative to Neat Cattle and Sheep, which the author has had an opportu- nity of inspecting, those parts, which are appropriated to medical treatment, have very far exceeded the requisite bounds in the quantity of the doses pre- scribed ; and thus, in all probability, the strength of many valuable beasts has been materially weakened, even although their lives should not have been shortened. For instance, in the works just ad- verted to, from three to six ounces of Glauber's Salts are prescribed for full- sized animals, whereas the author has always found that a less quantity than INTRODUCTION. Xlll one pound would never purge full grown beasts, when in health ; in fevers they require considerably more. III. It will likewise be seen, that most of the drinks, directed in the present volume, are so adjusted in point of quantity, as to produce the desired effect, when properly administered. The prac ti tioner is frequently cautioned in different parts of this work, to see, that all articles containing an essential oil, such as seeds of every kind, and many of the roots, be fresh pulverized at the time of using ; for, if kept in a powdered state, they in a short time lose all their medical virtue. Horse or Cattle powders, bought of wholesale dealers, are mostly adulterated, and may be purchased at one half the price at which the seeds or roots of the same kind are sold. XVI. INTRODUCTION. not considered the interest of these per- sons, but that of the owners, and the lives of the animals. Cattle of every description are valuable in this island, more so now, indeed, than formerly. If a poor man, for instance, lose a cow, it generally ruins him ; when at the same time, if a drink or two, at a shil- ling or eighteen-pence each, had been given her, she might have been saved, provided the medicine were administered according to the directions laid down in this Treatise. It is the interest of every Grazier to make himself acquainted with the different dis- eases of Cattle, their symptoms and differ- ent methods of treatment, and if this were more generally the case, he would rarely, if ever, have occasion to employ a Cow- leech. Medicines, when wrongly applied, or not given in a sufficient quantity, increase INTRODUCTION. XVI 1 the malignity of most diseases, while too large a dose may endanger the animal's life. By strict attention to the following rules, most persons will be enabled to act with propriety and judgment. Particular diseases, requiring more than ordinary care, are discussed at considerable length. Such are the downfall in the Udder of Cows, Red Water, Black Water, Fevers, &c. &c. &c. A small part of this work is appropriated to the description of the different diseases incident to young Calves, together with the medicines suitable to each. Towards the close of this volume, there will be found a short Treatise on Sheep, containing their different diseases, symptoms, and methods of cure, Many of the maladies, which have been deemed incurable in Sheep, the author has treated with uncommon success. B xviii INTRODUCTION. It is now upwards of twenty years since he first began to prescribe for these animals. That fatal disease, the RUT, has been suc- cessfully treated in its wrong stage, as well as many others, to the great satisfaction of the respective owners. All superfluous matters are rigorously omitted, and no- thing but the nature and symptoms of every disease clearly pointed out, together with its proper cure ; so that persons of small abilities may, in a short time, acquire sufficient knowledge to practice therein. The author is conscious that the stile and execution of the following treatise may stand in need of every allowance from the candid reader; but, if on the whole, it be found to contain more profitable informa- tion to Gentlemen Farmers, Graziers, and Cow-leeches, than any other work of simi- lar or greater extent, he will be sufficiently INTRODUCTION. xix compensated in the recollection, that his labours have not been altogether fruitless. o As NEAT CATTLE certainly constitute an essential part of our national wealth, when we consider all the various purposes for which they are employed, this Introduction may properly close with a few ebservations, on their different varieties, and on the se- lection of Stock for farms. The most common names in use, which are given to these animals, are those of Neat Cattle, or Black Cattle. Under these ap- pellations are included both sexes, as the Ox, Bull, and Cow; their generic charac- ters are as follows : Cloven footed, with or without horns, horns bending out laterally. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, and none in the upper. XX INTRODUCTION. Skin along- the lower .side of the neck pendulous. Rounded horns, with a large space be- tween their basis. Cattle are called by various other names, as the Urus 9 Auroch, (a common name for a bull of the temperate climate) and the Bison 9 or bull, a native of hot countries. The bunch on the shoulders of a Bison, is doubtless a natural production and is very large when the animal is in high condition ; on the contrary, when re- duced by poverty, it is barely discernable, and, by* inter-copulation with others that bear no such mark, this bunch will in the course o/ two or three descents be entirely lost. The all-wise disposer of events has thought it good IQ. reduce all the animal INTRODUCTION. creation under the power and dominion of man. Neat Cattle, in particular, may be said to rank foremost in the creation, es- pecially when we consider their great uti- lity, and the wonderful variety of produc- tions these valuable animals afford towards the support and use of mankind. The milk, for instance, which a single cow will yield, in the course of the summer season, or from the time of calving to the time of letting dry, is an amazing quantity ; from this are produced butter, and chesse, no trifling articles of human provision. There is, in fact, scarcely a part about this useful ani- mal, but what is of infinite USQ,; even the Blood is applied to different purposes. Butchers use it for the purpose of feeding swine ; the chemist employs it in the prepa- ration of Prussian blue ; and the farmer for manuring his land. XX11 INTRODUCTION. Further, the Fat or Tallow of Neat Cat- tle is made into candles, which contribute not a little to the increase of our domestic comforts. The Hides, when tanned and curried, make leather of the best and strong- est kind, from which boots, shoes, and numberless other articles are manufactured. The Hair is used to cement the walls of pur dwelling houses and the Jlorns are made into combs, handles for knives, drinking vessels, and a great variety of toys of different descriptions, The Bones are a cheap substitute for Ivory, from which a great number of useful articles are made by mechanics in large manufac- turing towns ; considerable quantities are in many parts of the kingdom used for manuring land; and lastly, the Flesh of this noble animal forms one of the most delicious and substantial dishes at our tables. INTRODUCTION. XXlll The form or construction of these ani- mals varies according to every climate ; our present concern, however, is with the native breeds of our own country. A great variety is to be met with in most counties or districts, throughout the kingdom, but it is greatly to be regretted, that farmers in general are so full of self confidence in their own knowledge, as to the respec- tive breeds which are best adapted to their own farms, or at least their pockets ; and that prejudices, thus deeply seated, are so difficult to be eradicated. There is, not- withstanding, a considerable number of gentlemen graziers in most counties, who have made great improvements in the breed of Neat Cattle, which are much to their credit. Such cattle as are intended to be reared, or brought up for the dairy, or to fatten in the pasture, ought to be bred from cows of a good make and shape, and which INTRODUCTION. also have been got by a bull of the same description. The shape and make of the male are, in most counties, eagerly sought for, and are found to be equally as neces- sary as the choice of a. stallion for mares, or of a tup for ewes. Most persons appear, indeed, to concur in this one opinion, that a well formed male is indispensably neces- sary in the breeding of cattle of all descrip- tions, When farmers first enter upon a farm they ought to make themselves ac- quainted with the nature and quality of the soil ; whether it be better adapted for breed- ing and rearing of stock; for keeping a dairy; or for the feeding of stock for the shambles. These Considerations ought, at all times to be attentively regarded. It rarely happens that cattle, purchased from rich lands, do well on poor soils, but, on the contrary, those taken from poor farms in general thrive well on good land. The INTRODUCTION. XXT choice of Neat Cattle, therefore, for the stocking of farms, ought to be regulated according to the nature and quality of the soil. , Again, the Age of Neat Cattle (it is highly requisite) should be known by every one, who has any thing to do with them. They, as well as sheep, have no teeth in the upper jaw, the age, therefore, must be determined by those on the lower jaw. At two years old, they get two new front teeth, or nippers, and every succeeding year they get two more, until they are five years old; at six years old they be- come full mouthed, the last two being completely up. There is another method by which the age of Neat Cattle may be determined, viz. by the horns. At the age of three years their horns are smooth and V even ; and every succeeding year there is a wrinkle or circle round the basis near the XXVI INTRODUCTION. head, which keeps moving the other for- ward ; so that if the first wrinkle be stated at three years old it will be easy to tell the age of any beast, after that time. Young Cattle are, for the most part, best understood by the following names. The Bull, while sucking, is called a Bull-Calf; and from one to two years old a Stirk or a Yearling Bull ; every year afterwards he is called a Bull of three, four, five and six years old, after which period he becomes aged. A young, castrated male, after the first year, is called a StotrCalfor Stirk-Stot, and then a Steer ; at four years old he re- ceives the name of a Bullock. A female at the first is called a Quey-Calf; and a Heifer till the age of four years ; she then takes the name of a cow, which is retained as long as she lives. As soon as Neat Cattle arrive at the state of maturity, they are called by the appel- INTRODUCTION. XXV11 Jation of Ox, Bull, and Cow. There is a regular time for gestation amongst the fe- males of different animals ; the Cow goes nine months in calf, sometimes a week more or a week less, The Mare goes eleven months ; and Sheep five months ; the Sow one hundred and twenty days. These may all vary a few days more or less; they should be attended to day and night, about the regular time of parturition, in order that every assistance may be given to the animal which nature may require, that the young may be preserved, and the life of the animal rescued from imminent danger, I ' INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE Author feels a sense of gratitude for the kind reception the first edition of this work has met with from the public. Several gentlemen Graziers of respectability have honoured him by their personal com- pliments, and others by letter, expressing their great satisfaction in meeting with a work of this kind so likely to become a public benefit. He trusts this new edition, corrected and improved, with considerable additions will prove a farther source of satisfaction to a candid and discerning- XXX INTRODUCTION. public, it having been his wish to com- municate herein those discoveries which have resulted from many years regular and successful practice. \ RETFORD, June 1st, 1811. Con? I pc SECTION I. FELLON, EPmEMIC COLD, OR INFLUENZA. HE observations most worthy of notice in disease, relate to its first cause. It in gene- proceeds from the sudden change of the ^sphere, from a warm and moist air to a jng cold and dry wind, which powerfully s the whole animal frame, by shutting up i >ores of the skin, and in a great measure ig a stop to perspiration. In cases' of this 4 p,' the hide becomes thickened, and the hair the : riii penfeathered or staring, and appears to J.J i the wrong way on the animal's back. * L ows are the most liable to be afflicted by the lenza, owing to the different state, or change- C before XXX INTRODUCTION. Jour- joally, public, it having been his wish to coi prr- * VI- municate herein those discoveries have resulted from many years regular ancj^,' VI successful practice. * \ RET FORD, June 1st, 1811. {*. ed e, a the .icle cus- con- ilder mall fcut suit- imd III!-, ons mil the ay -a- s- op .ul he SECTION 1. FELLON, EPIDEMIC COLD, OR INFLUENZA. JL HE observations most worthy of notice in this disease, relate to its first cause. It in gene- ral proceeds from the sudden change of the atmosphere, from a warm and moist air to a piercing cold and dry wind, which powerfully affects the whole animal frame, by shutting up the pores of the skin, and in a great measure putting a stop to perspiration. In case? of this kind the hide becomes thickened, and the hair looks penfeathered or staring, and appears to stand the wrong way on the animal's back. Cows are the most liable to be afflicted by the Influenza, owing to the different state, or change- C 34 IELLON, EPIDEMIC COLD, ableness of the weather, and also from their be- ing more tenderly managed, by being housed during the winter. The long prevailing north, and north-easterly winds, at the spring of the year, very often produce dangerous, and some- times fatal diseases. Horned Cattle, particularly Cows, are subject to a great variety of diseases; which are for the most part brought on by the different effects of the elements on the animal frame ; and often in a few days reduce them from the greatest state of perfection to a mere skeleton. In this case the regular course of the blood through the veins and arteries is obstructed, which frequently causes an inflammation to take place in some particular part of the body, as the stomach, bowels or in- testines, kidneys, bladder, and sometimes even the brain. In cases of this kind, bleeding should not be neglected. Hence are produced Fevers of different de- scriptions, which will be discussed under their proper heads in different parts of this treatise. OR INFLUENZA. 35 The first symptoms that are produced by taking cold, are, a heaviness in the head, and dulness in their motion; with weeping eyes; a suden depression of the milky secretion, and if the hand be pressed upon the chine, or any part of the back, the animal will instantly give way. This is for the most part called the Chine- Fellon, and is best understood by that name in the country. At other times the joints become more particularly affected than any other part, from which circumstance it is in general termed the Joint Fellon. Old Cows are the most sub- ject to this last complaint, especially a short time before calving: It is attended with considerable pain and weakness ; if the animal lie down she is seldom able to rise without some assistance till after calving. This necessarily occasions much trouble to the owner, which, if proper care had been taken, might have been prevented. When this happens, they generally require some assist- ance at rising, until the time of calving ; in all other respects they appear well, and eat c 2 36 FELLON, EPIDEMIC COLD, their food as usual. For more information ou this head, see Section xxir. on Rheumatism, or Joint-Fellon. In the cure of Colds of every description, the first attempt should be to remove the cause, by giving to the animal a warm cordial drink; which, acting as a stimulant on the stomach and intestines, will give fresh motion to these parts, and will enable nature to resume her former course. Either of the following drinks will be found sufficient to answer the desired effect, under proper management. RECIPE (No. i.) Take Aniseeds, Carraway-seeds, grains of Paradise, and Fenugreek, Of each, two ounces, in powder : Mix them together for one drink. OR IN 7 FLUENZA. RECIPE (No. 2.) Take Sweet Fennel-seeds, and Cummin-seeds, of each two ounces in powder ; Long Pepper, Turmeric, Ginger, and Enula Campana (Elecampane) each one ounce in powder. Mixjor one drink. The method of giving either of these drinks is as follows: take one and put it into a pitcher with two ounces of fresh butter, and two table- spoons-full of treacle or coarse sugar; then pour one quart of boiling ale upon the whole ; cover them down till new-milk warm, and then give the drink to the beast. By this method the whole virtue of the seeds will be retained, which chiefly consists \\\ the essential oil. By giving a few of these drinks to Cattle that have been much reduced from scanty food, during a long winter, the animals have been so much revived thereby, as to resume c 3 38 FELLON, EPIDEMIC COLD, nearly all their original life and vigour. In cases of this kind, where the system appears debilita- ted, one of the above drinks may be given every day, for three or four days together ; but if the animal be in tolerable condition, the drinks may be repeated every other or third day, as may be thought most requisite. In two hours after giving the drink, let the animal have a good mash made of scalded bran, or ground malt, with a handfull or two of ground oats, or barley meal added to it, and warm water that day. In slight colds during the summer, these drinks may be iven to cattle while in their V -> pasture : and, where it can be made convenient, let them fast two hours after, and then graze as usual. It is also necessary to examine the sick animals every day, "to watch them while they both dung and stale, and to see whether the body be of a proper heat, and the nose or muz- zle of a natural breeze. If these be regular, there is not much danger. If, however, feverish symptoms should appear OR INFLUENZA. 39 (which frequently happen) the animal will be- come costive; or, what is best understood by persons in this neighbourhood (Retford, Notting- hamshire) by the word Saped, and if not speedily relieved will be in danger. In such cases let one of the following Purging Drinks be given. RECIPE (No. 3.) Take Glauber Salts, one pound ; Ginger, in powder, two ounces; Treacle four ounces. Put all the ingredients into a pitcher, and pour three pints of boiling water upon them . When new-milk warm give the whole for one dose. RECIPE (No. 4.) Take Epsom Salts, one pound ; Aniseeds and Ginger, in powder, each two ounces ; Treacle, four ounces. Let this drink be given in the same manner as the above (No. 3.) c 4 40 FELLON, EPIDEMIC COLD. In most cases, either, of these drinks will be found sufficient to purge a full grown animal of this kind ; The last, I frequently think, works its passage more quickly. If either of these drinks fail in the operation in sixteen or twenty hours, let one half of either No. 3, or No. 4, be repeated every night and morning until the de- sired effect be obtained. By strict attention to the above method of application, a fever may be prevented, and the animal speedily restored. It should, however, be recollected that, after the intestines are sufficiently evacuated, it will be proper to repeat the Cordial Drink, No. J. p. 36.) or (No. 2. p. 37) for a few times. SECTION II. PERIPNEUMONY, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. JH.EPATIC Diseases, amongst horned Cattle are of frequent occurrence, and are produced by a variety of causes. FIRST, by the powerful effects of the elements upon the animal frame, in bringing on this dis- ease: dry, harsh winds, are severely felt, by shutting up the pores of the skin, and checking the perspiration, which is so essential to life and to the health of the animal as not to be dispensed with. 42 PERIPNEUMONY, SECONDLY, It has frequently been brought on by drinking cold water when over heated. THIRDLY, At other times it has attacked those which have been turned into fresh pastures, when their stomach has been over-charged with herb- age; in consequence of which the load upon the lungs becomes very oppressive ; the sizy and viscid part of the blood obstructs the vessels, and brings on difficulty in breathing, attended with a troublesome cough and hoosing. These symptoms indicate the lungs to be considerably affected. While the discharge from the nose and rnouth continues to be pretty copious, the inflam- mation makes but little progress ; but, as soon as this discharge is stopped, it rapidly increases ; and, if not timely checked, will quickly terminate in the animal's dissolution. Symptoms of an inflammation taking place are discovered by the body becoming alternately hot and cold ; the extremities for the most part cold ; especially the ears, horns, and feet : if the beast be in low condition, weak, and much OR, INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 43 debilitated, bleeding is seldom necessary ; but if, on the contrary, the animal be in high condition, the fever appears to increase, and the body feels of a*hot, dry, and parching heat, and the breath the same ; further, if the white of the eyes appears to be much inflamed, and tinged with a yellow hue ; bleeding in such cases will become highly necessary in this stage of the disease. From two to four quarts of blood may be taken away, according to the size, strength, and con- dition of the animal ; and if found necessary let it be repeated. A small quantity may be taken away every day, or every other day, according to the violence of the symptoms. Sometimes, this disease puts on a flattering appearance, the fever and heat appear small and scarcely perceptible: At other times, it sei-ins rapid in its progress. The cause of this disease appears in a great measure to proceed from a deficiency in the animal's nature of performing its regular course,- in carrying on a due circulation through all the 44 PERJPNEUMONY, vessels. The redundant state of the blood, through these impediments, become sur-charged with the pituitous lentor of the blood and hu- moura : for the glands cease to secrete the bile, which is not poured into the intestines, but be- comes deposited on the skin. Hence is pro- duced the jaundice, which is known by yellow- ness of the eyes, and of the different parts of the body. The cure must be attempted according to the symptoms already noticed. The costive state of the animal's body, which, in general accom- panies this disease, must be strictly attended to. Let, therefore, the purging drink (No. 3.) or (No. 4. ) be given as above directed (page 39) and the body be afterwards kept open by giving one half of either of the before mentioned purging drinks in the morning, and the other half in the evening, about every second or third day, as occasion may require. If the fever continue, after the intestines have been evacuated (which is seldom the case.) it OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 46 will be proper to take some blood from the ani- mal, and the quantity must be regulated accord- ing to the disease and habit of body. By strict attention to the above rules the disease will be checked, and the animal's body properly prepa- red for either of the following drinks, which,; may be given every day, except on those days when the purging drink is given. RECIPE (No. 5.) Take Aniseeds and Carraway Seeds, in powder, each two ounces; Ginger and Nitre, in powder, each one ounce-, Salt of Tartar, one ounce; Gum Myrrh, in powder, half an ounce :' Mix them togetlier for one drink. 46 PERIPNEUMONY, RECIPE (No. 6.) Take Sweet Fennel Seeds, in poivder, two ounces ; Grains of Paradise, in powder, one j ounce ; Peruvian Bark (in powder.) Salt of Tartar, Mottled Soap, sliced, each one ounce : Mix for one drink. Either of these drinks may be given in a quart of thin gruel, with a wine glass of gin, or other spirits if more convenient, and sweetened with two table-spoons full of treacle, or sugar. It will be proper to repeat these drinks, as stated above. Warm water, mashes, and gruel, must be regularly given two or three times a day. These drinks will be found to operate power- fully in expelling the disease, and to promote in- sensible perspiration, as well as in dissolving and evacuating the phlegm in the ventricles and in- testines, while they will also open and cleanse OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 4/ the vessels in the lungs, and bring them to a re- gular performance of their functions. After a strict application of the aforesaid remedies, and of the management according to the rules already laid down, if any symptoms of the disease should still remain, it will be proper to give the follow- ing drink. RECIPE (No. 7.) Take Valerian, in powder, two ounces ; Dried Squills, in powder, one drachm ; Gum Myrrh, in powder, half an ounce ; Balsam of Sulphur, and Balsam of Caplvi, each one ounce; the two last articles to be beat up with the yolk of an egg; Add Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one ounce : Tincture of Opium, half an ounce. Mix for one drink. Let this drink be given in a quart of warm gruel sweetened, and a wine glass full of spirits be added to it ; and treat the beast with mashes and warm water as before. This drink may be re- peated every third day, for three or four times, SECTION III. THE YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE. JL HIS is a common disease among Neat Cattle and proceeds from the obstruction of the gall- bladder and the cystic duct. The gall is a yellow liquor, separated in the liver and collected in the gall bladder : its great use is to mix with the chyle, to rouse the peristaltic motion of the in- testines, and to finish digestion. This sapona- ceous juice corrects the acidity in the stomach and bowels ; its salutary effects are powerfully felt in all parts of the body. The Yellows, or Jaundice, consists in a diffusion of this bile throughout the whole body, and is OR JAUNDICE. 49 favoured by every thing that obstructs its passage into the Duodenum. This disease is first observ- able in the white of the eyes, which appears of a yellow tint, and as it increases, the whole skin becomes impregnated with the same yellow hue; the ears, tail, eyes and mouth, are the parts where it is most conspicuous to the sight. In every stage of the disease the animals are attended with weakness and a great debility of the nervous sys- tem, a listleness to move, and want of appetite. When in the pasture, they wander about by themselves, by the side of hedges or fences in a dejected manner. These appearances sufficiently indicate the disease. Milch-cows are the most subject to it in the spring, and the latter end of the year; although they are not exempt from it at all other times. The most dangerous state in this disease is, when a Schirrhous Liver is the cause ; little hope can then be entertained of a permanent cure. The fluctuating state of the weather has a power- fa! effect upon the animal frame in retarding or 50 THE YELLOWS, promoting the cure ; care should also be taken to house them at all unfavorable opportunities. As soon as this disease makes its first appear- ance, it may for the most part be removed by administering the following drink. RECIPE (No. 8.) Take Cummin Seeds, Aniseeds, and Turmeric Root, in powder, each two ounces ; Grains of Paradise, in powder, Castile Soap, and Salt of Tartar, each one ounce ; Treacle, two ounces : Mix for one drink. rSlice the soap, and put the whole into a pitcher, then pour a quart of boiling ale upon the ingre- dients, and cover them down till new milk warm, then give the drink. It will be proper to repeat this drink, for two or three times, every other day, or oftener if required. If the beast be in, middling condition, from two to three quarts of OR JAUNDICE. 51 blood may be taken away; they should not be turned out after bleeding that day, nor at night, but the morning following they may go to their pasture as usual. If the disease do not give way to the above treatment, but still keep on the in- crease, it will be proper to give the purging drink (No. 3.) or (No. 4.) p. 39. After this has had the desired effect let the following be given. RECIPE (No. 9.) Take Balsam qfCopaiva, and Salt of Tartar each one ounce ; Castile Soap, two ounces ; Beat them together in a marble mortar ; Add V a l er i an Root, in powder, two ounces ; Ginger Root and Peruvian Bark, in powder, each one ounce ; Treacle, two ounces; Mix for one drink. Let this drink be given in a quart of warm gruel and repeated if necessary every other day. It 52 THE YELLOWS, will be found excellent in removing obstructions and promoting a free circulation through all the animal secretions. It must be observed, that it will be proper to keep the body sufficiently open through every stage of the disease ; for if cos- tiveness be permitted, the fever will increase ; and if not timely removed, the disorder will terminate fatally. The following purging drink will be found well adapted for opening a passage through the intestines and carrying off or removing those eoncretioias that obstruct the progress of the bile. RECIPE (No. 10.) Take Barbadoes Aloes, one ounce ; Castile Soap, Salt of Tartar, and Gin- ger, in powder, of each half an ounce; Aniseeds, fresh powdered, two ounces* Castor Oil, four ounces ; Treacle, four table-spoons full : Mix for one drink. OR JAUNDICE. 53 Put the above drink in a pitcher, pour a quart of hot gruel upon it ; and when new milk warm give it to the animal. If the castor oil be thqught too expensive it may be omitted, and three or four drachms more of the aloes added. This drink will in general operate in the course of from twelve to sixteen hours, according to the animal's state of body. But when this happens not to be the case, let one half of the last men- tioned drink be repeated every night and morn- ing until the desired effect be accomplished. And as soon as the cause is removed, the ani- mals may speedily be restored to their former health, by giving two or three of the drinks (No. 1.) p. 36. or (No. 2.) p. 37. and if a milch cow, they quickly restore them to their former flush of milk. SECTION IT. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN, A HIS Disease is one of the most distressing to which Cattle are subject, and is commonly called by the name of Frenzy or Sough. It is most prevalent during the months in the summer season. It is sometimes idiopathic, or a primary disease, at other times it is symptomatic. Inflammation of the brain proceeds from some other malady, as fevers of a different kind, or from an inflammation taking place in some par- ticular part of the body, and which is transferred to the brain. The cause is too great an efflux of blood, pressing upon the temporal arteries ; from OF THE BRAIN. 55 which an increased action of the vessels takes place. The symptoms that usually precede a true inflammation of the brain, are a kind of madness attended with ravings and constant watchings, slow respiration, and a strong pul- sation in the temporal arteries. The animal ap- pears in a very fierce state, as if seized with a turbulent kind of madness. The eyes appear much inflamed, and ready to start from their or- bits; the beasts often fall down of a sudden and rise again with the same volatility, until nature is quite exhausted; a constant trembling and start- ing of the tendons; a dry and harsh skin; a suppression of the urine; grinding of the teeth and a total want of rest. These last are unfavor- able symptoms. The Frenzy or Inflammation of the Brain, is sometimes occasioned by wounds or contusions in the head, that are attended with violent in- flammations of the vessels, and if not speedily relieved may terminate in a gangrene or a morti- fication, which is very often the case, and that in a few days. D4 56' INFLAMMATION Wounds in this state require the speedy ap- plication of the most powerful medicines ; for the proper administering of which the reader will consult Section xxvi. On Wounds. In 'the cure of this disease, the following method must be attended to ; First lessen the quantity of blood by frequent bleeding; which may be repeated daily if required; and by which the great efflux of blood upon the temporal arteries will be lessened and much retarded. The following purgative drink will be found suitable for this disease, and likewise for most fevers of an inflammatory nature. RECIPE (No. 11.) Take Glauber Salts, one pound; Tartarised Antimony, one drachm; Camphor, two drachms ; Treacle, four ounces; Mix and put the whole into a pitcher, and pour three pints of boiling water upon them ; IVhen new milk warm add Tincture of Opium, half an ounce, and give it all for one dose. OF THE BRAIN. 57 This drink will, in general, operate briskly in the space of twenty or twenty-four hours ; if not, let one half of the quantity be given to the beast every night and morning, until the desired effect be obtained. This will be found a power- ful drink, not only in acting as a purge, but in opening obstructions by which the offending cause will quickly be removed. After the in- testines have been sufficiently evacuated by giving the above drink (No. 11.) it will be found ne- cessary to give the following powders as long as any inflammatory symptoms remain. RECIPE (No. 19.) Take PHiite Antimonial Powder, two drachms ; Nitre, one ounce ; Camphor, in powder, and Tincture of Opium, of each two drachms : Mix for one dose. These powders must be given in a pint of warm gruel; and repeated every morning and evening 58 INFLAMMATION until the fever begins to abate ; afterwards, once a day will be sufficient. It frequently happens in this disease that an inflammatory swelling takes place upon the jaws, and On different parts of the head. In cases of this kind there is a difficulty in swallowing; and, as the inflamma- tion increases, the jaws become gradually closed so as not to be opened without an instrument*. Inflammations and contractions in these parts require medicines of the most powerful kind ; the following will be found excellent for the purpose. RECIPE (No. 13.) Take the best Soft Soap, six ounces ; Spirits of Hartshorn, Rectified Spirits of Wine, and Tincture of Opium, of each eight ounces ; Oil of Origanum, two ounces. * This is termed a " LOCKED JATT." The proper treat- ment of this dreadful malady is stated, infra, Section XIX. OF THE BRAIN. 59 Mix the soap and spirits of hartshorn well together, in a marble mortar, then add the remainder of the articles, and mix them all together and ke^p them in a bottle well stopped for use. This liniment will be found a powerful medicine in all antispasmodic diseases of this kind. The parts afflicted must be well rubbed with it every morning and evening, or oftener if required. The animals, under all these af- flictions, can seldom of themselves take a suf- ficient quantity of nourishment to keep them alive. It will therefore be found necessary to horn a sufficient quantity of that kind which produces the most nutriment. The following gruel will be found adequate to the purpose: GO INFLAMMATION Take an equal quantity of Linseed in powder and Oat-meal; make them into a stiff gruel by just giving them a boil in a sufficient quantity of water, and when f new milk icarm, from two to four quarts may be horned into the beast or more if necessary, three or four times a day ; the gruel may be sweet- ened with coarse sugar or treacle, and half an ounce of Nitre, and a little common Salt added, if thought proper. By these means the strength of the animal will be supported, and it will be the better enabled to undergo the operation of medicine. This may be reckoned one of the severest dis- eases to which Horned Cattle are liable ; and after the symptoms disappear, it leaves them in a low, dejected, and debilitated state. The fol- lowing restorative drink will be found very suitable for such Cattle as have been reduced by severe disease. OF THE BRAIN. 61 RECIPE (NO. ]4.) Take Peruvian Bark, in powder, one ounce; Nitre, and Salt of Steel, of each half an ounce in poivder ; Aniseeds, and Carraway Seeds, in powder, of each one ounce; Treacle, four talle-spoons full. Mix Jor one drink ; and give it in a quart of warm gruel ; A wine glass of Gin, or two or three table-spoons full of Brandy may be added to the drink if thought proper. It will be necessary to repeat this drink every two or three days, for three or four times, or longer if required, or the following, if thought more proper, may be given. 62 INFLAMMATION. RECIPE (No. 15.) Take Peruvian Bark, and Gentian, in pow- der, each or.e ounce ; Rust of Iron, half an ounce; Ginger Root, in powder, one ounce ; Elixir of Vitriol, two drachms ; Treacle, four table-spoons full ; Gin, or Brandy, two table-spoons full. Mix, and give it in a quart of warm gruel, the same as No. 14. SECTION V. MURRAIN, OK THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. JL HIS is another of those severe diseases which afflict Neat Cattle ; and which very often prove fatal amoog them. It has, at times, made great ravages in most parts of Europe, as well as in *ur own country. This disease, it has been frequently re- marked, made great destruction among Horned Cattle from the years 1744 to 177^ : And I may further add, that few years pass away without its appearapce in one part or other of the kingdom, 64 MURRAIN, and with different degrees of virulence. I have often thought that the murrain bears some resemblance to the plague in Europe, or the yellow fever in the West Indies, both of which have proved so fatal to mankind. There is every reason to suppose, that this distemper is a con- tagious one, and is drawn in by the breath, at the nose and mouth of the animal, from others that are infected; and if the latter were timely separated, there is no doubt but that the further progress of the infection would be prevented. This disease is of the putrid kind, and is first observed by its effects in disordering the whole aiiimal frame for several days before it makes its outward appearance. The first symptoms that appear are a shiver- ing and trembling of the limbs; a decrease of appetite ; the head and neck protruding ; a difficulty in swallowing; the eyes appear dull and languid, and often shed tears; together with a continual scouring. In a fews days the breath, and also the dung of the diseased . beasts, OR THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. &> become fetid and very offensive. The stream that perspires from the body, the breath and the excrements, affect the surrounding air for some distance ; the head, horns, and breath are very hot ; the body and limbs cold ; the mouth affected with blisters. This pestilential disease is one of the most violent that can befall Neat Cattle: From the violence of the fever an inflammation quickly takes place in the stomach and intestines. It may also be dis- covered by the appearance of a morbid tumor either across the loins, or on some other part of the body ; and if the hand be pressed upon the swelling, it makes a crackling noise somewhat similar to that of a bladder, when dry and full of wind. The cause of this sound I apprehend to be the violence of the fever drying up every ap- pearance of moisture. In this stage of the disease, a gangrene, or a mortification in general takes place; which, though it leaves but little hopes of recovery, yet does not diminish our duty in using every 66 MURRAIN, means in our power to terminate the progress of so destructive a malady. The more favorable symptoms are as follows ; when the fever is checked in its progress ; the tumor gradually fills and forms a good pus, and is discharged in a proper manner. The method of cure recommended by most authors is, first to bleed copiously once or twice a day, until seven or eight quarts of blood are take away. But I have always found the following method of treat- ment to be preferable. . As soon as possible therefore, after the disease is discovered, let the purging drink (No. 1 1 . p. 56.) be given, and repeated as there directed until the desired effect be obtained. It sometimes happens after giving this drink, that the animal throws it up again; which is chiefly owing to a quantity of acid being formed in the beast's stomach from a load of indigested food. When this is the case it will be proper to give the purging drink (No. 3. o" No. 4. p. 39.) or if not thought too expensive, give No. 10, p. 5.) which will correct the acid OK THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. 6f in the stomach, and for the most part produce the desired effect; if not, it must he repeated until the load is removed. If the fever is not checked, or put a stop to, after the stomach and intestines are evacuated, let two quarts of blood be taken from the beast, (or more if its strength will admit of it:) and the powders (No. 1'2. p. 57.) be given as there directed. By strict attention to the aforesaid treatment the fever will in general be removed in the course of a few days : should it however continue to increase, and proceed gradually to a state of putrefaction, let the fol- lowing drink be given. (RECIPE (No. 16.) Take Allum in powder, four ounces ; Nitre and Peruvian Bark, in powder, of each one ounce ; Treacle, four ounces : Mix for one drink. 3 68 MURRAIN, Let these ingredients be put in a pitcher, and a quart of hot gruel poured upon them : when new milk warm add half a pint of vinegar and give it to the beast. It may be repeated once a day, or every other day, as circumstances may require. This drink will also be found excellent in preventing the infection from spreading among the remainder of the cattle. In this case it will be proper to fetch them all out of the pasture into an open yard in the evening, and take from two to four quarts of blood from each, according to their size and con- diti^n: let them stand in the yard till next morning, then give to each one of the above drinks : two hours after turn them into their pasture again. They may be fetched up every other n ght, and the drink repeated next morning, fur two or three times. I have no doubt but it will be sufficient to put a stop to the infection.- As this disease proceeds to a crisi?, the most dif- ficult time is from the sixth to the ninth day; if the animals survive the last, they will in OR THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. 69 general get the better. They are left in a low and debilitated state, for which it will be proper to give them one of the restorative drinks (No. 14. p. 6l. or 15. p. 62.) and repeat it as there directed. As soon as any swelling begins to make its appearance in any part of the body (which is almost sure to be the casein a few days after they are attacked) let the following mixture be well rubbed in, all over the parts affected. RECIPE (No. 17.) Take Nitre Jour ounces ; Vinegar, one quart ; Dissolve the Nitre in the Vinegar ; ^.dd Oil of Vitriol, one ounce ; Tincture of Opium, two ounces ; Camphorated Spirits of ff r ine four ounces : Mix them together in a bottle for use, The parts affected must be rubbed two or three times a day with this mixture. It will be found E 3 7O MURRAIN, a powerful application in repelling or stopping the progress of this black mortifying tumor. It has been a custom amongst some cow-leeches to attempt the removal of the mortified parts with a knife, but I never knew this practice to answer. When the inflammatory tumors terminate in a gangrene or mortification, their approach will "be Jrnown by the following symptoms. The in- flammation loses jts redness, and assumes a dusky or livid colour; the tension of the skin goes off and the latter feels of a flabby nature ; the com- plexion of the tumor changes from that of a livid to a more dark and black appearance; the pulse is quick and low, accompanied with cold and clammy sweats. When these symptoms ap- pear there are but little hopes of recovery. The more favorable symptoms are those when the turaified parts are gradually proceeding to a state of suppuration. In this case the restrin- gent mixture must be omitted; and the following emollient oils be well applied on the parts af- fected, two or three times a day. OR THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. 71 RECIPE (No. 18.) Take Oil of Elder, four ounces; Spirit of Turpentine and Linseed Oil, of each three ounces; Water of pure Ammonia, two ounces; Opodeldoc, and Tincture of Opium, of each two ounces : Mix, and put them in a bottle for iise. The bottle should he well shaken every time the mixture is used: and as soon as matter or pus is sufficiently formed, it may be discharged with a lancet, or a knife suitable for the purpose, and afterwards dressed with digestive medicints*. Further, the animals suffering under this disease are in general severely afflicted with a sore mouth, full of blisters, and much inflamed. The following mixture will be found suitable for the purposes of washing and gargling the mouth and throat: * For the proper treatment in this case, see Section XXVI. infra, ON WOUNDS. E 4 72 MURRAIN, RECIPE (No. 19.) Take Alum, inji-ne poicder, two ounces; Nitre, and Bole Armenia, in powder, of each one ounce; Honey, t/co ounces; inrite Wine Vinegar, one quart ; Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. \ The mouth must be well washed with this mix- ture two or three times a clay, in the following manner. Take a stick or cane about two feet long, and fold round one end a small lump of linen, or fine tow : secure it well with strong thre^ra ; then shake the bottle well, and pour a sufficient quantity into a pot. Dip the end of the cane or stick that has the linen or tow fixed on it, into the gargle mixture and apply it all over the mouth. Neat Cattle suffering under this severe disease are seldom of themselves able to take a sufficient quantity of nourishment; therefore, let them have the gruel (directed in. page 60) horned into them three or four times a OR THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER. 7 3 day ; and, as soon as they will eat, let them have a mash of scalded bran, or malt, with two or three hands-full of ground corn mixed. Proper care and good nursing will quickly bring them about. SECTION VI. BLACK-LEG, QUARTER-EVIL, OR BLACK-QUARTER. Jl HIS disease is called by a great number of other*names ; but as they all indicate the same disorder, it would be of no advantage to the reader here to repeat them. The symptoms are in many respects similar to those of the Murrain or Pestilential Fever, (described in p. 64.) It is however highly ne- cessary to discuss this malady in a separate section, as it does not appear to be either in- fectious or epidemic, but is almost wholly con- BLACK-aUARTER. 75 fined to young cattle from one to two years old. The Quarter Evil chiefly affects such as are in the best condition. Milch cows, or lean cattle of all descriptions, are seldom seized with this disease ; and during the winter it is not known. The summer season is the time when it makes its appearance, and very often proves destructive to great numbers of young cattle in different parts of the kingdom. When the vegetable creation springs up in all its perfection, the young animals are not able to stand against such luxurious living, particularly those which have been much reduced by bad keeping and scanty food during a long and severe winter. The cause proceeds from a redundance or overflowing of the blood, which is very great, and frequently occasions them to drop and die suddenly in a state of putrefaction. The symptoms are, a sudden depression of the whole animal frame, as if seized or struck with the palsy. A swelling takes place immediately in some part of the body, as on the legs. 76 BLACK-LEG, .UARf ER-EVIL. shoulders, under the belly, or on some part of the back ; when it appears on this last part towards the loins, it will be attended with the most danger. It is first discovered by the crackling noise made by the swelling, when the hand is pressed upon it; and owing to a quantity of air being collected between the skin and flesh. The mouth and tongue are full of blisters, from the violence of the fever. Method of Treatment. As soon as this disease makes its appearance upon the young animal, take from one to three quarts of blood away, according to age and size* Two hours after bleeding, give the fol- lowing purging drink ; which will be found of a proper strength for young cattle, from the age- of one to two years old. OR BLACK- GIUARTER. 7 IT RECIPE (No. 20.) Take Glauber Salts, from 8 to 1 2 ounces^ according to size and strength ; White Antimonial Powder, one drachm; Camphor, (rubied into powder, with a Jew drops of Spirits of Wine,) one drachm ; Aniseeds, and Ginger, fresh powdered^ of each one ounce ; Treacle, four table-spoons full: Mix for one drink* Let the ingredients be put into a pitcher, and then pour a quart of boiling water upon, than and cover the vessel down until new milk warm, and then give it. If the animal be more than two years old, the salts may be increased in proportion until the quantity shall amount to one pound. This will be found a powerful drink in removing those inflammatory symptoms which attend diseases of this kind, as well as to evacuate the stomach and intestines. But if this should fail /8 BLACK-LEG, QUARTER-EVIL, in purging the beast in the space of twelve or twenty hours, it must be repeated by giving one half of the drink every night and morning, until the desired effect be obtained : as, without this, there are but little hopes of recovery. When this is accomplished the following drink may be given once a day, or every other day, as may be thought necessary. RECIPE (No. 21.) Take Alum, in powder, two ounces; Nitre, in powder, one ounce; Peruvian Bark, in powder, half an ounce; Aniseeds and Carraway Seeds, in pow- der, of each one ounce; Treacle four ounces : Mix for one drink. Let this drink be put in a pitcher, and a quart of boiling water poured upon the ingredients; cover them down, and when new milk warm, add half OR HlACK-ftUARTER. 79 a pint of good vinegar, and give the whole imme- diately. If the fever be attended with considerable inflammation in the parts affected, and still conti- nue to increase, it will be proper to omit the above drink, and have recourse to the powders (No. 12.) and give them as there directed ( p. 57. ) And, as soon as the unfavourable symptoms disappear, the above drink may be resumed. All the swoll- en or tumefied parts must be well rubbed with the mixture (No. 17. p. 69.) But if the tumor gradually proceed to suppurate, it will be proper to encourage it by applying the emollient mixture (No. 81. p. 7 1 -) or tne following, as may be thought most proper. KECIPE(No. 22.) Take Marsh-mallows Ointment, and Oint- ment of Elder ; of each four ounces ; Spirits of Turpentine, two ounces ; Oil of Vitrol, half an ounce ; Mix and stir them together in a pot ; Then add four ounces of Olive Oil; And stir them together for use. 80 BLACK-LEG, QUARTER -EVIL* All the tumefied parts must be well rubbed with this ointment twice a day; and, if it be thought not too much trouble, the parts may at th otherwise the animal would be reduced too low. The injection of a clyster up the rectum, or anus, twice a day, will greatly assist the physic in its operation. RECIPE (No. 47.) Take Linseed, bruised, four ounces; Tobacco, one ounce ; Common Salt, one handfall ; Treacle four ounces : Boil the two first articles in three quarts of water; Strain through a linen cloth, and add the remainder. IVhen new-milk warm inject it up the amis. 128 COLIC. Clysters are, in most cases, beneficial; they relax the parts as far as they go, and by softening the faeces, promote evacuation much sooner. Immediate ease frequently succeeds these neces- sary evacuations; and the animal's appetite may in a short time be restored by good nursing ; and a few of the restorative drinks (No. 14. p. 6l.) or (No. 15. p. 62.) be given as there directed. SECTION XIII. FOG SICKNESS, HOVEN OR BLOWN* X HIS is a common complaint amongst Neat Cattle, and is attended with symptoms of the most distressing nature. It requires speedy relief or a rupture of the stomach or some part of the intestines may be expected to take place ; which generally soon terminates the animal's existence. Fog Sickness usually proceeds from a voracious and greedy disposition, incident to Neat Cattle when permitted to satiate their appetite with food of which they are most fond; such as red- clover, vetches, rich fog, or different kinds of grasses ; likewise turnips, potatoes, corn, and sometimes I 130 FOG SICKNESS, chaff' The latter are more liable to choke the beasts, and the former to blow them. This disease, or rather accident, requires no description, as it is well known to most cattle- keepers. Beasts are most subject to be Fog- sick, Hoven, or Blown, in the Summer: and in the Winter to be choked. It is possible that they may be seized with the former, or escape the latter, or vice versa. This complaint (as already intimated) is in general occasioned by the animal feeding for a considerable time upon rich succulent food, so that the stomach becomes over charged, and they through their greediness to eat, forget to lie down to ruminate or chew their cud. Thus the paunch or first stomach is rendered incapable of expell- ing its contents; a concoction and fermentation take place in the stomach, by which a large quan- tity of confined air is formed in the part that extends nearly to the anus, and for want of vent at that part causes the animal to swell even to a state of suffocation, or a rupture of some part HOVEN, OR BLOWN. 131 of the stomach or intestines ensues. As sudden death is the consequence of this, the gn-atest caution is necessary in turning cattle into afresh pasture, if the bite of grass be considerable ; nor should they be suffered to stop too long at a time in such pastures before they are removed into a fold yard, or some close where there is but little to eat, in order that the organs of rumi- nation and digestion may have time to discharge their functions. If this be attended to for a few times, it will take away that greediness of disposition and pre- vent this distressing complaint. Various expedients are employed for the pur- pose of affording relief, both with medicine and manual operation. Some farmers (to whom the author is known) have made it a practice to give swell cows as are of a greedy disposition, a com- fortable drink, viz. (No. 1. p. 36.) or (No. '2. p. 37.) about an hour before they are turned into a fresh pasture. This, I believe, has had the desired 132 roc SICKNESS, effect, for I never knew any one instance of its farfare. As soon as the beast is discovered to be either IToven or Blown, by eating too great a quantity of succulent grasses, let the purging drink (No. 3. ]). 3<)) or (No. 4. p. 39.) be given as there direct- ed; either of these drinks Will for the rriost part check fermentation in the stomach, and in a very short time force a passage through the intestines. When medicine fails to have a speedy effect, recourse must be had to external means', su'ch as the contrivance of Dr. Monro, first commu- nicated to the public in the year 1 795. It con- sists of an iron wire formed into a flexible- tube, and covered over with soft smooth leather: This instrument, I understand, may be had ready made in London. It would be well if one was kept in every town. The distance, found by th*e Doctor, from the fore teeth to the first stomach in a* large Ox, is about six feet. The instrument, therefore, should be full that length, or rather longer, and then gently passed down the beast's IIOVEN, OR TiLOWN. 1 .';.') throat into the first stomach ; whence a large quantity of fluid air will he discharged. It may remain there for a short time, as it does not im- pede respiration. There is another kind of instrument recom- mended by Mr. Eager, which appears to be equal- ly useful with that of Dr. Monro. Mr. E.'s con- trivance is of two sizes, the one adapted for cattle and the other for sheep ; for which the London Society for the Encouragement of Arts, voted him a premium of fifty guineas in the year 179^* These instruments are constructed as follows: That for cattle is six feet long, with a round knob of wood properly secured to one end of the cane. A man is ordered to lay hold of the horn with one hand, and the nostrils with the other : The assistant must lay fast hold of the tongue with one hand, while he pushes the cane down the animal's throat with the other. As soon as it enters the stomach, a large quantity of fetid air will be disengaged, which will easily be dis- cerned by the animal's body sinking to its former I 3. 134 FOG SICKNESS, state again ; and nature taking its regular course, the beast will soon be restored to health. If neither of these instruments are near at hand, the following- may be used, and I have no doubt but that it will answer every purpose of the former. Take a knob of wood turned in the form of an egg, with a hole bored through the center and out at each end. Then take a com- mon cart whip two yards long , and secure one end fast in the knob dip it in oil or soft grease and introduce it in, the same manner as the former. Paunclihjg is another method frequently re- sorted to in dangerous cases. The operation is performed in the. following manner: take a sharp pen-knife and gently introduce it into the paunch between the haunch bone and the last rib on the left side. This will instantly give vent to a large quantity of fetid air : a small tube of a sufficient length may then be introduced into the wound and remain until the air is suf- ficiently evacuated; afterwards take out the HOVEN, OR BLOWN. 135 tube, and lay a pitch plaister over the orifice. Wounds of this kind are seldom attended with danger: where it has arisen, it has been occa- sioned by the injudicious operator introducing his knife into a wrong part. After the wind is expelled, and the body has been reduced to its natural state, let the following cordial drink be given. RECIPE (No, 48.) Take Aniseeds, Dlapente, and Elecampane) in powder, of each two ounces; Tincture of Rhubarb, two ounces ; Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one ounce ; Treacle, four table-spoons full. Mix and give it iri a quart of warm ale, or gruel. This drink may be repeated every other day for two or three times: or the following may be given if thought more adviseable. i 4 136 FOG SICKNESS. RECIPE (No. 49.) Take Aniseeds, Grains of Paradise, and Cummin-seeds, of each 'tico ounces, in powder ; Spirits of turpentine, two table-spoons full; Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one ounce; Treacle, two t able- spoons full : Mix and give them in a quart of warm ale or gruel. This may be repeated once a day for two or three times. SECTION XIY. STAGGERS, VERTIGO, OR SWIMMING IN THE HEAD, JlXORNED Cattle are subject to this disease, which is generally known by some of the above mentioned names. The seat of the complaint appears to be in the head ; although some think it proceeds from the stomach; and this is most probably the case. It proceeds from a large quantity of phlegma- tic humours pressing upon the brain and optic nerves, which cause the animal to have a waver- ing and staggering motion of the body. 138 STAGGERS, VERTIGO, The symptoms are attended with heaviness and dulness of the whole frame, a constant disposition to sleep, which is manifested by the beast resting its head upon any convenient place. If this disease be not checked in its in- fancy by bleeding, evacuating, and proper ma- nagement, it will probably terminate in an in- flammation of the brain, or on some other part of the body. This disease mostly attacks animals that have been kept in a state of poverty and starvation during the winter season; and which have in the spring of the year been admitted into a fertile pasture: hence is produced a redun- dancy of blood and other fluids, pressing upon the contracted vessels, while the animal oecono- niy on the other hand, is using its utmost endeavour to restore reduced nature to its origi- nal state. If it is hot checked in the manner as stated before, inflammation in all probability must take place ; in which case the beast is at* OR SWIMMING IN THE HEAD. 139 tended with all the symptoms of one that is raving mad. The cure must first be attempted by taking from two to three or four quarts of blood from the animal, according to size and strength ; two or three hours after, give one of the purging drinks (No. 3. p. 89.) (No. 4. p. 39.) or if thought more proper (No. 10. p. 52) Any of these are generally sufficient to purge a beast of a moderate size : but if they should not operate in the space of sixteen or twenty hours, let one half of either of the aforesaid purging drinks be given every twelve hours, until the desired effect be obtained. Purging is very necessary in this disease, as well as in all others of an inflamma- tory kind ; for otherwise it will be impossible to check its progress : and as soon as this is effect- ed the following drink may be given. 14O STAGGERS, VERTIGO, RECIPE (No. 50.) Take Tartariscd Antimony, one drachm ; Volatile Salt of dmmonia, and Cam- phor, of each two drachms, in pow- der ; Nitre, and Cream of Tartar, in powder, of each one ounce ; Treacle Jour table -spoons full. Mix, and put them in a pitcher, then pour a quart of hot gruel upon the ingredients, stir the whole together and give it when new milk warm. It will be necessary to repeat this drink twice a day, until the symptoms begin to abate : after- wards once a day will be sufficient. But so long as the fever continues to be attended with raving and delirious symptoms, it will be proper to take from one to two or three quarts of blood from the animal every two or three days. The keeping of the body sufficiently open with pur- OR SWIMMI.VG IN THE HEAD. 141 gative medicines, bleeding, and administering the above drink according to the rales laid down, (I have no doubt) wrll prove sufficient to perform a cure. Jf the disease continue long, the following blistering ointment may be well rubbed on the poll of the head, and on each side of the neck, with the hand. RECIPE (No. 51.) Take Yellow Basilicon Ointment, three ounces ; Spirits of Turpentine, one ounce ; Spanish flies, in powder, half an ounce ; Mix them well together on a slab, and put them in a pot for use. It will be proper to repeat this blister once a day for several days together, and if it take proper effect, it will in general give considerable relief to the parts affected. When the blister has ceased to discharge, the part may be rubbed 142 STAGGERS, VERTIGO. with elder or marsh-mallow ointment once a day, for two or three times, and after the symp- toms are abated, the animal may be restored by giving the drink (No. 14. p. 61.) or (No. 15* p. 62.) as there directed* SECTION XV. THE MILK FEVER* 1 HIS is a disease peculiar to Cows in high condition at the time of calving t whether young or old, all are liabk to be attacked by it. When- ever it takes place, either at home or in the field, it is distressing tot he animal, as well as trouble- some to the owner ; they seldom or ever are able to rise in less than two or three days after. The puerperal, or milk fever, is most frequent during the hot weather of summer. The Cows most liable to be attacked with this fever, have large udders that are full of milk for several davs before 144 THE MILK FEVER. calving, and often very much inflamed and swelled. The best method of preventing this disease is as follows: Take four or five quarts of blood from the beast, about eight or ten days before her time of calving. Let the blood be taken away at night, and the beast be kept in a fold yard till next morning. The following drink should be given before the animal is put to grass, as it will check the overflow of milk and brace up the relaxed vessels. RECIPE (No. 52.) Take Alum, in powder, two ounces; Nitre and Cream of Tartar, in powder, of each one ounce ; Treacle four table-spoons full; Mix them and let them be put in a pitcher, and a quart of lolling ale and leer mixed be poured upon them. Stir the whole, and when new-milk warm, give it. Two hours after the beast may be turned out. THE MILK FEVER. 143 This drink may be repeated a second time if thought necessary. If the cow's udder is not suf- ficiently relieved by bleeding and the aforesaid drink, the part may be well rubbed with.the fol- lowing repellent medicine. RECIPE (No. 53.) Take Goulard Extract, four ounces ; Camphorated Spirit of Wine, eight ounces ; VHiite Vitriol, one ounce; Rain Water that has been boiled, one quart. Mix and put them in a bottle for use. The udder and all the vessels about it that ap- pear to be swollen or inflamed, must be well rubbed with this mixture two or three times a day. If the inflammation still continue to in- crease, it will be proper to milk her once or twice a day, for several days, before calving. When this is the case the above lotion may be omitted, and the following emollient liniment ap- plied each time after milking. K 146 THE MILK FEVER. RECIPE (No. 54.) Take Elder Ointment, Marsh- mallow Oint- ment, and Soft Soap, of each four ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, two ounces; Oil of Origanum, half an ounce : Mix the irJiole well together on a slab, and keep it in a pot for use. This will greatly assist in removing the inflam- mation, and in assuaging the tumefied parts, as well as restore the milky secretions to their proper state. Cows thus afflicted before calving require great care and attention at the time, by which this dis- ease may in a measure be prevented. The Puer- peral, or Milk Fever, most commonly attacks the Cow on the second, third, or fourth day. I have known it attack some in a few hours after calv- ing. Its symptoms correspond with those of many other fevers. A cold shivering fit comes on, accompanied with a throbbing, and great sickness ; the pulse is quick, and the tongue THE MILK FEVER. parching dry. The animal becomes very rest- less, attended with a remarkable depression of spirits and loss of strength : the extremities are for the most part cold. As soon as this disease takes place, it will be proper to attempt the re- moval of it by giving the following cordial drinkj which will warm and stimulate the stomach and intestines; and by giving fresh action to those parts, will check the disease in its infancy ; and the animal will in general be able to rise in a few hours. RECIPE (No. 55.) Take Peruvian Bark, in powder, one ounce; Ginger t and Grains of Paradise, in powder, of each half an ounce ; Aniseeds, Carraivay Seeds, and Sweet Fennel Seeds in powder, of each ttco ounces ; Salt of Tartar, half an ounce ; Treacle, four t able-spoons full ; Mix and give it in a quart of warm gruel, with the addition of a win* glass full of' Gin or Brandy. K 2 148 THE MILK FEVER. If the fever make but little progress, and the Cow appears brisk and lively, eats her meat moderately well, and has her evacuations nearly regular, it will be proper to repeat this drink once a day, or every other day, for two or three times. Its good effects will soon be evident by its antife- brile qualities, and by its cordial, carminative, and healing tendency. It promotes the milky secre- tions, by destroying the acidity which has a ten- dency to choke up the lacteal vessels, and bring on an inflammation in the udder. If the fever appear gradually to increase from the first attack, care must be taken or the animal will soon be in a costive state, saped, clue bound, or fardel- bound (as it is variously called). All these are in fact, synonymous names, relating to the same thing, and may be better understood by one than the other, in different parts of the country. If, therefore, the fever, continue to increase after giv- ing the above drink, her body must be kept open by giving one of the following purging drinks. If the fever attacks the same day as she calves, THE MILK FEVER. and it be necessary to give her physic, give her (No. 42. p. 118.) as there directed. But, if on the third day, she may have (No. 10. p, 52.) as there directed ; and if on the fourth orjifth days give (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4. p. 39.) as directed. As soon as any of the preceding drinks have suf- ficiently evacuated the bowels, and nearly ceased to operate, the drink (No. 55. p. 14/,) may be repeated; or, if the fever be considerably abated, and the expence of the above be thought too great let (No. 1. p. 36.) or (No. 2. p. 37.) be given as there directed. It will be proper here to notice that in every stage of this disease the body should be kept open with the purgative medicines before mentioned, and they may be greatly assisted by injecting the following clyster up the rectum. 150 THE MILK FEVER. RECIPE (No. 56.) Take Linseed, in powder , eight ounces ; Give it a boil in three quarts of water ; Strain and add Salt of Tartar, one ounce ; Sweet Oil, four ounces ; Treacle, four ounces: Mix, and when new milk warm inject or force it up the anus. This clyster will lubricate the parts and soften the fasces ; it will likewise correct the acid in the rectum, which frequently prevails in this disease. Cows afflicted with the milk fever, require great care and good nursing. As they are sometimes unable to take a sufficient quantity of support of themselves, it, therefore, becomes necessary to horn a proper quantity into them. The gruel in page 60 is well adapted for this purpose, and may be given three or four times a day, two or three quarts at a time, SECTION XVI. TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA, OR The cleansing from the Cow after calving* JL HE extracting of the secundines, or cleans- ing from the Cow, requires care and proper management, least violence should be used in drawing the navel-string too strongly. If the Cow has gone her natural or full time, there is not the least difficulty or danger in taking it from her by manual operation, provided she be put in a proper position; otherwise it will be impossible to take it from her without tearing. * K 4 152 TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA. Such persons as wish to remove the placenta, and to give the Cow that ease which nature requires after pains of this kind, should observe the following rules. First, Let the Cow be taken to a proper cow- house, or hovel, well littered dottoti with clean straiv, as soon as possible after calving; care must be taken that her fore parts stand on rising ground, or the ground before be higher than that she stands on behind. This will greatly assist the operator. Some Cows will part with their cleansing with a little assistance while standing : others will part with it much more easily when laid down. In either case the operator must take a towel, or a wisp of hay or straw, ahd lay hold of the umbilical cord or cleansing, and every time she attempts to strain draw it gently forward, if only for a few inches at at a time, Until you get it dislodged from its bed, and then it generally comes all at once. TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA. 153 There is but little chance of taking the cleansing properly away, except every attention be paid to her throes or after pains; we may assist nature very advantageously ; but if we counteract her efforts we expose ourselves to many disadvantages. Those Cows, which have slinked or slipped their calves before the re- gular time of gestation, (and likewise such as have gone to their full time, where the cleansing has been neglected to be taken away) in a few days become so tender, that the least pres- sure upon it will cause it to tear. In these cases it will be proper to give her two or three of the following drinks. 154 TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA. RECIPE (No. 36.) Take Spermaceti, two ounces ; Balsam of Copaiba, one ounce ; The Yolk of an Egg ; Beat them together in a marble mortar till well incorporated ; Then add Irish Slate, in fine powder, two ounces ; Aniseeds, Grains of Paradise, and Carraway Seeds, fresh powdered of each one ounce ; Treacle four ounces ; Mix the whole in a quart of warm gruel, and add a wine glass of Gin or Brandy, and give it when new milk warm. It will be proper to repeat this drink every other day for three or four times. This is a most excellent drink for Cows of all descriptions after calving. In cleansing and healing those vessels which have become lacerated by the divulsion of the TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA. 155 placenta from the uterus (as soon as the flux or discharge from those parts begins to cease, and any deficiency is found in the milky-secre- tions,) it will be proper to give them a few of those cordial drinks (No, 1. p. 36.) and (No. 2. p. 37.) as there directed. These are excellent drinks for Cows after calving, especially if four ounces of fresh butter, or sweet oil, be added to them and the whole be given as directed. SECTION XVII. HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF, When it presents itself in a wrong position. JL ERSONS of all descriptions, who have any thing to do with Neat Cattle, are, or ought to be, well acquainted with the manner in which a Calf should present itself when in a natural or proper position. All those positions are called unnatural, in which the Calf presents itself otherwise than with its head and fore Jeet Jirst, and its back towards the Cow's back. It is well known to all who have the management of Cows, or those who practice in medicine amongst them, that HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. Calves are very commonly presented in a variety of different postures, for which no just reason can be assigned. And when ever they present themselves in a wrong posture, both Cow and Calf are in danger, and that more or less ac- cording to the ability of the person employed to give the necessary assistance. In the Jirst place, then, after the waters are broke, and only the head and one foot present themselves, you must lay hold of the Calfs head and wait till the throes are off, then gently push it back, and rectify the other foot; after which it may be extracted without danger. Secondly, If the head only present itself and both feet are left behind, the head must be pushed back with a gentle hand, as soon as her throes are off and the feet properly placed with the utmost care, lest by any means you wound or tear the uterus. Thirdly, If all the four feet be turned where the back ought to be, towards the top of the uterus, in this situation it will be impossible 158 HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. to extract the foetus until it be put in a proper position. In operations of this kind every thing depends upon the management and activity of the person employed in putting the beast into a fa- vourable posture. The hind parts of the Cow must be sufficiently raised with straw, or other- wise with bags filled with that or any thing else that is soft and easy to lie on, and properly placed under her. By these means the person will be very much assisted in putting the Calf in a suit- able posture for extraction: afterwards wait a little until her throes or pains return, and then give nature your best assistance. Fourthly, It sometimes happens that the hind legs make the first appearance; in this case it will be found better to extract them in that posi- tion, than attempt to turn them. Fiftlily, Instances frequently occur of Calves being dropsical in the head ; this may be known by the largeness of the latter; in which case the other parts are generally small and wasted away. Under these circumstances, if the calf cannot be HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. extracted in the common way, the hest method will be to fix a proper cord round each foot, or upon the upper or under jaw, (as may be thought most convenient at the time of the operation) and then to assist the animal every time nature attempts to do its office. If, however, the Calf be dead, it may be cut away with a proper knife. This requires a person of skill an4 experience, otherwise he may take the life of the Cow. Sixthly, Frequent instances have also occurred, where the shoulder has presented itself first at the mouth of the uterus ; this is a difficult case, and requires the hand to be introduced in search for the fore legs ; or, if thought more proper, the hind legs may be brought forward ; this must be left to the judgment of the person employed. Seventhly, It sometimes happens in cases where the Calf is dead, or dropsical in the head, that instruments are found necessary to be used. When this is the case the Cow is mostly reduced to a weak, low, and emaciated state. The instru- ment may be formed out of a small rod of iron 160 HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. or very strong wire (sufficiently polished) with a small hook at the end. This hook must be so placed in the operator's hand as not to endanger the uterus when introduced. It must then be fixed in some part of the CalPs head, as the sock- ets of the eyes, in the mouth, or in any other part about the head, as may appear most conve- nient at the time of extraction. Sometimes the foetus is so enlarged, and the womb so contracted, as not to admit of extraction. It will then be necessary to take it away by pieces. This may be done; but it requires a man to be well skilled in this kind of practice. The knife must be made for the purpose, and the blade be so placed in the ball of the hand, with the fore finger over the point, as to protect the uterus from danger of being wounded. In all cases where the Cow has been roughly handled, and the inner parts much bruised, the following mixture will be found of infinite use in warming, healing, and stimulat- ing the injured parts. HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. lO'l RECIPE (No. 58.) Take Compound Tincture of Myrrh, and Camphorated Spirit of Wine, of each, four ounces ; Barbadoes Tar and Olive Oil, of each three ounces; Sweet Spirit of Nitre, and Tincture of Opium, of each two ounces ; Treacle, four ounces: Mix them all together, and keep them in a bottle for use. The method of using these oils is as follows: Take from two to four table-spoons full in the hollow of your hand, then introduce it up the matrix or womb ; or a sponge may b filled with a suf- ficient quantity of the medicine, and introduced as above, pressed well out with the hand and brought back again : Either method will answer the purpose. Some persons, perhaps, would pre- fer a syringe to the former method of using the mixtures, and inject it up the uterus: this L 162 HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF. may sometimes answer, but the two former me- thods, I think, are by much the best. As soon as the operation is over, give her the drink (No. 57- p. 152.) as above directed; if this drink be not in readiness, (No. 1. p. 36.) or (No. 2. p. 37 ) may be given. It will be necessary to repeat them for three mornings together, at least. Her body likewise should be kept open with mashes of scalded bran, and a small quantity of ground oats, barley, or malt mixed along with it. Good nursing and proper management will soon restore the animal to her former state again. SECTION XVIII. OP THE CALF-BED. JL HIS is a complaint, or rather an accident of frequent occurrence among old Cows, at the time of calving; and proceeds from the violent motions that attend the extracting of the calf, and likewise from the relaxation of the ligaments of the uterus. Some Cows are more subject to the falling down of the calf bed than others ; this appears in a great measure to proceed from the shape and make of the Cow in those parts. The Cows most liable to this complaint are those L 2 164 THE FALLING DOWN that rise considerably on the small of the back, in form of a curve, and begin to lower towards the tail: the hips, rump, and sirloin are for the most part straight. Cows made in this form denote great weakness in those parts: and, without care and proper management at the time of calving, are almost sure to have this complaint. The observance, however, of the following rules may prove a means of preventing it. I. If they are kept in a cow-house at the time of calving, the floor or pavement should be on a level: it would be greatly to the advantage of some Cows to stand higher behind than before for a considerable time before calving ; as it would enable them, when down, to rise with more ease, and with less danger of straining themselves. II. If the falling down of the calf- bed be sus- pected, the Cow ought to be carefully watched at the time of calving, and, as soon as that takes place, care should be taken to have in readiness a clean sheet to put underneath and around the calf- bed, if she lay down, or to support it if standing, OF THE CALF-BED. l65 and likewise to protect it from particles of dirt or straw adhering to it, as also from the effects of air. Then let the operator take away the placenta, or cleansing, in the gentlest manner possible, lest an effusion of blood take place, and endanger the life of the animal. Afterwards bathe and wash all the parts that hang down from the uterus, with the following lotion. RECIPE (No. 59.) Take Rectified Spirits of Wine, eight ounces ; Camphor, sliced, one ounce; Dissolve the Camphor in the Spirits ; Then add Goulard Water, four ounces ; And soft Water, one quart : Mix all together, and when used let it be made new milk warm. As soon as the parts have been well washed or fomented with this lotion, her hind parts must be sufficiently raised, and the person's hand well rubbed over with linseed oil. Then endeavour L 3 l66 THE FALLING DOWN to find the middle part of the calf-bed, and by the gentle pressure of your hand, it may in gene- ral be replaced with ease and safety. Sometimes, it is with difficulty prevented from falling out a second time, when this happens, take a small wire and pass it through the lips of the womb, and bend each end of the wire, in order to prevent it from falling out. This may be per- mitted to remain there several days, or until such time as the calf-bed gets properly fixed in its for- mer situation. This will easily be known by the animal having no more symptoms to strain her- self, after which the wire may be taken away. As soon as the calf-bed is properly replaced and made secure, it will be necessary to give her the following drink, which will be found of excel- lent use in removing those violent after-pains to which cattle in this state are liable. OF THE CALF- BED. 1 6*7 RECIPE (No. 6'0.) Take Peruvian Bark, White Ginger, and prepared Chalk, of each one ounce, in powder ; Aniseeds, fresh powdered, four ounces; Tincture of Opium, half an ounce ; Treacle, four table-spoons full; Mix and put the whole in a pitcher ; Then pour a quart of hot Ale and Beer mixed together, upon the ingredients, and administer when new milk warm This drink should be repeated once a day, or every other day, for two or three times. Warm water mashes, and proper management, must strictly be attended to. L 4 SECTION XIX. LOCKED JAW. J[ HIS disease is not so common amongst Neat Cattle as Horses. Whenever it takes place, it generally begins with a sudden stagnation of the whole system ; every muscle appears seized at once, and the jaws are so fast closed as very often to require an instrument to force them open, at the time of giving medicines. The first thing necessary towards a cure must be to bleed, taking away three, four, or five quarts, according to the animal's size and strength; after which give the following drink. LOCKED JAW. 169 RECIPE (No. 61.) Take Opium two drachms; Assafoctida, cut small, one ounce ; Put them in a marble mortar, and gradually add a pint of boiling water, keep constantly stirring till all be dissolved ; Then add Spirit of Hartshorn, two ounces; Ginger, in poivder, one ounce ; Cayenne Pepper, half 'an ounce ; Treacle four table-spoons full : Mix them all together, and give in a pint of warm gruel. It will be proper to repeat this drink once or twice a day as long as the symptoms remain violent. If this disease attack the beast in the winter-season, two or three pails of warm water maybe thrown upon him, and if in the summer, told water may be used. Afterwards let two persons, one on each side, rub him well down with a wisp of straw. This well applied all 170 LOCKED JAW. over the body, legs and ears, will very often give considerable relief. After which cover the animal down with a warm blanket, as warmth in this disease is always found beneficial. Locked jaws, or convulsions of this kind, most frequently proceed from wounds in different parts of the body, where a nerve or tendon is injured. Other causes, however, produce convulsions, as the taking of poison, or licking up any poisonous herbs, or insects ; these irritate the stomach and intestines by which the convulsions not only attack particular parts, but very often extend over the whole body. All such parts as are most contracted may be well rubbed two or three times a day vvith the liniment (No. 13. p. 58.) which will be found to have a powerful effect in removing spasms in all parts of the body. If the symptoms are not removed in twenty-four hours, the animal must be treated in the same * manner as for the inflammatory fever, (ante, Section XI. page 115.) SECTION XX. ON THE UTILITY OF PURGING MEDICINES, In most Diseases incident to Horned Cattle. ill EAT Cattle are subject to a variety of dif- ferent diseases as well as the Horse, though not to the same extent as the latter ; this may in a great measure be owing to the labour and fatigue which the one undergoes more than the other. Physic for cattle is one of the principal remedies towards curing most fevers and in- flammatory diseases^ when properly administered. Nevertheless, it is seldom adviseable to give physic to a beast, unless it labour under some 172 0& THE UTILITY OF disease. I have known some graziers who, when feeding old Cows (during summer) have given them several purging drinks by way of keeping off the downfall, which in general have had the desired effect. But in other respects they seldom require medicine of this nature. Neat Cattle are by nature of a greedy and ravenous disposition, whose appetite is un- bounded and hardly ever satisfied. Milch Cows in particular are of this description ; for, if feeding on herbage, or other food agreeable to their palate, they will very often continue until they be in danger of suffocation. Thus the powers of digestion become over burdened, and a fever or other inflammatory disease is fre- quently induced, in which cases purgative me- dicines alone can give relief. As fevers are in general accompanied with inflammation, nothing tends more to afford relief than purgative or opening medicines i they unload the stomach and intestines of a PURGING MEDICINES. 173 mass of indigested crudities which so rapidly increase all disease of this kind. External inflammation proceeds from out- ward causes, such as wounds according to their situation and extent ; bruises, and other ac- cidents they are liable to, on different parts of the body. All these produce inflammation in the part according to its severity, which affects the whole system and very often brings on a fever; and, if the latter be not timely removed by ad- ministering proper purgative medicines, the animal may quickly be lost. Some persons are of opinion that physic prevents the wound from forming a proper pus or matter. I have never found it so, on the contrary it always lessens the inflammation in the part affected; and the matter that is formed is in general smaller in o quantity, but superior in quality, and the wound heals much sooner. The greatest danger attendant on wounds is when the inflammation exceeds its natural bounds, and instead of generating pus, a gangrene takes 174 ON THE UTILITY OF place ; which if not opportunely checked will disseminate itself through the whole system. In this case the animal will appear greatly dejec- ted in spirits, with wildness in the eyes, the pulse being quick, low, and weak*. After a gangrene or mortification once takes place, and enters the system, little can be ex- pected from the aid of physic. In all kinds of fevers, whether symptomatic, local, or of primary affection, purgative medicines are of great im- portance, and without a free passage through the intestines there is but little hope of re- covery. In different parts of this treatise a great variety of purging drinks will be found suitable for every disease ; the reader is referred to those marked with the following numbers, (No. 3. p. 39.) (No. 4. p. 39.) (No. 10. p. 52.) (No. 11. p. 56.) No. 20. p. 77.) No. 27. p. 88.) (No. 32. p. 98.) (No. 37. p. 1O5.) (No. 42 * For the proper treatment in this case, vide infra, Section XXVI. ON WOUNDS. PURGING MEDICINES. p. 118.) (No, 46. p. 126.) The two first num- bers and number eleven, are most chiefly in use, being of less expence than the others, All these drinks, it should be observed, are calculated for full grown cattle. A gentleman in this neighbourhood (Retford, Nottingham- shire,) had a Cow that fed on turnips during the winter: she licked up a large quantity of sand, in consequence of which she presently became saped, or bound in the body ; and before a proper passage could be forced she took six drinks (No. 3. p. 39. ) every day one ; at last it had the desired effect, and she evacuated a large quantity of black sand, and shortly after re- covered. The remainder of the purging drinks will be found under the respective diseases to which they belong. SECTION XXI. THE HOOSE, OR COUGH. i>ISEASES of this kind are often very trouble- some as well as distressing to the animal. Cows and young Cattle are the most liable to com- plaints of this nature. The Hoose, or Cough, proceeds from taking cold, either after calving, or from being kept in a warm hovel, and afterwards exposed to the inclemency of the weather; which, producing an overflow of extraneous matter in the throat, causes a continual trickling motion in that part. COUGH. 177 The symptoms are a shortness of breath ; a continual motion to cough or hoose, attended with great difficulty in respiration, which seems to press hard upon the diaphragm and the ab- dominal muscles. Without speedy relief it may bring on some local complaint, and terminate in fever or an inflammation of the lungs, and so carry off the animal. The following drink will be found powerful in removing diseases of this kind. RECIPE (No. 62.) Take Balsam of Sulphur, two ounces ; Barbadoes Tar^ one ounce] The Yolks of two Eggs, beat them well together in a large bason until they be properly incorporated; Then add Ginger, Aniseeds, Cummin Seeds, Elecampane Root, Grains of Pa- radise, and Liquorice Root, of each one ounce, in powder ; Salt of Tartar, half an ounce; Honey, four ounces: M 178 THE HOOSE, Mix all together and add, by a little at a time (constantly stirring,) one quart of warm Ale or Gruel. If Gruel be used, add a wine glass oj Gin or Brandy, and give it when new milk warm. Let this drink be repeated every other day, or every third day, for three or four times. If it be given at the commencement of the disease, one or two of the drinks are generally found ufficient to remove the complaint. Its effects are powerful in removing and carrying off the offending humours from the pulmonary vessels, and in restoring them to their proper tone again. It warms, stimulates, and gives fresh action to the stomach and intestines, by which nature will return to its regular course, and the health of the fcnimal be speedily restored. When this disease is of long standing, it can seldom be removed without first giving a purging drink, such as (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4. OR COUGH. 179 p. 39.) and in some cases (No. 10. p. 52.) will be preferable. After any of these drinks have been given, and have ceased to operate, it will be proper to give her the above drink and re- peat it as already directed. By this method of treatment, together with plenty of good mashes, warm water, and proper management, the beast will in general be soon restored, or if it be thought more proper, the restorative drink (No. 15. p. 62) may be given as there directed. M 2 SECTION XXII. RHEUMATISM, OR THE JOINT FELON. JL HE word felon is of frequent occurrence in the country; it is chiefly applied to diseases pro- ceeding from cold, and is variously called as follows, Cold Felon, Joint Felon, and Chine Felon. This is a disease of the joints, and chiefly af- fects Milch Cows and young- Cattle, at the spring of the year: it is in general occasioned by the .animals being kept in a state of poverty and starving during the winter, and being suddenly exposed in the spring to the inclemency of the THE JOINT FELON. 181 north or north-easterly winds in some low situa- tions. The following are the symptoms: The animals for the first two or three days only appear stiff in the joints : afterwards they begin to tumefy or swell, yet there is no appearance of inflam- mation; but a cold phlegmatic tumour arises in the joints, accompanied with a stiffness that frequently extends all over the body to such a degree that the beasts are unable to rise, when down, without some assistance. Cattle labouring under this disease suffer very much from the severe pain in the parts, as well as from listless- ness and inability to stir. As soon as this disease makes its appearance, the animal must be taken to a warm cow-house or stable, as warmth very much assists nature, and at the same time promotes the effects of medicine in carrying off the disease. The joints and all the afflicted parts must be well rubbed with th following mixture. M3 182 RHEUMATISM, RECIPE (No. 63.) Take Neat's-foot Oil, eight ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, and spirit of Sal-ammoniac with lime, of each four ounces ; Camphorated Spirit of Wine, six' ounces ; Oil of Origanum, and Tincture of Opium, of each two ounces : Mix, and shake them well together in a bottle for use. These oils may be well rubbed in on the joints once or twice in a day : they warm and stimu- late the diseased parts and expel that flatulency which attends tumors of this kind. There is seldom any fever in this disease, except that of a nervous kind; the whole frame appears to be affected with a sluggish disposition and a want of animal heat: this by some persons is called Rheumatism, and by others the Joint Felon. OR THE JOINT FELON. 183 The method of cure appears to consist in giving fresh life and action to the animal, in order that nature may revive and enable it to cast off the sluggishness attendant on com- plaints of this kind. The following drink may- be given to great advantage. I have frequently found it to give speedy relief in complaints of this kind. RECIPE (No. 64.) Take Gum Guaiacum, and Peruvian Bark, in powder > of each one ounce ; Aniseeds, Carraway Seeds, and Grains of Paradise, in powder, of each two ounces ; Camphor, two drachms, powdered, with a few drops of Spirit of Wine ; Treacle, four ounces : To be given in a quart of warm ale. If the ale be poured hot upon the drink, the gum guaiacum must be kept out and afterwards M 4 184 RHEUMATISM. mixed in the drink when new milk warm, or at the time of giving it. It will in general be found necessary to repeat this drink every other day for a few times. At the commencement of the disease, it will be easy to remove, by giving them two or three of those excellent cordial drinks No. 1. p. 66.) or (No. 2. p. 37.) as there directed: these are well calculated to stir up the peristaltic motion of the stomach and intestines and to enable nature to shake off the indisposition. In some instances this may change to the acute, or in- flammatory rheumatism, which is attended with a fever, pain and swelling in the joints. When this happens, it will be necessary to keep the body open, by giving the animal one of the purging drinks (No. 3. p. 89.) or (No. 4. p. 39.) as there directed, and if necessary to repeat it as occasion may require. SECTION XXIII. POISONS. JL OISONS may be considered under two dis- tinct heads, the one external, and the other in- ternal. We shall in the present Section confine our attention to the latter. They proceed from different causes during the summer season ; such as eating of some deleterious herbs, or the drinking of stagnated waters that often swarm with great variety of insects of different kinds, many of which there is reason to believe are of a poisonous nature. But whether the beasts have taken poison by 186 POISONS. eating of some deadly vegetable, or from drinking filth out of stagnated waters, the symptoms are a violent pain and heat at the stomach ; the body frequently swells to a pro- digious size, attended with giddiness and stu- pidity. From whatever source the poison may have been taken, if allowed to remain in the stomach, and no attempt be made to remove it by administering suitable medicines, it gene- rally proves fatal in a short time. Beasts, when once attacked with poison, require speedy as- sistan,ce: if they begin to swell let a pen-knife be introduced (between the haunch bone and the last rib on the left side) into the paunch. This will instantly give vent to the foul air and very often afford speedy relief to the ani- mal ; particularly if the poison proceeds from vegetables. As soon as possible after any beast is discovered to be in this state, let the drink (No. 42. p. 118.) be given as there directed: b^, tf this cannot be had in readiness, let ($0. 3. p. 39j or (No. 4. p. 39.) be, given. POISONS. 187 These will contirbute to correct the acrimony and to carry it off by stool. After some one of the aforesaid drinks have been given, it will be found necessary to administer the following in order to destroy the effects of the poison, and to assist the purging drink in forcing a passage through the intestines. RECIPE (No. 65.) Take prepared Kali, (commonly called Salt of Tartar,) one ounce ; Castor Oil, four ounces, or in its stead, four ounces of Olive Oil, (if the former cannot be procured in time-,) Tincture of Opium, half an ounce ; Mix, and give in a quart of warm gruel. To be repeated twice a day, until the animal be relieved. 188 POISONS. If the animal be in good condition, let three quarts of blood be taken away. By strict at- tention to the above method of treatment there will remain but little doubt of a speedy cure which may be greatly assisted by giving a few of those excellent cordial drinks, (No. 1. p. 36. ) or (No. 2. p. 37.) SECTION XXIV. THE BITE OF VENOMOUS REPTILES. AN this kingdom we have but few poisonous animals, compared with those found in warmer climates, where they often prove fatal to both man and beast. The viper or the adder is most common in this country, and the bite of these reptiles is often attended with dangerous con- sequences. Neat Cattle are more liable to be stung by these reptiles than any other of the do- mestic animals. Some instances have been known, ( where the tongue of the beast has been stung while grazing,) that have proved mortal. 190 THE BITE OF Adders seldom attack cattle, except the latter disturb them when grazing; this is the chief cause, why so many are bitten about the head, and sometimes about the feet. The stings of the hornet, wasp, or bee, are attended with con- siderable pain aad inflammation, and require a treatment similar to the former. The following liniment will be found a powerful remedy in checking the progress of the poison and in expelling it from the part affected. RECIPE (No. 66.) Take Olive Oil, half a pint; Strong Spirit of Hartshorn, four ounces; Opodeldoc, six ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, and Tincture of Opium, of each four ounces : Put them all together in a bottle t and shake them well every time they are used. VENOMOUS REPTILES. Let a sufficient quantity of this liniment be well rubbed on the part affected, two or three times a day until the swelling and inflammation abate. In some cases, that are more dangerous than others, the parts affected, especially those about the head, may be fomented, with the following preparation. RECIPE (No. 67.) Take White Poppy-heads, bruised, half a pound ; Marshmallow Roots, and Plantain Leaves, of each one hand-full ; Wormwood Tops, one hand-full : Bruise them small, and boil them in two gallons of ale dregs. Foment the parts affected two or three times a day ; after each time rub the above liniment well in. If any feverish symptoms should appear (which frequently happen during the 192 THE BITE OF VENOMOUS REPTILES. hot weather in summer), it will be proper to take from three to fotir quarts of blood, and in the space of three or four hours after to give the purging drink (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4. p. 39.) as there directed. SECTION XXV. THE DOWN-FALL IN THE UDDER OF COWS, (Known also by the name of Sore Udders. X HIS is a disease of the utmost consequence to the owners of Neat Cattle. Young Cows in high condition are the most liable to it, es- pecially at the time of calving. Such as are more aged are the most subject to it during hot and sultry weather, particularly those which are fattened for the shambles ; when this is the case the loss is considerable, a summer's keep being generally thrown away, to the loss and disappointment of the owner. N 194 THE DOWN-FALL IN Cows, of a gross habit of body, when over- heated, or when they have taken cold, are very liable to it all seasons. This disorder makes its appearance in an inflammatory tumor, collected from a gross habit of body, and deposited upon some part of the lacteal vessels, where its pre- sence is quickly discernable by lessening the quantity of rwilk, and changing it ta a ragged bloody, and corrupt appearance.- At other times the milk or corruption is totally stopped and the tumor gradually increases to a state of sup- puration. Where this is the case, it must i>f r opened with a lancet, or one or more of the ' \ i. re paps may be cut on, as may appear most con- venient for discharging the matter. In some instances it may be found necessary ' to amputate, or cut off the whole of the udder. When this rs needful, it requires a man of skill to undertake an operation of this kind. The trleeding of these wounds must be stopped by applying the styptic powder (No. 78. p. 214 injra, Section XXVI.) which may, if necessary, THE UDDER OF COWS. tyb be supported with a proper bandage across the loins: and after the blood is sufficiently stopped (which may be expected in twelve or fourteen hours) let the wound be dressed with proper digestives (See Section XXVI. infra, on Wounds). The author has frequently known these morbid tumors to settle down upon the hock, fetlock, or in the foot, and there discharge themselves (under proper management) in the same manner as other wounds. It will, however, be of the greatest benefit to the owner to prevent this disease taking place, if possible ; for, if permitted to proceed to the state above described, the loss of time and trouble would be considerable. It will therefore be .necessary, as soon as the downfall is first discovered, if the animal be in the pasture, to fetch her out, and take from three to five quarts of blood, according to her size and strength. If bled at night, she may stand in an open yard till morning ; and then give her a purging drink either (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4, p. 39.) as there N 2 196 THE DOWN-FALL W directed; if a stout beast, add four ounces more of salts to the drink, which will be found to operate sufficiently in the space of twelve or fourteen hours; if not, it may be repeated. By these means the inflammation will quickly dis- appear. The udder may at the same time be well rubbed with the following liniment, which will be found an excellent remedy in all inflam- matory tumors in these parts. RECIPE (No. 68.) Take Soft Soap, and Oil of Bays, of each half a pound; Spirit of Turpentine, eight ounces, by measure ; Camphorated Spirit of Wine, four ounces : JMix them well together for use. Let this mixture be well rubbed on the part affected every night and morning after the Cow has been well milked: and, if very bad, THE UDDER OF COWS. 197 she may be milked in the middle of the day and her udder well bathed with cold water. By frequent milking, and the application of the above liniment the inflammation is generally removed in a few days. After the purging drink has ceased to operate, let the following drink he given. RECIPE (No. 69.) Take Aniseeds, Carraway Seeds, and Tur- meric, fresh powdered, of each one ounce; Juniper Berries, and Nitre, of each two ounces, in powder ; Resin, in powder, four ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, four table-spoons full : Treacle four ounces : Mix and give in a quart of ccldale. It will be proper to repeat this drink every third day for three times, or oftener if found necessary, Or, the following maybe given. N 3 198 THE DOWN- FALL IN RECIPE (No. 70.) Take Nitre two ounces ; Alum, in powder, four ounces ; Dissolve them in one quart of boiling ale ; When cold, add 1 ellow Resin, in powder, six ounces; Juniper Berries, and Ginger, in pow- der, of each two ounces : Mix them all together, and give for one drink. This may be repeated every third day in the same manner as the former ; and. if two or three ounces of treacle be added to it, the beasts ge- nerally take it the better. These are excellent drinks for curing the down- fall in the udder of Cows ; and in all slight cases, one is in general sufficient to carry it off. If it be repeated every month or five weeks, it will totally prevent its return, and, give time to the animal to fatten; but, if they THE UDDER OF COWS 199 be neglected, the season may be lost and the beasts be in a worse condition at the latter end of the year than they were before they were turned out in the spring. It therefore behoves every person to use his best endeavour to prevent this disease, and if possible not to staffer it to proceed to a state of suppuration. Should any reason be required, why this disease is called by the name of Downfall, the author begs leave to state that it is universally understood by that appellation in this part of tbe country, (Retford, Nottinghamshire) and by no other. The different authors who have written upon Neat Cattle say very little upon this com- plaint, and that chiefly under the name of Sore Udders. A person in the neighbourhood of Retford had a large Cow, of gross habit of body, that had been accustomed to have this complaint several times in the course of the summer, which was of considerable disadvantage: The summer after, he determined to dry and feed N 4 20O THE DOWN-FALL. her, she had not been long at grass before she was attacked with the same complaint ; I advised him to give her a pound and a quarter of Glauber's Salts, every six weeks during the time of feeding; this prevented a return, she fatted and did well. SECTION XXVI. WOUNDS. VV OUNDS are common to horned Cattle as well as others, and may be defined to be a division or separation of some of the parts of the body , and it is of considerable importance to know how to treat them in all their different situations in the body, as the management must vary according to the part where the wound is situated, and the circumstances under which it takes place. The animal's constitution and habit of body must also be considered as well as the immediate structure of the divided sub- 202 WOUNDS. stance; and whether the wound be made with a sharp instrument or a blunt one ; if with the former, and the wound be not considerable, it will be adviseable to attempt a union by the first intention, which may be performed in the following manner. First, cleanse the wo'.ind from dirt and all ex- traneous matter: then pour in a sufficient quantity of the Tincture of Benzoin, and bring the edges of the wound together and close it neatly with a proper suture, as follows: Take a flat crooked needle, and a thin white leather cord well tallovred; if silk or thread be employed (which are the most common in use for pur- poses 0;f this nature), they are required to be doubled several thicknesses, or otherwise they will, be apt to cut themselves out: but white leather is preferable to either of the other. Every stitch across the wound should be tied, and one inch be allowed between every stitch ; this will in general Jbe. found sufficient for mo,st purposes. When the parts are property closed WOUNDS. 203 take a pledget of tow or lint, and soak it in the Tincture of Benzoin and apply it over the mouth of the wound; then secure it well on with a proper bandage or roller. The bandage may be taken off once a day, and fresh pledgets soaked in the same tincture be applied, and rolled up as before. This kind of union it is very d.fficult to accomplish on the Ox, except on the lower extremities. Cattle are more liable to accidents of this kind in the summer, than at any other time, in consequence of their gadding about and breaking out of their pastures; likewise, when strange Cattle are intermixed, they often fight and are apt to gore one. another with their horns. Wounds that are in a fleshy part, deep, and considerably bruised, require a different treat- ment. The inflammation is very often great; in which the constitution appears to sympathise ; the pulse is attended with hardness, and feverish symptoms generally begin to appear. Unless the wound take a favourable turn, a gangrene 204 WOUNDS. will ensue, which indicates an approaching mor- tification; and, if it be not timely checked, death may be expected. In cases so desperate, every means should be used to support the animal, and to check the gangrenous serum, in order that suppuration may be promoted: this may be attempted in the following mnnner: First, examine every direction of the wound with a proper probe where it can be had ; if this cannot be procured, the safest way is to use a candle, which is preferable to a probe in all deep wounds in a fleshy part. Then take a sufficient quantity of finely powdered nitre and sprinkle it over the wound, both inside and out ; rub it gently in ; and afterwards dress the wound with the following styptic oils. WOUNDS. RECIPE (No. 71.) Take Linseed Oil, one pint, put it in a pot that will hold three times the quantity; Then add by a little at a time two ounces of Oil of Vitriol, and keep it con- stantly stirring until united ; Add spirits of Turpentine, half a pint : Mix by a little at a time and keep stirring till it is united. By this method they will be properly mixed otherwise they will not act so power- fully as they should. The manner of using these oils will depend in what part of the body the wound is made, and the position into which it may be necessary to put the animal at the time of dressing. Let a suf- ficient quantity be poured into the wound, and gently rubbed round with the finger, if long enough to reach the bottom : if not, let a candle 206 WOUNDS. be employed. Thus the oils may be introduced to the bottom of the wound. Where however this is not practicable, a tent of tow or lint may be dipped into the oils and introduced to the bottom with a probe. The tent must be sufficiently long so as to admit of one end hanging a little out of the wound by which it may be taken out at pleasure and fresh put in. These oils warm and stimulate the injured . part, and quickly "put a stop to all gangrenous appearances to which wounds of this nature are liable. Oils so powerful as these seldom re- quire to be used more than once or twice, and that chiefly in wounds that are deep and much bruised, where there is some tendency towards a gangrene. Such wounds as have been neglected at first, ami which have assumed a gangrenous dispo- sition, may be dressed with strong oil of vitriol, by dipping a skewer in it and applying it all over the wound for several times together Im- mediately after using either of the above, let WOUNDS. the wound be dressed with the following di- gestive ointment. RECIPE (No. 720 Take Yellow Basilicon Ointment, half a pound ; Black Pitch, "Strained Turpentine, Tar, and Linseed Oil, of each four ounces ; Melt them all together ; Then add Spirit of 'Turpe?rtine, four ounces; Mix and keep in a pot for use. The best method of using this ointment is, to take care that it penetrate to the bottom of the wound; which may be done by putting the beast in a proper positron. Then take a suf- ficient quantity of the ointment, and melt it in an iron ladle, and pour it new milk warm into the wound; cover it over with a pledget of tow dipped in the same and fasten it on, either fey a roller or by taking a few stitches across; 208 WOUNDS. The wound may be dressed once a day, every other day, or every third day, as may be thought necessary. If the inflammation and swelling be considerable it may be fomented (after the wound has been dressed) with the following fomentation. RECIPE (No. 73.) Take Camomile Flowers, four ounces ; White Poppy 'heads, twelve in number ; Linseed, bruised, half a pound ; Marshmallow Roots, and Elder Leaves bruised of each one hand-full ; Boil them in two gallons of ale dregs. Foment all the parts affected two or three times a day with hot flannels, well wrung out of the above fomentation ; after each time, let the tumor and all about the wound be well rubbed with the following softening liniment. WOUNDS. 209 RECIPE (No. 74.) Take Oil of Bays, Elder Ointment, and Marshmallow Ointment) of each four ounces; Camphor, one ounce, dissolved in four ounces of Spirit of Turpentine, by rubbing in a marble mortar : Then mix the whole together and keep it well tied down in a pot for use. This liniment will be found excellent for soften- ing all kinds of hard tumors about wounds, and removing the inflammation. If strict attention be paid to the above described method of ap- plication, the wounds (though ever so bad) may in a short time be brought to a state of suppu- ration, by which the swelling and inflammation will quickly disappear; and the bottom of the wound will begin to heal and fill up with little granulations of flesh, as the discharge begins to diminish : in cases of this kind, it frequently happens that these granulations become too lux- O 210 WOUNDS. uriant and require the application of medicine to keep them down. Proud flesh in RECENT wounds, differs in o-eneral from that in old wounds: the former may easily be kept down with the following powders ; whilst the latter will require much stronger caustic medicines. RECIPE (No. 70.) Take Resin, in powder, two ounces; Bole Armenic, in powder, one ounce ; Burnt Alum, in powder, half an ounce; Mix them all together and keep them in in a bottle for use. After the wound has been dressed with the di- gestive medicines, as stated before, sprinkle or dust these powders all over the surface once or twice a day. If the wound only require healing, it may be first anointed with the following WOUNDS. tinctures, and the powders afterwards be dusted on. RECIPE (No. 76.) Take Tincture of Benzoin, and Tincture of Myrrh) of each two ounces; Aquafortis, half an ounce : Mix them gently together* and keep them in a bottle for use. These powders and tincture will generally be found sufficient to keep down all superfluous flesh and assist nature in healing up the wound. ' Wounds that penetrate into the cavity of the chest, require nearly the same tieatment as other fresh wounds; in some cases it will be adviseableto omit using the styptic oils (No. 71- p. 205.) Wounds of the abdomen or belly re- quire persons of skill and judgment in the proper management of them ; for if any of thtf o 2 312 WOUNDS. intestines should happen to be displaced, of ex- posed to the air, it might endanger the life of the animal. The following lotion will be found adequate for purposes of this kind. RECIPE (No. 77.) Take Nitre, in powder, half an ounce; Goulard, two ounces; Camphorated Spirit of IVine, four ounces ; Soft Water , one pint : Mix and keep in a bottle for use. In all accidents, where part of the intestines is exposed to the air, they may be well bathed or fomented with this lotion new milk warm ; after- wards anoint them over with the liniment (No. 74. p. 209.) then endeavour to replace them, and support them with a roller or bandage. The diet of the animal in cases of this kind should chiefly consist of bran mashes, with a WOUNDS. 213 little ground barley, and powdered linseed mixed in it. Hemorrhages in wounds frequently happen : it is, therefore, highly necessary that every one should be acquainted with the course of the arteries. Whenever a considerable blood vessel is wounded or divided, and the hemorrhage likely to prove dangerous, our first care must be to stop the bleeding by pressure; provided the wound be in a situation to admit of the appli- cation of a roller or bandage. Pressure, where it can be properly applied, is certainly the best remedy ; but as there are many cases, that will not admit of this treatment, the stoppage of blood may be attempted by actual cautery where the part will allow it; otherwise, the following styptic powders may be used. Some- times, however, it is more convenient to tie up the bloodvessel; but these circumstances must be left to the judgment of the operator, at the time. o 3 214 WOUNDS. RECIPE (No. 78.) Take Blue Fitriol, White Vitriol, Green Vitriol, Alum,Jine Flour, and Bole Armenic, of each two ounces: Powder and mix them all together for use. The mouth of the divided vessels must be covered over with sufficient quantity of these styptic powders, and pressed too with lint or tow, and then well secured by a roller or bandage. SECTION XXVII. WOUNDS OF THE JOINTS. I HESE are not so common among Horned Cattle as among Horses. The former are seldom troubled with any thing more in these parts, than those wounds which are of a common nature, and which generally heal by the first intention, while the latter are subject to severe contusions that often render them of little use afterwards. The treatment of wounds in the joints greatly depends on the manner in which they have been received. Such as are attended with severe bruises, are more difficult to heal than those received from o 4 21 6 WOUNDS. a cut or rent. All recent wounds that are at- tended with swelling and inflammation it will be necessary to foment with the fomentation (No, 73. p. 208.) as there directed ; after which rub them well with the liniment (No. 74. p. 209,) and dress the wounds with the digestive ointment (No. 72. p. 207.) The dressings should not be persisted in, more than three or four days, or till the inflammation and swelling begin to sub- side, otherwise they might occasion a discharge of Synovia or Joint Oil, The following com- pound mixture, therefore, will be found adequate to the cure of most wounds in the joints of Horned Cattle. RECIPE (No. 79.) Take Mel-Egyptiacum, two ounces ; Tincture of Myrrh and Aloes, and Tincture of Benzoin, of each two ounces ; Aquafortis, half an ounce : Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. OF THE JOINTS. The wound, if possible, ought to be filled with th^ mixture, either by injection, or pouring it in, and its mouth should immediately after be stopped up with lint, to prevent its running out : and supported with a roller or bandage. This method, if proceeded in, will in most cases be found sufficient to cure all wounds in the joints of Horned Cattle. SECTION XXVIII. STRAINS AND BRUISES. JL HESE accidents befall Cattle of all descrip- tions daily; and, as most persons are well ac- quainted with them, they require but little description here. Horned Cattle are not so liable to strains as the Horse, which perhaps may be accounted for in the following manner. The Horse exerts himself more than the Ox in all his paces; indeed, the labour of the latter is but a trifle compared with that of the former, when we consider the great exertion they fre- quently undergo. Strains, or bruises, may effect BRUISES. 219 either the muscles, ligaments or tendons. Strains of the former are generally attended with considerable inflammation, and the latter with a rupture or breaking down of the tendon ; but this last is not so common among Horned Cattle. Strains of the stifle, whirl-bone, and back, are very frequent amongst these animals; and are chiefly occasioned by one beast riding or romping the other. The cure in all the different parts must first be attempted by removing the inflammation and swelling. The following mix- ture will be found suitable for every purpose of this kind. RECIPE (No. 80.) Take Spirit of Sal-ammoniac, with lime, two ounces; Oil of Olive, four ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, and Camphorated Spirit of Wine, of each four ounces : Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. STRAINS These oils will be found excellent for all kinds of strains, bruises, and hurts, in different parts of the body. Let them be well rubbed in, on the part affected, once or twice a day; and if necessary, they may be assisted by fomenting the part, first with ( No. 73. p. 2O8.) as there directed. If any feverish symptoms should ap- pear, it will be proper to keep the body open by giving the purging drink (No. 3. p. 39.) Strains of the hip-joint, shoulder, stifle, and back, being more deeply seated, require a more powerful ap- plication than the former. RECIPE (No. 81.) Take Opodeldoc, four ounces ; Spirit of Sal-ammoniac, with lime, and Spirit of Turpentine, of each two ounces ; Oil of Origanum, one ounce ; Oil of Olive, two ounces ; Cantharides, in powder, two drachms : Mix them together, and keep them, in a bottle for use. AND BRUISES. 221 These are powerful oils in curing deep seated strains in the fleshy parts of the body; they will be found to dissolve the coagulable lymph, which often remains in strains of long standing. They must be well rubbed on the part affected once or twice a day, as may be thought most proper. After the pain, inflammation, and the effects of the oils are gone off, a weakness in the part frequently remains for a considerable time, which may be removed by applying the following strengthening plaister. RECIPE (No. 82.) Take Black Pitch, half a pound; White Pitch, four ounces ; Compound Litharge Plaister, and Strengthening Plaister, of each two ounces; Melt them over a slow fire ; when dis- solved, take them from the fire, and add Grains of Paradise, and Cum- min Seeds, (fresh powdered,) of each one ounce : 22 2 STRAINS Stir them well together, and when new milk warm apply the plaister all over the fart affected with a spa- tula, and immediately cover it over with short wool, Or ajlannel bandage, if more proper for the situation. This will warm and strengthen the parts : if it be stuck on with wool> let it stop until it fall off of itself; but if with flannel, cut the stitches in a month after, and then let it take the same course. SECTION XXIX. CANCEROUS ULCERS. THESE are the most difficult to heal of any ulcers to which Horned Cattle are liable. They generally make their first appearance in a hard livid tumor, seated in some of the glandulous parts of the body. Some of these are moveable and others more fixed; some are inflamed and quickly break out, and discharge a thin acrid ichor; at other times, they discharge a thick yellow matter and the wounds are apt to fill up with fungous flesh. The author has seen several ulcers of this description that have baffled the 224 CANCEROUS powers of medicine to heal them. These have been chiefly on the cheeks, eye-lids, and on the glands between the jaw bones. They are sup- ported by a scrophulous tendency of the neigh- bouring fluids. The cure greatly depends on the part of the glands where the ulcer is seated. There are some parts that will admit of a total extirpation ; which may be done with a suitable knife, or (if preferred) by actual cautery. Some persons indeed attempt to remove every excrescency by means of caustics. The choice of these dif- ferent methods must be left to the judgment of the operator, who will in course adopt that which is most convenient at the time of operating. After the wound has been thoroughly cleansed from all extraneous matter, let it be touched all over with lunar caustic, or sprinkled with red precipitate; and afterwards dress it with the following mixture. ULCERS. 225 RECIPE (No. 83.) Take Egyptiacum,four ounces ; Compound Tincture of Myrrh, and Spirit of Turpentine, of each two ounces ; Sublimate, in fine powder, two drachms ; Spirit of Salty half an ounce : Mix and keep them in a bottle for use. Let the wound be dressed with small pledgets of lint, or tow, dipped in this mixture, once a day : and if any superfluous flesh should ap- pear, it will be necessary to keep it down with the above caustic; or instead of this the wound may be sprinkled all over with the powders (No. 78. p. 214.) before it be dressed with the mixture. As wounds dressed with the above, seldom fill up in the same manner as those which are dressed with digestives, it may therefore be in some cases adviseable, after the P 226 CANCEROUS wound has been well cleansed, and the acrid discharge has been stopped, to use one part of the digestive ointment (No. 72. p. 207.) and two ' parts of the above mixture well mixed together on a slab, with a spatula. The wound may be dressed once or twice a day with this spread on lint or tow. Purging is sometimes adviseable in cases of this kind, and may be administered once a week for three or four weeks together. Either . of the purgatives (No, 3. p. 39.) (No. 4. p. 39.) or (No. 26. p. 83.) may be given as there di- rected ; by these the great flux of tumors will in some measure be carried off by stool, and cause the above medicine to act more powerfully on the wound. When these hard excrescent tumors, or spirrhous swellings of the glands first make their appearance, they may with ease be removed by the following mercurial ointment. ULCERS. 227 I RECIPE (No. 84.) Take Quicksilver, half a pound ; Strained Turpentine, four ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, two ounces; Rub them together in a marble mortar until all the globules of the silver disappear ; Then add Hog's-Lard, one pound : Work them well together till properly incorporated ; and keep the mixture in a pot for use. A sufficient quantity of this ointment must be > well rubbed on the parts affected once a day for eight or ten days successively. Then leave off the dressing for a month ; and if any sub- stance remain after that time, the ointment may be repeated as before. In some cases perhaps the following compound mercurial ointment will be more efficacious. P 228 CANCEROUS ULCERS. RECIPE (No, 85.) Take Mercurial Ointment, (No. 84. p. two ounces ; Strong Aquafortis, two drachms; Mix them well together; Then add Cantharides, in powder, two drachms : Mix the whole together for use. This must be well rubbed on the part affected every morning for five or six days together; then leave off for a month or six weeks, and if the tumor be not dispersed in that time, repeat the unction a second t*me as before. In this manner it may be repeated as often as may be found necessary. There is no danger in the ap- plication f of either of these ointments on any part of the animal'* body, provided they are prevented Jrom licking it. SECTION XXX. THE FOUL IN THE FOOT. JL HIS appears to proceed from the habit of body more than from any external cause. Horned Cattle of all ages are liable to this complaint; but Cows of a gross habit of body suffer most by it. It generally first makes its appearance betwixt the claws or hoofs in the form of a hard crack, attended with considerable inflammation, and in a short time will discharge a fetid and offensive matter similar to that of the grease in horses' heels. At other times it makes its ap- pearance in the form of a large tumor upon the p3 230 THE FOUL cornet between the hair and the hoof, attended with violent pain and inflammation. This I con- ceive to be similar to the downfall, and to pro- ceed from the same cause, though not in the same place (one being seated in the udder, and the other in the foot). The pain is often so considerable, as to reduce them of their flesh till they become a mere skeleton. If this disease first make its appearance between the claws, wash the part clean from all dirt and filthiness ; when dry, take a pair of Cow-hopples (such as are used for tying their legs at the time of milking, or a rope of the same thickness, and then chafe the part affected betwixt the claws till all of a glow, afterwards dress the part with a wood skewer dipped in butter of antimony, oil of vitriol, or aquafortis, and let them stand (dry one hour after. This may be done for two or three days together : but if the part swell and appear much inflamed, let it be well rubbed all over with the liniment (No. J4. p. 209.) and IN THE FOOT. 23 then, if the the tumor be likely to suppurate, apply the following poultice. RECIPE (No. 86.) Take Tar, one pound, and melt it over the Jire; Then add Linseed, in powder, half' a pound : Mix, and when new milk warm, apply it on the part affected. The liniment and poultice must be repeated once a day until the tumor is sufficiently ripe to be opened with a lancet : afterwards dress the wound with (No. 83. p. 225.) and continue the poultice and liniment until the inflammation and swelling be reduced, and the parts acquire their former state. The cure may be finished by continuing to dress the wound with (No. 83. p. 125.) or (if that be thought too strong) the sublimate may be omitted. When the foul ap- pears to proceed from a superabundant flow of p 4 232 THE FOUL IN THE FOOT. humours collected from different parts of the body, and settled down into the foot, the cure may be accelerated by giving the beast a purging drink (No. 3. p. 39.) once a week, for two or three weeks, as there directed. SECTION XXXI. TO DRY A COW OF HER MILK. 1 HIS is a subject with which every gentleman grazier ought to be well acquainted. It is fre- quently found necessary to dry Cows of their milk, at all times of the year, in ordec that they may the better be fed for the shambles. Some Cows are more difficult to dry than others, by reason of their giving so large a quantity of milk, and the gross habit of body peculiar to some beasts. Without great care and management these will be liable to the downfall, either in the i 234 TO DRY A COW udder or foot; or otherwise it may terminate in some fatal inflammatory disease. Cows that are apt to milk themselves, are difficult to dry: they should therefore be dried early in the spring, while at dry meat. Others may be dried, either in the pasture or in any other place. Such Cows as are in the pasture give a considerable quantity of milk, and are in good condition, ought to be fetched into a fold- yard over night, and from three to four quarts of blood taken from them. The next morning give the following drink. RECIPE (No. 87.) Take Roach Alum, in powder, six ounces ; (if a large beast eight ounces ;J Bole Armenic, in powder, two ounces : Mix and put them in a mtcher, then pour a pint and a half of boiling ale upon the ingredients. After- wards add one pint of good vinegar, and give when new milk warm. OF HER MILKP/ 2S5 The Cow must be milked clean at the time the above drink be given ; and, two hours after may. be turned into her pasture. About four days after, if her udder appear hard and full, let her be fetched out of the pasture, milked clean, and the drink he repeated as before. This is generally sufficient to dry any Cow of her milk ; but, as some cows give so much that it renders them very difficult to dry, it is therefore frequently found necessary to repeat the drink and milking every fourth day, for three or four times, before they can be completely dried. Or, the following drink may be given, which is equally as useful as the former, if not more efficacious. RECIPE (No. 88.) Red Wine Tartar, in powder, one pound ; Treacle, four table-spoons fall : Put them in a pitcher, and pour three pints of boiling water on them. Stir, the whole together, and give it when new milk warm. 236' TO DRY A COW This is a powerful drink for the purpose, as well as the former ; yet, in order to gain a little more time (as some persons are very impatient) it may he necessary to change the drinks, provided they be of equal efficacy; another formula is therefore subjoined. RECIPE (No. 89.) Take Alum, in fine powder, six ounces; Red Wine Tartar, in powder, half a pound ; Bole Armenic, in powder, two ounces *, Treacle four table-spoons full: Mix and put them in a pitcher, and pour a quart of boiling water upon the ingredients. Then add a pint of good vinegar, and give to the Cow new milk warm. These are two excellent drinks, as well as the former, and are equally powerful (if not more so in drying up the milk.) They may be re- OF HER MILK. 23? peated in the same manner as the first. If one of those drinks were given every month during the summer to cows that are of a gross habit of body, it would prove a means of preventing that dreadful disease the downfall in the udder, which often baffles the skill of persons well ac- quainted with the diseases of horned cattle in general . SECTION XXXII. -ANGLE-BERRIES. JL HESE are cutaneous tumors growing out above the surface of the skin, and of different sizes, with a very disagreeable appearance. Young Heifers, or Cows of their first and second Calves, are the most subject to them. These fleshy excrescences make their appearance on different parts of the body. Those upon the udder are not only dis- agreeable, but cause the Cow to be very trouble- some to milk. They rise from a small base, and hang in a pendulous form, of different sizes. ANGLE-BERRIES. 239 The common method made use of to extirpate these excrescences, is, to fix a ligature round their bases, and to suffer them to rot of them- selves. Others, after they have been well se- cured with a strong cord, or twine, will cut them off with a sharp knife and anoint the part with oil of vitrioL But the most ready and effectual way is, to throw the animal down, and take hold of the angle-berry at the base with a pair of broad flat barnacles (such as are used in farriery) : then take a firing iron, after it has been suf- ficiently heated, and sear or burn it off; touch the seared part all over with a skewer dipped in oil of vitriol, or aquafortis. Either of these will destroy the roots, and prevent them from growing again; but if they be attended to in time, before they come to their full growth, they may be eradicated by applying the following ointment. 24O ANGLE-BERRIES. RECIPE (No. 90.) Take Green Vitriol, White Vitriol, and Blue Vitriol, of each one ounce in Jine powder; Camphor, two drachms, dissolved in half an ounce of Rectified Spirit of IVine-, Sugar of Lead, half an ounce ; Hogs Lard, half a pound: Mix them well together on a slab, and beep in a pot for use. A small quantity of this ointment must be rubbed on the Angle-berries, Warts, or any ex- crescences that may grow upon the udder or other part of the body, every night and morn- ing. This ointment will gradually waste them away without injuring any other part. SECTION XXXIII. SORE TEATS. * oOME Cows are more subject to Sore Teats than others; they are liable to this complaint at all seasons of the year, particularly such Cows as have newly calved. If the teats be afflicted in the summer, they often become ulcerated; and the flies plague and teaze them to such a degree as to render it difficult to milk them. It is a great nuisance at the time of milking, as blood and corruption are liable to pass between the fingers into the milk. The following oint- ment ought always to be kept in readiness for purposes of this kind. Q 242 SORE TEATS. RECIPE (No. 91.) Take Elder Ointment, s/j? ounces ; Bee's Wax, tivo ounces; Melt them together', and add Sugar o/ Lead in powder, one ounce ; Alum, in powder, two ounces : Mix and stir them together, till nearly cold. The Cow's teats may be well rubbed with this ointment every night and morning after milking. If in the summer, and the flies plague them, add one ounce of assafcetida, in powder, and dissolve it along with the ointment and wax. This will prevent tfce flies from teazing the animal. SECTION XXXIV. THE MANGE. Jl HIS disease is well known to most graziers, and therefore requires but little description. It is seated in the skin, and for the most part pro- ceeds from scanty keep during the winter: it makes its appearance early in the spring, as soon as the warm weather begins to set in. The symptoms are as follows: the skin, or hide, appears Jast on all parts of the body? and every time the beasts rub themselves, the hair comes off and a thick white scurf, of a scabby appearance, is to be seen in a short tinrtf after. <* 2 244 THE MANGE. In the cure of this disease, mercurial ointment cannot be used with any degree of safety among Horned Cattle ; as there is ', a possibility of preventing them from licking themselves. Either of the following ointments, therefore, may be safely used in all diseases of this kind. RECIPE (No. 92.) Or Take Hogs-Lard, two pounds; Spirit of Turpentine, half a pint ; Put them in a pot that will hold twice the quantity ; then gradually add, Oil of Vitriol, two ounces ; and keep gently stirring until mixed. After- wards add, Sulphur Vivum, in fine powder, half a pound : Mix them all well together for use. Or, the following may be used, if thought more proper. MANGE. 245 RECIPE (No. 9-3.) Take Soft Soap, one pound ; Hogs-Lard, one pound; Spirit of Turpentine, one print ; Flowers of Sulphur, half a" pound; White Hellebore, in powder, half a pound; Pearl-Ashes, in powder, two ounces : Mix them all together into an ointment. All the parts affected must be well rubbed with either of these ointments, every third or fourth day for three times. Let it be done under a warm shade when the sun is out ; or otherwise an iron should be heated and held at a proper distance, whilst another rubs it on. Thus the medicine will produce a good effect, and very often in slight cases one dressing will be 'found sufficient, if the ointment be well applied. At the same time it will be necessary to give the following drink. 246 THE MANGE. RECIPE (No. 94.) Take Aniseeds, and Carraway Seeds, fresh powdered, each two ounces; Grains of Paradise, and Nitre, in powder, of each one ounce; Flower of Sulphur, two ounces ; Crude Antimony, in fine powder, half an ounce ; Treacle four table-spoons full ; Mix for one drink, and give it in a quart of warm ale. This drink may be repeated every third day for three times, or oftener if necessary. It will be found to possess the requisite quality of pro- moting the animal secretions, by which nature^ will be regenerated. SECTION XXXV. LICE IN CATTLE. JLiICE in Cattle, like the former disease, require no description, as this filth is always visible to the eye ; if not, by shedding the hair, they will soon be made to appear. The Cattle most sub- ject to Lice are those which through bad keep and poverty, are reduced to a low state, so that nature is not able to cast off her old coat ; in consequence of this, an extra harbour is left for the vermin to accumulate in. Different kinds of medicines have been ap- plied for the destruction of these Lice. Mer- a 4 248 LICE curial ointment (such as is used for the scab in Sheep) would prove the most effectual in de- stroying them, if it could be used with safety : but as beasts are so liable to lick themselves, it would encfenger the life of the animal, by bringing on a salivation upon the glands. It will therefore be better to omit its use, and to apply the following, which will be found equally efficacious. RECIPE (No. 95.) Take Hog's- Lard, two pounds ; Spirit of Turpentine, half a pint ; Oil oj Vitriol, one ounce; Mix them gradually, and when united, add Whale Oil, half' a pint ; and Stavesacre, in powder, half' a pound: Mix all together into an ointment. A sufficient quantity of this ointment may be rubbed on all parts of the body where * lice are found, and repeated a second time in five or six days after: twice dressing is generally sufficient to IN CATTLE. 249 clear them of filth of this kind. Or, if the practitioner thinks proper, he may use the ointment (No. 92. p. 244.) ar (No. 93. p. 244.) which in general proves of equal efficacy to the above. It will be necessary to give to Cattle, when reduced to so low a state, a good nourishing drink or two, such as (No. 1. p. 36.) or (No. 2. p. 37.) as there directed. SECTION XXXVI. WARBLES. J. HESE proceed from a fly, well known by the name of the Gad Fly, Breeze, or Ox Fly, which punctures small holes in the backs of Horned Cattle, and there deposits its eggs. These being speedily hatched by the heat of the animal's body, a small tumor arises, con- taining a grub, and having a small hole in its centre, that answers as a breathing place for the insects, and also to cast out the superfluous matter, which, if confined, might soon pro- duce a large abscess and destroy the grub. WARBLES. 251 Country people frequently dislodge these crea- tures by pressing the fingers and thumb on each side of the lump. The readiest way of destroying these worms, is to pull off the scab that generally covers the mouth of the hole, and pour a few drops of the black oils (No. 71* P- 205.) into the orifice of the wound, or a few drops of Spirits of Turpentine may be used where the other is in readiness. SECTION XXXVII. TO MAKE A COW TAKE THE BULL. J_T is sometimes necessary to promote this de- sire in Cows, as otherwise the most profitable time for making butter or cheese might be lost : but it is very rarely wanted, if the animal be healthful and in gqpd condition ; and it is much better when nature is permitted to perform her own office, but this cannot always be dis- pensed with. The following drink therefore may be given. TO MAKE A COW TAKE THE BULL. 253 RECIPE (No. 96.) Take Aniseeds, Grains of Paradise, and Bay-berries, fresh powdered, of each two ounces ; Cantharides, in powder, two drachms : Mix them all together for one drink. This drink may be given in a quart of warm milk at any time of the day ; and, if convenient , let them stand two hours after without meat ; then turn them into their pasture, or feed them as usual. If this drink has the desired effect, the Cow will take the Bull in the course of eight or ten days : if not, the drink may be repeated with the addition of half a drachm more of can- tharides added to it. If she be a very large Cow, the quantity of flies may be increased to three drachms, but this is " very rarely necessary. It is best to give this drink on a full stomach, as it will be less liable to bring on the stranguary. But if the latter should take place, give her the following drink. 254 TO MAKE A COW TAKE THE BULL. RECIPE (No. 97.) Take Nitre* in powder, two ounces; Sweet Spirit of Nitre one ounce ; Tincture of Opium, lialf an ounce. : Mix, and give in a quart of Linseed Tea. This drink may be repeated if found needfuT. . SECTION XXXVIII. BULL BURNT. JL HIS is a local disease, affecting the sheath of the Bull ; the parts become foul, aud Hill of can- cerous ulcers which inflame the Bull's yard or pizzle, and cause the sheath to swell. The most effectual way of curing this disease is, to throw the Bull down and turn him on his back, with his belly upwards. Then take a linen cloth and fold it round his yard, and gently draw it out of the sheath till you can see to examine all the ulcerated parts, which should be bathed and washed with the following lotion. 255 BULL BURNT. RECIPE (No. 98.) Take Camphorated Spirit of Wine, four ounces ; Sugar of Lead, one ounce ; IFhite Vitriol, two ounces ; Soft Water, one quart : Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. The Bull should be dressed twice a week with this lotion, and kept from bulling Cows until well. Care must be taken every time lie is dressed, that every part is. properly washed or bathed with the mixture. Or he may be dressed in the same manner with the following mixture, which is more powerful. BULL BURNT. 257 RECIPE (No. 99.) Take Sugar of Lead, White Vitriol, Blue Vitriol^ and Bole Armen'ic, of eac^ half' an ounce; Soiling Water, one pint : ^ Mix, and when new milk ivarm, put them in a bottle for use. This is a very powerful mixture, but should not be used the first time of dressing; ; afterwards it O ' may be used with safety. During the time of his getting better, it will be proper to give the Bull the purging drink (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4. p. 39.) with the addition of four ounces more of salts. Give the medicine as directed in the pages here referred to; and repeat it once a week for two or three times. ^Hft The matrix, or womb of the Cow, is some- times affected by the bull, which causes the parts to inflame and swell, likewise to discharge a disagreeable ichor; at the time of staling she appears to have considerable pain. All the parts R 258 BULL BURNf. that appear to be infected must be bathed with the lotion (No. 98. p. 256.) the other being too strong for the Cow: and a linen rag may be soaked in the lotion, folded round the finger, and introduced into the womb, or injected up with a syringe. A few dressings will in general be found sufficient. SECTION XXXIX. ;' PROPER TREATMENT OF cows That Slink^ or Slip their Calves. ABORTION, or Cows slipping their Calves irt an early period of gestation, is a great mis- fortune to the owner: it appears that Cows in the best condition are the most liable to this misfortune. It is sometimes occasioned by ac- cidents, which frequently happen to them during the summer. At other times it has appeared of an epidemical nature; several having slipped their Calves in the course of a few days: in this case it appears to proceed from debility and a re- laxation of the generative parts, R 3 260 COWS THAT SLINK, Cows are the most liable to slink their Calves towards the latter end of the year, while feeding on fog, or autumnal grasses ; or on low marshy and fenny grounds ; and at other times it has proceeded from the smell of carrion, which may have been exposed in the pasture, or too slightly covered with earth. The- sense of smell in Horned, Cattle is remarkably acute : the author has known them on a warm day, in an open pasture, collect in great numbers to a particular spot, where some dead carcases had been buried several years, and with their horns and feet tear up the earth in a surprising manner, at the same time making a most horrid noise. Cows that are in danger of slipping or slinking their young, before their due time of gestation, should be taken from the pasture over night; and from two to three or four quarts of blood should be taken from each beast, which ought to stand in the open yard till next morning ; then give the following drink. OR SLIP THEIR CALVES. 261 'RECIPE (No. 100.) Take Alum, in powder, six ounces ; Peruvian Bark, in powder, half an ounce ; Aniseeds, fresh powdered, two ounces; Treacle four table-spoons full : Mix for one drink. Put the drink in a pitcher, and pour a quart of boiling water upon it; cover it down till new milk warm, then give it to the beast. This drink is by no means expensive, and may there- fore be repeated in eight or ten drfys, when there is every reason to believe that it will pro- duce the desired effect. Some Cows are constantly a bulling every fort- night or three weeks, during the summer: a better drink cannot be given to put a stop to this ; and also W POX. public: yet, like many other discoveries, it has met with many powerful opponents, and still lias many more to contend with. Some persons conjecture that the grease in horses' heels is of the same nature as the Cow-pox; but this is a mistake, and the contrary may easily be proved. Some horses have the grease for years together, and are never free from it, either winter or summer. The Cow-pox is a disease that gradu- ally proceeds to maturation, and afterwards de- clines or dies away : it is now beginning to be ge- nerally known among the keepers of large dairies, avid is indicated by the following symptoms. The eyes of the animals appear heavy and dull, and the milky secretions are considerably lessened, frequently to more than one half in a few days. The beasts moan, and wander about by themselves. " Irregular pustules appear on the nipples of the Cow; which, at their first appear- ance, are commonly of a palish blue^ or rather of a colour somewhat approaching to a livid, and are THE COW POX. 271 surrounded by an crysipelatous inflamma- tion*." As soon as this disease takes place, a cordial drink may be given, which is very necessary to warm and stimulate the solids, a,nd give fresh motion to the fluids, by which nature will be better able to repel the disease : the drink ( No. 1 . p. 37.) or (No. 2. p. 36.) may be given as there directed, for two or three times. If any feverish symp- toms should appear, the body must be kept open by giving one of the following purging drinks as there directed (No. 3. p. 39.) (No. 4. p. 39.) or (No. 42. p. 118.) any of these drinks will be found sufficient to purge the body and check the fever. The teats and udder may be well rubbed with the ointment (No. 91 p. 242.) twice a day after milking ; or, the following lotion may be used, if there be any objection to the use of the ointment. See Medical and Physical Journal, vol. i. p. 3. 2/2 THE COW POX. RECIPE (No. 101.) Take Crude Sal-ammoniac, in powder, half an ounce; Wwe Vinegar, half a pint ; Camphorated Spirit of Wine, two ounces ; Goulard, one ounce: Mix, and keep them in a bottle for use. This lotion is more pleasant to use than ointment, and is very suitable for Sore Teats in general, though they may proceed from other causes. It should be well rubbed on the parts affected twice a day. SECTION XLIII. WOOD-EVIL, MOOR-ILL, CLUE-BOUND, OR FARDAL-BOUND, AND PANTAS. Great variety of curious names is given to many of the diseases of Neat Cattle, by different authors. It certainly would be a great con- veniency if nearly one half of them were ex- punged and more rational ones admitted. The W~ood-evil chiefly proceeds from debility, occasioned by taking cold when exposed to bleak winds in open commons or pastures. This brings on a pain and stiffness in the joints; and if early attended to may be easily removed by giving a S WOOD-EVIL. few of the drinks (No. 1. p. 36.} or (No. 2. p. 37.) as there directed. But if the disease be of some time standing, it will be more proper to treat the animal in the same manner as for the Rheumatism or Joint Felon*. Moor-illy is a state of debility said to be oc- casioned by the want of fresh water ; this may easily be remedied by removing the beast to a fresh pasture, where it is more plentiful, and by giving a few of the above mentioned drinks for the Wood-evil. Clue-bound, or Fardel-bound. The animal when in this state, is disposed to be saped, or costive ; the thin part of the excrements force their way through the middle, or one side of the more hardened part. This frequently takes place at the commencement of a fever, and re- quires speedy relief, otherwise the life of the beast will be in danger. Let the purging drink (No. 3. p. 39.) or (No. 4. p. 39.) be given (as Vide Section XXII. p. 180. supra. WOOD-EVIL. 2/6 there directed) as soon as possible, and repeat it until a proper passage is obtained. The beast may be restored in a short time after, by giving two or three of the drinks (No. 14. p. 6l.) as there directed. Pantos, is another species of disease similar to the former, requiring the same treatment. SECTION XLW. ON THE DISEASES INCIDENT TO YOUNG CALVES, And the method of treating the Cow after Calving. A.FTER the extraction of the Calf, proper cart* should be taken of the Cow, in providing her a suitable place to lie down in; and also to allow her the privilege of licking her Calf, which not only makes her fond of it, but the friction of her tongue puts the young animal in motion, and will enable it to rise much sooner than it otherwise would. About a quart of the first milk (usually called beestings] should be taken from the Cow before the Calf be allowed to DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES 277 suck: after which, it may have free access to the Cow. The milk for the first three or four days heing of an opening and purging quality, will evacuate the bowels or intestines of the yellow viscid matter called the meconium; which is con- fined in the colon during gestation. If therefore this should not be able to perform the necessary evacuation, recourse must be had to medicines; of which the following will be suitable for this purpose. RECIPE (No. 102.) Take Castor Oil, one ounce ; Prepared Kali, half a drachm ; Ginger, 'in powder, one tea-spoon jull. Mix, and give it in half a pint of warm milk. This drink may be repeated the next day if the bowels are not sufficiently open. It is always I 3 278 ON THE DISEASES INCIDENT adviseable to let the Calf have free access to the Cow, as soon as it is able to stand ; and on the second day the Calf may be tied in a corner of the hovel where the Cow is; and if she has more milk than it can take at one time, it will be proper to milk a part from her, before the young animal is let loose to her : this should be done three times a day, for two or three days. Afterwards let the Calf be taken away, if the Cow's udder be free from kernels, or hard ex- crescent substances, which are found in the udder of most young Cows after calving: otherwise, it should be permitted to suck for a day or two longer. The jolting of the CarPs head against the udder, greatly assists in dispersing these ex- crescences, and in preventing the downfall, or an inflammation taking place in this part ; which might cause much trouble, or endanger the life of the Cow. The diet and treatment of Cows, at the time of parturition, must be regulated according to TO YOUNG CALVES. the season of the year : . if in the winter, or early in the spring., care should be taken to house them as soon after as possible, and to give them warm water and mashes of scalded bran, with a little ground corn in them twice or three times a day. If in the summer they require to be kept under a shade, where they can be protected from the sun in the day, and from the cold in the evening, and treated with mashes and warm water for two or three days as above. As the rearing of young Calves from the pail is a distinct branch of farming economy, it could not properly be introduced here. The reader who is desirous of information may see the different methods employed for this purpose in the valua- ble work referred to below*. * " The Complete Grazier," 8vo. third Edition. s 4 SECTION XLV. THE METHOD OF TREATING THE NAVEL-STRING AFTER EXTRACTION. .-'-,. soon as the Calf has been taken from the Cow, and has been properly cleaned, either by the animal licking it, or with a clean linen cloth, let the Umbilical Cord, or Navel String, be properly secured with a ligature, in the following manner. Take a waxed thread of several thicknesses, and pass it several times round it, about two inches from the body ; secure it fast, then take a pair of scissars and clip it off a little below the THE NAVEL STRING. 281 tied part. Care is always necessary in tying the thread, lest it cut the navel string, and cause an effusion of blood that might prove difficult to stop, and endanger the life of the young animal. When this happens to be the case, no time must be lost, and the wound be dressed as soon as possible, with the following styptic mixture. RECIPE (No. 103.) Ttike Compound Tincture of Myrrh, two ounces ; Wine Vinegar, half a pint ; Oil of Vitriol, half an ounce; Mel-Egyptiacum, two ounces : Mix them together in a bottle; and keep them for use. Take a pledget of lint or tow, and dip it in the above mixture ; then apply it to the part af- fected, and support it with a proper bandage round the body. This will in general put a stop 282 THE METHOD OF TREATING to the bleeding in a short time; or, if thought more proper, the following poultice may be ap- plied ; which will be found of equal efficacy in repelling the hemorrhage. RECIPE (No. 104.) Take Fine Flower, half a pound ; Slue Vitriol, in powder, half an ounce; Alum, in powder, two ounces : Mix them into the consistence of a poultice, with the preceding mixture (No. 103.; This cataplasm, or poultice, must be spread thick on leather, or linen, (the former is the best); then apply it to the navel, and support it with a proper bandage as before. If the part tumefy, and be likely to suppurate, let it be dressed with the following. THE NAVEL STRING. 283 RECIPE (No. 105.) Take Spirit of Turpentine, and Spirit of Sal-ammoniac, made with lime, of each two ounces ; Linseed Oil, six ounces ; Oil of timber, one ounce : Mix them together in a bottle, and keep them for use. All the swelled part must be well rubbed with this mixture twice a day, and the wound dressed with the digestive ointment (No. 72. p. 207.) as there directed. Under circumstances of this nature, it frequently happens that the young animal is so much reduced by pain and the loss of blood, as to require medicine to brace and strengthen its relaxed frame. The following restorative will be found very serviceable in this case. 284 THE METHOD OF TREATING, &C. RECIPE (No. 106.) Take Peruvian Bark, in powder, and Ginger fresh powdered, oj- each two drachms: Mix, and give them in half a pint of new milk. This draught may be repeated once or twice a day, for a few days, until the Calf recovers its strength. By a strict attention to the above rules, and the treatment, the life of the animal may be preserved in cases that appear most des- perate. SECTION XLV1. DIARRHCEA, OR DYSENTERY. JL HIS is a disease to which young Calves are very subject, at the age of from two to six weeks ; and is chiefly brought on through change of diet. Some farmers' wives are so penuriously disposed that they will scarcely allow that subsistence which nature requires at so early an age, and for want of which great numbers die. The time of of changing the diet of these young animals is the most difficult. Care should there- fore be taken to change it very little for the first fortnight, but to allow it for the greatest part, 286 DIARRHCEA, new milk; afterwards bring it to porridge by slow degrees, or otherwise, a dysentery, or scouring, may be expected to take place, which will greatly weaken the Calf, and if not checked in time will end in a complete Dysentery. The symptoms are as follows: great weak- ness: loathing of its food; a continual purg- ing ; every thing it takes turns acid and coagu- lates on the stomach. Toward the last stage of this disease the stools become bloody and fetid, a large portion of the defensive mucus of the intestines is mixed with them; after which, a gangrene or mortification soon takes place, and terminates in the death of the animal. All these disasters may be prevented (if timely attended to) by proper management, and the following medicines. RECIPE (No. 107.J Take Rhubarb, in powder, two drachms; Oil of Castor, one ounce ; Kali, prepared, one tea-spoon full : Mix, and give in a pint of warm milk. OR DYSENTRT. 287 This drink will gently purge and evacuate the stomach and bowels of the indigested crudities with which they are so much loaded in cases of this kind. The day after taking the above pur- gative drink, let the following powders be given according to the direction. RECIPE (No. 108.) Take Chalk, prepared, four ounces; Crab's Eyes, prepared, two ounces ; JBole-armmic, two ounces ; Bone, burnt in the Jire till white, in powder, two ounces ; Ginger, fresh powdered, two ounces : Mix them all well together. Take one large table-spoon full of these powders, mix in a pint of new milk, and give it to the Calf before it is fed every morning and evening, as long as the purging continues. These powders vrill be found a powerful absorbent, and fre- 288 DIARRHCEA. quentlyto check, if not cure the disease in its last stage. Calves that are attacked with this disease, at the age of from four to six weeks, may have the castor oil increased to two ounces: the powders also may be doubled ; and to these powders may be added one tea-spoon full of tincture of opium every time they are given. By increasing the quantity, every dose may be made suitable to the age of the Calf. Incases of longstanding there is often a continual motion to dung, which may be properly called a tenesmus. The pain in this case appears to be more limited to the rectum, and may be speedily removed by ad- ministering the following clyster. OR DYSENTERY. 289 RECIPE (No. 109.) Take Linseed, two ounces ; Boll in a pint and' a half of Water ; Strain, and add Treacle, two ounces; Salt of Tartar, two drachms ; Chalk, prepared^ one ounce ; Tincture of Opium, half an ounce ; Olive Oil, one ounce : Mix all together while warm, and in- ject it up the rectum, and apply a small wisp to the anus, that it may be retained for Jive or ten minutes. This clyster will be found to expel the acrid and slimy humours adhering to the coats of the rectum ; if four.d necessary, it may be repeated once a day. SECTION XLVII. COSTIVENESS IN YOUNG CALVES, JL HE costive habit of some Calves may take place at the age of three or four days; but in ge- neral, it does not appear until the time when the young animal is put to dry meat: which may be reckoned at or about the age of eight or ten weeks. In every state of costiveness the animal will be in danger of its life, if not timely removed. Horned Cattle, whether young or old, when labouring under any internal disease, are very liable to become costive, or saped. Cattle la- bouiing under this complaint are liable to in- COSTIVENESS. 291 flammatory. fevers of different kinds. And if purgative medicines are not given in time, there is often little hopes of recovery. Neat Cattle of all other verge most rapidly to a state of dissolution, when suffering under any inflamma- tory disease. (See page 171. Section XX. on Purging Medicines). The greatest art of curing diseases is, to be well acquainted with their nature, and the con- stitution of the animal, together with a proper knowledge of the quality and quantity of every medicine necessary to be given in each disease, in order to obtain the desired effect. Without this knowledge, there will be but little proba- bility of success. If the purgative dose be too small, it will be apt to increase the disease; and, if too large, it will be liable to reduce the young animal to a very weak state. A proper quantity therefore, sufficient to produce the desired effect, is the point most necessary to be sought for; and, of this point the author ventures to hope that long experience has given him a confident T 2 2.92 COSTIVENESS t knowledge. The following different formula* will serve to elucidate the subject, so as to enable the practitioner to prescribe for Calves of every age. The following drink is suitable for one six weeks old. RECIPE (No. 110.) Take Glauber salts, three ounces ; Ginger, in powder, half an ounce ; Aniseeds, fresh powdered, half 'att ounce; Treacle, two table-spoons full : Put the whole in a pitcher, and pour a pint of boiling water upon the ingredients. Cover them down and when new milk warm give drink. following may be given to one about ei weeks old. IN YOUNG CALVES. RECIPE (No. in.) Tiike Glauber Salts, four ounces ; Rhubarb, in powder, two drachms ; Ginger, Caraway Seeds, and Aniseeds, Jres/i powdered, oj'each half an ounce; Treacle, three table spoons Jull : Put the whole in a pitcher, and pour a pint of boiling water upon the in- gredients, cover them down, and give when new milk warm. Or, if thought more proper, the following may be given, especially in inflammatory cases. RECIPE (No. 112.) Take Castor Oil, four ounces ; Rhubarb, in powder, two drachms ; Prepared Kali, one drachm ; Ginger and Aniseeds, fresh powdered, of each half an ounce ; Treacle, two table-spoons full : To be given in a pint of warm grueL 294 COST1VENESS Any of these drinks may be repeated once a day, until they produce the desired effect. By increasing the glauber salts, or the castor oil, the drinks may be accommodated to every age. The great utility of purging medicines consists in carrying off those crudities, which so frequently engender in the stomach and in- testines of young Calves, and produce many fatal diseases; as is obvious to those who have the management of young Cattle. It will be necessary here to introduce a cordial drink which is alvvays proper to be given after purging; as it riot only nourishes and heals the parts, but stimulates them to fresh action, and pro- duces in them a healthful tendency. It will likewise be found of infinite use in removing flatulency from the stomach and intestines, and in promoting the peristaltic motion, which is the best method of preserving health in these young animals. IN YOUNG CALVES. 296 RECIPE (No. 113.) Take Aniseeds, and Caraway Seeds, fresh powdered, of each one ounce ; Coriander Seeds, Ginger, Grains of Paradise, fresh powdered, of each half an ounce ; Treacle, two table-spoons full ; A lump of Butter, of the size of a walnut : Put the ingredients into a pitcher, and pour a pint of boiling ale upon them. Cover the whole down till new milk warm, and then give it. This will be found an excellent drink to remove indisposition, strengthen the stomach, and pro- mote an appetite. T 4 SECTION XLVIU. THE HOOSE IN CALVES, 1 HIS disease most commonly attacks young Calves Curing the first year, and generally seizes them while at grass in the summer. In some dry summers it has carried off large numbers to the great loss of the owners. Upon ex- amination after death, the author has frequently caused their gullets to be laid open and inspected, in which he has found a bunch of' worms, netted or matted together. These, by their continual tickling motion, cause the young animal to be almost in a constant state of Hoosing or Coughing ; by which the powers of THE HOOSE IN CALVES. <2 the disorder has on examination -been found to proceed from an inflammation, either in the stomach, intestines, kidneys, or the neck of the bladder. Sometimes the intestines be- come loaded with sand or gravel, while feeding on turnips ; by which the inflammation is con- siderably increased. Whenever this disease makes its appearance amongst flocks of Sheep that are feeding on turnips or succulent grasses, no time must be lost in puiting a stop to so de- structive a disease. The loss sustained by the grazier in consequence, is often very con- siderable. The following medicine the author has had an opportunity of trying on a large scale, some- times on five or six hundred Sheep, belonging to ene man, in the course of the day. 318 RED WATER. RECIPE (No. 121.) Take Epsom Salts, six ounces; Nitre, in powder, four ounces ; Boiling Water , three pints, pour the water hot upon the Salts ; Wlien new milk warm, add Spirit of Turpentine, four ounces; Bole-Armenic, in powder, half an ounce : Mix, and shake them well together. The dose is, from three to four table- spoons full. When this medicine is intended to be given to a number of sheep, they must be taken from the turnips, or whatever they are feeding on, and put into a pen or fold-yard, for two hours before it is given. Then a small horn should be pro- vided, that will just hold the quantity proper for each Sheep. Let the bottle be well shaken each time it is poured into the horn. This method of giving drinks to Sheep will be found very advantageous, when many require RED WATER. 319 it at one time. They must be kept from food two hours after the medicine is given, either in a fold-yard, or a pen ; after which they may be put in their pasture as usual. When this disease is so severe that several die every day, it will be ne- cessary to repeat the medicine every third day, for three times or more, if thought proper. This will be found a powerful medicine in all inflam- matory diseases and in removing all those ob- structions that so frequently take place in the kidneys, uterus, or other parts of the body, while feeding on turnips, or in a luxuriant pasture. SECTION LIII. THE ROT. J_ HIS disorder ha? been more fatal to Sheep tha'n any other ; and, having at different times carried off great numbers, it has occupied the attention of the learned, who have favoured the public with a variety of opinions : the symptoms however, of this fatal disease, cannot be more accurately stated than in the following description of DR. HARRISON. " When in warm, sultry and rainy weather, Sheep that are grazing on low and moist lands feed rapidly, and some of them die suddenly, THE ROT. 321 there is reason to fear that they have contracted the Rot. This suspicion will be further in- creased, if a few weeks afterwards, the Sheep begin to srink and become flaccid in their loins. By pressure about the hips at this time a crack- ling is sometimes perceptible. Now, or soon afterwards the countenance looks pale, and upon parting the fleece, the skin is found to have ex- changed its vermilion tint for a pale red ; and the wool is easily separated from the pelt. "As the disorder advances, the skin becomes dappled with yellow or black spots. About this time the eyes lose their lustre, and become white and pearly, from the red vessels of the tunica adnata and eye-lids being contracted, or entirely obliterated. To this succeeds debility and ema- ciation, which increase continually till the Sheep die ; or else ascites, and perhaps general dropsy, supervenes before the fatal termination. "These symptoms are rendered more severe by an obstinate purging, which comes on at an uncertain period of the disorder. In the pro- X 322 THE ROT. gress of the complaint, Sheep become what the graziers call checkered, that is, affected with a swell ing under the chin; which proceeds from a fluid contained in the cellular membrane under the throat. " In five or six days after contracting the Rot, the thin edge of the small lobe of the liver be- comes of a transparent white, or bluish qplour, and this spreads along the upper and lower sides, according to the severity of the complaint. Sometimes it does not extend more than an inch from the margin. In severe cases, the whole peritoneum investing the liver is diseased; and then it commonly assumes an opaque colour, in- terspersed with dark red lines or patches. "The upper part of the liver is sometimes speckled like the body of a toad, to which it is said to bear a striking resemblance; round the ductus communis choledochus and hepatic vessels, jelly-like matter is deposited, which varies ac- cording to the severity of the attack, from a table- spoon full, or less, to five or six times that quan- THE ROT. 323 tity. Upon boiling, the liver loses its firmness and separates into small pieces in the water, or remains soft and flaccid. Several graziers and butchers, with \vhom I have conversed at dif- ferent times, having observed that Sheep are much disposed to feed during the first three or four weeks after being tainted, omit no opportu- nity of producing it, to increase their profits. es When the first stage is over, flukes begin to appear in the port liliani t the ductus commums choledochus, and in the gall-bladder. At first, the quantity of these creatures is small ; but, as the disease advances, they increase; and, before death, are often very numerous. "In the last part of the complaint, they are sometimes to be found in the stomach,, as well as in the intestines and liver. This like the visceral disorders of the human body, may ter- minate in resolution, effusion, suppuration, or schirrus. " First, the complaint is said to terminate in resolution, when the inflammatory action goes 324 THE ROT. off, without destroying the state and texture of the parts. However, I am strongly inclined to believe, that every considerable inflammation in the human body, and in other animals, although it ends in resolution, leaves behind it some re- mains, which may be discovered by an expe- rienced anatomist. "When the vessels are thrown into inflamma- tory action for a few days only, effusion com- monly takes place, and the coats become thicker, and assume a bufry colour. These changes in the sanguinary system often continue through life, and lay the foundation of many chronic and incurable diseases. Sheep that recover from the Rot exhibit very different appearances after death, according to the severity of the attack ; but the taint is seldom or never entirely removed. I was desired within these few days, to look at the liver of an old Ewe that died fat, and contained fourteen pounds of suet in her body. The back part of the small lobe was dappled with whitish spots ; the coats of the ductus communis THE ROT. 325 and pori biliarii were considerably thickened and more solid than usual. In colour, they re- sembled, the human aorta in old people, and were full of flukes; in other respects the liver appeared to be sound and natural. The butcher asserted that this was occasioned by a slight taint of long standing, which had not been consider- able enough to disorder the economy, or impair the health of the animal sufficiently to prevent its feeding. " Secondly, when Sheep die suddenly in the first stage of the disorder, an effusion of serum, or of wheyish coloured fluid, may be commonly discovered in the cavity of the abdomen, and then the peritoneum surrounding the liver is generally covered with a membrane or coat of coagulable lymph. This form of the Rot has been frequently confounded with the Resp, or Red Water, though it differs from the latter disorder in the colour of the effused liquid, in being much less disposed to putrefaction, and in several other particulars. X 3 326 THE ROT. fc Thirdly, Abscesses in the liver exhibit an- other termination of the malady. They are sel- dom considerable enough to kill immediately; but, in consequence of the absorption of the purulent matter from them, the Sheep frequently waste away, and die hectical or dropsical. When the collections are small, Sheep will recover sufficiently to bear Lambs for three or four sea- sons, and afterwards become tolerable mutton. "Fourthly, The most common termination is in schirri, or what the shepherds call knots in the liver; I have seen the whole substance of this important viscus so fall of small roundish lumps, or schirrous bodies, that it was difficult to find any sound part in it. The first attack is unfortunately so very insidious that the dis- order is scarcely observable, before the animal begins to waste and lose flesh. In this advanced state it is said to labour under the Rot, or pourriture, from overlooking the commencement of the disorder." THE ROT. 327 About ten or twelve years ago, the author of these sheets published a medicine for the Rot in Sheep, accompanied with printed directions; and as this disease prevailed very much on low grounds, particularly by the Trent side, and in some parts of Lincolnshire, he had sufficient opportunity of giving the medicine a fair trial ; and had great satisfaction in proving its efficacy in curing this complaint. He undertook many even in the last stage : and frequently suc- ceeded in curing nine out of ten Farmers whose lands lie in a low situation, and are sub- ject to this disease, will find the following recipe of infinite value. 328 THE ROT. RECIPE (No. 122.) Take Nitre, in powder six ounces ; Ginger, fresh powdered, four ounces ; Coicothar of Vitriol, in fine powder, two ounces ; Common Salt, three pounds and a half i Boiling Water, three gallons ; Pour the water hot upon the ingre- dients : Stir them, and when new milk warm, add to every quart of the mixture, three ounces of Spirit of Turpentine, and bottle it for If this medicine be put in bottles holding from one to two quarts of the mixture, it will be much the better, as the bottles will be more convenient for shaking at the time of giving, which will be found necessary in THE ROT. 329 order to keep the turpentine in a more divided state. The following directions must be strictly regarded : Keep the infected Sheep from food all night ; on the following morning, give to each Sheep two ounces, or four table-spoons full 6f the above mixture; (remember to shake the bottle well at the moment of pouring it out). To those which are weak and much reduced by the disease, one half, or three parts out of four inay be sufficient for a dose. Keep them from food three hours after giving the medicine ; and then turn them into a dry ^pasture. It will be necessary to repeat the, medicine every fourth day for three times, observing the above rules. But where only half the quantity Jias been administered, it will be proper to repeat it every second or third day for six tirae$. Every shepherd should be pro- 33O THE ROT. vicled with a small horn, containing just the proper quantity ; this will save considerable time and trouble, when it is necessary to give the above drink to a number at the same time. SECTION LIV. THE SCAB. JL HE Scab is a disease that is very common in this part of the kingdom, (Nottinghamshire) though not so prevalent as in many parts, of Lincolnshire. This disorder is contagious, for if one Sheep be infected with it, it will quickly communicate it to the rest of the flock; and can seldom be entirely eradicated without the whole flock undergoing a general salving. Too much caution cannot be used by the grazier in first introducing Sheep, which are pur- 333 THE SCAB. chased from other districts, among his own flocks, lest any of them should be infected with this disease. The Scab requires but little de- scription, being so well known to most persons who are accustomed to the care and manage- ment of sheep. It is first discovered by the animals rubbing themselves against every post, gate, bank, or any other convenient place suitable for the purpose, and they are fre- quently seen to pull off the wool with their mouths. This disease appears to be of the cutaneous kind, and only effects the skin with a scabby eruption ; but, if permitted to remain without at- tempting to cure, it will enter the system ; and unless great care be taken, the Sheep will jink under its pressure Formerly, this disease was cured with a strong decoction or infusion of tobacco, in a certain quantity of water, and at the time of using, a small quantity of spirit of turpentine is added. THE SCAB. 333 Others have dissolved an ounce of sublimate, and two ounces of crude sal-ammoniac in one gallon of the above infusion. This medicine will cure the Scab in the Sheep ; but being of a dry and harsh nature it is detrimental to the fleece. The Scab often remains on the afflicted part for a con- siderable part after dressing with this medicine in a corroded state ; which entirely prevents the wool from growing, so as to be of no use for that season. The ointment is a proof of its great superiority over all washes, not only in curing the disease, but in causing the Scab to shell off, and the wool to grow, and likewise in promoting their health : it is prepared in the following manner. 334 THE SCAB. RECIPE (No. 123.) Take (Mercury or) Quick-silver, one pound ; Venice Turpentine, half a pound; Spirit of Turpentine, two ounces ; JWork them well together hi a marble mortar until the Mercury is tho- roughly incorporated, which may he complete in the course of Jive or sii hours; Then take four pounds and a half oj Hog'S Lard t melt it over a slowjire; and ivhen new milk warm, add it to the Quick silver, and keep it constantly stirring until it grows stiff'. The labour necessary in making this ointment, may appear to some persons very considerable ; but the quality wholly depends on the perfect union of the quick-silver with the other ingre- dients. If requisite the person may make four times the quantity in nearly the same time by THE SCAB. 335 vv,orking it all together in a large marble mortar, or in an iron pan (of a sufficient capacity to hold the whole), with a wooden pestle five or six inches broad, and made suitable to the bottom of the mortar, or pan. Shepherds in many parts of this kingdom have but little knowledge of the proper method of using this ointment, for want of which the life of the animal is often in great danger. It will therefore be necessary for every shepherd, and 'others having the care and management of Shaep, to know the proper quantity that may be used with safety. il One pound of the ointment is sufficient to dress seven Sheep of a moderate size, for the Scab ; and if slightly infected it will suffice from that number to ten. Many farmers and graziers are in the practice of dressing all their Sheep and Lambs every year, whether infected with the Scab or not. They alledge that it destroys filth, promotes health, and causes them to thrive 336 THE SCAB* much faster, The quantity generally used fotf such Sheep as are not affected with the Scab (but merely with the view of keeping them free from that disease and from filth), is generally one pound of the ointment to ten Sheep. The ointment should be neither too stiff' nor too thin ; if the fowier, it cannot be properly rubbed on the part ; and if the latter, it is apt to run off" and be of no use. A moderate consis- tency, therefore, so as to spread freely, is s prefera- ble, which may be regulated in the following manner. If the ointment be made during the summer, when the weather is warm, it will be proper to leave out one pound of lard and add one pound of black resin r dissolve it in the lard, and add it to the mercury : this will stiffen and make it of a better consistence. The method of using this ointment is as follows : Divide the wool on the back from the head to the tail, so as to expose the skin ; then take THE SCAB. 337 5^ small quantity of the ointment intended to be rubbed on the Sheep, and rub it well in upon the skin, from head to tail. Next divide the wool on each side, and rub the remaining part of the ointment well in. This is the general method made use of either in dressing of Sheep for the Scab or Filth. But, different shepherds adopt various ways, some thinking it neces- sary to divide or furrow the wool down each shoulder, and likewise on the thighs, or on any part that may be infected with the Scab. The most proper time for dressing Sheep with ointment, is about Michaelmas, or any time in the month of October, choosing dry weather for the purpose. But, this is not always the case : the farmer often neglects j to dress them at the latter end of the year, and in the spring he frequently finds his Sheep infected with the Scab. Now, they should not be dressed for this disorder too early Y 338 THE SCAB. in the spring, but should be allowed to gather a little strength, and if the weather be dry and fine it should not be suffered * pass* SECTION SHEEP LICE AND TICKS, of every description are liable to these kinds of filth ; but more particularly such as are in an unthriving state. They in every respect appear to be constant attendants on Sheep that are struck with poverty. A description of them is almost unnecessary, as shepherds, and others accustomed to Sheep, must have a knowledge of this kind of vermin. The louse is of a brownish colour and a flat make, having three legs on each side of its head. Ticks are nearly of the same make and Y 2 340 SHEEP LICE colour, excepting that they are considerably larger. They are of great detriment to the Sheep, prevent them from thriving, and cause them to scratch or tear off their wool by rubbing them selves against fences, and sometimes they will tear it oft* with: their mouths, to the great injury of the pelt arid fleece. In order to destroy these noxious vermin, a number of different applications have been em- ployed : but, in most parts, they have been superseded by the use of the mercurial ointment used for the Scab. This on trial, is not only found more effectual in killing filth, but it enters the system, purifies the blood, and causes the animal to put on a more healthful appearance: it likewise promotes the growth of the wool. These things are considerably in the farmer's favour. There are, however, in different parts of the kingdom, persons who still practise the old method of dipping their Lambs at the latter end of the year in a solution of arsenic, made after the following manner. AND TICKS. 341 RECIPE (No. 124.) Take White Arsenic, in powder, two pounds ; Pearl Ashes, half' a pound; Soft Soap, four pounds ; Put them in a large tub, and pour from Jifty to sixty gallons of boiling water upon the ingredients: This may he done over night, and it will be Jit to use the next day, when cold. i The Lambs or Sheep may be dipped, or im- mersed in the solution, taking care the head be sufficiently kept above the water : the Sheep must then be put 'into another tub, and the liquor pressed from the wool with the hands, and returned into the former tub for the re- mainder. By this method a considerable num- ber may be done in a short time. But one pound of the ointment (No. 123. p. 334.) will be sufficient to dress ten Lambs, and if properly rubbed on will destroy all filth that may Y 3 342 SHEEP LICE. be found upon them. The ointment possesses a great superiority over all ivashes ; the former promotes the health of the animal as well as the growth of the wool, while the latter (through its dry harsh quality) produces the contrary effect. SECTION LVI. INFLAMMATION IN THE UDDER OF EWES. X HIS is a common complaint among Ewes, a_t the time of yeaning or lambing. Those which have been well kept for some time before they bring forth, are the most liable to this com- plaint, as it is apt to cause a flush of milk at that time; and from the glutinous state of the first milk, and also from being long retained in the udder, it blocks up every passage and soon brings on an inflammation in that part, unless proper care be taken to prevent it. Y 4 344 INFLAMMATION All Ewes at the time of yeaning ought to have their Udders well examined by the shepherd ; if their milk pass freely from them, on pressure of the finger and thumb, there is but little danger of an inflammation in those parts. On the contrary, if the udder be tumefied, and there be found no passage for the milk in its regular channel through the teats, these parts being completely glued up with the glutinous quality of the first milk, it is frequently found ne- cessary to introduce a small knitting-needle up the regular passage into the udder, (but this requires proper care and attention lest a new passage be forced;) after which the milk may be discharged with ease. Then let all the swelled part be well rubbed with the following fixture. IN THE UDDER OF EWES. 345 RECIPE (No. 125.) Take Oil of Olive, four ounces ; Spirit of Turpentine, two ounces ; Soft Soap, one ounce ; Camphorated Spirit of Wine* and Spirit of Hartshorn, of each two ounces : Mix them in a marble mortar with the Soap, by a little at a time ; and then put them in a bottle for use. After the milk has been drawn from the udder, or at least all that can be taken away at the present time, rub in the above oils on the part affected, and let this be done twice a day. They will be found of excellent use in all purposes of this kind, where obstructions are formed in the lacteal vessels. But if the tumor should increase and proceed to a state of sup- puration, it will then be necessary to open the part with a lancet, or a sharp pointed knife, 346 INFLAMMATION. and then to dress it with the digestive oint- ment (No. 7 2 ' P* 3 7'0 as there directed for wounds. Or the gangreae oik (No. 1,35.) may be rubbed on twice a day, if thought more proper. SECTION LVII. J. HESE diseases in the feet of Shefep appear to me always to proceed from one and the same cause: yet, if any person wishes to make a dis- tinction, it may easily be done by considering the Jtrst stage of the disease as the Foot-halt, and the last as the Foot-rot. A minute description of this disease would be of little service, as all persons accustomed to the management of Sheep cannot fee otherwise than acquainted with it. It is first discovered by the animal walking lame ; 348 THE FOOT HALT, and if no attempt be made to cure, it must in time fall a victim to the disease. The cure will be easily effected, if the follow- ing rules be observed. Let the Sheep infected with this disease in their feet, be fetched from their pastures and put in a dry fold-yard : after they have stood one hour, take a brush (such as is commonly used for cleaning teeth) and brush all the dirt from between the claws ; after which take a wooden skewer and dip it in butter of antimony, oil of vitriol, aquafortis, or spirit of salts, (any one of these will be sufficient) ; and anoint the .diseased part all over, after which let them stand dry for one hour. If they are properly managed, once dressing is generally found sufficient to perform a cure. If either of the above articles is preferable to another it is the butter of antimony, which seems to have a more powerful effect in some cases than the others. A second dressing is seldom re- quired except in those cases where there is some AND FOOT ROT. 349 appearance of proud flesh, when it must be repeated every third or fourth day, for a fevy times. If the disease be not checked by these means, but in every respect appears to grow worse, and large excrescences, or superfluous flesh, grow out betwixt the claws; the best and most expeditious way in this case will be to cut it out with a sharp knife, taking care to cut off only the superfluous parts. The operator should pre- viously be provided with the following articles, viz. pledgets of tow, old linen, and a long piece of tape: he may then proceed to dress the wound, or place, whence the proud-flesh was taken, with the following powders. RECIPE (No. 126.) Take Blue Vitriol, White Vitriol, and Alum, all In Jine powder, of each one ounce; Bole Armenia, in powder, half an ounce; Mix them together for use. 350 THE FOOT HALT, The wound must be covered all over with thesis powders quite thick; secure them properly on with tow, old linen, and the tape. This will stop the bleeding, and prevent the proud-flesh from rising. The dressing should be repeated every other day for three or four times, which is ge- nerally sufficient to perform a cure. If not, it will be sufficient, if dressed twice a week. Or, the following may be used, if thought more proper. RECIPE (No. 127.) Take Slue Vitriol, White Vitriol, Sugar of Lead, and Bole-Armenic, all in pow- der, of each one ounce ; Honey } sufficient to make it into a paste. In all slight cases where there is but little ap- pearance of superfluous flesh, the part may be touched with a skewer dipped in any of the above mentioned caustic spirits, and afterwards dressed with this paste. Spread it thick upon tow, and AND FOOT ROT. 351 apply it to the wound ; then cover it with linen and fasten it on with a bandage. This may be repeated every other day, or once or twice a week, till the foot be well. Or, if the powders, or the paste, be well rubbed on .the part affected every other day for three or four times, it will in gs neral be found sufficient to effect a cure. Care must be taken that they stand dry for one hour after each caressing. By strict attention to the preceding method of applying the different me- dicines on this head, a speedy cure may be per- formed in the worst of cases, in a very short SECTION LVIII THE SCOUR, OR THE DIARRHCEA J. HIS disease is frequent amongst Sheep, and generally proceeds from bad and scanty keep during the winter season : it makes its appear- ance early in the spring, as soon as the young grasses begin to put forth their succulent qualities. The Sheep are not able to stand against so luxurious a change, and thus many fall a sacrifice to the complaint. When ever this proves to be the case, they should fre- quently be removed to an inferior pasture and OR THE DIARRH(EA 353 allowed a little hay once a day, for a short time. This method of treatment is usually sufficient to check or prevent the Scour in Sheep. In general this disease seldom lasts longer than a few days; but, if the symptoms should still continue to increase, and the animal be in danger of its life, the following powders may be given, which will prove effectual in most cases, though ever so bad. RECIPE (No. 128.) Take Peruvian Bark, Ginger Root, and prepared chalk t of each one drachm, in powder ^ Mix for one dose. These powders may be given in a little warm gruel, once or twice a day, to such Sheep as appear in the greatest danger, with a small Z 354 THE SCOUR. table-spoon full of gin or brandy added to it. In some cases where the disease is uncom- monly severe, a tea-spoon full of Tincture of Opium may be added to each dose. SECTION LIX. TO PREVENT THE FLY. during the summer, and especially in hot sultry weather, are constantly teazed or plagued with jlies, particularly those kept in lanes or in woody districts. They give the animal so much trouble at times, as to cause them to run into hedges and the bottoms of dikes or ditches, to the very great detriment of their pelt and fleeces. They likewise prevent them from feeding, at a time when they ought to make the greatest progress. z 2 356 TO PREVENT Numerous remedies have been offered to the public in order to prevent the fly from striking the Sheep in hot weather, few of which however have effectually and entirely answered the pur- pose. The following recipe was communicated to the author by a very respectable gentleman grazier in the neighbourhood of Retford : he has no doubt of its answering the purpose as far as can be expected from a composition of this kind. RECIPE (No. li>9.) Take White Lead, Flowers of Sulphur, and White Arsenic, of each one pound, in fine powder : Mix them all well together, in a marble mortar, for we. The above quantity of powders will be found sufficient to dress or dust on sixty Sheep ; or, if it t>e weighed and folded up in small paper packets of three quarters of an ounce each, a, THE FLY. 35/ single packet will be sufficient to dress one Sheep. By this method the shepherd will not be liable to make a mistake in dusting more on one than another. It will be necessary to observe the following directions for using these powders. First, Let one man take hold of the Sheep by the head, and another have a packet of the above powders put in a pepper box, held in his right hand, and with a stick in his left. Then draw the stick gently from the head to tbe tail, and with the other hand dust on the powders close after the stick. The utility of the stick will be seen, from its pressing down the wool while the powders are dusted on^ and as the wool rises, it shakes and spreads the powders. Next, take a small watering pan, or any other article that may be convenient, and sprinkle a small quantity of water from head to tail, and draw the stick backwards and forwards two or three times, by which the powders will be made to adhere to the wool z 3 358 TO PREVENf THE FLY. Or, the following powders may be used in- stead of the above, and we have no doubt but they will be found of equal efficacy in protecting the animal from the fly. And as arsenic is excluded from this preparation, it may be used in any quantity with safety. RECIPE (No. 130.) Take White Lead, Flowers of Sulphur, and White Hellebore, of each one pound \ in fine powder : Mix them all well together in a marble mortar, then add half an ounce of the Essential Oil of Worm- wood, and rub it well in the pow- ders. These powders may be dusted on the Sheep in the same manner as the former, but the quantity may be somewhat larger. SECTION LX. SORE HEADS. JL HIS is a common complaint among Sheep during the summer, and especially such as run in lanes, or woody districts. They are mostly pestered with flies about their head, which cause them frequently to strike their hind feet against it, until a wound is made ; and, if no remedy be applied, it will soon become dan- gerous. A great number of different medicines have been made use of at different times, such as oil of hartshorn, oil of coal, and spirits of tar. The following ointment has been prepared % 4 36*0 SORE HEADS. by the author for several years past for this complaint; and in all cases it has been found to produce the desired effect. RECIPE (No. 131.) Take Black Pitch, two pounds; Tar, one pound; Black Brimstone, or Native Sulphur, one pound, Injine powder : Put them all together into an iron pot, just give them a boil over a slow fire, and as soon as the Sulphur begins to unite with the rest of the ingredients, instantly take the whole from the Jire or it will swell and over into the. flames. The best method of using this ointment or plaister is, Jirst, to procure a sufficient number of leather caps for as many Sheep as you in- tend to cap: any kind of soft leather will SORE , answer the purpose, and some farmers when short of this article moke use of strong brown paper. These must all be cut in a proper shape for laying on the head. Then while the ointment is melted, take a small paint brush and spread it thick upon the leather, and when near setting, apply the cap to the head. The evening is the best time for capping Sheep, as there is less danger of knocking them off, and before morning the caps in general set on fast. Others have applied it in the following manner, and found it to answer equally as well. Take a sufficient quantity of the above oint- ment, and melt it in an iron pot ; after it is all melted take it from the fire, and stir it about till new milk warm, then spread it on the sore part of the head, either with a large case knife, or a spatula; and immediately apply a little short wool upon it. in the same manner as when a charge is applied to any part about '362 SORE HEADS. a horse. In very hot weather this ointment is apt to be too thin, so as not to have a sufficient body to adhere to the part^but it may be easily stiffened by adding half a pound or a pound of black resin to the above quantity. SECTION LXI, MAGGOTS. A HERE are few, if any flocks of Sheep, which are not subject to this kind of vermin during the summer. They either are or ought to be well understood by all shepherds, or they are not fit to have the care of Sheep. A few rules however shall be laid down, by which those Sheep that are struck with the fly may be detected. As soon as the maggots begin to make their appearance on any part of the body, the wool on that part becomes moist or wet ; they hold 364 MAGGOtS. down their heads, shake their tails, and run about from place to place, and if permitted to continue in this state for a few days, they must unavoidably fall a victim to this kind of vermin. A great variety of different medicines have been made use of for the destruction of Mag- gots, such as spirit of tar, spirit of turpentine, and the mercurial ointment (No. 123. p. 334.) together with other articles of a similar nature. O The following mixture will be found adequate for the destruction of maggots in the worst of cases : the author has prepared this also for many years, and never found it to fail in effecting a cure in any one instance : in point of cheap- ness, it certainly has strong claim to the farmer^ attention. MAGGOTS. 365 RECIPE (No. 132.) Take Mercurial Sublimate, in powder, one ounce ; Spirit of Sea Salt, two ounces ; Boiling Water, three quarts ; Put them all together in a stone bottle and when cold, add Spirit of Turpentine, one quart : Mix and shake them well together o every time they are used. The best method of using this mixture is as follows : shake the bottle well, and instantly fill a quart bottle with it before the turpentine has time to sepanate; cork the bottle up, then bore a hole through the middle of the cork and pass a goose-quill cut open at both ends through the middle of it. By this means a proper quantity may be forced out on the part affected without much waste: and if 366 MAGGOTS. an ounce of tincture of assafoetida be added to a quart of the mixture, it will prove a means of preventing the fly from striking the same part a second time. SECTION LXII. DEBILITY AND INDIGESTION. are frequently attacked with these com- plaints during the summer, which in general are brought on by fatigue through over-driving, and sometimes by over-loading the stomach with herbage. In either case, nature requires something that is warm and stimulating to rouse the peristaltic motion, and to give fresh vigour to the whole system. The following cordial drink will be found excellent in all cases of this kind, where action is wanted in the stomach and Intestines. DLIilLlTY AND INDIGESTION. RECIPE (No. 133.) Take Anhee.ds, and Caraway Seeds, fresh powdered, of each one drachm ; Peruvian Bar Jf, and Ginger, in powder, of each half a drachm ; Treacle, or Sugar, half a table-spoon full ; Common Gin, one table- spoon full. Mix and give it in a little tvarm water. This drink may be repeated once or twice a day, if required. SECTION LXIII. INFLAMMATION oHEEP, as well as other animals, are liable to be attacked with internal inflammations during the hot weather in summer, particularly those which are driven a considerable distance (when fat) to the market. This disease attacks different parts of the body, as the stomach, intestines, bladder, kidneys, and other parts. Sheep when first attacked with Inflammation in any of these parts should be bled, either above or below the eye, as may appear most con- venient at the time ; afterwards give the animal the following purging drink. A A 37O INFLAMMATION. RECIPE (No. 134.) Take Epsom Salts, one ounce and a half, or two ounces, according to the size of the sheep; . ' Ginger, in powder, one large tea- spoon full; Treacle, one table-spoon full : Put them in a pitcher, and pour Jour , ounces of boiling -water on them ; stir the whole together, and give it tvhen new milk Or, the following may be given if thought more proper. RECIPE (No. 135.) Take Castor Oil, from two to Jour ounces, according to the size of the Sheep ; Ginger, and Salt of Tartar, of each a large tea-spoon full; Coarse Sugar, one t able- spoon full : Mix, and give it in a tea-cup full of warm gruel. INFLAMMATION. 371 Either of these drinks will be found sufficient to evacuate the stomach and intestines; if not they may be repeated once a day, until they have the desired effect. A a2 SECTION LXIV. V V OUNDS are not so common among Sheep as other Cattle, excepting those occasioned by vicious dogs, which frequently take place amongst the Sheep kept near large towns, where dogs often do considerable damage. The fol- lowing mixed oils should always be kept in readiness against accidents of this kind, by which means the lives of many will be saved. WOUNDS. 373 RECIPE (No. 136.) Take Linseed oil, one pint; Put about one fourth of it in a chamber pot, then add Oil of Filriol, two ounces, by a little at a time, keeping it constantly stirring with the other hand; IV hen wilted, add by a little at a time four ounces of Spirit of Turpentine, afterwards add the remainder of the Linseed Oil, and stir them well to- gether ; lastly add Oil of Origanum, one ounce; Compound Tincture of Myrrh, four ounces : Mix and put them in a bottle for use. , The oils will effectually prevent gangrene, or put a stop to a mortification in the worst of cases, if applied in time. They are likewise proper for all kinds of wounds and bruises in horses and beasts, as well as for ewes that may be torn or rent during the yeaning season. Let the parts affected be well rubbed with them once a day, Aad SECTION LXV. THE DISEASES OF THE EYE, COMMONLY CALLED BLINDNESS. X HIS disease, in many instances appears to be epidemic ; whole flocks being sometimes affected with it at once; at other times it appears to be brought on by fatigue and subsequent exposure in a damp, or bleak situation. It prevails most in the North of England : in the neighbourhood of Retford, (Nottinghamshire) it has at different times made its appearance at the latter end of the year, and generally affected those in the best condition. OF THE EYE. 375 Bleeding has by many been greatly recom- mended for diseases of the eye ; and, where it can be done with safety there is no doubt of its great utility. It may be effected* " by opening the angular vein of the eye, and holding the animal's head in an inverted position, so that some drops of blood may fall into the eye. This moderates the increased action of that part which is the immediate cause of inflammation." There is no doubt but bleeding in most diseases of the eye, that are attended with in- flammation, will be found to give instant relief, especially when performed so near the seat of the disease. The following powders will in all cases of this kind be found sufficient to cleanse the eye, and remove the inflammation. * " The Complete Grazier," 8vo. third Edition, p. 191. A a 4 3/6 THE DISEASES OF THE EYE. RECIPE (No. 137.) Take Sal-Ammoniac, Lump Sugar, and Lapi* Calaminarls, of each two drachms ; in fine powder : Mix, and keep them in a closely c bottle for use. Take a small quantity of these powders on a sixpence ; and while another person holds the eye open, let the powders be put in and the sheep's head held for the space of a minute. Or, the above quantity of powders may be put in a bottle with four ounces of rose water: the bottle must be well shaken, and a small quantity poured into each eye. Or, if thought more proper, the powders may be mixed in a small quantity of honey of roses, a feather may be dipped into it and the eye thus be anointed with it. From these different methods of mixing and applying the powders, the operator may select that which appears most convenient to himself at the time. INDEX. INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL MATTERS CONTAINED IN THIS WORK. jtgt of Cattle, observations on, (Introilnct. ) xxiv. xxy- single Berries, nature of, 238. Treatment of, 239, 240. B Bite of venomous reptiles, remedies for, 189, 190. Black-Leg, or If lack- Quarter, 74. Milcli Cows most subject to it, 75. Causes of, ib. Symptoms, ib. 76. Method of Treatment, 76. Means of 'pr eventing this disorder, 82. Slack Water, a distinct Disorder from the Red Water, 85. Its causes and Symptoms, 86, 87. Method of Treatment, 8893. Bleeding ^ utility of, and in what cases necessary, 266, 267. Proper quantities to he taken, 267, 268. Blindness in Sheep, remedies for, 374. Blood, observations on the nature and property of, 263265. Blotcn Cattle, proper treatment of, 129136. Brain, inflammation of, most prevalent in summer, 54. Causes of, ill. 55. Symptoms described, ib. Medical treatment of. 5(1 62, Bruises, proper method of treating, 218 222. Bull, recipes to make cows take the hull, 252 251. Bull-Brunt, remedies for, 255 258. Calf, how to extract, when it presents itself in a wrong position. 15ti 162. Cows how to be treated after such extraction, 16^. Calf-Bed, falling down of, most prevalent among old cons, 163. Rule? to prevent, 164. Proper treatment of, ib. 167. INDEX. Calves, on the proper treatment of cows that slip their calves, 259 262. Observations on the diseases Incident to young calves, 276279 Method of treating the Kavel String after extrac- tion 280284. Cancerous Ulcers, treatment of, 223228. Cattle, importance of knowing their diseases, xvi. Names by which they are usually known, xix. .\.\. xxv. xxvi. Generic charac- ters of, io. Their value illustrated, xx xxii. Form of, xxii.xxiii. On the choice of Cattle fur stocking farms, xxiii. xxiv. Chine Felon, and Cold Felon, what, 35, ISO. Treatment of, see Rheumatism. Choice of cattle for stocking farms, xxiii. xxix. Cleansing, how to extract after calving, 151 153. Treatment, in case any part becomes wounded, 154, 155. Clue-bound, causes of, 273. Remedies for, 274, 275. Colds, observations on the treatment of, 36. Colic attacks cattle of every age, 122. Flatulent Colic, causes and symptoms of, if>, 123. Inflammatory Colic, causes and symp- toms of, 124, 125. Treatment and cure f, 124 128. Cordial Drinks, directions for preparing and administering, 36,37. Cosiiveness, obstinate, in Neat Cattle, treatment of, 124. In Calvcs t treatment of, 290295. Cough, causes and symptoms of, 176, 177. Treatment and cure of, 177119. Cow Pox, a substitute for the small pox, 269. Symptoms and treat- ment of, 270272. Cotes, period of their gestation, xxvi. Old ones especially, most subject to (he Felon, or Epidemic Cold, 36, 37. How to treat after extracting a caif that has presented itself in a wrong po- sition, 157 16-4. How to dry them of their milk, 233237. To make them take the bull, 252 254. Proper treatment of cows that slip their calves, 259 262. Treatment of, after calving, 278,279. D Debility in Shele*aleaiid retail. Tlie following is A LIST OF MEDICINES, FOR PARTICULAR DISEASES, Prepared and >SoM by the Author, at his House in Relford, Wirli ]irintcd Directions to each, at the Prices annexed. Blistering Essence, in half pint*, at 3s. each bottle. 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