UC-NRLF 
 
 I 
 
 325 
 
 oi 
 
 o 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
 WILLIAM H. JORDAN, 
 
 In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern 
 District of Pennsylvania. 
 
T H E 
 
 MORAVIAN BOOK ASSOCIATION, 
 
 Instituted 1870, 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 ISSUING OF DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MORAVIAN CHURCH 
 
MEMORIALS 
 
 MORAVIAN CHURCH 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 WILLIAM C. REICH EL, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION. 
 SOLD BY JOHN PENINGTON & SON. 
 
 PHILAD ELPH I A : 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1870. 
 
IT is proposed by the Council to include in future vol 
 umes, among other papers of historical interest, Sketches 
 of Nazareth and the adjacent settlements, by James Henry, 
 and a complete Bibliotheca Moraviensis, by the Rev. Ed 
 mund de Schweinitz. At the same time it desires it to be 
 understood that it is not answerable for any opinions or 
 observations that may appear in the publications of the 
 Association, the Editors of the several works being alone 
 responsible for the same. 
 
 The edition of these Memorials being limited and 
 the cost thereby enhanced, the Council finds it neces 
 sary to rigorously .abstain, frpjri ^ incurring all additional 
 expense, such as thai of- psfesefttitioii copies, of commis 
 sion, of adve.rtjs;;%/d(e.; r ^d hfcnfce too it would hereby 
 solicit the co-operation of all subscribers in furthering the 
 interests of the Association, by extending its membership 
 among their friends and acquaintances. 
 
 The present volume has unavoidably exceeded the limits 
 proposed by the Council in its Circular. 
 
THE 
 
 MORAVIAN BOOK ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Council. 
 
 JAMES HENRY, ^ 
 
 REV. SYLVESTER WOLLE, L Directors. 
 
 REV. WILLIAM C. REICHEL, J 
 
 RIGHT REV. HENRY A. SHULTZ, 
 
 REV. EDWARD H. REICHEL, 
 
 REV. LEWIS F. KAMPMAN, 
 
 REV. E. A. DE SCHWEINITZ, 
 
 REV. A. A. REINKE, 
 
 REV. EDWARD RONDTHALER, 
 
 DR. MAURICE C. JONES, 
 
 GERHARD WESSELS, 
 
 JAMES T. BORHEK, 
 
 GEORGE K. REED, 
 
 PROF. P. A. CREGAR, 
 
 E. A. VOGLER, 
 
 JACOB BLICKENSDERFER, 
 
 C. M. S. LESLIE, 
 
 NATHANIEL S. WOLLE. 
 
 REV. CHARLES B. SHULTZ, Secretary. 
 
 Treasurer and General Agent, 
 
 WILLIAM H. JORDAN. 
 Address No. 209 North Third Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 M73851 
 
REMEMBER THE DAYS OF OLD, CONSIDER THE 
 YEARS OF MANY GENERATIONS : ASK THY FATHER, AND 
 HE WILL SHEW THEE; THY ELDERS, AND THEY WILL 
 
 TELL THEE. Deut. XXXli. 7. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 COMPARATIVELY little of the early history of the Mora 
 vian Church in this country has been given to the American 
 public. A translation of Loskiel s Account of the Indian 
 Mission,* Heckewelder s Narrative, f and Heckewelder s 
 History of Indian Nations, J were the first means of calling 
 attention to the character and extent of the mission among 
 the Aborigines of this country, to prosecute which the 
 Brethren were led to immigrate to the English Colonies of 
 North America in the first half of the last century. Con 
 tributions to other departments of Moravian history, which 
 followed after a long interval, were a Biography of the 
 Missionary Heckewelder, a History of Nazareth Hall,|| 
 The Moravians in North Carolina,^ a History of the 
 
 * Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brilder unter den In- 
 dianern in Nordamerika, clurch Georg Heinrich Loskiel. Barby: 
 1789. Translated into English by Christian Ignatius Latrobe. Lon 
 don : 1794. 
 
 f Narrative of the Missions of the United Brethren among the 
 Delaware ar.d Mohegan Indians, by Rev. John Heckewelder, of 
 Bethlehem, Pa. Philadelphia: 1820. 
 
 J An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian 
 Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighboring States, 
 by Rev. John Heckewelder, of Bethlehem, Pa. Philadelphia: 1818. 
 
 \ Life of John Heckewelder, by the Rev. Edward Rondthaler, of 
 Nazareth, Pa. Philadelphia: 1847. 
 
 || A Historical Sketch of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to I ^55,by Rev. 
 Levin T. Reichel. Philadelphia: 1855. 
 
 1[ The Moravians in North Carolina, an Authentic History, by Rev. 
 Levin T. Reichel. Salem, N. C: 1857. 
 
 (Vii) 
 
vi i i INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 Seminary for Young Ladies at Bethlehem,* Sketches of 
 Moravian Life and Character, f The Moravians in New 
 York and Connecticut, J and Nazareth Hall and its Re 
 unions^ The church periodicals also, "The United 
 Brethren s Missionary Intelligencer," a quarterly, 1822-49 ; 
 "The Moravian Miscellany," a monthly, 1850-55, suc 
 ceeded by " The Moravian," a weekly, 1856, consecutively, 
 all conducted in English, and "Das Briider Blatt," a 
 monthly, 1854-1861, conducted in German (the latter 
 especially during the editorship of Rev. Levin T. Reichel, 
 who can justly be called the father of American Moravian 
 History), have offered their readers numerous papers of in 
 terest, illustrating portions of this widely-extended field. 
 The same can be said of "Die Biene," a weekly, 1846-1848; 
 and of the "Transactions of the Moravian Historical 
 Society." 
 
 A desire to further uncover and render available the 
 mine of old-time lore which the Moravian Church pos 
 sesses in her Archives, prompted some members of the 
 Moravian Historical Society to associate themselves with 
 others, lovers of her early history, for the purpose of 
 issuing a series of memorials, treating of the varied activity 
 
 * A History of the Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the 
 Bethlehem Female Seminary, with a Catalogue of its Pupils, by Wil 
 liam C. Reichel. Philadelphia: 1858. 
 
 f Sketches of Moravian Life and Character, comprising a general 
 View of the History, Life, Character, and Religious and Educa 
 tional Institutions of the Unitas Fratrum, by James Henry. Phila 
 delphia : 1859. 
 
 % A Memorial of the Dedication of Monuments, erected by the Mo 
 ravian Historical Society, to mark the sites of early Missions in New 
 York and Connecticut, by William C. Reichel. Philadelphia: 1860. 
 
 | Historical Sketch of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to l86 9> ^z//z an 
 Account of the Reunions of former Pupils, by William C. Reichel. 
 Philadelphia: 1869. 
 
INTR OD UCTION. lx 
 
 of the Moravian pioneers in this country, as missionaries, 
 as evangelists, and as educators of youth, of their religious 
 and social organization, of the life they led, and the spirit 
 by which they were actuated, of their relation to each other 
 as members of one body pervaded by a common purpose, 
 and of the relation they sustained to those by whom they 
 were surrounded. 
 
 Thus, it was thought, a service would be done to the 
 cause of history generally, at the same time that these 
 memorials (often documentary, and if not so, yet drawn 
 from original sources) might tend to throw light upon or 
 remove misapprehensions, entertained by members of the 
 church as well as by .others, in reference to important 
 events and leading characters of the past. 
 
 The former presumption was based upon the fact, that 
 as the Brethren labored in an extensive field, operating as 
 evangelists or home-missionaries in nearly all the English 
 Colonies along the Atlantic sea-board, and were required 
 to render written reports of their journeys and daily expe 
 riences to the heads of the church at Bethlehem, the student 
 of the Colonial History of this country would find much in 
 such memorials that would bear upon his favorite depart 
 ment ; the latter, upon a knowledge of the disposition 
 common to mankind, to forget the past in the present, 
 through indifference or designedly. 
 
 This volume of Memorials treats largely of the infancy 
 of the Indian Mission ; of the labors of apostolic men, such 
 as Christian H. Rauch, J. Martin Mack, and Bernhard A. 
 Grube ; principally, however, in that connection, of the 
 part taken by Count Zinzendorf in promoting the move 
 ment that his followers had inaugurated, for the conver 
 sion to Christianity of one portion of a heathen race. 
 While the first series of papers, entitled " Zinzendorf and 
 the Indians," contains matters of history that are now pub 
 lished for the first time, recited in part by the Count, and 
 
x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in part by Martin Mack, their value is much enhanced by 
 bringing the reader face to face, as it were, through the 
 medium of his personal narratives, with the remarkable 
 man of whom they so largely treat. Here he is heard to 
 speak without reserve, giving utterance to his inmost feel 
 ings with the unaffected originality of expression that is 
 the mark of genius ; at times seemingly at a loss for lan 
 guage in which to convey the exuberance of thought that 
 flows like an impetuous current through his soul, often in 
 paradoxes, and apparently obscurely, always, however, with 
 marked effect, and never in the fear of man, for the. sake 
 of popular applause, or actuated by the dubious policy of 
 compromising truth and error. His views of the origin of 
 the Indian race are highly interesting, and, to say the least, 
 ingeniously made to harmonize with prophecies of the Old 
 Testament Scriptures. Could they even be demonstrated 
 to be altogether fanciful, there is so much of the charm of 
 poetry thrown about them that the reader, we believe, 
 would reluctantly admit their fallacy. Passing over the 
 incidents of travel that are woven into his narratives of 
 journeys to Shecomeco and to the Susquehanna, in the 
 course of which he leads us through widely-distant and 
 remote parts of the country, acquaints us with life among 
 border men, among civilized Indians, and among savages, 
 with the mode of travel prevalent at that day through the 
 wilderness, whether along some " Warrior s Path," or some 
 highway cut by the hands of adventurous men through 
 forest and through swamp, beguiling the tediousness of 
 the way by his observations on men and manners, on prin 
 ciples and doctrines in church and state, which are always 
 truthful, though often expressed with a striking extrava 
 gance of quaint severity, of half-disguised humor, or of keen 
 satire, Martin Mack brings us to the journey s end among 
 the perfidious Shawanese of Wyoming Valley. The mis 
 sionary s recollection of what transpired here cannot fail 
 
INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 to correct the erroneous accounts that have been repro 
 duced on the subject of Zinzendorf s memorable sojourn 
 at Wyoming until they have passed into history. Brief as 
 it is, Mack s narrative is picturesque and full of character. 
 The plan that the Count matured, on his return from 
 the Indians, for the further prosecution of the mission 
 among them, is neither more extended in its limits, nor 
 more precise in its details, than were others he conceived 
 for the execution of the church elsewhere. Most valuable 
 for the historian, perhaps, in as far as it reveals the spirit 
 of the man, and of the body which he directed, is the 
 Count s Review of his experiences among the Indians. It 
 is in fact an exposition of the principles by which the 
 Brethren were governed, in their prosecution of the work 
 of evangelizing the heathen, to which they believed them 
 selves as a church to have been divinely called ; principles 
 which were drawn immediately from Christ s teachings, 
 which sought his approval and his glory, rather than the 
 approval of, and glory with, men ; and to adherence to 
 which we are compelled to ascribe the remarkable success 
 that crowned their unpretentious efforts. The old transla 
 tion of this paper is most happily done, Zinzendorf s pres 
 ence and voice only being felt and heard throughout. 
 
 Following the first series is a Register of the Christian 
 Indians who lie buried in the Old Moravian Grave-yard at 
 Bethlehem, and Annals of Early Moravian Settlement in 
 Georgia and Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Accounts of the Brethren at Bethlehem with the 
 Commissioners of the Province, it was thought, might 
 gratify the antiquary, so full are they of the details and 
 commonplaces of life in a generation long since passed 
 away. At the same time they illustrate the history of the 
 Province in a critical period, and introduce the reader to 
 Spangenberg, who directed the affairs of the Brethren in 
 America for almost twenty years. To show that he was 
 
xii INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 another representative of the spirit of his church, an 
 unassuming Christian, and a very plain man, averse to 
 the meretricious ornamentations of the simple Gospel of 
 Christ, strong in faith, devoted to his heavenly Master, 
 preaching by example as well as by word, of marked ability, 
 although no genius, as was his fellow-worker abroad, 
 several of his letters relevant to the history they accompany 
 have been presented to the reader. 
 
 The Christian Church, in all ages, has drawn from the 
 beauties of Art to embellish her houses of worship, to adorn 
 her ritual, to give shape to her religious conceptions, and 
 to enable her to realize, by an appeal to the feelings 
 through the senses, what she apprehends by faith. Paint 
 ing, Music, and Poetry have thus, from time to time, been 
 made to bring her right royal tribute, until her treasure- 
 house is heaped with the choicest offerings of genius, as 
 was the heathen shrine of old with ingots of pure gold, 
 and with all rare and precious things. The Renewed 
 Church of the Brethren also delighted to use Art as a 
 handmaiden to Religion. There was a time when her 
 chapels were hung with paintings depicting scenes in 
 the life of the Redeemer, and when she always rose on 
 the wings of devotion amid the harmony of sweet sounds. 
 And to this day the experiences of the child of God in 
 the life hidden in Christ, his confession to weakness, his 
 renunciation of self and trust in the merits of a Saviour, 
 his communion with the unseen object of his affections, 
 his longing to go home and be forever with the Lord, 
 and his apocalyptic views of glory, are portrayed in her 
 German hymnology in the measures of a transcendingly 
 beautiful poesy, than which none move the soul as divinely, 
 save those to which the son of Jesse struck his inspired 
 harp. 
 
 It was undeniably the spirit of the gifted Zinzendorf 
 which was a spirit glowing with ecstatic love and fervor, as 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 glows the sunset sky with all warm colors of molten things 
 that in this way embellished the usages of his church, 
 teaching her to apprehend the All-beautiful through the 
 beautiful in Art, and leaving her a heritage of song not 
 unmeet to be sung by the redeemed while yet in the body, 
 just without the golden gate. 
 
 The figure facing the title-page of this volume is a relic 
 of the Zinzendorfian period of the Brethren s Church. It 
 is her seal, an embodiment of the cardinal doctrine of 
 her most holy faith, and symbolic both of the atonement 
 made for the remission of sin by the sacrifice of the spot 
 less Lamb of God, and of its acceptance by the Father, 
 when Christ burst the bonds of death, and rose victorious 
 from the grave. 
 
 On a shield sanguine a Paschal Lamb argent, passant, 
 carrying a cross resurrection argent, from which is suspended 
 a triumphal banner of the same. Motto : Vicit Agnus noster, 
 Eum sequamur " Our Lamb is victorious, let us follow him" 
 
 This device, in its full significance, is suggestive of Re 
 demption from the dominion of sin in this world, through 
 the sufferings and death of the Son of God, and of its 
 completion in glory in the world to come. It blends the 
 prophetic, the historic, and the apocalyptic, pointing to 
 the Lamb without blemish, to the Paschal Lamb, to the 
 Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world, to the 
 Lamb slain from the foundation of the world, and to the 
 Lamb that shall overcome, being Lord of lords and King 
 of kings. 
 
 The following is a copy of a certificate which bears the 
 impress in wax of the seal here reproduced. It is a simple 
 pass, but nevertheless of historical interest, in as far as it 
 produces evidence that this seal was appended by all ser 
 vants of the church whenever they acted in her authority, 
 that it was not used exclusively by bishops, and hence was 
 not an episcopal seal : 
 
xiv INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 [SEAL.] "BETHLEHEM IN THE FORKS OF DELAWARE, 
 
 " Aug. 22, 1746. 
 
 " These are to certify all it may concern, That the Bearer hereof 
 James Burnside our Brother and Fellow-helper in the Gospel, goeth 
 to Maryland to see some Friends there, with our full Consent and 
 hearty Wishes that he may be attended with many Blessings. 
 
 " In Testimony whereof we have hereunto affixed the Seal of the 
 Church, the Day and Year aforesaid. 
 
 "NATHANAEL SEIDEL, E."* 
 
 Carried away by their adoration of Him who made the 
 Great Atonement by going like a lamb to the slaughter, 
 the Brethren of the first half of the last century never 
 spake or sang of Christ otherwise than the Lamb, styled 
 their church a Congregation of the Lamb, called them 
 selves followers of the precious Lamb, and embellished with 
 its device their publications, their church service, and even 
 the tokens of affection wrought in lowly art which they were 
 wont to exchange on festal occasions, or to offer to each 
 other on the dawn of each succeeding year of their earthly 
 pilgrimage. Of this there is an evidence existing even 
 at the present day; for, after the lapse of one hundred and 
 twenty-four years, there still hovers over the venerable 
 house of prayer at Bethlehem, in which Zinzendorf first, 
 and after him Spangenberg preached or sang ceaselessly of 
 the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world, 
 the Paschal Lamb passant, with the banner of victory 
 suspended from the Cross of the Resurrection. 
 
 * Nathaniel Seidel, born 1718, was at this time in Deacon s orders. 
 On the 7th of February, 1746, during the sessions of a Synod con 
 vened at Bethlehem, he had been elected, by sixty-one of ninety-seven 
 votes cast, head of the Brethren who preached the gospel as itiner 
 ants, and was styled, in the language of the Church prevalent at that 
 day, Elder of the Pilgrims. In 1748 he was ordained a Presbyter, 
 and in 1758 was consecrated a Bishop. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction vii 
 
 1. Count Zinzendorf s Observations on the North American 
 
 Indians , 1 8 
 
 2. A Narrative of his Journey among the Delawares 23 
 
 3. His Narrative of a Visitation to the Mission among the 
 
 Mohicans of New York 45 
 
 4. His Narrative of a Journey to the Susquehanna 62 
 
 5. Martin Mack s Narrative of Count Zinzendorf s Sojourn among 
 
 the Shawanese of Wyoming 100 
 
 6. Count Zinzendorf s Review of his Experience among the 
 
 North American Indians 115 
 
 7. Count Zinzendorf s Plan of the Moravian Mission among the 
 
 Indians 136 
 
 8. Names and Notices of the Christian Indians who lie buried in 
 
 the Moravian Grave-yard at Bethlehem, Pa 143 
 
 9. Annals of early Moravian Settlement in Georgia and Penn 
 
 sylvania 155 
 
 10. The Accounts of the Moravian Brethren at Bethlehem, Pa., 
 
 with the Commissioners of the Province of Pennsylvania, 
 during the Indian War of 1755 and 1756 189 
 
 (xv) 
 
COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 AND 
 
 THE INDIANS. 
 
 1742. 
 
 (9) 
 
COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 AND 
 
 THE INDIANS. 
 
 IN the preparation of the following papers, the editor has 
 consulted 
 
 1. Church Diaries, Church Records, Journals and Narra 
 tives of missionaries, Autobiographies and Memoirs, and 
 Letters preserved in manuscript in the Moravian Archives 
 at Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 2. The following Moravian publications, viz.: 
 Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischen Briider unter 
 
 den Indianern in Nordamerika, durch Georg Heinrich 
 Loskiel. Barby, 1789. 
 
 Leben des Herrn Nicolaus Ludwig, Grafen und Herrn 
 von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, von August Gottlieb 
 Spangenberg. Barby, 1772. 
 
 Leben August Gottlieb Spangenbergs, Bischofs der Evan 
 gelischen Briiderkirche, von Jeremias Risler. Barby, 1794. 
 
 Nachrichten aus der Briider-Gemeine. Gnadau, 1819 
 1869. 
 
 Das Briider-Blatt, redigirt von Levin T. Reichel. 1854- 
 
 Biidingische Sammlung, einiger in die Kirchen-Historie 
 einschlagender sonderlich neuerer Schrifften. Biidingen, 
 1744-1745. 
 
I2 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Memoirs of James Hutton, by Daniel Benham. London, 
 1856. 
 
 The Moravians in North Carolina, by Rev. Levin T. 
 Reichel. Salem, N. C., 1857. 
 
 Die Biene, ein Volksblatt, redigirt von Dr. A. L. Hue- 
 bener. Bethlehem, 1846-1848. 
 
 , , r JCh,<e ^Moravians in New York and Connecticut. A me- 
 hiotialjof the dedication of monuments erected by the 
 Moravian , Historical Society, to mark the sites of the 
 ; anciciik missionary stations in those States. New York, 
 1860. 
 
 And also 
 
 3. Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania. 
 Published by the State, 1852. 
 
 Pennsylvania Archives, selected and arranged by Samuel 
 Hazard. Philadelphia, 1853. 
 
 Otzinachsen, a History of the West Branch Valley of 
 the Susquehanna, by J. F. Meginness. 1857. 
 
 A History of the Minnisink Region in Orange County, 
 New York, by Charles E. Stickney. 1867. 
 
 The Delaware Water-Gap, by L. W. Brodhead. Phila 
 delphia, 1867. 
 
 History of the Lehigh Valley, by M. S. Henry. Easton, 
 1860. 
 
 Journal of Conrad Weisser to Onondaga, August and 
 September of 1750. Manuscript in possession of Penn 
 sylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia. 
 
 Narrative of a Journey made in February, March, and 
 April of 1737, by Conrad Weisser, to Onondaga. Collec- 
 tions of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. May, 
 1851. 
 
 Nachrichten von den vereinigten Deutschen Evangelisch- 
 Lutherischen Gemeinen in Nord-America, absonderlich in 
 Pensylvanien. Halle, 1745-1787. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 13 
 
 Historical Account of Bouquet s Expedition against the 
 Ohio Indians. Cincinnati, 1868. 
 
 Documentary History of New York, by J. O Callaghan. 
 Albany, 1850. 
 
 Draft of sundry Tracts of Land surveyed to divers Pur 
 chasers in y e Forks of Delaware River, in Bucks County. 
 Drawn 1740, by Benjamin Eastburn, Surveyor-General. 
 
 Map of the improved part of the Province of Pennsyl 
 vania, humbly dedicated to the Hon. Thomas Penn and 
 Richard Penn, Esqs., true and absolute Proprietaries and 
 Governors of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties 
 of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, by Nicholas 
 Scull. Published according to Act of Parliament, January 
 
 i, 1759- 
 
 The History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, 
 and Schuylkill Counties, by I. Daniel Rupp. Harrisburg, 
 
 1845- 
 
 History of the Counties of Berks and Lebanon, by I. 
 Daniel Rupp. 1844. 
 
 History of Lancaster County, by I. Daniel Rupp. 1845. 
 
 Memoirs of Rev. David Brainerd, Missionary to the In 
 dians, chiefly taken from his own Diary, by Rev. Jonathan 
 Edwards. New Haven, 1822. 
 
 Historical Collections of New Jersey. Newark, 1844. 
 
 Select Works of William Penn. London, 1771. 
 
 History of Wyoming, by Charles Miner. Philadelphia, 
 
 1845- 
 
 Annals of Luzerne County, by Stewart Pearce. Phila., 
 1866. 
 
 In elucidating the narratives herein produced, the editor 
 has resorted to conjecture only in the matter of determin 
 ing routes, when such were imperfectly indicated ; which 
 conjecture, however, was ventured cautiously, and never 
 
I 4 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 except in the light of relevant information drawn from 
 reliable sources. The first narrative is based upon Loskiel s 
 account, in his History of the Indian Mission. 
 
 These papers treat of a remarkable man and of a re 
 markable people, of a man who, early in life, renounced 
 the prospects of worldly distinction, of honors and of fame, 
 so as to remove every impediment in the way of devoting 
 the powers of his gifted soul to the promotion of Christ s 
 kingdom. His personal endeavors in this object among 
 the despised and degraded aborigines of our country, 
 although viewed by many at the time as the fantastic vaga 
 ries of an enthusiast, exemplified his chivalric love of the 
 Saviour, for whom he boldly entered the lists, ever approv 
 ing himself a true red-cross knight. 
 
 It was for this man to take part in one of the historic 
 movements set on foot in behalf of ameliorating the condi 
 tion of a portion of that race whose origin is shrouded in 
 mystery, over whom a destroying angel broods, who once 
 lived where we now live, but who are gone, save a remem 
 brance of them only in the names of their favorite rivers 
 and streams, and valleys and hills, that fall upon the ear 
 like the echo of a sound that is past. 
 
 Count Zinzendorf landed at New York on the 2d of De 
 cember, 1741. On the loth of that month he reached 
 Philadelphia,* in which city he designed to fix his abode 
 
 * Here he at once became an object of general interest, and excited 
 much remark, as a man of rank, of fortune, and of education, and also 
 as the recognized head of the Moravian movement lately initiated in 
 the Province. In both characters, he was brought into contact with 
 or was courted by prominent men of the day. How he and his 
 mission were viewed by contemporaries of this class may partly be 
 inferred from the following notices, some of the few that have been 
 preserved. James Logan, in a letter to Governor Clarke, of New 
 York, dated March 30, 1742, writes: "I must not omit observing 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 15 
 
 for the first three months of the year he purposed spending 
 in Pennsylvania. Having visited the Brethren s settlement 
 
 that last fall there came over a German Count of the title of Zin- 
 zendorf, of a good estate as well as family and education. He speaks 
 Latin and French, is aged I suppose between forty and fifty years, 
 wears his own hair, and is in all other respects very plain as making 
 the propagation of the Gospel his whole purpose and business. In 
 this view he or some of his people have purchased those 5000 acres 
 which one Seward, a companion of Whitefield, had not long since 
 bought, about 50 miles north from hence, near Delaware River, to 
 erect on it, as they gave out, a college or school for the instruction 
 of Negroes, or some such other whimsical business ; but the purchaser 
 dying very soon after his return to England, his wise executors imme 
 diately turned it into money again, and now another order of religieux, 
 and, in my judgment, a much better sort of people, is in possession of 
 it. They are so much for universal charity that without binding them 
 selves to any form, they join with all persuasions that profess their being 
 inwardly guided by the Spirit of Christ, Papists or Protestants, as far 
 as I can learn, without distinction ; for though they utterly dislike the 
 fopperies of the Romish service, the adoration of saints, images, etc., 
 yet, if the heart be right, they dispense with all the rest as the exte 
 riors in worship of a more indifferent nature ; and hence, in a conver 
 sation I had last week with the Count, he spoke of Cardinal Noailles, 
 Archbishop of Paris, as his most particular and intimate friend." 
 
 December 15, 1741. " Count Zinzendorf arrived here y e beginning 
 of this week, and will probably cause large quantities of land to be 
 taken up by y e Moravians in this Province. He does not propose to 
 stay longer than y e winter, his intention by this voyage being only to 
 view y e country, cause some houses to be built, and some lands to be 
 taken up for y e use of his Moravian Brethren, and to try what effect 
 his preaching will have." Richard Peters to Thomas Penn. 
 
 July 9, 1742. " I find you will do much better with Mr. Spangen- 
 berg in London than I can do with y e Count or y e Moravians here. 
 The land is really poor land, and best to be bought by those who have 
 not seen it, though on account of its conveniency y e Moravians must 
 buy it. Y e Count says y e design of y e Brethren is to have a space of 
 land of two miles in breadth and eight in length, which is the distance 
 
1 6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 in the Forks of Delaware, and named it Bethlehem (De 
 cember 24), he made a circuit of the German neighbor 
 hoods which lay to the southwest, as far as Conestoga, and 
 returned to Germantown on the 3oth of December. On 
 the following day he appeared for the first time in an 
 American pulpit, preaching to a large audience in the 
 German Reformed Church of that place. 
 
 The interval between this date and the 2oth of June was 
 perhaps the period of his most varied activity during his 
 sojourn in Pennsylvania. Few men could have accom 
 plished in that time what he did. Besides conducting the 
 deliberations of seven religious convocations, or synods, 
 in which the most antagonistic elements were represented, 
 he preached the Gospel statedly in the Reformed Church 
 at Germantown, and for Lutherans of Philadelphia in their 
 place of worship on Arch Street, traveled through the rural 
 districts of Bucks and Philadelphia, supplying destitute and 
 isolated neighborhoods with the means of grace and the 
 means of education, organized churches, wrote multitudi 
 nous papers and essays, some theological, others contro 
 versial and apologetical, and carried on a large correspond- 
 
 between Bethlehem and Nazareth, in order to have a continuation from 
 one place to the other; and on this space of two miles by eight, they 
 propose to build small villages for y e Brethren to live in, the same in 
 number, and to have the same names as are found on the maps of the 
 Holy Land." Richard Peters to Thomas Penn. 
 
 November 21, 1742. " Conrad Weisser is with me now, and desires 
 me to acquaint the Proprietaries that y e Count Zinzendorf and the 
 heads of y e Moravians will come under the strongest engagements to 
 them, that in case y e Moravians may be permitted to have y e preference 
 in the next Indian purchase of a large body of land together, they will 
 transport above ten thousand people and settle them there, and give 
 the Proprietaries such a price for their land as shall be generally put 
 on lands in that place." Richard Peters to Thomas Penn. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 17 
 
 ence with leading Brethren in England and on the Conti 
 nent. In the interval between March 16 and June 20 he 
 resided in Germantown, surrounded, as he had been at 
 Philadelphia, by a corps of assistants, chief among whom 
 were Bishop Nitschmann, Andrew Eschenbach, Gottlob 
 Buttner, Jno. C. Pyrlaeus, J. Wm. Zander, Anton Seyffert, 
 Johanna S. Molther, and Anna Nitschmann. 
 
 On the 2oth of June he again repaired to Bethlehem, 
 and having organized the Brethren there into a congrega 
 tion, completed arrangements for his contemplated visit to 
 Shecomeco, and for his tour of exploration into the Indian 
 country. 
 
 It is with these movements in Zinzendorf s career in 
 North America that the following papers are concerned. 
 
1 8 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 ZINZENDORF S OBSERVATIONS 
 
 CONCERNING THE SAVAGES IN CANADA. 1742. 
 
 (Copy of an Old Translation preserved in the Archives at Bethlehem.} 
 
 THE Savages in Canada* are thought to be partly mixed 
 Scythians, and partly Jews of the 10 lost Tribes, f wc h 
 thro y e great Tartarian wilderness wandered hither by 
 
 * Zinzendorf repeatedly uses this name, in the general sense in 
 which it was applied by Europeans of his day, to designate the North 
 ern British Colonies in North America. The name Florida he ex 
 tends to the Southern Colonies. 
 
 f Zinzendorf s views of the origin of the Indians accorded with 
 those propounded by Eliot, and held by William Perm. 
 
 " For their original, I am ready to believe them of the Jewish race ; 
 I mean of the stock of the Ten Tribes, and that for the following reasons : 
 First, they were to go to a land riot planted or known," 1 which, to be 
 sure, Asia and Africa were, if not Europe ; and He that intended that 
 extraordinary judgment upon them might make the passage not uneasy 
 to them, as it is not impossible in itself, from the eastermost parts of 
 Asia, to the westermost of America. In the next place, I find them 
 of like countenance, and their children of so lively resemblance, that a 
 man would think himself in Duke s-place or Berry-street, in London, 
 when he seeth them. But this is not all: they agree in Rites; they 
 reckon by Moons ; they offer their First Fruits ; they have a kind of 
 Feast of Tabernacles; they are said to lay their Altar upon Twelve 
 Stones ; their Mourning a Year, Customs of Women, with many things 
 that do not now occur." Wm. Penn in a Letter to a Friend, dated, 
 Phila., the i6t/i of the 6th month, called August, 1683. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 19 
 
 way of hunting, and so they came farther and farther into 
 
 y e country. 
 
 The reason why they make this conjecture is 
 
 i . Because they are not black as they of Florida, Mexico, 
 
 etc., but they are white, and have only that yellow colour 
 
 prophecy d in Deuteron y .* 
 . 2. They have Jewish customs. 
 
 3. They call their enemiesf and strangers Assaroni, for a 
 remembrance of y e Assyrians, by whom their fathers were 
 turned out. 
 
 4. Achsa, onas, and innumerable other words are pure 
 Ebrew, or at "least so far as y e English, Swedish, Dutch, 
 Norway and Danish tongue are German. 
 
 5. Notwithstanding they have many wifes,J their families 
 are yet so small, that y e 5 Nations are altogether hardly 
 so many, as there are sometimes in a large village in our 
 
 * Deut. xxviii. 22. " The Lord shall smite thee with mildew" 
 Luther translates, " Der Herr wird clich schlagen mit Gelbsucht" 
 
 The Hebrew is jlpT3, tvith yello wness, with jaundice. 
 
 The Septuagint renders the word TT/ &xpa,zvith ochrous pallor t with 
 an ochrous tint. 
 
 The Vulgate, rubigine with riist color. 
 
 j- Quaere The Mobilian or Southern Indians, the Catawbas, the 
 Cherokees, the Creeks, etc.? 
 
 J " Plurality of wives is not in vogue here, except among the chiefs, 
 who take three or four to themselves." Description of New Nether- 
 land, 1671. 
 
 $ Wentworth Greenhalgh, in his " Observations made on a Journey 
 from Albany to y e Indians westward in 1677," gives the following 
 enumeration : 
 
 " The Maquaes pass in all for about 300 fighting men. The Onon- 
 dagos are said to be about 350 fighting men. The Senecques are 
 counted to be in all about 1000 fighting men. The Onyades have 
 
20 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 country ; wc h agreeth a great deal better with Deuterony : 
 than with y e nature of y e barbarish Nations, who com 
 monly multiply themselves in many thousands far be 
 yond y e Europeans. But they have been foretold so.* 
 Therefore one believes that some 100 years ago, five or 
 six men or women lost themselves hither, each of whom by 
 and by became a Nation, who, because of y e curse resting 
 on them, consumed themselves so, that none of them sur 
 passed y e number of 2000 Persons, yea, some of them 
 are a few hundred. 
 
 And these Nations are five. The French call them 
 Irokois ; but they call themselves Aquanuskwn, or y e Cove 
 nant People. 
 
 A. i. The Maquas, whose language is y e nearest to 
 y e Ebrew is y e chiefest of their Nations according to dig 
 nity; yet in Reuben sf way, that is despised because of 
 their Levity and paid off with y e Title. Yet their Language 
 goes throughout. 
 
 2. The Onondagos are y e chief Nation in Reality; y e 
 JudahJ amongst their Brethren. 
 
 3. The Senekas are y e most in number. 
 These three Nations are called y e Fathers. 
 
 a. Many of y e first are English Presbyterians. 
 
 about 200 fighting men. The Caiougos pass for about 300 fighting 
 men." 
 
 " The Six Nations of Indians including the River and Schaaghcoke 
 Indians, are about fifteen hundred fighting men." Governor Clarke, 
 of New York, to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, February, 1737. 
 
 Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1763, estimates the fighting men of the Six 
 Nation Confederacy and their tributaries to have been 1950. 
 
 * Deut. xxviii. 62. "And ye shall be left few in mtmber, whereas 
 ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude" 
 
 j- Genesis, xlix. 3, 4. J Genesis, xlix. 8-12. 
 
 \ Quaere Does the Count use Presbyterian in the ordinary accepta 
 tion of the term ? " The conversion and civilization of the American In- 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 21 
 
 b. The second sort remains Heathens, and reason in a 
 philosophical manner of y e nature of y e gods with Cicero. 
 
 c. The last are superstitious Cross and Rosecranz bear 
 ers.* 
 
 4. The Oneidas, and 
 
 5 . Cayugers are their Children. They must respect them, 
 and have also Children s right. 
 
 B. The Gibeonites, or water-bearers, are People gathered 
 on y e Rivers as y e Gypsies, and a good part of y m are 
 Europeans. 
 
 i. Canistokas . 
 
 dians engaged the attention of Europeans at an early date. The chris 
 tianizing of the Iroquois especially, became the object of the Jesuits of 
 Canada as far back as 1642; and a few years afterwards Father Isaac 
 Jogues laid down his life on the Mohawk River, for the Gospel. The 
 Dutch, who colonized those parts, did not give the subject much con 
 sideration. In 1712, Rev. Samuel Andrews was sent as a missionary to 
 the Mohawks by the Society for Propagating the Gospel, and a church 
 was built at the mouth of Scohary Creek ; but he soon abandoned the 
 place, and was the last as well as the first that resided among them. 
 The Society afterwards allowed a small stipend to the clergyman at 
 Albany, to act as missionary to the Mohawks." Memoir of the Rev, 
 John Stuart, D.D., the last Missionary to the Mohawks. 
 
 " The Mohocks, who have long lived within our settlements, though 
 greatly reduced in number, are still the acknowledged Head of the 
 Iroquois Alliance. They have less intercourse with the Indians and 
 more with us than formerly besides which they are at present mem 
 bers of the ^trch of England : most of them read, and several write 
 very well." Sir Wm. Johnson to Arthitr Lee, Esq. Johnson Hall, 
 February 28, 1771. 
 
 * The Jesuit Fathers, Julien Gamier (1668-1683), Jacques Fremin 
 (1668), Pierre Rafeix (1679), Jean Purron (1673-1679), Jacques De 
 Heu (1709), were the first missionaries to the Senecas. 
 
 f In 1701, Wm. Penn treated with the Susquthanna Minquays, or 
 Conestoga Indians, living on Conestoga and Pequea. 
 
 " The Conestogas were formerly a part of the Five Nations or Min- 
 goes, and speak the same language to this day. They actually pay 
 
22 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 2. Mahikans* of whom our congregation consists (vide 
 I. Cor. chap. i.). 
 
 3. Hurons or Delaware Indians. 
 
 These must call y e other Uncles, and are called Cousins. 
 
 C. The Floridans\ are Confederates, and 
 The Tuscaroras\ are called Brothers. 
 
 D. The Captives are kept well, and become in time 
 Cousins. 
 
 Concerning y e Enemies, it comes in my mind whether 
 they (except y e Europeans) are not Scythians, Idumeans, 
 Arabians, Gypsies, etc., with whom they continually quar 
 rel, and cannot bear y m amongst y m . 
 
 tribute to the Five Nations, and either from natural affection or fear, 
 are ever under their influence and power." Minutes of Provincial 
 Council, October, 1722. 
 
 * The Mohicans were members of the great Algonquin family, and 
 inhabited the country now embraced in Southwestern New England, 
 and that portion of New York east of the Hudson. " Higher up the 
 Manhattans or Great River, lie the Makwaes and the Mohicans, who 
 are constantly at war with each other." Description of New Nether- 
 land, 1671. 
 
 They were gradually driven eastward across the hill country into the 
 valley of the Housatonic, by their implacable enemies. 
 
 f Shawauese. 
 
 | At the settlement of North Carolina, the Tuscaroras had their seats 
 on the upper waters of the Neuse and Tar Rivers, and in 1708 still 
 mustered 1200 warriors. A collision with the whites a few years later, 
 which resulted in their defeat, broke their spirits, and was the cause 
 of their suing for admission into the Iroquois Confederacy. The alli 
 ance was formally concluded in 1722, although the Tuscaroras had 
 emigrated to the North as early as 1712. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 ZINZENDORF AMONG THE DELA WARES. 
 
 JULY 24 AUGUST 2, 1742. 
 
 AT 6 P.M. of the 24th of July, Zinzendorf set out on his 
 visitation of the half-civilized Delawares still living in the 
 Forks,* and of such of that nation who, as he had learned, 
 were residing in the first main valley north of the Blue 
 Mountain. Thither there had been a migration from New 
 Jersey, from Crosswicksf and Cranberry, from the Raritan 
 and the Atlantic coast, not ten years previous. 
 
 This is to be inferred from remarks made by the Breth 
 ren, in connection with their records of Indian baptisms; 
 and the fact that many of the Indians whom Zinzendorf 
 met there spoke English, goes to prove that they had at 
 one time lived in a white neighborhood. Evidently aware 
 of this, he had provided himself with an interpreter in the 
 person of Bro. J. William Zander, f who spoke English, a 
 
 * The name given at that time to the lands lying within the confluence 
 of the Delaware and the Lehigh, running back indefinitely, even as far 
 as the Blue Mountain. The Indian name for the latter river was Le- 
 chau-weki ("the fork of a road"), abbreviated by the Germans into 
 Lecha, and corrupted by the English into Lehigh. As an Indian 
 thoroughfare crossed the Island below Bethlehem, and forked off into 
 different paths, running northward, the name of" Forks" may for this 
 reason have been given to the region which they intersected. 
 
 } Corruption of Crossweeksung (separation). 
 
 J John William Zander, born in Quedlingburg, came to America in 
 October of 1741. July, 1742, married Johanna Magdalene, daughter 
 
24 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 language with which the Count himself was not con 
 versant. 
 
 He was accompanied as far as Nazareth (ten miles north 
 of Bethlehem) by David and Judith Bruce,* Peter and 
 Elizabeth B6hler,f Abraham and Judith Meinung, J Fred- 
 
 of Peter Mtiller, of Germantown. Before the close of the year, was 
 dispatched to Berbice as missionary to the Indians and negroes. 
 
 * David Bruce, from Edinburgh, came with Count Zinzendorf to 
 America, in the autumn of 1741. July 10, 1742, married Judith, 
 oldest daughter of John Stephen Benezet, merchant, of Philadelphia. 
 Was appointed elder of the English congregation, settled tempo 
 rarily at Nazareth. Labored in the ministry in destitute English neigh 
 borhoods in the then County of Bucks. In January, 1749, was dis 
 patched to the Indian Mission at Wechquadnach (Indian Pond), in 
 Northeast Center, Duchess County, New York. Here he deceased 
 July 9, of that year. 
 
 f Peter Bohler, born December 31, 1712, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 From April, 1731, to Sept. 1737, a student of Divinity, at the University 
 of Jena. While here, an intimacy sprang up between him and the 
 Brethren, which resulted in his joining their communion. September, 
 1737, was appointed to South Carolina to missionate among the negroes 
 on the plantations between Purysburg and Savannah, and to be pastor 
 of the Moravian colonists settled in and near the latter place. Prepara 
 tory to setting out for America, he was ordained. On the abandonment 
 of the colony in Georgia, Bohler led the Brethren to Pennsylvania. 
 This was in April of 1 740. Here he was with them on the Whitefield 
 tract to the close of the year. Sailed for Europe, January 29, 1741. 
 Returned to America in June of 1742, with the first colony of Brethren 
 sent to Pennsylvania. Appointed pastor of the English congregation 
 at Nazareth, and on its transfer to Philadelphia, went thither. In 
 September, accompanied Zinzendorf to the Susquehanna, as far as 
 Otstonwackin. After the Count s return to Europe, Bohler was act 
 ing-superintendent of the Brethren s church in America until Span- 
 
 J Abraham and Judith Meinung came from Europe with Zinzendorf. 
 They were sent to St. Thomas in 1747. Here Bro. Meinung deceased. 
 His widow returned to Bethlehem in July of 1751. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 25 
 
 eric Martin,* and John Hagen,f beside his escort proper, 
 which consisted of Anton Seyffert,J Andrew Eschenbach, 
 Jacob Lischy,|| Henry Muller,Tf William and Johanna Zan- 
 
 genberg s arrival in November of 1744. Sailed for Europe in April of 
 1745. Between this date and May of 1753, Bohler labored in the con 
 gregations in both England and Germany, having, in the interval, 
 been consecrated a bishop. In September, 1753, returned to America 
 again to administer the affairs of his church, and again sailed for Eu 
 rope in September of 1755. His last sojourn in America was between 
 December, 1756, and May, 1764. On his return to Europe, took a 
 seat in the Directory; in 1766, visited England and Ireland; in 1767, 
 was in Holland, and in 1774, in England. Deceased in London, April 
 
 27, 1775- 
 
 * Frederic Martin, missionary among the negroes on St. Thomas, at 
 this time on a visit at Bethlehem. Deceased February, 1750, on Santa 
 Cruz. 
 
 j- John Hagen, from Brandenburg, was, in April of 1740, sent to 
 Georgia to missionate among the Cherokees of the low country. (See 
 his letter, Part vii. No. 15, Biidingen Sammlung.} Came to Beth 
 lehem in February of 1742, whither he was accompanied by Abraham 
 Biihninger (Bininger), from Purysburg, Beaufort County, South Caro 
 lina. Labored as a missionary among the Delawares, the Susquehanna 
 tribes, and the Mohicans of New York. Deceased, while at Shamokin, 
 September 16, 1747. 
 
 Abraham Biihninger, born at Bulach, Canton Zurich, in 1720, was 
 the ancestor of the well-known Bininger family of New York. De 
 ceased in Washington County, New York, March, 1811. 
 
 J Anton Seyffert, from " German-Bohemia," was a member of the 
 first colony of Brethren sent to Georgia in the spring of 1735, in view 
 of establishing a mission among the Creeks. Accompanied Bohler and 
 others to Pennsylvania in 1740. During his stay in America, filled 
 the office of Elder. Returned to Europe in April of 1745. 
 
 \ Andrew Eschenbach was sent to Pennsylvania in the autumn of 
 1740, to missionate among the destitute German immigrants scattered 
 throughout the four counties of the Province. 
 
 || Jacob Lischy, from Miihlhausen, Switzerland, was a member of the 
 
 Henry Miiller, book-printer. 
 
26 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 der, Peter Miiller,* and an Indian, by way of messenger 
 and interpreter. His daughter, the Countess Benigna,f was 
 also of the company. The first named brethren and sisters 
 were on the way to Nazareth, in order to complete arrange 
 ments for the reception of the English colonists who had 
 arrived on the " Catharine" in June, and who had just been 
 organized into a congregation. There were but two dwell 
 ings on the Nazareth tract at that time; he log-houses 
 which the Brethren employed there by Whitefield in the 
 erection of a school had thrown up in the summer and fall 
 of 1740. Here the travelers halted a day. 
 
 On the morning of the 26th the cavalcade set out. 
 Making a detour a few miles to the northeast, they crossed 
 the Lehietan,J and came to Moses Tatemy s reserve (near 
 Stockertown, in Forks Township). Tatemy was a Delaware 
 from New Jersey, professed Christianity, and was farming 
 in a small way on a grant of 300 acres given him by the 
 Proprietaries agents, in consideration of services he had 
 rendered as interpreter and messenger to the Indians. He 
 received them well, was communicative, and, in course 
 of conversation, gave an account of the mode of sacrifice 
 
 first colony of Brethren sent to Pennsylvania. September lyth, 1742, 
 married Mary, second daughter of John Stephen Benezet, merchant, of 
 Philadelphia. Labored in the ministry. In 1747, withdrew from the 
 Brethren. Deceased in 1781, on his farm, near York, on the Codorus, 
 and lies buried not far from "Wolff s Church." 
 
 * Peter Miiller, a boy, brother-in-law of J. W. Zander. 
 
 | Benigna, H. J., oldest daughter of the Count, at this time in the 
 seventeenth year of her age. Returned with her father to Europe in 
 January of 1743. 
 
 J Now the Bushkill. In maps of that day, also called Tatemy s 
 Creek and Lefevre s Creek. The latter name was given the stream 
 for John Lefevre, who resided near Messinger s tavern-stand, six miles 
 above Easton. Lefevre was a French Huguenot. His ancestors had 
 immigrated to New York about 1689. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 27 
 
 practiced by his heathen brethren, which afforded Zander 
 an opportunity of speaking to him of the great sacrifice of 
 the Lamb of God, made for the remission of sins. 
 
 Following the Indian path that led past Tatemy s house 
 north into the Minnisinks, or upper valley of the Delaware, 
 they came to the village of Clistowackin, five miles above, 
 on Martin s Creek, near the three churches, in Lower 
 Mount Bethel. David Brainerd,* it is said, preached here 
 
 * David Brainerd labored among the Indians in the Forks of Dela 
 ware at intervals between May 13, 1744, and February 24, 1746. On 
 the first-mentioned day he " reached a settlement of Irish and Dutch 
 people, about 12 miles above the Forks of Delaware" (Quaere, Hun- 
 tersville, or Hunter s Settlement, along Martin s Creek, in Lower Mt. 
 Bethel, settled by one wing of the Scotch-Irish, who came into this 
 northern part of Bucks County between 1728 and 1730?) Near here 
 was an Indian village called by the Delawares, Sakhauwotung, to 
 whose inhabitants he preached, and among whom he resided. " The 
 number of Indians in this place is but small ; most of those that for 
 merly belonged here are dispersed, and removed to places farther back 
 in the country. There are not more than 10 houses hereabouts that 
 continue to be inhabited. When I first began to preach here, the num 
 ber of my hearers was very small, often not exceeding 20 or 25 per 
 sons; but toward the latter part of the summer their number increased, 
 so that I have frequently had 40 persons, or more, at once. I usually 
 preached in the King s house." Brainerd to Rev. Ebenezer Pember- 
 ton, Forks of Delaware, November 5, 1744- 
 
 " July 24. Rode about 17 miles westward, over a hideous mountain, 
 to a number of Indians ; got together about thirty, preached to them in 
 the evening, and lodged with them." In the letter quoted above, he 
 gives the distance 30 miles westward, and calls the place over the 
 hideous mountain Kauksesauchung. (Quaere, Poch-ko-poch-kung, Po- 
 copoco, old Captain Harris s town, on the creek of that name ?) In De 
 cember of 1744, Brainerd built himself a hut at Sakhauwoticng. Here, 
 on Sunday, July 21, 1745, he baptized Moses Fonda Tatemy, who had 
 been acting interpreter for him since his arrival among the Fork In 
 dians. February 23, 1746, he preached for the last time at the scene 
 
28 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 in 1744. In the lodge of an Indian medicine-man lay his 
 grandchild sick unto death. The Count prayed in be 
 half of the sufferer, commending him to the keeping of his 
 Creator and Redeemer, and Zander spoke to the Indian of 
 God s purposes in Christ for the salvation of all men from 
 sin and eternal death. His words were interpreted by the 
 latter to the villagers who had assembled about the lodge. 
 
 Toward evening they reached a second village, inhabited 
 chiefly by Delawares. Having been overtaken by a shower, 
 they gladly accepted the captain s invitation to enter his 
 hut, dry their clothes, and pass the night with him. 
 
 On the morning of the 27th, joined by a German trader, 
 Remsberger by name, they rode on, and crossed the Blue 
 
 of his missionary labors in Pennsylvania, discoursing on the words of 
 John, vi. 35-37. 
 
 " Brainerd had a station at what is now known as Allen s Ferry] 
 7 miles below the Gap, on the Delaware. The Indian town there was 
 called Sakhatiwotung ( the mouth of a creek where one resides 1 }. There 
 was another Indian town, called Clistoivackin (fine land], where Brain 
 erd built a cottage, and lived for a time. It was situated near the resi 
 dence of Mr. Baker, 15 miles south of the Gap." Brodheatfs Dela 
 ware Water- Gap. 
 
 In May of 1747, Bishop Cammerhoff wrote to Count Zinzendorf as 
 follows : " It appears as if the Lord designed to bring Mr. David 
 Brainerd s Indians into connexion with us. They reside not far from 
 Raritan, on this side of Brunswick (Cranberry]. A week ago, some 
 five visited us, and attended meetings. Almost all of our Pachgatgoch 
 Indians were awakened by his preaching." (This was during Brain 
 erd s residence at Kaunaumeek, twenty miles from Stockbridge, and 
 fifteen from Kinderhook, between April of 1743 and April of 1744.) 
 
 David Brainerd deceased at Northampton, October 9, 1747. He 
 was succeeded by his brother John, who visited Bethlehem in October 
 of 1749, in company with Rev. Mr. Lawrence, the clergyman of the 
 Irish settlement in East Allen. He was at Bethlehem a second time, 
 in 1751. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 29 
 
 Mountain.* They were now in the Indian country, and 
 what was then justly the Indian s country, although white 
 settlers were trespassing within its precincts. Only a few 
 weeks before, heads and deputies of the Six Nations (whose 
 dominion reached from Onondaga as far as the waters of 
 the lower Susquehanna), met in conference with the Gov 
 ernor, had insisted that the dividing line between white 
 and Indian be the Kittochtinny, or Endless Mountain, 
 forever. Keeping on to the northwest some ten miles, 
 they struck the eastern terminus of the valley of the Po- 
 copoco,f or Big Creek (Long Valley), J down which they 
 turned, and came to a village on the bank of the stream. 
 This had been the home of a well-known Delaware chief, 
 old Captain Harris, father of Teedyuscung, King of the 
 Delawares during their alienation from the English; and 
 here Nicholas Scull and Benjamin Eastburn, Surveyors, 
 passed the night on the completion of the one and a half 
 day s walk, made in September of 1737, to settle the extent 
 of a tract of land bought by William Penn, which tract has 
 passed into history as the " walking-purchase. " 
 
 The Brethren pitched their tent near the lodge of a 
 
 * Probably at Tat s Gap, two and a half miles west of the Delaware 
 Water-Gap. So named for Tatemy. 
 
 f Corrupted from the Indian Poch-co-poch-co. Drains Long Valley, 
 and empties into the Lehigh at Parryville. 
 
 J Near Brodheadsville. 
 
 $ The walking-purchase. The name given to a certain purchase of 
 lands, situate in part in the Forks of Delaware, deeded by the Indians 
 to William Penn, August 28, 1 686, the line of which was run in Sep 
 tember of 1737, by a one and a half day s walk (performed in pursu 
 ance of the conditions of said deed), begun at a place near Wrights- 
 town, in the County of Bucks. See Nicholas Scuir s Deposition of the 
 Walk, vol. vii. p. 399, Prov. Records. Also, Charles Thomson s En 
 quiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delawares and Shawanese. 
 
3 o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 medicine-man. Zander was again spokesman in the inter 
 view that followed. Here, also, they passed the night, 
 and this was the extreme northern point of their journey. 
 
 On the morning of the 28th the cavalcade once more 
 set out. Crossing Chestnut Hill Mountain, they came 
 down into the narrow valley of the Aquanshicola,* to a 
 Delaware town, called Meniolagomeka.f 
 
 They were about resuming their journey for the last time, 
 intending to reach Bethlehem the same night, when the 
 Count met with a remarkable experience. He had a pre 
 sentiment that his presence was required at Conrad Weis- 
 ser s, in Tulpehocken. He felt himself drawn thither by 
 an irresistible power; "and in strong faith," he says, "I 
 obeyed the call, although knowing neither why nor where 
 fore." 
 
 Retaining Zander, Lischy, and the Indian, as escort, he 
 dispatched the rest of the company to Bethlehem, where 
 they arrived in the evening. 
 
 Zinzendorf s route, after fording the Lehigh at the Gap 
 (for he probably passed down the valley of the Aquanshi 
 cola), lay through the counties of Lehigh and Berks, in a 
 
 * The Aquanshicola rises a little east of " Ross Common" Tavern, 
 thence runs some eighteen miles southwest, draining the first narrow 
 valley north of the Blue Mountain, and emptying into the Lehigh at the 
 Gap. The old "fire-line" road skirts its upper bank for a mile from 
 its mouth, and then doubling toward the Lehigh, passes the " Healing 
 Waters," a chalybeate spring, on the farm of the late Stephen Snyder, 
 now in possession of the Lehigh and Susquehanna R. R. Co. This 
 spring was visited as early as 1746 by the Brethren, and its waters 
 bottled by them for the use of invalids in Philadelphia. It is marked 
 on Scull s map of 1759. 
 
 f Meniolagomeka written also by the Brethren, Meniwolagomekah 
 and Mellilolagomegok Delaware, signifying "a tract of fertile land 
 stir rounded by barrens" 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 31 
 
 southwesterly direction. Passing through Allemdngclj* and 
 the valley of the Ontalaunee, or Maiden Creek, he forded 
 
 * Allemdngel (" destitution"), a significant name given by the early 
 German settlers to the present townships of Lynn, in Lehigh, and 
 Albany, in Berks County, which lie adjoining at the foot of the Blue 
 Mountain. Both are drained by the Ontalaunee ("t/te maiden"}. The 
 soil, which is a light gravel and slate, and ill adapted to agriculture, 
 barely remunerated the pioneers in that obscure corner of the Prov 
 ince for their labor in tilling it. In 1741, Albany contained only thirty- 
 seven taxables. A correspondent of the " Biene," in a narrative of a 
 pedestrian tour through Lynn, in the summer of 1738, describes the 
 church or school-house which the Brethren had built in Allemangel, 
 " as an old-time, weather-boarded log-house, known throughout the 
 neighborhood as the Old White Church? " It stood in Albany, near 
 the line of Lehigh County. In 1843 ^ was removed. The aversion 
 manifested, or perhaps the inability expressed by the settlers of Alle 
 mangel to support a schoolmaster (as we infer from Zinzendorf s allu 
 sion in the narrative of his journey through this barren region), was 
 gradually removed, and in February of 1747 the Brethren opened a 
 school there. December I4th, 1751, Nathaniel Seidel dedicated a 
 newly-erected school-house (^ the Old White Church"}, on which 
 occasion sixty persons partook of a love-feast, and seventeen, of the 
 Sacrament. In January of 1755, Abraham Reincke officiated at the 
 first interment made in the grave-yard adjoining the house. Thus 
 Allemangel became the seat of a small congregation in connection 
 with, and ministered to by the Brethren, until the outbreak of Indian 
 barbarities in October of 1755. 
 
 John Holder and George Biebighausen and their families, in Decem 
 ber of 1769, removed from Allemangel to the lands on the Mahoning, 
 which had lain idle and deserted since November of 1755- Here they 
 were joined by Samuel Warner, Sr., Edmund Edmonds and others, 
 from Sichem, in "the Oblong," Duchess County, New York, and or 
 ganized into an English congregation, which was at first supplied from 
 Bethlehem. Joseph Neisser was stationed at " Gnadenhtitten, on the 
 Mahoning" in 1776. In 1778, George Schmidt was the incumbent. 
 Caspar Freytag was the last minister settled there. 
 
 After the above-named families left Allemangel, " the Old White 
 Church" or school-house, was sold to the Lutherans. They erected a 
 new place of worship on its site in 1843, called the " Friedens-Kirche" 
 
3 2 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 the Schuylkill, entered the borders of Tulpehocken on the 
 2d of August,* and on the following day repaired to Con 
 rad Weisser s house in Heidelberg. 
 
 Here it was that he met with heads and deputies of the 
 Six Nations, on their return from a memorable conference 
 with Governor Thomas, at which an important subject for 
 final settlement had been the persistent stay of the Dela- 
 wares, within the Forks, and south of the Blue Mountain. 
 With these the Count ratified a covenant of friendship in 
 behalf of the Brethren as their representative, stipulating 
 for permission for the latter to pass to and from,, and so 
 journ within the domains of the great Iroquois Confed 
 eration, not as strangers, but as friends. The meeting 
 was conducted with all the etiquette and magniloquence of 
 Indian diplomacy, and finally a string of wampumf was 
 
 * G. Buttner s private diary states that Zinzendorf, in company with 
 Zander and Lischy, arrived in Tulpehocken on the 2d of August, and 
 that they repaired to Weisser s house on the 3d. The descriptive 
 poem, appended to this paper, was written on the 1st of August, in 
 Siki-hille-hocken (quaere, the land lying west of the Schuylkill, as far as 
 Tulpehocken Creek?), and dispatched to Bethlehem probably by the 
 Indian messenger. 
 
 f This string of wampum was carefully preserved for the use of the 
 Brethren in their subsequent dealings with the Six Nations. On his 
 return to Europe, the Count handed it over to Spangenberg, who gave 
 the following 
 
 RECEIPT, 
 
 written in Lamb s Inn (Broad Oaks), County of Essex, England, 
 March 10, 1743. 
 
 This is to certify that Bro. Ludwig has entrusted to me the token of 
 a covenant ratified between him and the Five Nations, or Iroquois 
 (which kind of token the Indians call fathom, or belt of wampum), 
 consisting of 186 beads, given him by said Iroquois on the 3d day of 
 August, 1742, on his return from the Indian country; this, I say, is 
 to certify that he has entrusted it personally, and in the presence of 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 33 
 
 handed to the Count by the savages, to impress him with 
 the sincerity of their decision, and for preservation as a 
 perpetual token of the amicable relations just established. 
 In this transaction Zinzendorf found a solution of the mys 
 terious necessity which had impelled him to turn to Tulpe- 
 hocken ; and he recognized a special Providence as having 
 guided him thither, and there opened a door for entrance 
 among a people which, of all others, could be made most 
 instrumental in the spread of the gospel among the various 
 tribes of North American Indians. 
 
 This was at the time the most important result of the 
 exploratory tour among the Delawares. Much of what it 
 promised was never realized ; and yet, although the 
 Brethren were unsuccessful in their attempts to missionate 
 among the Iroquois, they could never have effected as much 
 as they did among the Delawares and Mohicans had they 
 failed to secure the good-will and approval of the powerful 
 coalition on which the latter were in a state of unqualified 
 dependence. 
 
 The acquaintance made with the Delawares in the val 
 leys of the Pocopoco and Aquanshicola was from that time 
 unremittingly cultivated, and the Brethren Seyffert and 
 Nathaniel Seidel* intrusted with the new field. When, 
 
 sundry eye-witnesses, to my safekeeping and for judicious use; which 
 I desire hereby to testify by my own name in writing, with the promise 
 not to give it into other hands, unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 AUGUSTUS G. SPANGENBERG, 
 
 m.p.p. 
 
 * Nathaniel G. Seidel, born 1718, at Lauban, in Lusatia. Deceased 
 May 17, 1782, at Bethlehem. Came to Pennsylvania in June of 1742. 
 After the abrogation of the " Economy" became proprietor of the 
 estates held by the Brethren in this country. While abroad, between 
 1750 and 1760, was consecrated a bishop. 
 
34 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 in the spring of 1746, a mission settlement was com 
 menced at Gnadenhlitten, on the Mahoning,* the ties of 
 
 * Gnadenhiitten (Huts of Grace) was commenced in the spring of 
 1746, on a tract of 197 acres, near the mouth of Mahoning Creek 
 (Carbon County), west of the Lehigh, as a temporary home for the 
 Christian Mohicans who had come to Bethlehem from Shecomeco. It 
 was designed from the first to locate them permanently on the Susque- 
 hanna ; the project was, however, postponed from time to time, and 
 thus the settlement on the Mahoning grew, and became the seat of a 
 most flourishing mission. Here Martin Mack labored from April, 
 1746, to November, 1755, and here his wife, Jeannette, deceased De 
 cember 15, 1749. She lies buried in the grave-yard on the hill, with 
 some forty of her Indian brethren and sisters. Successive parcels of 
 land were added to the original tract, on both sides of the Lehigh, 
 until, in 1754, there were 1382 acres belonging to the establishment. 
 In 1747, a grist- and saw-mill, erected on the Mahoning, and a black 
 smith-shop, gave evidence of the march of improvement in this village 
 of Christian Indians. The farm-buildings lay at the foot of the hill, 
 near the creek : on its first ascent were the huts of the Indians, arranged 
 in a half-moon ; behind these an orchard, and on the summit, the grave 
 yard. The latter was laid out in August, 1746. November 14, 1749, 
 the mission-house and chapel were solemnly dedicated by Bishop 
 Cammerhoff. There were accessions from Pachgatgoch and Wech- 
 quadnach in 1747 and 1748, and from Meniolagomeka in 1754. In 
 May of that year, the seat of the mission was transferred to the lands 
 on the east side of the Lehigh. In December the mission numbered 
 137 Mohicans and Delawares, besides 86 converts residing at Wy 
 oming, Nescopeck, and elsewhere in Indian villages along the Sus- 
 quehanna. 
 
 But this child of magnificent promise was doomed to sudden de 
 struction; for on the night of the 24th November, 1755, the " Family" 
 of Brethren residing in the farm-house on the Mahoning was surprised 
 by a party of Shawanese warriors, ten of their number shot, or toma 
 hawked, or burned, and one carried into miserable captivity, which 
 death soon terminated. The Indians at New Gnadenhiitten and their 
 surviving missionaries fled to Bethlehem. That place was sacked on 
 New- Year s Day of 1756, Fort Allen, built by Franklin, on its site, 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 35 
 
 intercourse were drawn more closely; the missionary Bern- 
 hard A. Grube* was stationed at Meniolagomeka,f in 1752, 
 
 before the close of March, and thus a calamity befell the mission, 
 from the disastrous effects of which it never fully recovered. 
 
 In October of 1751, Nicholas Garrison, Jr., took sketches of Gnaden- 
 hiitten and vicinity, which were forwarded to Europe. 
 
 * Bernhard Adam Grube, born 1715, near Erfurth, and educated at 
 Jena, came to Pennsylvania on the Irene, in June of 1746. At first he 
 was employed in the schools at Bethlehem. In January of 1752 he 
 was stationed at Meniolagomeka. While here, he tells us, his awk 
 wardness at handling an axe almost cost him a limb, and confined him 
 
 j- Meniolagomeka. This village lay in " Smith s Valley," eight miles 
 west of the Wind Gap, on the north bank of the Aquanshicola, at the 
 intersection of the old Wilkesbarre Road, which crosses the mountain 
 at Smith s Gap in Eldred Township, Monroe County. The grave 
 yard was one-eighth of a mile south of Mr. Edward Snyder s limestone 
 quarries. Jno. Smith, deceased about ten years ago, stated that his 
 father, one of the early settlers in that neighborhood, had pointed out 
 to him the sites of both village and grave-yard. 
 
 In October of 1743, A. Seyffert, D. Nitschmann, and N. Seidel, visited 
 both here and on the Pocopoco Seyffert and Hagen in January of 
 1744. In June of that year, Seyffert, P. Bohler, and Henry Antes. 
 In February, 1748, Rauch visited at Meniolagomeka. Bishop Jno. M. 
 de Watteville, on his visitation to the Brethren in America in the last- 
 mentioned year, passed through Meniolagomeka to the Pocopoco. April 
 25, 1749, George Rex, the captain of the village, while on a visit to 
 Bethlehem, was baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff, and received the name 
 of Augustus. In 1750, Secretaiy Richard Peters urged his claim to 
 the lands on the Aquanshicola, on which the village lay, and desired 
 the Brethren to have the Indians removed. It was this that occasioned 
 the exodus from Meniolagomeka to Gnadenhiitten, on the Mahoning, 
 in June of 1754. 
 
 Abraham Buhninger was the last missionary in the Indian village 
 on the Aquanshicola. 
 
 The following draft shows the huts and population of the village in 
 December of 1753. 
 
COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 E 
 
 s s 1si zv 
 J Ill s | 
 
 PH 
 
 E"S M 
 
 2-2 
 
 2 v -E 
 
 IS 
 
 &a*S|| 8 
 
 S ^ CX W)! 
 
 ^ 18^J 
 
 S .8^8 & 
 
 ^ .2 o ^="~ re "5 
 
 y^ ^^ s^ 
 
 2 
 
 g "g 
 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 37 
 
 and two years later the villagers, numbering fifty-one all 
 told, removed to Gnadenhiitten, and were incorporated 
 
 for weeks in a cold hut, where he lay on a board, with a wooden bowl 
 for a pillow. He, in the mean time, studied the Delaware, and daily 
 held meetings for the Indians. In the summer of the year he visited 
 Shamokin and Wyoming, and in the Shawanese town at the latter place 
 baptized a Mohican woman, whom Zinzendorf had met there in Oc 
 tober of 1742. He was fifteen months at Shamokin. "Here," he 
 says, " we had hard times, and lived amid dangers. Our smithy be 
 came the resort of the savages passing through this central town, and 
 on one occasion thirty warriors took possession of the house, and for 
 eight days made it the scene of their drunken revels." 
 
 In October, 1753, Grube was dispatched to North Carolina, to plant 
 a colony of eleven young men on the tract of 100,000 acres purchased 
 by the Brethren of the Earl of Granville, in what was then Rowan 
 County. In the spring of the next year he returned to Bethlehem. 
 Here, in 1755, he married Elizabeth Busse, and was appointed to 
 Gnadenhiitten, whence he barely escaped with his life in the memor 
 able night of the 24th of November. In 1758 he was dispatched to 
 Pachgatgoch (Kent), in Connecticut. In October of 1760 he removed 
 to Wequetanc, on Head s Creek, Monroe County, where a part of the 
 Christian Indians had been located in the spring of the year. On the 
 outbreak of the Pontiac war, in October of 1763, this station was 
 abandoned, and Grube withdrew with his forty-four Indians to Naza 
 reth and Bethlehem. From the latter place, where he was joined by 
 seventy-seven Christian Indians from Nain, the faithful missionary 
 accompanied his charge to the barracks at Philadelphia, and thence to 
 Province Island, whither government was necessitated to remove them 
 for safety. During the trying experiences made in the interval between 
 November of 1763 and March, 1765, at Philadelphia, in the unsuc 
 cessful attempt to effect an escape from popular fury, into New York, 
 and on the return to Bethlehem, Grube approved himself true to duty, 
 and brave in the face of dangers, as he had done at Wequetanc on the 
 nth of October, 1763. 
 
 His missionary career was now at an end, for, as he tells us, " in 
 April of 1765 I took a sad and touching farewell of my dear Indians, 
 as they set out for Wihilusing, on the Susquehanna." Soon after this 
 he was stationed at Litiz, Lancaster County. In 1780 he was com- 
 
3 8 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 with the congregation of Christian Indians at that place. 
 No mention of Captain Harris s village on the Pocopoco 
 is made by the Brethren subsequent to 1748.* 
 
 missioned to visit Schonbrunn, Gnadenhlitten, and Salem, mission 
 stations on the Muskingum. After his return, he labored at Gnaden- 
 thal, near Nazareth, and was for a year pastor of the congregation at 
 Philadelphia. His last appointments were at Hope, on Paulin s Kill, in 
 Warren County, New Jersey, and at Emaus, in Lehigh County, Penn 
 sylvania. The evening of his long life was spent at Bethlehem, and 
 on his ninety-first anniversary, the hale old man, with staff in hand, 
 walked on a lovely June day ten miles to Nazareth, there once more 
 to talk over with his friends the incidents of his life among the Indians. 
 He deceased at Bethlehem, March 20, 1808. 
 
 * It is questionable whether Zinzendorf and his companions pene 
 trated the Pine Swamp, on the great plateau of the Broad Mountain. 
 The time was too short to allow of such an undertaking. Further 
 more, it is stated in the Bethlehem diary that Nicholas Garrison, Jr., 
 in May of 1749, " went to the Pocopoco to take sketches of the places 
 which Zinzendorf had visited seven years previous" 
 
 In 1760 the Brethren bought lands on Head s (Hoth s) Creek, one 
 of the affluents of the Pocopoco, and thither transferred their Indian 
 converts from Bethlehem. This settlement was called Wequetanc. 
 It lay on the flats on the north side of Wire Creek, about a quarter of 
 a mile north of the State Road, where the present road to Effort leaves 
 said State Road. This may have been the site of old Captain Harris s 
 village. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 A POEM 
 
 COMPOSED BY COUNT ZINZENDORF, AUGUST I, 1742, 
 
 In Sikihillehocken, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, Philadelphia 
 County. 
 
 I. 
 
 Hier schrieb ich einen Brief, 
 Als alles um mich schlief, 
 In der finstern Wiisten 
 Sickihillehoken, 
 Wo wenig Voglein nisten ; 
 Wird ich doch kaum inn 
 Dasz die Schuylkill rinn 
 Ueber Nachbar Green. 
 
 2. 
 
 Herr Jesu, wach st Du nicht 
 In deinem stillen Licht, 
 Riihrt sich niemand neben 
 Dem himmlischen Gesicht 
 Des Lamms, im ew gen Leben? 
 Fragt die muntern Vier 
 Ob sich etwas riihr? 
 Euch? Wenn ruht denn ihr? 
 
40 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 3- 
 
 Gewisz in Penn s-Gestrupp, 
 Selbst in Allemdngelship 
 Fragt kein armer Bauer 
 Der seines Leibs Geripp 
 So hinbringt schwer und sauer, 
 Mehr nach einem Herr n 
 Der die Kinder lern, 
 Als ich auch hatt gern. 
 
 4- 
 
 Ihr auserwahlte Vier ! 
 Kommt her und saget mir 
 Wie ichs immer mache, 
 Dasz ich mein Amt recht fiihr 
 Und bleib auf meiner Sache, 
 Bis sie sich nach dem Plan 
 Der Kreuzcaravan, 
 Heiszt in Gott Gethan. 
 
 5- 
 
 Doch ich verirre mich ; 
 Welch Muster suche ich, 
 Was vor ein Exempel ? 
 Als ganz alleine Dich, 
 Du lebendiger Tempel 
 Aller Gottesfull, 
 Der in seiner Still 
 Macht so viel er will. 
 
 6. 
 
 Die Hauptentschuldigung 
 1st vor Dir nicht genung, 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 41 
 
 Die ich machen miisste, 
 Warum ich mit der Zeit 
 Nicht auszukommen wiisste. 
 Flehn war deine Freud , 
 In der Einsamkeit 
 Und Versunkenheit. 
 
 7- 
 
 Das Beten blieb nie aus : 
 Allein wenn Feld und Haus 
 Dir nicht Raum vergonnte 
 Vor der Geschafte Braus, 
 So lang die Sonne brennte, 
 Hat Dirs deine Wacht 
 In der lieben Nacht 
 Immer eingebracht. 
 
 8. 
 
 Ach! das erworb ne Recht 
 Fiirs heilige Geschlecht, 
 Das Dich Blut gekostet, 
 Verleihe deinem Knecht 
 (Dem oft sein Werkzeug rostet, 
 Weil er s nicht so braucht 
 Wie es vor Dich taugt) 
 Arbeit, dasz es raucht. 
 
 Nun, ich verlasse mich 
 Auf dein Verdienst und Dich, 
 Auf dein Blut das heisze, 
 Das Blut vom Seitenstich, 
 4 
 
42 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Das helffe mir zum Fleisze : 
 Denn auch aller Muth, 
 Dasz man s seine thut, 
 Komt von deinem Blut. 
 
 10. 
 
 Inzwischen opfr ich Dir 
 Ein Theil der Nachtzeit hier, 
 In dem offnen Zelte 
 Am Indischen Revier. 
 O ! dasz es vor Dir gelte ! 
 Doch vors Streiterthor 
 Hat das Beterchor 
 Alle Nacht dein Ohr. 
 
 ii. 
 
 In Harmonic mit dem 
 Der itzt in Bethlehem 
 Priesteramtes pfleget, 
 Seyn dir die Zehen Stamm 
 Zuerst ans Herz geleget. 
 Ach manch armes Schaaf 
 Fiihlt der Gelbsuchtstraf, 
 Die sein Volk betraff ! 
 
 12. 
 
 In Tulpehocken brennt s 
 Nun rund um alle Fence : 
 Denn die Nationen 
 Gehn durch dieselbe Grenz 
 Zuriick bin, wo sie wohnen 
 Bringen meinen Pfad 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 43 
 
 Mit dem Zeugenrad 
 Bald in ihre Stadt. 
 
 Das wird als denn gescheh n 
 Wenn Stissik erst beseh n, 
 Und vor diese Horden 
 Mit sanftem Lobgeton 
 Dem Lamm gedanket worden. 
 Abratim, Israel, 
 Isd V, Hannes 1 Seel 
 Btirgt die Wundenhohl. 
 
 14. 
 
 Wenn geht der Segen an? 
 Dort liberm Ocean 
 1st uns eine Schule 
 Der Heiden aufgethan, 
 Wo auf dem Lehrerstuhle, 
 Gott der Heil ge Geist, 
 Manchen unterweisst, 
 Der ins Wilde reist. 
 
 O mein Herr Jesu Christ, 
 Der Du so willig bist 
 An dem Creuz gestorben, 
 Und dasz ein Herrnhut ist, 
 Dem Bethr em hast erworben ; 
 In dem Streiterthor 
 Sey gelobt davor 
 Von dem Priesterchor. 
 
44 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 16. 
 
 Das Haus Marienbom 
 Des mit dem spitzen Dorn 
 So zerdroschnen Hauptes, 
 Das hat so manches Korn 
 Gesaet, und beglaubt es : 
 Segne seine Saat ! 
 Es ist in der That 
 Dein Novitiat. 
 
 17- 
 
 Vohr zehen Jahren war 
 Es mit der Zeugenschaar 
 So, dass itzo hundert 
 Vor zehen stehen dar. 
 Ich ware sehr verwundert, 
 Ja, es war mir Weh, 
 Wenn ich nun nicht eh 
 Tausend Zeugen sah ! 
 
 18. 
 
 Des Lammes nachster Freund, 
 Der s Lamm in allem meint, 
 Und nichts anders predigt, 
 Und wenn em Herze weint, 
 Es in dem Lamm erledigt, 
 Das Jehovah heisst, 
 Sey davor gepreist, 
 Herr Gott, heil ger Geist ! 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 45 
 
 ZINZENDORF S 
 
 JOURNEY TO THE MOHICAN TOWN OF SHECOMECO* AUGUST 
 
 10 AUGUST 31, 1742. 
 
 ON the nth of August, 1742, Count Zinzendorf, his 
 daughter, and Anton Seyffert, left Nazareth for Sheco- 
 meco, by what might be called the "overland route," 
 leading almost due northeast one hundred and twenty-five 
 miles to Kingston, on the Hudson. 
 
 At that time there was no connection by road between 
 Lower Smithfield, in Monroe County, the Forks of Dela 
 ware, and the comparatively populous part of the Province 
 south of the Lehigh. The great highway from Philadelphia 
 to the Forks terminated at Nathaniel Irish s stone-quarry, 
 near Iron Hill, Saucon Township. All above this was new 
 country. The Blue Mountain was passable only with diffi 
 culty at three depressions or gaps in that part of its barrier- 
 like extent which Zinzendorf and his companions would 
 cross in their course to the Delaware, at the Wind Gap, at 
 Fox Gap, and at Tat s Gap, respectively eleven, five, and 
 two and a half miles west of where that river escapes from 
 the Kittatinny. An old Indian trail leading into the Min- 
 nisinks led over the mountain through the latter. Crossing 
 at the Wind Gap (even as late as 1750) was a difficult un 
 dertaking, although the presence of an inn near there at 
 that time would indicate the fact of its having become a 
 thoroughfare. 
 
 * Twenty miles southeast of Rhinebeck, New York. 
 
46 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 In August of the year just named, the Rev. Henry M. 
 Muhlenberg accompanied his father-in-law, Conrad Weis- 
 ser, to Sopus, and in his journal writes as follows: "Aug. 
 3, we rode on five miles above Nazareth, and put up for the 
 night at a tavern. Aug. 9. Early in the morning we were 
 in our saddles, climbed the first Blue Mountain, and were 
 compelled in its ascent to lead our horses several miles 
 over rocks and stones." It is not improbable, then, that 
 the Count and his fellow-travelers followed the Indian path 
 that led through Tat s Gap. This ride of thirty miles to 
 Depew s Ford, at the Delaware, was unquestionably the 
 most fatiguing part of the journey as far as Rhinebeck; for, 
 after crossing that river into the Jersey Minnisinks, they 
 struck into one of the oldest roads in the country, so far 
 inland, and no natural avenue of trade and intercourse. 
 This was the "old mine-road," constructd, it is said, at a 
 very early day by Dutch adventurers from Sopus, who, fol 
 lowing the first main valley* north of the Shawangunk, or 
 "White Hills," and its continuation in that of the Mack- 
 hackemack branch of the Delaware, penetrated the Minni 
 sinks proper east of that river. Here they discovered cop 
 per, worked a mine,f and built a road for the transportation 
 of the ore to their settlements on the Hudson. 
 
 It was by means of communication thus opened, that the 
 Dutch now seated themselves along the whole extent of this 
 beautiful valley, even to its most southerly limit, most 
 numerously, however, on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. 
 
 When Nicholas Scull, surveyor, for the first time visited 
 the Minnisinks in 1 739, he was surprised to find unmistakable 
 indications of very early settlement, even on the Penn- 
 
 * The Mamakating Valley. 
 
 f The mine was opened about three miles northwest from Nicholas 
 Depew s house, in Walpack Township, Sussex County (now Warren), 
 New Jersey. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 47 
 
 sylvania side of the river. He lodged with Mr. Samuel 
 Depew, and from him learned the history of the mine- 
 road, along which the latter had been accustomed for 
 years to take his cider and grain to Kingston to market. 
 The names of Van Etten, Van Aucken, Van Inwegen, 
 Van Campen, and Cortrecht, still prevailing in the valley 
 of the upper Delaware, perpetuate the memory of the Dutch 
 that came down the mine-road, and opened them farms and 
 built them homesteads in the historic land of the Monsey, 
 or Wolf tribe, of the Lenni-Lenape.* 
 
 NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO SHECOMECO, IN AUGUST OF 
 1742. 
 
 (Translated from a German MS. in the Archives at Bethlehem.} 
 
 Communicated to the Brethren in Europe in a letter written by Zinzen- 
 dorf, on his way to Wyoming, dated 
 
 SHAMOKIN, THE FEAST OF ANGELS (MICHAELMAS), 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 29, 1742. 
 SERVANTS OF THE PRECIOUS LAMB, 
 
 I will proceed to communicate to you as much moref as 
 I can of my second journey, and something of the one in 
 which I am now engaged. I keep no diary, and have no 
 gift for narrative, and these are the reasons why I have 
 
 * John Adams, while attending Congress, during its session at Phila 
 delphia, as late as 1800, passed down the "mine-road" as the most 
 eligible route from Boston to that city. He was accustomed to lodge 
 at Squire Van Campen s, in the Jersey Minnisinks. Information from 
 Mr. Albert G. Brodhead, of Bethlehem. 
 
 f He had given a partial account of the journey to Shecomeco in a 
 former letter. 
 
48 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 failed to keep the dear Brethren at Bethlehem informed of 
 my movements. You are indebted solely to this day of 
 rest* and leisure for the following outpourings of my heart 
 in reference to persons and things, which I would other 
 wise not have committed to paper. As I remarked before, 
 I have no faculty to relate, being inclined to forget and to 
 repeat. I am also without my Secretary. f You will, there 
 fore, excuse imperfections, and allow the Brethren Span- 
 genbergj and Herman to select what they think proper for 
 communication. Blessed are those who can read church 
 intelligence aright ! 
 
 Aug. 10. We set out from Bethlehem. 
 
 Aug. ii. Crossed the Blue Mountain, || en route for 
 
 * It was Saturday, and, as is well known, the Brethren of the last 
 century observed that day as a day of rest. It was done agreeably to 
 a proposition made by Zinzendorf at Bethlehem, on the 23d of June, 
 1742, in which he expressed himself, in reference to Saturday, as fol 
 lows: "The observance of this day having been enjoined on men by 
 divine command, prior to the giving of the law, is obligatory upon us. 
 Let us, therefore, spend it in quiet and in communion with the Saviour. 
 The Jews, it is true, observe the day ; but not only as Jews, also as 
 members of the human family." 
 
 f John Jacob Miiller, the Count s amanuensis during his stay in 
 America, by profession a portrait painter, from Nuremberg, united with 
 the Brethren at Herrnhut in 1740. Remained in the Count s family 
 until 1760. In that year he was ordained, and settled at Nisky. De 
 ceased there in 1781. 
 
 J Spangenberg spent the greater part of the year 1742 in London 
 and Yorkshire. Quaere John Gothofred Herman? See Benhani s 
 Memoirs of James Hut ton, p. 239. 
 
 \ Bethlehem Diarist states that Zinzendorfs traveling companions 
 were Anton Seyffert, Benigna von Zinzendorf, and Anna Nitschmann. 
 The latter appears to have gone to New York, and thence up the river 
 as far as Sopus. See Narrative, farther on. 
 
 || Quaere At the Wind Gap ? There were, however, two other passes 
 over the mountain. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 49 
 
 Sopus.* The road tried our horses severely. We were, 
 however, in a tranquil frame of mind. Anton Seyffertf 
 and BenignaJ were the principal persons in the company. 
 
 * Sopus. " Zopus is a place upon Hudson s River, 80 miles distant 
 from New Yorke ; consists of 5 small towns, whose inhabitants manage 
 husbandry, & have not above 3,000 acres of manureable land, all the 
 rest being hills and mountains, not possible to be cultivated." Gover 
 nor and Council of the Province to William of Orange, 179 1- Docii- 
 mentary History of New York, vol. i. p. 407. 
 
 "About 1 8 German miles up the N. River, half-way between the 
 Manhattans and Renselaer, or Beverwyck, lies a place called by the 
 Dutch, Esopus or Sypous ; by the Indians, Atkarkarton. It is an ex 
 ceedingly beautiful place. There some Dutch inhabitants have settled 
 themselves, and prosper especially well. They hold Sunday meetings, 
 and then one among them reads something out for a postille." See 
 Letter to the Classis of Amsterdam, d. 15 August, 1657. Ibid. 
 
 Sopus was rich in horses. Here the Dutch quality of New York, 
 according to Diedrich Knickerbocker, bought their switch-tails ; and 
 hither, says the Bethlehem Diarist, Matthias Seybold was dispatched, in 
 August of 1742, to purchase four working horses for the Bethlehem 
 Family. 
 
 f Anton Seyffert was one of the nine colonists whom Spangenberg 
 led to Georgia in the spring of 1735, where the Brethren proposed 
 establishing themselves with the view of missionating among the 
 Creeks and Cherokees. On the abandonment of the project, he ac 
 companied Bohler and others to Pennsylvania in the spring of 1740, 
 assisted at the building of the Whitefield house, and at the settlement 
 of the Allen tract (Bethlehem). During his stay in America, he was 
 the Elder of the congregation. He returned to Europe in April of 
 
 1745- 
 
 J Benigna Henrietta Justina von Zinzendorf, oldest daughter of the 
 Count, accompanied her father on many of his journeyings during his 
 stay in Pennsylvania. Was born at Berthelsdorf, December 28th, 1725. 
 In the spring of 1742 she was engaged in a school which the Brethren 
 had opened in a house rented of Mr. J. Ashmead, in Germantown, 
 for the Count and his corps of assistants. (See a letter of hers to 
 the congregation in Europe, Biidingen Sammlung, Part xiii. No. 19.) 
 
5 o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 In the evening we reached the bank of the Delaware, and 
 came to Mr. De Pui s,* who is a large landholder, and 
 wealthy. While at his house, he had some Indians arrested 
 for robbing his orchard. 
 
 Aug. 12 (Sunday}. His son escorted us to the church,f 
 
 In 1746, she married John M. de Wattewille. In 1784, she accom 
 panied her husband on a visitation to the Brethren s settlements in the 
 United States. Deceased at Herrnhut May nth, 1789. 
 
 * Samuel De Pui (Depew) was settled on the west bank of the Dela 
 ware, three miles above the Water-Gap, prior to 1730. He was one 
 of the Walloons who came to New York about 1697. Rev. H. M. 
 Muhlenberg, who lodged at his house in 1750, states he had been Jus 
 tice of the Peace, was a man of prominence in Smithfield, and at that 
 time advanced in life. The river is fordable at the head of Depew s 
 Island, a little above the house. The old homestead is still in the De- 
 pew family. Nicholas, one of Samuel s sons, is well known in pro 
 vincial history between 1750 and 1770. 
 
 Bro. John Brandmiiller, who was commissioned in February of 1 747 
 to visit the Walloons in the townships of Sopus and New Paltz, west 
 of the Hudson, reported on his return, " that they conducted their wor 
 ship partly in French, had a lector, and used the Psalms ; that a Dutch- 
 Reformed Dominie preached to them occasionally ; that they had in 
 termarried with the Dutch, were industrious and well to do, and had 
 immigrated to New York fifty years ago." 
 
 f There were five churches in this neighborhood. On the Pennsyl 
 vania side of the river, on Depui s land, stood the Smithfield, or old 
 Shawnee church, removed about 1854. On the New Jersey side, about 
 eleven miles north of Depui s, in the Walpack bend of the Delaware, 
 the Walpack church, removed in 1815. Seven miles above this stood 
 the Skapenac, an octagon, removed prior to 1818. In its church-yard 
 lie the remains of General Harrison s mother-in-law. Twelve miles 
 farther on was the Minnisink church ; and eight miles above this, in 
 the forks of the Delaware and Neversink, the Mackhackemac, removed 
 about the time Port Jervis was settled, some forty years ago. The 
 last-named four churches were on the line of the old mine-road. The 
 distance between Depui s and Port Jervis is thirty-eight miles. Zin- 
 zendorf visited either the Walpac or the Shapenac church, probably 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 51 
 
 and, in course of conversation, put a number of indifferent 
 and idle questions on religious subjects. My inability to 
 answer him gratified rather than chagrined me, and was, I 
 thought, altogether an advantage on my side. 
 
 We dismounted at the church, and were compelled to 
 listen to two sermons, which wearied us. 
 
 In the morning the heat had been overpowering. In 
 order to avoid being drawn into religious controversy, I 
 went into the woods and read Josephus. The Dominie 
 came to me and annoyed me with questions and remarks. 
 Although my curt manner provoked him, it served to bring 
 him to reflection, and he sought to propitiate me after 
 wards by riding with us for several hours.* He is the 
 well-known Caspar, f from Zurich, a well-meaning man, 
 
 the former. After service, the company rode on perhaps as far as Min 
 nisink, nineteen miles beyond, and halted there for the night. This 
 would allow some thirty-six miles for the next day s journey, which, we 
 are told, brought them half way through the valley west of the Shaw- 
 angunk, the distance between Port Jervis and Kingston being upward 
 of fifty-four miles. Information obtained from Mr. Albert G. Brod- 
 head, of Bethlehem. 
 
 The Brethren preached and kept a school in the upper valley of the 
 Delaware, on the Jersey shore, in 1746 and 1747. In the former year, 
 Joseph Shaw was settled at Walpack. Here his wife deceased. He 
 also preached at the Minnisink church, and on one occasion, in April 
 of 1747, had a promiscuous audience of Swedes, English, Scotch, 
 Irish, Welsh, Germans, Walloons, Shawanese, Mohawks, Delawares, 
 and Catawbas. 
 
 * Quaere After service, at the Walpack church ? 
 
 f "In 1742, Jno. Caspar Freymuth returned from Holland, whither 
 he had been sent to study for the ministry, and took charge of the 4 
 churches in the Minnisinks." Stickney s Hist, of the Minnisink 
 Region of Orange Co., 1867. In a " Naam-register der Predicanten 
 der Reformde Kerk" for 1744, Johannes Casparus Fryenmoet, is en 
 rolled in charge of the churches in Menissink, Machhakomach, Wal- 
 pek, and Smitsfield. Doc^^mentary History of New York. 
 
52 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 I must confess, one of the so-called "Convictionists," 
 without much conviction, however, and yet efficient for 
 good in his denomination. 
 
 Aug. 13. As we rode along, we were joined by a man 
 who complained of the burden of his sins, and who inquired 
 ,of me what to do to be saved. From his remarks, during 
 the conversation, I failed to discover any solid ground, in 
 his religious experience, on which to erect an abiding super 
 structure. 
 
 On passing a house, a female stepped out, spoke to us, 
 and, after the interchange of a few words, asked us to dis 
 mount, adding that her son, she knew, would be pleased to 
 converse with us. We were unable to gratify her wish, as 
 we had purposed passing the Minnisinks, and through half 
 of the wilderness beyond, and there was a journey of thirty 
 miles before us. When we reached the house that stands 
 in the heart of it, night had already set in, and it was dark 
 as pitch. 
 
 Aug. 14. Set out early in the morning; rode through the 
 remainder of the wilderness, and reached Mombach and 
 Marbletown.* We were much annoyed by ill-natured 
 questions that were put to us, at a house at which we dis 
 mounted. Rode on through Hurleyf to Sopus. J Here we 
 
 * Passed the night, perhaps at the " Jagd-house," half way between 
 Port Jervis and Kingston, or at Emanuel Pascal s. 
 
 f In 1784, " Dirck Romein was pastor of Marbletown and Mom- 
 bach" Marbletown, six miles west of Kingston, on the old mine- 
 road, was the birthplace of Daniel Brodhead, who deceased at Beth 
 lehem, in 1755, and of Rachel (nee Bogart), widow of Isaac Martens 
 Ysselstein, who was settled on a farm south of the Lehigh, when the 
 Brethren came into the Forks of Delaware, in 1740. 
 
 J Hurley was a township of Ulster County as early as 1728. The 
 present village of that name is a post-town, four miles west of Rondout. 
 Conrad Weisser, in his Journal to Onondaga, in August of 1750, gives 
 the following stations and distances : 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 53 
 
 met Sr Anna* and Christian Fronlichf and his wife. I dis 
 patched Christian to the Delawares, J to be with them at 
 their festival, and retained Mary. 
 
 In the afternoon, we resumed our journey, crossed the 
 North River, and halted for the night. The people here 
 regarded us as saints. 
 
 Aug. 15. At noon we reached Bro. Jacob MauTs, in 
 Rhinebeck. Having rested, we set out for Shecomeco, 
 and, after riding through an almost impenetrable swamp, 
 came to our journey s end at i o clock in the morning of 
 the i6th.|| 
 
 Aug. 17. Came to Nazareth. 
 
 " 1 8. To Niklas Depuy, in Smithfield, on Delaware, 39 miles. 
 " 19. " Henry Cortrecht, at Menissing, 25 " 
 
 " 20. " Emanuel Pascal, " the Spaniard] 35 " 
 
 " 21. " King s-town (Sopus), 44 " 
 
 * Anna Nitschmann. See her Memoir elsewhere in these papers. 
 
 f Christian Frohlich, from Felsburg, in Hesse, came to Pennsylvania 
 in 1741, and joined the Brethren on the Whitefield tract. Missionated 
 among the Delawares in Capt. John s village. (See his letter, Part 
 viii. No. u, Biidingen Sammlung.) July, 1742, married Mary Esther 
 Robins. Went to Europe, and returned in 1744. Again among the 
 Delawares, and also at Pachgatgoch. 1750-1752, on St. Thomas. On 
 his recall, remained in New York, and for upwards of twenty years 
 managed the sugar-refinery of P. V. B. Livingston. Deceased at Beth 
 lehem, April 5th, 1776. A confectioner by trade, in which capacity 
 he was some time in the Zinzendorf family. 
 
 % The Delawares in Capt. John s village, on the Nazareth tract. 
 Quaere Which of the five great feasts annually observed by that nation ? 
 
 \ One of the Palatines, who had immigrated to New York in 1710, 
 under the auspices of Queen Anne. 
 
 || The site of the Indian village was about two miles south of the 
 village of Pine Plains (Duchess County, New York), near " the 
 Bethel" in the valley of the Shecomeco, a small stream, which, rising 
 near "Federal Square" runs in a northerly direction, and falls into 
 Roelif Janserfs Kill, in Columbia County. 
 
 On the 5th of October, 1859, the Moravian Historical Society erected 
 
54 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Bro. Rauch lodged us in his hut for the night, and on 
 the i yth we occupied the house that had been built for us. 
 I was delighted with it ; it was a perfect palace of bark, 
 and furnished with a table and writing materials for my 
 special convenience. My seat was on the ground. Here 
 we lodged eight days, and, although it rained almost con 
 tinuously, and we underwent numerous internal conflicts, 
 our dear Indians had clear sky overhead, and rejoiced us 
 each day anew. They are Mohicans, a confessedly worth 
 less tribe of Indians. 
 
 The Maquas, who belong to the Six Nations of the Iro- 
 quois, are their neighbors, and the acknowledged head of 
 that great Confederacy, although their passion for strong 
 drink, by making them hopelessly indolent, has rendered 
 them unworthy of the distinction. They are one division 
 of the Indians with whom I ratified a covenant at Tulpe- 
 hocken,* whither I had turned at the close of my journey 
 into the Indian country, drawn by an irresistible power, 
 which I followed in strong faith, although I knew neither 
 why nor wherefore. 
 
 The Mohicans, although naturally fierce and vindictive, 
 and given to excessive drinking, are tender-hearted, and 
 susceptible of good impressions. When our pale-faced 
 Bro. Rauch first came among them, they regarded him as 
 a fool, and threatened his life. But after his recital of the 
 Saviour s sufferings had made a powerful impression upon 
 the most abandoned of their number (an impression which 
 allowed him peace neither day nor night, until he ex 
 perienced the preciousness of grace), the work of the Lord 
 proceeded, and others were moved. 
 
 All the machinations of his mother-in-law, who sought to 
 
 a granite block over Biittner s grave, on the farm of Mr. Edward 
 Hunting. 
 
 * August 3, 1742. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 55 
 
 perplex him, were unsuccessful, although they proved effect 
 ual in causing his wife and daughter to vacillate. This brand 
 snatched from the fire, is no longer Tschoop,* but John, 
 and is an esteemed teacher among his people. Abraham, 
 Isaac, and Jacob, who, you recollect, were baptized at 
 Oley,f were appointed to offices in the mission Abraham 
 elder, Jacob exhorter, and Isaac sexton. 
 
 The four are in all respects incomparable Indians, and 
 men of God. When met in conference on affairs of the 
 mission, they deliberated in a manner which astonished us. 
 I confess that at times I felt pity for these poor people, 
 whose imperfect language is inadequate for the expression 
 of their new experiences, and of their views and wishes, as 
 assistants in the Saviour s work. Our language is divine in 
 comparison with theirs, and yet how unsatisfactorily can 
 we give utterance to the emotions and aspirations of our 
 hearts ! 
 
 The result of our deliberations while at Shecomeco, was 
 the adoption of the following resolutions, viz.: 
 
 1. To mark out a new plan of operations for Bro. 
 Rauch. J 
 
 2. To preach the gospel to the whites of the neighbor 
 hood, and gather a congregation from them. 
 
 3. To organize our Mohicans into a congregation. 
 
 * Wasamapah, alias Tschoop, baptized by the missionary, Christian 
 Henry Rauch, at Shecomeco, April 16, 1742. Deceased at Bethlehem, 
 August 27, 1746. 
 
 | In Mr. John de Turck s barn, February 22, 1742, by Christian H. 
 Rauch. 
 
 J Quaere His exploration of the Mohawk country, and visit to 
 Canajoharie, or his recall to Bethlehem? 
 
 \ This was done on the 22d of August, after the missionary Rauch 
 had baptized the Indians Kaubus, Kermelok, Harris, and the wives of 
 Abraham, Isaac, and Harris, who, in baptism, were called respectively 
 
5 6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 4. To contract a marriage between Jeannette Rau* and 
 Bro. Mack, to which union we have her father s consent. 
 
 5. To visit Conrad Weisser. f 
 
 6. To employ Benigna and Jeanette in the Indian mis 
 sion. 
 
 7. To baptize twelve Indians. 
 
 8. To appoint native assistants in the infant congregation 
 here. 
 
 9. To take with us on our return to Bethlehem, Gabriel, J 
 
 Timothy, Jonas, Thomas, Sarah, Rebecca, and Esther. These ten con 
 stituted the first congregation of Christian Indians, in charge of the 
 Brethren. 
 
 * Daughter of John Rau, a Palatine farmer in the neighborhood, at 
 whose house Bro. Rauch had been entertained on his arrival among 
 the Mohicans in 1740. He deceased in July of 1768, and was buried 
 at the English meeting-house in " The Oblong," by Bro. Francis 
 Bohler, at that time stationed at Sichem. 
 
 f John Conrad Weisser (father of the interpreter) immigrated to New 
 York in 1710, and along with his countrymen from the Palatinate, was 
 first settled on Livingstone Manor. Thence he removed to the Mo 
 hawk country. In 1743, he was again residing on the east side of the 
 Hudson, within half a day s journey of Shecomeco, as appears from 
 the following entry in Blittner s diary, " May 4th, 1743, visited old 
 C. W. and returned in the evening." In 1746, soon after his removal 
 to Tulpehocken, he deceased at his son s house. Weisser, while in 
 the Mohawk country, was one of the leaders of his countrymen in re 
 sisting the encroachments of large Dutch landholders in Albany, who 
 eventually necessitated the Palatines to vacate their farms, and migrate 
 elsewhere. Some of these, following the course of the Susquehanna 
 southward, and passing up the Swatara and Tulpehocken Creeks, settled 
 along those streams in 1723. 
 
 J Gabriel, alias Wanab, and Nanhan, alias Tassawachamen, Mohican 
 catechumens, were baptized at Bethlehem on the I5th September fol 
 lowing, the first by Zinzendorf, the second by the missionary Biittner, 
 receiving in baptism the names of David and Joshua, respectively. This 
 was the first baptism of Indians at Bethlehem, and performed in the 
 chapel, on the upper floor of the " Gemein-house," next the Moravian 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 57 
 
 Nanhan, and Abraham s son. Techtanoah, John s daughter, 
 will not accompany us, as she is entertaining an offer of 
 marriage. 
 
 10. To explore Albany* and New England. 
 
 11. To confer with Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and John, 
 on our method of laboring among the heathen, and on its 
 object, which is not the indiscriminate acquisition of large 
 numbers, but the admission into the congregation of souls 
 that have been renewed to life in Christ. 
 
 12. To commend the awakened Indians here to the 
 blessing of the Lamb, and to inform them of the course we 
 design to pursue in their case. 
 
 13. To consider the propriety of admitting a son and a 
 second daughter of John Rau into our communion, and of 
 appointing them to labor among the class of Indians just 
 named. 
 
 14. To take a public farewell. 
 
 I shall never forget my stay here, and when we parted, 
 it was with sadness and regret, though with mutual assur 
 ances of the tenderest love. 
 
 church. The two accompanied the Count as far as Shamokin on his 
 second journey to the Indian country. 
 
 * Albany. The County of Albany at that time embraced all of New 
 York State north of Ulster, and eastward as far as Vermont. The 
 heart of this extensive tract was the Valley of the Mohawk, or the Mo 
 hawk country. Here Rauch and Pyrlaeus visited the Indians in 1743. 
 Ranch was at Schoharie and Canajoharie. Pyrlaeus, in order to per 
 fect himself in the Mohawk (which he had been studying at Conrad 
 Weisser s), resided for some time with Rev. Henry Barclay, near Fort 
 Hunter, and next at Canajoharie. 
 
 To the Indians here, Mr. Barclay had been appointed Catechist in 
 1735. He deceased 1764, while Rector of Trinity Church, New York. 
 The Brethren never effected a settlement in the Mohawk country, 
 although their missionaries visited their towns or castles as late as 
 1750. 
 
 5 
 
5 8 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 On the 24//J of August we set out on our return home, 
 crossed Stissing Mountain, penetrated the wilderness be 
 yond, and reached Rhinebeck. Here we found Maul s 
 family down with dysentery. Jeannette was taken sick, and 
 was an invalid to the end of the journey. 
 
 Aug. 25. Crossed the North River. Sopus being the 
 Sodom of New York, we resolved to pass through, and not 
 spend Sunday within its borders. This prolonged our 
 journey into the night, and we barely succeeded in finding 
 lodgings on the other side of Hurley. 
 
 Aug. 26 (Sunday). I spent the whole day out of doors, 
 and although I kept by myself in the woods, I nevertheless 
 got into difficulty. It was beyond my control to escape what 
 the people here were determined to inflict upon me. For 
 in the evening, as Benigna and myself were writing by 
 candlelight in our lodgings, a Justice of the Peace came 
 into the room, and forbade us in the King s name. He 
 then left in a storm of rage. Next morning at 5 o clock 
 (we were scarcely out of bed) a Constable sent by him 
 arrested me, Benigna, and Anton, and led us back to Hur 
 ley. Here we were examined by the Justice in public ; and 
 without a proper hearing were convicted, and fined i8s. 
 for Sabbath-breaking. He then dismissed us, with manifest 
 regret that it \vas not in his power to impose a severer pun 
 ishment. I really believe it would have afforded the people 
 extreme pleasure to have seen us bound as scoffers of God 
 and the King, and taken down to New York. One of our 
 Indians, on being asked whether he wished to look on at 
 the examination, rejoined, saying, "Why should I look on 
 at such a malicious proceeding?" This answer vexed the 
 bystanders. 
 
 Aug. 27. Reached Minnisink. 
 
 Aug. 28. Came to the Delaware, across which we swam 
 our horses. Anna, as usual, took the lead. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 59 
 
 Aug. 29. Jeannette was seriously indisposed, and scarcely 
 able to bear up. We, however, pushed our way through the 
 wilderness, crossed the Blue Mountain, and after nightfall 
 reached Nazareth. Here we designed leaving Jeannette with 
 the English* Brethren and Sisters. She, however, accom 
 panied us, on the 3ist, to Bethlehem. 
 
 DEPOSITION Biidingische Sammlung, Part xv. No. 18. 
 
 "On the 26th of August, 1742, about 9 o clock A.M. we, 
 the undersigned, and three Mohican converts, sat down 
 near a thicket, a short distance on the other side of Hurley. 
 Soon after, our Brother von Thurnstein came to us out of the 
 woods, and asked us whether we intended traveling farther. 
 We told him we thought of doing so. Hereupon, he earn 
 estly advised us to lay over, reminding us that it was Sun 
 day, that the Presbyterians took offence at Sunday-travel, 
 and that on this account he had thought proper to make a 
 halt. From regard to him, we did as he bade us. He re 
 mained the greater part of the day in the woods (as was his 
 custom), although it rained incessantly, and about candle 
 light returned to the house where we were lodging. Seeing 
 his daughter Benigna seated at a table, he handed her a 
 poem on the Indians he had composed a few days ago, 
 and asked her to copy it. She being unable to do it at 
 once, he engaged in conversation, and spoke with much 
 feeling of God s gracious dealings with the Economy at 
 Halle, in the welfare of which institution he always took 
 a lively interest. 
 
 "In the midst of the discourse, a messenger entered the 
 
 * The English Brethren, Powels, Hussey, Turner, Yarrel, Rice, etc. 
 who had come on the Catharine in June, were organized into a congre 
 gation, and settled at Nazareth. David Bruce was their Elder. This 
 organization was temporary. 
 
60 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 room, and inquired whether any one of the company pres 
 ent had known the late Isaac Ysselstein, of the Forks of 
 Delaware. As Dominie von Thiirnstein had had little ac 
 quaintance with him, and as he was always averse to en 
 gaging in any conversation with people on Sunday, he 
 referred the inquirer to Dom. A. Seyffert. Dom. von 
 Thurnstein now handed the poem to his daughter to copy, 
 and at the same time began to write in his memorandum. 
 
 "Although he expressly requested that no one should dis 
 turb him that day, several persons nevertheless entered the 
 room and sat down. It was always left for him to conduct 
 the religious discussions which usually followed the arrival of 
 obtrusive visitors; but on the present occasion he confined 
 himself to his writing, appearing disinclined to speak in the 
 presence of the Indians, who all understood Low Dutch. 
 Accordingly, he took no part in the conversation (there 
 being some five or six of us, enough to answer all ques 
 tions) until he was addressed personally. He had just 
 finished his memoranda, and the Countess had completed 
 the copying, when one of the visitors, who appeared to be 
 the leader, remarked to him that he, the Dominie, seemed 
 to be very industrious. Not at all, said the latter, add 
 ing, at the same time, that he was merely noting down 
 a few thoughts. To this the man rejoined, saying that it 
 was Sunday. Hereupon, Dom. von Thurnstein, wishing 
 to avoid useless controversy, observed that probably they 
 differed in their religious views, but that, according to his 
 belief, such writing as he had been engaged in was not 
 unlawful on Sunday. The King, said the other, has 
 ordered that Sunday be strictly kept in every particular, 
 even in the face of the religious liberty which prevails in 
 the land. 
 
 "This remark, as well as the speaker s statement that he 
 was a Justice of the Peace, and had spoken in the King s 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 6 1 
 
 name, induced the Dom. to address a letter to the Gover 
 nor in New York, in which he related what had happened. 
 
 " He took this step with the presumption, that in case the 
 Justice were acting illegally in the premises, it would bring 
 him to reflection; in case, however, his course was lawful, 
 the Governor s indorsement of it would screen himself and 
 his followers from slanderous reports. As often as this 
 letter was presented to the Justice for delivery, he persist 
 ently returned it with coarse invective; and early next 
 morning, as we were about to resume our journey, a Con 
 stable, sent by him, came to the house, and arrested, with 
 his tipstaff, first, the Countess Benigna, and next, Dom. A. 
 Seyffert. Dom. von Thiirnstein accompanied them without 
 compulsion, and hence the officer need not have touched 
 him with his staff, and made a formal arrest. What else 
 transpired, these deponents say not. 
 
 "We learned subsequently that the three were fined for 
 Sabbath-breaking, despite their protestations of innocence; 
 that the Justice had alleged the Dominie s incivility to him 
 on the previous night as the cause of the arrest, and that he 
 had returned the letter written to the Governor for the last 
 time, in a passion and with threats . 
 
 "The bystanders on asking our Indians, after the arrest, 
 whether they wished to be present at the examination, the 
 latter replied, that they took neither interest nor pleasure 
 in such a malicious proceeding. 
 
 "Above deposition, although not made before a magis 
 trate, we, the undersigned, eye-witnesses of the occurrences 
 therein stated, affirm to be strictly true. 
 
 N. N. and N. N." 
 
62 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 ZINZENDORF S NARRATIVE 
 
 OF A JOURNEY FROM BETHLEHEM TO SHAMOKIN, IN SEP 
 TEMBER OF 1742. 
 
 Dated SHAMOKIN, 
 
 September 29, 1742. 
 
 CONRAD WEISSER* finally concluded to be my guide to 
 the Shawanese country. 
 
 " Conrad Weisser, for more than twenty years acting interpreter to 
 the Province of Pennsylvania, was born in 1696, in Wurtemberg. In 
 1710 he accompanied his parents to America, with a colony of Pala 
 tines, who immigrated to New York under the auspices of Queen Anne, 
 and who were settled in a body on Livingston Manor, in Columbia 
 County, for the production of naval stores. In 1713 the Weisser and 
 150 other families removed to Scoharie, in the Mohawk country, where 
 young Conrad was schooled in the language which enabled him later 
 in life to render invaluable services to the Proprietaries governors of 
 Pennsylvania. In 1729 he followed his countrymen to the Swatara 
 and Tulpehocken, whither numbers of them had removed a few years 
 before, and here he began a farm in Heidelberg Township, Berks 
 County. His fluency in Mohawk recommended him to the notice of 
 the Proprietaries agents, and by special request of deputies of the Six 
 Nations, met in conference with Governor Patrick Gordon, at Phila 
 delphia, in 1732, he was by him appointed Interpreter for that Con 
 federation. From this time his career was identified with the history 
 of the Province in all its relations with the Indians. In 1734 he was 
 appointed a Justice of the Peace, and in the old French War com 
 missioned Colonel of all forces raised west of the Susquehanna. A 
 few years before his death he removed to Reading, and while on a 
 visit to his farm in Heidelberg, in July of 1760, deceased, and was 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 63 
 
 I now proceed in the first place to state my object in 
 undertaking the present journey, and will then relate some 
 of its incidents. 
 
 buried in the family grave-yard near Womelsdorf. The following in 
 scription, copied from his tombstone, is the only memorial that has, as 
 yet, been erected to perpetuate the remembrance of Pennsylvania s 
 efficient Interpreter to the Indians : 
 
 Dieses ist die 
 Riihe Staette des 
 
 WeyL Ehren geachteten M. Conrad Weisser. 
 
 Derselbige ist geboren 1696, den 2 November, 
 
 in Astaedt in Amt Herrenberg, ini 
 
 Wnertemberger Lande, und gestorben 
 
 1760, den 13 Juliiis, ist 
 
 alt ivor den 63 Jahr, 
 
 8 Monate, 13 Tage. 
 
 Weisser s connection with the Brethren dates from the time of Span- 
 genberg s sojourn among the Schwenkfelders of Towamensing Town 
 ship, Montgomery County, in 1736. In that year, the two met for the 
 first time ; and the information the interpreter gave him of the degraded 
 condition of the Indians, led Spangenberg to present their case to the 
 Brethren abroad, as one deserving special consideration. The result 
 of this appeal was Christian Henry Rauch s commission. Zinzendorf, 
 soon after his arrival in Pennsylvania, repaired to Tulpehocken to 
 profit from Weisser s knowledge and experience, and to enlist his co 
 operation in the movement he proposed to inaugurate among the 
 Indians. In 1743 he visited Shecomeco. In 1745 he accompanied 
 Bishop Spangenberg to Onondaga. Although disinclined to unite with 
 the Brethren, not sympathizing with them in all their views and pro 
 jects, he was a warm friend of their mission, and a contributor to the 
 Society organized at Bethlehem in 1745 for its maintenance. We 
 annex the following letter written to one of its Trustees, dated 
 
 HEIDELBERG, February 15, 1746. 
 
 " DEAR BRO. BROWNFIELD, 
 
 " It is long since I received yours of December, with the enclosed 
 account of the Society for the furtherance of the gospel. I am obliged 
 
64 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Hitherto I have felt no freedom to operate directly upon 
 the Iroquois in their seats,* as I have been unable to discern 
 any promising indications or signs of grace among them, ex 
 cepting in the case of a few individuals. Their intercourse 
 with the French and English has not been for good. In 
 
 to you for the trouble therein taken in sending me a copy. I have 
 been very little at home since the receipt thereof. You will therefore 
 be pleased to excuse my delay in writing you an answer, which I will 
 do by this opportunity. 
 
 " I desire you will let the Committee know that according to the 
 Eleventh Article in the plan of the Society, I will contribute there 
 unto (I mean toward the furtherance of the gospel among the Indians 
 of North America), and deliver or send my contribution accord 
 ingly. 
 
 " By your letter I understand that the Society is likewise to be em 
 ployed for the service of the white people in general ; for which service 
 I have nothing to contribute nor to say. For it may be properly said 
 of them what Paul says in Rom. x. 18. The method made use of in 
 preaching the gospel in our days to the white people has only divided 
 them more into parties and sects without any reformation, in my judg 
 ment. Every party has given sufficient proof that it seeks its own, and 
 not the interest of Christ Jesus. However, as to the poor Indians, it may 
 be properly said of them what Paul says in the recited chapter, verses 
 14-17, and therefore I assure you, that nothing shall be wanting that 
 lies in my power to promote the good design of the Society among 
 these poor heathens. May the great God be pleased to send true 
 laborers among them by whom their souls may be brought to Christ 
 Jesus, to whom be worship and glory for evermore. 
 
 " I salute you very heartily, and am desirous to be and remain your 
 well-known 
 
 " True friend and Brother, 
 
 " CONRAD WEISSER." 
 
 * The Mohawks, originally restricted to the valley of the river that 
 bears their name, extended their seats in virtue of conquest, from Lake 
 Champlain to the sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. 
 The Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, respectively, lived 
 west of them, and south of Lake Ontario. The Tuscaroras had no 
 country of their own. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 65 
 
 addition to the vices of civilized life they have thus acquired, 
 I find they have adopted erroneous views of religion. I 
 must therefore be extremely prudent, in order to succeed 
 in effecting any good among them. They will be apt to 
 infer from my speech, and from my connection with these 
 two nations, that I am one of the same sort of people, 
 which I am not. The Dutch in Japan are afraid, and I 
 among the Indians am ashamed, to pass for a European 
 Christian. 
 
 With these considerations, I told the Iroquois distinctly 
 in my first interview with them,* that I had a different 
 method from those who came to instruct them in religion, 
 and begged them to have patience with me, in case I failed 
 at once to preach long sermons. I remarked furthermore 
 that I was specially and intimately acquainted with the 
 Great Spirit, and asked them finally to permit me and 
 the Brethren simply to sojourn in their towns, as friends, 
 and without suspicion, until such time as we should have 
 mutually learned each other s peculiarities. I defined my 
 position and my object in this manner, so as to avoid being 
 regarded by them as a Don Quixotef in religion ; and 
 also so as not to bind myself by any positive engagement. 
 
 The six confederate tribes of the Iroquois, the Maquas, 
 Onondagas, and Senecas (these are called Fathers, and 
 some of them are at times cannibals), J and the Cayugas, 
 
 * at Conrad Weisser s house, August 3, 1742. 
 
 f It is a singular coincidence in the use of terms, that James Logan, 
 in a letter to a friend, expresses himself in these words : " He (the 
 Count) has lately been visiting the Iroquois. In short, he appears a 
 mere knight-errant in religion, and scarce less than Don Quixote was 
 in chivalry." 
 
 J " It happened this year (1625) that the Mohicans being at war with 
 the Maquas (Mohawks), requested to be assisted by the commander of 
 Fort Orange and six others. Commander Knickebeck went up with 
 
66 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Oneidas, and Tuscaroras (who are called Children), are 
 to all outward appearance admirable hypocrites, and on 
 account of their indomitable pride, as remote from Jesus 
 as the heavens are distant from the earth. Therefore I 
 concluded to operate upon them indirectly, and not to visit 
 "their castles or towns, but rather to go to, 
 
 i. Shamokin^ which is 80 miles from Tulpehocken, and- 
 
 them a mile from the fort, and met the Maquas, who peppered them 
 so bravely with a discharge of arrows, that they were forced to fly, 
 leaving many slain, among whom were the commander and three of 
 his men. Among the latter was Tymen Bouwensz, whom they de- ( 
 voured, after having well-cooked him," From Wassenaer s Historie 
 van Eiiropa. Amsterdam, 1621-1632. 
 
 " In the beginning of July, 1676, those Indians who were known by 
 the name of Mauguawogs, or Mohawks, i.e. man-eaters, fell on Philip 
 of Pokanoket, and killed forty of his men." 
 
 * Shamokin, situated a short distance below the Forks of the Sus-, 
 quehanna on its north branch, was, in consequence of its commanding 
 position, the most important Indian town in the Province of Penn 
 sylvania. The Six Nations held this as a strategic point at an early 
 day, and made it the seat of a Viceroy, who ruled for them the tribu 
 tary tribes that dwelt along the waters of the " Winding River." It 
 is mentioned by name in the Colonial Records, first in 1728. Here 
 the Iroquois warriors, on their return from predatory expeditions 
 against the Cherokees and Catawbas, would make a halt and hold 
 carousals for the last time before reaching Onondaga. Conrad Weisser 
 visited the town in March of 1737. Martin Mack and his wife were 
 the first missionaries sent hither by the Brethren. Mack, in his auto 
 biography, notices his stay here thus : " In Sept. of 1745, my wife and 
 I were sent to Shamokin, the very seat of the Prince of darkness. 
 During the four .months we resided there, we were in constant danger, 
 and there Avas scarcely a night but we were compelled to leave our 
 hut, and hide in the woods, from fear of the drunken savages." 
 
 David Brainerd visited Shamokin in the same year, reaching there 
 on the I3th of September, and in his journal writes : "The town lies 
 partly on the east and the west shores of the river, and partly on the 
 island. It contains upwards of 50 houses, and -300 inhabitants. The 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 67 
 
 the residence of the King* of the Delawares, and of the 
 Oneidaf viceroy. The latter virtually maintains the bal- 
 
 Indians of this place are accounted the most drunken, mischievous, 
 and ruffian-like fellows of any in these parts ; and Satan seems to have 
 his seat in this town in an eminent manner. About one-half are Dela 
 wares, the others Senecas and Tutelars." 
 
 In the summer of 1747, the Brethren, at the chief Shikellimy s re 
 quest, built a smithy at Shamokin, and on the i8th of August/Anton 
 Schmid, from Bethlehem, was formally introduced by Christian H. 
 Rauch to the Indians met in council- as the blacksmith of the village. 
 They called him Rachiistoni. September 1 6, John Hagen deceased 
 here, and was buried in the turnip-patch near the mission-house. 
 Mack, Post, Pyrlaeus, Zeisberger, and other Brethren labored here 
 until the abandonment of the station in October of : i755. In 1756, 
 Fort Augusta was built, one mile above Shamokin. Sunbury, the 
 county town of Northumberland, occupies the site of the old Indian 
 village. 
 
 * Allummapees, or Sassoonan, was King of the Delawares as early 
 as 1718, and in that year headed the deputation of Indian chieftains at 
 Philadelphia who signed an absolute release to the Proprietaries /bir 
 the lands situate between Delaware and Susquehanna, --from Duck 
 Creek to the mountains on this side Lechay, which lands had been 
 granted by their ancestors to William Penn. 
 
 In 1728 he had removed "from on Delaware to Shamokin. V, 
 "The Delaware Indians last year (1746) intended. a visit to .Phila 
 delphia, but were prevented by Allummapees sickness/ who is still 
 alive, but not able to stir. They will come down this year, some time 
 after harvest. Allummapees has no successor of. his relations, and he 
 will hear of none so long as he is alive, and none -of the Indians -care, 
 to meddle in the affair. Shikellimy advises that the government should 
 name Allummapees successor, and set him up by their authority; that at 
 this critical time there might be a man to apply to, since Allummapees 
 has lost his senses, and is uncapable of doing anything." C. Weisser s 
 Report to Anthony Palmer, June, 1747. 
 
 While David Brainerd was instructing the Delawares at Sakhauwo- 
 tunv, in the Forks of that river, in the truths of Christianity (between 
 
 f Shikellimy, father of Logan. (See later.} 
 
68 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 ance of power between the different tribes of Indians, and 
 between the Indians and the whites, in North America, 
 acting agent for the Iroquois Confederacy in all affairs of 
 state and war. 
 
 2. Otstonwakin,* where Madame Montour, an Indian izecl 
 French woman from Quebec, resides ; and 
 
 May of 1744 and February of 1746), he visited Shamokin annually. 
 In September of 1745, he writes from that town: "Visited the Dela 
 ware King (Allummapees) who was supposed to be at the point of 
 death when I was here in May last. Discoursed with him and others 
 about Christianity. He appeared kindly disposed, and willing to be 
 instructed." 
 
 In 1747, Allummapees, together with Shikellimy, took part in the 
 treaty with the Brethren concerning the erection of a smithy at their 
 town. In the fall of that year he deceased. " Allummapees is dead," 
 writes Weisser to Peters, in October of 1747. " Lapappiton is al 
 lowed to be the fittest to succeed him, but he declines. He is afraid 
 he will be envied, and consequently bewitched by some of the In 
 dians." 
 
 " Allummapees would have resigned his crown before now, but as 
 he had the keeping of the public treasure (that is to say of the Counsel 
 Bagg), consisting of Belts of Wampum, for which he buys Liquor, and 
 has been drunk for this 2 or 3 years almost constantly, it is thought 
 he won t die, so long as there is one single wampum left in the bagg. 
 Lapappiton is the most fittest person to be his successor. He is an 
 honest, true-hearted man, and has very good natural sense ; he is also 
 a sober man, between 40 or 50 years of age, and well esteemed among 
 his country people and others." C. Weisser to fi. Peters, July 20, 
 1747- 
 
 Teedyuscung was made King of the Delawares, west of the moun 
 tains, in the spring of 1756. 
 
 * Otstonwakin, or " French Town." Written also Olstuago, Otsne- 
 hage, and Otsluacky, by Weisser, who visited the town for the first time 
 in February of 1737. "It is so called" (he writes in his journal), 
 " from a high rock which lies opposite. We quartered ourselves with 
 Madame Montour, a French woman by birth, of good family, but now 
 in mode of life a complete Indian." The village lay on both sides of 
 
AND THE IXDIAXS. 69 
 
 3. Skehandowana? 100 miles from Otstomvakin, the seat 
 of the nation of the Shawanese, who are confederates of the 
 
 the mouth of the Loyal Lock (the Olstuago), which coming down from 
 the northeast here empties into the West Branch. Weisser s last visit to 
 Otstonwakin was in June of 1755. The village was at that time almost 
 deserted. It is not noted down on Scull s Map of 1759. Montours- 
 ville, in Lycoming County, occupies its site, and perpetuates the name 
 of Madame Montour. 
 
 * Skehandowana. One of the names of Wyoming Valley. The 
 first allusion to this Indian Eldorado, which lay in the heart of an 
 almost limitless territory that the Iroquois had made their own by 
 conquest in pre-historic times, is on record in the minutes of a confer 
 ence held by Governor Gordon with Indians from the Susquehanna, 
 at the great meeting-house in Philadelphia, in June of 1728. On this 
 occasion, the Delaware King (Allummapees) stated " that the Minni- 
 sinks lived in the Forks of Susquehanna, above Meehayomy" Again, 
 September 2, 1732. Metaguantagechty, the speaker added, "that 
 having now ended all they have to say, they must request to be helped 
 on their journey homewards (to Onondaga) with horses, from Tulpe- 
 hocken to Meehayomy. 1 
 
 According to Heckewelder, Wyoming is a corruption of APcheu- 
 wami, a Delaware word signifying large plains. 
 
 It almost appears as if Wyoming (written also Wyomen, Wyomink, 
 Wyomik] were the English approximation to the Indian Meehayomy. 
 The word M cheuwami does not occur in the records of transactions 
 between the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Indians. Conrad 
 Weisser uses the name Skehandowana in a narrative of a journey 
 to Onondaga, undertaken in February of 1737. On his return from 
 the great capital he writes, under date of April 26, 1737 : " We reached 
 Skehandowana, where a number of Indians live, Shawanos and Ma- 
 hickanders. Found there two traders from New York, and three men 
 from the Maqua country, who were hunting land; their names are 
 Ludwig Rasselman, Martin Dillenbach, and Piet de Niger. Here there 
 is a large body of land, the like of which is not to be fotind on the 
 river." Writing to Governor Morris, in December of 1755, Weisser 
 reports that the Indians with whom, he had conferred at John Harris s 
 Ferry, had told him that the French were influencing the Delawares 
 living at Nescopec, half-way from Shamokin to Schandowana, or Wy- 
 
yo 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Iroquois, and a people wholly ignorant of and averse to 
 Christians and Christianity. Here there are also villages 
 
 omick. In a speech made by deputies of the Six Nations at a meeting 
 with Sir William Johnson, in July of the above-mentioned year, the 
 speaker said, " the land which reaches down from Oswego to Scha- 
 handoTvana, we beg may not be settled by Christians." 
 
 There were Indian towns at different times on both sides of the river. 
 The Shawanese, with whom Zinzendorf desired to treat, had their 
 cabins on the flats west of the Susquehanna, now the site of Ply 
 mouth, or Shawnee. Near the northern limit of the valley, on the 
 same side of the river, was a village inhabited principally by Mohicans. 
 In 1751, some Nanticokes, outliers of the tribe, which had migrated 
 from Maryland, and settled at the mouth of the Juniata in 1742, were 
 residing in the lower part of the valley, on the eastern shore. The Six 
 Nations continued to guard this favorite spot with jealous care until its 
 evacuation, in 1756, by the mixture of Indians who were residing there 
 with their consent. Up to this time they reiterated their request, and 
 stated their determination " that these lands should not be settled, but 
 reserved for a place of retreat to such as in this time of war and con 
 fusion between the French and English might be obliged to leave their 
 habitations ; and that there was no part of their lands that lay so con 
 venient as Wyomink for a number to live together." And in Decem 
 ber of I754> their viceroy, John Petty Shikellimy, complained to Gov 
 ernor Morris, " that some foreigners and strangers who live on the 
 other side of New York, and have nothing to do in these parts, are 
 coming like flocks of birds to disturb us in our possession of them." 
 
 In February of 1756, an Indian scout reported to government that 
 there were three towns in the valley, one inhabited by Delawares, 
 another by Shawanese, and a third by Six Nation Indians, Chikasaws 
 and Mohicans. At this time it was Teedyuscung s head-quarters. 
 Three months afterwards, he and his Indians left for Diahoga. 
 
 Pursuant to a request made by the Delaware King at a treaty held 
 at Easton (July 25 August 7, 1757), that government would assist 
 him and his people in making a settlement in Wyoming, instructing 
 them how to build houses, etc. (Prov. Records, vii. 678), Governor 
 Denny appointed John Hughes, Edward Shippen, James Galbraith, 
 and Charles Beaty, Commissioners " to construct a fort there, and build 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 7 ! 
 
 inhabited exclusively by Mohicans, besides a mixed popula 
 tion of Indians. 
 
 At the first place I designed making a short stay ; at the 
 second I proposed sojourning eight days; and at the third 
 about three weeks; my object being to see and learn the 
 condition, of the Indians there, and to try what could be 
 done for the Saviour, without exposing myself rashly to 
 dangers. 
 
 The Six Nations of the Iroquois are admirable warriors in 
 their way, faithful as friends, but .implacable as foes; and 
 yet even in the latter relation they act honorably. If, for 
 instance, the ambassador of a hostile tribe which has vio 
 lated national law, appear before the great Council at Onon- 
 daga, he pays the penalty of his presumption by suffering 
 summary death. If, however, he first apply to the Senecas, 
 who control all matters of war, they either furnish him 
 with an escort to the capital, or else reprimand him as fol 
 lows: "Your people have been guilty of an unpardonable 
 offence in murdering our ambassador. We could retaliate 
 by taking your life, but this would be base. Begone, there 
 fore, to your country. There we will meet you, and chas 
 tise you." 
 
 These Indians perpetuate the memory of their heroes in 
 heroic poems, which are so accurately handed down orally, 
 
 as many houses as shall be necessary for the present residence, security, 
 and protection of the Indians from their enemies." 
 
 In the spring of 1758, " Teedyuscung s town" was finished. It 
 stood a little below the site of Wilkesbarre. Scull s Map of 1759 
 notes it Wioming. This was the last Indian settlement in the historic 
 Valley of the Five Nations. Here Teedyuscung was burnt in his 
 lodge on the night of the iQth of April, 1763, and hence the Indians 
 fled in October of the same year, after having struck the last blow for 
 the possession of the " Great Plains," when, on the I5th of the month, 
 they fell upon the whites, who a year before had come from Connec 
 ticut, and built and planted upon their "perpetual reserve." 
 
7 2 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 that it is impossible for any one to boast of feats which he 
 has not performed. The Black Prince* of Onondaga is a 
 terrible savage. On one occasion he broke into the stock 
 aded castle of the enemy, scalped the inhabitants, and 
 escaped unhurt. While on a visit to Colonel Nicolls, one 
 of the colonel s servants poured water on him. With a 
 thrust of his knife, the enraged Indian stabbed the man in 
 the stomach, so that he fell dead at his feet. Straightway 
 he informed Nicolls of what had occurred. "This act," 
 said the latter, "would be regarded a capital offence in 
 Europe?" "With us," retorted the Prince, "trifling 
 with a warrior, is regarded a capital offence, and hence I 
 slew your man. If death is decreed me, here I am ; do 
 with me, according to your laws." The Prince is still 
 living. 
 
 My dear Caxhaytonf is still a member of the great 
 Council at Onondaga. I will give you an instance of the 
 equitable manner in which this body of legislators admin 
 isters justice. It was through them that the difficulties 
 which Captain JohnJ had raised about our right to the 
 Nazareth tract, were satisfactorily adjusted. We had 
 offered to buy his claim. This Governor Thomas forbade 
 us to do, as something had transpired, which in that case 
 would implicate government. John and other Indians 
 who like him were squatters, having leagued together, in 
 formed the Proprietaries that they would not abandon their 
 settlements, that they would defend themselves in case an 
 attempt were made to eject them, adding that the Six Na 
 tions were pledged to sustain them. Some time after this 
 
 * Qucere The Black Briar, mentioned by Conrad Weisser as a 
 Sachem at Onondaga in 1745 ? 
 
 f A private counsellor of Cannassatego, Sachem of the Onondagas. 
 
 J Captain John, a Delaware, son of old Captain Harris, of Pocopoco, 
 and half-brother of Teedyuscung. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 73 
 
 (it was in June), Sachems of the Onondagas, Senecas, and 
 Tuscaroras came to Philadelphia. There were no Maquas 
 present. In treaties relative to the sale of lands they sel 
 dom take part, as they have long since bartered away for 
 rum their interest in the estates of the Confederacy. The 
 deputies brought complaint against the government of 
 Maryland for the remissness of the whites in that colony in 
 paying for lands taken by them from the Indians.* This 
 induced Gov. Thomasf to write to Annapolis ; J whence, in 
 consequence of his representation, an ambassador, em 
 powered by that government to render satisfaction, was 
 sent to Shamokin. The Governor next brought before the 
 consideration of the Sachems the case of Captain John and 
 
 * " We have further to observe," continued Canassatego, " with re 
 spect to the lands lying on the west side of the Susquehanna, that 
 though brother Onas has paid us for what his people possess, yet 
 some parts of that country have been taken up by persons whose place 
 of residence is to the south of this Province, from whom we have 
 never received any consideration. You will inform the person whose 
 people are seated on our lands, that that country belongs to us in right 
 of conquest. We have bought it with our blood, and taken it from 
 our enemies in fair war; and we expect, as owners of that land, to 
 receive such a consideration for it as the land is worth. We desire 
 you will press him to send us a positive answer. Let him say yes or 
 no ; if he says yes, we will treat with him ; if no, we are able to do 
 ourselves justice, and we will do it by going to take payment on our 
 selves." Minutes of Provincial Council, July 7, 1742. 
 
 f George Thomas, " Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Penn 
 sylvania and of the Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on 
 Delaware," for the Proprietaries, John and Thomas Penn, from June, 
 1738, to June, 1747, in which year he returned to England. 
 
 J " It was the opinion of the Board that the Governor write to Gov. 
 Ogle, of Maryland, without delay, to inform him of the Indians com 
 plaint and threats, and to request a satisfactory answer, and that his 
 letter be sent by a special messenger at the public expense." Mimttes 
 of Provincial Council, July 8, 1742. 
 
 6 
 
74 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 others. After having examined the drafts and deeds of 
 purchase, and having satisfied themselves that the lands in 
 dispute had been justly bought, they summoned the Dela- 
 wares to appear and answer for their intrusion. The latter 
 alleged in defense that the English had deceived them, that 
 they had cheated them out of their lands, and were treating 
 them like dogs, adding, that they would retaliate. Here 
 upon the Iroquois, addressing the Delawares, said : 
 " Cousins, you are a contentious people. The lands have 
 been justly bought of us by the English. You have no 
 right to them, and we order you to leave. Brother Onas* 
 allotted seats to you on the other side of the Blue Mountain. 
 But even there some of you have given us trouble. You 
 are all children, devoid of understanding, and unable to 
 govern yourselves. Therefore we now order you to come 
 up to Shamokin, where you will be under our immediate 
 oversight." The Delawares, hereupon, asked time for con 
 sideration ; and a few weeks ago an ambassador from them 
 arrived here and brought the following reply: "Uncles, 
 you spoke the truth when you said that we were children, 
 devoid of understanding, and unable to govern ourselves. 
 We confess that we do not know what to do, and what not 
 to do, and that we need fathers and guardians to watch 
 over and counsel us. We thank you for your reproof, and 
 next spring we will come here and occupy the lands you 
 promised to give us." 
 
 Friday, September 21, 1742. We met in conference at 
 Bethlehem, in the course of which Brother Antonf installed 
 
 * Onas. " Onas, signifying a quill, in the language of the Five 
 Nations, is the name they give the Governors of Pennsylvania, since 
 it was first settled by William Penn." Minutes of Provincial Council, 
 September 10, 1722. 
 
 f Anton Seyffert. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 75 
 
 Huber* into the office of Vice-elder. We concluded 
 Benigna had better not accompany us, as the journey was 
 likely to be fatiguing and dangerous. After having taken 
 affectionate leave of her, of Anton, and of Rosina,f we set 
 out, and took the road to Tulpehocken,J keeping between 
 Long Swamp and the Oley Hills. || We rode on until 
 late at night. Before we reached our place of destination 
 it grew dark as pitch, and riding became very difficult. I 
 
 * John Michael Huber, from the Tyrol, came to Pennsylvania with 
 the first colony of Brethren in June of 1742. Lost at sea in a hurri 
 cane on the passage to St. Thomas, in October of 1747, along with the 
 missionaries Joseph and Mary Shaw. 
 
 f Rosina, wife of Bishop David Nitschmann, came to America with 
 Zinzendorf in December of 1741. She was appointed Eldress of the 
 Bethlehem congregation in June of 1742. 
 
 J Tulpehocken originally comprised the lands lying along the creek 
 of that name, now in the counties of Berks and Lebanon. It is here used 
 to designate Heidelberg Township, in which Conrad Weisser resided. 
 
 | Long Swamp, now a township in the southeastern part of Berks 
 County. It is noted on Scull s map of 1759. 
 
 || The Oley Hills are a continuation of the South Mountain, and 
 terminate at Reading. Oley (Swedish ?), also called Malothon, Moletten, 
 Molatton (now a township of Berks County, west of the Manatawny], 
 was settled by the Swedes prior to 1700. About 1712 the De Tiircks, 
 the Bertolets, the De Levans, the De Langs, and other French Hugue 
 nots from Esopus, took up farms in Oley. With these, and also 
 with John and Henry Leimbach and other families, the Brethren 
 became acquainted through Eschenbach. As Oley was within his 
 circuit, Zinzendorf, on his first tour through the German settlements 
 southwest of Bethlehem, preached there, in Mr. John Bertolet s house, 
 on second Christmas, 1741. 
 
 In 1745 a school for boys and girls was opened by the Brethren 
 on the farm of John Leimbach. In 1750 a building for that purpose 
 was erected by them, and dedicated, in December of the year, by 
 Gottlieb Pezold. In July of 1751 the school was discontinued. The 
 house is said to be still standing. Several of the Leimbachs removed 
 to Moravian settlements in North Carolina in 1765. 
 
7 6 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 was struck on the cheek and on the left eye by the limb 
 of a tree, and several of the Sisters fell from their horses. 
 No one, however, was seriously injured. At last we entered 
 the borders of Oley, and reached Brother Biirstler s* house. 
 As the family were in bed and asleep, we awakened them by 
 singing " Herr Zebaoth"^ whereupon they recognized 
 their visitors, and gave us a hearty reception. 
 
 Sept. 22. Came as far as Henry Leimbach s.J Here we 
 laid over, as I was expecting the Elder, and as it was 
 Saturday. I retired into my private apartment to attend to 
 
 * Jacob Burstler, a Palatine. In 1747 he had 102 acres of land on 
 the Lehigh Mountain patented him by the three Penns. This he sold 
 to the Brethren in 1749. Still residing in Oley in 1755, in the spring 
 of which year his wife came to Bethlehem to instruct the girls of " Ihe 
 Family" in the manufacture of straw hats, 
 f Herr Zebaoth ! 
 
 Du wahrer Gott der Kreatur ! 
 
 Gott, Schopfer der Natur ! 
 
 Gott, der die ganze Welt erhalt ! 
 
 Und was verdarb 
 
 Mit Blut erwarb 
 
 Und heiliget, 
 
 Sey von uns angebet ! 
 
 " So wahr Du lebst, 
 Und dich erhebst auf Cherubim, 
 Und blendst die Seraphim, 
 Und der Jehova bist und Christ ; 
 So bleibt dein Blut 
 Das hochste Gut 
 Der Siinderschaar ; 
 Du bist uns alles gar!" 
 
 " Hymnus der Genuine zu Bethlehem, mit der See-Gemeine vol- 
 lendet? June 13, 1742. 
 
 J Henry Leimbach accompanied the Count and his companions as 
 far as Otstonwakin. 
 \ Anton Seyffert. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 77 
 
 correspondence and to official business, although I was in 
 disposed, as I had been since leaving Bethlehem. We 
 fitted Sr. Molther* out for Europe, confirmed Pyrlaeus st 
 appointment to Philadelphia, J and Biittner s to Shecomeco. 
 I had a long and edifying conversation with Antes, || who 
 had come specially to see me, about our work in general. 
 
 * Johanna Sophia Molther, wife of Philip H. Molther, who at this 
 time was laboring in England with Spangenberg. She had come to 
 America with Anna Nitschmann in December of 1740, to aid Andrew 
 Eschenbach in the cause of home missions among the destitute German 
 immigrants. Deceased at Herrnhut in 1800. 
 
 f John Christopher Pyrlaeus. 
 
 J As minister of the gospel among the Lutherans. 
 
 \ Buttner left Bethlehem for his new field on the 4th October, 1742. 
 
 || Henry Antes, wheelwright and farmer in " Falkner s Swamp," 
 now Frederic Township, Montgomery County, became acquainted with 
 the Brethren through Spangenberg, while the latter was residing at 
 Christopher Wiegner s, in Skippack, between 1736 and 1739. Until 
 his decease in 1755, Mr. Antes maintained friendly relations with the 
 Brethren, and for five years (1745-1750) resided with his family at 
 Bethlehem. Here he was intrusted with the secular affairs of the 
 settlement, superintending the erection of buildings and mills both at 
 that pl^ce, on the Nazareth tract, and at the Mahoning Station. His 
 farm and house were in the mean time rented by the Brethren, and 
 the latter used as a school for boys. So great was the confidence they 
 reposed in him, that they had the deeds to their first purchases of lands 
 drawn up in his name, they" being prevented, as foreigners, from having 
 any^gal title to them. In 1752 he accompanied Bishop Spangenberg 
 on a tour of exploration into the wilds of North Carolina. He deceased 
 on his farm on the 2Oth of July, 1755. A number of official Brethren 
 from Bethlehem attended his funeral, and Spangenberg, in the course 
 of the services, bore public testimony to the Christian worth of the 
 pious layman of Frederic Township. His children were educated at 
 the schools of the Brethren. Margaret, a daughter, accompanied Zin- 
 zendorf to Europe in January of 1743, and was married to Benjamin 
 Latrobe at Herrnhut in April of 1756. John, a son, united with the 
 Brethren at Bethlehem in 1752, and entered the service of his adopted 
 
7 g COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Sept. 23. Antes preached with unction. After service we 
 set out for Tulpehocken. On the way we concluded that 
 Bohler should accompany us. The Indian Joshua resolved 
 to go with us also. As we were riding along we met Weis- 
 ser, accompanied by an English Justice of the Peace and 
 an Anabaptist preacher. The latter plied me with curious 
 questions, which I declined answering. I came to the con 
 clusion that the Baptists are the Inquisitors of Christianity. 
 Conrad pointed out a remarkable spring,* the largest in 
 this section of country, covering an acre of ground, and 
 fifteen feet deep. It drives a mill at its very outlet. 
 
 In Tulpehocken I had a slight contest with Satan about 
 the sacraments. A fierce fight was imminent, but a few 
 hours removed the occasion of offence. I changed my plan 
 in reference to Meurer,f and felt dispirited. His hearers 
 
 church. Pursuant to a call to Cairo, he started for London in the 
 spring of 1769. Here he embarked for Alexandria. At Cairo he met 
 the missionaries Hocker and Danke, awaiting a favorable season for 
 an entrance into Upper Egypt, where they designed to missionate 
 among the Copts. The intelligence which the traveler Bruce brought 
 to them, on his return from Abyssinia in 1773, of the implacable ani 
 mosity of the Copts against all Christians, discouraged them from 
 making any attempt in that field. In 1781, John Antes was recalled 
 to Europe. He deceased at Bristol, England, December n, 1811. 
 
 * Sinking Spring, five miles southwest of Reading. 
 
 f John Philip Meurer, from Alsace, came to Pennsylvania in June of 
 1742. Succeeded G. Biittner in the ministry among one party of Lu 
 therans, who had requested Zinzendorf on his first visit to Tulpe 
 hocken, in February of 1742, to supply them with a pastor. In 1745 
 left, and labored in the gospel successively in Donegal, Lebanon, along 
 the Swatara, in York, Oley, Salzburg, and Lynn. Deceased at Beth 
 lehem in April, 1760. The log-church at which the Brethren at first 
 preached in Tulpehocken had been built about 1730, and was four 
 miles from Weisser s house. In 1744 they erected a place of worship 
 on Tobias Bockel s farm, which was consecrated in April of 1745 by 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 79 
 
 presume to rank him equal with, and even superior to Biitt- 
 ner or Eschenbach.* I conferred on him temporary powers 
 as minister of the gospel by giving him a written certificate 
 to that effect, and this satisfied them. I feel convinced that 
 he will discharge his new functions with acceptance and 
 blessing. 
 
 . The plan I had proposed for the journey was somewhat 
 disconcerted by two circumstances which transpired while 
 I was here. In the first place, a message was brought to 
 Conrad, in reference to his embassy to Shamokin in the in 
 terests of the government of Maryland, by which we learned 
 that Governor Thomas endeavored by all the means in his 
 power to dissuade him from accompanying me. The Gov 
 ernor even went so far as to urge him to weigh the insig 
 nificance of my journey with the importance of the services 
 he could render him as his partisan in the disagreement 
 existing between him and the Assembly. The expressions 
 made use of by the Governor were highly unbecoming a 
 person in his position. Conrad, however, after some hesi 
 tation, resolved to accompany me. A second source of 
 
 Spangenberg, and the log-church reverted to the Lutherans. This was 
 the Heidelberg church. Ellert Coortsen was the last incumbent. He 
 left in 1795. 
 
 * Andrew Eschenbach, from Naumburg, was sent to Pennsylvania 
 by the Brethren to continue the work that Spangenberg had initiated 
 among the Germans, as well as to second Whitefield in his great re 
 ligious movement among a population that his preaching failed to 
 reach. Eschenbach arrived at Philadelphia in October of 1740. Set 
 ting out from here, he preached the gospel at Germantown, in Skip- 
 pack, Frederictown, Oley, Conestoga, Tulpehocken, Heidelberg, and 
 along Mill Creek, preparing the way for Moravian settlements in most 
 of these neighborhoods. He was, therefore, the pioneer in the work 
 of home-missions, to which the Brethren devoted themselves with sur 
 prising energy between 1742 and 1750. In 1747, Eschenbach with 
 drew from their communion. Deceased on his farm, in Oley, in 1763. 
 
8o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 annoyance was the intelligence I had received of the Neu- 
 berts * arrival from England, of their inopportune stay at 
 Philadelphia, and of the sensation they had caused at Beth 
 lehem by having brought with them an adopted child. 
 
 Dated In tent on the bank of the Otschtonwaky (Loyal 
 Sock), en route for the Shawanese and other Indians of 
 Skehandowana, Oct. 3, 1742. 
 
 Sept. 24. Set out from Weisser s,f and in the evening 
 came to a log-house at the foot of the Kittatinny,J or Blue 
 Mountain. Just before we reached the end of the day s 
 journey, and not far from our contemplated stopping-place, 
 a man met us, and in a very friendly way offered us a bottle 
 of wine. Weisser remarked that as he was aged he per 
 haps wished to do one more good act in his life. I, how 
 ever, ascertained, before we left the house at which we 
 lodged, that he had a petty suit-at-law pending, and as 
 Weisser was a Justice of the Peace, he evidently wished to 
 conciliate him.S 
 
 * Daniel and Hannah Neubert. 
 
 } Near Womelsdorf. 
 
 J Written also Kechkachtany, Kittochtinny, Delaware, signifying 
 endless hills. 
 
 $ The route taken by the travelers from Weisser s to Shamokin, was 
 probably the same that the interpreter had followed on his memorable 
 journey to Onondaga, in February of 1739, by which Spangenberg 
 had traveled thither in 1745, and which is traced on an old map of 
 Pennsylvania, drawn by the Brethren to show the various neighbor 
 hoods and points in the Province where they labored. In 1742 this 
 route still lay within the Counties of Lancaster and Philadelphia, bear 
 ing away from Heidelberg, or Tulpehocken, about forty miles to the 
 northwest. The passage of the " first Blue Mountain" was effected at 
 the Great Swatara Gap in Lebanon County, called Tolheo by the In 
 dians, corrupted into " The Hole" Here Bethel was commenced a 
 few years later, and here in 1754 there was erected a block-house, gar- 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 8 1 
 
 Sept. 25. The weather was very unpleasant. We crossed 
 an exceedingly high mountain,* which was almost impass- 
 
 risoned by Captain Busse s Company of the Pennsylvania Battalion, 
 commanded by Lieut.-Col. Weisser. From this point the road led 
 through an Alpine region of country over the successive ridges that 
 run parallel to the Kittatinny, over Second, Third, Peters s, Berry s, 
 and Mahantango Mountains, in Dauphin, and over Line and Mahanoy 
 Mountains, in Northumberland. The Wicomsco, Mahantango, Maha 
 noy, and Shamokin Creeks were the largest streams that lay in the way. 
 Weisser has the following record in his journal : " Feb. 28, 1737- We 
 remained at Tolheo on account of bad weather, and to procure some 
 necessaries for the journey. March I, we set out from Tolheo, which 
 is the last place in the inhabited part of Pennsylvania, and the same 
 day we reached the top of the Kiditanny Mountain. The snow 
 was about a foot deep. The 2d and 3d, we found nothing but ice 
 under the new-fallen snow on the north side of the mountain, which 
 caused dangerous falls to ourselves and horses. The 4th, we reached 
 Shamokin" 
 
 The map of Pennsylvania alluded to above, notes the places at which 
 the Count and his fellow-travelers halted on the journey, in the follow 
 ing order: Ludwig s Fotintain (south of Swatara Gap), The Hole, 
 ErdtmitJi s Spring, Ludwig^s Rest, Anna s Valley, Benigna s Creek, 
 The Double Eagle, Jacob s Heights, Filrstenberg, Kdnigsberg, and 
 Shamokin. Most of these names were probably given by the Count 
 for present and absent friends. 
 
 Spangenberg s journal is more explicit in the enumeration of the 
 stations. He writes as follows : " May 31, 1745. Set out from Tulpe- 
 hocken, crossed the Great Swatara, and climbed the steep and rocky 
 Thurnstein. On its summit drank of ErdmutK s Spring, descended 
 the mountain, and nooned at Ludwig s Rest. Next came to Anna s 
 Valley, and encamped on Benigncts Creek (quaere the Mahantango ?}, 
 near The Double Eagle? June \st. Crossed LeimbacJi s Creek (quaere 
 the Mahanoyl], ascended Jacob s Heights, and at noon struck the 
 Susquehanna, fifteen miles south of Shamokin. Now passed through 
 Joseph s Valley. Having rested at Marienborn, we climbed the steep 
 Spangenberg^*^ Eve s Creek (the Shamokin), and arrived at Sha 
 mokin." 
 
 * Quaere Third Mountain ? Zinzendorf was also Count and Lord 
 
82 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 able on account of rocks and sharp stones. As the ridge 
 had no name, and as it lay in the route usually traveled by 
 Weisser and by the Six Nations, he named it Thilrnstein. 
 The forest here was of high growth, composed chiefly of 
 the tallest hemlocks, and we were about entering upon a 
 very wild region of country. We fixed our first encamp 
 ment on the journey at the foot of the mountain, and passed 
 the night comfortably in the spacious tent with which we 
 were provided. 
 
 Sept. 26. We passed a memorial stone that had been set 
 up by an Iroquois brave. On it was a delineation of his 
 person so accurately executed as even to represent the lines 
 cut in upon his face. Besides, he had affixed strokes of red, 
 black, and white paint, respectively indicating the different 
 fights in which he had been engaged ; the red strokes by their 
 number denoting his victories, the black his defeats, and 
 the white the drawn battles in which he had contended. At 
 Conrad Weisser s Creek we had passed a stone with a simi 
 lar painting, from the character of which we discerned that 
 the hero who had erected it belonged to the Wolf tribe or 
 division of Indians, for they are divided into three, called 
 the Wolf, the Bear, and the Turtle. Not far from the 
 same place we saw also the tomb of a hero. On this day 
 we met with fewer difficulties on the road, but had to en 
 camp for the night in a savage wilderness, and David grew 
 fretful. 
 
 Sept. 28. The word of Scripture which had been allotted 
 us as a subject for meditation contained a promise of en- 
 
 of Pottendorf, and Lord of the Baronies of Freydeck, Schoneck, and 
 Thurnstein. The latter was the name he retained when, soon after 
 his arrival in Pennsylvania, he renounced his rank so as to screen the 
 name of Zinzendorf from the opprobrium he feared would be cast upon 
 it by the assaults of his detractors. See Bitdingische Sammlung, Part 
 xv. No. 17. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 83 
 
 cotiragement. I remarked that we would see this promise 
 fulfilled before night, as the Lord designed to encourage 
 us by permitting us to meet Shikellimy.* "That is im- 
 
 * Shikellimy, alias Sivatane, an Oneida chief of the Oquacho, or Wolf 
 tribe of Indians, was in 1728 acting representative of. the Five Nations 
 in business affairs with the Proprietary government. About 1745 he 
 was appointed their vicegerent, and in this capacity administered their 
 tributaries within the Province, with Shamokin for his seat. It was 
 because of the large influence he came in this way to wield that the 
 English always courted his favor, and this they ever retained. Scarce 
 a treaty (and these were of frequent occurrence between 1728 and 
 1748, respecting the purchase of lands) but Shikellimy was present, 
 and by his moderate counsels aided in an amicable solution of the 
 intricate questions with which these conferences were concerned. The 
 acquaintance which Zinzendorf made with him was carefully followed 
 up by the Brethren, and ripened into a friendship which ceased only 
 with the death of the noble old chief. In the summer of 1745 he was 
 Spangenberg s escort to Onondaga. During a stay of three weeks at 
 Bethlehem, prior to setting out on the journey, he formally adopted 
 several of the leading Brethren into the Indian race by naming them 
 for distinguished chiefs, an act which conferred privileges as well as 
 honor upon the recipients. Spangenberg received the name T gir- 
 hitontie, " a row of trees," on the way to Onondaga. It was at Shi- 
 kellimy s request that the Brethren built a smithy at Shamokin in 1747, 
 which then became the central point of their operations along the Sus- 
 quehanna. Marx Kieffer, the resolute blacksmith, kept to his anvil 
 here until late in October of 1755, and was the last white man to leave 
 the doomed region, in which the sudden appearance of French Indians, 
 painted for war, betokened the approach of the storm that was soon to 
 sweep the defenseless borders of the Province. 
 
 " On the 6th of October, 1747, I set out for Shamokin, by the way 
 of Paxtang, because the weather was bad. I arrived at Shamokin on 
 the 9th, about noon. I was surprised to see Shikellimy in such a 
 miserable condition as ever my eyes beheld ; he was hardly able to 
 stretch out his hand to bid me welcome ; in the same condition was 
 his* wife, his three sons not quite so bad ; also one of his daughters, 
 and two or three of his grandchildren, all had the fever ; there were 
 three buried out of the family a few days before, viz., Cajadies, Shi- 
 
84 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 possible," said Conrad. " Shikellimy can, under no cir 
 cumstances, return to Shamokin within six weeks." This 
 he said, as the Sachem had undertaken a journey to Onon- 
 daga in the interests of Maryland, and not a week had 
 elapsed since he had parted with him at Tulpehocken. 
 
 We traveled on, and soon struck the lovely Susquehanna. 
 Riding along its bank, we came to the boundary of Sha 
 mokin, a precipitous hill, such as I scarce ever saw. I was 
 reminded by it of Wenzel Neisser s experience in Italy. 
 Anna,* who is the most courageous of our number, and a 
 
 kellimy s son-in-law, that had been married to his daughter above 
 fifteen years, and reckoned the best hunter among all the Indians ; also 
 his oldest son s wife, and his grandchild. Next morning, I adminis 
 tered the medicines to Shikellimy and one of his sons, under the direc 
 tion of Doctor Graeme, which had a very good effect upon both. Shi 
 kellimy was able to walk about with me with a stick in his hand before 
 I left Shamokin, which was on the I2th, in the afternoon." C. Weis- 
 ser to Provincial Council, 
 
 Shikellimy died at Shamokin, December 17, 1748, in the presence 
 of a daughter, and of the missionary, David Zeisberger, who had at 
 tended him in his illness. Several days after his decease, his second 
 son, Logan, returned home from a far-off journey, to weep over the 
 lifeless body of the parent he so much esteemed. The Brethren, Zeis 
 berger and Henry Fry, made him a coffin, and the Indians, having 
 painted the corpse in gay colors, and decked it with the choicest orna 
 ments, carried the remains of their honored chieftain to the burial-place 
 of his fathers on the banks of the " Winding River." 
 
 Shikellimy was succeeded in the vicegerency by his oldest son, 
 Tachnachdoarus, "a spreading oak," alias John Shikellimy. His 
 second son was James Logan, named for Secretary Logan, of German- 
 town. Logan was lame. John Petty was the youngest of the three 
 brothers, and bore the name of an Indian-trader. 
 
 * Anna Nitschmann, born 1715, at Kunewalde, in Moravia, was the 
 daughter of David Nitschmann, Sr., a Moravian confessor, and a fugi 
 tive from Roman Catholic persecution. Fled to Herrnhut with her 
 parents in 1725. While here, she became the subject of deep religious 
 impressions, was admitted into communion with the Brethren, and, 
 
AND THE INDIANS, 85 
 
 heroine, led in the descent. I took the train of her riding- 
 habit in my hand to steady me in the saddle, Conrad held 
 to the skirt of my overcoat, and Bohler to Conrad s. In 
 this way we mutually supported each other, and the Saviour 
 assisted us in descending the hill in safety. Toward even 
 ing we reached Shamokin, where Conrad, to his surprise, 
 met Shikellimy, by whom he was welcomed to the town. 
 
 While the tent was being pitched, I took a stroll. An 
 Indian whom I chanced to meet presented me with a melon, 
 
 before having attained her fifteenth year, filled the responsible office of 
 Eldress of the congregation. In 1736 she left Herrnhut, and with 
 others accompanied Count Zinzendorf into banishment to the Castle of 
 Ronneburg, near Frankfort-on-the-Main. The next year she spent in 
 England. In 1740 she sailed for Pennsylvania, in company with her 
 father, Christian Frohlich, David Nitschmann, Episc., and Johanna S. 
 Molther. Here she and Molther traveled through the rural districts, 
 laboring in spiritual things among the females and children of the 
 different and distant neighborhoods which constituted Eschenbach s 
 circuit. So as not to be a burden to the hard-working people among 
 whom she missionated, she assisted them in the labors of the house and 
 of the farm ; for Anna Nitschmann was the daughter of a peasant, and 
 had often watched her father s sheep in the pastures of Kunewalde. On 
 Zinzendorf s arrival in Pennsylvania, she repaired to Philadelphia, and 
 thence to Germantown, where, in company with his daughter Benigna, 
 she was employed in the Brethren s school for children. "In 1742," 
 she writes in her autobiography, " we were three times among the In 
 dians. The last journey was into the heart of their country, where we 
 sojourned forty-nine days, encamping under the open heavens in a 
 savage wilderness, amid wild beasts and venomous snakes." She re 
 turned to England with Zinzendorf. The interval of her life between 
 1743 and 1756 was passed in England and on the Continent. In June 
 of 1757, not long after the decease of Countess Erdmuth, she became 
 Zinzendorf s consort, and on the 2 1st of May, 1760, followed the man 
 at whose side she had labored many years in the cause of Christ s 
 kingdom, into the eternal world. Several of her sacred lyrics are in 
 the authorized collection of German hymns in use in the Brethren s 
 Church, and are incomparably beautiful. 
 
86 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 in return for which I gave him my fur cap. I also met Shi- 
 kellimy. The Viceroy took my hand in his, pressed it re 
 peatedly, and then turned to Weisser, "to steal my mission" 
 as the Indians say; in other words, to sound him as to what 
 proposals I intended to make. The latter reiterated what 
 he had already told him, saying that I was a servant of the 
 living God ; that as such I wrought in a different way from 
 others of that class who had called upon him, and that I 
 taught mercy and grace, and not works or moral duties, as 
 a ground of pardon or justification. Shikellimy hereupon 
 expressed his pleasure at the arrival of such a messenger 
 among his people, and then took Conrad into his lodge. 
 
 On returning to the tent from my stroll, I found Jeannette 
 engaged in conversation with a Mohican woman. They 
 conversed in Indian. I was surprised at meeting a Mohican 
 at Shamokin, and more so on learning that the woman was 
 the sister of Nannachdausch, who had built my hut at She- 
 comeco, and who had been my provider while there. This 
 was a trifling coincidence; but Shikellimy s presence I inter 
 preted as- a special divine token. I need not say it was 
 opportune, for Joshua was indisposed, and David was dis 
 heartened on account of the fatigues of the journey, and 
 we needed encouragement. 
 
 The train of circumstances which had resulted in Shi- 
 kellimy s unexpected and early return to Shamokin, was. 
 this. While on the way to Onondaga he had met Cax- 
 hayton, the Indian with whom I became acquainted at 
 Philadelphia. Shikellimy deputed him to convey the dis 
 patches with which he had been intrusted to the Iroquois, 
 notifying the latter that the bearer had been duly author 
 ized. Thus he was at liberty to return ; and at the same 
 time he brought word to Weisser from the Shawanese King 
 at Skehandowana, that he wished to see him once more 
 before he died. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 87 
 
 On the previous evening, while reprimanding David, I 
 had almost stepped into a pitfall, when, although I had 
 been severe in my remarks, he kindly pointed out the 
 danger. 
 
 Sept. 29. Shikellimy came into my tent. Seating myself 
 between him and Conrad, I requested an audience. It 
 having been granted, I proceeded to explain the object of 
 my visit, stating that already in early childhood I had been 
 favored with an intimate acquaintance with God, with his 
 being and with his attributes, and that I had come hither 
 in order to reveal this knowledge to the Indians. Where, 
 or in what tribe I would begin to teach, I had not yet de 
 termined; it being my custom, I continued, to instruct only 
 such as God himself had already addressed, and who felt 
 the need of some one to interpret to them the meaning of 
 the words He had spoken. In reply, he said that he ap 
 proved of my object, and expressed a willingness at the 
 same time to aid me in its accomplishment. 
 
 I next observed that his own case was an illustration in 
 point, and went on to relate my experience. " My early 
 return home and your arrival here simultaneously," re 
 sponded the Sachem, "are an extraordinary coincidence. 
 I believe it was preordained." Hereupon, perceiving that 
 he had no shirt, I handed him one, begging him to accept 
 it as a token of my childlike intercourse with him, and not 
 as a gift. "I thank you," he replied, as he took it. 
 
 I will now proceed to describe Shikellimy more fully As 
 the Iroquois Sachems were about setting out for home, after 
 my interview with them in Tulpehocken, I took occasion to 
 study their peculiarities. One of them in particular arrested 
 my attention. I was irresistibly drawn toward him, and I 
 longed to tell him of the Saviour. "He is my choice," I 
 remarked to Conrad (presuming the man to be Canassatego, 
 of whom he had just spoken to me in the highest terms). 
 
88 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 1 1 He is the Onondaga Sachem, I presume ?" " No, replied 
 Conrad, "he is Shikellimy, the Oneida." These words, I 
 confess, disconcerted me, as it was altogether improbable 
 that we would visit the Oneida country. On learning, 
 however, that Shikellimy resided at Shamokin (which town 
 we intended to visit on the way to the Shawanese), I was 
 reassured, and I also regarded our final determination not 
 to journey to the Mohawks as significantly providential. 
 
 On the road hither, I spoke much of Shikellimy, and of 
 the hopes I entertained of enlisting him in my service. 
 Weisser persisted in assuring me that, in consequence of his 
 prior engagements, the Sachem would be absent, and hence 
 it was presumption in me to reckon on his co-operation. He 
 spoke so positively, that I was almost inclined to believe 
 that Satan was bent upon foiling me. 
 
 "As you appear to be fascinated by this Indian," said 
 Conrad, "I will relate you an incident, which will serve to 
 illustrate his character. While on a journey to Onondaga, 
 whither I had been sent to negotiate a peace between the 
 Iroquois and the Cherokees,* and while passing through a 
 
 * " The Hon. James Logan, the President, acquainted the Board, 
 that not long after receiving, on the 2oth of Dec r last (1736), the let 
 ter from the Governor of Virginia on the subject of negotiating a peace 
 between the Indians of the Six Nations and the Southern Indians, 
 the Cherokees and Catawbas, he, the President, had an opportunity 
 of seeing Conrad Weisser in this place, and judging him, from the ex 
 perience this government has had of his honesty and fidelity, to be the 
 most proper person to carry to the Six Nations the message proposed 
 in that letter, he, the President, engaged Weisser to undertake the 
 business, and gave him proper instructions to that end ; that being re 
 turned, he, in his own words and handwriting, had given a very distinct 
 and satisfactory account of the errand he was sent on, in a paper, which 
 being laid before the Board and read, the answer of the Six Nations 
 is, in substance, that they were ready and willing to treat and conclude 
 a peace with their enemies, the Southern Indians, and proposed Albany 
 for the place of meeting, where they desired their Brother Onas might 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 89 
 
 savage wilderness, I was one day so completely exhausted 
 that I left my companions, and sat down by a tree, resolved 
 to die. Starvation stared me in the face, and death by 
 freezing was preferable to death by hunger. They hallooed 
 and shot signal-guns, but I remained quiet. 
 
 Shikellimy was the first one to discover me. Coming be 
 fore me, he stood in deep thought, and in silence, and after 
 some time asked me why I was there. I am here to die, 
 I replied. Ah! brother, said he, only lately you en 
 treated us not to despond, and will you now give way to 
 despair? Not in the least shaken in my resolution by this 
 appeal, I replied by saying, My good Shikellimy, as death 
 is inevitable, I will die where I am, and nothing shall pre 
 vail upon me to leave this spot. Ah! brother, resumed 
 the Sachem, you told me that we were prone to forget 
 God in bright days, and to remember him in dark days. 
 These are dark days. Let us then not forget God ; and 
 who knows but what He is even now near, and about to 
 come to our succor ? Rise, brother ! and we will journey 
 on. I felt ashamed at this rebuke administered by a poor 
 heathen, rose, and dragged myself away. 
 
 "Two days after this occurrence we reached Onondaga. "* 
 
 be present, and that they had agreed to a cessation of arms for one 
 year." Mimttes of Provincial Council, May 12, 1737. 
 
 * " In the year 1737 I was sent the first time to Onondaga, at the 
 desire of the governor of Virginia. I departed in the latter end of 
 February very unexpectedly for a journey of 500 English miles, through 
 a wilderness where there was neither road nor path, and at such a time 
 of the year when animals could not meet with food. There were with 
 me a Dutchman and three Indians. 
 
 " On the Qth of April I found myself extremely weak, through the 
 fatigues of so long a journey with cold and hunger which I had suf 
 fered. There having fallen a fresh snow about twenty inches deep, 
 and we being yet three days journey from Onondaga in a frightful 
 wilderness, my spirit failed, my body trembled and shook, and I 
 
 7 
 
9 o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Such was Shikellimy, the Sachem who had arrested my at 
 tention in Tulpehocken, and with whom I had been brought 
 into contact by the Providence of the Lamb. 
 
 Meanwhile the Lord was trying our faith; for David, 
 who was disheartened on account of the length and fatigues 
 of the journey, declared his inability to proceed farther, 
 and Joshua fell sick. David s conduct displeased me. 
 Perceiving that he was growing irritable, I advised him, by 
 all means, to turn back in time. He said he would. And 
 yet he remained sullen. I accordingly took him to task, and 
 although I did this severely, I found that I effected nothing 
 as long as I failed to convict him of the true cause of his 
 conduct. The moment I did this, however, he manifested 
 contrition, grew cheerful, kissed my hand, and became 
 perfectly docile. 
 
 I desire to impress the Brethren with the necessity of 
 exercising patience and wisdom in their intercourse with 
 the Indians, and of abstaining from conjecture when ad 
 ducing the reasons of things, which reasons the latter 
 already know, as they fail to discriminate between emotions 
 
 thought I should fall down and die. I stepped aside, and sat down 
 under a tree, expecting there to die. My companions soon missed me. 
 The Indians came back and found me sitting there. They remained 
 awhile silent; at last the old Indian said, My dear companion, thou 
 hast hitherto encouraged us; wilt thou now quite give up? Remem 
 ber that evil days are better than good days, for when we suffer much 
 we do not sin; sin will be driven otit of us by s^lffering, and God can 
 not extend his mercy to the former; but contrary-wise, when it goeth 
 evil with us, God has compassion on us. These words made me 
 ashamed. I rose up and traveled as well as I could." Conrad Weisser 
 to a Friend, 1746. 
 
 These "words of Shikellimy, reported by Spangenberg to Christian 
 David, in a letter from Towamensing, dated November 19, 1737, 
 moved several of the young Brethren at Marienborn, among whom 
 was Christian H. Ranch, to consecrate themselves to the work of mis 
 sions among the North American Indians. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 9 1 
 
 of the mind, and incentives to action, that are opposite in 
 their character. Excepting when they look full into the 
 wounds of the Lamb, their expression of countenance is 
 dark and sombre. The indigestible Indian corn that con 
 stitutes their principal diet tends to thicken their blood and 
 to stupefy their mental faculties. I would furthermore ob 
 serve that writers who represent the Indians as a more 
 highly favored race than the whites, are too hasty in their 
 conclusions. Perhaps the representation is made with de 
 sign ; at all events it is incorrect. To ascribe their custom 
 of going naked, or at least with outer wrappings only, to a 
 stoical indifference on their part to comfort, is altogether 
 erroneous; it is a necessity imposed on them by beggarly 
 poverty. The only point of difference between the Gipsy 
 and the Indian lies in the fact, that the latter refrains from 
 stealing from motives of fear rather than from motives of 
 honesty; this I think is demonstrated by the eagerness with 
 which he accepts shirts, horse-cloths, and whatever else may 
 serve to protect his person. The Indians are averse to wear 
 ing breeches, or garments that interfere with the free use 
 of their limbs. They also dispense with caps. The conse 
 quent exposure of the lower limbs and of the head induces 
 disease, subjects them to fevers and to chronic headaches, 
 afflicts them with boils, and weakens their constitutions 
 generally. Although they are aware of this, they refuse to 
 change their mode of dress, and live up to the truth of the 
 adage, "video meliora" etc., just as we do. 
 
 Persons born in America do not, usually, live as long 
 as the natives of other countries. A woman of forty here 
 is old. The Indians are disposed to overestimate their 
 age, and it is not an uncommon thing to learn from one or 
 another that he is a hundred years old, while his neighbors 
 assert positively that he is not much above fifty. Yet there 
 are such as attain a high age, but their condition is truly 
 
9 2 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 deplorable; witness Captain John s father,* who was left to 
 starve to death. 
 
 The Iroquois have peculiar institutions and customs. "A 
 tiger at home, a hare abroad" and "A lion abroad, a lamb 
 at home" are some of their maxims. Their mode of life 
 is directly opposed to the spirit of Christianity, as they 
 spend all their time in the chase or in war. The great 
 distancef to which they carry the latter is an evidence that 
 deep-seated revenge, and not self-defence, impels them to 
 engage in it. Onondaga is the seat of their Parliament, or 
 Council of Sachems or old men. They have no kings, in 
 our acceptation of the term; but they are governed by 
 Sachems, Judges, or old men. The word king conveys to 
 their minds an erroneous idea of a king s authority and 
 power, as they invariably associate with it the idea of a 
 usurper, such as occasionally wields their Parliament at his 
 pleasure, in virtue of his prowess, which no one is willing 
 to contest. . And yet, when speaking of the King of Eng 
 land, at treaties and conferences, they always style him 
 Sachem; whence, I infer, that the two terms are probably 
 synonymous in their minds. The Delawares have a hered 
 itary monarch who is called King by the English, and the 
 Shawanese style their chief King; but whether the latter is 
 hereditary, I am unable to say. The Delawares are subjects, 
 the Shawanese confederates, of the Six Nations. The form 
 of government among the latter resembles that of the Romans 
 during the time of the Consulate. In war, however, they 
 differ from that people, in not converting conquered terri 
 tory into provinces. 
 
 * Old Captain Harris of Pocopoco. 
 
 j- " The 5 Indian Nations are the most warlike people in America 
 @ are a bulwark between us @ the French @ all other Indians. 
 They goe as far as the South Sea, the North West passage @ Florida to 
 warr" Gov. Dongarfs Report to the Committee on Trade of the Pro 
 vince of New York, Feb. 1687. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 93 
 
 The Indians are proverbially revengeful, and, like the 
 Israelites, transmit resentment to succeeding generations. 
 Such is their repugnance to labor, that rather than engage 
 in it they cheerfully undergo severe privation. An Indian 
 that is given to work, you may rely upon it, is either a child 
 of God, or else one that has been infected with the spirit 
 of avarice, the root of all evil, by contact with the whites. 
 It prompts him, however, merely to provide a sufficiency of 
 clothing and of rum; the acquisition of wealth he never 
 entertains. Our Mohicans at Shecomeco go decently clad, 
 are cleanly in their habits and in their huts, and have for 
 bidden rum to be brought to their village. 
 
 His continued indisposition had compelled us to leave 
 Joshua at Shamokin, in care of Mack and his wife. The 
 Lord so ordered. 
 
 " \Ver weisz was sie da saen, 
 Dasz Er zu seiner Zeit kann gehen mah n !" 
 
 On Saturday, the 2%th, we wished to pray the Litany, but 
 the merry-making of the Indians disconcerted us. I ac 
 cordingly dispatched Conrad to Sachem Shikellimy to in 
 form him that we were about to speak to our God. This 
 had the desired effect, and immediately on the former s 
 return, the beating of drums ceased, and the voices of the 
 Indians were hushed. Obedience among this people is 
 yielded only when it is positively demanded, as they are 
 without laws to enforce it. The Indian s national history 
 is inscribed on his memory, and I am inclined to believe 
 nevertheless that it is almost as reliable as our own. 
 
 Sept. 30. Set out on our journey. The Sachem pointed 
 out the ford over the Susquehanna. This river is here 
 much broader than the Delaware, the water beautifully 
 transparent, and were it not for smooth rocks in its bed, it 
 would be easily fordable. In crossing, we had therefore 
 
94 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 to pull up our horses, and keep a tight rein. The high 
 banks of American rivers render their passage on horseback 
 extremely difficult. 
 
 To the left of the path, after crossing the river, a large 
 cave in a rocky hill in the wilderness was shown us. From 
 it the surrounding country and the West Branch of the 
 Susquehanna are called Otzinachson? i.e. the "Demon s 
 Den;" for here the evil spirits, say the Indians, have their 
 seats and hold their revels. 
 
 We had ridden past scarcely two miles, when the pack- 
 horse which carried our provisions suddenly grew restive, 
 made a spring, broke the rope by which he was attached to 
 Henry Leimbach s animal, and galloped headlong in the 
 direction of the cave. This did not disconcert us otherwise 
 than to bring us to a halt. Conrad dismounted, went in 
 search of the horse, and found him a mile back, caught in 
 the bushes by the rope. 
 
 The country through which we were now riding, although 
 a wilderness, showed indications of extreme fertility. As 
 soon as we left the path we trod on swampy ground, over 
 which traveling on horseback was altogether impracticable. 
 We halted half an hour while Conrad rode along the river 
 bank in search of a ford. The foliage of the forest at this 
 season of the year, blending all conceivable shades of green, 
 red, and yellow, was truly gorgeous, and lent a richness to 
 the landscape that would have charmed an artist. At times 
 we wound through a continuous growth of diminutive oaks, 
 reaching no higher than our horses girths, in a perfect sea 
 of scarlet, purple, and gold, bounded along the horizon by 
 the gigantic evergreens of the forest. 
 
 During the journey thus far I have not seen any snakes, 
 although the banks of the Susquehanna are said to be the 
 resort of a species which lies on the tops of the low bushes 
 
 Written variously, Chenasky, Zinachson, Quinachson, Oxenaxa. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 95 
 
 in wait to spring upon the passing traveler. The country 
 generally abounds in reptiles, bears, and other wild 
 animals. 
 
 We camped out twice on the journey. During the 
 second night there was a sudden and heavy fall of rain, 
 and all our horses excepting one strayed away. As we 
 were not far from Otstonwakin, Conrad rode to the village. 
 He soon returned in company with Andrew,* Madame 
 Mon tour s oldest son. Just then our horses came in. 
 
 Andrew s cast of countenance is decidedly European, 
 and had not his face been encircled with a broad band of 
 
 * Andrew Montour, alias Sattelihu, was for a number of years in 
 the employ of the Proprietaries as assistant interpreter in their nego 
 tiations with the Indians of the interior. He usually accompanied 
 Weisser on his missions to their country, and when negotiating with 
 Delawares, interpreted for the former, who was ignorant of the Dela 
 ware. As both spoke Mohawk, they were prepared to confer with all 
 the Indian tribes with which the English had. dealings. At the time 
 of the Count s visit Andrew was residing on an island in the Susque- 
 hanna above Shamokin. Hence he accompanied Spangenberg to 
 Onondaga in June of 1745. In 1748 he entered the service of the 
 Province, and soon after requested permission to settle near the whites. 
 " Andrew has pitched upon a place in the Proprietary s manor, at 
 Canataqueany, and expects government to build him a house there, 
 and furnish his family with necessaries. He seems to be very hard to 
 please." (Weisser to Richard Peters.} In April of 1752, Governor 
 Hamilton furnished him with a commission under the Lesser Seal, " to 
 go and reside in Cumberland County, over the Blue Hills, on unpur- 
 chased lands, to prevent others from settling there or from trading with 
 the Indians." In 1755 he was still residing on his grant, ten miles 
 northwest of Carlisle, between the Conedogwinet and the mountain, 
 and was Captain of a company of Indians in the English service. Rose 
 to be a Major. Andrew acted as interpreter for the governor of Virginia 
 at several important treaties. The French, in 1753, set a price of ,100 
 upon his head. In May of 1761 he was his Majesty s Interpreter to the 
 United Nations. He is said to have led the party of warriors who, in 
 1780, surprised and took captive the Gilbert family, near Lehighton. 
 
9 6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 paint, applied with bear s fat, I would certainly have taken 
 him for one. He wore a brown broadcloth coat, a scarlet 
 damasken lappel-waistcoat, breeches, over which his shirt 
 hung, a black Cordovan neckerchief, decked with silver 
 bugles, shoes and stockings, and a hat. His ears were 
 hung with pendants of brass and other wires plaited to 
 gether like the handle of a basket. He was very cordial, 
 but on addressing him in French, he, to my surprise, re 
 plied in English. 
 
 When a short distance from the village, Andrew left us 
 and rode ahead to notify the inhabitants of our approach. 
 As soon as they saw us, they discharged their firearms by 
 way of salute, and repeated this mode of welcome on our 
 arriving at the huts. Here we dismounted and repaired 
 to Madame Montour s* quarters. Her husband, who had 
 
 * Madame Montour, one of the characters in the history of English 
 intercourse with the various tribes of Indians, settled along the Sus- 
 quehanna or moving over that great thoroughfare of Indian travel, was 
 a French Canadian. In early life she married Roland Montour, a 
 Seneca brave, and on his death, Carandowana, alias Robert Hunter, 
 chief of the Oneidas, with whom she was living on the Chenasky, 
 probably at Otstonwakin, as early as 1727. In that year she acted as 
 interpreter to the Province at a Conference held in Philadelphia, be 
 tween Governor Gordon and Sachems of the Five Nations. Again in 
 October of 1728. "It was afterwards considered by the Board what 
 present might be proper to be made to Mistress Montour and her hus 
 band, Carandowana; and it was agreed that Five Pounds in Bills of 
 Credit, should be given to Mistress Montour and her husband." 
 Minutes of Provincial Council, October 1 1, 1728. 
 
 In September of 1734, while attending a treaty in that city, the Pro 
 prietaries, John and Thomas Penn, condoled with her publicly at the 
 loss of her husband, who had been killed since their last meeting in war 
 with the Catawabas. " We had a great esteem," they said to the In 
 dians present, " for our good friend your chief, Carandowana, and were 
 much grieved to hear of his death, but as you and we have long since 
 covered his dead body, we shall say nothing more of that subject." At 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 97 
 
 been a chief, had been killed in battle with the Catawbas. 
 When the old woman saw us she wept. In course of con 
 versation, while giving her a general account of the Brethren 
 and their circumstances, I mentioned that one of our towns 
 was named Bethlehem. Hereupon she interrupted me and 
 said: "The place in France where Jesus and the holy 
 family lived was also named Bethlehem." I was surprised 
 at the woman s ignorance, considering she had been born 
 and brought up a Christian. At the same time I thought 
 I had evidence of the truth of the charge brought against 
 the French missionaries, who are said to make it a point to 
 teach the Indians that Jesus had been a Frenchman, and 
 that the English had been his crucifiers. Without attempt 
 ing to rectify her misapprehension, I in a few words stated 
 our views, replying to her inquiries with sincerity of pur 
 pose, without, however, entering into an explanation, as 
 I had purposed remaining retired for a few days. She was 
 very confidential to Anna, and told her, among other things, 
 that she was weary of Indian life. 
 
 this time Madame Montour was already advanced in years; for a 
 Minute of the Council, October 15, 1734, after censuring her for 
 duplicity at the late treaty, states that " her old age only protects her 
 from being punished for such falsehoods." In June of 1745 she was 
 still residing at Otstonwakin, and Spangenberg, on his way to Onon- 
 daga, in company with David Zeisberger, made a detour at Shamokin, 
 specially to visit the old Indian Queen. Mack and Grube, in the nar 
 rative of a journey made among the Indians on the West Branch in 
 June of 1753, make no mention of her as there, although Mack pointed 
 out to his comrade the spot where the Disciple and his companions 
 had pitched their tent. By Roland Montour she had four sons, 
 Andrew, Henry, Robert, and Lewis. French Margaret was her niece. 
 Even after her marriage with Hunter she retained the name of Mon 
 tour. 
 
 Montoursville, commenced in 1769, at the mouth of the Loyal Sock, 
 stands on the site of Otstonwakin or French Town, and perpetuates 
 the name of Madame Montour and her half-breed son, Andrew. 
 
9 8 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 A knowledge of my rank is unquestionably prejudicial to 
 our successful labors among both heathens and Christians. 
 As soon as people discover who I am they view me from a 
 worldly stand-point. My enemies also delight in publish 
 ing to the world that I am a nobleman, and hence I en 
 deavor as much as possible to conceal or at least not to 
 allow the fact to excite remark. 
 
 The Indians erect either a stone or a mound in honor of 
 their deceased heroes. This custom is decidedly Israelitish. 
 
 Early in the morning of the $d of October we heard a 
 a woman wailing at the grave of her husband. Andrew 
 asked the loan of my horse to bring in the bear and deer 
 he had shot, as his had strayed into the woods. He cer 
 tainly intends to feast us. 
 
 There is a promiscuous Indian population in this village. 
 
 Madame Montour brought two children to me and asked 
 me to baptize them, alleging the custom of the Canadian 
 Fathers as an excuse for her request. I refused, telling her 
 that whenever a Brother settled here we would take the 
 matter into consideration, as we were in the habit of bap 
 tizing only such persons as we thought we would have fre 
 quent opportunity of reminding of the significance of the 
 rite. At the same time I spoke to her of that spiritual bap 
 tism which the heart, even of the unbaptized, may, without 
 any effort or premeditation on his part, experience. She 
 left me displeased. 
 
 Now, my dear Brethren, I must dispatch Conrad to 
 Shamokin, as the Brethren there and Shikellimy are expect 
 ing him. The latter has been assigned us as guide to the 
 wild Shawanese. Andrew, who is a proficient in various 
 Indian languages, will probably also accompany us. 
 
 Remember Johanan,* Anna, Martin, Jeannette, Joshua, 
 
 * The name given the Count by the Indians. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 99 
 
 and David, who are followers of the Lamb, and your fellow- 
 members of His congregation. 
 
 P. S. We will probably resume our journey about the 
 9th inst. At times we have observed signs of grace in 
 Andrew. Anna has experienced the same in the case of 
 Madame Montour s granddaughter.* Andrew has con 
 cluded to give his hunting companions the slip, and to 
 forego the great annual hunt which the Indians are accus 
 tomed to prolong into the month of February, and to 
 accompany us to Skehandowana. 
 
 * Quaere Mary Magdalene, alias Peggy, who interpreted at a treaty 
 held at Lancaster, in February of 1760 ? In youth she had been bap 
 tized by a Catholic priest in Philadelphia. In 1790 she joined the 
 Indian congregation at Salem, on the Pequotting. Her last husband 
 was a white man named Hands, and on marrying him she was called 
 Sally Hands. After his decease she resided among the whites at the 
 mouth of the Thames, in Canada, maintained by her son, a merchant 
 in Montreal. As late as 1816 she visited the Brethren s Indian settle 
 ment at New Fairfield. At that time she was far advanced in years, 
 and yet well remembered the Count s sojourn at Otstonwakin in 1742. 
 She also spoke of Anton Schmid, Daniel Kliest, and Marx Kieffer, the 
 Shamokin blacksmiths. She deceased soon after her visit at New 
 Fairfield. 
 
zoo COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 J. MARTIN MACK S RECOLLECTIONS* 
 
 OF A JOURNEY FROM OTSTONWAKIN TO WYOMING, IN THE 
 WILDS OF SKEHANDOWANA, IN COMPANY WITH COUNT ZIN 
 ZENDORF AND ANNA NITSCHMANN, AND OF HIS SOJOURN 
 IN THE LATTER PLACE IN OCTOBER OF 1742. 
 
 (Translated from a German MS. in the Archives at Bethlehem.} 
 
 As I recollect, you accompanied the sainted Disciplef as 
 far as Otstonwakin, and then returned to Shamokin. From 
 
 * These Recollections were written at the request of Peter Bohler, 
 after Mack had set out for the West Indies in May of 1762 (in which 
 year they met for the last time at Bethlehem), and probably after 
 Border s return to Europe in 1764. Upward of twenty years had there 
 fore elapsed since the occurrence of the events and their recital. 
 
 John Martin Mack, for many years a missionary among the Indians, 
 was born April I3th, 1715, at Leysingen, in Wurtemberg. In 1734 
 went to Herrnhut. In 1735 came to Georgia, and there entered into 
 full communion with the Brethren. Left for Pennsylvania in April of 
 1740, assisted at the building of the Whitefield school, and was one of 
 the founders of Bethlehem. In March of 1742 was appointed Ranch s 
 assistant at Shecomeco. September I4th, married Jeannette, daughter 
 of John Ran, of " The Oblong." While among the Indians at Pach- 
 gatgoch in 1743, Mack and the Brethren Pyrlaeus and Shaw were 
 
 f Zinzendorf deceased at Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, May 9, 1760. 
 He was called "the Disciple 1 as early as 1747, and although he bore 
 other titles significant of offices he had filled in the church, this appel 
 lation was the favorite one associated with his name and memory after 
 he had passed away. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 101 
 
 here my sainted Jeannette and myself, with Shikellimy as 
 guide, and a grandchild of his, set out for Otstonwakin on 
 the next day, arriving there late at night.* 
 
 taken in arrest to Old Milford, Connecticut, examined before a magis 
 trate, and forbidden to preach the gospel within the precincts of the 
 Established Church. Hence returned to Shecomeco, and was there 
 until the close of 1744, and the abandonment of the mission, in conse 
 quence of acts passed against the Moravians by the Assembly of New 
 York. 
 
 In 1745 was appointed " Heiden Aeltester." Visited the Indians at 
 Shamokin. In April, 1746, he commenced the settlement at Gnaden- 
 hiitten, on the Mahoning, the field of his labors, until the autumn of 
 1755. During this interval he visited the Indian villages on the West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna annually, and in 1752 accompanied David 
 Zeisberger to Onondaga. His wife deceased at Gnadenhiitten, Decem 
 ber 15, 1749. Her knowledge of the Mohawk (the current medium of 
 communication between many of the members of the Algonquin family 
 of Indians), which she had acquired in the home of her girlhood, and 
 of the Delaware, rendered her an efficient assistant in the mission. 
 
 In 1753 Mack married Anna Rebstock. In the autumn of 1757 he 
 commenced Nain, near Bethlehem, for the relief of the Christian In 
 dians sojourning there. " Here," he states in his autobiography, "I 
 made my most trying experiences as a missionary, enduring not only 
 temporal privations, but harassed also by constant anxiety for the 
 spiritual welfare of my charge. I commenced the work with mis 
 givings, as the project of settling the Indians so far down in the Province 
 was viewed with displeasure by whites and savages." Having again 
 labored at Pachgatgoch, Mack, in 1761, was assigned the superintend 
 ence of the missions in the Danish West Indies. Thither he went in 
 the following year. While on a visit to Bethlehem in 1770, he was 
 consecrated a Bishop. Deceased on Santa Cruz, January 9, 1784. 
 
 A portrait of Martin Mack is in the Archives at Bethlehem. His 
 daughter, Theodora, born December 28, 1758, deceased at Bethlehem 
 February 16, 1851. 
 
 * Zinzendorf and his traveling companions, Bohler, Mack, and wife, 
 Anna Nitschmann, Leimbach, Weisser, and David and Joshua, had 
 reached Shamokin in the evening of September 28. On the 3Oth they 
 set out out for Otstonwakin, leaving Mack and his wife at the former 
 
102 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 The Disciple and Anna were rejoiced to see us. We re 
 mained there several days, and on two occasions held meet 
 ings, which were attended by Andrew Montour and his 
 grandmother (?), and some of the Indians. The services 
 were conducted in French, which language the former 
 understood. 
 
 Leaving Otstonwakin,* our way lay through the forest, 
 over rocks and frightful mountains, and across streams 
 swollen by the recent heavy rains. This was a fatiguing 
 and dangerous journey, and on several occasions we im 
 periled our lives in fording the creeks, which ran with im 
 petuous current. On the fifth day, at last, we reached 
 Wyoming, and pitched our tent not far from the Shawanese 
 town. The Disciple s reception by the savages was un 
 friendly, although from the first their visits were frequent. 
 Painted with red and black, each with a large knife in his 
 hand, they came in crowds about the tent, again and again. 
 He lost no time, therefore, in informing the Shawanese 
 chief, f through Andrew Montour, of the object of his 
 
 town in charge of Joshua. Bohler, Leimbach, Weisser, and David 
 returned to Shamokin October 4, en route for their homes, and next 
 day, Mack and wife, escorted by Shikellimy, set out to join the Count. 
 Provincial business called Weisser to Tulpehocken; on leaving the 
 latter, however, he promised to rejoin him at Wyoming within a speci 
 fied time. Bohler and the Mohicans reached Bethlehem October n. 
 
 * The travelers probably followed the " Warrior s Path from the 
 Great Island" (Lock Haven), which skirted the northern bank of the 
 West Branch as far as Otstonwakin, some forty miles, and thence led 
 due east through the present counties of Lycoming, Sullivan, Columbia, 
 and Luzerne, about seventy miles to the Shawanese village (Plymouth), 
 on the Wyoming Flats, west of the Susquehanna. Through the fast 
 nesses of this primeval forest, never before traversed by white men save 
 adventurous traders like James Le Tort and Pierre Bizaillon, Andrew 
 Montour guided these first Evangelists to the heathen dwellers on the 
 plains of Skehandowana. 
 
 f Qusere Weh- Wehlaky, one of the Sachems whom the Count had 
 met at Weisser s ? 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 103 
 
 mission. This the wily savage affected to regard as a mys 
 tery, and replied that such matters concerned the white 
 man, and not the Indian. 
 
 Our stock of provisions was by this time almost exhausted, 
 and yet the Disciple shared with the Indians what little 
 was left. The very clothes on his own back were not spared. 
 One shirt-button after another was given away, until all 
 were gone, and likewise his shoe-buckles, so that we were 
 obliged to fasten his under-clothes and tie his shoes with 
 strings made of bast. For ten days we lived on boiled 
 beans, of which we partook sparingly three times a day, as 
 the supply was scanty. 
 
 The suspicious manner which the Shawanese* manifested 
 
 * The Shawanese were a tribe of Southern Indians, who, prior to 
 1 700, had been expelled from their seats by the Spaniards of Flori-da, and 
 migrated northward. In 1698 sixty families of them, the first to come 
 into the Province, settled at Conestoga with the knowledge of Col. 
 Markham and with the consent of the Conestogas, the former holding 
 the latter responsible for the good behavior of their Southern brethren. 
 Hence they moved up the river, and built a town at Pextang. Others 
 followed and seated themselves on the Delaware near Durham, or 
 pursuing the course of that river into its upper valley, planted in the 
 Minnisinks. In April of 1701 William Penn "ratified relations of 
 friendship with the King of the Conestogas and with the King of the 
 Shawanese inhabiting at the head of Potomac" The Proprietaries 
 agents always sought to propitiate the good- will of these strangers. In 
 1728 some of the tribe, fearing the resentment of the Six Nations for 
 an injury done by them to the Conestogas, removed to the Ohio, and 
 put themselves under the protection of the French. Hereupon gov 
 ernment called upon the Six Nations to aid in their recall, and in their 
 recovery to the English interest. This attempt was only partially suc 
 cessful ; and although conferences were held with them at various times 
 between 1732 and 1739, and Thomas Penn in September of the first 
 year offered them ample seats near Pextang, west of the Susquehanna, 
 they hesitated to return to their allegiance, and even sought to entice 
 the Delawares to follow them to the French. It was Allummapees 
 
104 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 at our first arrival remained unchanged, and at times their 
 deportment was such as to lead us to infer that it would 
 be their greatest delight to make way with us. Notwith 
 standing this the Disciple remained in the town, and made 
 repeated efforts to have the object of his visit brought be 
 fore the consideration of the chiefs. They, however, evaded 
 every approach, and in their disappointment at not receiv 
 ing large presents gave unmistakable evidence of displeas 
 ure, so that we felt that the sooner we left the better it 
 would be for us. 
 
 One day Jeannette, on returning to the town from visit 
 ing the Indians, informed the Disciple that she had met 
 with a Mohican woman in the upper town, who, to her un 
 speakable joy, had spoken to her of the Saviour. This 
 intelligence deeply affected him. He rose up and bade 
 us go with him in search of her, and in the interview that 
 followed he magnified the love of Jesus to her in terms of 
 most persuasive tenderness. This woman now became our 
 provider, furnishing us with beans and corn-bread, until 
 we could procure other supplies. Hymns Nos. 1853 and 
 1854 in Supplement XI. of the Hymn-book, contain allu 
 sions to her ; and the Disciple s prayer in her behalf, ex- 
 
 who prevented the defection of his countrymen at that time. In July 
 of 1739 the same Penn treated with deputies of "the Shawanese scat 
 tered far abroad from the Great Island* to the Allegheny" and a cove 
 nant was formally ratified with them, the conditions of which it was 
 hoped would bind them firmly and lastingly to the interests of the Eng 
 lish and the Province of Pennsylvania. But this was not the case ; 
 for, with few exceptions, these swarthy rovers harbored distrust of the 
 English, and became their implacable enemies. Weisser found Shaw 
 anese in Wyoming in the spring of 1737. Hither it is said they were 
 invited at some earlier day by the Six Nations, who were confident 
 that they could place no custodians more reliable than the ferocious 
 Shawanese in charge of that lovely valley among the hills, which they 
 designed to keep for themselves and their children forever. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 105 
 
 pressed in the i8th stanza of the former, has been heard and 
 answered.* On another occasion, on informing him that 
 I had seen Chikasi,-\ he asked me to find him and bring him 
 into his presence. To him also he extolled the Saviour s love. 
 
 One day, having convened the Indians in the upper town, 
 he laid before them his object in coming to Wyoming, and 
 expressed the desire to send people among them that would 
 tell them words spoken by their Creator. Most of these 
 were Mohicans, and not as obdurately perverse as the Shaw- 
 anese. Although they signified no decided opposition, 
 they stated their inability to entertain any proposals with 
 out the consent of the latter, according to whose decision 
 they were compelled to shape their own. Should these as 
 sent, they said they would not object, but be satisfied. My 
 Jeannette acted as interpreter of what passed during this 
 meeting. 
 
 In reference to the removal of our tent to another local 
 ity, to which there is allusion in the words of the hymn, 
 " Der dritte ein verborgner Schatz, wo Blaseschlangen 
 nisteln" I have the following in mind to relate. The 
 tent was pitched on an eminence. One fine sunny day, as 
 the Disciple sat on the ground within, looking over his 
 
 * At her urgent request she was baptized by the missionary Bern- 
 hard A. Grube, July 28, 1754, while he was on a visit to the Indians 
 at Wyoming, receiving the Christian name of Mary. The rite was 
 administered in the Shawanese Chief Paxanosa s wigwam, and was 
 the first baptism performed by the Brethren in Wyoming Valley. 
 
 f A Catawba, who had been brought prisoner to Wyoming by the 
 Iroquois on their return from an annual maraud. In August of 1749, 
 Chikasi visited Bethlehem on his way with other Indians from Wyo 
 ming to Philadelphia. Mack and Grube met him in September of 
 1753 in a small village of Shawanese on the Susquehanna, below the 
 Occohpocheny (Monsey Creek). These Shawanese had lately left W 7 yo- 
 ming. 
 
 8 
 
ic6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 papers that lay scattered around him, and as the rest of us 
 were outside, I observed two blowers* basking at the edge 
 of the tent. Fearing that they might crawl in I moved to 
 ward them, intending to dispatch them. They were, how 
 ever, too quick for me, slipped into the tent, and gliding 
 over the Disciple s thigh, disappeared among his papers. 
 On examination we ascertained that he had been seated 
 near the mouth of their den. Subsequently the Indians 
 informed me that our tent was pitched on the site of an old 
 burying-ground in which hundreds of Indians lay buried. 
 They also told us that there was a deposit of silver ore in 
 the hill, and that we were charged by the Shawanese with 
 having come for silver and for nothing else. This statement 
 proved to be a fiction invented by the wily savages in order 
 to afford them some grounds for an altercation with us, and 
 to bring us into general disrepute; for we subsequently 
 learned that the height on which our tent had been pitched 
 was not the locality of the precious ore.f 
 
 From our first encampment (see Hymn 1853, stanza 2) 
 I once rode out with the Disciple and Anna. There was 
 a creek in our way, in a swampy piece of ground. Anna 
 and myself led in crossing, and with difficulty succeeded 
 in ascending the farther bank, which was steep and muddy. 
 But the Disciple was less fortunate, for in attempting to 
 land, his horse plunged, broke the girth, and his rider 
 
 * Blower, or swelling adder, a small, hissing snake, said to be ven 
 omous. The Bethlehem Diarist states that in the harvest of 1744 the 
 harvesters were much annoyed by blowers, Blaseschlangen, which they 
 would take in their hands with the rakings in binding sheaves. The 
 blower is a small, ash-gray snake. When provoked, its neck swells to 
 several inches in extent. 
 
 f It is believed that the Iroquois invented this figment so as to have 
 a pretext for harboring the Shawanese, and in the hope of deterring 
 intruders by involving Wyoming in a mystery. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 107 
 
 rolled off backwards into the water, and the saddle upon 
 him. It required much effort on my part to extricate him, 
 and when I at last had succeeded, he kissed me and said, 
 " Du armer Bruder ! Ich plage dich dock was rechtes !" 
 {My poor Brother! I am an endless source of trouble /) Being 
 without change, we were necessitated to dry our clothes at 
 the fire and then brush off the mud. Adventures of this 
 kind befell us more than once. 
 
 At length the Brethren, David Nitschmann, Anton 
 Seyffert, and Jacob Kohn,* whom we had long been ex 
 pecting, arrived. 
 
 On the following day we moved higher up the Susque- 
 hanna, and here was the extreme limit of our journey. 
 The words of the hymn, " Der vierf ein unwegsame Spitz, 
 Der Susquehannah Quellen" allude to this encampment. 
 The Disciple, I have no doubt, was led to go to this point, 
 in order to have an opportunity of reading his letters from 
 Europe undisturbed, and to be farther away from the In 
 dians. Here Conrad Weisser joined us on his return. He 
 manifested decided impatience at our prolonged stay, told 
 us that the Shawanese were plotting mischief, and that our 
 lives were not secure. We now returned to our second 
 encampment, where the Disciple formally laid his proposi- 
 
 * These Brethren had set out from Bethlehem on the I5th of October. 
 From Shamokin they probably followed the Indian path to Wyoming, 
 which kept along the upper bank of the Northeast Branch, to the Shawa 
 nese town. Kohn had recently arrived from Europe, and had brought 
 letters for the Count. 
 
 " Ich habe Dero Schreiben in der Wiisten Skehandowana in Canada, 
 unter einem barbarischen Volcke aus Florida die Shavanos genannt, 
 welchen von den Spaniern in diese Gegend vertrieben sind und 
 worunter ich Herzen suchte die einen Heiland brauchen, wohl emp- 
 fangen." Zinzendorf to Court- Chaplain Bartholomai, Oley, Nov, 7, 
 1742. Bildingische Sammhtng, Part xiii. No. 36, b. 
 
io8 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 tions before the Shawanese chief. The latter, however, 
 turned a deaf ear to our approaches, and grew vehement. 
 " Der Konig liebete uns zwar ; A Heine kam s zur Sache, 
 Wo uns zum Trost so bange war, So that er wie der Drache. 
 Upon this the Disciple produced the string of wampum that 
 the Sachems of the Six Nations had given him at Tulpe- 
 hocken, but even its authoritative presence failed to move the 
 savages in their determination or to mollify their murderous 
 intentions. We were completely foiled, and saw that our mis 
 sion was a failure. This might have been owing to misstate- 
 ments made by our interpreter* to the Shawanese, who, as 
 we subsequently learned, had not been fully in our interests. 
 
 From this time we had no rest. By day and by night 
 the vagabond savages swarmed around our tent. The Dis 
 ciple warned us continually to be on our guard, and for 
 bade us even to accept supplies from them, as they were to 
 be trusted under no circumstances. 
 
 We now made preparations for our return home, and 
 divided into two companies. Jeannette, David Nitsch- 
 mann, Andrew, and myself, set out for Bethlehem by way 
 of the Great Swampf and Dansbury.J The Disciple and 
 the others took the path to Shamokin. 
 
 * Quaere Andrew Montour ? 
 
 f The Pine Swamp, or Shades of Death, extending northward on the 
 plateau of the Broad Mountain, in Monroe and Carbon Counties 
 called the Great Swamp on Scull s map of 1770. 
 
 This division reached Bethlehem on the ist of November. Montour 
 remained there until the I3th. 
 
 J Dansbury (Stroudsburg), a settlement commenced in Smithfield by 
 Daniel Brodhead about 1735, near the junction of Anolomink and 
 
 \ The Count and his companions, after a tedious journey, in which 
 they suffered from the hardships and privations incident to travel on 
 
AND THE INDIANS. IO9 
 
 While thus in daily danger of his life on the Shawnee 
 Flats of Wyoming Valley, Zinzendorf was engaged in the 
 
 McMichael s Creeks, Monroe County. Mr. Brodhead was born at 
 Marbletown, Ulster County, New York, in 1693, and was a grandson 
 of Daniel Brodhead, a captain of grenadiers, who had come to New 
 York with Colonel Richard Nicolls in 1664. He became acquainted 
 with the Brethren soon after their settlement in the Forks of Dela 
 ware, on his way to his relative, Isaac Ysselstein. At his house 
 they often lodged as they traveled to or returned from their mission 
 stations in New York and Connecticut, and at Dansbury they preached 
 between 1743 and 1749. In June of 1755, Mr. Brodhead came to 
 Bethlehem for surgical treatment at the hands of Dr. Jno. M. Otto. 
 He lodged with James Burnside, and deceased in his house in July of 
 that year. His remains were interred at Bethlehem. 
 
 horseback and exposure in the cold rains and bleak winds of ap 
 proaching winter, reached Oley on the 7th, and Bethlehem on the 8th 
 of November. 
 
 With this memorable journey Zinzendorf s endeavors, by personal 
 visitation and appeal, to further the interests of the Brethren s mission 
 among the Indians, ceased. Although he had failed to interest the 
 Shawanese in the reception of Christianity, he had by this hazardous 
 exploration opened a way for his Brethren into the heart of the Indian 
 country ; and from this time they carried the gospel to the mixed popu 
 lation of Indians scattered along both branches of the Susquehanna, 
 at Shamokin, Otstomvakin, Quenischachschaky (Linden), Long Island 
 (Jersey Shore), Great Island, Nescopec, Wyoming, and Diahoga. 
 Among the Shawanese they never effected much. The first convert 
 was Schitemoque, who in baptism received the name of Anna Charity. 
 Elizabeth, the wife of the old chief Paxanosa, was baptized at Beth 
 lehem in February of 1755. Twice in the interval between Zinzen 
 dorf s visit to Wyoming and the autumn of 1755 the Shawanese from 
 there addressed themselves to the Brethren at Bethlehem. In July of 
 
 1752 they came apparently with a desire to establish relations of friend 
 ship, and expressed a readiness to receive the gospel. In March of 
 
 1753 they came in the interests of the Six Nations to ask permission of 
 the Brethren for the Christian Indians residing at Gnadenhiitten to 
 remove to Wyoming. On his visit to Europe, in the summer of that 
 
no COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 preparation of Supplements XI. and XII. to the Collec 
 tion of Hymns at that time in use among the Brethren. 
 
 year, Spangenberg reported these overtures to the Count, whose dis 
 trust of the perfidious savages among whom his life had been in jeopardy 
 almost overcame the broad spirit of good-will and peace to all men 
 that shone so resplendently from out the great heart of the beloved 
 Disciple. Spangenberg has recorded the following memoranda : 
 
 i. 
 
 "Chelsea, June 16, 1753. The Disciple is displeased with our late 
 dealings with the Shawanese. He stated that the Lord had intimated 
 to him to let them alone, and added that it was disrespectful toward 
 him, the representative of the Brethren, and distrustful of both, for the 
 Six Nations to send a message by proxy ; that the circumstance was 
 suspicious, and might lead to complications with government; and 
 finally, that the Shawanese were a perfidious race and desired no knowl 
 edge of God and the Saviour." 
 
 2. 
 
 "Chelsea, June 29, 1753. The Disciple told me last evening, to my 
 great joy, that on examining his notes and memoranda (which he is in 
 the habit of consulting after the manner of the old prophets, who, ac 
 cording to Peter, search what, or what manner of time the Spirit of 
 Christ which is in them did signify ), he had ascertained how we were 
 to act with regard to the Shawanese. As to those of the tribe who 
 were residing at Skehandowana at the time of his sojourn there, he 
 stated that the Saviour had told him it would be useless for us to attempt 
 to effect anything with them, as they were treacherous and cruel and 
 totally averse to the reception of Christianity. As to the rest of the 
 tribe, he stated that from an intimation the Saviour had given him at 
 the time of his stay in Wyoming, he was inclined to believe that they 
 would become an admirable people on their conversion, and that our 
 efforts in their behalf would not be in vain. Furthermore, he observed, 
 that the promise the Saviour had made him to effect the removal of the 
 Shawanese, among whom his life had been in danger, was going into 
 fulfilment ; that the lot he had cast and which had warned him of the 
 Shawanese did not apply to that part of the tribe with which we had 
 lately been negotiating; and finally, that the Saviour had also made 
 this decision." 
 
AND THE INDIANS. m 
 
 They are prefaced with a few words addressed to the Con 
 gregations, beginning thus: " Ich bin hier in der Wilsten, 
 und lauer auf Wilde wie sie auf die wilden Thiere" and 
 subscribed, " Aus dem Zelte vor Wayomik, in der grossen 
 Ebene Skehandowana, in Canada, am 15. Oct. 1742. 
 
 Euer unwurdiger 
 
 Johanan" 
 
 From this collection the following hymns are taken. 
 Both were written by the Count to commemorate his ex 
 perience among the Indians, and the first is alluded to by 
 Martin Mack in his Recollections. 
 
 WAYOMIK IM NOV. 
 1742. 
 
 Wir dachten an die Hirtentreu 
 
 Des Jesuah Jehovah, 
 In der betriibten Wiisteney 
 
 Mit Namen Skehandowa. 
 
 Des Zeltes erster Ruheplatz 
 Das waren Dorn und Disteln, 
 
 Der dritte ein verborg ner Schatz, 
 Wo Blaseschlangen nisteln. 
 
 Der viert ein unwegsame Spitz 
 
 Der Susquehanna Quellen, 
 Der and re und der fiinfte Sitz, 
 
 Das waren gleiche Stellen. 
 
 Da sassen wir das erste Mai 
 
 Acht Tage, zu erfahren 
 Was unser s Lammes Hochzeitsaal 
 
 Zum Theil mag offenbaren. 
 
112 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Em unaussprechlich edles Gliick 
 Fiir uns re eigne Seelen 
 
 Allein, in einem andern Stiick, 
 Ein unbeschreiblich Qualen. 
 
 Das Gliicke war an dieser Stell 
 Sein Herze tief zu finden, 
 
 Zum Theil die Krafte von der H611 
 Dtirchs Lammes Blut zu binden. 
 
 Allein der Schmerz, der Seelenschmerz, 
 Den wir in diesen Landen 
 
 Um so manch, Indianer Herz 
 Im innern ausgestanden, 
 
 Die blut ge Thranenmasz ge Noth, 
 Die uns das Herz gebrochen 
 
 Bei ihren unerkannten Tod, 
 
 Wird schwerlich ausgesprochen. 
 
 Ein Volk, im Irokaner Rath 
 Zum Untergang bestimmet, 
 
 Dieweil doch nichts als Uebelthat 
 Im wilden Herzen glimmet ; 
 
 Das war daneben Tag vor Tag 
 
 Um uns herum vagiren, 
 So dasz man kiihnlich sagen mag, 
 
 Wir war n bey wilden Thieren. 
 
 Und was der Herr in seinem Wort 
 Von uns rer Leute stillen 
 
 In Waldern schlafen sagte dort, 
 Das wust er zu erfullen. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 Allein das morderische Herz 
 
 Der wilden Schawanosen, 
 Verdrosz so wohl der Zeugenschmerz, 
 
 Als all ihr Liebekosen. 
 
 Der Konig liebete uns zwar ; 
 
 Alleine kam s zur Sache, 
 Wo uns um Trost so bange war, 
 
 So that er wie der Drache. 
 
 Doch kam ein Paar urns gute Herz 
 
 In eine rechte Klemme, 
 Sie fiihlten einen wahren Schmerz 
 
 Nach einer Seelenschwemme. 
 
 Die erste Briider, die einmal 
 An diese Gegend streiffen, 
 
 Die solten sie zur Gnadenwahl 
 In s Blut des Lammes tauffen. 
 
 Die Gnade, die uns hie und da 
 
 So Seelen zugewiesen, 
 Wie sie Philipp und Simon sah, 
 
 Sey gleichwohl hoch gepriesen. 
 
 Doch lindert uns kein Hurons Herz, 
 Die Kirch voll Mahikaner, 
 
 Noch einzler Chikasi den Schmerz 
 Um diese Floridaner. 
 
 Und bis der erste Schawanos 
 
 Sich glaubt zu n ew gen Hiigeln ; 
 
 So wollen wir das Gnadenloosz 
 Von diesem Gang versiegeln ; 
 
COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Und alle Spur vom Zeugengliick 
 
 So wohl in Otstonwaktn, 
 Als in der Flache Wayomik 
 
 Und endlich in Shomakin. 
 
 Kein ewig s Zahr und Thranelein, 
 
 O Vater ! soil inzwischen 
 Aus deinem Thranenpuschelein, 
 
 Wo Du s gezahlt, entwischen. 
 
 Gedenke nicht an unsern Schweisz, 
 
 Gedenk an Jesu Narben, 
 Der diesen Lohn fur seinen Fleisz 
 
 Nicht lange mehr kann darben. 
 
 Supplement XI. No. 1853. 
 
 WYOMIK IM NOV. 
 1742. 
 
 Dort in der Flache Wajomik 
 Auf einem wiisten Ackerstiick, 
 Da Blaseschlangen nisteten 
 Und ihre Balge briisteten, 
 
 Auf einem Silbererznen Grund, 
 Wo s Leibes Leben miszlich stund, 
 Da dachten wir ; Wir sahen gern, 
 Das wiirde eine Stadt des Herrn. 
 
 Daruber wurden eins, zwey, drey, 
 Und denken itzt noch einerley, 
 Und kriegen ihr noch mehr dazu ; 
 Nun fehlt nichts mehr, als das ER S thu . 
 
 Supplement XII. No. 1902. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 ZINZENDORF S ACCOUNT 
 
 OF HIS EXPERIENCE AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 Communicated at a general Meeting of " the Society* for the Further 
 ance of the Gospel," assembled at the Brethren s Chapel in Fetter 
 Lane, London, March 7, 1743-f 
 
 (A MS. in the Archives at Bethlehem.} 
 
 IT is not necessary, my Brethren, to relate the matters 
 which happened among the Christians ; for we have Docu 
 ments enough, and those publickly printed, to illustrate 
 them. But what relates to the Heathen cannot be brought 
 under any Heads of Documenta, seeing they are unable to 
 make any. Therefore that is, according to my Judgment, 
 the only Matter which remains to be related. 
 
 Tis also my Intention to be as brief as I can in relating 
 what has been my Plan in the whole Affair of the Heathen, 
 and how far Matters w r ere carried on during my being there, 
 
 * This association, composed of Brethren and of friends of their mis 
 sions, was organized by Spangenberg in London, May 8, 1741. Dr. 
 Doddridge, Rev. Benjamin Ingham, and John Bray were members. 
 Ben ham s Life of Hutton. 
 
 f Zinzendorf sailed from New York, January 20, and reached Dover 
 Feb. 28, 1743. Hence he repaired to Yorkshire, and next to London. 
 During his stay there, between March 1 1 and 24, he preached to and 
 held meetings for the Congregation in their Chapel in Fetter Lane, 
 James Hutton acting as his Interpreter. Ibid. 
 
 See Budingische Sammhing, Part xri. No. 53, for a discourse he de 
 livered before the Society, March 24, 1743. 
 
n6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 since it is what we believe in general, that the Time of the 
 Heathen is not yet come. For it is believed in our Church 
 that the Conversion of the Jews, and of all Israel must needs 
 go before, ere the proper Conversion of the Heathen can 
 go forward. And we look upon all what has been done 
 hitherto, even by ourselves, among the Heathen, as first 
 Fruits only ; so that one must likewise go about the Conver 
 sion of the Heathen with great Care and Circumspection. 
 
 Therefore we directly oppose the Conversion of the 
 Heathen Nations to the Profession of the Christian Reli 
 gion ; and likewise the Methods hitherto made Use of in 
 the Conversion of both Jews and Heathens. For if Chris 
 tian Princes and Divines should go so far as to convert the 
 Heathen Nations to their Customs and Ways in our Days, 
 they would thereby do the greatest Piece of Service to the 
 Devil. Therefore I do not in the least believe that the Devil 
 would oppose any one in such an Undertakeing, but wo d 
 rather help them as much as he co d. 
 
 And I believe concerning those quick and wonderful 
 Conversions of whole Nations, where all Sorts of People, 
 good and bad are made Christians, tis much the same 
 whether one calls it the Work of the Lord or the Work of 
 the Devil. 
 
 This one finds verified to this very Day in those Nations 
 which are well known unto us, and which have been called 
 Converted these several 100 Years; the Wends, the Lett- 
 landers, the Estlanders,* for instance; great Numbers of 
 which even to this very Day Worship Images ; that it is 
 impossible to evade it by putting the common Gloss upon 
 this Matter and saying it is only a Relic of Heathenism. 
 
 The Idea which we have of the Samaritans is much more 
 evident, who worshipped the true God and false one at the 
 
 * Letts and Esthonians. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. ny 
 
 same Time for this Reason, that the Worshippers of the 
 true God might not give them any Disturbance. 
 
 For certainly so long as our Saviour gets no better Foot 
 ing in Christendom, we are neither constrain d by Necessity, 
 Duty nor Love, nor by any Inclination, to convert whole 
 Nations of the Heathen. 
 
 Therefore it is most plain to us that the Conversion of 
 the Heathen must be of the same Kind as the Conversion 
 among those that are already called Christians. And that 
 all the Souls among the Heathen whom we shall admit to 
 Baptism, must be awakened to eternal Life by the Lord 
 Jesus and his Spirit in like Manner as a Person in Christen 
 dom who would be Converted must first be awaken d. And 
 therefore have we, in the Conversion of the Heathen, en 
 tirely rejected the Method of Teaching them such Matters 
 as they can keep in their Head, and learn by Rote, to say 
 after one. And a Heathen by our Way of Preaching or 
 Instructing in heavenly Things, shall not be able so much 
 as to talk when he has not the Matter in his Heart. 
 
 Therefore it is impossible that we can convert the Hea 
 then by thousands; yea, tis even a Wonder to ourselves 
 when we convert them by twentys or thirtys. And I often 
 tremble to this Hour when I see and must believe (and tis 
 not possible to do otherwise) that out of a 1000 awakened 
 in St. Thomas* within these 6 years, 300 are become United 
 
 * A mission among the slaves on this island was the first in which 
 the Renewed Church of the Brethren engaged. In Dec. of 1732, 
 Leonhard Dober and David Nitschmarvn. (subsequently a bishop) com 
 menced the work on the Danish "Vtest India Company s plantation 
 near the town of St. Thomas. Tfie first station was named New Herrn- 
 hut. Zinzendorf visited the missionaries in January of 1739. Andrew, 
 Gratia, and Oley Carniel, three converts, are introduced in the paint 
 ing of the " First Fruits from the Heathen," that Zinzendorf had exe 
 cuted about 1750. 
 
1 1 8 CO UNT ZINZEND ORF 
 
 Brethren and Sisters. For the whole Nation together is 
 but about 3000. And that the io th Part of a Nation sho d 
 be wholly our Saviour s is a Thing never heard of before. 
 Undoubtedly ev ry one of us wou d think it a great Matter 
 when the io th Part of Great Brittain should consist of true 
 Children of God, Brethren of the Lamb. 
 
 And one must also say in general, that the Conversion 
 of the Nations, both Negroes and Savages, hath been car 
 ried on further than we ourselves believ d it wou d. 
 
 There is a real little Church settled among the savage 
 Nations in Greenland* and another among the Hottentots ;f 
 concerning wch. Parts of the World Christendom for several 
 hundred Years past, have thought it impossible for them 
 ever to be converted. Indeed not one Instance co d be 
 produced for they have been the only People among the 
 Heathen, who have been so honest as to declare, that they 
 wo d not believe tho it shou d be told them. 
 
 But one may observe that the Mistake of all the Preach 
 ers that have been among these People consists in this, 
 that they would convince them that there was a God ; and 
 have thereby made the poor Creatures either crafty or 
 stupid. Had their teachers but once rightly read the 
 Bible they wou d have seen what Paul says in the first of 
 the Romans, that there is no Heathen in all the World to 
 whom it is not evident that there is a God. For he allows 
 
 * Matthew and Christian Stach, and Christian David, commenced 
 to missionate among the Greenlanders on the coast, near the Danish 
 trading-pest of Godhaab, in May of 1733. Sanniel Kajarnak, his wife 
 and two children were baptized there, March 30, 1739. The first station 
 was named New Herrnhut. Kajarnak appears in the " First Fruits." 
 
 f George Schmidt was sent to the Hottentots of the Cape of Good 
 Hope in the summer of 1737. Kibbodo, who in baptism received the 
 name of Jonas, is one of the eighteen converts in the painting of the 
 " First Fruits." 
 
AND THE INDIANS. n 9 
 
 of no Atheists but what there are in Christendom ; who as 
 a particular distinguishing Punishment for not seeking the 
 Lord Jesus, are given over to a reprobate Mind. 
 
 The Punishment of the Heathen is that they must needs 
 commit Sin ; that of the Christians who wou d not have the 
 Lord Jesus is that they become Atheists. And when Christ 
 shall also be preached unto the Heathen, and they likewise 
 will not receive him, then will Atheists arise among them 
 also as well as among us. Thence it is that one finds 
 Atheists among all such Heathens where the Christian Mis 
 sionaries have labored in vain. Here indeed one finds 
 Atheists because here an Occasion is giv n for it. As for 
 Instance, when they are told that the Son of God has died 
 for them, and that this is a weighty Matter, and they after 
 wards observe the Manner of Life these People who told 
 them do lead, they presently begin to think it is impossible 
 that these men believe this, it must needs be a Contrivance 
 or a pretty Fable. 
 
 We have hitherto made it our Business among the heathen 
 and indian Nations that our Brethren might not labor in 
 vain, first of all to inquire concerning the People, whether 
 or no, and by what Means the Preaching is already cor 
 rupted, and if they have already receiv d false Christianity; 
 and what part of em still adhere to mere Heathenism. 
 
 There is a wonderful mixture of these in Canada, which 
 makes the Conversion of these Heathen very difficult. The 
 principal Heathens in Canada are allied Nations, who give 
 themselves the particular title of (Aquanusmiani) Covenant 
 People; the French call them Iroquois, and the English 
 the 5 Nations. But there are properly 6 of them, they 
 having added the Tuscaroras to their Number. These 
 Nations govern the whole District of Canada; the rest 
 being either in subjection to them or else continually at 
 War with them. 
 
I2 o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 These Nations are divided into Fathers, or Children, or 
 Brethren, or Members of the Covenant, and such as do 
 not belong to one of these three Classes they call Cousins, 
 which signifies as much as Subjects ; and these former are 
 again by them called Uncles. 
 
 The 3 first Nations which are called Fathers, are the 
 Maquas, the Onondagoes, the Senekas. The Maquas are 
 most part of them Christians so called, having been con 
 verted by the English Missionaries ; and have lost all their 
 Credit with the others, because they have guzzl d away all 
 their Land to the Christians. And w ith this Nation we 
 have not hitherto so much as spoken, since we fear nothing 
 so much as when such Sort of People do endeavour to be 
 long to us. And we have esteemed it a very great Grace 
 of our Saviour, that, altho these are as it were the next 
 Neighbours of the Heathen to our Congregations,* yet we 
 have had no Manner of Fellowship with them. 
 
 The 3 d Nation are the Senekas who have been con 
 verted by the French Missionaries some time ago, when 
 they had to do with them; and of these I have observ d 
 that their Christian Knowledge is nothing more than this, 
 that they believe that our dear Saviour was born at Beth 
 lehem in France, and that the English have crucified him. 
 Upon which Account they are very much offended with 
 the English; and one sees them make Crosses and such like 
 Ceremonies. This is all I could find among them ; and 
 when any of them comes to Philadelphia, they go to the 
 Popish Chapelf to Mass. 
 
 The 2 d Nation, and which properly governs the rest is 
 
 * At Shecomeco, and its dependencies, Wechquadnach and Pack- 
 gatgoch . 
 
 j- Quaere The chapel on the northeast corner of Walnut and Front 
 Streets, mentioned in Watson s Annals ? 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 121 
 
 the Nation of the Onondagoes. Those are Philosophers 
 and such as among us are called Deists. They are brave 
 honest People who keep their word ; and their general 
 weakness is that they delight in Heroick Deeds ; and this 
 will be the main Difficulty in the way of their Conver 
 sion, to make them forget these their heroick Notions ; for 
 they have the Principles of the old Romans, that they look 
 upon every one as a miserable Creature, scarce worth a 
 Thought, who will not submit himself to them. Their 
 Government is very equitable and fatherlike, but whoever 
 will not stoop to them they are ready to root out that 
 Nation from among the Indians. On the other Hand, 
 they carry themselves very civil and orderly towards the 
 Europeans (as may be seen from the Compacts between 
 them) and altho they in general hate the Europeans in 
 their Hearts, and call them Assaroni or Assyrians (which 
 is the same as Enemies) yet they have a particular Respect 
 for several private Persons. Nevertheless tis as much as 
 an Indian life is worth, who belongs to their Nation, if he 
 is discover d to have a good Reputation among the Euro 
 peans. And Alommabi,* the King of the Delawares stabb d 
 his presumptive Successor because that in Philadelphia he 
 was looked upon as an Oracle. 
 
 The Two other Nations which are stiled Children, are 
 the Cajugas and Oneydoes who regulate themselves after 
 these Two Nations and also are Philosophers like them ; and 
 when at any time they have general Proposals made them 
 about Christianity, they give for Answer that they will 
 follow the Onondagoes, and what they shall do in that 
 Case, these likewise will do the same. 
 
 As concerning this Nation, Things so fell out that one 
 
 * Some time in 1731, Allummapees killed his nephew, Sam Shaka- 
 taivlin (who occasionally acted as interpreter at Philadelphia), in a 
 drunken brawl at Shamokin. 
 
 9 
 
122 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 of their Kings came to Philadelphia as Ambassadour,* 
 going before the grand Embassy of the 5 Nations, which 
 came last Year with Commissions to Philadelphia. This 
 Prince was recommended to me and lodged 14 Days in my 
 Housef with his Wife & Children. At that Time I did 
 
 * Caxhayton, counselor of Canassatego, Sachem of the Onondagas, 
 came to Philadelphia in February of 1742 to announce the intention of 
 the Six Nations to meet the Governor in conference there in the course of 
 the following summer. The "grand embassy" arrived in that city on 
 the 3<Dth of June. It consisted of thirteen Onondagas, nineteen Cayugas, 
 fourteen Oneidas, three Senecas, twenty-one Tuscaroras, five Shawa- 
 nese, eight Conestogas, six Delawares from Shamokin and four from 
 the Forks. The principal personage was Canassatego. Eleven other 
 chiefs attended. " The Board directs that ^5 be given to Caxhayton 
 on acct. of the Province for his services as messenger." Minutes of 
 Provincial Cotincil, July 12, I74 2 - 
 
 f A short time before the Count s arrival at New York, Christian 
 Frolich, who was then conducting Capt. Wallace s sugar-refinery in 
 Philadelphia, had rented a house of three stories on Second Street near 
 the northeast corner of Race, for the Count and his household. Here he 
 entertained Caxhayton. Governor Thomas wrote to Conrad Weisser, 
 under date of February 26, 1742, in reference to the Count s hospi 
 tality, " Although I have a very high opinion of Count Zinzendorf s 
 integrity and religious zeal, and consequently esteem him much, I was 
 not altogether willing that the messenger and his family should be at 
 his home, lest his manner of treating them should not prove agreeable 
 and they should think we failed in courtesy to save expense, and so 
 make a report to our prejudice when they return to their countrymen. 
 I should be very well pleased that the Count could make them good 
 Christians ; but I would not have the business of the Province depend 
 upon his success with them nor run the risk of their being disobliged 
 by being put into the hands of agents, who, out of good-will, would 
 restrain them from what they think there is no crime in making a 
 moderate use of drunkenness, a very bad thing, and I discourage it 
 in Indians and others as much as I can, but should they become Chris 
 tians if they are no better than Christians in common, they will be as 
 drunk as some of them are apt to be at present, be greater thieves, cheats, 
 c. than the most of Indians are. The knowledge of God and Christ 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 123 
 
 not know of what Benefit this wou d be to me. But being 
 on my first journey among the Indians by an Indian River,* 
 I met the grand Embassage on their return. I came into 
 an House where all the Kings of these Nations were assem 
 bled together, f Kackshajim was among them, with his 
 Wife and little Child, who all 3 had been in my House at 
 Philadelphia. The Child ran to me and fell about my 
 Neck in the Presence of all the Indians, which made them 
 look one upon another, and enquire among themselves 
 how that came about. At the same Time Brother Zander 
 came also into the Room. The Indian Prince was very 
 glad to see his Zander again, who had been his Provider 
 and Messinger thro out Pennsylvania, and immediately ran 
 and kissed him ; so that the whole was an astonishing Scene 
 to their People. 
 
 Then I spoke to all them present (and there was none 
 wanting but the King of the Tuscaroras who was at that 
 Time got drunk) and asked them if I might have a Con 
 ference with them? They answer d yes, and sat them 
 selves down ; and they were presented with a Piece of red 
 Cloth as a Token that we had something of Importance to 
 relate to them: which they receiv d. Then I spoke thus 
 
 ought to make men better ; but how it happens I cannot tell, yet so it is, 
 the common sort of people among Christians are worse than the Indians 
 who are left to the law of nature, i.e. to their own natural reason to 
 guide them. If these people are any way dissatisfied, you will excuse 
 me and put it upon their own consent or choice, as you tell me it was." 
 
 * The Schuylkill, "hidden channel," so named by the Dutch who 
 settled on Delaware Bay. The Indians called the river Ganschowe- 
 hanne, " der rauschende Strom. 1 
 
 f Present at Weisser s house were the sachems Canassatego and Cax- 
 hayton, Onondagas, Saristaque and Shikelliniy, Oneidas, Kakaradasey 
 and Sahugksoewa, Cayugas, and Weh-ivelaky, a Shawanese. The Mo 
 hawks and Senecas were not represented. Saivantka, the Tuscarora 
 chief, remarks Zinzendorf, " war ausser Stand zu erscheinen." 
 
I2 4 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 to them by an Interpreter : " That seeing Kackshajim was 
 already personally acquainted with me, and wou d give 
 them an Account of me, I wou d therefore take this Oppor 
 tunity to inform them what was properly my Business in 
 this Country, and wherefore I travell d so about. That I 
 believed many of my B rn wou d come into their Districts; 
 that our way of proceeding wou d appear very strange to 
 them, seeing we wear no Parson s Habits nor preach d 
 publickly, but only convers d with the Souls; that indeed 
 we were such a Sort of People who as earnestly attend the 
 Conversion of Souls as any Body. But we had quite a 
 different Method which I wou d now beforehand explain 
 to them. For it might so fall out, that one of us might 
 happen to be a whole Year among them, and not so much 
 as speak with any of them ; which might perhaps give 
 Occasion of Suspicion. We are a People who believe that 
 before we tell the People something of our God, our God 
 ^himself must first have spoken to their Hearts. And we 
 would speak with none concerning our God, but with 
 Hearts which sigh and long to know him. And moreover 
 I desir d nothing further of them than this, that they would 
 give a Token whereby to know our B rn , so that we might 
 avoid Suspicion on both Sides. And that our Brethren 
 when they should see good to depart from a Nation might 
 be at Liberty to do so without giving any Reason for it : 
 and might also be at Liberty to speak together concerning 
 what may be of Use to any Soul here or there. That they 
 wou d also give their People Freedom to act freely with us 
 concerning their Hearts, for we wou d at no Time meddle 
 with Matters of State or Trade among them ; for we had 
 nothing at all to do with such things ; and as for Necessary 
 Things we wou d take Care to provide ourselves with 
 them." 
 
 Whereupon they withdrew and held a Consultation of an 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 125 
 
 Hour long, & then returned again, and the chief of them, 
 the King of the Onandagoes spoke to me after this Man 
 ner. 
 
 "Brother, thou art come hither ; we have known nothing 
 of thee, nor thou of us ; and thou art also come quite un 
 expectedly by us, as we by thee. The chief Spirit must 
 have some hand in this. We hear that thou art come over 
 Two Seas and over the great Sea, and that thou hast some 
 thing to declare from the Great Spirit and no worldly 
 thing. We wou d only let thee know that thou and thy 
 Brethren when they come, shall allways be welcome to us ; 
 and tell us then what you have to say when you come. 
 And as a Proof that thou and thy Brethren shall be wel 
 come to us, we give thee this Fathom of Wampon." : 
 
 Here the Matter rested ; nor had we any Thing more to 
 make out with these Nations, but only that we might be 
 able to dwell among them without being suspected by 
 them. That was the general outward Affair, and which I 
 thus Transacted with the government itself so that no Sus 
 picion could arise. And seeing I had this Adventure to 
 wards the end of my first Journey among the River Indians, 
 I will also say something of the Journey itself. 
 
 These River Indiansf are a People allmost quite Spoil d 
 by the Christians with Drunkenness, Thievery and Whore 
 dom, &c. Yet they have this Advantage, that they know 
 little or nothing of the Christian Religion. For the Chris 
 tians have other sort of business with them, and upon that 
 
 * It was a string of 1 86 white beads, subsequently often produced by 
 Bishops Spangenberg and Cammerhoff in conferences with the Indians. 
 Quaere Was this relic taken to Europe on the division of the Archives 
 at Bethlehem in 1766, and on the transfer to Herrnhut of many of its 
 records, made in pursuance of a resolution of the General Synod of 
 1764? 
 
 f The Delawares. The name was also applied to the Mohicans. 
 
I 2 6 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Account forget to mention their Religion to them ; where 
 fore when one speaks to them, tis something new to 
 them, which strikes and leaves an Impression behind upon 
 their Hearts. 
 
 This I took particular Notice of at the 3 d Synod* in 
 Pennsylvania, whereat there were three of our Indians 
 which now are Elders and Deacons of the Congregation in 
 Shecomeko, and were Baptiz d in the Synod ; at w ch time 
 there came some of the River Indians out of Curiosity to 
 see of what Nation they were. Our Indians felt a great 
 Stirring in their Hearts on Acco* of these People, and 
 begun a preaching to them from Noon till towards Mid 
 night. For there was one of our Indians who understood 
 the Delaware Language. 
 
 These People express d so much Admiration and listen d 
 some Hours with so much Attention, that any one that 
 knew them (for they were known to be some of the worst 
 sort of their People) could not but be astonished at it. 
 
 Thro out my whole Journey where I have spoken to any 
 of the Indians by Bro r Zander, and with all the River In 
 dians, I have found a particular Quietness, Attention and 
 Friendliness. 
 
 We never went from them but they intreated us that we 
 wo d return to them again : and they have a particular word 
 
 * The third of seven religious convocations convened between Jan 
 uary 13 and June 12, 1742, at Germantown, Falkner s Swamp, Oley, 
 and Philadelphia. Three of the seven met at Germantown. Zinzendorf 
 and Henry Antes led the attempt made in these meetings to harmonize 
 the differences which distracted the various religious elements in Penn 
 sylvania, and to unite all sects and denominations on the ground of 
 Evangelical Christianity. The third Synod met at Mr. Jno. de Turk s, 
 in Oley, February 20, 1742. The baptism of the Indian converts took 
 place on the 22d. A large concourse of spectators having collected 
 to witness the act, it was found necessary to repair to the barn for the 
 administration of the rite. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 127 
 
 which I have often heard the old King of the Delaware* 
 Indians at Shamokin make use of, that when they hear 
 any thing that affects them they cry kahelle ! kahelle ! 
 ay ! is it so ? 
 
 We soon found it proper to go on gently with our Visi 
 tation of these Indians, since we have not to fear that they 
 will soon be Converted by the Christians. We have given 
 it in charge to Bro r Anton and Seidel,f now and then to 
 make a particular visit to Sickehillehocken t and observe if 
 there is a Soul here or there who require that something 
 may speedily be done for them. What chiefly gives us 
 hopes concerning these River Indians is that they are very 
 diligent in coming to Bethlehem, and are exceedingly pleas d 
 with their coming to see our Love feasts,J and with Quiet 
 ness and Respect take Notice of what we do. So that we 
 believe the Church will bring these Heathens to our Saviour 
 without speaking a Word. They have already given us 
 their Children to take care of for whole Days and Weeks 
 together ; which is looked upon among the Indians as the 
 greatest Thing they can do, for they have a Wonderfull 
 Affection for their Children. 
 
 Indeed the white People have done us that Kindness as 
 to tell them, that we wo d make Slaves of all the Children 
 which they left with us ; tho they have never regarded it, 
 but came and told us what the white People had said to 
 
 * Allummapees, or Sasoonan, a Delaware word signifying " one who 
 is well wrapped tip." 
 
 f Nathaniel Seidel. 
 
 J "July 10, 1742. Thirteen Delawares visited us. As several com 
 panies have been here within the month we have concluded to send a 
 Brother among them to acquire their language." Bethlehem Diarist. 
 
 \ " Capt. John, who lives near by, has entrusted his son, an intelli 
 gent boy of eleven, to my care. He has been with me during the 
 winter, and has become quite attached to me." Chr. Frolich to Leon- 
 hard Dober, Nazareth, l\Iarch 21, I74 1 - 
 
128 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 them. The Heathen continually wonder at this that the 
 Christians are so much against us and speak all manner of 
 Evil of us ; for they have warned them against us as Here- 
 ticks even at the same time when the Heathen do not 
 know what Heresy means. 
 
 This was my first Journey. 
 
 My 2 d was to Checomeko, which lies beyond the North 
 River, between New England, New York and Albania. 
 Just on the Borders of these three Provinces dwell our 
 Heathen ; they are the Nation of the Mahikans, a desperate 
 and furious People. 
 
 Among these Mahikans our Sav r has given us a Whole 
 Congregation within the space of Two Years ; our Bro r 
 Rauch has been the Instrument in this Work, who spent 
 the greatest part of the first Year among them, in mani 
 fest Danger of his Life, for they are the most savage 
 People among all the Indians; who not only have been 
 excessive Drunkards, but have been exceedingly given to 
 Fighting and Murder. And this is one Thing which has 
 made the Neighbours thereabouts such as are our Opposers, 
 be Astonished,* to see People upon whose Accot. they 
 have been afraid to remain in their Houses now become 
 like Lambs, and they have told me myself that they were 
 
 * Conrad Weisser, who visited Shecomeco in May of 1743, expressed 
 himself in terms of unqualified astonishment at the change wrought in 
 this ferocious people through the instrumentality of the Brethren. In 
 a letter to Biittner (who was at New York during the interpreter s 
 visit), dated Heidelberg, June, 1743, he writes, "The evidences of 
 Divine Grace I observed in your Indians, their unaffected piety and 
 their simple faith in Christ and his atonement impressed me deeply. 
 As I saw their old men seated on rude benches and on the ground 
 listening with decorovis gravity and rapt attention to the words of Post, 
 I fancied I saw before me a congregation of primitive Christians. John, 
 who is truly a child of God, interpreted with demonstration of the 
 spirit and of power." 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 129 
 
 highly obliged to us for having Converted them, since be 
 fore they had not been secure even in their own Houses. 
 And John who is now the chief Teacher of the Indians 
 was the worst of all. He was exceeding Drunk when Bro r 
 Ranch first began to speak something good to Him, and 
 did not remember a Word that Ranch had said to him save 
 this one word Blood which he so often had heard repeated. 
 Blood, Blood that continualy was coming again into his 
 mind; and he wanted much to ask the Man what that 
 meant, Blood / for he had looked so friendly even while 
 he was talking about Blood. Blood! thought he, what 
 must that be ? and he even dreamed about it what manner 
 of Man must that be who looks so pleased and yet speaks 
 allways about Blood ? And once he came in haste to Bro r 
 Rauch, and sitting down by him, he earnestly desired him 
 to tell him why he allways spoke of Blood with such a 
 Motion and Joy of Heart. Then Rauch told him that he 
 might easily conceive why it was so with him, for he was 
 telling the People that their Creator had Died and shed 
 his Blood for them, and he also belong d to these People; 
 and it had been shed for him likewise. He then asked 
 him if this was true ? and what must one do to get a Share 
 therein ? Rauch answered, Nothing but believe and with 
 one s Heart hang upon the Man, conversing with him so 
 long in the Mind till one experienc d what he did. Then 
 he told him but he was so much inclin d to Drunkenness. 
 Rauch replied, the reason of that was his not having as 
 yet that Blood in his Heart ; and that he should first get 
 that, and then his Drunkenness would soon fall away. 
 From this time the Heathen constantly attended and 
 begg d with sighs that God would make this Thing so to 
 him as it was to Rauch. And from that Time he had no 
 Leasure to get drunk any more ; for he wo d not let this 
 Thing go out of his mind. And his Wife and Mother who 
 
1 3 o COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 had been Excessively grieved at his getting Drunk so much, 
 were now much more Displeas d that he wo d have nothing 
 more to do with drinking, but was now wholly taken up 
 with such Things as they could not Comprehend. This 
 made him wonder how it came to pass that his People 
 were become such Enemies to him upon his altering his 
 former course of Life. And the Christians were also no less 
 angry with him. He asked Ranch about this Thing, who 
 took that opportunity to tell him plainly, That all men 
 were such by Nature, and that it was a very great Grace 
 when God took a person from the Bulk of Mankind, and 
 made him quite another Man ; and therefore People Envied 
 such a One because they were Convinced of the Matter in 
 their Hearts, and yet would not themselves be Converted. 
 Now could the Heathen understand why the Heathen per 
 secuted Rauch ; and all his Doubts were removed from 
 him. 
 
 To this Company whilst they were as yet very few in 
 Numbers, I with some of my Brethren took a Journey, and 
 tarried with them Eight Days.* These 8 Days we spent 
 intirely in Conference with the first Indians, how our Sav r 
 would have his work carried on among the Heathen. They 
 would fain have the Gospel preached among their People, 
 and our Brethren were allmost of their Opinion, but I op 
 posed it. At last we all agreed so to Manage the whole 
 affair, as to make a Bundle of living ones wherein none 
 should be taken but such as should never be able to come 
 out again. Upon this Footing has it hitherto proceeded, 
 and that with such a Blessing that indeed they have been 
 obliged to Baptize i4f at one time and certainly we can- 
 
 * Arrived at Shecomeco August 16, and set out for Bethlehem 
 August 24. 
 
 f The " Great Baptism" here alluded to, was performed at Shecomeco 
 on the 23d of December, 1742. Among the Indians baptized on that 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 131 
 
 not deny but that our Sav r does more at once upon the 
 Heathens then he is generally wont to do upon Souls. For 
 Instance they have such Severe Morals, which spring up in 
 them intirely of themselves (for they have no outward In 
 struction on those Matters) and according to these they 
 Manage their outward Affairs with the greatest Exactness 
 in all Respects. The Heathen have a surprizing Love for 
 Hunting and they are not only Lovers of the Thing but it 
 is also intirely their Livelihood. Our dear Br. Jonathan, 
 who at the time of my being there was one of the 
 most Eager Hunters among them, is since that time Con 
 verted to our Sav r and Baptiz d.* This Man had once 
 with a great deal of Pains for several Days, at last kill d a 
 Dear with a Bullet and brought it home, when a so called 
 Christian, an English Man came to him and told him Sor 
 rowing that he had Shot at a Dear some days before but it 
 had run away from him ; upon which the Indian said to 
 him, then the Dear is yours for I have found some Shot in 
 him, and I had no Shot with me, and Straightway he gave 
 him the Dear. The Christian could not Comprehend that 
 a Savage should give him a Dear to which he had no man 
 ner of right, seeing the other had caught it and had it now 
 in his possession. The Heathen told him he should let 
 him have that Satisfaction, and that he thanked God that 
 he had found the proper Person for the Dear ; and that he 
 wo d have nothing to do with what did not belong to him, 
 whereupon the Man said, "Surely you are a Christian." 
 " No," replied Jonathan, " I am none as yet, tho I am upon 
 the point of becoming one." "But," says the English Man, 
 
 occasion by Biittner and Mack was Nicodemus, Elder of the Indian 
 congregation at Bethlehem in 1746. 
 
 * Jonathan, a Mohican, baptized by Biittner at Shecomeco, October 
 21, 1742, a few days after the missionary and his wife reached the 
 station. 
 
132 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 "where will you get another Dear ?" " Our Sav r ," answered 
 he, "will surely give me another ; and besides that Hunting 
 has been allways my Chief Enemy ; and when he will have 
 it so that I shall have a Dear, he will send me one, and when 
 he sees it is not good for me yet still I am Contented." 
 
 The next Day he got two Dears which he brought to the 
 Brethren and said, "How good is the Dear Sav r ! Yester 
 day I gave away one Dear and to Day he gives me two in 
 return, but it will not be so allways. I will be content tho 
 the next Time I get none." 
 
 Now this Church injoys unspeakable Blessings. What we 
 have now had an Ace* of in Biittner s Letter is but the 
 least part of them, for we have received some other Letters 
 from thence since his which are full of Wonders. 
 
 I will speak briefly of my 3 d Journey and therewith Con 
 clude. This fell out in Autumn, in the Months of October 
 and November and took up 49 Days,* during which time 
 I and my Company could do nothing else but dwell in 
 Desarts of all Sorts. 
 
 I visited several Nations but with no Success except in 
 Three places which be an 100 Miles distant from each 
 other. The nearest Place I went to by Checomeko is 
 called Ostonwaxin. Here I met with French Indians, who 
 yet are under the protection of the English. I found no 
 Freedom to speak among them but I spoke to our Sav r 
 earnestly for them in their presence, and they understood 
 me in their Language, and were affected with it. And the 
 Chief person among themf is become so hearty, that he 
 Conducted me some 100 Miles thro out my whole Journey, 
 as far as Bethlehem where he continued with us 8 or 10 
 Days and at length departed with a Heart very much 
 Affected and Convinced. There will be a Brother and a 
 
 * September 21 to November 8. f Andrew Montour. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 133 
 
 Sister be sent to reside among them which they have earn 
 estly desired.* 
 
 The other Tour was as far as the great Desarts of Ske- 
 hantowanno, where no Christians either come or dare to 
 come, Which tract of Land I hear they will not sell to the 
 Christians. 
 
 For which reason they have used that Policy not to re 
 ceive one among them who belong to the Six Nations ; but 
 do let the Floridas an exceeding savage people come and 
 settle there; among these I remained 20 Days, and one may 
 easily imagine how difficult it was. Yet we travelled so 
 long till we found 2 Souls for our Sav r . One of them was 
 a Schikasi from Florida who was Prisoner there, and the 
 other was an old Mahikan Woman, a relation to the King 
 of the Schawanos, who more properly belonged to Cheko- 
 meko, where our Congregation is but knew nothing of the 
 Conversion there. To those Hagen and his Wifef are now 
 going. 
 
 As I return d from thence I came back to Schomako 
 where the Indians have their Rendevous, and it is in some 
 measure like the Hague in Holland. Here I renewed my 
 compact with them and gave them to understand what our 
 future Conduct wo d be among them, and that the Pilgrim 
 Congregation^ w ch would intirely disperse itself among them 
 wo d come and dwell there a Couple of Years. 
 
 This place is at least 80 Miles distant from the nighest 
 
 * David Bruce and his wife were sent to Otstonwakin^ and sojourned 
 there a few weeks in 1743. His wife was conversant with French. 
 
 f John Hagen, September 19, 1742, married Margaret, daughter of 
 David Dismann, of Providence Township, Montgomery County, Penn 
 sylvania. 
 
 J Those of the Brethren who were employed as missionaries, or as 
 ministers of the gospel, and as such led an itinerant life, constituted 
 the " Pilgrim congregation," and were called " Pilgrims." 
 
1 34 COUNT ZINZENDORF 
 
 Settlement of the Christians, but Three Hundred Miles 
 from Onandago, and tis not to be supposed that the Chris 
 tians should come thither, for the very sending thither is 
 allmost quite Impossible on account of the Surprizing 
 Mountains w ch are impassable to any but our Sav r s Chil 
 dren. 
 
 This was the Conclusion of my Labour among the Indians. 
 
 From thence I return d in some Days to Bethlehem and 
 there began my general Land preaching after which I took 
 my leave of Pennsylvania on the -^ of January this present 
 Year.* 
 
 The Brethren who are to go among the Heathen are 
 allready appointed, and 20 of them by this Time know the 
 places designed for them and when they are all come to 
 gether there will be 40 of them, which will be Enough 
 among the Heathen for some Time; for we intend allways 
 to take as many Chief Labourers, as may be out of their 
 own Nations that our Saviour may get Souls among them. 
 
 * On his return from the Indian country in November of 1742, Zin- 
 zendorf matured a plan of operations for the Brethren at Bethlehem. 
 It included the preaching of the Gospel in the four counties of the 
 Province, the care of the congregations gathered in Oley, German- 
 town, Philadelphia, Tulpehocken, and Fredericktown, and the estab 
 lishment of schools in the townships. On the 2d of December he set 
 out on a circuit of the German settlements in Macungy, Oley, Tulpe 
 hocken, Heidelberg, and Conestoga. He returned to Bethlehem on 
 the 1 2th, and, excepting a week s absence at Philadelphia (De 
 cember 14-20), remained there until the last of the year. On that day 
 he bade adieu to the " House on the Lehigh" the " House of Bread " 
 on which reposed the hopes he cherished for the extension of Christ s 
 kingdom among whites and Indians. 
 
 Having for the last time conferred with his colaborers in the Gospel 
 of other denominations in Philadelphia, on the pth of January, 1743, 
 on the 1 2th of the month he set out for New York, and from that port 
 took ship for Europe. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 135 
 
 I carefully forbear saying any thing more at present of 
 my Journeys among the Heathen, tho I and my dear 
 Companions shall continually keep them in mind with 
 constant satisfaction. 
 
 Sung the 2 d and 3 d Verse of the Hymn,* 
 
 " Most worthy Spirit, Guide of Jesus Train." 
 
 * No. XXXIII. in a " Collection of Hymns never before published." 
 London : Printed for James Hutton at the Bible and Sun, in Little 
 "Wild Street, near Lincoln s Inn Fields, 1742. 
 
136 CO UN 7 ZINZENDORF 
 
 DIVISION OF THE FIELD 
 
 AND PLAN OF OPERATIONS 
 
 To be pursued by the Brethren, in the Mission among the North 
 American Indians, with comments, made by Count Zinzendorf on 
 his return from the Indian country, in November of 1742. 
 
 ( Translated* from a German Autograph in the Archives at Bethlehem. ] 
 
 I. BETHLEHEM. On which depends 
 
 1. The direction of the work in all its details. 
 
 2. The stated visitation of the River Indians. 
 
 3. The appointment to and support of mission 
 
 aries at the following places in the order 
 named (in accordance with information ob 
 tained from the interpreter at Tulpehocken .?) 
 viz.: a, on the North River. 
 
 I), in the neighborhood of Bethlehem 
 
 in huts.f 
 
 c, at Shamokin, near Spangenberg 
 Hill. 
 
 ***** 
 
 * The translator found difficulty in deciphering portions of this MS. 
 The Count wrote a running hand, which is often almost illegible. 
 
 f The hope or intention here expressed of beginning an Indian set 
 tlement at or near Bethlehem was partially realized in the temporary 
 stay of the Mohicans there in 1746. It was fulfilled when Nain was 
 built in the summer of 1758, on the upper Benezet tract. 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 137 
 
 e, at Gnadenstadt (City of Grace) 
 on the great flats of Skehan- 
 dowana.* 
 
 II. OTSTONWAKIN. The center of operations among the 
 
 French half-breeds, who are to be reached through 
 Andrew Montour, alias Sattelihu, and the ren 
 dezvous of missionaries appointed to labor 
 
 1. Among the Tuscaroras, 
 
 2. On " the Long Island," 
 
 3. At Ohio,f and 
 
 4. Among the Senecas. 
 
 III. CHEKOMEKO. The seat of our congregation of 
 
 Christian Indians, whence colonists will be sent 
 to Skehandowana, whenever its increase will 
 render a transfer elsewhere necessary. 
 
 IV. WAYOMIK. Although occupied by savages who 
 
 guard the silver mines, yet the seat of a small 
 congregation of believers composed of the cap 
 tive Chikasi, and an aged Mohican and her 
 daughter. These three will entertain and pro 
 vide for missionaries on their way thence, to 
 
 1. The Mohawks, 
 
 2. The Oneidas, 
 
 3. The Onondagas, and 
 
 * This town was never built. When Spangenberg was at Wyoming, 
 in the autumn of 1746, he expressed a hope that in time it would be 
 come the seat of a mission and of a congregation of Christian Indians. 
 In 1757 he proposed to Teedyuscung to purchase of him that part of 
 the valley in which the Shawanese had resided in 1742, for a settle 
 ment of the Christian Indians then at Bethlehem. The king did not 
 entertain the proposal. 
 
 f Chr. Frederic Post missionated among the Indians on the Ohio 
 in 1760. 
 
 10 
 
138 COUNT ZINZENDOR.F 
 
 4. The Cayugas, 
 
 among whom we already have acquaintances. 
 Two Sachems of the last named nation were 
 present when I received the string of wampum. 
 V. NEW ENGLAND. Albany is to be the center of opera 
 tions in this field. As the Mohicans are the 
 dominant tribe, and as their language is the 
 prevalent dialect, a colony will be sent from 
 Checomeco thither, to form the nucleus of a 
 congregation. 
 
 1. Apostles among the Indians. Rauch* and 
 
 Mack. 
 
 2. Elder among the Indians. Antonius.f 
 
 3. Superintendents of the Mission. The Gen 
 
 eral Elder of the congregations in America 
 and his wife.J 
 
 4. Evangelists. Biittner, Tschoop, et alii. 
 
 5. Secretaries. Pyrlaeus|| and George Neisser. 
 
 * Christian Henry Rauch. 
 
 f Quaere Anton Seyffert ? 
 
 \ Spangenberg was General Elder from his arrival in America in the 
 autumn of 1744 to the abolition of that office in November of 1748. 
 Until his return to Europe in July of 1762, he continued to superin 
 tend the Brethren s work in all its departments. 
 
 | Gottlob Buttner, from Silesia, born January 9, 1717. Deceased at 
 Shecomeco (where he had labored since Oct. of 1742) March 6, 1745. 
 
 || Jno. Christopher Pyrlaeus, the Mohawk scholar, was born at Pausa, 
 Voigtland, in 1713. Studied for the ministry at the University of Leip- 
 sic between 1733 and 1738. Here became attached to the Brethren, 
 visited Herrnhut, and accepted an appointment as missionary. Sailed 
 from London in company with Buttner and Zander, and reached Beth 
 lehem October 19, 1740. Ordained to the ministry during the sessions 
 of the Synod convened in Oley. July 10, 1742, married Susan, young 
 est daughter of Jno. Stephen Benezet, and soon after repaired to Phila 
 delphia to assist Zinzendorf in the ministry. Pursuant to the Count s 
 instructions, Pyrlaeus and his wife repaired to Tulpehocken in Jan- 
 
AND THE INDIANS. 139 
 
 6. Agents. Conrad Weisser, King Shikellimy, 
 Andrew Montour, Isaac, and Caxhayton 
 in Onondaga. 
 
 uary of 1743, and for three months engaged in the study of the Mohawk, 
 under Weisser s direction, in whose house they lodged, and whose 
 children they in turn schooled. In June they set out for the Mohawk 
 country. Having visited Shecomeco, they traveled west, through 
 Albany and Schenectady, and reached the Mohawk castle of Canajo- 
 harie on the I7th of July. " Here," he writes in his autobiography, 
 " we lodged in the cabin of a poor German opposite the Indian town, 
 suffering many privations and often in danger of our lives. My wife, 
 who had left a home of plenty, was but ill able to contend with the 
 hardships that fell to her lot, and yet she bore up bravely. In order 
 to perfect myself in the Mohawk, I spent much of my time among the 
 Indians. In August I was summoned to Shecomeco to confer with 
 some of the Brethren from Bethlehem, and, after an absence of eleven 
 days, returned to Canajoharie, accompanied by Anton Seyffert. To 
 gether, we now visited the other Mohawk castles, and resolved to go 
 to Onondaga. On arriving at the last white settlement on our way 
 thither, we met a Sachem of the Six Nations, who, on learning our 
 purpose, opposed its execution, first by using dissuasion and then by 
 threatening violence. Thus foiled, we returned to Canajoharie, and 
 soon afterwards set out for Bethlehem. This was the latter part of 
 September." The Brethren having failed to procure a Mohawk In 
 dian from Freehold to instruct in that language such of their num 
 ber as were set apart for the mission, Pyrlaeus undertook this, and 
 on the 4th of February, 1744, opened his Indian School. Abra 
 ham Buhninger, Joseph Moller, Michael Schnall, John J. Bull, alias 
 Shebosh, David Zeisberger, the well-known missionary, and John and 
 Margaret Hagen, were his pupils. In September of 1745, his. first 
 translations of hymns into Mohican appeared. This was the begin 
 ning of a collection for the use of the mission. While at Gnaden- 
 hiitten, on the Mahoning, between 1747 and 1749, he prosecuted the 
 study of the Mohican, and gave Mohawk lessons to David Bruce, 
 Henry Frey, Daniel Oesterlein, and others. From January of 
 1749 to September of 1750, when the Institute was closed, he 
 was engaged at the school for boys in Frederictown. This was his 
 last appointment in America. In November of 1751, he sailed for 
 
140 
 
 COUNT ZINZENDORF AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 The language for general use in the mission, 
 the Mohawk. 
 
 England, where he labored until 177- He next went to Germany. 
 His wife died at Herrnhut May 28, 1779. He deceased there May 
 28, 1785. 
 
 Pyrlaeus contributions to the department of American philology, 
 to which he applied himself with laborious devotion, and for the study 
 of which his high scholarship well qualified him, were the following: 
 
 1 . A Collection of Words and Phrases in the Iroquois or Onondaga 
 Language explained into German. 410. 140 pp. 
 
 2. Affixa Nominum et Verborum Lingucz Macquaicce. 4to. 25 pp. 
 With this are bound several Iroquois Vocabularies and Collections of 
 Phrases, together making 178 pp. 
 
 3. Adjectiva, Nomina et Pronomina Lingua Macquaicce, cum non- 
 nullis de Verbis, Adverbiis, ac Prcepositionibus ejusdem Linguce. 4to. 
 86 pp. 
 
 Mrs. Henry B. Luckenbach, of Bethlehem, is a great-granddaughter 
 of the missionary. 
 
CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 BURIED AT BETHLEHEM, PA, 
 
NAMES AND PERSONAL NOTICES 
 
 OF CHRISTIAN INDIANS WHO LIE BURIED AT BETHLEHEM, 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 (Compiled from Authentic Records.} 
 
 WHO are these Indians, and what brought them here to 
 die ? are questions often asked by those who read the epi 
 taphs of the dead that lie buried in the old Moravian grave 
 yard at Bethlehem. 
 
 Most of them were converts from heathenism. Some 
 came here as to a city of refuge, because they had been 
 driven by white men from their ancestral seats, and others 
 came because they confided only in the Brethren at a 
 time when their race was an object of almost universal ab 
 horrence. 
 
 The persecution of the Moravians in New York by Acts* 
 of Assembly in 1744 resulted in the abandonment of the 
 Shecomeco Mission, which event was followed by an influx 
 of Mohicans to Bethlehem. These were transferred in 1 746 
 to Gnadenhtitten, on the Mahoning. Here the Mission 
 received accessions from the Delawares. After the me 
 morable massacre in the night of the 24th of November, 
 1755, upward of seventy Christian Mohicans and Delawares 
 fled to Bethlehem, and remained there, or at Nain, until 
 1761, in which year the last Indian interment was made 
 in the Bethlehem grave-yard. 
 
 * These Acts are published in C? Callagharfs Documentary History 
 of Neiv York. 
 
 (143) 
 
144 
 
 CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 Fifty-eight converts were buried there in the interval 
 between 1746 and 1761, representatives of all the tribes 
 and stations among and at which the Brethren then labored 
 as messengers of the Gospel. And now, although a full 
 century has passed since the remains of the Delaware 
 maiden, Theodora, were carried to their long home, these 
 dead of another race in the white man s cemetery still 
 tell of a time when Bethlehem was the central seat of a 
 Mission, of which there is no trace but the hillocks that 
 cover the mouldering bones of her Indian converts. 
 
 1. John, a Mohican of Shecomeco, baptized by the mis 
 sionary J. Martin Mack, at Bethlehem, July 13, and de 
 ceased July 15, 1746. Infant son of Joseph and Mary. 
 No. 40.* 
 
 2. Anna, infant daughter of Zaccheus and Magdalene, 
 Mohicans of Shecomeco ; born at Bethlehem, July 1 7th, 
 baptized by J. Martin Mack, on the same day, and de 
 ceased July 1 8, 1746. No. 42. 
 
 3. Magdalene, alias Aguttdguos, a Mohican, baptized by 
 J. Martin Mack at Shecomeco, December 23, 1742. De 
 ceased July 20, 1746. Mother of Anna. No. 43. 
 
 4. Joseph, alias Nan nachdausch, a Mohican, baptized by 
 J. Martin Mack at Shecomeco, December 23, 1742. De 
 ceased July 21, 1746. Husband of Mary. No. 44. 
 
 5. Benjamin, f alias Schabat, a Wampanoag of Pachgat- 
 goch, baptized by Bro. Peter Bohler at Shecomeco, 
 August 1 8, 1743. Deceased July 28, 1746. No. 46. 
 
 * The figure appended to each notice indicates the number of the 
 interment. 
 
 f The first Indian that resided at Bethlehem. An inmate of the 
 Single Brethren s House. 
 
BURIED AT BETHLEHEM. I45 
 
 6. Peter,* alias Nachsdbamit, a Mohican of Wechquad- 
 nach, baptized by J. Martin .Mack at Shecomeco, January 
 6, 1743. Deceased July 28, 1746. No. 47. 
 
 7. Wesakau,^ a Wampanoag of Pachgatgoch. Deceased 
 July 28, 1746. No. 48. 
 
 8. Isaac, J alias Otabawdnemen, a Wampanoag of She- 
 
 * The husband of Christiana. After Peter s decease she was mar 
 ried to John Joseph Bull, whom the Indians called Shebosh, " running 
 water." Both were assistants in the Mission for many years, and fol 
 lowed the fortunes of the Moravian Indians, north and west, in their 
 exodus from the settled portions of Pennsylvania in 1765. Christiana 
 deceased in the autumn of 1787. 
 
 f Was not baptized. 
 
 J One of three Indians baptized at the close of a Synod held at Mr. 
 Jno. de Turcks. The rite of baptism was on this occasion administered 
 for the first time to Indians by the Brethren. The three candidates 
 were Schabash, Otabawanemen, and Mashak. They had been brought 
 from Shecomeco by their missionary, who, after having received ordi 
 nation at the hands of Bishop Nitschmann, baptized them, naming 
 them respectively Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. All of them became 
 assistants in the mission among their people. Abraham deceased in 
 Wyoming in December of 1762, and Jacob was buried in "Potters 
 Field" (Washington Square), Philadelphia, hi February of 1764. 
 Zinzendorf had dispatched Buttner to Shecomeco for Rauch and the 
 catechumens. While at Philadelphia, on their return home, they 
 waited on James Logan (February 3), who alludes to the interview 
 in these words in a letter to Governor Clarke, of New York : " Some 
 weeks ago two Moravians called on me, by the Count s direction, with 
 three of y e Mohican Indians in their company. One of the latter 
 speaking good English served for an interpreter. All three were 
 proselytes, exceeding grave but with free and no ill countenances. 
 Though the young Germans drank one glass of wine apiece with us, 
 the others would taste nothing but water. I hope if these two Ger 
 mans, or either of them should settle in your Province, y e traders and 
 others of y e people will treat them courteously ; since I think we may 
 all be assured they have no views whatever (as y e Romish Priests and 
 other Emissaries have) that can be inconsistent with the British inter 
 ests. So much I thought it might be requisite to say of them." 
 
I4 6 CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 comeco, baptized by the missionary Christian Henry Rauch, 
 in Oley, Berks County, February 22, 1742. Deceased 
 August 2, 1746. Husband of Rebecca. No. 52. 
 
 9. Samuel, a Delaware, baptized by Brother John Brand- 
 muller at Bethlehem, August 9, 1 746, and deceased the same 
 day. Infant son of Beata. No. 54. 
 
 10. Gabriel, a Mohican, baptized by the missionary 
 Gottlob Biittner, at Shecomeco, May 21, 1744. Deceased 
 August 13, 1746, aged 3 years. Son of Joshua. No. 55. 
 
 11. Elisabeth, a Mohican, baptized by Bro. John Brand- 
 miiller at Bethlehem, August 12, and deceased August 14, 
 1746. Infant daughter of Peter and Christiana. No. 56. 
 
 12. Thomas,* alias, Pechtawdppeed, alias Harris, a Sopus 
 Indian, baptized by Christian H. Rauch at Shecomeco, 
 August 22, 1742. Deceased August 15, 1746. Husband 
 of Esther. No. 57. 
 
 13. Zipporah, alias Wawottackem, a Hogelandf Indian, 
 baptized by Bishop David Nitschmann at Shecomeco, 
 August 18, 1743. Deceased August 23, 1746. Wife of 
 Nathaniel. No. 59. 
 
 14. Thomas, \ a Mohican of Shecomeco. Deceased 
 August 26, 1746, aged 10 years. Son of Jephthah. No. 60. 
 
 * A Mohican of Sopus, or a " Lorolander." Thomas, and Esther 
 his wife, left Shecomeco for Bethlehem in August of 1743, and 
 were appointed steward and stewardess of Indians residing or visiting 
 there. Both were highly esteemed by their people and instrumental 
 in the conversion of Gehntachquishigunt and Olele>n^tla^^, the first con 
 verts from the Delawares, who were baptized at Bethlehem April 26, 
 1745, by Rauch and Mack, receiving the names of Gottlieb and Mary, 
 respectively. Thomas is introduced in the painting of the " First 
 Fruits," the original of which is at Herrnhut, one copy at Zeyst, in 
 Holland, and a second at Bethlehem. 
 
 f Hogeland, or Hoogland, Dutch for Highlands, a name applied to 
 the Highlands of New York. The Indians called them Wequehachke, 
 the hill-country. 
 
 J Was not baptized. 
 
BURIED AT BETHLEHEM. I47 
 
 15. John,* alias Wasamapah, alias Tschope, a Mohican, 
 baptized by Chrn. H. Rauch, at Shecomeco, April 16, 1742. 
 Deceased August 27, 1746. No. 62. 
 
 1 6. Salome, f a Wampanoag, baptized by Gottlob Biitt- 
 ner, at Shecomeco, December 23, 1742. Deceased Sep 
 tember 1 6, 1746. Wife of Joshua. No. 65. 
 
 * John, alias Wasamapah, alias Tschoop (Job), was one of the com 
 pany of drunken Indians whom Rauch met on the streets of New York, 
 a few days after his arrival from Europe, in July of 1740. Invited by 
 these strangers to their village on the Shecomeco, the missionary went 
 thither and preached the Gospel. Its power was soon demonstrated in 
 the conviction of Tschoop, who expressed a desire to become, by bap 
 tism, a member of the Christian Church. Indisposition preventing 
 him from accompanying three other candidates to Oley, the adminis 
 tration of the rite, in his case, was postponed. John left Shecomeco 
 for Bethlehem in August of 1745. Here he acted as interpreter in the 
 sen-ice held for the Indians on Sunday afternoon in the Brethren s 
 chapel. He also gave instruction in Mohican to a number of brethren 
 and sisters who were designed for missionaries. On the organization 
 of the refugees from Shecomeco into a Christian congregation, at 
 Friedenshiltten (the Huts of Peace), on the 2 4 th of July, 1746, John 
 was appointed their teacher. Soon after, small-pox broke out at the 
 Indian quarters. To this malady he fell a victim, after a painful illness 
 of seven days, during which he gave evidence of the mighty work of 
 grace which the Spirit of God had wrought in his heart. In the pres 
 ence of his weeping countrymen, who had been summoned to his bed 
 side, and amid the prayers of Spangenberg and Rauch, the spirit of the 
 patient sufferer was released from its tenement of clay. This was on 
 the 27th of August. In the afternoon of Sunday, the 28th, a funeral 
 sermon was delivered by Rauch, and the remains were then conveyed 
 to the grave-yard amid the strains of solemn music. As the body was 
 being lowered into the earth, Nicodemus, the Elder, knelt by the grave 
 and offered prayer. The concurrent testimony of those who knew 
 John shows that he was not unworthy of the name of the beloved dis 
 ciple which he bore, and that this evangelist among his people was 
 a marvelous instance of the transforming power of divine grace. 
 f Stewardess at Friedenshiitten. 
 
148 CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 17. Gottlob, a Mohican, baptized by Chr. H. Rauch, at 
 Bethlehem, September 9, and deceased September 23, 1746. 
 Infant son of Joshua and Salome. No. 66. 
 
 1 8. Nathaniel, a Mohican, baptized by the missionary 
 John Christopher Pyrlaeus, at Bethlehem, December 17, 
 and deceased December 18, 1746. Infant son of Nathaniel 
 and Zipporah. No. 73. 
 
 19. Beata, a Delaware, baptized by Bishop John C. 
 Frederic Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, March 22, 1747, and 
 deceased the same day, aged 18 months. Daughter of 
 Beata, and brother of Samuel (9). No. 74. 
 
 20. Lucas, alias Quawdtschonit (he takes a child "by the 
 hand and leads //), a Wampanoag of Pachgatgoch, baptized 
 by J. Martin Mack, at Shecomeco, March 27, 1743. De 
 ceased October 3, 1747. Father of Rachel Post. No. 77. 
 
 21. Theodora, alias Atechtanodh (soon ripe], a Wampa 
 noag of Pachgatgoch, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at Beth 
 lehem, October 5, 1747, and deceased the same day, aged 
 80 years. Grandmother of Rachel Post. No. 78. 
 
 22. Rachel Post, a Wampanoag, baptized by Gottlob 
 Biittner, at Pachgatgoch, February 13, 1743. Deceased 
 December 26, 1747. Daughter of Lucas (20) and Priscilla, 
 alias Amanariochque. 
 
 Rachel received her first religious impressions under 
 David Brainerd s preaching, at Kaunameek.* September 
 8, 1743, she was married to the missionary, Christian 
 Frederic Post, at Shecomeco. She bore him two children 
 a son, Ludwig John, born at Bethlehem, September 24, 
 1744, baptized by Brother Paul D. Pryzelius, and deceased 
 there May 13, 1745 ; and a daugher, Mary, born at Beth 
 lehem, April 10, 1746, baptized by Brother Abraham Mei- 
 nung, and deceased there December 26, 1747- Their 
 
 Twenty miles west of Stockbridge, Mass. 
 
B URIED AT BE THLEHEM. 1 49 
 
 numbers are 23 and 82. A still-born child was buried with 
 Rachel. No. 83. 
 
 23. Salome,* a Monsey, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at 
 Gnadenhiitten, April 9, 1747. Deceased May 18, 1748. 
 Infant daughter of Benjamin and Zipporah. No. 102. 
 
 24. Thomas,f a Mohican, baptized by J. Martin Mack, 
 at Gnadenhiitten, November 17, 1746. Deceased July 7, 
 
 1748. Infant son of Thomas Pechtawappeed and Esther. 
 No. 106. 
 
 25. Daniel, a Delaware, baptized by Bishop John M. de 
 Watteville, at Bethlehem, March 5, and deceased April 19, 
 
 1749. An adult brother of Salome, a Delaware. No. 121. 
 
 26. Lydia,J a Delaware. Deceased May 4, 1749, aged 
 2 years. Daughter of Henry and Dorothea. No. 122. 
 
 27. Anna, a Delaware, baptized by Bishop de Watteville, 
 at Bethlehem, February 16, and deceased June 20, 1749. 
 Infant daughter of Henry and Dorothea. No. i 23. 
 
 28. Anna Salome, a Delaware, baptized by Brother Samuel 
 Krause, at Bethlehem, October 9, 1749, and deceased the 
 same day, aged 3 years. Daughter of Salome. No. 127. 
 
 29. Theodora, 1 1 a Delaware, baptized by Brother Gottlieb 
 Pezold, at Bethlehem, October 23, and deceased November 
 24, 1749. No 129. 
 
 * An inmate of the Institute for Children, at Bethlehem. 
 
 f Also an inmate of the Institute. 
 
 J Was not baptized. Her parents were from New Jersey. Both 
 had been baptized at Bethlehem in January of 1749. Henry was born 
 when corn needed hoeing the first time, in 1727, in an Indian village on 
 the Delaware, a few miles east of Hunter s settlement, or Huntersville, 
 in Lower Mount Bethel. Dorothea was born at Good Luck, on the Jer 
 sey coast, and thence removed to Cranberry. 
 
 \ At Friedenshiitten. 
 
 || Came to Bethlehem, from her home on the Schuylkill, north of 
 the Blue Mountain. She was very aged, and totally blind. 
 
!tj CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 30. Rachel,* a Delaware, baptized by Bishop Cammer 
 hoff, near Bethlehem, January 10, and deceased January 15, 
 1750. No. 130. 
 
 31. Anna Mary, alias Taiibchen (Little Dove], a Mohi 
 can, baptized by Brother Abraham Reincke, at Nazareth, 
 January i, 1747. Deceased January 23, 1750, aged 12 
 years. Daughter of Nathaniel and Zipporah (13). No. 
 
 32. Jonas, a Mohican of Wechquadnach, baptized by 
 Bishop Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, August 28, and deceased 
 August 29, 1750, aged 9 years. Son of Jonas.f No. 144. 
 
 33. Martin, J alias Mahab, a Wampanoag, of Shecomeco, 
 baptized by J. Martin Mack, at Bethlehem, January 23, 
 1749. Deceased October 26, 1750, aged 6 years. Son of 
 Philip and Lydia. No. 146. 
 
 34. Salome, alias Jankoch, a Hogeland Indian of She 
 comeco, baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, 
 May 4, 1748. Deceased April 18, 1751. Foster-daughter 
 of Nicodemus. No. 154. 
 
 35. Zipporah, 1 1 alias Wechnawashque, a Mohican, of 
 Shecomeco, baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, 
 August 4, 1748. Deceased May 9, 1751, aged 18 years. 
 Daughter of Nathaniel and Zipporah, (13). No. 156. 
 
 * A widow, and sister of Old Nutimus, the Delaware king of Nes- 
 copec. Baptized in an Indian encampment on the Manakasy, a mile 
 northwest of Bethlehem. 
 
 j- Came to Bethlehem from Shecomeco, in May of 1746. Was 
 nurse at Friedenshiitten. 
 
 Born at Shecomeco, in the time of wheat harvest, in 1744- ^ n 
 1747 was entered at the school in Frederictown. Thence transferred 
 to the Institute at Bethlehem. 
 
 \ Born in December of 1733, in Wequehachke, the Highlands. An 
 inmate of the Single Sisters House. 
 
 II An inmate of the Single Sisters House. 
 
BURIED AT BETHLEHEM. I5I 
 
 36. Benigna Christiana, a Mohican of Shecomeco, bap 
 tized by Bishop Cammerhoff, at Nazareth,* November 23, 
 1748. Deceased June 4, 1751, aged eight years. Daughter 
 of Peter (6) and Christiana. No. 158. 
 
 37. Agnes Post, a Delaware of the Unamt, or Turtle 
 tribe, from New Jersey, baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff at 
 Bethlehem, March 5, 1749. Deceased July 8, 1751, aged 
 22 years.f 
 
 Agnes s father and grandfather were Six Nation Indians. 
 She had attended Brainerd s preaching at Crossweeksung, 
 near Bordentown. In September of 1749 was married to 
 Christian Frederic Post, at Bethlehem. She bore him a son, 
 Christian Frederic, who was baptized by Bishop Cammer 
 hoff, November i, 1755, an( i wno deceased January n, 
 1751 (No. 151). Agnes s sister, Juliana, was the wife of 
 Amos, King Teedyuscung s oldest son. No. 160. 
 
 38. Caritas,^ a Delaware of Meniolagomeka, baptized by 
 Bishop Cammerhoff at Bethlehem, May 6, 1749. Deceased 
 January 30, 1752, aged 8 years. Daughter of Daniel and 
 Ruth. No. 165. 
 
 39. Gottlieb, a Wampanoag, baptized by J. Martin 
 Mack at Gnadenhiitten, September 7, 1750. Deceased 
 January 5, 1753, aged 2 years. Son of John Peter (46) 
 and Esther. No. 177. 
 
 40. Anna Maria, alias Nannachpelema, a Delaware of 
 Gnadenhutten, baptized by Bishop Matthias G. Hehl, at 
 Bethlehem, February 27, 1752. Deceased October 28, 
 I 753- Wife of Tobias, alias Laochalent, alias Tom Evans. 
 No. 181. 
 
 * At the time in the Institute for Children in the Whitefield House. 
 f Died of consumption at Friedenshiitten, where she and her hus 
 band were superintendents. 
 
 \ An inmate of the Institute for Children, at Bethlehem. 
 
I5 2 CHRISTIAN INDIANS 
 
 41. Anna Caritas,* alias Schitemoque, a Shawanese from 
 Skehandowana (Wyoming), baptized by Bishop de Watte- 
 ville, in Frederictown, Montgomery County, November 
 21, 1748. Deceased December 31, 1755. No. 196. 
 
 42. Isaac, f a Wampanoag of Shecomeco, baptized by 
 Bishop Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, January 17, 1749. De 
 ceased February 18, 1756, aged 18 years. A son of Isaac 
 Otabawanemen (8) and Rebecca. No. 203. 
 
 43. Anna, a Delaware, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at 
 Meniolagomeka, May 2, 1753. Deceased at Bethlehem, 
 April 23, 1756, aged 3 years. Daughter of Joshua and 
 Agnes. No. 204. 
 
 44. Simeon, J a Delaware from New Jersey, baptized by 
 the missionary Bernhard Adam Grube, at Bethlehem, 
 January 6, and deceased October 17, 1756, aged 70 years. 
 No. 209. 
 
 45. Samuel, alias Achgonoma, a Delaware of Meniolago 
 meka, baptized by the missionary John Jacob Schmick, at 
 
 * Born in North Carolina, near the Wachovia tract. Thither her 
 mother, a Shawanese, had been brought by some Mohawk warriors 
 on their return north from a maraud. Immediately after giving birth 
 to her child she died, and Schitemoque was left to the care of a sister, 
 who reared her on the pulp of the .calabash. Migrated with others 
 of her people to Wyoming, whence she came to Bethlehem, a widow, 
 in 1747. She was the first convert from the Shawanese. 
 
 f Born in Shecomeco, when corn was ripe, in 1738. Came to Beth 
 lehem in 1746. W T as entered at the school in Frederictown. Thence 
 transferred to a school for boys, opened in 1747, south of the Lehigh, 
 near the " Crown," and from there into the Single Brethren s House. 
 
 Stepfather of Augustus, alias George Rex, Born at Egg Harbor, 
 on the Jersey coast. A medicine-man, in high repute among his 
 people. Thence he removed north of the Blue Mountain, and became 
 acquainted with the Brethren at Meniolagomeka. In 1754 settled 
 in Gnadenhiitten, east of the Lehigh. Fled to Bethlehem after the 
 massacre on the Mahoning. He was totally blind. 
 
BURIED AT BETHLEHEM. I53 
 
 Bethlehem, January 5, and deceased January u, 1757, 
 aged 14 years. Son of Augustus, alias George Rex, Cap 
 tain of Meniolagomeka, and Elder of the Christian Indians 
 at Bethlehem between November of 1755 and October of 
 1758. No. 212. 
 
 46. John Peter,* alias Peter Robert, a Wampanoag of 
 Pachgatgoch, baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff at Bethle 
 hem, November, 1748. Deceased April i, 1757. No. 215. 
 
 47. Christiana, a Mohican, baptized by J. Martin Mack, 
 at Gnadenhiitten, October 18, 1755. Deceased April i, 
 1757. Infant daughter of John Peter (46) and Esther. 
 No. 216. 
 
 48. Samuel, a Delaware, baptized by Bishop Bohler, at 
 Bethlehem, December n, and deceased December 14, 
 1757. Infant son of Aquilaf and Maria, of Gnadenhiitten. 
 No. 224. 
 
 49. Sophia, a Delaware, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at 
 Bethlehem, January 6, and deceased January 7, 1758. In 
 fant daughter of Paul and Magdalene. No. 225. 
 
 50. Michael, J alias Hendrick, a Monsey, baptized by 
 Gottlob Buttner, at Shecomeco, December 23, 1742. De- 
 
 * Came to Gnadenhiitten in the autumn of 1746. May, 1749, mar 
 ried Esther, the relict of Thomas Pechtowappeed, then at Gnadenhiitten. 
 In 1752 removed to Bethlehem, and was appointed steward at the new 
 Indian quarters opened on the Manakasy, west of the grist-mill. 
 
 f Half-brother of Augustus, alias George Rex. 
 
 J In early life Michael had been a noted brave in his tribe, and 
 once in an engagement had kept his post resolutely, although the tree 
 at which he stood had been struck by twenty bullets. After his bap 
 tism he was true to his profession, and he died the death of the right 
 eous. As he lay a corpse, the serenity of his countenance contrasted 
 markedly with the barbaric devices with which his face had been scari 
 fied in the days when deeds of blood were the delight of " the Crown 
 of the Indian Mission." 
 
 II 
 
1 5 4 CHRISTIAN INDIANS B URIED AT BE THLEHEM. 
 
 ceased July 24, 1758, a widower, aged 70 years, called 
 " The Croivn of the Indian Mission" No. 233. 
 
 51. Eve, a Hogeland Indian, baptized by Bro. Anton 
 Seyffert, at Shecomeco, August 18, 1743. Deceased at 
 Nain, November 18, 1758.* No. 241. 
 
 52. Hannah, a Monsey, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at 
 Nain, November 12, and deceased there December 24, 
 1758. No. 244. 
 
 53. Eleonora, a Mohican, baptized by J. Martin Mack, 
 at Nain, November 12, 1758, and deceased there February 
 25, 1759. Infant daughter of Daniel and Elisabeth. 
 No. 247. 
 
 54. Henry, a Mohican, baptized by J. Martin Mack, at 
 Nain, February 26, and deceased February 27, 1759. In 
 fant son of Abel and Philippina. No. 248. 
 
 55. Joseph, a Mohican, baptized by Bishop Spangen- 
 berg, at Bethlehem, August 25, 1758. Deceased at Nain, 
 March 10, 1759. No. 2 5- 
 
 56. Theodora, alias Aktees, a Delaware of Gnadenhiitten, 
 baptized by Bernhard A. Grube, at Bethlehem, February 
 22, 1756.7 Deceased January 17, 1761, aged 19 years. 
 Daughter of Sam Evans, and niece of Teedyuscung, King 
 of the Delawares. No. 291. 
 
 * In April of 1759 the Brethren Spangenberg and Bohler selected 
 the site for a grave-yard at Nain. The first interment there was that 
 of the Delaware, Nicodemus, alias Joe Evans, in January of 1760. 
 
 f After her baptism, Theodora was admitted into the Single Sisters 
 House. There she deceased. 
 
ANNALS OF EARLY 
 
 MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 IN 
 
 GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 (155) 
 
THESE are the simple annals of lowly ones of the earth 
 who crossed the seas as ambassadors of a King. 
 
 To many they may appear dead things, and dry as the 
 bones that the seer of old saw in the Valley of Vision, or 
 prove only a passionless picture of still life. But as we 
 look we observe the figures moving ; and beautiful upon the 
 wooded mountains and in the green valleys of a new world, 
 in crowded mart, and among the cottages of the poor, are 
 the feet of these Evangelists as they pass in quick succes 
 sion like the forms of some shifting panoramic scene. And 
 we should not be surprised to meet with grotesque shapes too, 
 in this rare old picture of religious life a hundred years ago 
 in the wilds of Pennsylvania, forms of cowled monk and 
 hooded nun by the side of Moravian peasant and scholar 
 and unmitered Bishop and untitled Count. For hither 
 thousands had come from an old world, bringing with 
 them the remembrance of ancient things, which sprang up 
 anew into life or were recast in fantastic moulds in the 
 seclusion and solitude of their woodland homes. 
 
 And simple as these annals are, we should not forget that 
 they are the annals of those lowly ones of the earth, who, 
 with others of like spirit, reared a fabric of Missions, whose 
 pillars are planted in the four quarters of the earth, and 
 under whose dome are gathered together worshipers of the 
 true God out of many nations and kindreds and tribes and 
 tongues. 
 
ANNALS OF EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Recording the movements of the Brethren, and events of interest that 
 occurred in the interval between September of 1734 and July of 
 1742. 
 
 (Extracted chiefly from George Neisser 1 s Compilation, a MS. in the 
 Archives at Bethlehem.} 
 
 1734- 
 
 September 22. George Bohnisch, Christopher Baus, and 
 Christopher Wiegner arrived at Philadelphia on the "St. 
 Andrew,"* Captain Stedman. 
 
 1735- 
 
 March 22. Spangenberg, Anton Seyffert, John Tolt- 
 schig, Gottfried Haberecht, Gotthard Demuth, Peter Rosa, 
 Michael and George Haberland, Frederic Riedel, and 
 George Waschke arrived off Savannah, on the Two 
 Brothers," Captain Thompson. f 
 
 * This vessel brought the Schwenkfelders, whom Zinzendorf had 
 received at Berthelsdorf, on their banishment from Silesia. Bohnisch 
 accompanied them to Pennsylvania, at their request, and during his 
 stay among them resided at Wiegner s. He returned to Europe in 
 1737. See " Erlauterung fur Herrn Caspar Schivenckfeld" (jBreslau, 
 1771), for a narrative of the voyage. 
 
 f Riedel, from Sehlen, Moravia, deceased at Savannah in September 
 of 1735. His widow married Peter Rosa. 
 
 Waschke, from Kunewalde, Moravia, left Georgia for Pennsylvania 
 
 (157) 
 
1 5 8 EARL Y MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 July. John Francis Regnier* arrived in Savannah. 
 
 in February of 1737. Settled in Germantown. His wife deceased at 
 the "Falls of Schuylkill" in 1766, and was buried in " Levering s 
 Graveyard." In 1779 he was still living at Germantown, totally blind. 
 Some of his descendants moved to Baltimore. 
 
 Haberecht, from Peila, Silesia, left Georgia in April of 1737. Set 
 tled in Germantown. Entered the convent of the Seventh-day Baptists 
 at Ephrata, on the Cocalico. Resumed connection with the Brethren 
 in 1742. Returned to Europe with Zinzendorf. Missionated among 
 the Christian slaves in Algiers ? 
 
 Demuth, from Radelsdorf, Bohemia, left Georgia in June of 1737. 
 Settled in Germantown. Deceased there in December of 1744. His 
 widow married David Tanneberger, of Bethlehem, and deceased in 
 1774. John Christopher, a son, born in 1738, deceased at Lancaster 
 in 1818. 
 
 G. Haberland, from Schonau, Moravia, deceased at Savannah in 
 1737- 
 
 Toltschig, from Zauchtenthal, Moravia, sailed for Europe in the 
 spring of 1738. 
 
 Rosa, from Bohemia, left for Pennsylvania in November of 1739, 
 with his wife and infant daughter, Maria. Settled in Germantown. 
 Deceased there in March of 1740. His widow married John M. 
 Huber, of Bethlehem, and deceased there 1798. A portrait of her is 
 in the " Archives." 
 
 M. Haberland, from Schonau, sailed for Europe in February of 
 1740. 
 
 * Regnier immigrated from Switzerland to Pennsylvania in 1728. 
 Joined the Seventh-day Baptists, on the Cocalico. Thence went to 
 Georgia. In 1738 sailed for Europe, attached himself to the Brethren 
 at Herrnhaag, and was sent by them to Surinam. (See his Report of 
 November, 1740, Budingische Sammlung, Part viii. No. 3.) In 1743 
 returned to Pennsylvania. Of him the chronicler of Ephrata writes : 
 " Endlich hat er, mit blosem Haupt und Fiiszen, eine Reise von 600 
 Meilen zu Fusz durch die grosse Wiiste gethan nach Georgien, und sich 
 daselbst zu den Mahrischen Brudern gesellet. Endlich hat er in aus- 
 wartigen Landen sein unruhiges Leben geendet. Gott seye ihm gnadig 
 am Tag des Urtheils!" Regnier was the author of a defamatory pam 
 phlet aimed at the Brethren. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 159 
 
 1736. 
 
 February 16. David Nitschmann, Episc., Christian 
 Adolph von Hermsdorf, Henry Rascher, Andrew and 
 Anna Dober, David and Rosina Zeisberger, David and 
 John Tanneberger, David Jag, Augustine and George 
 Neisser, John Michael Meyer, Rosina Haberecht, John 
 Martin Mack, Matthias Seybold, Jacob Frank, Judith 
 Toltschig, Gottlieb and Regina Demuth, Catharine Rie- 
 del, Anna Waschke, Juliana Jaschke, John Bohner, and 
 Matthias Bohnisch arrived off Savannah on the " Si- 
 monds," Captain Cornish.* 
 
 * Frank, from Wirtemberg, deceased at Savannah in March of 
 
 I73 6 - 
 
 Rascher, from Upper Lusatia, Rosina Haberecht, from Silesia, and 
 Matthias Bohnisch, from Kunewalde, deceased at Savannah in the 
 same year. 
 
 Andrew and Anna Dober, from Monchsroth, Franck, and von 
 Hermsdorf, from Upper Lusatia, returned to Europe in 1737. 
 
 Juliana Jaschke, from Moravia, married George Waschke, and left 
 for Pennsylvania with him and his mother, Anna Waschke, in Feb 
 ruary of 1737. The latter deceased at "the Bethel," near German- 
 town, at an advanced age. 
 
 David and John Tanneberger, from Zauchtenthal, left for Pennsyl 
 vania in June of 1737. Settled in Germantown. Removed to Beth 
 lehem in 1742. David deceased there in 1760. John, his son, 
 deceased in Philadelphia in I77&- 
 
 Demuth, from Radelsdorf, left for Pennsylvania in June of 1737. 
 Settled in Matetsche. Removed to Bethlehem in 1742. Deceased at 
 Schoneck, Pa., in 1776. 
 
 Regina Demuth left with her husband, Gotthard, in June of 1737. 
 
 David Jag, from Zauchtenthal, and Michael Meyer, from Silesia, 
 left for Pennsylvania in 1737. Jag settled in Goshenhoppen, and Meyer 
 in Macungy. 
 
 Augustine Neisser, from Sehlen, left for Pennsylvania in September 
 of 1737. Settled in Germantown. A cutler and clock-maker. In 1770 
 
160 EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 April. Early in the month Spangenberg arrived at New 
 York, and proceeded to enter upon his labors among the 
 Schwenkfelders, who were settled along the Skippack, in 
 Worcester and Towamensing Townships, Philadelphia 
 County. He made his home here at the house of Christo 
 pher Wiegner.* David Nitschmann followed him from 
 Georgia.f 
 
 married Catharine Reisinger. Had three sons, George Henry, born 
 in 1771, Augustine, born in 1774, and Jacob, born in 1777. 
 
 Seybold, from Wirtemberg, left for Pennsylvania in November of 
 1739. Lived among the Schwenkfelders, and worked for Wiegner 
 until Bohler s arrival, in April of 1740. Returned to Europe, and 
 deceased in 1787. 
 
 Judith Toltschig, from Schonau, returned to Europe with her 
 brother, Michael Haherland, in February of 1740. 
 
 General Oglethorpe and John and Charles Wesley were on board 
 the Simonds. 
 
 * The " Wiegner Farm" lies two miles south of Kulpsville, and 
 about eight southwest of the Hatfield Station, on the North Pennsyl 
 vania Railroad, in Montgomery County. It is now in possession of Mr. 
 George Anders. The farm-house is no longer standing. It was inter 
 esting as having been the home of the first Moravians in Pennsylvania, 
 and also as the head-quarters of The Associated Brethren of Skippack," 
 who met there for the worship of God and for religious edification. 
 Among these old worthies were Henry Frey, John Kooken, George 
 Merkel, Christian Weber, John Bonn, Jacob Wenzen, Jost Schmidt, 
 William Bossen, and Jost Becker, of Skippack ; Henry Antes, Wil 
 liam Frey, George Stiefel, Henry Holstein, and Andrew Frey, of 
 Frederic Township ; Matthias Gmelen and Abraham Wagner, of Ma- 
 tetsche; John Bertolet, Francis Ritter, and William Pott, of Oley; 
 John Bechtel, John Adam Gruber, Blasuis Mackinet, and George Ben- 
 zel, of Germantown. Edmund B. Bensell, the meritorious artist, is his 
 only descendant resident in Germantown. 
 
 f His brief sojourn in Pennsylvania, in the spring of 1736, was 
 spent by Bishop Nitschmann in ascertaining the religious condition of 
 its German population. With this object, he traveled through the 
 rural districts, and was thus brought into contact with representatives 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 161 
 
 June. David Nitschmann sailed from New York on his 
 return to Europe. 
 
 August. Toward the close of the month Spangenberg 
 sailed for St. Thomas, as he had been deputed by Nitsch 
 mann to hold a visitation. 
 
 November. Spangenberg returned from St. Thomas. 
 
 1737- 
 
 February. In this month George Neisser arrived at 
 Wiegner s. He had been dispatched by the Brethren in 
 Georgia to report their distress to Spangenberg, and to 
 urge him to repair to London and lay their grievances be 
 fore the "Trustees for the Colony of Georgia." 
 
 May. Spangenberg sailed for Georgia to counsel with 
 the Brethren. 
 
 of the numerous sects who were distracting the Christianity that had 
 been transplanted into the wilds of this part of the new world. 
 Accompanied by Spangenberg, he visited the Seventh-day Baptists 
 also. " Urn dieselbe Zeit," writes the chronicler of Ephrata, " sind 
 die ersten Mahrischen Briider in Pensilvanien angekommen, nehm- 
 lich Spangenberg und Nitschmann, welche drei einsame Briider als- 
 bald in Schippach bei einer Familie, Wiegner genannt, besuchten. 
 Bald bei dem ersten Anblick bemerkte man zu beyden Theilen einen 
 magnetischen Anzug der Geister; denn man war zu beyden Seiten noch 
 in der ersten Liebe. Darum nahmen sie sich auch vor mit gedachten 
 Einsamen zu reisen und im Lager einen Besuch abzustatten, welcher 
 auch sehr gesegnet ist ausgefiihrt worden. Bey dem Abreisen gaben 
 ihnen die Briider ein Stuck Wegs das Geleit, schlossen einen Kreis 
 und nachdeme sie Gott durch ein Lied gelobet hatten, herzten sie ein- 
 ander unter Empfehlung der Gnade Gottes."CArontcon Ephratense, 
 enthaltend den Lebenslanf des ehrwurdigen Vaters in Christo, Fried- 
 sam Gottrecht iveyland Stiffters und Vorstehers des geistlichen Ordens 
 der Einsame in Ephrata in der Grafschaft Lancaster in Pensilva 
 nien. Zusammengezogen von Briider Lantech und Agrippa. Ephrata, 
 1786. 
 
1 6 2 EA RL Y MORA VIA N SE TTL EMENT 
 
 August. David Zeisberger, Jr. , and John Michael Schober 
 arrived in Georgia.* 
 
 September. Spangenberg returned to Pennsylvania. 
 
 1738- 
 
 October 15. Peter Bohler and George Schuliusf arrived 
 at Savannah. Bohler had been appointed minister to the 
 Brethren in that town, and was also commissioned, with 
 Schulius, to missionate among the negroes on the planta 
 tions between Savannah and Charleston. 
 
 1739- 
 
 August. In this month Spangenberg closed his labors 
 among the Schwenkfelders and sailed for Europe. 
 
 1740. 
 
 April. On the i3th of the month Peter Bohler, Anton 
 Seyffert, Martin Mack, John Bohner, David and Rosina 
 Zeisberger, David Zeisberger, Jr., Hannah Hummel, J and 
 Benjamin Sommers and James - - (indentured boys), 
 sailed from Savannah on "the Savannah," Whitefield s 
 sloop, for Philadelphia. They landed on the 25th. 
 
 May. On the 3d, Whitefield "agreed with William Al- 
 
 * Young Zeisberger, subsequently and for forty years of his life a 
 missionary to the Indians, was from Zauchtenthal. Schober was from 
 Hoffmansdorf, Moravia. Both were mere boys, whom the spirit of 
 adventure had brought unbidden to the new world. Samuel L. Sho- 
 ber, an eminent merchant of Philadelphia, was one of his descendants. 
 
 f From Moravia. Deceased at Purysburg, Beaufort County, S. C., 
 August 4, 1739. 
 
 J From Purysburg. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. ^3 
 
 len, of Philadelphia, for 5,000 acres of land in the Forks of 
 Delaware, for 2,200." 
 
 On the 5th he proposed to Peter Bohler, at Wiegner s,* 
 to engage the Brethren who had accompanied him from 
 Georgia, to do the carpentering at a house he designed to 
 erect on his land for a school for negroes. 
 
 Bohler and Seyffert, with Henry Antes of Falckner 
 Swampf as their guide, set out to view the tract, and camped 
 on it in the night of the yth. 
 
 On the loth the Brethren, with the approval of the lot, 
 accepted Whitefield s proposal. 
 
 On the 1 8th John Hagen, missionary to the Cherokees, 
 reached Savannah. 
 
 On the 2 yth the Brethren set out from Germantown for 
 Whitefield s tract, which he named Nazareth. 
 
 * " Thursday, May 5. Preached at Skippack, sixteen miles from 
 Montgomery, where the Dutch people live. It was seemingly a very 
 wilderness part of the country; but there were not less, I believe, than 
 2000 hearers. Rode twelve miles, and preached in the evening to 
 about 3000 people at a Dutchman s plantation, who seemed to have 
 drank deeply into the consolations of the Holy Spirit. We spent the 
 evening in a most agreeable manner. I never saw more simplicity ; 
 surely that house was a Bethel." Whitefield s Journal, London, 1761. 
 
 " It was surprising to see such a multitude of people gathered to 
 gether in such a wilderness country, 30 miles distant from Philadel 
 phia. Our brother was exceedingly carried out in his sermon to press 
 poor sinners to come to Christ by faith, and claim all their privileges, 
 namely, not only righteousness .and peace, but joy in the Holy Ghost; 
 and after he had done, our dear friend, Peter Bohler, preached in 
 Dutch to those who could not understand our brother in English." 
 Journal of a Voyage from Savannah to Philadelphia, by Wm. Seward, 
 Gent. London, 1740. 
 
 f Frederic Township, Montgomery Co. So named for Daniel 
 Falckner, who settled there about 1700. In 1702 he published his 
 " Curieuse Nachricht von Pensilvanien." Frankfurth und Leipzig. 
 
1 64 EA RL Y MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 On the 3oth they arrived there and assembled for wor 
 ship under "Bohler s Oak." 
 
 June. Toward the close of the month, the first house at 
 Nazareth was completed and occupied. 
 
 July 21. Christian H. Rauch, the Apostle to the Indians, 
 arrived at New York. 
 
 August 29. He reached Shecomeco and commenced his 
 labors among the Mohicans. 
 
 October. Andrew Eschenbach* arrived at Philadelphia. 
 
 November. Early in the month the second house at Naza 
 reth was completed and occupied. 
 
 Toward the close of the month Bohler repaired to Phil 
 adelphia to report progress to Whitefield. Since they had 
 last met the latter had conceived a dislike of the Brethren 
 based on difference of opinion respecting doctrine. Fail 
 ing to bring Bohler over to his views at this interview, he 
 became irritated, and in the heat of controversy discharged 
 the Brethren from his employ. He closed the conference, 
 which had been conducted in Latin, with the words, lt Sic 
 jubeo ; stet voluntas pro ratione."\ 
 
 December. On the i5th of the month David Nitschmann, 
 Episc.,\ David Nitschmann, Sr., Christian Frohlich, Jo- 
 
 * From Naumburg. 
 
 | Whitefield was in Philadelphia between the 1 9th and the 2gth of 
 the month. See his Joiirnal. 
 
 J David Nitschmann, born 1696 in Zauchtenthal, immigrated to 
 Herrnhut in 1724. In March of 1735 was consecrated a Bishop (the 
 first of the Renewed Church of the Brethren) by Bishop Ernst Jablon- 
 sky, of Berlin, with the approval of his associate, Bishop Christian 
 
 \ Uncle of the Bishop. Born 1676 in Zauchtenthal, a descendant 
 of the old Moravian and Bohemian Brethren. In October of 175 ^ e 
 was naturalized at the Supreme Court in Philadelphia, and was thus 
 qualified to hold the Brethren s estates in this country. All purchases 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 165 
 
 hanna S. Molther, and Anna Nitschmann, arrived at Phila 
 delphia and repaired to Nazareth. 
 
 Bohler left on the 27111 for New York, thence to set sail 
 for Europe, pursuant to his recall. He was accompanied 
 there by David Nitschmann, Episc. They spent the 3ist 
 of the month, which was Bohler s twenty-ninth birthday, 
 at Christopher Wiegner s. 
 
 1741. 
 
 January 29. Bohler embarked for Bristol. 
 
 February A,. David Nitschmann, Episc., reached Naza 
 reth on his return from New York. The Brethren now 
 concluded to purchase a tract of land lying at the conflu 
 ence of the Lehigh and Manakasy, which had been offered 
 to Bohler by Nathaniel Irish,* of Saucon, an agent for 
 
 Sitkovius, of Lissa, Poland. In 1740 was dispatched to America to 
 establish a Brethren s settlement in the Northern English Colonies. 
 In virtue of this commission he founded Bethlehem. Much of his life 
 was spent in travel, as the visitation of the missions and the discharge 
 of episcopal functions in that field of the Church constituted his sphere of 
 labor. In his long service he is said to have made fifty voyages. Sub 
 sequent to 1761 he resided at Bethlehem. Here he deceased Oct. 8, 
 1772. To his end he was a strenuous advocate of the simple ways 
 and mode of life that had prevailed among the old Moravian and 
 Bohemian Brethren. 
 
 of lands and all contracts were now made by him for the Brethren. 
 He deceased April 14, 1758, in the Sad year of his age. There is a 
 portrait of him in the " Archives." He is popularly known as the 
 founder of Bethlehem. 
 
 * According to Eastburn s map of 1740, Nathaniel Irish was in that 
 year settled on 306 acres, at the mouth of" Saucong Creek." Here he 
 built a mill, and hither Bohler was wont to come to await the grind 
 ing of grist for his Brethren at Nazareth, as it was the nearest market 
 for bread. Irish s house stood on the site of Mr. \Vm. Shiner s resi 
 dence, in Shimersville. It was removed in 1816. The ruins of the 
 
1 66 EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 William Allen,* for the sale of lands in this part of Bucks 
 County. 
 
 February 9. David Nitschmann, Episc. , came to Frederic- 
 townf to consult with Antes about the projected settle 
 ment. 
 
 March. In the beginning of the month the Brethren at 
 Nazareth received a visit from a company of Seventh-day 
 Baptists from Ephrata,J who expressed admiration at the 
 
 mill are yet to be seen on the premises of Mr. Jno. Knecht, of that place. 
 It was demolished in 1812, and a part of the stone worked up into the 
 mill at present owned by Mr. Knecht. About a mile southwest of 
 Shimersville, near Mr. Isaac Pearson s farm-house, in the forks of the 
 Hellertown road, was Irish s stone-quarry, which, in 1740, was the 
 terminus of the high road from Philadelphia into the northern part of" 
 Bucks. 
 
 * A large dealer in lands purchased of the Proprietaries. This tract 
 was a part of 5000 acres he had bought of Joseph Turner in 1736. In 
 1 741 was Recorder of the City of Philadelphia. Chief Justice of Penn 
 sylvania before the Revolution, and died 1780, a refugee Loyalist in 
 London. 
 
 f George Neisser was at this time working in wood for Mr. Antes, 
 who was a millwright by trade. 
 
 \ Followers of John Conrad Beissel. In 1719 Peter Becker immi 
 grated to Pennsylvania with a company of Schwarzenau Baptists. In 
 1720, Conrad Beissel, one of this sect, followed and settled in German- 
 town. Hence he removed, in 1721, with Jacob Stuntz and George 
 Stiefel, to Conestoga, and built a house on Mill Creek, a stream that 
 heads near Adamstown, and eight miles below falls into the Conestoga, 
 forming the dividing line between East Cocalico and Brecknock Town 
 ships, in Lancaster County. He was now fully possessed of the idea 
 to found a sect. His asceticism, however, deprived him of his followers. 
 Of Stiefel, the Chronicle of Ephrata states : " Er hat sein Leben in 
 Bethlehem geendet. Gott gebe ihm Barmherzigkeit am Tage dcs 
 Gerichts /" Beissel now built at Swedes Spring. In 1724 he was 
 joined hy Michael Wohlfarth, and in the same year baptized in the 
 Pequea. In 1729 his followers seceded from the Baptists, and as 
 Beissel had enjoined upon them the observance of the Seventh day, 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. ^7 
 
 industry and contentment of the former in their indigent 
 circumstances. The first house* built on the Allen tract. 
 
 and they practiced adult baptism, they were named accordingly. In 
 1732 he settled at Ephrata, eighteen miles from Lancaster, on the 
 Cocalico. Here there were large houses built for the society, first 
 Kedar, for the Sisters, and then Zion, for the Brethren, the latter 
 having lived as eremites in huts until the completion of the monastery 
 in 1738. These old-time buildings still haunt the green meadow on 
 the Cocalico like the specters of strange things that belonged to another 
 age. Beissel s followers were rigid ascetics, abstaining from many of 
 the common enjoyments, and comforts of life, and resembling in dress 
 also some of the monastic orders of the old world. The men were 
 tonsured, wore a tunic that reached to the feet, and an outer garment, 
 furnished with apron and Capuchin cowl, and a veil that hung low 
 down over the shoulders. A girdle controlled this flowing attire. 
 The females were similarly habited. Both cultivated music, in which 
 art Beissel was a proficient. Many of the Sisters were engaged in illu 
 minating manuscripts or in embroidering. At an early day the society 
 had a printing-press. Beissel deceased July 6, 1768, aged seventy- 
 seven years. His followers are extinct, if old Barbara no longer lives. 
 
 * The following extracts throw light on the time when and on the 
 circumstances under which the settlement on the "Allen Tract" was 
 made : 
 
 " After a passage of nine weeks from Portsmouth," writes David 
 Nitschmann, Sr., in his Autobiography, "we landed at Philadelphia, 
 and joined the Brethren who had preceded us to America at Nazareth. 
 There we passed the winter, and in the spring of 1741 we went out 
 into the forest and began to build Bethlehem." His biographer adds, 
 " It was in the spring of 1741 that our deceased Bro., Father Nitsch 
 mann, David Nitschmann, Episc., Anton Seyffert, Martin Mack, Mat 
 thias Seybold, David and Anna Zeisberger, and David Zeisberger, Jr., 
 began the settlement on the Allen Tract. The weather was severe, 
 and they often stood leg-deep in the snow while felling timber." 
 
 Mack writes in his Autobiography, " In the spring of 1741 I assisted 
 in locating the settlement in the Allen Tract, and in felling the 
 first tree." It is not improbable, and the inference is deducible 
 from remarks that occur in Neisser s compilation, that the Brethren 
 began to fell trees on the Bethlehem tract immediately on Bishop 
 
Z 68 EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 March 12. David Zeisberger, Sr., came to Frederictown 
 to consult with Antes about the settlement. 
 
 April 2. The purchase of the tract of 500 acres, which 
 had been offered by Nathaniel Irish, was concluded at 
 Philadelphia between William Allen and Henry Antes, for 
 the Brethren. 
 
 April 4. Anna Nitschmann and Sr-. Molther came to 
 Frederictown. 
 
 April 9. (Good Friday, O. S.) Eschenbach came to 
 celebrate Easter with our friends. 
 
 April 1 1 . The three set out for Oley. 
 
 May 15. Eschenbach returned and had a conversation 
 with George Neisser, respecting the latter s settling in the 
 Forks of Delaware. 
 
 May 20. Eschenbach set out for Wiegner s. 
 
 May 27. Antes left for the Forks to assist the Brethren. 
 He went by way of Wiegner s to celebrate Whitsuntide 
 there. 
 
 June 25. David Nitschmann, Episc., arrived. 
 
 June 27. He set out for the Forks, accompanied by 
 George Neisser. They reached them in the evening. 
 
 The Brethren had by this time removed from Nazareth, 
 and were living together as a family in a small house they 
 had built hurriedly in the spring. It was now time to pro 
 ceed to the erection of a more commodious dwelling. 
 
 Nitschmann s return from New York in February. It was then that 
 they finally dismissed projects they had entertained of purchasing 
 elsewhere in the Forks, or in Skippack, Oley, Conestoga, or on the 
 Susquehanna, and they certainly lost no time in removing from 
 the Whitefield tract, on which their stay had been prolonged only by 
 permission of Mr. Irish. The first house was removed in 1823. It 
 stood on Rubel s Alley, in the rear of the " Eagle Hotel," was built 
 of hewn logs, was of one story, and had a peaked gable and far-pro- 
 jecting roof. Its dimensions were forty by twenty feet. 
 
AV GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 169 
 
 June 28. They accordingly commenced squaring the 
 timber that had been felled in the course of the winter. 
 
 The following were the members of the household at 
 this date. Nitschmann, JSpisc., Seyffert, Nitschmann, Sr., 
 Mack, Seybold, Bohner, G. Neisser, David and Anna 
 Zeisberger, David Zeisberger, Jr., Frohlich, Hannah 
 
 Hummel, Sommers,* and James . Eschenbach, 
 
 Anna Nitschmann, and Sr. Molther were occasional 
 visitors. 
 
 July 2. Rauch arrived from Shecomeco. 
 
 July 8. The Brethren celebrated Lord s Supper. 
 
 July 9. Rauch preached from /. Peter t i. 18, 19. In 
 the afternoon Augustine Neisser came from Germantown to 
 visit us. 
 
 July 10. Eschenbach and Rauch set out for Wiegner s. 
 
 July 12. Anna Nitschmann, f accompanied by David 
 Zeisberger, Sr., set out to visit at Ephrata. 
 
 July 15. Gotthard Demuth and David Tanneberger 
 came on a visit from Germantown. 
 
 July 17. They left for home. 
 
 July 1 8." Eschenbach and Rauch returned from their 
 visit to our friends in Skippack, Germantown, and Phila 
 delphia. 
 
 July 21. Anna Nitschmann and Zeisberger, Sr., returned 
 from Ephrata. They had visited John Zimmermann in Con- 
 estoga Swamp. He is the head of a sect that holds its prin 
 cipal meeting at the time of new moon, and hence he and 
 his followers are called "NEW MOONERS." 
 
 * In August of 1745, Benjamin Sommers was indentured to Joseph 
 Graff, blacksmith, in Goshenhoppen. 
 
 f " Eine ihrer vornehmen ledigen Schwestern hat sich drei Tage im 
 Schwesternhaus aufgehalten." Chronicon Ephratense. 
 
 12 
 
lyo EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 July 22. The Brethren in the Forks held "Gemeintag."* 
 
 Aug. i. Eschenbach, Sr. Molther, and George Stiefel 
 arrived. 
 
 Aug. 5. Stiefel returned to Frederictown. The Breth 
 ren celebrated Lord s Supper. 
 
 Aug. 9. Ranch and Nitschmann, Episc., set out for She- 
 comeco. 
 
 Aug. 13. Anna Nitschmann, Sr. Molther, and Zeisberger, 
 Sr., went to Skippack. 
 
 Aug. 1 8. They returned with letters from Hagen. 
 
 Aug. 19. We built a foot-bridge across the Manakasy, 
 and then held " Gemeintag" 
 
 Aug. 22. Our friends Abraham Dubois, from the Great 
 Swamp, and Henry Holstein and Andrew Frey, from Falck- 
 ner Swamp, or Frederictown, paid us a visit. They were 
 deeply impressed, and expressed themselves much edified 
 by the simplicity of Sr. Anna Zeisberger. 
 
 Aug. 23. They left for home. 
 
 Aug. 25. Antes, Wiegner, and Adam Schaus,f and Wil 
 liam Pott,J from Oley, arrived. 
 
 Aug. 26. Schaus, Holstein, and Pott left. 
 
 Aug. 28. Wiegner left. We had been enabled to pro- 
 
 * " Congregation or Church-day." A day set apart for prayer and 
 intercession for the welfare of the church, of her congregations, and of 
 her missions in all parts of the world. 
 
 f Secretary for the Synod that met in Falckner Swamp. Removed 
 to Bethlehem. Miller at the old mill built there in 1743. The pres 
 ent name of the family is Shouse. 
 
 \ " William Pott immigrated to Pennsylvania with the Schwenkfelders 
 in the autumn of 1734. Settled first in Germantown and then in Oley, 
 Berks Co. John, a son, was one of the pioneers of Schuylkill County; 
 in 1806 settled north of Sharp "Mountain, and erected Greenwood 
 Forge. Pottsville is named for him." Rupp s History of Schuylkill 
 County. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 171 
 
 vide bountifully for our late visitors, having taken a num 
 ber of rock-fish in the Lehigh. 
 
 Sept. 2. We celebrated Lord s Supper. 
 
 Sept. 10. David Nitschmann, Episc., returned from his 
 visit to New York and Shecomeco. 
 
 Sept. 13. He set out for Skippack. On the road he 
 met Gottfried Haberecht who had joined the Baptists at 
 Ephrata.* Haberecht appeared depressed, and was desirous 
 of seeing the Brethren. 
 
 Sept. 15. Nitschmann, Episc., returned in company with 
 John Stephen Benezet. t From them we learned of the 
 purchase of the "Whitefield Tract. "J They also brought 
 letters from Europe. 
 
 * " Eine Zeitlang hernach hat sich einer Nahmens Haberecht der 
 von den Mahrischen Briidern abstammte bei dem Vorsteher um die 
 Taufe angemeldet, welcher ihm auch hat darinnen willfahret. Darauf 
 ist er in das Convent Zion eingezogen, aber dabey hat er sich viele 
 Versuchungen zugezogen. Als aber Anna Nitschmannin einen Besuch 
 im Lager abstattete, hat sie ihn wieder an ihre Gemeinschaft iiberge- 
 bracht, und da verstund man erst warum der Vorsteher ihn auf den 
 Glauben seiner Gemeinschaft getaufft hat. Er ist mit ihnen wieder 
 nach Deutschland gereist, und hat hernach ihren Arbeitern in Algier 
 gedienet, von da ist er wieder nach Pensilvanien gereist, und hat sein 
 Leben in ihrer Anstalt geendat. Gott gebe ihm eine selige Auferste- 
 hung r Chronicon Ephratense. 
 
 y John Stephen Benezet, born in Abbeville, France, in 1683, was of 
 a wealthy and noble Huguenot family which fled to Holland and 
 thence to England in 1715, after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 
 In London the family became attached to the Friends. Immigrated 
 to Pennsylvania in 1731. On his arrival in Philadelphia, Count Zin- 
 zendorf was the guest of Mr. Benezet, who resided on Second Street. 
 
 Between the latter and the Brethren there long existed friendly re 
 lations. Three of Mr. Benezet s daughters were married to Moravians 
 at Bethlehem, who have numerous descendants resident there. 
 
 J Purchased a few months previous of Whitefield, in England, by 
 Spangenberg. 
 
! 7 2 EARL Y MORA VI AN SETTLEMENT 
 
 Sept. 1 6. Held Prayer-day. Benezet joined us. We felt 
 the presence of the Lord in our midst most sensibly. The 
 letters from Europe were communicated at our meeting. 
 
 Sept. 17. Benezet set out for home by way of the Great 
 Swamp. 
 
 Sept. 22. Eschenbach arrived from Tulpehocken and 
 Skippack. 
 
 Sept. 19-27. In this interval we dug the cellar of the large 
 house. 
 
 Sept. 24. Gotthard Demuth, who had been working for 
 us during the summer, returned from a visit to his family 
 in Matetsche and resumed work. 
 
 Sept. 26. Gottfried Haberecht and Augustine Neisser ar 
 rived. The former had met with ill treatment at Ephrata 
 and came here for refuge. 
 
 Sept. 28. Thursday. The "Daily Words"* were Ezekiel, 
 xliii. 7. Early in the morning \ve proceeded to lay the 
 first stone for the foundation of the large house. David 
 Nitschmann, Episc., and Andrew Eschenbach opened the 
 ceremonies with fervent prayer. A tin box containing an 
 inscription and the names of the spectators written on 
 parchment, was cemented into the stone, which we laid in 
 the southeast corner, f 
 
 * A collection of texts of Scripture, arranged so as to afford a subject 
 of meditation for each day of the year. It was entitled " Tdglichen 
 Loosungen, welcher sick die Verbundenen Briider in alien Welttheilen 
 aufs Jahr 1742 bedienen, iind die Gemeinschaft des Geistes dadtirch 
 imterhalten" 
 
 f The dimensions of this house were forty-five by thirty feet. It 
 was of two stories, built of hewn logs and chinked with clay and 
 straw. Originally the angles of its peaked roof were truncated at 
 the gables, as may be seen in an old drawing of it, called " Das Hatis 
 an der Lecha" Two apartments on the second floor at the west 
 end were hurriedly completed for Count Zinzendorf, in December of 
 1741. The building was occupied in the summer of 1742. An addition 
 
AY GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 173 
 
 September 29. Augustine Neisser returned to German- 
 town. Gottfried Haberecht remained in the Forks. 
 
 October 10. Michael Schaefer, from Tulpehocken, came 
 to visit us. 
 
 October 12. As Gottfried Haberecht had withdrawn from 
 the Baptists, at Ephrata, and had concluded to remain in 
 the Forks, David Nitschmann, Episc., wrote them respect 
 ing his decision, and dispatched John Bohner to Ephrata 
 with a letter. 
 
 October 17. Anna Nitschmann and Sr. Molther returned 
 from their protracted visit in Skippack. Christian Weber,* 
 carpenter, came with them. 
 
 October 21. Christopher Baus, a member of " Wiegner s 
 Economy," in Skippack, came to visit us. 
 
 October 22. John Stephen Benezet, an estimable man, 
 and a warm friend of ours, arrived, and brought with him 
 Captain Wallace, of Philadelphia. The latter proposed to 
 engage Christian Frohlich to superintend his sugar-refinery. 
 The Brethren took the proposal into consideration. 
 
 October 25. Baus returned home. 
 
 October 26. The Brethren Gottlieb Buttner, John C. Pyr- 
 laeus, and J. William Zander arrived from the Congrega 
 tion in Europe, to our great joy. 
 
 October 28. We celebrated Lord s Supper. 
 
 November 14. Eschenbach and Frohlich set out for Phil 
 adelphia, the latter in response to the proposal made on 
 the 22d ult. 
 
 to the east end, built soon after, lengthened the front to ninety-three 
 feet. The house has long been known as the "Gemein Haus" and 
 was in part the residence of ministers and missionaries of the church 
 for many years. It stands on the northeast corner of Church Street and 
 Cedar Alley. 
 
 * Married a daughter of John Bechtel, of Germantown. Descend 
 ants are residing in Bethlehem. 
 
174 
 
 EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 November 17. Anna Nitschmann and Sr. Molther went 
 to Germantown. 
 
 November 18. They went to Philadelphia. 
 
 December. On the 2d of the month Count Zinzendorf 
 landed at New York. Having remained several days with 
 our friends in that city, he set out for Philadelphia on the 
 6th and arrived there on the loth inst.* David Nitsch 
 mann, Episc., arrived there from the Forks on the same 
 day. 
 
 The following Brethren and Sisters came with the Count 
 from Europe : 
 
 Benigna, his daughter, 
 
 Rosina Nitschmann, wife of David Nitschmann, Episc., 
 
 John Jacob Miiller, the Count s amanuensis, 
 
 Abraham and Judith Meinung, and 
 
 David Bruce. 
 
 John Henry Muller,! printer, w r as a fellow-passenger. 
 
 December 13. Eschenbach reached Philadelphia. 
 
 December 17. Countess Benigna, in company with Sr. 
 Molther, left Philadelphia to visit her acquaintances from 
 Herrnhut residing in Germantown. 
 
 * Previous to the Count s arrival, Christian Frohlich had rented a 
 house of three stories, on Second, near the northeast corner of Race 
 Street, for him and his company. 
 
 | John Henry Miiller (Miller) was born in Rheden, in Waldeck, 
 in 1702. In boyhood he removed with his parents to Basel, and there 
 was apprenticed to a printer. Worked at his trade as journeyman in 
 Zurich, Leipsic, Altona, London, and Amsterdam. While in America 
 the first time he worked in Franklin s printing-office. Returned to Eu 
 rope in 1742, and there married. Managed a printing-office for the 
 Brethren, to whom he became attached, in Marienborn,near Frankfort - 
 on-the-Main. Returned to America in 1751, and established himself in 
 business. Again went abroad, and returned to Philadelphia in 1760 
 with new press and type. In 1780 he sold out and removed to Beth 
 lehem. Deceased March, 1782. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 175 
 
 December 18. In the evening of this day the Count and 
 his company arrived at Germantown.* 
 
 December 19. They set out for Wiegner s. 
 
 December 20. They left Wiegner s and rode as far as 
 Henry Antes . 
 
 December 21. In the evening they arrived in the Forks. 
 
 December 24. (Sunday.} We celebrated Lord s Supper 
 and held the Festival of Christmas-eve. The Brethren s 
 settlement in the Forks received the name of Bethlehem on 
 this day.f 
 
 December 25. The Count and his company set out for 
 Oley and Conestoga. In Oley he preached at the house of 
 Jean Bertolet,J from Acts, xvi. 14. 
 
 * Here he lodged with John Bechlel, a Palatine from Franckenthal, 
 and a man much esteemed by his countrymen of the Reformed Church. 
 His daughter Margaret, who in 1742 married the missionary Biitt- 
 ner, relates, in her autobiography, that the Count, on his arrival in 
 Philadelphia, had requested her father, by letter, to meet him there 
 without delay. Fearful of incurring the displeasure of such of his 
 friends as had been prejudiced against the Count, Mr. Bechtel hesitated 
 to comply with the request. " I urged him to go," she continues. " I 
 gave him no rest, and as my verbal persuasions were of no avail, I ran 
 to the pasture, caught his riding horse, and brought it, bridled and sad 
 dled, to the door. This appeal father could not resist, and from regard 
 to me he rode to town to see the remarkable man, who impressed me 
 deeply when I saw him next day at our house, and indelibly so, when, 
 not two weeks afterwards, I heard him, for the first time, proclaim the 
 words of eternal life." 
 
 f " The Count arrived in the Forks a few days before Christmas. 
 While celebrating the vigils of Christmas-eve in the first house, and 
 as we were closing the services (it was already past nine o clock), the 
 Count led the way into the stable that adjoined our dwelling and com 
 menced singing the hymn that opens with the words, l Nicht Jerusalem, 
 sondern Bethlehem, aus dir kommet was mir frommet] and from this 
 touching incident the settlement received the name of Bethlehem." 
 Martin Mack 1 s Autobiography. 
 
 \ Jean Bertolet, a French Huguenot, from Chastedeaux, immigrated 
 
I 76 EARL Y MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 December 26. Henry Antes issued a call* for a Synod, or 
 Religious Conference, irrespective of denominationalism, 
 to convene at Germantown on the i2th of January next. 
 
 December 30. The Count and his company reached Ger 
 mantown. 
 
 December 31. (Sunday,"} He preached to a large audience 
 in the German Reformed Church, from the words, "And 
 without controversy, great is the mystery of godliness" I. 
 Tim. iii. i6.f 
 
 1742. 
 
 January 5. (Friday, Christmas-day, O. S. ) The Count 
 preached in the German Reformed Church in German- 
 
 to Pennsylvania in 1726, and settled in Oley. "Als ich in Philadelphia 
 zwei Wochen gewesen berufte mich der Heiland in den Busch zu ar- 
 beiten, nachdem ich mich lange nach Arbeit gesehnt hatte. Der Ort 
 (nehmlich die Gegend) hiesz Oley. Als ich dahin kam logirte ich bey 
 einem Mann namens yean Bertolet, dessen seine Frau, welche auch 
 eine dergleichen alte Heilige war, machte der Heiland durch seine 
 blutige Gnade doch bald zur Siindern, und nahm sie darauf zu sich in 
 seine obere Gemein." Coimtcss Benigna to the Congregation abroad. 
 
 * Biidingische Sammlung, Part xii. No. I. 
 
 f This was his first appearance in an American pulpit. The church in 
 which he preached had been built in 1733, and stood opposite the mar 
 ket-house, on the main street. The Reformed Congregation that wor 
 shiped here having not yet been supplied with an ordained minister by 
 the mother-church, Mr. John Bechtel had been chosen to act as lector 
 and exhorter. 
 
 All of Zinzendorf s discourses held in this country were written 
 down from his lips by his amanuensis. His public discourses were 
 published abroad with the title Reden von dem Herrn der unsere Selig- 
 keit ist, tind iiber die Materie von seiner Marter in Nord-America 
 gehalten. Biidn., 1744. 2 vols. Another edition has the title Eine 
 Sammlung offentlicher Reden, 1742 in Canada gehalten. 2 Thle. Biidn., 
 1744. This collection has been republished, and is one of great in 
 terest to the theological student. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 177 
 
 town, from the words, "Justified in the Spirit." I. Tim. 
 iii. 16. 
 
 January 7. (Sunday.) He preached from the words, 
 "Seen of Angels." I. Tim. iii. 16. 
 
 Immediately after his arrival he prepared for publication 
 a small selection of hymns, old and new : it was entitled 
 Hirtenlieder von Bethlehem, enthaltend eine kleine Samm- 
 lung evangelischer Lieder. 
 
 January 8. George Neisser took this selection to Chris 
 topher Sauer s* printing-office in Germantown. 
 
 January 12. In response to Henry Antes call, a Synod 
 met in Theobald Enten s house in Germantown. f 
 
 January 14. (Sunday.} Bro. LudwigJ preached in the 
 German Reformed Church in that place from the words, 
 "Preached unto the Gentiles." I. Tim. iii. 16. 
 
 January 16. Bro. Ludwig went to Skippack. 
 
 January 17. (Epiphany, O. S.*) He preached at Wieg- 
 
 * " Christoph Sauer was the first printer in the country to print the 
 German Bible. It passed through three editions following in 1743, 
 1762, and 1776. The sheets of the greater part of the last edition in 
 Sauer s possession were confiscated in the Revolution, and used in the 
 manufacture of cartridges." History of the Moravian Church in Phila 
 delphia, by Abraham Ritter. Philadelphia, 1857. 
 
 f This house still stands on the west side of Germantown Avenue, 
 near the corner of Queen Street. It is of stone, of two stories, with 
 a quaint penthouse overhanging the door and windows of the lower 
 floor. The heavy sash, set with small lights, and the solidity of the 
 inside wood-work, show that it was built at an early day. Mr. Enten 
 was a clockmaker. His descendants, calling themselves Ent, are now 
 living in Germantown. 
 
 J The Count, on his arrival in America, thought proper to substitute 
 the title of Thiirnstein for that of Zinzendorf. His signature was sim 
 ply Thiirnstein. Being not averse to the plain mode of address in 
 vogue among the Friends, he was spoken to and of by many as Friend 
 Ludwig, or simply Ludwig, and hence his Brethren called him Bro. 
 Ludwig. 
 
1 78 EARL Y MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 ner s from the Gospel appointed for the day, and afterward 
 returned to Philadelphia. 
 
 January 21. (Sunday.} In the forenoon Bro. Ludwig 
 preached for the first time to the Lutherans in their place 
 of worship,* from the words, "For why will ye die?" 
 Ezek. xxx. ii. 
 
 In the afternoon he preached at Germantown in the 
 Reformed Church, from the words, "Believed on in the 
 world" I. Tim. iii. 16. 
 
 January 22. Bro. Ludwig set out for Falckner Swamp to 
 attend the sessions of the Synod that had been appointed 
 for the 25th of the month. Rode as far as Skippack. 
 
 January 24. At Martin Kulp s house he had an interview 
 with heads of the Mennonites,f and discussed with them 
 their doctrine and practice. In the evening he arrived at 
 Henry Antes , in Falckner Swamp. 
 
 January 25. The Synod met for the second time, and in 
 George Hiibner s house. 
 
 January 27. Bro. Ludwig returned to Germantown. 
 
 January 28. (Sunday. } In the morning he preached 
 from John, ii. i-n. 
 
 In the afternoon he preached in the Reformed Church 
 in Germantown, from the words. " Received up into glory. " 
 /. Tim. iii. 16. 
 
 Soon after his arrival at Philadelphia he had instituted 
 meetings for worship in his house (Haus-Versammlung}, 
 which were free for all. At these he or the Brethren Pyr- 
 
 * A barn that had been fitted up with a pulpit and with seats, on 
 Arch above Fifth Street. It had been rented for worship by the 
 German Reformed and Lutherans jointly. 
 
 j- Followers of Menno Simonis, who began to immigrate to Penn 
 sylvania in 1683, settling in and about Germantown. In 1709 others 
 followed from the Palatinate and settled in Pequea Valley, Lancaster 
 County. They are Baptists. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 179 
 
 laeus, Seyffert, Eschenbach, or Biittner, usually delivered 
 an address. 
 
 February 4. (Sunday.^) Bro. Ludwig preached in "Bach 
 elor s Hall,"* near Philadelphia, from Matt. viii. 1-13, 
 with marked effect. 
 
 In the afternoon he preached in the Reformed Church 
 in Germantown, from Matt. xxii. 11-14. 
 
 February 18. (Sunday. } In the forenoon Bro. Ludwig 
 preached from Matt. xiii. 24-30. 
 
 In the afternoon he preached in Germantown. After 
 the service he and his company set out for Oley, and rode 
 as far as Farmer s mill,f in White Marsh. 
 
 John Hagen arrived at Philadelphia, by way of the East 
 ern Shore, from Georgia. 
 
 February 19. Hagen set out for Oley in company with 
 George Neisser. 
 
 * Bachelor s Hall was a building near the present Kensington 
 market-house, to which resorted the gay youth of the day for social 
 recreation. 
 
 Its fate is shown by the following extract from the MS. diary of 
 Christopher Marshall, under date of April 4, 1775 : "Cloudy, windy 
 weather, with rain. This morning a fire begun at nine o clock, at 
 Bachelor s Hall, which soon consumed that building." 
 
 f In October of 1704, " Edward ffarmer, of White Marsh, was ap 
 pointed a Justice of y e County Court of Philadelphia." In May of 1712, 
 Governor Gookin " rode out to Edward ffarmer s house to meet the 
 Delaware Indians according to appointment, before they set out on 
 their journey to the Five Nations." On this occasion "they laid be 
 fore him the collection they had made of their tribute to offer to the 
 Mingoes, namely, thirty-two belts of wampum of various figures, and 
 a long Indian pipe called the calamet, with a stone head, a wooden or 
 .cane shaft and feathers fixt to it like wings. This pipe, they said, on 
 making their submission to the Five Nations who had subdued them, 
 would introduce them as friends and subjects, and they would be well 
 received as such." Minutes of Provincial Council. 
 
igo EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 February 20. Bro. Ludwig and his company reached Oley. 
 
 February 21 and 22. The Synod met and sat for the 
 third time, and in John de Turck s* house. On the second 
 day Andrew Eschenbach, Christian H. Rauch, Gottlob 
 Biittner, and John Christopher Pyrlaeus were ordained to 
 the ministry by David Nitschmann, Fpisc., Bro. Ludwig, 
 Episc. emerilo, and Anton Seyffert. Three Indians from 
 Shecomeco were baptized into the death of Jesus by Bro. 
 Rauch, and Bro. Hagen was solemnly set apart as a mis 
 sionary. It was here resolved to abandon the attempt to 
 colonize in Georgia. 
 
 Bro. Ludwig set out the same day for Tulpehocken. 
 
 While in Tulpehocken he preached to the Lutheran ad 
 herents of the late Caspar Leutbecker,f in the old log- 
 church. On the same day he had an interview with One- 
 simus, Father of Zion in Ephrata.J 
 
 He returned to Oley, and thence set out for Germantown 
 by way of New Hanover, Frederic, and Skippack. In New 
 Hanover he preached, and also at Henry Holstein s. 
 
 March 2. He arrived at Germantown. 
 
 March 5. The " Hirtenlieder von Bethlehem" came from 
 Sauer s press; a duodecimo of 95 pp., containing 369 
 hymns. 
 
 March 6. Fifty copies were sent to Philadelphia and 
 fifty to Frederic, for distribution in the townships. 
 
 March n. (Sunday Esto Mihi.~) Bro. Ludwig preached 
 in Philadelphia, from the Gospel for the day. 
 
 * A son of Isaac de Turck, a French Huguenot, or Walloon, who 
 had immigrated to New York in the reign of Queen Anne, and settled 
 in Sopus. Thence the family removed to Oley, in 1712. 
 
 j- See ll Nachrichten von den Evangelisch Lutherischen Gemeinen 
 in Nord-America" vol. i. p. 250. 
 
 J See "Acts of the Synod of 1742," page 50, for the substance of this 
 interview. 
 
AV GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 181 
 
 In the afternoon he preached from /. Cor. xiii. 1-13. 
 
 At this time he began to revise the Eleventh Supplement 
 to the Collection of German Hymns, adapting its contents 
 for general use.* He also compiled a Catechism entitled 
 Kurzer Catechismus fur etliche Gemeinen aus der refor- 
 mirten Religion ."f 
 
 March 15. Bro. Ludwig s household (f Die Pilger Fami- 
 lie") held love-feast. 
 
 March 16. Eschenbach and Rosina Nitschmann arrived 
 at Philadelphia from Oley, and David Nitschmann, Episc., 
 arrived there from Bethlehem. 
 
 On this day Bro. Ludwig and his household removed to 
 Germantown, and occupied a house rented of Mr. Ash- 
 mead,^ near the German Reformed Church. Social wor 
 ship held here in the evening was conducted in the English 
 language. 
 
 March 18. (Sunday.} In the forenoon Bro. Ludwig 
 preached in Philadelphia ii<yn\Matt. iv. i-n. In the after 
 noon he preached in Germantown from /. Cor. ix. 18. 
 
 March 19. The rite of baptism was administered by 
 Bro. Ludwig, in Germantown, to Hermann Bonn and to 
 Anna Mary, his sister, of Skippack, aged respectively 
 twenty-two and twenty-eight. A large number of specta 
 tors were present, and the occasion was deeply impressive. 
 
 March 20. The Deputies to the Synod arrived in Ger 
 mantown. 
 
 March 21. The Synod met for the fourth time, and in 
 Mr. Ashmead s house. 
 
 March 25. (Sunday.) Bro. Ludwig organized a congre- 
 
 * This revision was completed in Wyoming Valley in October. 
 
 } Printed in English type, in Franklin s office. Duodecimo. 42 pp. 
 Sauer had refused to print it. 
 
 J Near the Market-house, and almost opposite the German Reformed 
 Church. The house is still standing. 
 
1 8 2 EARLY MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 gation in Germantown, and preached in the Reformed 
 Church, from Ps. Ixix. 21. 
 
 March 26. Eschenbach, Benigna, and Abraham and 
 Judith Meinung went to Oley. David Nitschmann, Episc., 
 and Haberecht set out for Bethlehem. 
 
 March 29. Bro. Ludwig set out for Oley, by way of 
 Skippack, where he preached in the Mennonite meeting 
 house. 
 
 March 30. He organized a congregation in Falckner 
 Swamp. 
 
 March 31. He organized a congregation in Oley, and 
 preached. 
 
 April i. (Sunday.} He preached on the Manatawny to 
 an audience of Lutherans and Reformed, from the w r ords, 
 " Christ is all and in all. 
 
 April 3. Bro. Ludwig returned to Germantown. 
 
 April 6. He went to Philadelphia. 
 
 April 7. He wrote a letter to Conrad Beissel in Eph- 
 rata.* 
 
 April 8. (Sunday. } In the forenoon he preached in 
 Philadelphia, from John, vi. 1-14. 
 
 In the afternoon he preached in Germantown, from Ps. 
 cxxi. 3. 
 
 April 12. Bro. Ludwig united Matthias Seybold, of 
 Bethlehem, and Anna Mary Bonn, of Skippack, in wed- 
 
 * Biidingische Sammlttng, Part xv. No. 15. On his last rural circuit, 
 made toward the close of the year, the Count called at Ephrata. The 
 Prior informed Beissel of the arrival of the distinguished visitor. 
 " Der seye ihm kein Wunder" answered Beissel; " wenn er ihm 
 aber ein Wunder seye, musse er zu ihm kommen." A few weeks pre 
 vious Beissel had written him a letter (Budingische Sammlung, Part 
 xiii. No. 17), in which he subscribes himself, Friedsam Fr. sonsten 
 genannt Conrad Beissel, dermalen ein Fremdling und Pilgrim auf 
 dieser Welt. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 183 
 
 lock, in the German Reformed Church. After the cere 
 mony, there was a wedding-feast in Bro. Lud wig s house. 
 
 April T. ]. As none but parents who were Brethren or 
 persons attached to the Brethren had responded to a cir 
 cular that had been issued on the ist inst., relative to 
 opening a school in Germantown, it was resolved to com 
 mence one on the model of the Brethren s schools in 
 Europe. 
 
 April 1 8. The Synod met for the fifth time, and in the 
 Reformed Church in Germantown. 
 
 April 20. George and Maria Elizabeth Weber and Gott 
 lieb Israel, missionaries, arrived from St. Thomas. 
 
 April 21. George Neisser set out for Tulpehocken, to 
 preach on the coming Sunday, in Biittner s absence. 
 
 April 22. (Palm Sunday.) In the forenoon Bro. Lud- 
 wig preached in Philadelphia, from Matt. xxi. 1-9. 
 
 In the afternoon he held catechisation. 
 
 April 23. David Nitschmann, Episc., took leave of the 
 Brethren and set out for New York, thence to sail for St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 April 26. Biittner returned to Tulpehocken. 
 
 April 29. {Easter Sunday.} Bro. Lud wig preached in 
 Germantown, from John, xx. 24, et seq. 
 
 We held love-feast in his house. 
 
 May 4. The proposed school was opened in Bro. Lud- 
 wig s house with twenty-five girls. The Brethren Seyffert, 
 Zander, and George Neisser, and the Sisters Benigna, 
 Magdalene Miiller, and Anna Dismann, were employed in 
 the Institution.* 
 
 May 1 6. The Synod met for the sixth time, and in 
 Lorenz Schweitzer s house in Germantown. 
 
 * " Nun hat mich das Lamm auf einen Posten gefiihret. Ich habe 
 eine Kinderanstalt von 25 Magdchen und da habe ich mich willig 
 dazu aufgeopfert." Cottntess Benigna to the Congregation abroad. 
 
1 84 EARLY MORA VI AN SE TTLEMENT 
 
 May 20. (Sunday.} In the forenoon Bro. Ludwig 
 preached in Philadelphia, from John, xvi. 16-23. 
 
 May 23. David Nitschmann, Sr., who had for several 
 weeks been a member of Bro. Ludwig s household, returned 
 to Bethlehem. He was accompanied thither by Rosina 
 Nitschmann and David Bruce. 
 
 May 24. Rauch and Mohican John arrived in German- 
 town from Shecomeco. 
 
 May 26. Bro. Ludwig made a formal renunciation of 
 his rank and title as Count of Zinzendorf, before Governor 
 Thomas, members of the Provincial Council, and clergy 
 men and gentlemen of Philadelphia, in the Governor s 
 house.* 
 
 * This act on the part of the Count excited much remark and specu 
 lation at the time. Logan writes : " About this time he framed an in 
 strument of resignation of all his honors and dignities to some relative. 
 This was done in Latin. He desired me to put it into English, but as 
 I could not, he had it printed as it was, and invited Governor Thomas 
 and all who understood Latin to meet him. Several met, when he 
 read off the instrument, having given each of them a printed copy ; 
 but after all he withdrew his papers and himself too, saying, on reflec 
 tion, he must first advise with some of his friends in Germany." 
 
 The meeting was in the Governor s house, and the following persons 
 were present : 
 
 Doctor Thomas Graeme, one of the Provincial Judges. 
 
 William Allen, Recorder of the city. 
 
 Tench Francis, Attorney-General. 
 
 James Hamilton, a Justice of the Peace, and Prothonotary of the 
 Court of Common Pleas. Governor between Nov. 1748 and Oct. 1754. 
 
 Thomas Lawrence, one of the Governor s Council, and a Justice of 
 the Peace. 
 
 Doctor Patrick Bard, the Governor s Secretary. 
 
 William Peters, Esq. 
 
 James Read, Esq. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Eneas Ross, Minister of Christ Church, Philadelphia. 
 
 Rev Jno. C. Pyrlaeus. 
 
 Mr. Benezet, merchant. 
 
 Mr. Jo. Sober, merchant. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 185 
 
 May 27. (Sunday.} He preached in Philadelphia, from 
 John, xvi. 5-15. 
 
 May 30. Intelligence came of the arrival at New London 
 of a colony* of Brethren from Europe. On this day Bro. 
 Ludwig received a call from the Lutherans of Philadelphia 
 to the pastorate of their congregation. f 
 
 June 3. (Sunday.) Bro. Ludwig preached in the Ger 
 man Reformed Church, from Jeremiah, li. 9. 
 
 June 6. Peter Bohler, who had arrived with the colony, 
 or "sea-congregation," came to Philadelphia. 
 
 June 7. (Ascension-day.) The colony of Brethren 
 arrived in Philadelphia. 
 
 June 8. They were qualified in the Court-house. J 
 
 Mr. Graydon, merchant. 
 
 Mr. Samuel McCall, merchant. 
 
 Mr. Charles Willing, merchant. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, Postmaster. 
 
 Mr. Charles Brockclen. Deputy Master of the Rolls of the Province, 
 and Recorder of Deeds for the City and County of Philadelphia. 
 
 A desire to be disencumbered from the form and circumstance that 
 necessarily attended rank, and which might prove embarrassing in his 
 ministry, was a consideration that moved him to take this step. 
 
 * This colony having been organized into a congregation for the 
 passage across the Atlantic, on the eve of its departure from London, 
 in February, is known in Moravian chronicles as the "Sea- Congrega 
 tion" the first of two colonies similarly fitted out. There were fifty- 
 six on the " Catharine," Captain Gladman. 
 
 f Biidingische Sammlung, Part xii. No. 4, a. 
 
 J " The great influx of Germans, without leave from the crown, into 
 the Province in the first half of the year 1727, arrested the attention of 
 Governor Gordon and his Council, as a matter deserving of legislation. 
 They reasoned that the security of the Province might be endangered 
 by such numbers of strangers daily pouring in, who, being ignorant of 
 both language and laws, and settling in a body together, were forming 
 a people distinct from his Majesty s subjects. Hence it was resolved 
 that they be required, in the first place, to take the oath of allegiance, 
 
 13 
 
1 86 EARLY MORAVIAN SETTLEMENT 
 
 June 12. The Synod met for the seventh time, and in 
 the house of Mr. Edward Evans, in Philadelphia. 
 
 June 17. {Whitsunday^) Bro. Ludwig preached for 
 the last time in the Reformed Church in Germantown. 
 The members of the "sea-congregation" proceeded as far 
 as that place on their way to Bethlehem ; held love-feast 
 with their Brethren, in Theobald Enten s house, and lodged 
 there for the night. 
 
 June 1 8. George Piesch, who had led the colony, set 
 sail for Europe. 
 
 The major part of the colonists set out for Bethlehem 
 with George Neisser and J. William Zander. As the day 
 was warm, and long confinement on shipboard had almost 
 incapacitated them from travel on foot, it was long after 
 nightfall when they reached Peter Bonn s, in Skippack. 
 Here they were hospitably entertained. They lodged at 
 his house and at John Kooken s. 
 
 June 19. Early in the morning the travelers proceeded 
 on their journey, and toward evening arrived at Henry 
 Antes house. Here they lodged. 
 
 Bro. Ludwig, John Brandmliller, and Anna Nitschmann 
 left Germantown* in the afternoon for Bethlehem. 
 
 June 20. Pyrlaeus, with some of the Sisters, set out in a 
 wagon from Germantown for Bethlehem. 
 
 or some equivalent to it, to his Majesty, and promise fidelity to the Pro 
 prietor and obedience to the established Constitution." Minutes Pro 
 vincial Coztncil, Sept. 22, 1727. 
 
 * During his stay in Germantown the Count was a frequent visitor 
 at the house of Mr. John Wister, grandfather of the late John and Charles 
 J. Wister. There are still in the old homestead of the family, which was 
 built in 1741, a walnut stand and chairs, left by the Count as mementoes 
 to his host. In April of 1752, Mr. John Wister entered a daughter in 
 the Single Sisters House at Bethlehem. With Caspar, a brother (Caspar 
 Wiister), the Brethren at an early day dealt for glassware and drugs. 
 One branch of the family has adopted the name Wistar. 
 
IN GEORGIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 187 
 
 The other colonists proceeded this day as far as Joseph 
 Miiller s house, in the Great Swamp, and lodged there. 
 
 Henry Antes had provided a wagon to convey the females 
 of the company from his house to Bethlehem. 
 
 June 21. (Thursday.} The different divisions of the 
 colony,* and Bro. Ludwig and his companions, arrived at 
 Bethlehem at noon. The " Daily Words" were, "T/u s is 
 the day which the Lord hath made ; we will rejoice and be 
 glad in it." Ps. cxviii. 24. 
 
 The following are the names of those who came on the " Catha- 
 
 Peter and Elisabeth Bohler, 
 Adolph Meyer, 
 John Brandmtiller, 
 Paul D. and Regina D. Prycelius, 
 Joachim and Ann Cath. Sensemann, 
 George and Elisabeth Harten, 
 David and Ann C. Bishoff, 
 Michael and Hannah Micksch, 
 John and Marg* B. Brucker, 
 David and Mar. Elis h Wahnert, 
 Michael and Rosina Tanneberger, 
 Henry and Rosina Aimers, 
 Thomas and Ann Yarrel, 
 John and Elisabeth Turner, 
 Owen and Elisabeth Rice, 
 Samuel and Martha Powel, 
 Joseph and Martha Powel, 
 Robert and Martha Hussey, 
 Nathaniel Seidel, 
 Gottlieb Pezold, 
 
 Joseph Miiller, 
 John George Endter, 
 Matthew Witke, 
 John Philip Meurer, 
 John Christoph r Heyne, 
 Reinhard Ronner, 
 George Wiesner, 
 Michael Huber, 
 Jacob Lischy, 
 George Kaske, 
 George Schneider, 
 C. Frederic Post, 
 Leonhard Schnell, 
 Christian Werner, 
 John G. Heydecker, 
 John Okely, 
 William Okely, 
 Joseph Shaw, 
 Hector Gam bold, 
 Andrew, a negro. 
 
ACCOUNT 
 
 UNITED BRETHREN 
 
 AT BETHLEHEM 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF THE PROVINCE OF PENN 
 SYLVANIA 
 
 DURING THE INDIAN WAR OF 1755, 56, AND 57. 
 
 (189) 
 
ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED BRETHREN AT BETHLEHEM 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 During the Indian War of 1755, 56, and 57. 
 
 WHEN, in 1755, Pennsylvania became the theater of the 
 prolonged contest in which the French and English were 
 engaging for territorial aggrandizement in the New World, 
 her defenseless borders along the entire extent of the east 
 erly outliers of the great Appalachian chain of mountains 
 were, for the first time, scourged with the barbarities of In 
 dian warfare. 
 
 Braddock met with disaster on the 9th of July. This 
 was the signal for the uprising of the Delawares, whose 
 affections had been alienated from the English ever since 
 they saw them in league with the hated Iroquois, for the 
 iniquitous purpose of dispossessing them of their hereditary 
 seats.* Allured by the representations of French emissaries, 
 in which the prospect of recovering their national independ 
 ence and the homes of their forefathers was flatteringly 
 
 * See chapter i. of An Account of the History, Manners, and Cus 
 toms of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the 
 Neighboring States. By Rev. John Hecke welder, of Bethlehem. 
 Philadelphia, 1818. 
 
1 92 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 held out, and emboldened by the success of the French 
 arms, the Delawares of the East met the Delawares of the 
 West in council on the Alleghany, and prepared for war. 
 But first they rehearsed their wrongs, dwelling on the loss 
 of the lands on the Tulpehocken and on the Conedogwinet ; 
 but chiefly, and amid bitter denunciations, on the fraud of 
 1737,* perpetrated, as they maintained, to confirm the 
 deedless purchase of all that tract of country which ex 
 tended from the Tohickon and the Hills of Lechauweki 
 northward and westward as far as the great plains of Ske- 
 handowana, or Wyoming. Wherever the white man was 
 settled within this disputed territory, there they resolved to 
 strike him as best they could with the most approved wea 
 pons and appliances of their savage warfare. And that the, 
 blow might be effectually dealt, each warrior-chief was 
 charged to scalp, kill, and burn within the precincts of his 
 birthright, and all simultaneously, from the frontiers down 
 into the heart of the settlements, until the English should 
 sue for peace and promise redress. 
 
 In these hostile preparations, and in strengthening their 
 arms with alliances, the summer and early months of 
 autumn passed away. October came, and no sooner had 
 the first biting frost reddened the maple and hardened the 
 yellow corn in the husk, than French Indians, and chiefly 
 Delawares and Shawanese painted black for war, in bands 
 
 * See the relations of Thomas Furniss and Joseph Knowles " con 
 cerning the walk made between the Proprietors of Pennsylvania and 
 the Delaware Indians, by James Yates and Edward Marshall," in An 
 Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shaw a- 
 nese Indians from the British Interest. Written by Charles Thomson, 
 the American patriot, who in 1774 was elected Secretary to Congress, 
 whom John Adams styled the " Sam Adams of Philadelphia, the life 
 of the cause of liberty" and whose last literary labor was a translation 
 of the Septuagint, which was published, in 4 vols., in 1808. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 193 
 
 of two or four abreast, moved eastward with murderous 
 intent. The line of the Blue Mountain, from the Dela 
 ware to the Susquehanna, became the scene of the carnival 
 which the exasperated savages held with torch and toma 
 hawk during the latter part of the winter of 1755. The 
 defenseless settlers were taken as in a snare. They were 
 harassed by an unseen foe by day and by night. Some 
 were shot down at the plow, some were butchered at the 
 fireside ; men, women, and children were promiscuously 
 tomahawked or scalped, or hurried away into distant cap 
 tivity, for torture or for coveted ransom. There was literally 
 a pillar of fire by night and a pillar of cloud by day going 
 up along the horizon, marking the progress of the relent 
 less invaders, as they dealt out death, and pillage, and con 
 flagration, and drove before them, in midwinter s flight, 
 hundreds of homeless wanderers, who scarce knew where to 
 turn for safety or for succor in the swift destruction that 
 was come upon them. 
 
 On the 1 6th of October the savages fell upon the whites 
 on John Penn s Creek, four miles south of Shamokin, in 
 Snyder County. Here they killed or took captive twenty- 
 five persons ; and it was only the twenty-third of the month 
 when all the settlements along the Susquehanna between 
 Shamokin and Hunter s Mill, for a distance of fifty miles, 
 were hopelessly deserted. Early in November the Great 
 and the Little Cove, west of the Conecocheague, and the 
 Canalaways, in Franklin County, were attacked, the in 
 habitants either put to death or taken prisoners, and the 
 settlements totally destroyed. This was the field of oper 
 ations that had been assigned to the French Indians, and 
 to the Delawares from the Ohio under Shingas.* 
 
 * Brother of Tamaque, called King Beaver by the whites, many 
 years head chief of the Western Delawares. During the Indian war 
 
194 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 On the 1 6th of November the savages for the first time 
 crossed the great river which it had vainly been hoped 
 would prove a barrier to their incursions. Falling upon 
 the rich farms along the Swatara and the Tulpehocken,* 
 they fired the harvested grain and fodder in barns and in 
 barracks, destroyed large numbers of cattle and horses, 
 and murdered thirteen persons. It was now apparent that 
 a second division of the enemy was on the war-path ; and 
 when, in the evening of the 24th of the month, the Mora 
 vian house on the Mahoningf was surprised and ten of its 
 inmates were scalped, or shot, or tomahawked, or burned to 
 death, the prelude only had been performed to the tragedy 
 which the savages were resolved to enact within the pre 
 cincts of the by them detested walking-purchase. Along 
 its northern line, which had been fraudulently surveyed so 
 as to embrace a goodly portion of the Minnisinks or Upper 
 Valley of the Delaware, was laid the first scene of this re 
 sentful Indian warfare. It was here that Teedyuscung with 
 his Eastern Delawares (and chief among these the impla 
 cable Monseys), mindful of the indignities that had been 
 heaped upon him and his kinsmen of the Forks by the im 
 perious Canassatego, at the Treaty of 1742, wreaked his 
 
 Shingas had the reputation of being the greatest warrior among his 
 people, and such a terror was he become to the frontier settlements 
 of Pennsylvania that Government set a price of ^200 on his head or 
 scalp. See Heckewelder? s Names of Chieftains and Eminent Men of 
 the Lenni Lenape, published in the Proceedings of the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania, September, 1847, and also page 264 of his 
 History of Indian Nations. 
 
 * Corrupted from Tulpewihacki, Delaware, signifying a land abound 
 ing in turtles. 
 
 f Corrupted from Mahonhanne, Delaware, signifying a stream flow 
 ing near a lick, a tributary of the Lehigh, heading on the northern 
 declivity of Tamaqua Mountain, in Schuylkill County, and emptying 
 into that river below Lehighton. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 195 
 
 long-cherished resentment on the whites who had planted 
 in Long Valley, or who were trespassing within the Minni- 
 sinks west of the Delaware. And thus, within a short 
 month, fifty farms, with their houses, were plundered and 
 burned, and upward of one hundred persons were killed on 
 the frontiers of Northampton, on both sides of the Kitta- 
 tinny, or "endless hills." "All our border country," 
 writes a chronicler of the day, "extending from the Poto 
 mac to the Delaware, not less than one hundred and fifty 
 miles in length and between twenty and thirty in breadth, 
 has been entirely deserted, its houses reduced to ashes, and 
 the cattle, horses, grain, and other possessions of the in 
 habitants either destroyed, burned, or carried off by the 
 Indians ; while such of the poor planters who, with their 
 wives, children, and servants, escaped from the enemy, have 
 been obliged, in this inclement season of the year, to aban 
 don their habitations almost naked and to throw themselves 
 upon the charity of those who dwell in the interior of the 
 Province." 
 
 A combination of causes served to render this time of 
 general distress peculiarly trying to the Brethren. Their 
 mission among the aborigines, owing to the enlightening 
 influence it exerted upon a people who had long been the 
 easy subjects of design and of fraud, was unpopular with 
 that class of the whites who were interested in their de 
 gradation. These were now loud in denouncing the 
 Brethren, in publishing them to the world as an associa 
 tion in league with the savages, in the interests of the 
 French, and as deserving of being treated as a common 
 enemy. Thus a strong feeling was roused against them, 
 and twice did their exasperated fellow-Christians conspire 
 to exterminate them in their settlements root and branch. 
 Meanwhile their situation in the northern part of the 
 Province exposed them to sudden attack from the hostile 
 
I 9 6 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Indians, by whom they plainly saw that they had been 
 singled out as objects of an especial hate. And for this 
 reason. They had refused to use compulsion, when 
 messenger after messenger had come down from the Sus- 
 quehanna with sinister invitations to the unwilling Dela- 
 wares and Mohicans of Gnadenhiitten, to come up to them 
 and plant in Wyoming. And when Teedyuscung, in April 
 of 1754, had used his persuasive arts so effectually with the 
 members of the congregation as to draw away seventy of 
 his fellow-converts (among whom \vas Abraham Shabash, 
 the first of the patriarchs), their silent rebuke of his breach 
 of faith, and their reluctance to allow their sheep to go 
 among wolves, roused the hatred of the chieftain and his 
 consorts who were preparing for war. Are they not our 
 brethren, and is it not best that they return to their own 
 people? For who can love them more than we their 
 brethren?" was their insidious plea. Meanwhile they and 
 the others reasoned among themselves as follows : " If these 
 Moravian Indians continue at Gnadenhiitten, they may 
 thwart us in our plans when the time has come for us to 
 take up the hatchet ; they may become informers, or they 
 may be employed as scouts and runners ; and even if they 
 hold themselves neutral, their proximity to the settlements 
 will embarrass our movements." Foiled in effecting this 
 coveted removal, the hostile chieftain spoke angrily of the 
 Brethren, and the evil report was spread throughout the 
 Indian country that the pale-faced preachers at Bethlehem 
 were craftily holding red men in bondage. And thus was 
 engendered in the hearts of the Indians who had been 
 alienated from the English, that bitter animosity against 
 their benefactors which paralyzed the latter in their labor 
 of love, while it cost them a heavy loss and precious lives. 
 In this way the Brethren were between two fires, and 
 in an apparently hopeless dilemma. It needed indeed a 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 197 
 
 Divine interposition to extricate them from the twofold 
 peril in which they were involved, and to set them in a 
 safe place where all men could see and confess to their 
 innocence. And this interposition came at an early day. 
 It came, it is true, in blood, but the Brethren received it as 
 a dispensation of mercy, for their faith in the righteousness 
 of the Lord s dealings was strong. 
 
 Locked in among high hills on the west bank of the 
 Lehigh, a few miles north of where the river escapes from 
 the embraces of the Blue Mountain, is a sequestered valley. 
 It was always a lonely spot, and still remains such, although 
 now so near one of the great thoroughfares of traffic and 
 seats of mighty labor, swarming with strong workingmen, 
 and dim and lurid with the smoke and the fires of glowing 
 furnaces. The valley of the Mahoning is a silent little 
 world of wild mountain and of barren hills, shelving down 
 into a narrow expanse of lowland through which the Ma- 
 honing winds its wizard stream. In this amphitheater the 
 Lord was pleased to vindicate the Brethren. He did this 
 on the 24th of November, and as follows. 
 
 There were fifteen persons in the dwelling-house on that 
 fatal night. It was in the gloaming, and they were about 
 finishing their evening meal when the angry barking of the 
 dogs in the farm-yard apprised them of the approach of 
 strangers. Joachim Sensemann being reminded that the 
 meeting-house (it stood not more than fifty yards higher 
 up on the hill) was not locked for the night, hastened 
 thither to secure it. This precaution saved him ; for no 
 sooner was he in the hall and in the act of striking a light, 
 than he heard the report of fire-arms. It startled him; 
 only momentarily, however, as he recollected that a scout 
 ing party of Scotch-Irish had ridden past a few hours be 
 fore, and he concluded that they were discharging their 
 pieces on their return home. He finished his errand, and 
 
198 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 was on his way down the hill, when he met George Partsch, 
 who, breathless, informed him in broken speech of the 
 presence of hostile Indians below. "Twelve Shawanese 
 painted for war," he said, pointing behind him, adding at 
 the same time that the dwelling was beleaguered, that the 
 Brethren and Sisters were at the mercy of the savages, and 
 that he had escaped by leaping out of a window at the first 
 surprise with a bullet whistling past his head. A brief recon- 
 noissance of the position showed them the folly of any at 
 tempt to render assistance, and they accordingly resolved 
 to cross the river without delay and to give the alarm to the 
 inhabitants of Gnadenhiitten East. 
 
 Meanwhile the following had transpired at the doomed 
 house. The barking of the dogs had been indeed por 
 tentous ; for soon after there were voices and then foot 
 steps heard without. Martin Nitschmann opened the door 
 to see whose they were, was shot, and fell a corpse. Two 
 bullets at the same moment grazed Joseph Sturgis, and as 
 the door remained open the savages poured a random 
 volley into the room, killing or wounding John Gatter- 
 meyer, Martin Presser, and John Lesley. Of them nothing 
 more is known. Hereupon the others (there were nine) 
 retreated precipitately into the adjoining apartment, and 
 from there up the stairway into the attic, closely pursued 
 by the Indians. It was in this retreat and on the steps 
 that Susanna Nitschmann was disabled by a ball, and, reel 
 ing backward, fell into the hands of the enemy. Her 
 loud and piteous cries for help were soon hushed ; for if 
 we are to credit the relations of Isaac Nutimus, of Joachim 
 and of Teedyuscung, she was gagged and handed over to 
 an attendant by her captor to grace his triumph on his 
 return to Diahoga. The eight who had succeeded in 
 reaching the attic, barricaded the trap-door with bedsteads 
 and with what other furniture was at hand, the strong 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 199 
 
 arms of George Schweigert, a teamster, rendering the bar 
 rier proof against the attempt of the murderous assailants 
 to force it with their hatchets and the butts of their guns. 
 Failing to reach those for whose blood they thirsted, the 
 Indians now charged their pieces and fired volley after 
 volley, some into the floor, and some from without into 
 the roof, in the hopes of killing or of bringing to terms the 
 objects of their fiendish ferocity. Foiled in this also, the 
 exasperated Shawanese applied the torch. The cruelly- 
 hunted men and women above were soon sensible of the 
 new danger by which they were beset, and saw that they 
 must either perish by fire or fall into the hands of demons. 
 There were three helpless women in that doomed com 
 pany, and they were long the most composed. Anna 
 Sensemann was last seen seated upon a bed with folded 
 hands and apturned eyes, and ever and anon she said, 
 "My Saviour, I thought that this would be my end!" 
 The second was a mother with an infant in her arms. 
 Wrapping the child in her apron, she hugged it closely to 
 her bosom and sat in silence ; for the flood of feeling and 
 affection for her offspring that poured through her heart in 
 that perilous time deprived her of the power of utterance. 
 This was Johanna Anders. The suspense was growing 
 momentarily more unendurable, and Gottlieb Anders 
 shouted for help in the vain hope that he would be heard, 
 and that all that was dear to him in the world would even 
 yet be succored. But at intervals, above his voice and 
 above the yells of the exultant Shawanese and the crack 
 ling of burning timbers, were heard the agonizing cries of 
 the innocent child. Now it was that three of the eight 
 chose the desperate alternative of risking their lives in an 
 attempt to escape from the beleaguered house in preference 
 to that of certain death by the horrors of fire. Watching 
 
200 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 his chance, at a moment when the sentinel, who was guard 
 ing the dormer-window below, had left his post, young 
 Sturgis boldly leapt out, ran for his life, and won it. 
 Susan Partsch followed him, and reached the meeting 
 house unobserved. Behind this she secreted herself, 
 leaving her covert on the approach of the Indians later 
 in the evening and retreating down the valley toward the 
 river. George Fabricius was the third to take the des 
 perate leap, and evidently with hesitation, as the fire had 
 already passed over him. He had reached the ground, 
 had sprung to his feet, and was safe as he thought from his 
 relentless persecutors, when they discovered him. In an 
 instant he was pierced simultaneously by two balls and 
 fell. Rushing upon him, the infuriated savages buried 
 their tomahawks in his body and scalped him down to the 
 eyes. Next day his mangled corpse was found in a pool 
 of blood on the spot where he had been butchered, and 
 by its side, guarding the lifeless remains of its master, was 
 couched his faithful dog. Five of the inmates of the 
 house on the Mahoning, therefore, met death in the fire. 
 
 Having finished their bloody work, the Indians (so we 
 are told by Susan Partsch, who watched their movements 
 from her hiding-place) proceeded to pillage and burn the 
 other houses of the settlement. First the barn and stable, 
 and next the kitchen, the bake-house, the Single Brethren s 
 house, the store, the mill, and finally the meeting-house, 
 until the who?e valley was light as day with the glare of 
 the conflagration, athwart which could be seen, in bold re 
 lief, the dusky figures of the fiendish Shawanese as they hast 
 ened to and fro in the closing scene of the tragedy they had 
 that night so perfectly enacted. And when this was done, 
 they collected around the spring-house, where, having di 
 vided their plunder, they feasted with blood-stained hands. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS, 2 oi 
 
 Then loading up their spoils on stolen horses, they filed off 
 leisurely in the warrior s path that led to Wyoming.* 
 
 * The following are the names, with brief notices, of the victims of 
 the massacre : 
 
 Anna Catharine Sensemann,m. n. Ludwig,born 17 17, in Lichtewarn, 
 Upper Silesia. Immigrated to Pennsylvania with her husband in June 
 of 1742. They had been residents on the Mahoning since the 5th of 
 August, and were acting as steward and stewardess. 
 
 Gottlieb Anders, gardener, born 1719, in Neumarck, Silesia. Im 
 migrated to Pennsylvania in November of 1743. Was Chaplain to the 
 Family on the Mahoning since November of 1754- 
 
 Johanna Christina Anders, m. n. Vollmer, born 1720, in Homburg 
 an der Hoh , his wife, and 
 
 Johanna, born 1754, at Friedensthal, on the Nazareth tract, their 
 infant daughter. 
 
 Martin Nitschmann, cutler, born 1714, in Zauchtenthal, Moravia. 
 Immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1749. Since August, a resident on 
 the Mahoning. 
 
 John Leonhard Gattermeyer, blacksmith, born 1721, in Ratisbon. 
 Immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1749. Joined the Family on the Ma 
 honing in October. 
 
 George Christian Fabricius, scholar, born 1716, in Nyburg, Fiinen. 
 Entered the Theological Seminary on the opening of that Church-in 
 stitution in the village of Barby, in May of 1754. In September im 
 migrated to Pennsylvania, and was assigned to the Family on the 
 Mahoning, there to acquire the Delaware, preparatory to entering the 
 mission. The facility with which Fabricius learned the language had 
 already qualified him to make translations of portions of the New 
 Testament. He was Lector, and also taught the Indian children at 
 Gnadenhiitten East. 
 
 George Schweigert, farmer, born 1724, in Heidenheim, in Wirtem- 
 berg. Immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1750. In 1754 was sent to 
 Gnadenhiitten. 
 
 Martin Presser, carpenter, born 1709, in Weimar. Immigrated to 
 Pennsylvania in 1750. Worked at his trade at Gnadenhiitten. 
 
 John Frederic Lesley, shoemaker, born 1732, in Conestoga, Lancaster 
 
 14 
 
202 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Intelligence of this terrible blow was brought to Beth 
 lehem by David Zeisberger at three o clock in the morning 
 of the next day, and it was broken to the Brethren and 
 Sisters, who had been summoned to meet in the chapel at 
 five o clock (an hour earlier than the customary time for 
 
 County. In 1747 came to Bethlehem. Had been a resident on the 
 Mahoning only a few weeks. 
 
 In 1788 a memorial-stone was placed over the spot in the grave 
 yard where the body of Fabricius and the bones of the others had been 
 interred. The burial-place is on the summit of the rising ground, west 
 of Lehighton. The stone covers the entire grave. Upon it are in 
 scribed the names of the eleven, and of them it is touchingly said, 
 " They had lived at Gnadenhiitten unto the Lord, and ended their lives 
 by a surprise of Indian warriors." Below is the Scriptural assurance 
 that " Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his Saints !" 
 
 The following are the names, with brief notices, of those who escaped 
 the massacre : 
 
 Peter Worbas, carpenter, born in 1722, in Colding, Jutland. In 
 1753 immigrated to Pennsylvania, and was assigned to Gnadenhiitten. 
 Resided successively at Bethlehem, New Gnadenhiitten, Hope (War 
 ren County, New Jersey), and on the erection of Nazareth, in 1771, 
 settled in that place, and built the first house there. It was removed 
 in 1865. Worbas deceased at Nazareth in 1806. 
 
 George Partsch, born 1719, in Langendorf, Upper Silesia. Immi 
 grated to Pennsylvania in 1743. After his escape from the Mahoning, 
 he removed to Bethlehem, where, excepting the interval between May 
 of 1762 and July of 1763, spent on St. Thomas, he resided until his 
 decease in July of 1765. 
 
 Susan Louisa, m. n. Eller, his wife, was born 1722 in Biidingen, in 
 the Wetterau. She deceased at Bethlehem in 1795. Tne l ate Mr - 
 Matthew Krause, of Bethlehem, was a great-grandson. 
 
 Joachim Sensemann, deceased in Jamaica. 
 
 Joseph Sturgis (Sturgeous), from Philadelphia, attached himself to 
 the Brethren at Bethlehem, in May of 1757. At the time of his escape 
 he was in the seventeenth year of his age. He deceased at Litiz, 
 Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in June of 1817, and left numerous 
 descendants. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 203 
 
 daily devotions), by Bishop Spangenberg. Only a few 
 were informed of what had happened, and although there 
 were vague rumors among the rest of some great calam 
 ity, these failed to lessen the painful suspense which ha 
 rassed them as they sat in silence awaiting the entrance of 
 their respected father. The organ gave forth mournful 
 notes as the worthy man came in, and took his accustomed 
 seat. Surveying his Brethren and Sisters to the right and 
 to the left with a countenance which bore evidence of 
 some recent contest which had taken place in his inmost 
 soul, he spoke most feelingly and said : " My dear Brethren 
 and Sisters, it may appear to some as if the Saviour had 
 dealt severely with us;" and then, having recited the tragic 
 occurrence of the previous evening, he rallied and pro 
 ceeded to say, " But, no ! He has been pleased for a wise 
 purpose to lead some of our number as victims to the 
 slaughter. We are short-sighted, and perhaps too much 
 stricken to be able to interpret this mysterious providence. 
 But are we not triumphantly vindicated in the eyes of our 
 neighbors who clamor for our lives and for the destruction 
 of dear Bethlehem, publishing to the world that we are in 
 league with the French, because, when all men around us 
 hastened to arms in utter consternation, we alone were un 
 dismayed, and waited for the Lord?"* 
 
 * It is well known that the Moravians were averse to bearing arms, 
 and that they regarded offensive warfare as incompatible with the 
 gentle teachings of the religion of Jesus Christ. The attitude they 
 assumed in the Indian war was altogether defensive. They stockaded 
 their settlements on the Nazareth tract, the exposed portions of Bethle 
 hem, built watch-towers, and exercised constant vigilance by day and 
 by night, so as to avoid the necessity of repelling an attack which 
 precaution on their part might have prevented. And after all they 
 looked chiefly to the Lord, remembering that except He keep the city 
 the watchman waketh in vain. Hence when, soon after the outbreak 
 
204 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 It is to this distressing period in the history of Provin 
 cial Pennsylvania that the records thus introduced belong. 
 
 of hostilities, warm friends in New York dispatched a supply of arms 
 and ammunition to Bethlehem, bidding the Brethren to take them, go 
 forth, and fight the Indians, Bro. Spangenberg felt called to make the 
 following exposition. The gentleness of the rebuke it administers, the 
 feeling of tender compassion for the slayers of his Brethren, and the 
 spirit of forgiveness and of calm trust in the wisdom and mercy of the 
 Saviour it expresses, will furnish the reader with prominent points in 
 the character of the man who at that time was set to watch over the 
 Brethren s Church in America. He here speaks, not like some pom 
 pous prelate ex cathedra, but in lowly speech, and yet with Christian 
 majesty; his words falling impressively upon the ear and reaching the 
 heart, as do those of the fatherly Ambrose, or even as those of the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles, when speaking, not in his own dignity, but 
 with the solemn earnestness inspired by his Master. 
 
 " MY DEAR BRETHREN AND SISTERS, 
 
 " I think it necessary to be plain with you, for I observe that some of 
 you do not know what to make of the Brethren. I have received let 
 ters in one day, all written in love, and out of a tender concern for 
 us, but in substance opposite to one another. Some of them advised 
 us to make no resistance to the barbarous enemy, but rather to come 
 away from our settlements. Others write us to stand upon our defense, 
 and to oppose such wicked and abominable creatures who are doing 
 the work of their father, who was a mnrderer from the beginning. 
 
 " We know, God be thanked, what we are doing, and are not in doubt 
 about the course we should pursue. Our Saviour is with us and we feel 
 both in private and in public his Gracious Presence. His Spirit is not 
 less to us than a tender mother guiding us into all truth according to 
 our Saviour s gracious promise. We have his Word, which certainly is 
 truth, and we can depend upon it that we shall not be misled if acting 
 according to his dictates, and we need not now first inquire what his 
 designs are in regard to us, but He made us sensible of his purposes 
 before these troubles broke in upon us. 
 
 " We are of opinion that governments ought to protect their subjects. 
 Rulers are servants of God, and the sword is given them by a Superior 
 Power, who is King of Kings and Lord of Lords. This sword given 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 205 
 
 They relate to the posture of the Brethren in the times im 
 mediately succeeding the massacre on the Mahoning, and 
 
 them they hold not in vain, but they are to protect the weaker ones and 
 save the innocent. It is not only permitted unto them to oppose and 
 punish all such as will hurt, kill, steal, c., but it is their duty to do 
 so, and if they neglect this their office they will be answerable for it to 
 their Master. 
 
 " A minister of the Gospel is a sheep sent among wolves, who is to be 
 prudent like a serpent and harmless like a dove. His arms are not 
 carnal but spiritual, and he conquers by no other weapons than by the 
 blood of the Lamb, by the sword of the Gospel, by faith in Christ, by 
 prayers and by tears. If one smites him on the right cheek he is to 
 turn him the other also. If one takes away his coat he is to give him 
 also his cloak. Confer Matthew, v. 38, 39. Such an one if he would 
 handle weapons becoming a soldier, would show his ignorance of his 
 commission. 
 
 " A common man such as they call a layman, if he hath wife and chil 
 dren, is to provide for his family and to protect them against mischief. 
 It would not be right in him to see his wife ravished by a wicked fel 
 low and to sit still at it. It would be very wrong in him if wicked 
 wretches should fall upon his children and he be indolent and patient 
 at the murdering of them. If it is right in a pastor to kill rather a 
 wolf than to see the lambs killed, it is certainly right for a father to 
 stand up for the life of his children. 
 
 " Now I will tell you what we have been doing hitherto since our 
 Brethren were killed and burned at the Mahoning. We have received 
 those that escaped the cruel hands of the savages with great thankful 
 ness to the Lord. We have praised the Lord for taking so many of our 
 Brethren and Sisters all at once like a sacrifice to himself. We have 
 mourned for those poor creatures who were Satan s instruments in 
 doing evil ; and oh how we wish they may once repent and be par 
 doned ! 
 
 " When we were told how the enemy had boasted that they certainly 
 would have done with all the Forks, especially with Bethlehem and 
 Nazareth, before the Great Day (they mean Christmas), we com 
 mitted our life and all into the hands of our good Saviour believing 
 that there is no one to save us from the wicked one but He alone. 
 Then we agreed to be on our guard and to keep good watch, thinking 
 
20 6 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 to a part of their experiences during the continuance of 
 the war. 
 
 that to be a means of deterring the enemy. And we hope that the 
 Lord hath blessed our endeavors, poor as they are, for that purpose. 
 
 " The watchmen then proposed whether it would not be good to have 
 some guns, partly to give a signal to the rest of the guard, partly to 
 hinder the cruel enemy from falling upon the Sisters and children, 
 and using them after his abominable manner. They said, What 
 shall we do ? If the savages would be satisfied with taking our lives 
 it might be so; but shall we leave our Sisters and our children a prey 
 to their devilish designs ? I could not say, Let the savages do what 
 they please with our Sisters and our children. No indeed ! For 
 how could a father or a husband do so and not think himself guilty of 
 neglecting his duty ? But this I have told my Brethren, Pray rather 
 to God that he may send fear and trembling upon the enemy and 
 thereby keep him a great way from us, for I should neither like to see 
 an Indian, nor one of my Brethren nor their wives and children, killed 
 at Bethlehem, at Nazareth, or at any of our places. 
 
 " We do not trust in weapons nor in arms. For we know for certain 
 that if the Lord will have us suffer, no arms will keep us free. If He 
 will have us safe, not all the devils will be able to hurt us in the least. 
 What could Satan do to Job, to his children, and to his cattle and his 
 horses, before he was permitted by God ? But after he was told that 
 they had been given into his hands he soon made away with all that 
 Job had in the world. 
 
 " We cannot remove from Bethlehem and Nazareth with such a body 
 of men, women, and children. Where should we go to be safer ? Here 
 we know Providence has placed us. Should we think ourselves more 
 secure in the towns, and should we expose our children to the tempta 
 tions and the wicked practices so common there, and finally should we 
 throw ourselves into the hands of men to live dependent upon their 
 goodness and their mercy ? No ! We would rather fall into the hands 
 of the Lord. Who knows but He will preserve us alive for the good 
 of this whole Province, and how many thanks will be given to Him if 
 He does ! 
 
 " Now, my dear Brethren and Sisters, as I have told you my heart and 
 the heart of my Brethren and Sisters, I thank you for sympathizing so 
 much with us in our present situation. The tokens of your compas- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 207 
 
 Gnadenhiitten East, the seat of the mission since June of 
 1754, was deserted in the fatal night, and the missionaries 
 and their converts, upward of seventy men, women, and 
 children, fled to Bethlehem. The presence of these refugees 
 at that place, at a critical juncture, when men s voices were 
 being raised in bitter imprecations indiscriminately against 
 a race that was perpetrating daily atrocities around them, 
 perplexed the Brethren even more than concern for pro 
 viding for the fugitives in the future, should their sojourn 
 be prolonged by the chances of war. They nevertheless 
 welcomed them with open arms, for they loved their 
 "brown brethren and sisters" or "the brown hearts," as 
 they affectionately called them, as dearly as the apple of 
 their eye. And hence when the former came fleeing to them 
 before the dreaded vengeance of their kinsmen, who had 
 threatened to cleanse their ears with a red-hot iron, the latter 
 opened the gates of the city of refuge and took them in. 
 
 Always disposed to act in conformity with the require 
 ments, and in matters of moment with the sanction, of Gov 
 ernment, the Brethren notified the magistrates of the sudden 
 transfer of their mission. At the same time they approved of 
 a desire their Indians expressed of throwing themselves on 
 the protection of Government as loyal subjects, and as such, 
 
 sion were welcome and I wish you many blessings for them. Con 
 tinue in your love, and let your prayers and our prayers be offered for 
 one common object, viz.: that the Lord may rebuke the wicked Prince 
 of Darkness who is the great leader of these idolaters that are now 
 crying against Christ s people; and that He may fill these poor ignorant 
 wicked creatures with fear and trembling, and thus cause them to re 
 turn to their hills and mountains as the proper companions of wolves 
 and bears, and other wild beasts, till the Lord please to open their 
 eyes and to call them from the power of Satan into his glorious 
 kingdom. 
 
 " SPANGENBERG. 
 " Bethlehem, Dec. 23, 1755." 
 
208 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 of claiming assistance in time of need. These accordingly 
 addressed Governor Morris.* In his reply, the Governor not 
 
 * The following is the correspondence that passed between the 
 Moravian Indians and Governor Morris. It is prefaced by a letter 
 addressed by Bishop Spangenberg to the Justices of the County of 
 Northampton, and dated Bethlehem, November 29, 1755, as follows: 
 
 " Inclosed is an address of the Indians who came down from Gna- 
 denhiitten, to the Governor and the Assembly, which I think should 
 first be shown to the Magistrates of this County and then go down 
 with their opinion, for it is a matter of great importance, they being 
 the only men at present who can do the Government the greatest 
 service. 
 
 " I cannot help letting you know that Gnadenhiitten is of as great 
 importance to our Government as Shamokin ; for if that place be not 
 secured, not only all the settlers who live behind the Blue Mountain 
 must be going from their houses and farms, but the Indians can run 
 down with freshes in a few hours into any part of the Forks, yea, 
 quite down to Philadelphia. 
 
 " If the Government should think well to build there a fort, we will 
 give of the land we have there, ten acres, for that purpose, in a place 
 which can command the Lehigh and a great way on all sides. 
 
 " If they choose our offer, they must needs keep a guard there be 
 fore the houses and mill are burned down, which can be of great 
 service to them at first while they are building a fort. The Indians, 
 our friends, have all their corn there, for they fled for their lives, 
 naked, in the night. If the said corn is fetched for them, they will 
 not be a burden to the County, which they never yet have been. If 
 this corn be left there, they must needs be provided for, and it will 
 not be good to leave the corn to the enemy. Twelve wagons, may 
 be, would fetch it, and it will be too much to let this be the Brethren s 
 charge. 
 
 " I am, Sirs, 
 
 " Your humble servant, 
 
 " SPANGENBERG." 
 
 " Upon perusing the foregoing letter, we are clearly of opinion that 
 the several matters therein contained are of very great weight, and if 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 209 
 
 only assured the petitioners of his sympathy, but at the 
 same time expressed his conviction that they were deserv- 
 
 carried into execution, would be of the greatest service to all this part 
 of the country. 
 
 " WM PARSONS, 
 
 " TlMY HORSFIELD, 
 
 " THOS. CRAIG, 
 " HUGH WILSON. 
 " November 30, 1755." 
 
 The humble Address of the Indians, late residing at Gnadenhiitten, 
 at their instance, taken from their own mouths as followeth, to wit : 
 
 " First, we present our love, respect, and duty to the Hon ble Robert 
 Hunter Morris, the Governor of Pennsylvania, and because we are 
 not able to express ourselves as it should be, we beg that the best con 
 struction may be put upon what we have to lay before him. 
 
 " We have hitherto been poor heathen, who knew nothing of God, 
 but lived in blindness and abominable sins. 
 
 " The Brethren have told us words from Jesus Christ our God and 
 Lord, who became a man for us and purchased salvation for us with 
 his blood. 
 
 " We have heard these words, taken them to heart, received them 
 in faith, and are baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. 
 
 " The Brethren since that time have faithfully cared for us, and not 
 only further instructed us in God s word, but have also permitted us 
 to live upon their land and plant our corn, at the same time instruct 
 ing our children. 
 
 " It is now a great many years that we have lived in quiet and peace 
 under the protection of the Government of this Province, so that we 
 have not been burdensome to any, nor has anybody molested us. 
 But now it has come to pass that wicked people who serve the Devil 
 have committed horrible murders and inhumanly butchered even our 
 own Brethren. 
 
 " We well knew that we had nothing better to expect at their hands 
 as long as we continued with the Brethren under this Government. 
 For which cause we sought to save our lives by flight, leaving every 
 thing behind which we had in Gnadenhiitten, to wit : not only our 
 
210 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 ing subjects of charity. Thus assured, the Brethren drew 
 upon the Provincial Commissioners for reimbursement in 
 
 habitations but also our clothing and provisions, fleeing in the dark 
 night, naked and empty, away with our wives and our children. 
 
 " Now we are here in Bethlehem with our Brethren, willing rather 
 to suffer and live with them as heretofore. We cannot but declare to 
 our Honor ble Governor, 
 
 " I. That we are thankful from the bottom of our hearts for the 
 protection and peace that we have hitherto enjoyed in this Province. 
 
 " 2. That none of us have any hand in the abominable murders 
 lately committed by the Indians, but we abhor and detest them. 
 
 " 3. It is our desire, seeing that we are persuaded that our lives will 
 be principally sought after, to put ourselves as children under the pro 
 tection of this Government. We cannot say otherwise but that we 
 are entirely devoted to the English Government and wish success and 
 prosperity to their arms against their and our enemies. 
 
 " We hope that our Hon ble Governor will give us a gracious answer 
 to this our humble petition, and provide for our future welfare and 
 
 securit y- JOSHUA, Mohican, 
 
 " AUGUSTUS, Delaware, 
 " JACOB, Mohican, 
 " ANTON, Delaware, 
 " JOHN PETER, Wampanoag, 
 " JOSHUA, Delaware, 
 " ANDREW, Wampanoag, 
 " MICHAEL, Monsey, 
 JONATHAN, Delaware, 
 " PHILIP, Wampanoag, 
 "JOHN, Mohican, 
 " JOHN, Delaware, 
 " DANIEL, Mohican, 
 " MARK, Mohican. 
 "BETHLEHEM, November 29, 1755." 
 
 THE GOVERNOR S REPLY. 
 
 " To the Indians lately residing at Gnadenhiitten and now at Beth 
 lehem, greeting : 
 " BRETHREN, 
 
 " You may always depend on the most favorable construction being 
 put on whatever you lay before me. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 211 
 
 part of expenses they were incurring in providing for loyal 
 Indians and for Christians who had fled to fellow- Christians 
 for protection. 
 
 " It gives me a true pleasure to find you are under the force of re 
 ligious impressions, and speak in so affectionate a manner of the 
 Author of the Christian Salvation, our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 " As you have made it your own choice to become members of our 
 civil society, and subjects of the same Government, and determine to 
 share the same fate with us, I shall make it my care to extend the 
 same protection to you as to the other subjects of his Majesty, and as 
 a testimony of the regard paid by the Government to the distressed 
 state of that Province where you have suffered so much, I have de 
 termined to build a fort at Gnadenhutten, from which you will receive 
 equal security with the white people under my care. 
 
 " I have not the least suspicion of your having been concerned in 
 the late mischief. Your precaution and flight are an evidence of your 
 innocence, and I take in good part your professions of truth and fidelity 
 to your Brethren, and thank you for them. 
 
 " I heartily commiserate your losses, and think you entitled to re 
 lief, and as I intend to send for all our friendly Indians to come and 
 confer with me in this time of danger, I shall let you know the time 
 when I shall meet them, and desire you to be present, that I may speak 
 to you at the same time. 
 
 " In the mean time I desire you will be of good behaviour, and re 
 main where you are. 
 
 " Given under my hand and the Lesser Seal of the Province, at 
 Philadelphia, the fourth day of December, A.D. 1755. 
 
 " ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS." 
 
 Answer of the Moravian Indians to Gov. Morris s Reply, " which 
 was taken from their own mouths, and being literally translated, was 
 read and communicated to them in their own tongue, before signing." 
 
 " HONB LE GOVERNOR, 
 
 " We received thy letter, and thy words being interpreted to us, we 
 have heard with our ears and well understood. Our women and our 
 children have also heard them. It has rejoiced us much, and we are 
 heartily thankful that thou wilt be pleased to provide for and take us 
 
212 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 The accounts of the " above seventy Indians who escaped 
 from Gnadenhlitten," in the following transcript are incom 
 plete, in as far as they are preceded by two statements, one 
 amounting to 5 1 gs. $%d. from November 28, 1755, to Feb 
 ruary 20, 1756, and another to 13 i8s. $d. from February 
 28 to April i, of the last named year. Furthermore, they 
 were continued as late as April of 1758. On several occa 
 sions the Province demurred honoring these drafts on her 
 exchequer, it having been seriously impoverished by out 
 lays incurred in prosecuting the war, and in conducting 
 tedious overtures for the restoration of a permanent peace. 
 The representations made by the Brethren, however, in 
 which they reminded Government of its pledge, of the 
 comparatively trifling cost it incurred for every Moravian 
 Indian (it amounting only to i^ pence per day); which 
 cost, they argued, w r as almost outweighed by the services 
 
 under thy protection against our enemies, in these troublesome times ; 
 that we may abide with our Brethren in peace, and daily hear sweet 
 words of our God and Saviour to the refreshment and comfort of our 
 poor hearts. 
 
 " We assure and promise thee herewith that we will be obedient to 
 thy order, and with our wives and children behave ourselves still and 
 orderly among our Brethren, and be governed peaceably and quietly 
 toward every man. 
 
 " We are heartily willing to come and hear more words from thee, 
 whenever thou shalt please to call us. 
 
 " In the mean time we poor Indians recommend ourselves to thy 
 kind remembrance, hoping we shall not be forgotten by thee. 
 
 " We offer our kind salutations to thee, wishing thee health and 
 prosperity, and remain 
 
 " Thy obedient and faithful Brethren, 
 
 " AUGUSTUS, Delaware (his mark a Turtle}. 
 " JOSHUA, Mohican (his mark a Turkey] . 
 
 " Signed by the Order and in behalf of all the rest, 9th December, 
 I755-" 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 213 
 
 that some of their number had rendered the Province, in 
 the capacity of runners or of interpreters, and on danger 
 ous embassies, finally prevailed.* The accounts were ac- 
 
 * " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOR, 
 
 " The inclosed is the humble request of the Brethren in Bethlehem 
 to your Honor, occasioned by the Honorable Commissioners refusing 
 to pay the accounts of their expenses toward maintaining the friendly- 
 Indians, who nevertheless have done the Government many great 
 services, and never demanded anything from this Province, as long as 
 they were quietly left in their settlements upon the Mahoning on the 
 Brethren s lands. 
 
 " Now, as I hope, your Honor will be pleased to consider, that at 
 another time many other Indians may think, It is better for Indians 
 to join the enemies of the English, for then they will get presents and 
 rewards; but if the Indians join the English and behave friendly, they 
 will not only afterwards be left destitute, but will also be left a prey 
 to their enemies, after it comes to a peace ; which probably will be 
 the case with those Indians who were ever faithful to this Government, 
 and are now at Bethlehem hated by all the Indians of their tribe be 
 cause they were not with them against the English in the last war. 
 And such thoughts will not turn out for the good of the Province. 
 However, I hope of your goodness better things. 
 
 " Your Honor s most humble servant, 
 
 " SPANGENBERG. 
 
 " BETHM., Apr. 20, 1757." 
 
 The Brethren s Address to Governor Denny. 
 
 " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOR, 
 
 " Whereas, some time since when the late Indian troubles took 
 their beginning, the Brethren s valuable settlement on the Mahoning, 
 together with eleven human lives, were destroyed, and our people 
 were thereby losers of at least ^"2000, a loss which we shall feel while 
 we live ; 
 
 " And w/iereas, at the same time a number of Indians who were 
 then living on our land at Gnadenhikten, and in a fair way of getting 
 a competent and comfortable livelihood, without being burdensome 
 for it either to the Province or to their neighbors thereabouts, having 
 
214 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 cordingly recognized as just obligations and liquidated in 
 full ; not, however, without hesitancy, in overcoming which 
 
 been preserved by means of the Brethren in their friendship and alli 
 ance with this Government, were even therefore at the same time 
 forced to fly for their lives, lose their all, and take their refuge to the 
 Brethren at Bethlehem, destitute of everything to support life; 
 
 " And whereas, your Honor s predecessor, considering their cir 
 cumstances, has told and given it them in writing that they should be 
 treated friendly and supported in their necessitous circumstances by 
 the Province ; upon the good faith of which the Brethren in Bethle 
 hem have furnished them with necessaries of life, and charged the 
 expenses to the Province account; 
 
 " And ivhereas, at sundry times the Brethren have produced their 
 accounts before the honorable the Commissioners, and had them 
 punctually paid till now, when Mr. Schmalling, one of the Brethren, 
 delivered our account, amounting to a mere trifle each day per head, 
 was refused payment. I am, therefore, to represent our hard case to 
 your Honor in behalf of our much aggrieved community, and to beg 
 your Honor s favorable interposition with the honorable the Commis 
 sioners ; for although the Indians residing here in Bethlehem on one 
 hand are not inclined to settle again in the Indian country for fear of 
 their lives, and on the other cannot resolve to live below Philadelphia 
 for want of hunting opportunity, which makes a great part of their 
 livelihood ; and although on that account the Brethren at Bethlehem 
 have consented to let them settle on a piece of ground belonging to 
 us not far from here, we humbly conceive that this is not a sufficient 
 ground to cut them off from the hitherto usual allowance they have 
 had from this Government as long as they are not yet settled upon that 
 intended spot, nor as long as the Government maintains so many other 
 Indians who have murdered many of the inhabitants, enslaved others, 
 and destroyed their possessions. We therefore hope your Honor will 
 in good reason think those who have faithfully adhered to this Govern 
 ment entitled to the same beneficial allowance which such Indians as 
 were enemies still enjoy. 
 
 " We have that confidence in your Honor that you in equity and 
 justice will support our request, and not suffer that these poor, friendly, 
 but at present necessitous Indians, shall either be thrown entirely upon 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 215 
 
 Mr. William Edmonds was largely instrumental. This was 
 in June of 1758. 
 
 The specified accounts that constitute the bulk of the 
 transcript in this paper were rendered to the Commis 
 sioners, pursuant to an order given to the Brethren by 
 Governor Morris,* that they provide for such of the 
 enemy as should come into the settlements, after his pro 
 clamation for a suspension of hostilities. Some of these 
 came with a desire to return to their allegiance, others to 
 throw themselves on the protection of the Province, and 
 others to treat for peace. War had been formally declared 
 against the Delawares in April of 1756. In May, and 
 again in July, hostilities were suspended ; in the last month 
 they were remitted preparatory to the first of a series of 
 treaties. This lull was followed by an influx of Delawares 
 and allied Indians to Bethlehem, which lay in the route 
 from their country to Easton, the place that had been 
 selected for negotiations. Government was imposing an 
 additional burden upon the Brethren when it committed 
 
 the Brethren at Bethlehem already so very great losers in this Province, 
 or be left to the mercy of their embittered Indian brethren. 
 
 " Not doubting of your Honor s equitable resolution, 
 
 " We rest your Honor s most obedient humble servants, 
 " Signed in behalf of the Brethren, 
 
 " MATTHEW SCHROPP, Steward. 
 
 "BETHM., Apr. 22, 1757." 
 
 * " I do hereby empower the Brethren and request them to receive 
 into their houses at Bethlehem all such friendly Indians as shall come 
 to them and desire to be taken in, and to support and maintain them 
 till they have my further orders ; always taking care to advise me from 
 time to time of the arrival of any Indians, mentioning their place of 
 abode, their tribe, and such other circumstances as shall be necessary to 
 give me a just and proper account of them, and any expenses attending 
 this service will be paid by the Government." Gov. Morris to Tiniy 
 Horsfield, Esq. Philadelphia, June 23, 1756. 
 
216 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 this lawless crowd to their keeping ; and although aware of 
 this, its assurance that their knowledge of Indian character 
 rendered them desirable custodians, and that at Bethlehem 
 the hated Indians would be safe, outweighed all other 
 considerations. In vain did the Brethren deprecate this 
 measure as one that was likely to cause them serious incon 
 venience, to prove hurtful to the welfare of the Christian 
 Indians, and to involve themselves in difficulties with their 
 neighbors. Their repeated appeals to the Governor, to the 
 Assembly, and to the Commissioners for relief were ineffect 
 ual. " We are at a loss how to act," Bishop Spangenberg 
 writes to Governor Denny, "with those Indians that come 
 out of the woods and want to stay at Bethlehem. They 
 are very troublesome guests and we should be glad to have 
 your Honor s orders about them. Our houses are already 
 full and we must be at the expense of building winter- 
 houses for them if more should come; which likely will be 
 the case if we are to believe the accounts of those who are 
 here. Furthermore, we are told that some of our neighbors 
 are growing uneasy at our receiving such murdering In 
 dians, as they style them. I fear we shall be obliged to 
 set watches to keep such of them off as are disposed to 
 quarrel with, or may attempt to hurt any of them. Now 
 we are willing to do anything that lays in our power for the 
 service of that Province in which we have enjoyed peace 
 for many years. But we desire your Honor s orders for 
 every step we take, and we humbly beg not to be left with 
 out them ; the more so as we have reason to fear that an 
 Indian may be somehow hurt or killed, which certainly 
 would breed new troubles of war. There was a case last 
 week to the point, one of the Indians having been fired 
 at, when out in the woods a little way from Bethlehem." 
 And thus for almost two years (from April of 1756 to April 
 of 1758) they were annoyed by the presence of these trou- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 217 
 
 blesome pensioners on the Province. Some of them were 
 savages, some were half civilized, and some were renegades 
 from the mission. The latter were objects of their special 
 commiseration, and it pained them to see such as had 
 once publicly renounced the ways of wickedness, in the 
 company of those who had taken the lives of their fellow- 
 beings in a barbarous warfare. Conspicuous among these 
 was the man who led the Delawares and their allies in war 
 against the English. This was Teedyuscung. Of him we 
 know the following : 
 
 According to his own statement, he was born about the 
 year 1 700, in New Jersey, east of Trenton, in which neigh 
 borhood his ancestors of the Lenape* had been seated from 
 time immemorial. Old Captain Harris, a noted Delaware, 
 was his father. The same was the father also of Captain 
 John, of Nazareth, of young Captain Harris, of Tom, of Jo, 
 and of Sam Evans, a family of high-spirited sons who were 
 not in good repute with their white neighbors. The latter 
 named them, it is true, for men of their own people, and 
 Teedyuscung they named "Honest John;" yet they dis 
 liked, and then feared them ; for the Harrises were known 
 to grow moody and resentful, and were heard to speak 
 threatening words as they saw their paternal acres passing 
 out of their hands, and their hunting-grounds converted 
 into pasture and plowed fields. These they left with re 
 luctance, and migrated westward, in company with others 
 of the Turtles or Delawares of the Lowlands, some from 
 
 * The Delawares styled themselves Lenni Lenape, original people, 
 that is, an unchanged people. The eastern division of this nation was 
 divided into three tribes, the Turtles, or Delawares of the sea-shore 
 (lowlanders], the Turkeys, or Delawares of the woods (uplanders], 
 and the Wolves, or Delawares of the mountains (Highlanders } , named 
 in their language respectively the Unamies, the Unalachtgos, and the 
 Monseys. 
 
 15 
 
218 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 the Raritan, some from below Cranberry and Devil s 
 Brook, some from the Neshannock, and some from the 
 mouth of Squan and the meadows on Little and Great Egg 
 Harbor. Crossing the great river of their nation,* they 
 entered the Province of Pennsylvania in its Forks. This 
 was about 1730. Finding no white men here, they gypsied 
 unmolested along the Lehietan, Martin s and Cobus Creeks, 
 the Manakasy,f the Gattoshacki,J and the Hockendocque, 
 all south, and along the Aquanshicola|| and Pocopoco^[ 
 north of the Blue Mountain. On crossing this barrier they 
 reached the land of their kinsmen, the Wolf Delawares, or 
 Monseys. By these hardy mountaineers they were kindly 
 received, and with them they would often speak of their 
 compulsory exodus from the east, to which the Monseys 
 made no reply, but only smiled. 
 
 Scotch-Irish immigrants began to crowd the Delawares 
 in the Forks south of the mountain as early as 1735. Two 
 years prior whites had surveyed and located unpurchased 
 lands in the Upper Valley of the Delaware,** thereby ex 
 asperating the Monseys, and engendering in their hearts 
 
 * The Delaware, called the Lenapewihittuck, i.e. the River of the 
 Lenape. 
 
 f Written variously Menagassi, Monocasy, Monakessi, Manokasy, 
 Monockisy, Manakasy, Delaware, signifying a stream with several 
 large bends. 
 
 \ Written also Catosacque, corrupted into Catasauqua, Delaware, sig 
 nifying the earth is thirsty. 
 
 % Written originally Hackiundachquc, but now Hockendaqua t Dela 
 ware, signifying searching for land. 
 
 || Achquoanschicola, Delaware, signifying the place of fishing with 
 bush-nets. 
 
 ]f Corrupted from Pockhapocka. Written also Pohopoka and BTich- 
 cabuchka, Delaware, signifying two mountains butting toward one an 
 other and separated by a stream of water a water-gap. 
 
 ** The Minnisinks, i.e. the habitation of the Monseys or Minsis. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 219 
 
 an implacable resentment, which they cherished long after 
 the Turtle Delawares had buried the hatchet and were will 
 ing to treat for redress. These highlanders were the war 
 riors \vho, moody and sullen, hung back at Trout Creek, in 
 July of 1756, when Teedyuscung and his company were 
 already in Easton, and engaged in negotiations for peace. 
 In September of 1737 the one and a half days walk was 
 performed. Captain John and other Fork Indians south 
 of the mountain were expelled from their corn-lands and 
 peach-orchards in 1742.* Even Moses Tatemy was threat 
 ened exile. Thus wrong was being heaped on wrong 
 against a day of retribution. 
 
 Zinzendorf s reconnoissance in July of that year intro 
 duced the Brethren s missionaries into the homes of the 
 Eastern Delawares ; and from that time they preached the 
 Gospel to them on both sides of the mountain. Teedyus 
 cung too heard them, first on the Aquanshicola and then 
 on the Mahoning. Impressed by the words of the plainly- 
 clad preachers from Bethlehem, his religious feelings were 
 moved, and a time came when he was convicted of sin, and 
 then sought for admission into Christian fellowship with the 
 Mohicans and Delawares of Gnadenhiitten by baptism. 
 
 The Brethren hesitated long before they acceded to his 
 request ; for they tell us that the man was unstable as water 
 and like a reed shaken before the wind. Hence they 
 granted him a time of probation, and as he reiterated his 
 request at its close, they consented to admit him into their 
 communion. On the i2th of March, accordingly, he was 
 
 * See minutes of a council held with heads of the Six Nations in 
 the Great Meeting House at Philadelphia, July 12, 1742 {Colonial 
 Records, also Biidingische Sammhing, vol. ii.), for papers relating to 
 the negotiations of the Brethren with Captain John for an amicable 
 release to them of his claims on lands at Nazareth. 
 
220 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 baptized in the little turreted chapel on the Mahoning, 
 Bishop Cammerhoff administering the rite.* The cere 
 mony was performed in accordance with the solemn ritual 
 observed among the Brethren at that time in the baptism 
 of adults ; and when the straight-limbed Delaware, robed 
 in white, rose from bended knee, he rose as Gideon, the 
 namesake of "the son of Joash, the Abiezrite, who threshed 
 wheat in the wine-press to hide it from the Midianites." 
 
 Thus Teedyuscung became a member of the Christian 
 Church, and yet failed, as so many do, to become a Chris 
 tian. The lessons of the Divine Master whom he had 
 promised to follow proved distasteful to him, as he found 
 they demanded renunciation of self, the practice of hu 
 mility, the forgiveness of injuries, and the return of good 
 for evil. They were different from the doctrines taught in 
 the school of Nature in which he had long been educated. 
 Hence he ill brooked the restraints imposed upon him in 
 the "Huts of Grace," and resisted the influence of the 
 Good Spirit that sought to dispossess him of the resent 
 ment that burned within his soul when he remembered how 
 his countrymen were being injured by the whites, and how 
 they had been traduced and were being oppressed by the 
 imperious Iroquois. And once when his untamed Brethren 
 came down from the Minnisinks to Gnadenhiitten, bring 
 ing their unshod ponies and their broken flint-locks to the 
 smithy, they opened their hearts to him wide, and took him 
 into their councils. These intended war. Telling him that 
 the hour was come to prepare to rise against their oppres 
 sors, they asked him to lead them and be their king. That 
 
 * In the record of Indian baptisms for the year 1750, Bishop Cam 
 merhoff makes the following entry : "March 12. To-day I baptized 
 Tatiuskundt, the chief among sinners." His words are "ein /car e 
 grosser Sunder." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 2 2I 
 
 was the evil moment in which he was dazzled by the pros 
 pect of a crown, and trafficked his peace of mind for the 
 unrest of ambition. This was in the spring of 1754. Mo 
 hican Abraham also turned renegade, and the two chief 
 tains together prevailed with seventy of the congregation 
 to remove to Wyoming, there to live neutral or to array 
 themselves under their standard. 
 
 Braddock was repulsed on the Monongahela in July of 
 1755. Hereupon assembling his Delawares and allied Mo 
 hicans and Shawanese at Nescopeck, Teedyuscung marked 
 out a plan of the campaign for the coming autumn and 
 winter. Its operations were restricted to the walking pur 
 chase, within which it was resolved to chastise the English 
 first by waging against them a war of extermination. And 
 so it came to pass. From their lurking-places in the fast 
 nesses of the Great Swamp, the savage warriors, led by their 
 King in person, would sally forth on their marauds, strik 
 ing consternation into the hearts of the defenseless settlers, 
 ruthlessly destroying with torch and tomahawk, and then 
 retreating, with what booty and prisoners they had taken, 
 into its protecting glades. It threatened to be a repetition 
 of the war of Philip and his Pequods. Plantation after 
 plantation was pillaged, and before the close of December 
 the enemy had overrun the greater part of Northampton, 
 and Nazareth was literally on the frontiers. On the ist of 
 January, 1756, the Brethren met with a second loss, .for on 
 that day Gnadenhiitten East was totally destroyed,* the 
 company of Provincials stationed there having been sur 
 prised and cut to pieces. 
 
 Such was the warfare that scourged the Province into the 
 
 * The following is a statement of the pecuniary loss sustained by 
 the Brethren in the destruction of the farm on the Mahoning and the 
 Mission at Gnadenhiitten East: 
 
222 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 early months of 1756, when in March, Government sought 
 
 Appraisement of the United Brethren s Loss, suffered at the hands of 
 the Indians, on the Mahoning and at Gnadenhutten. 
 
 I. ON THE MAHONING. 
 
 s. d. s. d, 
 
 One mare, 7 years old 15 
 
 One do. 10 do 12 
 
 One horse, 10 do 8 
 
 One do. 4 do 15 
 
 Three colts, I year do 9 
 
 59 
 
 Seven cows, past 4 years old 24 10 
 
 Seven do. 4 years old , 21 
 
 Seven heifers, 2 do 17 10 
 
 Seven calves, I year do 5 5 
 
 Two oxen, 2 years old 5 
 
 Three do. 3 do 10 10 
 
 Four do. 4 do 18 
 
 Eight do. 5 and 6 do 40 
 
 141 15 
 
 65 Bu. of oats, bo t the same day @ 2s. 6 10 
 
 n loads of hay, @ 40^ 22 
 
 10 do. rowing do., @ 30^ 15 
 
 5 do. oats, @ 6o.y 15 
 
 2 do. steeped flax, @ 50.5- 5 
 
 I do. hemp I 10 
 
 5- do. wheat, @ 5 25 
 
 4 do. rye, @ 4 16 
 
 I do. barley 3 
 
 500 Ibs. butter 12 10 
 
 10 bu. of meal, @ $s 2 10 
 
 12 do. buckwheat, @ is. &d. I 
 
 3 do. Indian corn, @, 3.? 9 
 
 1*4 do. flaxseed, @ $s. 6d 5 3 
 
 4 do. of beans, @ 4^ 16 
 
 6 do. of salt, @ 35- 18 
 
 24 Ibs. beeswax, @ is. 6d. I 16 
 
 129 4 3 
 
 Carr d forw d 229 19 3 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 223 
 
 to propitiate the man who was its chief abettor and most 
 
 * * 
 
 Bro forwd , 229 19 3 
 
 Horse gears, saddles, &c IO 
 
 House and kitchen furniture 9 8 
 
 Clothes, bedding, &c., for 17 persons 294 
 
 Two silver watches and I house-clock 17 
 
 Smith s tools, burnt or stolen II 
 
 A meeting-house (Gemeinhaus) with dwelling rooms.. 200 
 
 A dwelling-house and smith-shop 100 
 
 A bake-house , IO 
 
 A kitchen and watch-house IO 
 
 A dwelling-house 3 
 
 A stable and barn IO 
 
 A spring-house 5 
 
 A store -house 5 
 
 Goods in the store 15 
 
 A grist and saw-mill 200 
 
 8,000 or more feet of pine boards 24 
 
 1638 19 3 
 
 2. AT GNADENHUTTEN EAST. 
 
 * <* 
 
 Eighteen log-houses, most of them of 
 
 squared logs, @ 6 108 
 
 Twelve Indian cabins, @, 30^ 18 
 
 A large meeting-house with dwelling 
 
 rooms 15 
 
 276 1914 19 3 
 
 Personally appeared before me, Timothy Horsfield, Esq., one of the 
 Justices in and for the County of Northampton, George Klein, Joseph 
 Powell, Henry Frey, all of Bethlehem in the said county, yeomen, 
 and upon their solemn affirmation according to law did respectively 
 declare and depose, That they these affirmants had exact knowledge 
 of all the articles and particulars contained in the above account, and 
 to the best of their skill and understanding do believe the same are 
 noted therein at the lowest and most reasonable prices possible ; and 
 
224 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 active in its prosecution. Messengers were now dispatched 
 to Teedyusctmg with an invitation to meet his friends, the 
 children of William Penn, and to tell them the causes of 
 an alienation which was as unexpected as it was calamitous. 
 An appeal was also made to the Six Nations to lift up their 
 authoritative hand and stay the destroyer. These measures 
 proved effectual. Pursuant to them, Teedyuscung met 
 Governor Morris in treaty at Easton, for the first time, in 
 July of 1756, and Governor Denny in November of that 
 year and again in November of 1757. 
 
 These conferences resulted in the pacification of the 
 Delaware King, on assurances being given him that his 
 grievances should be fully redressed. On these occasions, 
 we are told, Teedyuscung stood up as the champion of his 
 people, fearlessly demanding restitution of their lands, or 
 an equivalent for their irreparable loss, and in addition the 
 free exercise of the right to select, within the territory in 
 dispute, a permanent home. The chieftain s imposing 
 presence, his earnestness of appeal, and his impassioned 
 oratory, as he plead the cause of the long-injured Lenape, 
 evoked the admiration of his enemies themselves. He 
 always spoke in the euphonious Delaware, employing this 
 Castilian of the New World to utter the simple and ex 
 pressive figures and tropes of the native rhetoric with 
 which his harangues were replete, although he was con 
 versant with the white man s speech. 
 
 that the above contains a true and just account of the said sufferers 
 losses. And further these affirmants say not. 
 
 GEORGE KLEIN. 
 
 JOSEPH POWELL. 
 
 HENRY FREY. 
 
 Taken and affirmed to at Bethlehem y e 4 
 1756, before me 
 
 [L.S.] TlMV. HORSFIELD. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 22$ 
 
 It would almost appear from the minutes of these Con 
 ferences, that the English artfully attempted to evade the 
 point at issue, and to conciliate the indignant chieftain by 
 fair speeches and uncertain promises. The hollowness of 
 the former he boldly exposed, and the latter he scornfully 
 rejected ; so that it was soon perceived that the Indian 
 King was as astute and sagacious, as he was unmovable in 
 the justice of his righteous demands. This conviction forced 
 itself upon his hearers, and then they yielded to the terms 
 he laid down. 
 
 In forming an estimate of his position and of his en 
 deavors to maintain it, it should not be forgotten that 
 Teedyuscung was contending with a twofold enemy, with 
 the English and with the Iroquois. The insulting words 
 of Canassatego, spoken to the Fork Delawares in July of 
 1742,* had stung him to the quick. Since then he looked 
 forward to the time when he should be enabled, after 
 having won redress from the English, gained their con 
 fidence and then their alliance, to wipe out the blot which 
 tarnished the escutcheon of the immemorial Lenape, ever 
 since the Five Nations had insidiously made women of 
 them. This he failed to do, according to the stern de 
 mands of an unjust law, by which the rights of the weaker 
 party are made to succumb to the superior power of those 
 who are strong in coalition. 
 
 * "Let this Belt serve to chastise you," he said, turning to the 
 Delawares. " You ought to be taken by the hair of the head and 
 shaken severely till you recover your senses, and become sober. You 
 don t know what ground you stand on, nor what you are doing. This 
 land that you claim is gone through your guts long ago. We con 
 quered you, we made women of you. You know you are women and 
 can no more sell land than women. We charge you to remove instantly. 
 We don t give you the liberty to think about it, for you are women." 
 
22 6 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 In the spring of 1 758 Teedyuscimg removed to Wyoming, 
 where, agreeably to his request and the conditions of treaty, 
 a town had been built for him and his followers by the 
 English, in the historic valley on the east side of the Sus- 
 quehanna. Here he now lived not unmindful of his long- 
 cherished object, and here he was burned to death in the 
 night of the i9th of April, 1763, while asleep in his lodge. 
 The Iroquois, it is said, were the instigators of this cow 
 ardly act, for they hated the man who testified against 
 their arrogant assumption and who opposed their lust of 
 power. As long as he lived, therefore, he was a standing 
 rebuke to their designing oppression, and although they 
 no longer dreaded his arms, they feared his words, which 
 left their guilty consciences no peace. Hence it was re 
 solved in council that he ought not to live ; and when 
 news was brought back to Onondaga that the lodge of the 
 Delaware King and the lodges of his men of war had dis 
 appeared in flames, the perfidious Six Nations triumphed in 
 having destroyed an enemy whose spirit they had failed to 
 subdue. 
 
 In the historical records following this introduction, the 
 reader will find additional notices of the Delaware King 
 who was the hero of the war of 1755. The concurrent 
 testimony of his time agrees in representing him as a man 
 of marked ability, a brave warrior, a sagacious counselor 
 and a patriot among his people. Although he was gov 
 erned by strong passions, and a slave of that degrading 
 vice which was the bane of his race, he was not devoid of 
 feeling, being susceptible of the gentler influences of our 
 nature. Numerous are the anecdotes extant, illustrating 
 his love of- humor, his ready wit, his quickness of appre 
 hension and of reply, his keen penetration, and his sar 
 castic delight in exposing low cunning or artifice. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 227 
 
 After the suspension of hostilities, and during negotia 
 tions for peace, he was much at Bethlehem, and at one 
 time fixed his residence there. His attachment to the 
 Brethren he openly avowed, expressing his determination 
 to keep by them in preference to others of the whites. 
 Elsewhere he exulted in being called a Moravian. Although 
 he had broken his vows and had been unfaithful to his 
 profession, he would frequently, when in conversation with 
 the Brethren, revert to his baptism, and feelingly deplore 
 the loss of the peace of mind he had once enjoyed. And 
 hence we doubt not that there were times when, mar 
 shaling his savage warriors for deeds of blood in the 
 wild highlands of the Delawares, there would come over 
 him a vision of the "Huts of Grace" in the peaceful 
 valley of the Mahoning, and of the turreted chapel, in 
 which he had knelt in baptism, and which he had entered 
 so often on holy days at the sound of the church-going 
 bell. 
 
 The preparation of this piece of history in Pounds, Shil 
 lings, and Pence was much facilitated by consulting the 
 Colonial Records and the Pennsylvania Archives in con 
 junction with the Diaries of Bethlehem and her Indian 
 Congregation. By these means the editor has been enabled 
 to illuminate what otherwise might have remained ob 
 scure, to brighten fading colors, to recall forgotten things, 
 and to furnish the reader with a history in short-hand of 
 the times to which these records relate. The antiquary 
 will find in them occasional genre-pieces, not unlike those 
 painted -by Teniers, the elder, and his associates of the 
 Flemish school ; or here and there meet with a choice 
 morsel, trifling perhaps, and yet such as the true antiquary 
 can relish and digest far more effectually than what is 
 served up for him in state on the great historian s table. 
 
228 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN, ETC. 
 
 Nevertheless a hero makes his appearance even though he 
 be a barbaric king. 
 
 Finally, should the editor appear to have at times taken 
 too much pains in raising up a dead Indian or Provincial 
 private, he has erred, he thinks, not in his calling (for 
 the historian is a resurrectionist), but in the zeal with which 
 he has followed the pursuit. 
 
PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 IX ACCOUNT WITH THE UNITED BRETHREN, AT BETHLEHEM, PA. 
 
 For Supplies and Entertainment furnished to the Christian Indians 
 who had fled thither after the massacre on the Ma honing, and to 
 Indians who sojourned there with the knowledge of Government, 
 pending negotiations for Peace between it and Teedyitsciing, King 
 of the Delaware*, 1756 and 1757. 
 
 I. ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILA. JULY 21, 1756.* 
 
 July 21. Province of Pennsil a to the Stewardsf of Bethlehem, DR. 
 For sundries deliv d to above 70 Indians^ 
 who escaped from Gnadenhiitten, from 
 April I to July 17, 1756, viz.: 
 
 * Two accounts had been presented to the Commissioners prior to 
 this one; the first amounting to ^51 QS. 5^^., from November 28, 
 1755, to February 28, 1756, and the second amounting to ^13 i8.y. $d., 
 from February 28 to April I , of the last-mentioned year. 
 
 Provincial Commissioners at this time were John Mifflin, Benjamin 
 Franklin, Joseph Fox, Evan Morgan, and John Hughes. Appointed 
 by the Governor " to audit, liquidate, adjust, and settle all accounts, 
 claims, and demands held against or made on the Province." 
 
 f Stewards for " the Family," at Bethlehem, were Matthew Schropp, 
 John Bechtel, and George Klein. 
 
 J Their names and nationalities were : 
 
 MOHICANS (35). 
 
 Men. Women. Boys. Girls. 
 
 Jacob, Rachel, Joshua, Anna Johanna, 
 
 Joshua, Bathsheba, Elias, Rachel, 
 
 John, Lorel, Abraham, Rosina, 
 
 (229) 
 
2 3 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1756. 
 
 July 21. For 5.692 Ibs. bread, @, \ l /^d 35 
 
 " 85 X bush 5 Indian corn beside their own 14 
 
 " 540 Ibs. beef, @ ^d 9 
 
 s. d. 
 ii 6 
 19 3 
 
 Men. 
 
 Philip, 
 
 Daniel, 
 
 Andrew, 
 
 Michael, 
 
 John Peter, 
 
 Marcus, 
 
 Amos, 
 
 Renatus, 
 
 Philip. 
 
 Men. 
 Augustus, 
 Anton, 
 Joshua, 
 Jonathan, 
 Joachim, 
 Aquila, 
 Gottlieb, 
 Namaan. 
 
 Carr d forw d 59 10 
 
 Women. 
 
 Lydia, 
 
 Elisabeth, 
 
 Catharine, 
 
 Eve, 
 
 Esther, 
 
 Judith. 
 
 Boys. 
 Gabriel, 
 Michael. 
 
 DELA WARES (38). 
 
 Girls. 
 Judith, 
 Martha, 
 Agnes, 
 Christiana, 
 Sophia, 
 Anna Johanna. 
 
 Women. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Augustina, 
 
 Levi, 
 
 Julianna, 
 
 Johanna, 
 
 John, 
 
 Esther, 
 
 Agnes, 
 
 Ezra, 
 
 Maria Elisabeth 
 
 Verona, 
 
 .Michael, 
 
 Christiana, 
 
 Benigna, 
 
 Abraham, 
 
 Beata, 
 
 Mary, 
 
 Nett, 
 
 and three girls 
 
 Anna Justina, 
 
 Petitti, 
 
 more. 
 
 Naomi, 
 
 Achgonema, 
 
 
 Thamar, 
 
 Quisch, 
 
 
 Erdmuth, 
 
 Quichkschal. 
 
 
 Amelia, 
 
 
 
 Rebecca. 
 
 
 
 These refugees were quartered in the "Indian House " that had been 
 built in October of 1752, on the west bank of the Manakasy, for the en 
 tertainment of visitors from Gnadenhiitten and elsewhere, just above 
 the stone bridge that crosses the creek in Water Street. It was 52 
 by 40 feet, of one story, and of stone ; and yet within these narrow 
 limits the " above seventy who escaped" were domiciled. In the sum 
 mer of 1756 a log-house, 63 by 15 feet, containing a chapel, beside 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 *. 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 59 10 
 
 July 21. For 1 6 Ibs. dried pork, @ $d , 6 
 
 " 157 Ibs. butter, @ 6d 3 18 
 
 " i bush 1 salt 4 
 
 " 2 gall 5 linseed oil,* (ou, 4s 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 64 
 
 apartments, was built due south of the other. There are old residents 
 of Bethlehem who remember the " stone-house." It was removed in 
 the early part of the present century. Portions of the tile-pavement or 
 floor are remaining. The spring that empties into the creek imme 
 diately above the bridge rose in the cellar of the " Indian House." 
 The chapel was transferred to Nain in the autumn of 1758, and was 
 the place of worship until the erection of a more commodious one in 
 May of 1763. 
 
 The missionaries Bernhard A. Grube and John Jacob Schmick, min 
 istered to the Christian Indians, and kept school for their children 
 during their temporary sojourn at Bethlehem. Occasionally they 
 would repair to the Brethren s Chapel to attend divine service. So as 
 to lighten the burden they imposed on their benefactors by their 
 presence, the men assisted in the labors of the farm, or watched in 
 times of danger, and the women plaited baskets and made brooms and 
 wooden ware. In the autumn and winter months the former followed 
 the chase ; and although they were restricted in this to a small range, 
 confining themselves exclusively to Bethlehem lands (for there was a 
 strong feeling against Indians in the neighborhood), " it was no un 
 common occurrence," says the diarist, " for the hunters to bring in 
 two or three deer in a day." They also conducted the shad-fishery in 
 the Lehigh, which yielded plentifully. "May 10, 1756, our Indians 
 took upward of 2000 shad." Between fifteen and twenty thousand 
 was the annual yield. Quantities of these were salted down. In 
 March of 1758 there was a pigeon-roost, seven miles above Beth 
 lehem, on the Lehigh, whither for fourteen days the wild pigeons 
 moved in countless numbers, affording a temporal source of supply for 
 the poor Indians. 
 
 * The Brethren at Bethlehem erected a mill for pressing linseed-oil 
 early in 1745. It burned down in November of 1763. In 1765, 
 Christensen, an ingenious millwright, constructed the works of a 
 
232 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 64 7 n 
 
 July 21. For 13 gall 3 soft sope, @ is 13 
 
 For sundries deliv d to y e Indian messengers, 
 Newcastle and others, by their going to 
 
 Wayomik. (See Voucher i) 6 5 
 
 For sundries deliv d to y e 4 Indian messengers 
 and other Indians, per order of Newcastle. 
 
 (See Voucher 2) 3 13 .7 
 
 For sundries deliv d to Jo Peepy, Nicodemus, 
 and others, who came from Diahoga to 
 
 Bethlehem. (See Voucher^] 27 6 7 
 
 For sundries deliv d to y e 4 Indians, viz., 
 Samuel, Pachshenoscha s son, his son-in- 
 law and one other, as pr. order of Mr. 
 
 Horsfield. (See Voucher 4) 14 3 9 
 
 For sundries deliv d 31 Indians, viz., Tatte- 
 waskundt and company who came to Beth 
 lehem y e 17 July. (See Voucher^) 5 9 
 
 121 18 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account, 
 
 I. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 For sundries deliv d to the Indian messengers, 
 Newcastle and others, by their going to 
 
 1756. Wayomik,* viz.: s. d, 
 
 June 27. For breakfast, @ 4</. each ....................... I 4 
 
 " 30 Ibs. dried beef, @ $d .................... 12 6 
 
 Carr-* 1 forw d 13 
 
 second, one of a set of mills in the building long known as the u Beth 
 lehem Oil and Buckwheat Mill." 
 
 * Cashiowaya, or Kanuksusy, a Six Nation Indian, rendered emi 
 nent service to the English, in capacity of messenger to the disaffected 
 Indians, on the opening of the war of 1755. When a child he had 
 been formally presented by his parents to William Penn, at New Castle. 
 In August of 1755, Governor Morris publicly conferred on him the 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 233 
 
 * <* 
 
 1756. Bro 1 for\v d 13 10 
 
 June 27. For 7 quarts rum, @ is. ^d 8 9 
 
 " 7 Ibs. English chease, @ 8d 4 8 
 
 " iy 2 bush 3 oats, @ 2s. 6d 3 9 
 
 " ij^ deer skins 18 
 
 " keeping 4 horses from y e 23 June, to y e 
 
 15 July 3 4 
 
 July 15. " Hire of a man to bring up their horses 
 
 to Gnadenhiitten.* 12 
 
 5 
 
 name of Newcastle, in remembrance of that event, addressing him, on 
 the occasion, in these words : " In token of our affection for your 
 parents and in expectation of your being a useful man in these perilous 
 times, I do, in the most solemn manner, adopt you by the name of 
 Newcastle, and order you hereafter to be called by that name." He 
 confirmed his words with a belt of eight rows. A few weeks after the 
 declaration of war against the Delawares (April 14, 1756), Newcastle, 
 accompanied by Jagrea, a Mohawk, William Laquis, a Delaware, and 
 the Moravian Indian, Augustus, alias George Rex, undertook an em 
 bassy to Wyoming, bearing these words from the Governor to the In 
 dians there : " If you lay down the hatchet and come to terms, we, the 
 English, will no further prosecute the war." He was now on his way 
 to Diahoga, with an invitation from the Governor to the Delawares, 
 Shawanese, Monseys, and Mohicans, to meet him in conference at 
 Conrad Weisser s. His traveling companions were John Pompshire, 
 Thomas Stores, and Joseph Michty, Delawares, from New Jersey. The 
 four had arrived at Bethlehem on the 1 2th of June. Here they were 
 detained until the 27th by the intelligence that " one hundred men 
 were gone from the Jerseys on a scalping-party," the Governor of that 
 Province having not been advised of the proclamation for a suspension 
 of hostilities for twenty days, lately issued by Gov. Morris. 
 
 This hazardous mission to Diahoga, undertaken by Newcastle, was 
 
 * On his return from Diahoga, and when at Fort Allen, he notified 
 the Brethren, in approved Indian style, of his arrival, and his horses 
 were accordingly taken up to the fort. The Brethren still applied the 
 name of Gnadenhiitten to its site. 
 
 16 
 
234 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem Store.* 
 
 For sundries deliv d to y e 4 Indian messengers 
 and other Indians, per order of Newcastle, 
 1756. viz.: s. d. 
 
 June 26. For 4^ Ibs. of tobacco taken with the 4 I 6 
 
 " leather and awls for mending their 
 
 mackisens 2 4 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 effectual in bringing about a conference between the Governor and 
 Teedyuscung, at Easton, in July following. This opened negotiations 
 for a peace. 
 
 * In July of 1753 a store was opened by the Brethren, for the benefit 
 of the " Family," or " Economy," in the west end of the old stone- 
 house still standing on Market Street, opposite the Moravian grave-yard. 
 It was probably the first store in the Forks of Delaware, and one of 
 the few at the time conducted in the rural districts of the Province. 
 Most of the wares exposed for sale were of home manufacture. The 
 following is an inventory of domestic staples the Brethren proposed to 
 contribute toward the stock. It serves to show the variety of indus 
 trial pursuits in which their community engaged, and their independ 
 ence of others, in consequence, in providing themselves with the neces 
 saries and comforts of life : 
 
 " Apron-skins, powder-horns, glue, shoes, slippers, shoe-lasts, 
 wooden and horn heel-pieces, saddle-trees, saddles, horse-collars, 
 bridles, halters, saddle-bags, girths, pocket-books, martingales, straps, 
 stockings, caps, gloves, socks, hats, felt caps and felt slippers, spinning- 
 wheels, reels, boxes, guns, tea-caddies, writing-desks, deer and calf 
 skins dressed for breeches, buckwheat-groats, oat-groats, barley-groats, 
 malt, millet, dried peaches, dried apples, dried cherries, rusks, ginger 
 bread, cakes, iron bands for chests, nails, plows, axes, hatchets, grub 
 bing hoes, hoes, corn-hoes, grind-stones, whet-stones, punk, flint and 
 steel, pipe-stems, pipe-heads, shirt studs, pewter plates, tea-pots, lan 
 terns, tallow candles, soap, starch, hair-powder, sealing-wax, wafers, 
 tobacco boxes, buckles, buttons, spoons, bowls, shovels, brooms, bas 
 kets, wheat, flour, butter, cheese, handkerchiefs, neckcloths, garters, 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 335 
 
 * d. 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 3 10 
 
 June 26. For 2 y ds Osnaburgs, for bags 2 8 
 
 " I ivory comb I 2 
 
 " Cash p d for oats I 3 
 
 " do. p d for powder horns and shot bags 4 
 
 July 18. To Cash p d for tobacco 3 
 
 " i Ib. coffee I 2 
 
 " i doz. pipes 8 
 
 " i p r of knee-buckles deliv d to Newcastle 8 
 
 " 2 Ibs. sugar, @ yd. i 2 
 
 " I Ib. butter 
 
 " 3 pipe heads deliv d to y e Indians, @, is.. 
 
 " Cash p d for shoeing a horse 2 3 
 
 " " p d for a coat for Joseph* i 14 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 knee-straps, linen, white, blue and check woolens, currant-wine, beer, 
 whisky, tar, potash, turpentine, pitch, lamp-black, sulphur-matches, 
 vinegar, flaxseed, linseed oil, rape seed and oil, nut oil, oil of sassa 
 fras, ammonia, rasped deer s-horn, bush-tea, medicine chests, 
 brushes, shovels and tongs, chafing-dishes, combs, currycombs, glove- 
 leather, leather-breeches, ropes, blank-books, soft-soap, rakes, knives, 
 drawing-knives, guitars, violins, tobacco and tobacco-pouches, snuff, 
 oil of turpentine, hemp, flax, buckets, milk-pails, tubs, pottery, cotton 
 yarn, cord, hatchels, oven-forks, linen nets, augers, hammers, pincers, 
 candlesticks, tin ware, chisels, mill-saws, homespun, boots, whips, har 
 ness, wheelbarrows, wagons, coffee-pots, chains, canoes, boards, bricks, 
 roofing-tiles, lime, preserves and pickles, quills and slate pencils." In 
 addition the Bethlehem Store was furnished with " tea, chocolate, 
 coffee, brown sugar, loaf sugar, salt, rum, steel, blankets, powder, 
 lead, shot, broadcloth, wine, silk neckhandkerchiefs, camlet, silk, iron 
 pots, spices, copper and brass kettles, and paper and ink." Joseph 
 Powell was the first storekeeper. William Edmonds succeeded him 
 in 1754. The stock at this time was valued at .277 3^. 6d. 
 
 * Joseph Michty was a Crossivicks Indian. His companions, Pomp- 
 shire and Stores, were respectively from Cross-wicks and Cranberry. 
 They had all been with the Brainerd brothers, and were associated 
 with Newcastle in the Jate embassy, "being they were among the 
 best and the discreetest of the Jersey Delawares." 
 
236 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 17^6. 
 
 Bro* forw 1 ^ .. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 
 IQ 
 
 d. 
 
 July 18. 
 
 For I p r shoe buckles for Tattewaskundt*. .. 
 " I p r stockings deliv^ to To Peepy 
 
 
 I 
 
 5" 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 " I p r shoes " " " 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 3 
 
 7 
 
 3- 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 
 For sundries deliv d to Jo Peepy, Nicodemus, 
 and others who came from Diahoga to 
 Bethlehem y e 2jd| of June, 1756, and 
 other charges, viz.: 
 
 * Captain Newcastle returned to Bethlehem in the evening of the 
 1 7th. With him came Teedyuscung and upward of thirty other In 
 dians, men, women, and children, pursuant to the Governor s invita 
 tion. This was the first appearance of the chief within the settlements 
 since he had taken up the hatchet. On the 1 8th he met Major Par 
 sons in conference in Justice Horsfield s office. It was a memorable 
 interview, in as far as on that occasion Teedyuscung for the first time 
 proclaimed his kingship. His private counselor, Tapescawen, or 
 Tapescohung, Newcastle, Captain Insley, from Fort Allen, and a few 
 others were present. John Pompshire interpreted. Producing a 
 string of wampum whereby to confirm what he designed to say, he dic 
 tated this message to the Governor in reply to the invitation he had 
 received to meet him in Tulpehocken. " Brother, the Governor of 
 Pennsylvania : I have received the word by your messenger kindly. 
 Upon it I have come, as you have given me good words, which are 
 called council-fire. At the Forks of Delaware we will sit down, and 
 wait there, and shall be ready. I am exceeding glad that there are 
 such thoughts and methods taken in respect to our women and chil 
 dren. I shall I hope be ready to let you know a little further when 
 we shall meet. This what I have now in short spoken is not only 
 from me, but also from my uncle, the Mohawk (Jhe Six Nations}, and 
 from four other nations (the Delawares, Shawanese, Monseys, and 
 Mohicans], which in all makes ten, and these ten have but two heads 
 of kings between them." 
 
 } These two had come to claim protection of government, declaring 
 themselves friends of the English, although it was well known that 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 237 
 
 1756- s. d. 
 To some expresses to Easton* on their acct. 
 
 per order of Mr. Horsfield 15 
 
 "Acct. an express to his Honor y e Governorf I 10 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 they had taken active part in councils and treaties at the commence 
 ment of the war. Not knowing how they would be received, they had 
 prudently left their familes a day s journey beyond Fort Allen. New 
 castle brought these down under an escort of Provincials, a few days 
 later. Both the Governor and Major Parsons were informed by express 
 concerning this arrival, and in a letter to the former, Spangenberg 
 writes in the following terms : 
 
 " Now to tell your Honor the truth, I do not believe that either Jo 
 Peepy or Nicodemus and their families can stay at Bethlehem. We 
 have been obliged to put people out of the house to make room for 
 them. But this is not all ; there is such a rage in the neighborhood 
 against the said poor creatures, that I fear they will mob us and them 
 together. For Jo Peepy having lived among the Presbyterians, and 
 treacherously being gone from them, hath exasperated them in the 
 highest degree. We have put two men with them to be their safe 
 guard, but your Honor knows very well that this will not hinder the 
 stream when it is coming upon them and us at the same time. I, there 
 fore, humbly beg of your Honor to remove the said Jo Peepy and Nico 
 demus, and their families, the sooner the better to Philadelphia ; for 
 
 * Easton was laid out in 1750, at the Forks of Delaware, in Bucks 
 County, pursuant to an order of Thomas Penn, written to Dr. Graeme 
 and Secretary Peters : 
 
 " I desire," writes the Proprietor, " that the new town be called 
 Easton, from my Lord Pomfret s house, and whenever there is a new 
 county that shall be called Northampton." 
 
 Northampton was erected in 1752. 
 
 f Robert Hunter Morris. Commissioned by the Proprietaries, John, 
 Thomas, and Richard Penn, with approbation of the king, their " Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Penn 
 sylvania, and Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, on Delaware," 
 in London, May 14, 1754. Entered upon office October 3, 1754. Re 
 tired from office August 20, 1756. 
 
238 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1756. Brotforw- 1 ................................ 2 5 
 
 To Acct. of victuals deliv d them from y e 23 
 
 June to y e n July, viz.: 
 
 517 Ibs. bread, @ ij^d ........................ 3 4 7 
 
 6i*4 Ibs. beef, @ $d ........................... I 6 
 
 33 Ibs. butter, @ 6d. ........................... 16 6 
 
 17 Ibs. gammons, @ 6d. ...................... 8 6 
 
 3 quarts of salt ................................... 8 
 
 7 bushl 5 Indian corn, @ ^s.6d ............... 146 
 
 24^ gall 5 beer, @ is ........................... I 4 6 
 
 17 quarts of rum, @ I s. ^d. .................. 113 
 
 4 quarts molassis ................................ 3 
 
 108 Ibs. white meal, @, i%d. ................ 13 6 
 
 " victuals deliv d to 4 men who accom 
 panied them from Fort Allen p r order of 
 Mr. Horsfield .................................. 2 4 
 
 " keeping 5 horses* from y e 23 d June to 
 y e 17 July, no pasture being to be had 
 near Bethlehem where people would 
 answer for y e horses ........................ 463 
 
 Carr d forw d .............................. 16 
 
 n 
 
 there they are in the heart of the country, and mischief may be pre 
 vented which could breed evil consequences." 
 
 Jo Peepy, alias Wehololahund, was originally from Cranberry, and 
 had been one of Brainerd s Indians. Thence he removed to the 
 Aquanshicola. Several members of his family were baptized by the 
 Brethren. Immediately before the war he resided among the Scotch- 
 Irish of the Craig settlement, near the Lehigh Water Gap. His family 
 consisted of Sarah, his wife, and their children, James, Isaac, Sarah, 
 Isaiah, and Mettshish. 
 
 Nicodemus, alias Weshichagechive, alias Jo Evans, half-brother of 
 Teedyuscung and Capt. John, of Nazareth, was baptized by Bishop 
 Cammerhoff, at Bethlehem, June 15, 1749. Withdrew from the mis 
 sion at Gnadenhiitten in 1754, returning to the Indian country. Nico- 
 demus s family comprised Zacharias, Christian, Nathan, Thomas, Gas- 
 hatis, and Dorothea, most of them baptized at Gnadenhiitten. 
 
 Lodgings were given this company in a house near " The Crown." 
 
 * The horses belonging to Newcastle s company. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 239 
 
 5. d. 
 
 1756. Bro l forw d 16 n i l / 2 
 
 To 3 bush 5 oats for y e horses sent to Gna- 
 denhiitten for some Indians who was 
 
 a coming 7 
 
 " i Ib. candles 7 
 
 " I gall, soft sope I 
 
 " 2 men s watching to be their safeguard and 
 therefore obliged to stay with them day 
 and night, from y e 23 June to y e 1 7 July, 
 being 24 days, @ 2s. 6d. each per day. 6 
 
 " 3 shirts per order of y e Governor I 7 II 
 
 " 3 blankets " " i 16 
 
 " 3 p r Indian stockings " i 2 6 
 
 27 
 4- 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 
 For sundries deliv d to y e 4 Indians,* viz.: 
 Samuel, Pachshinoscha s son, his son-in- 
 law, and two others, as p r order of Mr. 
 Horsfield,f viz.: 
 
 * A party of Shawanese who had met Newcastle on his way to 
 Diahoga, and who were come on a friendly visit, and with a letter of 
 recommendation from him. Kolapeka, alias Samuel, was Paxanosa s 
 youngest son. His companions were Shekascheno, Mekitshachpe, and 
 Wenimah, all Shawanese, formerly of Wyoming. They arrived at 
 Bethlehem in the evening of the 5th of July, and during their sojourn 
 attended divine worship devoutly. The Brethren were inclined to 
 believe, nevertheless, that they had participated in the attack on 
 the Mahoning. In course of conversation with Justice Horsfield, 
 they stated that nine Indian nations they knew were attached to the 
 English. On being asked how the Delawares were disposed, the 
 speaker replied, " About them I can say nothing." Their arrival, and 
 the intelligence they gave, were duly reported by express to the Gov 
 ernor. They set out for Fort Allen, under escort, en route for their 
 homes, on the nth, taking with them a string and a message from the 
 Governor to King Paxanosa, inviting him to come to Philadelphia. 
 While at Bethlehem they were lodged in the store-building. 
 
 f Timothy Horsfield, whose name appears repeatedly on these re- 
 
240 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 For 4 shirts .......................................... I 17 6 
 
 " 6 yds. linnen for bags, and making ....... 9 
 
 " 8 Ibs. tobacco, @ $d. ........................ 2 8 
 
 " 4 blanketts, @ 12s ........................... 2 8 
 
 " 3 yds. of strowds, @ los ..................... I 10 
 
 " 4 quarts salt .................................... 7 
 
 " 2 expresses to his Honor, y e Governor, 
 
 pr. order of Mr. Horsfield ............... 324 
 
 " 2 expresses to Easton ........................ 5 
 
 " victuals deliv d them from y e 5 to y e 1 1 
 
 July, being 6 days, @ is. each per day I 4 
 
 Carr d forw d 10 19 
 
 cords, was born in Liverpool, O. E., in April of 1708. He immi 
 grated to America in 1725, and settled on Long Island. Here he 
 married Mary Doughty in 1731. His first religious impressions were 
 received, he tells us, under Whitefield s preaching; and his connec 
 tion with the Brethren dates from his acquaintance with Bishop Nitsch- 
 niann and Peter Bohler, in the winter of 1741. He placed his children 
 at the Brethren s schools prior to his removal to Bethlehem in 1749. 
 Here he built the east end of the old stone-house on Market Street, 
 opposite the Moravian grave-yard. His residence on Long Island was 
 now rented by the Brethren, and became the seat of a " Family," or 
 "Economy for Pilgrims." In May of 1752 he was appointed a 
 Justice of the Peace for the newly-erected County of Northampton, 
 along with Thomas Craig, Daniel Brodhead, Hugh Wilson, James 
 Martin, John Van Etten, Aaron Depui, William Craig, and William 
 Parsons, by Governor Hamilton. This office, as well as a lieut.-colo- 
 nel s commission that he had received early in the Pontiac war, he 
 resigned in December of 1764. A number of letters written by him 
 to the Governor and other officials during the disturbed times of the 
 Indian wars are preserved in the Archives of the State, and have 
 been published in the Colonial Records. Mr. Horsfield s position 
 enabled him to render the Brethren s interests material service. He 
 deceased at Bethlehem, March 9, 1773. The late Dr. Thomas Hors 
 field, Librarian of the East India House, London, and author of 
 Plantce Javanica rariores, was a grandson. Other descendants are 
 living at Bethlehem. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 24I 
 
 !75 6 - s. d. 
 
 Bro* forw d 10 19 I 
 
 For 4 quarts beer i 
 
 " keeping 2 men with them as a safe 
 guard, 6 days,* @ 2s. 6d. per day.... i 10 
 " 160 Ibs. meal deliv d them at their de 
 parture, @ i%d. pr. Ib 16 8 
 
 " victuals given to 6 men who went with 
 
 them to Gnadenhiitten 5 
 
 " 6 quarts beer 2 
 
 " their horse 6 
 
 " victuals deliv d to do. by their return 5 
 
 " 6 quarts beer 2 
 
 " hay and oats I 
 
 " the entertaining of an express from Gna 
 denhiitten i 6 
 
 5- 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 
 For sundries deliv d to 31 Indians, f viz., to 
 Tattewaskundt and company, who came to 
 
 1756. Bethlehem y e 17 July, viz.: s . d. 
 
 To an express to Easton 5 
 
 Carr d forw d .. 
 
 * This precaution was rendered necessary by the hostile state of 
 feeling prevalent in the neighborhood in reference to the Indians. 
 
 f This company had been joined on its way from the Indian country 
 by Joachim and his wife and Anton s mother-in-law all formerly of 
 Gnadenhiitten. Joachim, who, since the dispersion in the night of the 
 24th of November last, had been living along the Susquehanna, con 
 firmed the truth of a report that had reached the Brethren in reference 
 to the fate of Susanna Nitschmann, supposed by them to have lost her 
 life with the other inmates of "the Family" on the Mahoning. He 
 stated as follows : That she had been taken prisoner to Wyoming; that 
 there, on meeting with the Sisters Sarah and Abigail, she had piteously 
 implored their aid; that thence she had been conveyed, in midwinter, 
 to Diahoga, where, after having been subjected to the horrors of In- 
 
2 42 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1756. s - d - 
 
 Bro forwd 5 
 
 To earthenware 3 
 
 " 2^ doz. spoons, @, 5.? 12 6 
 
 " victuals deliv d them and 4 soldiers who 
 came w th them, viz.: 
 
 24 Ibs. butter, @ 6d 12 
 
 40 do. beef, pease, &c 18 10 
 
 8% gall 3 beer 8 9 
 
 1 7^ do. milk, @ Sef ii 8 
 
 Indian corn meal 2 
 
 170 Ibs. bread, @ i X^ l l 3 
 
 " I bridle 4 
 
 " the hire of 2 men to be with them 2 days, 
 
 2.r. 6^. each 10 
 
 5 
 
 dian captivity in its most revolting form, she had sunk into deep 
 melancholy, death releasing her from suffering on the Qth of May last. 
 Joachim furthermore stated that he had conversed much with her, and 
 could testify to her fate and end. 
 
 Teedyuscung and his companions were escorted to Easton on the 
 iQth, pursuant to the Governor s order, issued to Major Parsons. 
 " The Council approved the Governor s letter to that officer, in which 
 he ordered him to remove such friendly Indians as were or should 
 come to Bethlehem, to Easton, as there was no room at the former 
 place, as the Moravian Brethren were uneasy, and as there were no 
 troops stationed there." Minutes Prav. Council, July n, 1756. 
 
 Nicodemus, Jo Peepy, and families were suffered to remain at Beth 
 lehem, they having expressed themselves desirous of living near their 
 former friends. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 II. ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILA. YE 16 AUGUST, 
 
 1756. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards of Bethlehem, DR. 
 1756. 
 Aug. 1 6. For sundries delivered about 80* Indians 
 
 from ye 17 July to y e 14 August, 1756, viz.: s. d. 
 
 For 1491 Ibs. bread, @ i */ 2 d. 964 
 
 " 332 Ibs. beef, @ 4^. 5 Io 3 
 
 " 3 10 gal^ milk, @ Set 10 6 8 
 
 " 4 do. sope, @ is 4 
 
 " I do. linseed oil 4 
 
 For the sum of the account 
 
 deliv d y e 17 July last ^121 18 
 
 Off, cash p d per W m Ed 
 monds, for Joseph s coat i 14 
 
 120 4 
 For sundries deliv d to Tattewaskundt and 
 
 company, &c. (See Vottcher i) ............. 10 14 
 
 For sundries deliv d Jo Peepy, Nicodemus, 
 &c. from y e 18 July to y e 3 d August. (See 
 Voucher*) ........................................ ! 5 
 
 For sundries deliv d Capt. Newcastle and 
 
 company. (See Voucher 3) .................. 4 14 
 
 For sundries deliv d on acct. of y e treaty with 
 y e Indians at Easton in July last. (See 
 Voitcher 4) ................................... . ..... 13 5 
 
 July 21. For an express to his Honor y e Governor, p r 
 
 order of Mr. Horsfield ................... i 
 
 Carr* 1 forw d ............................ 165 
 
 * The refugees from Gnadenhiitten, and returned converts. 
 
2 44 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1756. s - 
 
 Bro forwd ............................. 165 4 
 
 July 21. For cash laid out for to bear Indians* to 
 
 Philadelphia, per Mr. Edmondsf ...... 2 5 
 
 " a shirt for Indian Benjamin,;}; per order 
 
 of Maj. Parsons. \ .......................... 12 
 
 Carr d forw d ............................ 168 
 
 * Newcastle and some of Teedyuscung s companions from Diahoga, 
 whom William Edmonds escorted to Philadelphia. The former was 
 the bearer of the King s invitation to Governor Morris to meet him in 
 conference in the Forks. 
 
 f William Edmonds was born October 24, 1708, at Colford, Glou 
 cestershire, O. E. His father was a merchant, and the family were 
 attached to the Established Church. William learned skin-dressing in 
 Monmouth. In 1736 he immigrated to America, established himself 
 in business in New York, and in 1739 married Rebecca de Beauvoise, a 
 French Huguenot. She bore him four children. He became attached to 
 the Brethren in 1741, and joined their Society in New York. After 
 the decease of his wife, in 1749, he made a voyage on the " Irene," to 
 Holland and England, serving on board in capacity of cook. In 1749 
 he removed to Bethlehem. In March of 1755 he married Margaret 
 Anthony, of New York. In October of that year he was elected to the 
 Assembly from Northampton. Until the close of the " Economy," he 
 resided at Bethlehem, serving " the Family" as tradesman, shopkeeper, 
 and in various ways in his public capacity. In 1763 he removed into 
 the neighborhood of Nazareth, and commenced a store in Bushkill 
 Township, at "the Rose." Thence he was called to Nazareth, in 
 1772, to conduct the Society s store opened in that village. Here he 
 deceased September 15, 1786. Descendants of his are residing in 
 Bushkill, Northampton County. Seven of his great-grandsons, sons 
 of Squire Edmonds, of Bushkill Township, above Filetown, entered 
 the service of the United States in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 J One of Teedyuscung s company, "an impudent, forward youth, 
 who had enlisted in the Jersey Companies, and afterwards deserted, 
 
 William Parsons became a resident of Easton in 1752. In Decem 
 ber of that year, he tells us, the incipient capital of the new county of 
 Northampton numbered eleven families, who proposed staying there 
 during the winter, and then ventures the hope, that when the Prison is 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 s. 
 
 I75 6 - Bro forw 4 ..... 168 2 
 
 July 25. For mending 8 gun locks for Capt. Arndt s 
 
 company T 6 
 
 " mending 2 do. for Capt. Wetherhold s 
 
 comp> 7 
 
 " medicines for Capt. Arndt, and curing 
 
 on one of his soldier s hand i i 
 
 " an express to his honor y e Governor in 
 
 New York... -> 
 
 fonv d 173 
 
 going over to the enemy Indians at Diahoga." Three members of the 
 Council, having been sent to notify the King (Easton, July 24, 1756) 
 that the Governor was come, on attempting to use John Pompshire, 
 " one of the best and discreetest of the Jersey Indians," as interpreter, 
 he, the King, produced the aforesaid Benjamin as his choice, where 
 upon Pompshire declared he would not be concerned in interpreting if 
 Benjamin were allowed to speak. Pompshire subsequently became 
 the King s favorite interpreter. 
 
 finished (it was under roof) there would be an increase in the popula 
 tion ! Parsons had been a shoemaker in early life. During his resi 
 dence in Philadelphia, between 1734 and 1746, he was Librarian of 
 the City Library. In 1743 he was appointed Surveyor-General. Ill 
 health compelled him to resign this office in June of 1748. In 1749 
 he was a Justice of the Peace in Lancaster County. December 29, 
 1755, he was appointed Major of all troops to be raised in Northampton 
 County, with Easton as his head-quarters. "As I think," writes James 
 Hamilton to Captains Martin and Craig, from Easton, December 29, 
 J 755> " it: will be for the good of the service in general that the troops 
 raised in Northampton County should be under the care and superin 
 tendence of a field-officer, I have, with that view, in virtue of the 
 power granted me, appointed William Parsons, Esq., to be Major of 
 the said troops." His immediate command, however, was a Town 
 Guard of twenty-four men, stationed at Easton. Held the office of 
 Prothonotary, Clerk of the Courts, Recorder, Clerk of the Commis 
 sioners, and Justice of the Peace. Deceased at Easton in December 
 f 1757- Much of Parson s correspondence is in the Archives of the 
 State, and valuable for its historical information. 
 
246 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1756. Bro 1 forw d ............................. 173 6 lo 1 
 
 Aug. 2. To the tavern, for victuals deliv d 2 soldiers 
 
 of Capt. Wetherhold s compy ........... I 8 
 
 II. For mending 5 guns for Capt. Reinhold s 
 
 compy* ....................................... i 6 
 
 " medicines deliv d to do ....................... n 6 
 
 To the tavern, for victuals deliv d to a ser 
 geant from Fort Allen, f and oats for his 
 horse.... .............. ..................... 2 2 
 
 175 
 
 * These were detachments of the Provincial forces on their way to 
 or on their return from the Treaty held at Easton, July 28 to July 31. 
 
 f Fort Allen, the first of a cordon of stockades or block-houses 
 erected in the Indian wars for the protection of the frontier along the 
 line of the Blue Mountain, from the Susquehanna to the Delaware. 
 The most important of these rude defenses were Forts Hunter, Henry 
 William, Allen, Norris, Hamilton, and Hyndshaw, following from 
 southwest to northeast in the order given. Fort Allen was built in 
 January of 1756 by Franklin, and stood on the right bank of the Lehigh, 
 nearly opposite the mouth of Mahoning Creek, where Weissport was 
 commenced by Colonel Jacob Weiss in 1785. The well of the fort, 
 sixteen feet deep and four in diameter, walled with cobbles from the 
 river, is on the premises of the Fort Allen House, and well preserved. 
 How the great philosopher came to enlist in the service of Mars, and 
 with what composure he exchanged the pen for the sword, he tells us 
 as follows : 
 
 " The Governor prevailed upon me to take charge of our Northern 
 frontier and to provide for the defense of the inhabitants by raising 
 troops and building a line of forts. I undertook this military business, 
 although I did not consider myself well qualified for it. He gave me 
 a commission with full powers. I had but little difficulty in raising 
 men, having soon 560 under my command. My son, who had, in the 
 preceding war, been an officer in the army raised against Canada, was 
 my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me." Preparatory to moving on 
 the frontier, Franklin, in company with his colleagues, Fox and Ham 
 ilton, with a detachment of fifty men, visited Bethlehem for the first 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 247 
 
 time, on the i8th of December, 1755. He made this place his head 
 quarters from January 7 to January 15, 1756, and then marched for the 
 Lehigh Gap. The diarist tells us that the Colonel dined with the heads 
 of the Brethren on the roth, and was entertained with music. On the 
 nth he attended the Sunday s sermon which Bro. Abraham Reincke 
 preached from I. John, iii. 8. He gives the following account of his 
 visits and sojourn at Bethlehem. " In order to march to Gnaden- 
 hiitten, which place was thought a good situation for one of the forts, 
 I assembled the companies at Bethlehem, the chief settlement of the 
 Moravians. I was surprised to find it in so good a posture of defense ; 
 the destruction of Gnadenhiitten had made them apprehend danger. 
 The principal buildings were defended by a stockade ; they had pro 
 cured a quantity of arms and ammunition from New York, and had 
 even placed a quantity of paving stones between the windows of their 
 high stone houses, for their women to throw down upon the heads of 
 any Indians that should attempt to force into them. The armed breth 
 ren too kept watch, and relieved each other as methodically as in any 
 garrisoned town. In conversation with the bishop, Spangenberg, I 
 mentioned this my surprise ; for knowing they had obtained an Act of 
 Parliament exempting them from military duties in the Colonies, I 
 had supposed they were conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms. 
 He answered that it was not one of their established principles, but 
 that, at the time of obtaining that Act, it was thought to be a principle 
 with many of their people. On this occasion, however, they, to their 
 surprise, found it adopted by but a few. So it seems they had either 
 deceived themselves or deceived Parliament; but common sense, in 
 duced by present danger, will sometimes be too strong for whimsical 
 opinions. On my return I was at their Church, where I was enter 
 tained with good music, the organ being accompanied with violins, haut 
 boys, flutes, clarionets, &c. The sermon I heard was to the children, 
 who came in and were placed in rows on benches ; the boys under the 
 conduct of a young man, their tutor, and the girls conducted by a 
 young woman. The discourse seemed well adapted to their capacities, 
 and was delivered in a pleasing, familiar manner, coaxing them, as it 
 were, to be good. They behaved very orderly, but looked pale and 
 unhealthy, which made me suspect they were kept too much within 
 doors, or not allowed sufficient exercise. The Moravians furnished 
 me five wagons for the conveyance of our tools, stores, baggage, &c. to 
 Gnadenhiitten." Autobiography of Ben. Franklin, edited from his 
 MS. by John Bigelow. Philadelphia, 1868. 
 
248 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 " To day we hoisted your flag," writes Franklin to Governor Morris, 
 January 26, 1756, " made a general discharge of our pieces, which had 
 been long loaded, and of our two swivels, and named the place For 
 Allen, in honor of our old friend. It is 125 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 
 the stockades, most of them, a foot thick. They are three feet in the 
 ground, and twelve-feet out, pointed at the top." The fort stood near 
 " New Gnadenhiitten," which had been recommended by Spangen- 
 berg as an eligible site for a defensive work. The following is the cor 
 respondence that passed between him and the Secretary of the Pro 
 vince on the subject : 
 
 BETHLEHEM, Nov. 1755. 
 REV. RICHARD PETERS : 
 
 DEAR SIR, I write to you at this time about a subject which is not 
 so very proper for me. You will excuse it, however, considering that 
 at this time every one who is concerned for the public welfare should 
 be at liberty to speak his thoughts, though it is not his place or office. 
 You will have heard of the mischief done at the Mahony by the In 
 dians, whereby not only our houses, barns, stables, stores, &c. were 
 laid into ashes, but eleven of our people cruelly killed, scalped, and 
 burnt. You will also have heard that all the Indians and white peo 
 ple who lived in Gnadenhiitten fled for their life to Bethlehem (where 
 they are still), leaving behind them all they had in the world. Since 
 that time I have considered that if Gnadenhtitten is emptied and left 
 to the enemy it may prove the ruin not only of all the settlements lying 
 along the Lecha and Delaware, but also of Philadelphia. For troops 
 may be marched from Wyomik to Gnadenhiitten in one day, and if 
 they take possession thereof, they can run down with freshes in six 
 hours to Bethlehem, and from thence to Philadelphia in one night. I 
 therefore have mentioned this matter to the Magistrates of this County, 
 and have represented unto them the great calamity which could be 
 brought upon the whole country by the loss of that part of the Province. 
 For the situation of the hill which joins Gnadenhiitten is so extraor 
 dinary for a fort, that gentlemen of judgment who have seen it are of 
 opinion there could be no better. 
 
 It lies in the road (Indian path) which comes from Wyomik, and 
 commands not only the Lecha a great way, but all sides, up and down, 
 before and behind. 
 
 If the French once come and build there a fort, it will cost as much, 
 if I am not mistaken, as the taking of Crown Point to get it out of their 
 hands. For if they put a garrison in the Gaps of the mountain, and 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 249 
 
 make there also a fortification, you cannot come at them at all with any 
 great guns. But they can at pleasure come down both by land and 
 water and overrun all plantations, not only on the other side of the 
 Blue Mountain, but on this side also. I therefore think that place 
 should needs be kept and well secured for our Government by a fort, 
 as well as a good garrison. If the Government will accept of ten acres 
 of land so favorably situated for such a fort from the Brethren at Bethle 
 hem, poor as they are, having sustained such a loss, they are willing to 
 give them freely. But we do think that as there are at least fifteen little 
 habitable block-houses, it will be good to send up men before the enemy 
 either burns or takes them. 
 
 I am, dear sir, 
 
 Your humble servant, 
 
 A. G. SPANGENBERG. 
 
 To this letter the Secretary replied as follows : 
 
 PHILA., Dec. 5, 1755. 
 DEAR SIR : 
 
 I think myself favored by your letter, and have done my utmost to 
 represent the situation of Gnadenhutten to be a very important one, 
 and accordingly the Governor and Commissioners have agreed to build a 
 wooden Fort there, and would be glad if the Brethren would undertake 
 the superintending of it. Many marks of Divine displeasure manifest 
 themselves every day and presage a heavy blow. May God, through 
 his Blessed Son and Holy Spirit, sanctify this afflicted state of things 
 to our reformation and sanctification. My prayers will never cease for 
 all orders, that however they may differ in speculation or in rites and 
 ceremonies, we may all agree to love Christ and one another, and look 
 up to Heaven in the decent use of means for protection and deliver 
 ance. 
 
 I am, dear sir, your 
 
 affectionate humble servant, 
 
 RICHARD PETERS. 
 
25 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 I. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1756. * 
 
 July 1 8. For sundries deliv d to Tat- 
 tewaskundt and company, 
 &c., viz.: 
 
 *. *. 
 138 Ibs. bread, @ \y^d. 17 3 
 
 50 Ibs. beef, @ $d. 16 8 
 
 29 Ibs. gammons, @> 
 
 $y 2 d 13 sX 
 
 10 Ibs. butter, @ 6d..... 5 
 
 1 6 gall 5 milk, @ &/..... 10 8 
 
 I bridle 4 
 
 3 6 
 
 For mending 4 guns 10 
 
 " 1 8. To the tavern for 18^ gall 5 
 
 beer 18 6 
 
 For victuals deliv d to Tat- 
 
 tewaskundt, &c I 6 
 
 " 8 quarts beer 2 
 
 " 2 boles punch* 3 
 
 I 15 
 
 " 19. For eating and drinking deliv d to 2 soldiers 
 
 from Easton I 4 
 
 " hay and oats for their horses, pr. order 
 
 of Mr. Horsfield I 2 
 
 " eating and drinking deliv d to 12 soldiers, 
 5 meals, who came from Easton to 
 fetch Tattewaskundt and company.... I 9 
 
 Carr d forw d 6 13 4 
 
 * On the evening before setting out for the Treaty. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 251 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 1756. Bro forwd 6 13 4^ 
 
 July 30. For an express to Easton.... 5 
 
 Aug. i. *To the tavern for 14 quarts 
 
 beer 4 8 
 
 " 10. For an express to Easton 5 
 
 " II. To the tavern for victuals 
 deliv d to 5 soldiers from 
 Easton, who went with 
 some Indians to Gnaden- 
 
 htttten 6 8 
 
 For provisions for y e In 
 dians.... 6 10 
 
 2 
 
 Carr d for\v d 8 i 6 
 
 * On the evening of the 3ist of July the Indians began to pass 
 through Bethlehem on their return from the Treaty. This had form 
 ally opened on Saturday the 28th. 
 
 Besides the Governor, and William Logan, Richard Peters, Benjamin 
 Chew, and Jno. Mifflin, of his Council, and the Commissioners, Josh. 
 Fox, Jno. Hughes, and William Edmonds, there were present officers 
 of the Royal American Regiment, a detachment of the Provincial forces, 
 magistrates of the Province, and a deputation of Friends from Phila 
 delphia. The Indians were represented by Teedyuscung and fourteen 
 other chiefs, principally Delawares. Conrad Weisser was interpreter 
 for the Six Nations, and Ben "y e Indian who speaks English," in 
 terpreter for the Delawares. Pompshire and Peepy were also in at 
 tendance. The results of the conference, which closed on the 3 1st, 
 were not definitive, although Teedyuscung gave the assurance " that he 
 would exert himself faithfully and to the utmost of his power in the 
 service of the Province, hoping," he added, "that matters would be 
 brought to a happy issue, that there might be a firm friendship and a 
 lasting union between the Six Nations and the people of Pennsylvania, 
 and that they might be one man." Captain Newcastle, furthermore, 
 was formally appointed agent for the Province in negotiations with 
 the hostile Indians, and, in conjunction with the King, " invested with 
 the authority to do the public business." 
 
 It was designed to hold this Treaty at Bethlehem. The messenger 
 
252 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1756. Bro l forw d ............................... 8 I 
 
 Aug. ii. For 2 men s watching 3 days, @ 2s. each 
 
 per day ............................................ 15 
 
 " 13. For sundries deliv d to Tattewaskundt s son,* < 
 &c., per order of Mr. Edmonds, viz.: 
 
 * ^ 
 Shoeing 2 horses ........ 3 
 
 Bread and meat at their 
 
 departure ............... 5 3 
 
 Mending a gun lock and 
 
 knife ..................... 6 
 
 To the tavern for eating and 
 
 drinking ...................... 16 8 
 
 For a p s . of leather for mend 
 
 ing shoes .................. 3 
 
 " i man s watching, i^ 
 
 days, @j 2s. 6d ....... 3 9 
 
 i 17 
 
 10 14 
 
 (Daniel Kunkler), who, on the 2 1st July, had been dispatched to 
 Philadelphia, with an account of the interview held with the King in 
 Mr. Horsfield s office, returned on the 23d with a letter from Governor 
 Morris to Spangenberg, in which the Governor writes : " On commu 
 nicating to the Council my purpose of treating with the Indians at 
 Easton, many reasons were offered, which convinced me that that will 
 by no means be a proper place, I therefore find myself laid under the 
 necessity of countermanding my orders to Mr. Parsons, and of appoint 
 ing the Treaty to be held at Bethlehem, and therefore request the favor 
 
 * Teedyuscung had three sons, Amos, the oldest, Kesmitas^ and 
 John Jacob. The first, Tachgokanhelle, was baptized at Gnadenhiitten 
 by Bishop Cammerhoff, December 14, 1750. He was then twenty- 
 two years of age. His wife, Pingtis, a sister of Agnes Post, was bap 
 tized on the same day, and received the name of Justina. She was a 
 Jersey Delaware. Amos was fitting out for an embassy in behalf of 
 his father to the Alleghanies. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1756. 
 
 For sundries deliv d Jo Peepy, Nicodemus, 
 &c., from y e 1 8 July to y e 3d August, 
 
 1756, viz.: 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 423 Ibs. bread, @ i%d. 
 
 2 12 
 
 I0>2 
 
 59 Ibs. beef, @ 4 </.... 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 32 Ibs. butter, @ 6</.. 
 
 16 
 
 
 I bush 1 Indian corn... 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 " white meal, @ $s. 
 
 15 
 
 
 115 gall 5 milk, @ &/... 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 >r 2 quarts salt . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 gall 5 beer 
 
 
 
 14 quarts rum, @ is. ^d. 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 " 15 " beer, @ 3 </... 
 
 " 8 " " @ 4</..... 
 July 1 8. To the tavern for victuals 
 deliv d 4 men, evening and 
 morning, who came from 
 Easton with Maj. Parsons 
 on acct. of Jo Peepy,* &c. 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 of you and the Brethren to afford me and my attendance what accom 
 modations are in your power, which I do not mean shall be attended 
 with any expense to you." Preparations were being made by the 
 former for the reception of the promised visitors, when the Indians 
 reiterated the wish they had first expressed to meet the Governor " at 
 the Forks;" and to this he finally assented. Anthony Benezet, and 
 others of " the deputation from the inhabitants of the City of Philadel 
 phia of the people called Quakers," visited at Bethlehem and at the 
 " Upper Places" after the Treaty. They were much interested in the 
 Nursery, or Institute for Children, into which the children from all 
 the settlements of the Brethren had been gathered in this time of alarm. 
 * Pursuant to an order from the Governor to escort him and the 
 other Indians who had arrived from Diahoga to Easton. 
 
254 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. s. 
 
 1756. Bro forwd 8 15 
 
 July 1 8. For hay and oats for 5 
 
 horses 4 7 
 
 " hay for 3 horses for 5 
 
 days 10 
 
 " hay for 4 horses for 8 
 days, @ 8d. each a 
 
 day 114 
 
 " hay for 5 horses, for 3 
 
 days 8 6 
 
 2 4 
 For 6 qts. rum, @ is. 3^/... 7 6 
 
 " medicines 15 6 
 
 " 2 men s watching 7 
 days, @ 2J. 6</. each 
 
 pr. day I 15 
 
 " I man s watching for 9 
 
 days to inst 126 
 
 15 
 
 3- 
 
 Province of Pennsil* to Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1756. s. d. s . d. 
 
 For sundries deliv d Capt. 
 Newcastle* and company. 
 July 17. To the tavern for 4 gall 5 beer 4 
 
 ->j u " " 2 " 2 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 * Newcastle returned to Bethlehem at the close of the Treaty, and, 
 " on the 3d of Aug.," says the diaiist, "the faithful old chief, who had 
 ventured his life for the restoration of peace, set out for his home. He 
 took with him the Indians who had been here occasionally during the 
 past two weeks, and was accompanied to Gnadenhlitten by Nicholas 
 Garrison, Jr." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 255 
 
 s - d - 
 
 1756. Bro 1 forw d 6 
 
 July 311 For hire of 3 horses to PhiK and back, @ 
 
 7-r. 6ct. each I 2 6 
 
 Aug. 2. For I quart good milk 3 
 
 " i saddle ^i 
 
 " 3. " hay and oats for their 
 
 horses 3 days 9 4 
 
 " 18 quarts beer 6 
 
 " mending4guns 156 
 
 3 10 
 
 li I man s watching, 2 days, @ 2s. 6d. 5 
 
 4- 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1756. 
 
 For sundries deliv d on acct. of y e Treaty 
 
 with y e Indians at Easton in July last. 
 July 25. For hire of a man to go with y e Governor s 
 
 soldiers* to Easton 
 
 " 4200 white wampums, old and new, of 
 
 y e best sort, @ y. pr. ct.f 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 6 n 
 
 * A detachment of the First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regi 
 ment. 
 
 j- The Brethren were generally well provided with this species of 
 currency, for use in their intercourse with the Indians. " New York, 
 March 26, 1749," writes Bro. Kingston, " Bro. Boemper will bring 
 the wampum you wrote for, along. I have procured of the wampum- 
 maker 1000 white, @ i los., and 1000 black, @ 2 5*." The 
 Jersey Indians were skillful artificers in wampum. 
 
 Newcastle, in the course of the Treaty, advised the Governor to 
 accept the belt that Teedyuscung had offered him, without hesitation, 
 stating that it had been sent by the Six Nations to the Delawares, and 
 that it ought to be preserved among the Council Wampum. At the 
 
256 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1756. Bro forwd 6 n 
 
 July 27. To y e tavern for sundries deliv d Mr. Conrad 
 
 Weisser s compy as pr. bill 4 18 6 
 
 To y e doctor for curing Capt. Newcastle.*... I 10 
 For hire of 3 horses to Easton, @ 2s. each.. 6 
 
 13 5 
 
 same time, he urged the propriety of returning another by way of re 
 sponse. " The King," he proceeded, " will want abundance of wam 
 pum, and if he has it not, the cause will suffer. I hope the Council- 
 bag is full, and desire it may be emptied in the lap of Teedyuscung." 
 Hereupon the Secretary was ordered to bring all the wampum he had 
 into Council, and there were found to be 15 strings and 7 belts, and 
 a parcel of new black wampum, amounting to 7000 pieces. There 
 being no new white wampum, nor any proper belt to give in return 
 for Teedyuscung s Peace Belt, a messenger was sent to Bethlehem, 
 and he returned with 5000. Upon which the Indian women were em 
 ployed to make a belt of a fathom long and sixteen beads wide, in the 
 center of which was to be the figure of a man, meaning the Governor 
 of Pennsylvania, and five figures to his right, and five to his left, mean 
 ing the ten nations mentioned by Teedyuscung. Colonial Records. 
 
 * " The day before the opening of the Treaty, Newcastle came to 
 the Governor and stated that the Delawares had bewitched him, and 
 he should soon die. Teedyuscung he declared had warned him, in a 
 friendly manner, that he would not live long, having overheard two 
 Delawares say they would put an end to his life by witchcraft. The 
 Governor endeavored to show him that he was in no danger, but he 
 made no impression, Newcastle insisting that this information be com 
 mitted to writing and inserted in the Minutes of Council and com 
 municated in a special message to the Six Nations. Easton, Jtdy 
 28. To the surprise of everybody, Captain Newcastle was seized this 
 morning with a violent pleurisy and thought to be in great danger, 
 but on losing some blood and taking proper physic, the violence of 
 the distemper abated, and he recovered. " Pennsylvania Archives. 
 
 Late in October, Newcastle returned to Philadelphia from an em 
 bassy to the Six Nations, to whom he had been dispatched to inquire 
 into the character and credentials of Teedyuscung. He reported these 
 words from one of their principal counselors, " The Delaware chief 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Copy of Conrad Weisser 1 ** Bill. 
 The Commissioners of Pennsil a to the Inn 
 keeper at Bethlehem Ferry, Dr. July 27, 
 
 1756. 
 
 For supper and breakfast for 48 men, Con 
 rad Weisser and compy, including hay for 
 y e horses 3 I 
 
 On their return from Easton 
 for dinner to the same 
 comp> i 17 6 
 
 257 
 
 4 18 6 
 I Aug* Nicholas Schaefer.f 
 
 1756. 
 
 The above acct. left unpaid by me, amount 
 ing to four pounds eighteen shilling and 
 sixpence. 
 
 CONRAD WEISSER. 
 
 did not speak truth when he told the Governor he had authority from 
 the Six Nations to treat with Onas." Soon after, he was taken ill 
 of smallpox, and died during the Governor s absence at the second 
 Treaty, held in Easton. Here his decease was publicly announced, 
 and a string of wampum and eleven black strouds given the Indians 
 in behalf of the Province to remind them of the " good man who had 
 been very instrumental in promoting the good work of peace, and to 
 wipe away their tears, and take grief from their hearts." Colonial 
 Records. 
 
 * Conrad Weisser was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel 1st Bat 
 talion Pennsylvania Regiment on May 5, 1756. "Upon the present 
 exigency of affairs, as Mr. Weisser is known to be well attached to his 
 Majesty s government, and to have distinguished himself by raising a 
 large body of men to oppose .the incursions of the enemy and to de 
 fend the several parts of the county where he resides that lie most 
 exposed to their depredations, it was judged proper to give him the 
 command of the companies that should be raised in that county (Berks), 
 and accordingly the Governor executed a commission, appointing him 
 Colonel of the forces that were raised and should be raised in said 
 county." Minutes Provincial Council, October 31, 1755. 
 
 f A son of Michael Schaefer, of Tulpehocken. Succeeded J. God- 
 
258 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 III. ACCOUNT SENT TO Y E COMMISSIONERS IN PHILA., SEPTEMBER 14, 
 1756. DATED SEPTEMBER n, 1756. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1756. s. d. 
 
 Aug. 14. For the sum of the account deliv d 200 14 5 
 
 Sept. ii. For sundries deliv d 82 Indians* from y e 14 
 
 August to n Sept r , viz.: 
 
 1840 Ibs. bread, @ i %d. 9 n 8 
 
 304 Ibs. beef, @ 2*/ 2 d 334 
 
 45 /4. bush 5 Indian corn deliv d since y e 17 
 
 July, their own being consumed, @ 3^.6^. 7 19 3 
 
 159 gall 5 milk, @ 8</ 5 6 
 
 3 quarts linseed oil @ is 3 
 
 2 gall 5 soft sope, @ is 2 
 
 2 Ibs. candles, @ *jd I 2 
 
 2 bushl 5 pease, @ 6s 12 
 
 26 18 5 
 To the Bethlehem Tavern, for sundries. 
 
 (See Voitcher i) 1252 
 
 To the Bethlehem store, for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher i) 18 6 
 
 Aug. 15. For an express to bring y e Indians Christian 
 
 and Samuelf to Phila 226 
 
 " 17. For 3 bushl 5 meal deliv d Tadyuscund and 
 
 company, @ 55 15 
 
 Carr d forw d 42 19 
 
 frey Grabs, at "the Crown," in April of 1756. Schaefer s wife was 
 Jeannette, the oldest daughter of Isaac Ysselstein. Frederic Schaefer, 
 who deceased at Nazareth in 1830, was a son. 
 
 * The refugees from Gnadenhiitten. 
 
 j- Two Moravian Indians, formerly of Gnadenhiitten, who had come 
 from Diahoga, and who, at their request, were escorted to Phila 
 delphia. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 259 
 
 * d- 
 
 1756. Brotforwd 42 19 7 
 
 Aug. 23. For an express to his Honor y e Governor 
 with letters, being obliged to wait several 
 
 days for y e Governor s* answer 2 5 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 45 5 5 
 
 * This express was the bearer of the following congratulatory letter 
 and memorial from Spangenberg to Lieutenant-Governor William 
 Denny, who had recently arrived from England, with his commission 
 from Thomas and Richard Penn : 
 
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR, 
 
 We, his Majesties most dutiful and Loyal Subjects, Members of the 
 Unitas Fratrum, residing in Northampton County and Province of 
 Pensylvania, and our United Brethren in said Province, having with 
 pleasure heard of Y r Hon rs safe Arrival in Philadelphia, cannot but 
 return Almighty God Thanks for his gracious Preservation of Y r Hon r 
 on your Voyage at this Time of Danger. 
 
 We beg Leave to congratulate Your Honour at your Entrance on 
 this important Station, which so immediately concerns the Welfare of 
 so many Thousand People, and especially at this critical Juncture, and 
 we thankfully receive You as a Minister of God, appointed from above, 
 to the Deterring and Obstructing of Evil, and to the Encouraging and 
 Promoting of that which is good. 
 
 W r e also thank his Majesty, our most gracious Sovereign King, 
 George the Sec d , for his paternal care towards this Province, as also 
 towards all other the Territories (which the Lord of Lords and King 
 of Kings has entrusted to him), demonstrated in sending Wise and 
 Prudent Governors, in his Name faithfully to promote the Welfare of 
 this Country. May his Majesty enjoy a long and happy Reign over 
 us ! and let all the Enemies of his Royal Family be as Chaff before the 
 Wind, and as Stubble before the Fire. 
 
 We gratefully acknowledge that we have hitherto lived under this 
 Government with Contentment, and esteem ourselves happy that we 
 reside in a Country furnish d with such good Laws, govern d by so 
 wise a Sovereign, and which, by the Regulation of the late Hono ble 
 Proprietor, W m . Penn, Esq re , of happy Memory, has a Pre-eminence, 
 and if the Proprietor 3 Governor and Country harmonize together, 
 (which is our earnest wish) might become the Flower of America. 
 
 The English Nation, as it is in general of generous Principles, not 
 
260 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 45 5 5 
 
 Aug. 23. For an express to Easton 5 
 
 " 27. To the tavern for sundries deliv d to Pennsil a 
 Regiment, as pr. receipt of Mr. Conrad 
 
 Weisser* 5 3 n 
 
 Carr d for\v d 50 14 
 
 forcing any one s Conscience or restraining his Liberty, but leaving the 
 Hearts to God, has also been so favourable to our Brethren, as by an 
 Act of Parliament to exempt such of them as conscientiously scruple 
 the Taking of an Oath, and the Bearing of Arms. And to the Praise 
 of this Govern 1 , we must declare that they have hitherto dealt with us 
 agreeable to the Same, having forced none of us either to take an Oath 
 or go to the War. 
 
 Our principal Endeavour has been to delight the Heart of our dear 
 Lord Jesus Christ, and to live to his Honour, whom we adore as our 
 Creator, and who also was manifested in the Flesh, became a Sacrifice 
 for us, and redeemed us from the Dominion of Sin and Satan by his 
 own Blood. And we hope that our Labour has not been in vain, 
 although we must confess that we are infinitely indebted to Him 
 still. 
 
 Our next Concern has been to make the Offices of Govern* (which 
 are in themselves heavy enough) as easy and light as possible to the 
 Magistrates, and under them to lead a quiet and peaceable Life in all 
 Godliness and Honesty. And to order our Matters with such Decorum 
 and Industry, that our Fellow Subjects, instead of Complaint against us, 
 might be rather induced to thank God for sending hither the Offspring 
 of those Confessors, of whom many Hundreds boldly seal d with their 
 Blood that Truth which they knew to be the Word of God. With re 
 gard to this Point, all those who know us right, will, we hope, have a 
 favourable opinion of us. 
 
 Thirdly, ever since we came into the Country, our hearty desire has 
 been for the Furtherance of the Gospel among the poor Heathen, who 
 are the most miserable Slaves of the Devil, and worship him still as 
 their God. In order to bring them effectually acquainted with the 
 
 * " AugTist 26. Col. Weisser, with a detachment, passed through to 
 the frontiers." Bethlehem Diarist. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 2 6l 
 
 * <*. 
 
 1756. Bro forw d 5 H 4 
 
 Sept. 3. For an express to bring Shikellimy* and his 
 
 wife to Phila., expenses, horse hire, Sec ... 3 15 
 
 54 
 
 Way of Life, which is Jesus Christ, that is, to believe on Him, to love 
 Him, and to be obedient to Him. Our blessed Saviour has also given 
 some success to this our undertaking, by rendering through the Gos 
 pel many a Monster (for such they are till they come to Him), not 
 only humanized, but also Lovers of their Creator. And a little Flock of 
 such Indians there are living with us in Bethlehem, and ever since 
 the commencement of the War, having from the Beginning desired and 
 enjoy d as Children the Protection of this Government. We beg leave 
 herewith heartily to recommend them to Y r Honour s Protection and 
 Favour. 
 
 As to the Recompense we have had from the Savages for all the Faith 
 fulness shewn to them, for all our dangerous Journeys to them, and 
 Perils among them, it need not now be related, it being already noto 
 riously known. Yet this shall not discourage us from proceeding to 
 use our best Endeavours to bring those poor Creatures, possess d by 
 more than One Demon, to Faith in Christ. 
 
 We conclude with recommending this and all other Our Congrega- 
 
 * John Shikellimy, alias Tachnachdoarus, son of old Shikellimy, 
 and his wife, reached Bethlehem on the 1st of September, from Dia- 
 hoga, en route for Philadelphia, whither he had been summoned by 
 the Governor. While at the former place, he was examined by " David 
 Zeisberger, a Moravian Brother, who speaks the Indian language well," 
 in the presence of Justice Horsfield. He reported the condition of 
 affairs in the Indian country, stated that " in the previous winter the 
 Six Nations had sent many belts to the Delawares and Shawanese de 
 siring them to leave off doing mischief, that at last they were obedient, 
 that Teedyuscung was the only person who had incited the Indians 
 against the English, that the Six Nations were highly displeased with 
 him, but that now he had altered his mind and spoke very much to the 
 English interest to the Indians." Shikellimy was at this time an agent 
 for the Province in its business with his countrymen. 
 
262 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem Tavern,* Dr. 
 1756. s. d. 
 
 Aug. 15. For victuals deliv d 2 In 
 dians and 2 soldiers, even 
 ing and morning, who 
 
 came from Easton. 6 
 
 "5q ts beer I 8 
 
 " l^ q ts rum I 10 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 tions in this Province to Y r Honour s kind Favour and Protection, at 
 the same time sincerely beseeching God to give Y r Honour Wisdom, 
 Courage, and Success in all your Undertakings, for the good of the 
 Country during your Administration in Government. 
 
 We are, with all Respect, Y r Honour s 
 
 most obedient and humble Serv ts . 
 BETHLEHEM, August 21, 1756. 
 
 Sign d in behalf of the above mentioned Members of the Unitas 
 Fratrum and their United Brethren. Joseph, alias Augustus Gottlieb 
 Spangenberg, Ordinarii Unitatis Fratrum Vicarius Genera/is in 
 America. m , p. p. 
 
 The Governor in his reply thanked the Brethren for their good 
 wishes, and assured them of his purpose to protect their interests and 
 their persons in this time of danger, as far as lay in his power. The 
 bearer of the above address was also intrusted with a letter from 
 Spangenberg to the late Governor Morris, in which he returned thanks 
 to him for the regard that he had had for himself and the Brethren 
 during his term of office. 
 
 * " The Crown" (die Krone), originally the cabin of a Swiss squatter, 
 Ritsche by name, who settled on the south bank of the river in 1742. 
 In February, 1743, the tract of 274 acres, on which he was seated, was 
 purchased by the Brethren of Win. Allen. They bought the squatter 
 off and out, leased the premises to one Anton Gilbert, from German- 
 town, then to one Adam Schaues, and in 1745, after having enlarged 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 263 
 
 * d. 
 
 1756. Bro 1 forw d 
 
 Aug. 1 8. For eating evening and 
 morning, deliv d to King 
 Tadyuskund,* 6 Indians, 
 and 2 soldiers, who es 
 corted them from Gna- 
 denhutten ..................... 4 
 
 " rum and punch .............. 4 
 
 " I5q ts beer .................... 5 
 
 " hay and oats for 3 
 
 horses .. c 
 
 18 
 Carr d forw d i 7 
 
 the building, opened it for public entertainment. It was stocked in 
 May of that year with gill and half-gill pewter wine-measures, with 
 2 dram-glasses, 2 hogsheads of cider, I cask of metheglin, I cask of 
 rum, 6 pewter plates, iron candlesticks, and whatever else could min 
 ister to the creature comforts of the tired traveler. Here he was 
 served with a breakfast of tea or coffee at four pence, a dinner at six 
 pence, a pint of beer at three pence, a supper at four pence, or if hot 
 at six pence ; with lodgings at two pence, and night s hay and oats 
 for his horse at twelve pence. Jost Vollert was the first landlord for 
 the Brethren. The succession of publicans to the close of this piece 
 of history was as follows : Hartmann Verdries, J. Godfrey Grabs, 
 Nicholas Schaeffer, and Ephraim Culver. In 1794 the sign-board, em 
 blazoned with the British Crown, that had often served as a mark for 
 the arrows of the wild Indian boys of " Teedyuscung s company" was 
 taken down and* the old hostelry converted into a farm-house. It 
 stood near the site of the Union Depot of the Lehigh Valley and North 
 Pennsylvania Railroads until about 1860. At an early day the Brethren 
 had built several houses near the Crown, and thus a small settlement 
 sprung up on the south side of the river. A school for girls, and sub 
 sequently one for boys, " atif der Gedidd," was temporarily conducted 
 here in 1747. 
 
 * " In the evening of August 17, Teedyuscung, who since the Treaty, 
 had been loitering by Fort Allen, returned to Bethlehem with a few of 
 
264 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 1756. Bro* forw d I 76 
 
 Aug. 1 8. For victuals deliv d I soldier 
 from Gleissen s* who es 
 corted Nathaniel and com 
 pany to Bethlehem, and 
 hay and oats for his horse I 10 
 
 Sept. II. " victuals deliv d to Na 
 thaniel,! his wife, and 2 
 children, and I other In 
 dian, from y e 13 August 
 to y e ii Sept r , being 29^ 
 
 days, @ 4J. p r day 5 13 
 
 " keeping his horse from 
 y e 13 Aug 1 to y e ii Sept r , 
 @ 8</. per day 19 4 
 
 6 14 
 
 victuals and drink, hay 
 and oats for y e soldiers 
 that escorted y e King Tad- 
 yuscund s wife and family 
 from Fort Allen to Beth m 2 6 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 his associates, for the twofold purpose of enticing his niece Theodora 
 away, and of prevailing with our Indians to accompany him to Dia- 
 hoga. He set out for the Fort next day, without having accomplished 
 his object. On the 2ist his wife and children arrived. The King they 
 stated was gone to the Minnisinks to arrest his Indians there in their 
 depredations." Bethlehem Diarist. 
 
 * Quaere Where was Gleissen s? 
 
 f These were Moravian Indians who had withdrawn or been en 
 ticed from the mission at Gnadenhiitten, in the summer of 1755, and 
 had gone up the Susquehanna. Nathaniel, a Delaware from Tenk- 
 hanneck, twenty miles above Wyoming, had been baptized by Bishop 
 Cammerhoff, May 17, 1749. His wife was Priscilla. The third 
 Indian was Thamar, Anton s mother. They were quartered at " the 
 Crown." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 265 
 
 s. d. s . d. 
 I75 6 - Brotforw* 1 26 842 
 
 For victualing ye king s 
 wife* and 3 children from 
 y e 21 Augs toy 6 n Sept r , 
 being 21 days, @ 2s. bd. 
 per day 2 12 6 
 
 2 15 
 
 ( eating, beer and rum deliv d Shikellimy 
 
 his wife, and 2 soldiers from Fort Allen 14 
 
 ( eating evening and morning, deliv d to 
 
 7 soldiers from Fort Allen, who brought 
 
 2 prisoners-) 
 
 beer do 
 
 hay and oats for 
 
 to Easton 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 . r 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 >r do... 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 12 5 
 
 2 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem Store, Dr. 
 1756. For sundries, viz.: 
 
 July 5. y 2 lb. cotton wick deliv d for Fort 
 Norris.J 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 * Her Christian name was Elisabeth. Baptized March 19, 1750, by 
 Martin Mack, at Gnadenhutten, on the Mahoning. In the evening of 
 August 21 she had been escorted from Fort Allen, in accordance with 
 her wish to reside at Bethlehem while in the settlements. She and her 
 children were quartered at " the Crown." 
 
 t Quaere Corporal Weyrick and Lieutenant Miiller for insubordi 
 nation ? See Penn. Archives, vol. i. pp. 749 and 754. 
 
 J Fort Norris, named for Isaac Norris, Speaker of the Assembly, 
 was built in the spring of 1756, on Head s Creek (Hoth s), in Chestnut 
 Hill Township, Monroe County, not far from the site of the Weque- 
 tanc Mission. " It stands in a valley, midway between the North 
 mountain and the Tuscarory, 6 miles from Each on the high Road 
 towards the Minnrsink, it is a Square about 80 f l Each way with four 
 
 18 
 
266 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 . forw d ................................ 
 
 July 5. For 3 quires paper deliv d to Capt. Insley,* 
 
 per order of Mr. Horsfield .............. 3 
 
 " i half gallon measure.. 26 
 
 " i funnel, deliv d per 
 
 order of Mr. Hors 
 
 field for to measure 
 
 rum for y e Forts ...... 2 
 
 4 
 
 21. " 2 quires paper deliv d for Fort Norris ..... 
 o-. 14. " 5 q ts linseed oil ........... 5 
 
 Ib. cotton wick 
 
 Deliv d per order of Maj. Parsons for y e 
 
 men posted at Easton. 
 
 Sept. 7. " i quire paper deliv d for Capt. Arndt sf 
 compy ........................................ 
 
 18 
 
 half Bastions, all very Completely Staccaded, and finished, and very 
 Defenceable, the Woods are Clear 400 yds. Round it, on the Bastions, 
 are two Sweevle Guns mount d, within is a good Barrack, a Guard 
 Room, Store Room, and Kitchen, also a Good Well. Provincial 
 Stores , 13 g d Muskets, 3 burst Do., 16 very bad Do., 32 Cartooch 
 boxes, 100 Ibs. Powder, 300 Ibs. Lead, 112 Blankets, 39 Axes, 3 
 Broad Do., 80 Tamhacks, 6 Shovels, 2 Grub Hoes, 5 Spades, 5 Draw 
 ing knives, 9 chisels, 3 adses, 3 Hand Saws, 2 Augers, 2 Spliting 
 knives. July 2 nd , 1756. 
 
 " JAS. YOUNG, 
 
 "Comissy Gen 1 of y e Musters." 
 
 The well of the old fort may yet be traced on the property of Wil 
 liam Serfass. 
 
 * Joseph Insley, Sr., Captain of one of the Associated Companies in 
 Bucks County. Pennsylvania Archives, vol. ii. p. 20. His son, Joseph 
 Insley, Jr., was the ensign in his father s company. 
 
 f Jacob Arndt, of Bucks County, acting commandant of Fort Allen, 
 commissioned Captain of 1st Battalion Pennsylvania Regiment, April 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS, 267 
 
 Copy of Conrad Weisser s Receipt belong^, to the foregoing Account. 
 The -Account of the Expenses of the officers 
 of Pennsil 3 Reg 1 to Lieut.-Col. Weisser, 
 Maj. Parsons, and Capt. Insley, with 18 
 private men, including the disserters from 
 the French-Indian, and hay and pasturing 
 to 14 horses at the In of Bethlehem, amt^ 
 in the whole to five pound three shilling 
 and eleven pence. Augs* 27, 1756. 
 
 The above is a true account. 
 
 CONRAD WEISSER. 
 
 IV. ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILA. YE 24 NOVR, 
 
 DATED YE 23 NOVR. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Steward of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1756. s. d. 
 
 Nov. 22. For y e ballance of acct s deliv d 118 I i 
 
 " sundries deliv d Tadyuskund s family 
 
 from y e 1 1 Sep r last. (See Voucher i) 5 7 7^ 
 
 " sundries deliv d Nathanael and family 
 
 since II Sep r last. (See Voucher 2}. 536 
 
 " sundries deliv d Sam Evans and com 
 pany. (See Voucher 3) 18 2 
 
 forw d 129 10 
 
 1 8, 1756. Assigned to the command of Fort Allen, October 9, 1756. 
 Major of troops at Fort Augusta (Sunbury) in 1758. In 1760, Mr. 
 Arndt purchased a mill-seat, three miles above Easton, on the Bush- 
 kill. Christensen, the millwright at Bethlehem, and projector of the 
 first water- works at that place, built Arndt s mill. In October of 1764, 
 Mr. Arndt was elected captain of an independent company, raised in 
 his neighborhood for home defense against the Indians. In 1774 he 
 was appointed one of a Committee of Northampton, to co-operate with 
 the Committees of other counties of the Province, for the purpose of 
 convoking a General Congress of Committees, which should devise 
 means for resisting the Boston Port Bill. In 1776, a member of the 
 Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Deceased at Easton, Pennsylva 
 nia, in 1805. 
 
268 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 J- d. 
 1756. Bro* forw d 129 10 4^ 
 
 Nov. 22. For sundries deliv d Nicodemus and family 
 since they came up from Phil a . (See 
 
 Voucher 4) 2 12 5^ 
 
 To the tavern at Bethlehem for sundry enter 
 tainment. (See Voucher 5) 5 12 i^ 
 
 " the smith at Bethlehem. (See Voucher 6) I 9 
 " the doctor at Bethlehem. (See 
 
 Voucher 7) I I 6 
 
 " Bethlehem store for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher 8) 4 15 
 
 H5 5X 
 
 Off 5^., being paid by Capt. Reynolds for 
 repairing a gun which y e Province was 
 charged 14 Aug 1 last 5 
 
 J 44 15 5X 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 For sundries deliv d Tadyuskund s family 
 
 from y e n Sept r last, viz.: 
 
 1756. To the tavern for victuals, &c., to y e I Oct r , s. d. 
 being 20 days, @ $s. $d. per day ............ 368 
 
 And then since Oct. I. 
 
 126 Ibs bread, @, i^d ..................... 13 ij 
 
 15 Ibs. beef, @ 2/ 2 J ........................ 3 \ 
 
 6 Ibs. pork, @ -$d ............................ I 6 
 
 6X Ibs. butter, @ 6d ........................ 3 \ 
 
 54 q te milk, @ \y z d. ......................... 6 9 
 
 \y t bush. Indian corn, @ 2s .............. 2 6 
 
 I quart beer ................................... 4 
 
 I pint cydar .................................... 2 
 
 2 Ib. candles ................................. 4 
 
 Carr d forw d .............................. 4 17 7X 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 269 
 
 s - d - 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 4 17 7^ 
 
 Oct. 30. To hire of a waggon to bring them to Easton* 10 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 For sundries deliv d Nathanael and family 
 
 since Sept. n last, viz.: 
 To the tavern for victuals &c. to y e I Oct., 
 
 being 20 days, @ 2s. 8d. per day.. 2134 
 
 And then since y e I Oct. 
 
 174 Ibs. bread, @ i%d. 18 i 
 
 38 Ibs. beef, @ 2 l /d 7 11 
 
 6 Ibs. pork, @ 3^ I 6 
 
 7 Ibs. butter, @ 6d. 3 6 
 
 78 q te milk, @ l%d. 9 9 
 
 I^ bush. Indian corn, @ 2s 2 3 
 
 I pint beer 2 
 
 I gall, cydar I 
 
 I pint rum 7 
 
 }4 lb. candles 4 
 
 Nov. 1 1. To hire of a man and horse for brings Ruthf 
 
 and her children to Easton... c 
 
 * On request of Teedyuscung, who had arrived there for the im 
 pending Treaty. " Last night (October 29), in pursuance to your orders," 
 writes Weisser to Gov. Denny, " I arrived here (Easton); about a 
 quarter of an hour after my arrival came in Teedyuscung. The old man 
 appeared extremely glad to see me, and so was the rest, especially three 
 of the Six Nation Indians. They told me that several of their cousins, 
 the Delawares, stood back at Gnadenhiitten, and some further off, till 
 they should understand whether or no it would be safe for them to 
 come." Colonial Records. 
 
 f Ruth, formerly of Gnadenhiitten, who had for some time been 
 quartered with her family at " the Crown." She was accompanied 
 thither by most of the other Indians, all desirous of being present at 
 the Treaty. 
 
270 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 3- 
 
 1756. Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 Nov. 22. For sundries deliv d Samuel Evans * and com 
 pany, viz.: s. d. 
 
 76 Ibs. bread, @ i%d. 7 II 
 
 9 Ibs. beef, @ 2.y z d I 
 
 2^ Ibs. butter, @ 6d. I i 
 
 37 quarts milk, @ I y z d. 4 7 
 
 \y 2 Ibs. pork, @ 3d. 4 
 
 y& bush. Indian corn, @ 2s 3 
 
 I pint beer 2 
 
 4j quarts cydar I 6 
 
 y 2 lb. candles 4 
 
 18 
 
 4- 
 
 Province of Pennsil a Dr. to Bethlehem. 
 For sundries deliv d Nicodemus and family 
 since they came up from Phil a .-j- viz.: 
 
 * Sam Evans, a Delaware, a half-brother of Teedyuscung, who had 
 come with the King to Easton, arrived at Bethlehem on the 3ist of 
 October. He and his family were quartered at " the Crown" during 
 their stay. Father and mother came to see their daughter Theodora, 
 who was an inmate of the " Single Sisters House." They had an 
 affecting interview at the Indian quarters at the Manakasy in the 
 presence of missionary Schmick. " I rejoice to see you, my daughter," 
 said her mother; "you have many blessings which are denied me; 
 you have meat and drink, and I suffer privation." "Dear mother," 
 responded the maiden, "while I lived at Gnadenhutten wicked In 
 dians came and killed the white Brethren and Sisters, and I then 
 wished to go to Bethlehem and be happy there. And my wish has 
 been granted. And the Saviour too has been merciful to me. He 
 has filled my heart with love toward him and the congregation, and I 
 thank him from the bottom of my heart." 
 
 f Nicodemus and family had left for Philadelphia early in August. 
 Fear of small-pox, prevalent among the Indians there, was the cause 
 of their return. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 271 
 
 1756. * d. 
 
 7 4 lbs. bread, @ i%d 7 8^ 
 
 32 Ibs. beef, 2>^</ 6 8 
 
 2^ Ibs. butter, @, 6</ I 3 
 
 23 quart milk, @ I X^ 2 IO >2 
 
 2 bush 1 Indian corn, @ 2s 4 
 
 ^ Ib. candles 4 
 
 I gall, cydar. I pint rum I 7)4 
 
 9 Ibs. white meal. I q t salt I 6 
 
 For attending y e above families each day 
 since y e I Oct., being 53 days, @ 6d. per 
 
 day I 6 6 
 
 2 12 5 2 7 
 
 5- 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the tavern at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d sundry other Indians 
 
 and soldiers, viz.: 
 
 Oct. 13. " victuals &c. deliv d 2 soldiers and some 
 Indians from Easton, per order of Mr. 
 Horsfield 
 
 14. " victuals deliv d some soldiers and Indians 
 
 from Easton 
 
 " hay and oats for their horses, pr. order of 
 Maj. Parsons 
 
 15. "115 Ibs. bread deliv d sundry Indians who 
 
 came from Easton, @ I }^d. 
 
 27. " y e Indian Peter* and family, eating and 
 drinking, evening and morning, pr. 
 order of Mr. Horsfield 
 
 Carr d for\v d 
 
 * Alias Young- Capt. Harris, half-brother of Teedyuscung, formerly 
 of Gnadenhutten. Baptized at that place January 31, 1750, by Bishop 
 Cammerhoff. Peter, Sam Evans, Christian (son of Nicodemus or 
 Jo Evans), and Tom Evans were, according to Henry Hess s depo 
 sition (taken during the sessions of the second Treaty at Easton), of 
 the party headed by Teedyuscung that surprised his father s planta- 
 
2 7 2 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1756. Bro forw d 19 
 
 Oct. 29. For eating and drinking for Jeremiah Trexler, 
 and hay and oats for his horse, per order 
 
 of Maj. Parsons 2 
 
 30. " entertainment deliv d 4 Indians from 
 Easton, with their horses, pr. order of 
 
 Mr. Horsfield 5 4 
 
 Nov. 17. " sundries deliv d Capt. Reynolds,* Lieut. 
 Wetherhold,f i ensign, I soldier, &c., 
 which came with y e Indians from y e 
 Treaty^; at Easton, viz.: 
 
 Carr d forw d I 16 
 
 tion in Lower Smithfield, on January I, 1756. Pennsylvania Archives, 
 vol. iii. p. 56. 
 
 * George Reynolds, commissioned Captain 1st Battalion Pennsyl 
 vania Regiment, May 17, 1756. In command of a company of Pro 
 vincials raised in Lebanon Township, Lancaster County. An ancestor 
 of the late Major-General John Fulton Reynolds, who fell at the 
 battle of Gettysburg ? 
 
 f Jacob Wetterhold, commissioned Lieutenant in Major Parson s 
 Town Guard, December 20, 1755. A captain in the Pontiac war. 
 Surprised with a detachment of his men in the night of October 7, at 
 John Stinton s public house (now Simon Laubach s, a mile and a 
 quarter northwest of Howertown, in East Allen), mortally wounded, 
 and died at Bethlehem, October 9, 1762. Was buried in the grave 
 yard south of the Lehigh. 
 
 The following is an account of the attack on Stinton s tavern from 
 Gordon s History of Pennsylvania. " The captain designing to proceed 
 to Fort Allen early next morning, ordered a servant to get his horse 
 ready. On leaving the house he was immediately shot down by the 
 
 J On Monday the 8th of November, the second Treaty with Teedy- 
 uscung was opened at Easton. Besides the Governor, and Wm. Logan 
 and Rich d Peters of his Council, there were present of the Commis 
 sioners, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Fox, Wm. Masters, and John 
 Hughes; of the officers of the Provincial Forces, Lieut. -Col. Weisser, 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 * 
 
 i 16 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 273 
 d. 
 
 6 
 8 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 2 8 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 enemy ; upon which the captain on going to the door was also mor 
 tally, and a sergeant, who attempted to draw him in, dangerously 
 wounded. The lieutenant then advanced; whereupon an Indian 
 jumping on the bodies of the two others, presented a loaded pistol to 
 his breast, which the lieutenant putting aside, it was discharged over 
 his shoulder, and in this way he succeeded in getting the Indian out 
 of the house. The savage then went round to a window and shot 
 Stinton, as he was in the act of getting out of bed. The wounded 
 man rushed from the house, ran a mile, and dropped down dead. 
 His wife and two children meanwhile secreted themselves in the 
 cellar, and although they were fired upon three times, they were un 
 injured. The captain, notwithstanding his wound, crawled to a win 
 dow and shot one of the Indians who was in the act of firing the 
 house. The others took up the dead body of their comrade and left." 
 Next day the dead and wounded Provincials were taken to Bethle 
 hem. The dead were buried on the " Burnside plantation," on the 
 Manakasy. 
 
 Maj. Parsons, Capt. Wetterhold, Capt. John Van Etten, and Capt. 
 Reynolds ; also Lieut. McAlpin and Ensign Jeffreys, Recruiting Offi 
 cers of the Royal Americans, and a number of gentlemen and free 
 holders from the several counties, and from the city of Philadelphia. 
 Teedyuscung, the Delaware King, was attended by sixteen of his 
 nation, four Six Nation Indians, two Shawanese, and six Mohicans. 
 John Pompshire interpreted for the King. Teedyuscung opened the 
 Conference by stating that he had kept the promise made by him at 
 the last Treaty, having since then informed all the Indian nations of 
 the disposition of the English for peace. On being asked by the Gov 
 ernor whether he the Governor or the Province had ever wronged 
 him, and why he and his Indians had struck the English, the Dela 
 ware proceeded to state that the false-hearted French King had tarn- 
 
274 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 t. d. 
 
 1756. Bro* forw d 284^ 
 
 Nov. 17. Hot supper of meat &c. for 41 Indians I 6 
 
 46 q ts beer 15 4 
 
 2 q ts wine for y e King 4 
 
 Hay for 14 Indian horses and 2 q ts oats for 
 
 y e King s horse 7 3 
 
 Carr d forw d 4 15 
 
 pered with the foolish young men of his people; but chiefly they had 
 taken up the hatchet because the English had defrauded them of their 
 land. " / have not far to go for an instance" continued the speaker; 
 "this very ground that is ttnder me" (striking it with his foot) "was 
 my land and my inheritance, and is taken from me by fraud. I mean 
 all the land lying between Tohicon Creek [a stream heading near 
 Quakertown and emptying into the Delaware, fifteen miles east of 
 that place] and Wyoming" The Governor, hereupon offering him 
 redress, Teedyuscung closed the Conference by stating that he was 
 not empowered to accept of it, that he would meet the Governor 
 at some future time, that then he would lay before him the extent of 
 his grievances, and they could treat for a settlement of all disagree 
 ment and for a lasting peace. 
 
 "Late in the afternoon of the I7th, after the close of the Treaty, 
 Governor Denny and his suite arrived at Bethlehem. Having been 
 shown the objects of interest in the town, they visited the Indian 
 quarters at the Manakasy. Here they were formally received by our 
 Indians who had been drawn out in line before their dwellings. The 
 Governor manifested gratification at the reception given him, addressed 
 the Indians with marked friendliness, and stated his satisfaction at the 
 arrangements in their quarters. At nine o clock he sat down to sup 
 per, during which he was entertained with music. On the morning 
 of the 1 8th, the visitors set out on their return. Bro. Spangenberg 
 conducted them as far as the ferry, passing between two lines of chil 
 dren and Brethren and Sisters, who had been drawn out in front of his 
 lodgings on the Square. The trombonists performed from the terrace 
 of the Single Brethren s House until the Governor and his retinue had 
 crossed the river. In the evening of the previous day, a few Indians 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 275 
 
 * * 
 
 1756. Bro 1 forw d . 4 15 5^ 
 
 Nov. 17. To y e baker for no Ibs. bread at their de 
 parture II S 1 A 
 
 For eating and drinking deliv d I soldier, 
 with an express to Readingtown,* from his 
 Honor y e Governor, with hay and oats for 
 his horse... 5 2 
 
 under escort of Lieut.-Col. Weisser and a detachment of troops arrived 
 from the Treaty on their return to Diahoga, and passed the night." 
 Bethlehem Diarist. " I left Easton about four o clock," reports 
 Weisser in the Journal of his proceedings, kept by order of the Gov 
 ernor, "accompanied by the officers of the Escort and Deedjoskon, 
 Pompshire, Moses Deedamy, and two more Indians on horseback; we 
 reached Bethlehem after Dark, and after the Soldiers and Indians 
 were quartered at the Publick Inn this side of the Creek, I gave Deed 
 joskon the slip in the Dark, and he went along with the Rest to the 
 said Inn, and I stayed at Mr. Horsfield s, having acquainted the offi 
 cers with my Design, and gave the necessary Order before hand. On 
 the 19 th the Soldiers and Indians rose early and got ready to march, 
 Deedjoskon could not get his Wife away, she wanted to stay in Beth 
 lehem, because for his debauched way of Living, he took all the Chil 
 dren but one from her; at the Brethren s Request I interceded, and 
 prevailed upon her to go with her husband. We left Bethlehem by 
 Ten of the Clock." 
 
 "Nov. 1 8th. Toward evening a number of Indians arrived from 
 Easton and were lodged in part in the town and in part on the other 
 side of the river. We enjoined it on our Indians to remain at their 
 quarters. Nov. iQth. Teedyuscung signified his wish to Bro. Schmick 
 that Elisabeth and the children accompany him to Diahoga. To this 
 she consented with reluctance. Sam Evans s wife bade adieu to her 
 daughter Theodora." Bethlehem Diarist. 
 
 * The town of Reading was laid out in the autumn of 1748 on a 
 tract of 450 acres of land, for which warrants had been taken out by 
 John and Samuel Finney in 1733. 
 
2 76 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 6. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the smith* at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1756. s. d. 
 
 For shoeing I Indian horse I 
 
 " mending a gun for Capt. Arndt s compy I 6 
 
 " " for Capt. Wetherhold sf compy 6 6 
 
 " making a spring for a trap for y e Indian 
 Smallman,J per order of Mr. Hors- 
 
 field 5 
 
 " making 3 screws for an Indian, per order 
 
 of do 2 
 
 " stocking Sam Evans his gun, &c., pr. 
 
 order Maj. Parsons 13 
 
 7- 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Doctor^ at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 Nov. 22. For curing a soldier s shoulder belonging to 
 
 Capt. Arndt s compy, per his order 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 10 
 
 * Daniel Kliest, smith, from Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Came to 
 Bethlehem in May of 1749, with a large colony of Brethren, known 
 as "John Nitschmann s Colony," on the Irene, on her first return 
 voyage from Europe. Master locksmith to the Family. On its abro 
 gation in 1762, Daniel Kliest bought the locksmithy, stock on hand 
 and tools being appraised at ^64 js. Deceased at Bethlehem in 
 March of 1792. 
 
 f John Nicholas Wetterhold, commissioned Captain 1st Battalion 
 Pennsylvania Regiment, December 21, 1755. 
 
 J Quaere Johnny Smalling, or Swalling, a grandson of the King, 
 present at the first Treaty ? 
 
 \ John Matthew Otto, born 1714, in Meinungen. Studied medicine 
 and surgery at Augsburg. Came to Bethlehem on the Irene, with 
 " Henry Jorde s Colony," in June of 1750. For thirty years physician 
 and surgeon of the Brethren s settlements. A skillful operator. De 
 ceased at Bethlehem in August of 1786. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 277 
 
 s - d - 
 
 Bro forw d IO 
 
 For medicines deliv d Capt. Wetherhold 
 
 " Capt. Reynolds 4 6 
 
 Capt. Arndt l 6 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Bethlehem Store, Dr. 
 Oct. 14. For sundries deliv d y e Indian messengers, 
 Zaccheus and George,* per order of Maj. 
 Parsons, viz.: 
 
 2 pair of buckles, @ is. %d 
 
 j I 
 
 3 large blankets, @ I y I 1 9 
 
 2 pr. men s shoes 5 
 
 2 y ds of blue strouds for stockings I I 
 
 1 knife, pipes, &c 
 
 2 Ibs. powder, @ 3$. >d. 7 
 
 4 15 
 
 * Zaccheus and George, Delawares. The first, formerly of Gnaden- 
 hiitten They were messengers sent by the King to Maj. Parsons, 
 and had arrived at Easton on the I ith of October. Their errand was 
 to ascertain the state of feeling on the part of the Government in refer 
 ence to Teedyuscung, he reporting by them that since his return to 
 the Indian country he had received three words and three belts, pur- 
 porting to come from Sir William Johnson, by all of which he had 
 been warned against the English; that he and four other chiefs and a 
 large number of Indians were arrived at Wyoming, desirous of coming 
 down to a Treaty, and that as a token of the sincerity of his purpose 
 he had sent with the messengers the prisoners taken in Smithfield, 
 Henry Hess, William Weeser, and George Fox, and also Samuel 
 Clifford. Furthermore, he desired that Elisabeth, his wife, should be 
 permitted to accompany the messengers from Bethlehem, on their re 
 turn At the King s request, Augustus, and Joshua (the same who had 
 accompanied Count Zinzendorf to the Susquehanna) were invited by 
 Maj. Parsons to be present at the delivery of his message. Bro. 
 
278 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 V. ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS* IN PHIL*. YE 21 JANV, 1757. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Steward of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1757- 
 Jan. 21. For sundries deliv d 82 Indians since y e n 
 
 Sept. last, who reside at Bethlehem, viz.: s. d. 
 
 7511 Ibs. bread, @ i^d. 39 2 43^ 
 
 770 Ibs. beef, @ 2.y 2 d. 8 5 
 
 86 Ibs. mutton, @ 2d 14 4 
 
 Ibs. butter, @ 6d. I 10 io^< 
 
 gall 5 milk, @ 6d 789 
 
 140 " " @ &/., deliv d this 
 
 month 4 13 4 
 
 y% bush, white meal 6 
 
 # " salt 4 i^ 
 
 gall 3 linseed oil, @ 4^ 2 18 
 
 " soft sope, @ is 19 9 
 
 ^ bush. Indian corn, @, 2s I 6 
 
 I quart rum I 3 
 
 65 15 23^ 
 I75 6 - 
 Nov. 1 8. For victuals deliv d Tattama,f y e Indian who 
 
 came from Easton, and hay and oats for 
 his horse, pr. order of Mr. Horsfield... 2 4 
 
 22. " 2 gall 3 cydar, deliv d y e Indians that came 
 
 from y e Treaty 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 4 4 
 
 Grube accompanied them to Easton. On the I4th the company came 
 to Bethlehem. Here Parsons delivered the messengers his reply in 
 behalf of the Governor for Teedyuscung, extending him a hearty invi 
 tation to come down with his people to a Treaty. On the I5th, Zac- 
 cheus and George set out on their return. Elisabeth was disinclined 
 to go with them. 
 
 * Benjamin Franklin, John Mifflin, Joseph Fox, William Masters, 
 John Baynton, and Joseph Galloway. 
 
 f Moses Tatemy. Written variously Tattama, Totami, Titamy, &c. 
 Sometimes called Old Moses, also Ttindy. Registered as a Mountain 
 Indian at the Conference held in the Great Meeting-House at Cross- 
 wicks, in February of 1758. A convert of, and some time interpreter 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 279 
 
 * d. 
 1756. Bro 1 forw d ................................ 4 4 
 
 Nov. 29. For 15 Ibs. bread and 3 q ts milk, deliv d An 
 thony,* and his wife, and 2 old men, 
 who came from Fort Allen, pr. order 
 of Mr. Horsfield ............................ I li# 
 
 30. " I pint of wine, deliv d Akoan,f y e Indian 
 who brought some intelligence of y e 
 Indians, pr. order of Mr. Horsfield ..... I 
 
 " visits, medicines, bleeding, &c., deliv d y e 
 Indian Capt. Harris, at Easton, pr. 
 order of y e Governor ....................... 17 6 
 
 Dec. 3. " expences on bringing y e Indians Abra 
 ham, Luquas.J and Emas Shaw, to 
 Phila ........................................... 16 6 
 
 8. " an express with letters to his Honor y e 
 Governor, concerning the murdering in 
 Allemangelg and y e aforesaid intelli 
 gence .......................................... i 5 
 
 forw d ............................ 3 6 3 
 
 to David Brainerd, in the Forks of Delaware. Attended most of the 
 Treaties held with Teedyuscung, in the capacity of assistant inter 
 preter. His name does not occur in the Colonial Records subsequent 
 to 1760. 
 
 * A Delaware of Tenkhannek, formerly of Gnadenhiitten, baptized 
 February 8, 1750, by Bishop Cammerhoff. A brother of Nathaniel. 
 
 j- A Mohican, a son of Catharine, had arrived from the Susquehanna 
 with the intelligence that three Cayugas, who had been present at the 
 late Treaty, " were gone toward Allemangel to kill the white people," 
 and that " a Shawanese whom he had met sixteen miles above Fort 
 Allen had opened his bundle and given him a piece of tallow, and on 
 being asked where he had got it, the Shawanese had told him he and 
 others had killed a cow near the Fort, and also a horse, because they 
 could not catch it, and he showed him the bell the horse had on." 
 
 J Mohicans, formerly of Gnadenhiitten. 
 
 See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. iii. p. 77, for Horsfield s letter 
 of November 30, 1756, to Governor Denny, for information brought by 
 
280 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. 
 
 1756. Bro forw 1 3 6 
 
 Dec. 10. For cash paid Ludwig Joung for going 
 
 express with y e Governor s letters to 
 Fort Allen, Fort Hamilton,* &c. &c., 
 
 1757. pr. order of Mr. Horsfield 18 
 
 Jany. 3. " mending I gun and 3 gun locks, for Capt. 
 
 Arndt, pr. his order 19 
 
 " sundries deliv d to y e Indian messengers, 
 
 Jo Peepy and Lewis Montour, pr. 
 
 order of Mr. Horsfield, viz.: 
 I pr. shoes, for Lewis s. d. 
 
 Montour 7 6 
 
 i pr. shoes for Jo Peepy 7 6 
 
 Leather for mends shoes 2 
 
 Cash deliv d them for y e 
 
 journey 3 
 
 Hire of a man and a 
 
 horse to go with them 
 
 to Fort Allen 12 
 
 A red Union Flag 6 6 
 
 4 15 
 
 Carr d forw d 9 18 
 
 Bro. John Holder, concerning an attack made by three Cayugas on one 
 Schlosser s house in Allemangel. 
 
 * Fort Hamilton, named for James Hamilton, of the Governor s 
 Council, and built 1756, near the junction of McMichael s and Brod- 
 head s Creeks, in Lower Smithfield, Northampton County, " stands in 
 a Corn field by a Farm house in a Plain and Clear Country, it is a 
 Square with 4 half Bastions, all Very ill Contriv d and finish d, the 
 Staccades open 6 inches in many places, and not firm in the ground, 
 and may be easily pull d down, before the gate are some Staccades 
 drove in the Ground to cover it which I think might be a great Shelter 
 to an enemy, I therefore order d to pull them down, I also order d to 
 fill up the other Staccades where open. Provincial Stores. I Wall 
 Piece, 14 G d Muskets, 4 Wants Repair, 16 Cartootch Boxes, filled with 
 Powder and Lead, 28 Ibs. Powder, 30 Ibs. Lead. 10 Axes, I Broad 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 2 8l 
 
 s. d. . 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 9 18 9 
 
 To Bethlehem Tavern for sundries deliv d y e 
 
 Indian messengers, Jo Peepy and 
 
 Lewis Montour. (See Voucher i).... I 2 5 
 
 For sundries deliv d John Smalling and his 
 
 wife, and George Hays and his wife. 
 
 (See Voucher 2) 825^ 
 
 " sundries deliv d Nicodemus and family, 
 Nathanael and family, Joel and family, 
 Ruth and 2 children, &c. (See 
 
 Voucher s] 9 19 \y 2 
 
 To Bethlehem Store for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher 4) I 17 5 
 
 96 15 4 # 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 I. 
 
 COPY OF Jo PEEPY S* RECEIPT, JANY 14, 1757. 
 The expenses of Jo Peepy and Lewis Mon- 
 tourf at Bethlehem Tavern, when they 
 
 Axe, 26 Tomhawks, 28 Blankets, 3 Drawing Knives, 3 Spliting Knives, 
 2 Adses, 2 Saws, I Brass Kettle. 
 
 " JAS. YOUNG, 
 
 " Comissy- Genl. of ye Musters. 
 
 "July 2nd, 1756." 
 
 The old fort stood on the property of the daughters of the late Dr. 
 Samuel Stokes, in the borough of Stroudsburg. 
 
 * Jo Peepy, having duly repented of his secession from the English, 
 espouses their cause, is appointed envoy extraordinary in the Pro 
 vincial service, next assistant interpreter, and leaves the stage of his 
 tory under the more dignified appellation of Mr. Joseph Peepy. 
 
 f Lewis Montour, a Mohawk, younger brother of Andrew, was 
 occasionally employed by Government in the capacity of a messenger. 
 In 1 754 he resided near Aucquick Old Town, where Weisser com 
 plained of his disturbing the Indians by bringing liquor to them. 
 " They cannot help buying and drinking it," reports the interpreter, 
 
282 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 were sent by y e Governor to y e Indians, 
 deliv d to us by Ephraim Colver,* as wit 
 ness his hand. 
 To a pint wine 
 
 " a pint wine 
 
 " a supper 
 
 " a quart cydar 
 
 " a pint wine 
 
 " 3 drains to give y e Indians for stringing 
 wampoms 
 
 " a breakfast 
 
 " a pint of mumf 
 
 " a dinner 
 
 " a half pint of wine 
 
 " a supper 
 
 " a half pint of wine 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 when they see it, and Lewis sells it very dear to them, and pretends 
 that his wife, which is a ugly squaw, does it." 
 
 On the 1 2th of January these worthies arrived at Bethlehem from 
 Philadelphia. They were on their way to the Mohawk country, 
 whither they had been dispatched by George Croghan, Deputy Agent 
 to Sir \Vm. Johnson (His Majesty s sole Agent and Superintendent 
 of the affairs of the Six Nations, their allies, and dependents), with an 
 invitation to the Susquehanna Indians, at Otsaningo, and to Teedyus- 
 cung, at Diahoga, to meet him in Conference at Harris Ferry, in the 
 spring. Nathaniel accompanied them. This embassy led to the 
 Treaty held at Lancaster in May of 1757, at which the Mohawks, 
 Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Tuscaroras were represented, and 
 which a few Senecas, Nanticokes, and Delawares attended. As 
 Teedyuscung failed to appear, and as the representation of the Senecas 
 was incomplete, no business of importance was transacted. 
 
 * Ephraim Colver, born July, 1717, in Quittopehilla, deceased at 
 Bethlehem, March, 1775. 
 
 f A sort of strong beer, so named for one Christian Mumme, who 
 first brewed it in 1492. Originally introduced from Brunswick, in 
 * Germany, and hence often called Brunswick mum. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 283 
 
 d. 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 10 4 
 
 To a hot dram 6 
 
 " 2 drams in y e morning 8 
 
 " abreakfast I 
 
 " a pint of wine I 
 
 " a breakfast for Nathanael who went with 
 
 them 6 
 
 " breakfast for Nicodemus and his son, on 
 
 their account I 
 
 " 2 nights lodgings 8 
 
 " keeping 2 horses 2 days on hay and oats 4 6 
 
 " a quart rum and y e bottle I II 
 
 " one dram 4 
 
 His 
 
 Jo X PEEPY. 
 mark. 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 For sundries deliv d John Smalling* who had 
 y e small Pox and his wife, and George 
 Hays and his wife, from y e 27 Nov., 1756, 
 to y e 1 8 Jany, 1757, per order of Mr. Hors- 
 field, viz.: s. d. 
 
 181 Ibs. bread, @ i^d. 18 io 
 
 38 Ibs. beef, @ 2*&d. 7 n 
 
 i Ib. butter 6 
 
 I bush. Indian corn 2 
 
 ^ do. white meal, @ 4^ 3 6 
 
 Carr d forw d I 12 
 
 * Quaere John Swalling, a grandson of Teedyuscung, who had 
 been in attendance at Easton during the first treaty ? George Hays, 
 one of Teedyuscung s Delawares. 
 
2 g 4 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Bro*forw d ................................ I 12 9 
 
 2 fouls for Jno. Smalling, @ 6d. .......... I 
 
 2^ bush 3 turnops, @ 8</. ................... I 8 
 
 I qt. linseed oil ................................ I 
 
 i l /i gall, cydar, @ u ........................ I 3 
 
 % \b. of sope .................................. 2 
 
 I earthen pot .................................. 4 
 
 Cash" advanc d George Hays ................. I 6 
 
 Mends a gun for do. ................. 4 
 
 do. a saddle for do. ................. 14 
 
 Medicines deliv d to do. and bleeding ..... 3 6 
 
 Visits and medicines deliv d Jno. Smal 
 ling and for incisions and dressing of 
 above 10 impostunes ...................... 2 10 9 
 
 A coffin for John Smalling .................. 10 
 
 Burying of him* .............................. 10 
 
 For attending y e above Indians each day 
 from y e 1 8 Nov r to inst., being 6 1 
 days, @ 6d. per day ....................... I 10 6 
 
 2 5X 
 
 3- 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 Jan. 21. For sundries deliv d Nicodemus and family, 
 Joelf and family, Ruth and 2 children, 
 &c., 22 in number, since y e 22 d Nov r . last, 
 viz.: s. d. 
 
 802 Ibs. bread, @ i%d ..................... 436^ 
 
 150 Ibs. beef, @ 2}d. ....................... I II 3 
 
 10^2 bush 5 Indian corn, @ 2s ............. I n 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 * In the grave-yard tha*t had been laid out on the south side of the 
 Lehigh, on the hill west of" The Crown" (in 1747)* for the interment 
 of persons attached to the Brethren residing in Saucon Township. 
 
 f Joel, a Delaware, formerly of Gnadenhutten. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 285 
 
 *- d. 
 
 1757. Bro 4 forw d 7 5 9^ 
 
 Jan. 21. For 6 Ibs. white meal, @ \]^d. 7^ 
 
 35 galls, milk, @ 6</. 17 6 
 
 19 do. @ &/ (being new and 
 
 very scarce] 12 8 
 
 9 quarts salt I 6 l / 2 
 
 i pintbeer 2 
 
 i^ bush 5 turnops, @ 8</. 10 
 
 " attends ye above families, each day since 
 ye 22 d Nov. last, being 60 days, @ 6</. 
 
 per day I 10 
 
 9 J 9 J K 
 
 4- 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem Store, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 For sundries, viz.: 
 
 3 yds. linnen and thread for y e Indian s. d. 
 
 George Hays for a shirt 9 2 
 
 " 4 quires cartridge paper for Capt. Arndt I 8 
 
 " 2 yds. Osnaburgs for Jo Peepy to make 
 
 abagg 3 4 
 
 " I knife, 7 flints, and mak a handker 
 chief for do 2 6 
 
 " 2y z yds. linnen and thread for a shroud 
 to bury y e deceased Indian, John 
 
 Smalling 9 6 
 
 " gunsmith s work for Capt. Arndt s com 
 pany ii 3 
 
 i 17 5 
 
2 86 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 VI. ACCOUNT DELIVD YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILA. BY WM. CHRIS 
 TOPHER SCHMALING,* DATED YE II APRIL, 1757. 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 April 1 1. For sundries deliv d 82 Indians in Bethle 
 hem, since y e 21 Jan? last, viz.: s - d 
 
 4725 Ibs. bread, @ i X^ 2 4 I2 2 X 
 
 426^ Ibs. beef, @ ^d. 644^ 
 
 109 Ibs. bacon, @ ^d 2 5 5 
 
 232 galls, milk, @ 6d 5 l6 
 
 I bush 1 salt 5 
 
 I2.y 2 gall 5 of sope, @ is 12 6 
 
 4 do. linseed oil for lamps, @ 45-... 16 
 
 25 bush ls Indian corn, @ 2s. 6d. 326 
 
 A coffin for Jno. Peter,f who died of y e 
 
 smallpox i 
 
 Do. for his child 5 
 
 44 8 ii3/ 
 
 For storage^ of the Province provisions for 
 use of y e Provincial troops in the 
 
 years 1755 and 1756 5 
 
 Jany. 26. " sundries deliv d y e Indians opposite 
 
 Bethlehem, viz.: 
 
 " medicine and attendance on Capt. Harris 
 and another Indian^ when going 
 
 Carr d forw d 49 8 "; 
 
 * William C. Schmaling was on board the Brethren s snow " Irene" 
 when she was taken by a French privateer in November of 1757. On 
 his arrival at Dinan, Bretagne, in March of 1758, he wrote a narra 
 tive of her capture. 
 
 f Served as hospital steward to the Indians at Bethlehem. Buried 
 in the old Moravian grave-yard. 
 
 J Principally during the time of Franklin s halt, preparatory to his 
 moving on the frontier. 
 
 g " Tokayiendisery was very sick when we left Easton. We brought 
 him along in the wagon. I desired Mr. Otto, the Doctor in Bethle- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 287 
 
 . d. 
 
 1757. Bro forwd 49 8 
 
 Jany. 26. through Bethlehem to Fort Allen, from 
 
 y e last Treaty 2 
 
 N. B. This charge was entered in 
 y e last acct. (included in the 17^. 6d.} 
 but not allowed, because it was by a mis 
 take said to be deliv d at Easton, whereas 
 it was deliv d at Bethlehem. 
 For sundries deliv d to 59 Indians, viz., 16 
 men, 21 women, and 22 children, 
 since y e 21 Jany last, of which 23 re 
 turned to y e Indian country* at 
 sundry times, viz.: 
 
 Carr d forw d 49 II 
 
 hem, to come and see him. The Doctor believed he would get the 
 Small Pox, and advised him to remain, but we could not prevail on 
 him. When we came to the Fort he was most gone, but would not 
 stay. His companions begged of me to get a horse for him to ride on, 
 and they would return it in the spring. I could not refuse them any 
 longer, they having requested three or four times. I bought a horse, 
 saddle, and bridle for him, for Five Pounds. After all the sick man 
 could not ride on horseback, so the Indians made a litter, but I believe 
 he will never see his own country again." Weissers Journey from 
 Easton to Fort Allen, November, 1756. 
 
 * All from Diahoga. Solomon and Zaccheus, formerly of Gnaden- 
 hiitten. "February 26, 1757. There arrived Zaccheus and wife, 
 Solomon, wife and child, 3 women and 5 children. One woman and 
 child came some days before. Part of them returned to the Indian 
 country the 1st of March, and the rest the 4th, excepting 2 women and 
 4 children, which Zaccheus desired might stay in Bethlehem till the 
 King comes. These women and children I sent over the water to the 
 other Indians." Horsfield to Governor Denny. Bethlehem, March 
 
 14, 1757- 
 
 March 22, 1757. "Ten Indians," writes the Diarist, "arrived from 
 Diahoga. They were lodged over the water, where there are at present 
 upward of 30. They brought the intelligence that 100 of the Six Na 
 tions were come down to Shamokin in company with Peepy and Mon- 
 
288 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757- Bro 1 forw d 49 n 53 
 
 Jany. 26. For I Indian corn hoe for Solomon 3 
 
 Steeling a tomehacke for Zaccheus i 6 
 
 Shoeing Zaccheus horse I 6 
 
 Leather for mends shoes, deli v d Solomon, 
 Zaccheus, &c., who went to y e Indian 
 
 country y e 4 March last 3 6 
 
 1550 Ibs. bread, @ i %d. 8 I 5 
 
 479 Ibs. beef, @ ^ l / 2 d. (being scarce and 
 
 dear} 6 19 8 
 
 3 6 X S alls milk, @ 6d. 18 3 
 
 ^ hundred fine flower 3 
 
 2^ bush 5 of beans, @ p. 6d. 8 9 
 
 " building a wigwam for 10 Indians that 
 came y e 22 d March last, pr. order of 
 
 Mr. Horsfield i 10 
 
 " sundries deliv d these 10, viz., 3 men, 6 
 women, and I child, pr. order of Mr. 
 Horsfield : 
 
 Mar. 22. " 4 gills rum I 4 
 
 supper for y e i o 3 4 
 
 2 quarts beer 8 
 
 23. " breakfast for y e i o 3 4 
 
 2 quarts beer and 2 gills rum i 4 
 
 2 " cydar and I gill " i 
 
 28. " sundries deliv d to Mr. George Schanzen- 
 bach, who came with them to Bethle 
 hem i 10 
 
 31. " sundries deliv d 8 Indians,* viz., 3 
 men, 2 women, and 3 children, that 
 
 Carr d forw d 68 14 
 
 tour, on their way to Harris Ferry." At this time 30 acres of land 
 were allowed the Indians at " The Crown," to put to corn and beans 
 toward their support. 
 
 * Amos and John Jacob, sons of the King, Jo Evans and wife, and 
 Christiana and three children, returned from Diahoga. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 289 
 
 J. d. 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 68 14 n^ 
 
 Mar. 31. came y e 3 I st March, per order of Mr. 
 
 Horsfield, viz.: 
 
 F r YZ gill rum an( l l pint cydar 4 
 
 2 gills rum 8 
 
 supper for 7 Indians... 2 4 
 
 2 q ts of beer 8 
 
 April I. " breakfast for 2 Indians I 2 
 
 " supper and pint of beer for y e soldier 
 
 that came with them 8 
 
 2 - " ^ gill of rum for do 2 
 
 " breakfast for do 4 
 
 " dinner and pint of cydar, deliv d Na- 
 thanael, who went with Jo Peepy to 
 y e Indians in Diahoga when he came 
 
 came back 8 
 
 6. " supper for 4 Indians who came y e 6 
 
 April 2 
 
 " breakfast, &c., supper and I gill rum 
 
 for y e soldier that came with them.... I 4 
 
 " attends y e Indians each day from y e 21 
 Janv to y e 1 1 April, being 80 days, @ 
 
 6d. per day 2 
 
 9. " an express* to his Honor y e Governor, 
 
 at the desire of Maj. Parsons I 5 5 
 
 " fire wood, since November last 2 10 
 
 Feb. 18. " cash p d y e Indian man Elias, for his gun 
 lent y e Irish settlement people in No 
 vember, 1755, which is lost, pr. order 
 
 of Mr. Horsfield 2 5 
 
 " cash p d an Indian that brought a prisonerf 
 
 to Easton, per order of do i 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 78 13 
 
 * With a letter informing the Governor of the restoration of a cap 
 tive. 
 
 f " This is to acquaint your Worship that the day before yesterday, 
 arrived here four Indians from Susquehanna, above Diahoga, and have 
 
2 9 o ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757- Bro 1 forw d 78 13 10 
 
 Feb. 18. To Bethlehem Tavern for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher i) 4 14 2 
 
 " Apothecary and Surgeon of Bethlehem 
 
 (See Voucher 2) 12 6 
 
 " y e Locksmith of Bethlehem. (See 
 
 Voucher 1 ^) 16 4 
 
 " Bethlehem Store, for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher^) 494 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 I. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem Tavern, Dr. 
 1757. s. d. 
 
 Jan. 28. For keeping Jo Peepy s* horse from y e 13 to 
 
 y e 28 Jany, being 15 days II 8 
 
 " expences sends ye horse to Phila 5 
 
 " sundries deliv d to 15 Indians, viz.: 2 
 
 Carr d forw d .... 1 6 
 
 brought one white prisoner, whose name is Nicholas Ramston ; he was 
 taken at the same time that Christian Pember was killed." Maj. 
 Arndt to Maj. Parsons, Fort Allen, April 5/7/, 1757. Christian 
 Boemper was a son of Abraham Boemper, of Bethlehem. Was mar 
 ried to one of Frederic Hoeth s daughters, living on Head s Creek, 
 and was killed in a running fight with the Indians at that place in 
 January of 1756. 
 
 " I imagined it would not be disagreeable to your Honour, to hear 
 that the Indians had restored another of their captives. The person now 
 returned is a young German, and was taken prisoner about 15 months 
 ago by some of Teedyuscung s party. He states that the Indians used 
 him pretty roughly at first." Parsons to Governor Denny, April 8, 
 
 1757- 
 
 * During his absence with Montour in the Indian country. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 291 
 
 * d. 
 
 Brotforwd 16 8 
 
 men, 7 women, and 6 children that 
 came from y e Indian country y e 25 and 
 26 Febry last, per order of Mr. Hors- 
 1757. field, viz.: 
 
 Feb. 23. For I supper and 2 qts. beer and I gill rum 2 
 
 26. " I breakfast for 3, I qt beer and I gill 
 
 rum i 8 
 
 Keeping a horse on hay and oats I 
 
 3 gills of rum, a supper and 2 qts. beer 
 
 for 2 men, 5 women, and 6 children.. 5 6 
 
 27. " i do. do. to y e 2 men 4 
 
 I dinner and 2 gills of rum for them all 5 1 1 
 
 i supper for them all 4 6 
 
 28. " 2 gills of rum in y e morning for do 8 
 
 I breakfast and dinner for them all 9 9 
 
 I qt. beer and 2 gills rum I 
 
 i supper for 2 men, 7 women, and 3 
 
 children 3 9 
 
 March i. " 2 gills of rum in y e morning 8 
 
 Breakfast for 12 and dinner for them all 9 3 
 Supper for i man, 5 women, and 2 chil 
 dren 2 6 
 
 2. " Breakfast for 7 and supper for 6 women 
 
 and 2 children 4 IO 
 
 3. " I gill of rum, and I quart of beer 
 
 Breakfast for I man, 6 women, and 2 
 
 children 2 10 
 
 Dinner and supper for do 6 3 
 
 4. " Breakfast for 9 3 
 
 3 gills of rum and i qt. beer for those 
 
 that went away i 4 
 
 4 14 2 
 
292 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 2. 
 Province of Pennsil a to Apothecary and Surgeon of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 Feb. 28. For sundries, viz.: s. d. 
 
 " Bleeding Zaccheus and his wife 2 
 
 " do. an Indian woman i 
 
 Mar. i. " Medicines and bleeding Nicodemus and 
 
 his wife 2 6 
 
 23. " do. and do. the Indian woman Sisinhahs 2 
 
 24. " drawing a tooth of Nicodemus son I 
 
 " curing Mr. George Schanzenbach s arm, 
 
 one of Capt. Arndt s compy, per his 
 
 order charg d to ye Province 4 
 
 12 6 
 
 3- 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Locksmith of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 Feb. 1 8. For sundries, viz.: s. d. 
 
 " gun flints deliv d to Capt. Arndt i 4 
 
 " mending 5 provincial gun locks for do.. 15 
 
 10 
 
 4- 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to Bethlehem Store, Dr. 
 1757- 
 
 March I. For sundries deliv d Solomon Mashelamakee 
 and others, per order of Mr. Horsfield, 
 viz.: s. d. 
 
 1 blanket, @ 15^. and 2 do., @ I2s i 19 
 
 5 yd s Osnaburgs, @ I*. *]d. 7 1 1 
 
 2 Ibs. sope, I qt. salt, and I Ib. powder.. 5 2 
 
 3 Ibs. lead, 3 Ibs. shot and tobacco... 4 10 
 
 I snuff box, \o>d. I oz. snuff, ^d. butter 
 
 and pipes 2 9 
 
 Carr d forw d 2 19 8 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS, 
 
 293 
 
 1 7 r 7 
 
 
 
 Bro 1 forw d 2 
 
 IQ 
 
 8 
 
 March I. 
 
 For I 3 gall n cagg, $s. and I quart molassis 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 
 2 yds. Osnaburgs, @ is. yd. 2 Ibs to- 
 
 4 
 
 IO 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 ^j- 
 April i. 
 
 Gun flints deliv d Capt. Arndt and butter 
 for Amos y e Indian 
 
 18 
 
 1 1 
 
 9- 
 
 I Ib. butter for Tomechy returning to 
 Fort Allen 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 VII. ACCOUNT DELIVD TO Y E COMMISSIONERS PR. WM. EDMONDS, 
 DAT D 28 MAY, 1757. 
 
 Province of Pennsil a to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- J. 
 
 April II. To an acct. deliv d 91 i 
 
 1 6. For an express to Easton to carry a packett 
 which came from Col. Weisser for 
 Maj. Parsons on his Majesty s service 5 
 
 " sundry provisions sent 
 to Fort Allen, pr. or 
 der of Maj. Parsons,* 
 viz.: s. d. 
 
 8 loaves of bread, wt. 
 
 131 Ibs. @ iX 13 7^ 
 
 200 Ibs. of gammons, @ 
 
 Stint- 4 II 8 
 
 8 bushl 5 Indian corn 
 
 meal, @ 3,5-. 6d I 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 91 6 II 
 
 * To feed the Indians who were coming in to the treaty appointed 
 for Lancaster. 
 
294 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 > s. d. s. d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 91 6 
 
 April 1 6. For 12 cwt. 4 qr. I Ib. meal, 
 
 @ IO.T. pr. cwt 627 
 
 As per receipt of Anto- 
 nius MUller. (See 
 Voucher I.) 
 " 2 large sacks for y e 
 
 bread and gammons.. 7 
 
 " carriage of the above to 
 
 Fort Allen I 16 
 
 1 8. " an express from Mr. 
 Horsfield to Maj. Par 
 sons 5 
 
 15 3 
 22. " do. to Philadelphia, with letters to his 
 
 Honor y e Governor, concerning y e 
 murdering by y e enemy Indians* I 5 
 
 Carr d forw d 107 15 
 
 * Captain John Van Etten s letter to Major Parsons, dated Fort 
 Hamilton, April 21, 1757. "I am sorry to inform you," he writes, 
 " of what hapened sins I sa you last on the 20 day of this instant, aftei 
 I came to Fort Hammelton, about two a clock, and as I made all the 
 hast I could to Fort Hyndshaw, about one a clock at night an express 
 came to me that a man was ciled and scalped at Fort Hammelton, 
 which I found to be tru, and had the man burried the 21 of this in 
 stant. Pray, sir, consider my afairs, as I am but weake now, and all 
 the neighbors about the Fort is mounted in the Fort, which I compel d 
 to stan santriey next the soldiers tel forther orders ; pray, sir, excuse 
 haste." John Van Etten was commissioned a captain in the 1st Batt. 
 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, April 19, 1756. 
 
 See deposition of John Williamson, Penna. Archives, vol. iii. p. 139, 
 concerning " Andreas Gundryman whom the Indians pursued with 
 their Tomhocks and murdered him very barbarously, scalping him 
 quite to the eyes." Also deposition of one Michael Roup, " a man 
 well known and worthy of credit," who reported Peter Soan and 
 Christian Klein, "killed by a bullet and Tamehacks," near Philip 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 5. 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 107 15 
 
 April 28. For medicine sent Capt. Arndt, pr. his order. 
 
 (See Voucher 2) I 7 
 
 " sundries paid for, & de- 
 liv d to y e Indian mes 
 sengers, Nathanael & 
 Zacharias,* per order 
 of Mr. Horsfield, viz.: 
 
 " an express to Easton to 
 Maj. Parsons for a 
 guard for them with 
 the Governor s mes- s. d. 
 sage to Tattiwaskund 5 
 
 " making a hatchet for 
 
 them 2 
 
 " shoeing a horse for Jere 
 miah Trexler, who 
 went with them at 
 the request of Maj. 
 Parsons I 6 
 
 " a gun for Nathanael I 15 
 
 " hire of 2 men & I 
 horse for accompany 
 ing them to Haysf.... 6 
 
 295 
 
 Carr d forw d in 13 
 
 Bozart s house, seven miles from Fort Hamilton. Col, Records, vol. 
 viii. p. 492. 
 
 * Zacharias, a son of Nicodemus, formerly of Gnadenhlitten, and 
 Nathaniel had been dispatched by Deputy Croghan to acquaint Teedy- 
 uscung with the impatience of the Indian deputies met at Harris s 
 Ferry, at his prolonged absence. They set out from Bethlehem May 4. 
 
 f John Hays kept a public house on the road from Bethlehem to 
 Gnadenhutten on the Mahoning, which road had been laid out in 1747, 
 it being urged by the petitioners " that many inhabitants of this and the 
 neighboring Provinces have frequent occasion of going beyond the 
 
296 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Ere* forw d ill 13 
 
 April 28. For Jno. Hays acct. at the desire of Tim^ 
 
 Horsfield I I 
 
 May 5. " mending a gun left by an Indian at y e 
 
 first treaty. (See Voucher $} 2 
 
 23. " an express to Easton with letters to Maj. 
 
 Parsons 5 
 
 27. To y e Store, for sundries. (See Voucher 4). 8 4 5j 
 " the Tavern for sundries deliv d to sundry 
 Indians since y e 1 1 April. (See 
 
 Voucher 5) 5 I 3 
 
 For sundries deliv d ye In 
 dians opposite Beth 
 lehem since 1 1 April, 
 viz.: s. d. 
 
 1705 Ibs. of bread, @, 
 
 *%d 8 17 7 X 
 
 49^ Ibs. of beef, @ 
 
 3X^ 7 3 4X 
 
 27 bush 3 Indian corn, @ 
 
 2s.6d.... 3 7 6 
 
 20 Ibs. veal, @ id. 3 4 
 
 20 Ibs. of gammons, @ 
 
 $y 2 9 2 
 
 1 60 galls, of milk, @ 6d. 4 
 
 Carr d forw d 128 4 9 
 
 Blue Mountain to Mahoning Creek and to the Healing Waters lying 
 not far from thence." Hays tavern-stand was Mr. Jacob Fatzinger s 
 place, in Weaversville, East Allen Township, seven miles northwest 
 of Bethlehem. Weisser tells us that on his return from the second 
 conference at Easton he " dined at one Hays , the Indians and soldiers 
 upon cold beef and sider, Ueedjoskon and four or five more with me. 
 The Indian account came to fifteen shillings and threepence. The 
 landlord has other accounts of the same nature against the Province." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 . . 
 
 1757. Bro forwd ............ 128 4 9 
 
 May 27. For i^$ bush 5 white meal, 
 
 @<4* ..................... 6 
 
 j>f( bush ls salt, @ $s ..... 3 
 
 Y% do. beans, @ 4^ .. 
 i# Ibs. butter, @ 6</... 
 Steeling an ax ............ 2 
 
 24 13 
 attending the Indians .each day from y e 
 
 1 1 April to y e 27 May, being 46 days 
 
 @ 6d. per day i 3 
 
 building another wigwam for y e Indians 
 
 over y e water 2 
 
 mending a gun for y e Indian Hendrick 
 
 Quomon* pr. order of Mr. Horsfield 5 
 
 repairing a gun for y e Ind n Samy Evans, 
 
 pr. order of Maj. Parsons I 13 
 
 158 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, y e 16 April, 1757. 
 
 A list of sundry provisions sent up from Bethlehem to Fort 
 Allen for the use of the Indians coming down to the Treaty, 
 by order of William Parsons, Esq., 
 
 viz.: 
 
 * Captain Henry Quamash, a Delaware of Teedyuscung s company 
 who lay sick at Bethlehem from the second treaty at Easton to Oc 
 tober of 1760. Before setting out for the Indian country, in that 
 month, he addressed a letter to Governor Hamilton, expressive of his 
 gratitude for the kind attention and care he had experienced from the 
 Government, and also from the Brethren at Bethlehem. " In particu 
 lar," he writes, " I am thankful to Mr. Horsfield for his great love to 
 ward me, for the horse, the blankets, stockings and hat, and meal and 
 medicines he has given me to take with me." 
 
 20 
 
298 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Two hundred pound of gammons. 
 Eight bushels of Indian corn meal. 
 Ten loafes of bread. 
 
 Thirteen hundred seventy-three pound of flower. 
 15 new Osnabrigs bags. 
 2 large sacks, with the bread and bacon. 
 
 Rec d the above particulars by Bethlehem wagon, by the hands 
 of Paal Christian Stouber,* by me, 
 
 ANTONIUS MULLER. 
 
 2. 
 Province of Pensilvania to Apothecary of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 April 28. For medicines deliv d Capt. Arndt, per his 
 
 order: , s. d. 
 
 To 10 oz. empl. ad rupt 5 
 
 " 6 " " de minio 4 
 
 " 14 " ungt. basilic I 8 
 
 " 3>2 " spirit, rectific 2 
 
 " 2 " " terebinth I 
 
 " 2 " balsam vulne 4 
 
 " i " camphor 3 6 
 
 " i " pulv. antispasm 2 6 
 
 i " " lax., 4 dos 4 
 
 FRED* OTTO.f 
 
 * Paul Christian Stauber, from Frankfort-on-the-Main. Came to 
 Bethlehem with Henry Jorde s colony of young men, on the Irene, 
 in June of 1750. Removed to North Carolina in 1767. Descendants 
 are living there. 
 
 | John Frederic and his wife, Maria Otto, came to Bethlehem in 
 November of 1743, with the second "Sea Congregation," on the 
 "Little Strength." He was apothecary and druggist for "The 
 Family." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 299 
 
 Province of Pensilvania, Dr. 
 1757- s. d. 
 
 April. To new stocking a rifle gun 12 
 
 . " new brass mounting for rifle gun 12 
 
 " a bullet mold for " 3 
 
 " a screw and drawer for " 2 
 
 " new boreing the barrell (rifle fashion)... 6 
 
 " cleaning " " outside I 6 
 
 " a new trigger I 6 
 
 " cleaning the lock and 2 screws, &c 2 
 
 N.B. The gun was ordered to be mended the first Treaty held 
 at Easton, and left by an Indian under the care of Wm. Edmonds, 
 who had the late Governor Morris order for that amongst other 
 things to send them well satysfy d away, and since mended, but 
 not charged till now by me, 
 
 Witness, DAN^ KLIEST, 
 
 WM. EDMONDS. Locksmith at 
 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 4- 
 Province of Pensilvania, to Bethlehem Store, Dr. 
 
 1757. For sundries deliv d , viz.: 
 April 13. For butter and mending a gun for y e Indian, 
 
 Tapescawen* and his companion mes- s. d. 
 sengers from Tadiuskund I 4 
 
 Carr d forw d ... I 4. 
 
 * Tapescawen or Tapeuscung, alias Samuel, Teedyuscung s coun? 
 selor, had arrived from Diahoga with two messages from the King to 
 Maj. Parsons. The communications were forwarded to him and de 
 livered in presence of the Moravian Indian Paul. The King, they 
 stated, was preparing to come down, and with him were coming chiefs 
 of the Six Nations. He had been far back in their country, and so 
 had been detained. See page 366. 
 
3 oo ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d ................................ I 4 
 
 April 1 8. For 29 y ds Osnabrigs for bags, to carry pro 
 
 visions, @ is. 6d. ......................... 236 
 
 " thread, and cash pd. for making do ...... 4 6 
 
 25. " i Ib. butter, deliv d do ........................ 6 
 
 26. " butter and bread, del d Tadiuskund s and 
 
 Nutimus s sons* ........................... I 
 
 28. " 100 oil flints deliv d Cap n Arnclt for his 
 
 compy ......................................... 8 
 
 May i. " pipes and tobacco for y e Indian mes 
 
 senger from Lancasterf ................... 10 
 
 4. " sundries deliv d Nathanael and Zacharias, 
 messengers, for their journey to Way- 
 omick and Diaogu,^ pr. order of Mr. 
 Horsfield, viz.: 
 
 Carr d forw d 2 19 
 
 * Old Nutimus was a well-known chief of the Fork Delawares, and 
 their representative at the Treaty in Philadelphia in July of 1742, at 
 which Canassatego rib-roasted them well, and then bade them be off 
 and out of the Forks, subject to a heavy penalty if they were recusant. 
 Isaac, his son, reported to Justice Horsfield that ten days previously he 
 had left a place 30 miles above Diahoga, and had met French and In 
 dians coining down on the frontiers with intent to murder. " On 
 asking him and Amos, Teedyuscung s son, why they did not catch the 
 rogues," writes Horsfield to Parsons, " they made no answer, only 
 smiled." 
 
 f A Mohawk, who had come to Bethlehem, escorted by Capt. Wm. 
 Trent, at the request of the Indians at Lancaster, to bring Teedyus- 
 cung and the rest of the Delawares, should they have arrived, to that 
 city. The Sachem delivered his message in the presence of Mr. Hors 
 field to the Indians at " The Crown," who agreed to send a number of 
 their chiefs and some of the women. They set out on the 2d, having 
 left wampum with word for the King to follow with the rest, on his 
 arrival. 
 
 J See note to April 28, in the early part of this Account. " On the 
 5th of May the messengers set out; Bro. Schmick, at his request, 
 having furnished Nathaniel with a Delaware translation of the Gov- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 3 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757- Bro forwd 2 19 8 
 
 May 4. i oz. blew thread, @ 6</., and 2^ y ds 
 
 blew strowds, @ us I 8 
 
 2 tin kettles, @ 2s. 6d., and 500 white 
 
 wampums, @ 2s. -$d. per cent 16 3 
 
 2 ivory combs, do. horn combs 4 4 
 
 6 gun flints and 2 Ibs. gun powder, @ 
 
 3*- 6</. 7 6 
 
 2 Ibs. small shot, @ &/., and 2 knives, 
 
 @ IJ 3 4 
 
 4 Ibs. lead, @ 8</. 2 8 
 
 8 yds. ribbon, @ is. $d., for their stock 
 ings Ir 4 
 
 2 fine pockett books 8 
 
 2 Ibs. butter, @ 6d ! 
 
 2 fine pipe heads, lin d and cover d with 
 
 brass, @ is. $d. 2 6 
 
 I silk handkerchief, @ 6j. 6^/., and 
 
 needles, 2d. 6 8 
 
 5. For I p r sissars and y y d strowds 2 
 
 " 2 pockett bottles, butter and bread 3 
 
 " cash paid for mending Nathanael his 
 
 buckles ^ 
 
 1 6. " i lb. butter, do. sugar, del d Nathanael 
 
 his wife, who being with child, desired 
 
 care might be taken of her in his 
 
 absence, pr. order of Mr. Horsfield... i 
 
 20. " mending a gun lock for Capt" Arndt 
 
 his compy 4 5 
 
 " mending a gun for do i 6 
 
 To I doz. eggs and I lb. sugar, deliv d Na 
 thanael his wife, pr. order of Mr. Hors 
 field. .. 
 
 10 
 
 Errors excepted by 
 
 WM. EDMONDS, 
 
 Store Keeper. 
 
 ernor s message, for committal to memory on the journey." Bethle 
 hem Diarist. 
 
3 02 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 5- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to Bethlehem Tavern, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d to sundry Indians, &c., 
 per order of Mr. Horsfield : 
 
 1757- 
 April 1 2. " breakfast, dinner, and supper deliv d I 
 
 Indian man, I Indian woman, with a s. d. 
 
 soldier of Capt. Arndt s Compy 4 
 
 " 3 > quarts of cydar for do I 2 
 
 " dinner, supper, and breakfast deliv d y e 
 
 Indian Gabriel* I 4 
 
 " I X quart cydar for do 6 
 
 " keeping his horse I night, with hay and 
 
 oats * 
 
 13. " supper and breakfast for 2 Ind. men and 
 
 I boy 2 6 
 
 " 2 gills of rum 
 
 1 6. " dinner 2 times, and supper deliv d 2 In 
 dians 3 
 
 " i qt. cydar 4 
 
 14 6 
 
 " supper and I quart of beer for 2 Indians I 4 
 
 1 8. " breakfast and dinner for 4 do 3 4 
 
 " supper and I quart cydar for 3 do I 10 
 
 19. " breakfast and 2 quarts cydar deliv d 2 
 
 Indians who returned to y e Indian 
 
 country I 4 
 
 " 2 quarts beer for 2 Ind. women and 
 
 2 children 8 
 
 23. " dinner, supper, and breakfast for 3 In 
 dians 4 
 
 " 3 gills of rum and 2 quarts of cydar for 
 
 do.... i 8 
 
 I 4 2 
 
 Carr d forw d i 8 8 
 
 Formerly of Gnadenhutten. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 303 
 
 * *. 
 1757. Bro forwd ................................ I 8 8 
 
 April 23. For supper 2 times, breakfast and dinner for 
 
 2 Indians ..................................... 3 8 
 
 " I quart of beer and I gill of rum ......... 8 
 
 24. " supper and 3 quarts cydar deliv d to do... 2 
 
 25. " breakfast and 2 quarts cydar for do ...... I 4 
 
 " supper and I pint cydar for 2 do .......... I 2 
 
 26. " breakfast and I quart cydar for I do ..... 8 
 " supper and I quart cydar for Zaccheus 
 
 and his wife ................................. I 4 
 
 27. " breakfast and I gill of rum for do ......... I 
 
 " I quart cydar for Nicodemus .............. 4 
 
 12 2 
 
 " supper and 2 gills of rum deliv d Joel, 
 
 Tom Evans, and their mother 2 2 
 
 28. " 2 gills of rum for do. and Zaccheus, &c. 8 
 
 " breakfast and supper for 4 Indians 3 4 
 
 " i quart beer for do 4 
 
 " dinner and supper and I quart cydar, for 
 
 Zaccheus and his wife 2 4 
 
 30. " 2 gills rum for do 8 
 
 " keeping Zaccheus horse 4 days 2 8 
 
 " supper, I gill of rum, and I quart cydar 
 for Tom Evans and his son with the 
 
 soldier 2 2 
 
 May I. " breakfast for 2 of do. and I gill of rum.. I 
 
 " dinner and supper for Tom Evans I 
 
 2. " breakfast and I gill of rum for do......... 8 
 
 " keeping Zaccheus horse 2 days I 4 
 
 " "fa P^t rum f r do. going to Lancaster.. 6 
 " I gill rum for his wife, being not well... 4 
 4. " 3 gills of do. and 2 quarts beer for sun 
 dry Indians I 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 3 10 
 
304 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757- Bro 4 forw d ................................ 3 Jo 
 
 May 4. For supper and breakfast for 2 men, who 
 
 went with y e Indians to Fort Allen.... 2 
 
 " 3 quarts of beer for do ....................... I 
 
 " keeping their horses on hay and oats 2 
 
 nights ........................................ 2 
 
 " breakfast and 2 gills of rum deliv d Na- 
 thanael and Zacharias going with a 
 message from y e Governor to Tattius- 
 kund ....... .................................. i 3 
 
 9. " dinner, supper, and 2 quarts beer deliv d 
 
 Moses Tattamy ............................. ! g 
 
 " supper, I quart beer, and I gill rum for 
 Sam Evans, his wife and 2 children, 
 with a soldier of Capt. Arndt ........... 2 4 
 
 10. " breakfast and I gill of rum for y e soldier 10 
 
 15 4 
 
 " breakfast, dinner, and i gill of rum for 
 
 Sam Evans I 2 
 
 " do. and do. and I do. of do. and I quart 
 
 of beer for Tattamy I 5 
 
 " supper and I quart of beer for do 9 
 
 11. " breakfast, dinner, supper, I gill of rum, 
 
 and i quart of beer for do 2 
 
 12. " breakfast and I gill of rum for do 8 
 
 " keeping his horse 3 days on hay and 
 
 oats 3 6 
 
 17. " dinner, supper, and breakfast deliv d a 
 
 soldier of Capt. Arndt s company i 4 
 
 " I gill of rum and I quart of beer 8 
 
 18. " supper for Tattamy s son 6 
 
 19. " breakfast, supper, and I gill of rum for 
 
 do , 2 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 305 
 
 1757- 
 May 19. For supper and I quart beer deliv d Tattamy, 
 
 Gabriel s wife and 2 children, with a s. d. 
 
 soldier 2 6 
 
 20. " breakfast for Tattamy and the soldier.... 8 
 
 " I quart of beer for do 4 
 
 " breakfast for Tattamy s son 4 
 
 " dinner and supper for Tattamy and his 
 
 son 2 
 
 21. " breakfast and I gill of rum for do i 4 
 
 " dinner and I quart of beer for do I 4 
 
 " keeping Tattamy s horse on hay 2 days.. I 4 
 
 26. " dinner and I gill of rum for Tattamy.... 10 
 
 10 
 
 " supper and I pint beer for do 10 
 
 " dinner and I pint beer for a soldier 8 
 
 27. " I gill of rum, breakfast, dinner, and I 
 
 pint of beer for Tattamy I 4 
 
 " dinner and I qt. of cydar for 2 Indians* 
 
 that came from Lancaster I 4 
 
 4 2 
 
 Sum total 5 J 3 
 
 * On their way to the Susquehanna with a message from Governor 
 Denny to Teedyuscung, containing an account of the proceedings 
 of the treaty held at Lancaster between the I2th and 2oth of May, a 
 promise to redress all grievances, and an invitation for him to come 
 down with his uncles, the Senecas, when it suited his convenience. 
 
306 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 VIII. ACCOUNT DELIVD YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILADELPHIA, PR. 
 W M . EDMONDS, DATED YE 28 MAY, 1757. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757. 
 
 May 27. For sundries deliv d 82 Indians in Bethle 
 hem since II th April last, viz.: s. d. 
 
 2893 Ibs. of bread, @ i^d 15 I 4^ 
 
 484 Ibs. of beef, @ $yd. 7 I 2 
 
 20 Ibs. of gammons, @ ^y^d. 9 2 
 
 93 galls, of milk, @ 6d 266 
 
 73 bush ls of Indian corn, @ 2s. 6d. 9 2 6 
 
 ^2 do. beans, @, 4^ 2 
 
 y 2 do. salt, @ 5-r 2 6 
 
 10 galls, of soft sope, @ U 10 
 
 32^5 gall 5 linseed oil for lamps, @ 4.? 13 6 
 
 35 8 
 
 IX. AN ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS, DATED YE 6 AUGUST, 
 
 1757- 
 
 1757. Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 June 4. For hire of a waggon to Easton with 3 men 
 to guard, do. for carrying powder and 
 lead to do. for the use of y e Province, s. d. 
 
 pr. order of Mr. Horsfield 18 
 
 22. To the tavern for sundries deliv d 1 1 soldiers. 
 
 (See Voucher i) 19 10 
 
 24. For sundries deliv d on acct. of y e Ind n mes 
 senger, pr. order of Mr. Horsfield. (See 
 
 Voiccher 2) 6 12 7^ 
 
 July 12. To Bethlehem Store for 20 Ibs. gun powder 
 for the use of Capt n Wetherhold s com 
 pany, @ 3-r. 6., pr. order of Capt. Arndt. 
 (See Voucher^} 3 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 12 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 307 
 
 * <* 
 1757. Bro 4 forw d ................................ 12 5^ 
 
 July 12. To I cask for do .................................... 2 
 
 For sundries deliv d Jo Peepy and Hugh 
 
 Crawfford. (See Voucher 4) .............. 4 17 2 
 
 For medicines, &c. &c.,for Capt" Harris, &c. 
 
 (1s>tt Voucher $} ................................ I 18 
 
 29. To Bethlehem Store for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher 6) ...................................... 9 7 
 
 Aug. I. For sundries deliv d on acct. of y e Indians 
 coming and going to and from Fort 
 Allen, pr. order of Mr. Horsfield. (See 
 Voucher 7) ...................................... 6 
 
 " stocking and repairing, &c., sundry guns, 
 
 &c. (See Voucher %) ........................ 946 
 
 5. To the Tavern for sundries deliv d y e Indians 
 coming from and going to Fort Allen, pr. 
 order of Mr. Horsfield. (See Voucher 9) 29 17 6 
 For sundries deliv d y e Indians opposite 
 Bethlehem, since y e 27 last May. (See 
 Voucher 10) ..................................... 26 14 
 
 91 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 I. 
 
 Bill of fare for eleven soldiers at Bethlehem 
 1757. Tavern, June 21 and 22, 1757 : s. d. 
 
 June 21. For supper for do. @ 6d 5 6 
 
 " 5 quarts beer I 8 
 
 22. " breakfast for do., @ 6d 5 6 
 
 " dinner for do., and 5 quarts beer 7 2 
 
 19 10 
 
 N.B. The Insign is included, and came with the soldiers to have 
 their arms repaired at Bethlehem. 
 
 Received the above for myself and 10 men at s d tavern, pr. 
 
 JACOB SCHNEIDER,* Insign. 
 
 * Jacob Schneider, commissioned Ensign in Capt. Arndt s company, 
 ist Battalion Pennsylvania Regiment, May 19, 1756. 
 
308 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d y e Indians messengers, 
 Nathanael, Zacharias, and Paul,* pr. 
 1757. order of Mr. Horsfield : 
 
 May 28. For 15^ Ibs. of bacon, deliv 1 them for their 
 
 journey to Diaogu (omitted in last ac- s. 
 
 count], @ $yd. 7 
 
 June 4. " soling and mending Zaccheus shoes 2 
 
 1 6. " an express to Easton with letters to Maj. 
 
 Parsons on the Province service 5 
 
 24. " hire of 2 men 6 days for going with them 
 to Phila a , and staying for them there, 
 
 @ 3 s. per day each i 16 
 
 " cash paid for hire of 5 horses i n 
 
 " cash paid for expenses on the road 2 1 1 
 
 6 12 
 
 * On the 1 8th of June the first two reached Bethlehem on their re 
 turn, with the intelligence that the King would be in the settlements 
 within eight days. They set out on the 2ist for Philadelphia to report 
 to the Governor. In a letter to Deputy Croghan, under date of June 
 23, the Governor writes : " The messengers, Nathaniel and Zacharias, 
 are returned with an answer that Teedyuscung was one hundred miles 
 above Diahoga, that he had been very diligent in performing the several 
 matters he undertook at Easton, that he was exceedingly glad to receive 
 my message, and would set out about eight days after the messengers. He 
 may be expected here about the first week in July, or perhaps he may 
 come sooner. I give you this notice by the express, desiring you will 
 order your matters so as to have time enough to attend the treaty, 
 which I will not open unless you be present. Teedyuscung desires I 
 should be ready, and not detain him longer than is absolutely neces 
 sary." 
 
 Paul had accompanied Tapeuscu ng , June 1st, on his return to the 
 King, with a reply from Government. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 309 
 
 3- 
 JACOB ARNDT S ORDER, &c., DRAWN ON TIMOTHY HORSFIELD, c., 
 
 ON ACCT. OF YE PROVINCE. 
 
 July II, 1757. 
 MR. HORSFIELD : 
 
 SIR, Lieut. Wetherhold hath desired me to write an order that 
 you might be pleased to send with the Bearer hereof, Peter Reg, 
 Twenty Pounds of Powder and Sixty Pounds of Lead, for the use of 
 Lieut. Wetherhold s men. I hope you will oblige your Friend. 
 I am your hble. servant, 
 
 JACOB ARNDT. 
 
 MR. EDMONDS : 
 
 Please let the Bearer, Peter Reg, have 20 Ibs. powder, and charge 
 it to the Province account. 
 
 I am yours, 
 
 TIMY. HORSFIELD. 
 
 BETHM., July n, 1757. 
 
 Reed of Wm. Edmonds of Beth m Store, the above ordered 20 Ibs. 
 of Powder, on acct. of the Province. I say, reed for the use of Capt, 
 Wetherhold s men at Allemangel, pr. 
 
 PETER REEG. 
 
 N.B. The above order was drawn in order to be delivered here, 
 by reason they would not get the Powder at Easton, Maj. Parsons 
 being absent. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, July n, 1757. 
 
 Reed of y e Province of Pensilvania by the hands of Timy Horstield, 
 60 Ibs. of Lead for the use of Capt n Wetherhold s men Posted at 
 Allemangel, pr. 
 
 PETER REEG. 
 
 N.B. I have deliv d the above 60 Ibs. of Lead out of a Parsell that 
 was in my Hands belonging to y e Province. 
 
 TIMY. HORSFIELD. 
 BETHM., July n, 1757. 
 
3 io ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Province of Pensilvania, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d to Jo Peepy and Hugh 
 
 J 757- Crawfford,* viz.: s. if. 
 
 May 21. 500 blue wampons, @ 2s ;. 10 
 
 2 y ds Osnabrigs, @ Is. 8d 3 4 
 
 thread and needles 5 
 
 I Ib. sope 6 
 
 i y d blue strowds n 
 
 5 Ibs. powder, @ 35-. 6d. 17 6 
 
 8 Ibs. lead, @ Stt. 5 4 
 
 I large hunting knife I 8 
 
 1 tin quart I 4 
 
 2 wooden pipes lined with brass 3 2 
 
 I quire writing paper I 4 
 
 1 brass inkhorn 2 
 
 4 Ibs. tobacco, @ ^d I 4 
 
 2 combs 8 
 
 I knife I 8 
 
 I bottle 7 
 
 leather for a p r of shoes I 4 
 
 Z/4. ydslinnen, @ 3^. 2</., and thread, 4^. n 5 
 
 I p r shoes for Crawfford (pumps) 12 
 
 June i. For mending a gun for Capt. Arndt s soldiers 3 8 
 
 " sundries deliv d y e Indian Zaccheus i 
 
 " salt deliv d y e Indians over the water I 3 
 
 " cash paid for shoeing y e Indian Petrus 
 
 his horse I 2 
 
 " pipes and tobacco sentf for Teedyuscung 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 4 14 
 
 * Hugh Crawford, an Indian trader, from "Aughwick (now Shirley- 
 town, in Huntingdon County), on the great Path to the Ohio," and Jo 
 Peepy, were bearers of dispatches to Sir William Johnson, from Deputy 
 Croghan, at Lancaster, and were fitting out for the journey. 
 
 f By Paul and Tapescawen. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 3 11 
 
 * <i- 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 4 14 2 
 
 June ii. To cash paid Jos. Brown as pr. receipt 
 
 signed by Crawfford 3 
 
 4 17 
 
 The above has been deliv d out of Bethlehem 
 Store. 
 
 WM. EDMONDS. 
 5- 
 Province of Pensilvania to Surgeon at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 June 1 8. For medicine and attendance on Capt n Har 
 ris, the Indian, from y e 1 8 May to y e 
 1 8 June, he having a very dangerous 
 hurt in his arm, attended with a caries s. d. 
 
 or rotteness in the bone I 16 
 
 July II. " bleeding the Indian Jo Peepy s wife I 
 
 " do. the Indian Nathanael s wife.... i 
 
 1 8 
 
 JOHN MATTHW. OTTO. 
 Bethm., the II July, 1757. 
 
 6. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania Dr. to Bethlehem for sundries out of the 
 
 Store. 
 1757- 
 July 29. For tobacco, pipes, &c., to the Nanticocks* 
 
 during their stay here, in going to s. d. 
 Easton ... 2 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 * The Nanticokes (^ l tide-water people"} , a small member of the Al 
 gonquin family, had their seats, when the Europeans first met them, on 
 the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Thence they migrated northward 
 about 1748, following the course of the Susquehanna, and planting in 
 part at Wyoming and in part higher up the river, at Chenango and 
 Chemung. Five of these Indians halted at Bethlehem on the 29th of 
 
3 i2 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 
 
 1757. . Bro l forw d 
 
 July 29. For do. at their departure from Easton. 
 " 2 sweet cakes for Bill Tattamy* 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 July, on their way to the treaty at Easton. Bro. Spangenberg had a 
 formal interview with them, at which there was the customary ex 
 change of compliments and of wampum. They stated that they had 
 come to condole with their old friends, the Brethren, in their recent 
 losses, expressed regret that intercourse with them had for so long a time 
 been suspended, brought greeting from old Paxanosa, and a message 
 that he and Mohican Abraham intended to pay them a visit. Of these 
 proceedings Bro. Spangenberg prudently advised Weisser, at Easton, 
 in the following letter : 
 
 "BETHLEHEM, July 30, 1757- 
 
 SIR, 
 
 " Last night, being in Nazareth, I heard that three Nanticoke chiefs, 
 John Curtis, Tom, and Abraham, were come to Bethlehem, and that 
 they had some words to speak to the Brethren. Their captain intended 
 to go to Easton, and therefore I made haste to return home again. 
 Enclosed is the compliment they made on their way, and the answer 
 we gave them. The reason of their complacence is this, viz.: they 
 were in great want of provisions about four years ago, when they yet 
 lived at Wayomik. They applied to the Brethren who then lived at 
 Gnadenhiitten, and wanted to be relieved in their great hunger. The 
 Brethren upon that gave them 60 bushels of flour, which they fetched 
 from our mill at Gnadenhiitten. They then came and gave us thanks 
 and told us they would remove from Wayomik and go higher up the 
 Susquehanna, but they would pay us a visit in two years time again ; 
 and this made a particular acquaintance between the Nanticokes and 
 the Brethren. I let you know this because I hope you will acquaint 
 the Governor and Mr. Peters with it if you find it well and think it 
 needful. I will add no more, for I suppose your time is much taken 
 up. But be sure I think often of you and wish you good success in 
 your Treaty. 
 
 " Farewell sir, your humble servant 
 
 " SPANGENBERG." 
 
 * Son of Moses Tatemy. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 . . 
 1757- Bro forW 1 ................................ 5 T 
 
 July 29. For cash paid for mending a gun in Capi n . 
 
 Arndt s compy .............................. 2 
 
 " tobacco and leather for mends shoes.... 2 6 
 
 Paid and deliv d as above, 
 
 pr. WM. EDMONDS, Storekeeper. 
 
 7- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d on acct. of the Indians 
 coming from and going to Fort Allen, 
 1757- pr. order of Mr. Horsfield : 
 
 June 15. " hire of 2 men to guard Indian Gabriel, 
 
 his wife and 2 children, and sundry s . 
 
 others to John Hays 6 
 
 1 6. To John Hays, for conducting said Indians 
 
 to Uplinger s* as per his acct 5 
 
 For stocking a gun pr. order of Col. Weisser, 
 
 given about y e I st treaty jy 
 
 29. " mending a gun lock per order of Capt n 
 
 Arndt... ~ 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 * Nicholas Opplinger kept public-house on the road to Fort Allen, 
 where said road, on leaving the river just above the Gap, skirts the 
 " Fire-Line Hill" along the Aquanshicola, a mile from its mouth. 
 The house and mill-seat are now owned by Mr. Peter Snyder. " We 
 arrived that night at one Nicholas Opplinger. After I had settled with 
 the landlord next day the Indian account, which amounted to i. IQJ. 
 lid., chiefly for sider, this being the last place where they could get it, 
 we sott off and arrived at Fort Allen by 10 of the clock." WeisseSs 
 Journal, Nov. 19, 1756. 
 
 21 
 
3I4 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 Bro forw d ............................... I 10 
 
 July II. For an express to y e Governor, with letters 
 of Col. Weisser* and expences in the 
 town for his and his horse waiting 3 
 days .......................................... 2 
 
 " an express to y e Governor with letters of 
 Mr. Horsfield concerning Teedyus- 
 cung s arrival in Fort Allenf ............ I 5 
 
 " expences in y e town .......................... 3 
 
 23. " hire of a man to go with Teedyuscung s 
 mother-in-lawj to Easton at the re 
 quest of y e Governor ...................... 5 
 
 Carr d forw d . 
 
 * Weisser passed through Bethlehem for Easton on July 14. He sent 
 a letter to the Governor by express, in which he informed him of his 
 arrival, and, at the same time, of the friendly disposition of the Dela- 
 wares. " The Indians," he writes, " are altogether good-natured, and 
 Teedyuscung, considering how much he loves strong drink, behaves 
 very well, and I have not seen him quite drunk since I came, to this 
 time. I find they are all desirous to come to a lasting peace." 
 
 f " Last night" (July 5), writes Horsfield to the Governor, " an ex 
 press came from Capt. Arndt, of Fort Allen, advising me of the King s 
 arrival. The captain writes as follows : These are to inform you that 
 Detiuscung is arriv d here yesterday evening, and there be at present 
 about 200 Indians with him, with young and old. Detiuscung is in 
 tended to stay here about five or six days, and in this time he expects 
 100 Senecas here, and then he is intended to go to Easton in hopes to 
 meet with his Honor the Governor. " 
 
 J Erdmuth, mother-in-law of Teedyuscung, formerly of Gnaden- 
 hiitten, so named for Erdmuth Dorothea, Countess of Zinzendorf. She 
 left for Easton at the request of Governor Denny, to whom Bro. Peter 
 Bohler wrote as follows : 
 
 " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR, 
 
 " When Capt. Arndt delivered your Honour s Letter to me, Teedy 
 uscung s Wife s Mother was not found at home, she being gone out a 
 couple of miles to seek Huckleberries, and is not expected home be- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 3I 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757- Brotforw d 5 3 
 
 July 28. For hire of a man for accompanying 2 Ind. 
 men, 4 women, and 7 children to Eas- 
 ton, and 3 Inds. from do. to Bethle 
 hem 7 6 
 
 " 1)4 bush. Indian corn deliv d some In 
 dians returning to Fort Allen 4 6 
 
 Aug. i. " hire of a man for going with 10 Ind n 
 men, 2 women, and 4 children to 
 Easton 
 
 6 
 8. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Gunsmith in Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1757- 
 June 13. To mending 3 guns for Capt n Wetherhold s s . d. 
 
 compv I0 
 
 14. " mending i gun lock for Capt n Arndt s 
 
 compy j 
 
 29. " mending i do. for do 4 
 
 July 9. i do. for do i 6 
 
 24. " stocking, repairing, &c., 15 guns and I 
 pistol, pr. order of Jacob Schneider, 
 Insign, viz.: 
 " stocking 8 guns, @ 9.5- 3 I2 
 
 Carr d forw d 486 
 
 fore night. Our Brethren will not be wanting on their part to forward 
 her to Easton. 
 
 " I am sorry though that yr. Honour has had such a groundless in 
 formation as if we had refused her going to Easton. None of us did 
 ever hear that Teedyuscung or his wife had desired her mother should 
 come to them, and therefore it could not be that we refused her to go. 
 Hoping that yr. Honour will clear us from such an aspersion, at least 
 in your own mind, I am 
 
 " Your Honour s most obedient and 
 
 " most obliged humble servant, 
 
 "PETER BOHLER." 
 
3I 6 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 486 
 
 July 24. To putting a piece on a gunstock 4 
 
 " repairing 2 old gunstocks and making 2 
 
 rammers 
 
 2 
 
 " cleaning and straightening II gun bar- 
 
 rells * 2 6 
 
 " making 2 new breech pins, and mende 
 
 several others IO 
 
 " mending and sodering a gun barrell 2 
 
 " boring a touch hole I 
 
 " making 6 new loops to several barrels.... 
 " making 2 new brass loops to the gun 
 
 stocks l 
 
 " making 7 cross screws through the breech 
 
 pins and 4 plates to the triggers 5 6 
 
 " making a sight and band on a barrell i 6 
 
 " cleaning 10 gun locks 5 
 
 " repairing 2 plates for gun locks 3 
 
 " mending 3 cocks and hardening 6 ham 
 mers 6 
 
 " hardening, &c., 6 hammers and making 
 
 2 screws 5 
 
 " making 7 screws, &c. &c 7 
 
 " 2 screws for tumblers, and a 
 
 plate on a cock 
 
 " making 15 screws for gun locks 7 6 
 
 " i brass guard for a pistol 2 6 
 
 July 30. " " I screw for a tumbler, and hard 
 ening a steel hammer for a soldier from 
 
 Fort Allen l 6 
 
 Aug. i. " making a wiper for a rival, stealing a 
 hammer, mending a screw for the gun 
 lock for the Indian Tonnis, pr. order 
 of Mr. Croghan 4 
 
 946 
 
 DANIEL KLIEST, 
 
 Locksmith. 
 BETHLEHEM, i Augs 1 , 1757. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 3 i 7 
 
 9- 
 Province of Pensilvania to Bethlehem Tavern, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d y e In 
 dians coming from and 
 returning to Fort Allen, 
 &c. &c., pr. order of Mr. 
 1757. Horsfield : 
 
 May 27. To supper and I quart of s. d. 
 
 beer for Tatamy 10 
 
 28. " 3 meals and I do. of do. 
 
 fordo i 10 
 
 29. " 3 meals and i gill of rum 
 
 fordo i 10 
 
 30. " 2 meals and I q t beer 
 
 fordo I 4 
 
 " I q l wine and 2 quarts 
 beer for 8 Indians with 
 Hugh Crawford* 2 8 
 
 31. " i meal and i gill of rum 
 
 for Tatamy 10 
 
 " I quart and ^ pint of 
 rum for Jo Peepy to 
 take on the road to 
 Fort Allen... I n 
 
 ii 3 
 Sundries deliv d 8 Indians 
 
 and I soldier coming 
 from Lancaster, as per 
 acct., signed by Mr. Hugh 
 Crawford : 
 June 5. To supper for 3 Indians 
 
 and I soldier 2 
 
 Carr d forw d II 3 
 
 * While at Bethlehem, and fitting out for his journey to Sir Wm, 
 Johnson. 
 
3 i8 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 1757. Bro* forw d II 
 
 June 5. To 2 gills of rum and 2 
 
 quarts of cydar for do. I 4 
 
 6. " i meal and \y 2 gill of 
 
 rum for do 2 6 
 
 " keeping their horses on 
 
 hay and oats I 
 
 " i supper for 4 Indians... 2 
 
 7. "I meal for 6 Indians and 
 
 i soldier 3 6 
 
 12. "3 gills of rum and 3 q te 
 
 cydar for 5 Indians 
 
 and i soldier 2 
 
 " I supper for do 3 
 
 17 4 
 
 13. " 2 meals fordo 6 
 
 " 3 giH s f rum and 6 q ts 
 
 cydar for do 3 
 
 15. " 2 meals for 5 Indians... 5 
 
 " 2 quarts of cydar for do. 8 
 
 " i pint and I gill of rum 
 
 deliv d at their return 
 
 to Fort Allen I i 
 
 " 2 meals for Moses Ta- 
 
 tamy coming from 
 
 Easton I 
 
 " y z gill of rum and y z gill 
 
 of rum for do 4 
 
 " keeping his horse 8 
 
 17 9 
 
 17. "2 meals for I Indian and 
 
 I soldier 2 
 
 " YZ giU f rum an d l q 1 
 
 cydar for do 6 
 
 18. "1)4 gill f rum f r 2 I n ~ 
 
 dians and I soldier.... 6 
 
 9 
 
 Carr d forw d 264 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 319 
 
 I 7 C7 
 
 * d. 
 Bro* forw d 264 
 
 */:>/ 
 June 18. 
 
 To supper for 5 Indians and 
 I soldier 3 
 
 19. 
 
 " 2 meals for 2 Indians 
 and 2 soldiers .. 4 
 
 22. 
 
 " 2 gills of rum and 2 
 quarts of cydar for do. I 4 
 " i meal and 4 gills of 
 rum for 6 Indians and 
 I soldier . 9 8 
 
 26. 
 
 " 10 quarts of beer for do. 3 4 
 " I meal and 4^ gill of 
 rum for do .... 5 
 
 
 " 3 quarts of beer for do... I 
 
 
 " I meal for 4 Indians and 
 I soldier 26 
 
 
 " 3 gills of rum and 4 
 quarts of beer 2 4 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 
 " 3 meals, 4 gills of rum, 
 6 q te of beer for do 10 10 
 " I meal, 3 gills of rum, 
 2 ]/2 do for do 4 4 
 
 29. 
 
 " I meal, i *^ gill of rum, 
 1^2 q l of beer for 2 
 Indians and I soldier.. 2 6 
 i " 6 
 
 July 3- 
 
 " supper and breakfast and 
 I gill of rum deliv d to 
 an express from Fort 
 Allen . .... i 4 
 
 
 " i peck of oats for his 
 horse i 
 
 4-* 
 
 " supper for i, 5 pint beer, 
 
 
 
 
 Carr d forw d 4 19 2 
 
 
 
 * Amid the excitement prevalent in view of the impending Treaty, 
 and the passing and repassing of Indians and soldiers, the Brethren 
 
320 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 Bro 1 forw d 4 19 2 
 
 and 5 half gill rum, 
 
 deliv d Tom Evans* 
 
 and 2 other Indians 
 
 1757. coming from Easton... I 8 
 
 July 5. To supper and breakfast de- 
 
 liv d an express from 
 
 Fort Allen i 
 
 " I gill of rum and I q 1 of 
 
 beer to do 8 
 
 " I peck of oats and pas 
 ture for his horse. .. i 6 
 
 7 2 
 
 10. " 2 meals for 9 Indians, 
 
 viz., Solomon, Em 
 mas,^ &c. &c., coming 
 
 from Philadelphia 9 
 
 " 5/4 <l ts beer and 4^ gill 
 
 of rum for do 3 4 
 
 11. " meals fordo 9 
 
 " 5% I 15 f beer an d ^Yz 
 
 gill of rum for do 3 4 
 
 " 2 meals for Sam Evans 
 
 and i soldier coming 
 
 from Easton 2 
 
 11 2 q ts of beer for do 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 5 
 
 commenced their annual harvest on " July 4," without intermitting 
 the festivities with which they were wont to mark the ingathering of 
 the fruits of the earth. The women with sickles, and under an escort 
 of Indians, in one company, and the men in another, moved in pro 
 cession,- amid the notes of flutes and horns, to the fields that lay to the 
 east and west of the town. 
 
 * One of the Harris family. 
 
 f Quaere Amos Teedyuscung ? 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 321 
 
 JL * d. 
 
 Bro 1 forw d 564 
 
 I 757- To i meal and i q* beer for do I 4 
 
 July 12. " keeping their horses on 
 
 hay and oats 2 3 
 
 i 10 n 
 
 1 6. "2 meals and I q* beer for 
 
 Abraham* who came 
 
 from Philadelphia I 4 
 
 " 4 q ts beer and }/ 2 gill 
 rum for 3 Indians and 
 i soldier I 6 
 
 " i peck of oats for their 
 
 horses 6 
 
 17. " breakfast and % gill of 
 
 rum for Abraham 8 
 
 25. " i meal, I gill of rum, 
 and i q 4 beer deliv d 
 to an express from 
 
 Easton I 2 
 
 " y 2 peck of oats for his 
 
 horse 6 
 
 5 8 
 
 27. " dinner, 9 q te cydar, and 
 
 9 gills of rum deliv d 
 to 17 Indians and I 
 soldier from Fort Allen 15 
 " supper, 9 q te cydar, 9 
 
 gills rum for do 15 
 
 28. " breakfast, do. do. for do. 15 
 " dinner and 10 q te cydar 
 
 for 17 Indians n 10 
 
 " supper, 9 q te cydar, 9 
 
 gills rum for do 14 6 
 
 " keeping 6 horses 2 days 
 
 and 2 nights for do 12 
 
 434 
 
 Carr d forw d 11 6 3 
 
 * Quaere Mohican Abraham ? 
 
322 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d ................................ ii 6 
 
 July 28. To 2 meals, 6 q ts cydar, and 
 i*/2 gill of rum for 3 
 Indians ................... 5 6 
 
 29. " dinner, 4 q te cydar, and 
 
 4 gills of rum deliv d 
 
 7 Indians and I soldier 
 
 from Fort Allen ........ 6 8 
 
 " supper, 2 q ts cydar, and 
 
 4 gills of rum for do.. 7 4 
 
 " 2 meals, 3 q te beer, 3 
 
 gills rum, 3 pint cydar 
 
 for Nathanael and 2 
 
 other Indians from 
 
 Easton .................... 5 6 
 
 30. " breakfast, 8*4 gills rum, 
 
 8^ q te cydar, for 17 
 
 Indians ................... 14 2 
 
 I 19 
 
 " breakfast, 5 pint beer, 
 and 2% gill rum for 5 
 Indians 4 2 
 
 " dinner, 5 gills rum, and 
 5 q te beer for 9 In 
 dians and i soldier 
 from Fort Allen 8 4 
 
 " dinner and 4 pints cydar 
 for 3 Indians and I 
 soldier from Easton... 2 8 
 
 " supper and 10 q ts cydar 
 
 for 20 Indians 13 4 
 
 31. " breakfast, I2j^ q* cydar, 
 and 12^ gill rum de- 
 liv d 25 Indians I 10 
 
 Carr d forw d 13 5 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 323 
 
 J. * 
 
 1757. Bro t forw d 13 5 5 
 
 July 31. To dinner and supper and 
 26 q ts cydar deliv d 26 
 
 Indians i 14 8 
 
 Aug. i. " breakfast, 14 q te cydar, 
 and loyz gill of rum 
 
 deliv d 28 Indians 122 
 
 " entertaining 9 horses 2 
 
 days and 2 nights 126 
 
 " dinner and supper and 
 12 q ts cydar for 12 
 
 Inds 16 
 
 " entertaining 9 horses I 
 
 day and i night 8 
 
 7 12 
 
 2. " breakfast, 3 gills rum, 
 
 and 7 q ts cydar, de- 
 
 liv d to 14 Indians 10 4 
 
 " dinner and supper and 
 
 14 q^ cydar for do 18 8 
 
 " entertaining 8 horses I 
 
 day and i night 8 
 
 3. " breakfast, I q* cydar, 
 
 and 6 gills of rum, de- 
 
 liv d 12 indians 8 8 
 
 " dinner and supper, 14 
 
 q ts cydar and 7 gills 
 
 rum deliv d 14 Indians i i 
 " entertaining 8 horses I 
 
 day and I night 8 
 
 4. " breakfast, 3 q te cydar, 
 and 7 gills rum for 
 14 Indians 
 
 Carr d forw d 24 
 
3 24 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 x. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d ... 24 12 
 
 Aug. 4. To dinner and supper, 9 q te 
 cydar, and 7 gills rum 
 
 fordo 19 4 
 
 5. " breakfast, 3 quarts cydar, 
 
 and 7 gills rum for do. 10 4 
 
 " dinner and supper, 6 q ts 
 cydar, and 7 gills rum 
 fordo..., 18 4 
 
 18 
 
 27 ii 
 
 BETHLEHEM, 6 August, 1757. GEORGE KLEIN.* 
 
 10. 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d the Indians opposite 
 
 1757. Bethlehem, since the 27 last May, viz.: s. d. 
 
 Aug. 5. To 2377 Ibs. bread, @\]^d. 12 7 7^ 
 
 293 Ibs. beef, @ zy 2 d 4 5 7X 
 
 " 51 Ibs. do. dry, 4^ 19 *X 
 
 " 77 Ibs. dry venison, @ 3^/. 19 3 
 
 " 5 Ibs. bacon, @ 5 %d. 2 3^ 
 
 " 24 Ibs. veal, @ 2d. 4 
 
 bush. Indian corn, @ 3^ 3 4^ 
 
 galls, milk, @ 6d. 253 
 
 Carr d forw d 24 3 6 
 
 * George Klein. Born March, 1705, in Riickstadt. Immigrated 
 to Pennsylvania prior to 1742, and settled in Lancaster County. In 
 1747 he donated a piece of ground to the Brethren, on which a 
 church and parsonage were erected by them in 1748. In 1749 the 
 worshipers there were organized into a congregation, known as the 
 "Warwick Congregation." In 1755, Klein and his family removed to 
 Bethlehem. He deceased there in July of 1783. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 325 
 
 J- * 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 24 3 6 
 
 Aug. 5. To 3^" bush, white meal, @ qs 13 
 
 " ^ bush 5 beans, @ 4^ 2 6 
 
 " attending y e above Indians each day 
 from the 27 May to 5 August, 1757. 
 
 Beeing 70 days, @ 6d. I 15 
 
 26 14 
 
 BETHLEHEM, 6 August, 1757. 
 
 C. F. OUTER.* 
 
 Ephraim Colver, Tavern Keeper, deliv d to Hugh Crawford for the use 
 
 of the Province, being sent with the Indians that came from Lan 
 caster, and in number 8 : 
 
 I757- 
 
 May 29. To dinner (4*.), I pint wine (is.), 13 qts. s. d. 
 
 cydar (4-r. 4</.) 9 4 
 
 " supper for 6 Indians 2 
 
 30. " 3 qts. cydar (u.), I pint wine (u.) 2 
 
 " breakfast for 9 Indians and I white man 5 
 
 " dinner for 8 do. and I do 4 
 
 " 8 qts. cydar for 8 do 2 4 
 
 " supper (3^.), 4 gills of rum ( I s. 4^.) to do. 4 4 
 
 " breakfast for 10 Indians and I white man 5 6 
 " keeping 3 horses 2 days on grass, hay 
 
 and oats 4 9 
 
 " 3 qts. cydar I 
 
 These recv d by me, 
 
 HUGH CRAWFORD. 
 BETHLEHEM TAVERN, the 31 May, 1757. 
 
 * Christian Frederic Orter, studios, jur ., from Schleiz, in Voigtland, 
 came to Bethlehem with the second " Sea Congregation," in Novem 
 ber, 1743. In 1744, organist, and in February, 1746, appointed book 
 keeper to " The Family." Deceased at Bethlehem, April, 1793. 
 
326 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 X. AN ACCOUNT SENT TO THE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 DATED THE 30 AUGUST, 1757. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 757- s. d. 
 
 Aug. 6. To an account deliv d 91 3 2^ 
 
 10. " 20 galls, rum deliv d French Margareth, 
 per order of Col. Weisser and George 
 
 Croghan. (See Voucher i) 6 
 
 " saddles, &c. &c., mending. (See Voucher 
 
 2) 9 18 6 
 
 " Bethlehem Store, for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher^ 229 
 
 16. " smith work. (See Voucher^] I i 6 
 
 25. " John Matthew Otto s bill. (See Voucher 
 
 5) 21 12 3 
 
 " stocking, mending, &c. guns. (See 
 
 Voucher 6) 27 
 
 26. " Bethlehem Tavern, for sundries deliv d 
 
 the Indians from Fort Allen. (See 
 
 Voucher 7) 13 4 JO 
 
 28. " sundries deliv d Teedyuscung and compy 
 
 and Capt n Arndt. (See Voucher 8)... 10 18 9^ 
 
 29. " sundries deliv d the Indians coming from 
 
 the Treaty. (See Voucher 9) no 3 8% 
 
 " sundries deliv d the Indians opposite 
 
 Bethlehem. (See Voucher 10) 9 15 9 
 
 303 
 
 Teedyuscung s wife desired Mr. Horsfield 
 to have a cabbin to live by herself, which 
 he ordered to be built, for which we charge i 
 
 304 i 10 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 3 2 7 
 
 GENTLEMEN 
 
 The Indians that came from the Treaty* and many others that since 
 that Time Come and Go have ransack t and plundered Our Orchard, 
 
 * In the nfternoon of the 8th of August the Indians began to pass 
 through Bethlehem on their return from the Treaty. Upwards of one 
 hundred ca m e, among them Paxanosa, the Shawanese King of Wyo 
 ming, and French Margaret. Colonel Weisser, with a detachment of 
 Provincials under Captain Arndt, was their escort. On the next day 
 the King and his family, Mohican Abraham, and Isaac Nutimus ar 
 rived. Some of these unwelcome visitors halted for a few days, and 
 some proceeded as far as Fort Allen and then returned, undecided as 
 to where to go and what to do. During the month full two hundred 
 were counted, men women, and children, among them lawless crowds 
 who annoyed the Brethren by depredations, molested the Indians at 
 the Manakasy, a nd wrangled with each other over their cups at " The 
 Crown." 
 
 Toward evening, on Sunday the 7th of August, Governor Denny 
 and his retinue arrived unexpectedly at Bethlehem, crossed the ferry, 
 and spent the night at " The Crown." He declined accepting the 
 hospitalities of the Brethren on this side, although he was waited on in 
 their behalf by Bro. Bohler. The young men accordingly entertained 
 him with the music of wind and stringed instruments, from boats on 
 the Lehigh in front of his lodgings. He set out for Philadelphia next 
 morning. 
 
 The third Treaty at Easton, held between Teedyuscung for the In 
 dians and George Croghan for the English, opened formally on July 
 27th and closed on August 7th. Governor Denny and members of his 
 Council, and a number of gentlemen from Philadelphia, among whom 
 the Friends were largely represented, were in attendance. There 
 were present of the Indians 159 of Teedyuscung s counselors and 
 warriors, and 119 Senecas ; among these, representatives of the "Ten 
 Nations who had only two heads of Kings between them." Pompshire 
 interpreted for the Delaware, Captain Thomas McKee for the Crown, 
 and Conrad Weisser for the Province. Teedyuscung having demanded 
 a secretary to take down the minutes for his revision, it was reluctantly 
 granted him, and he chose Charles Thomson, " Master of the Public 
 Quaker School in the City of Philadelphia" the same Thomson who 
 in the " Enquiry" pleads the cause of the Delawares with the calm 
 
328 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 going into our Gardens &c. shaking the Fruit from the Trees (we did 
 not think proper to forbid them at this critical time with the Indians) 
 
 composure of an advocate who is conscious of the innocence of his 
 client, and of the certain triumph of truth and justice. After an ex 
 change of the compliments usually preliminaiy to business on such oc 
 casions, and the utterance of mutual assurances of regret for the past 
 and of good hopes for the future, the King stated that the purchase of 
 lands by the Proprietaries from Indians -who had no right to sell, and 
 their fraudulent measurement subsequently, whether by miles or by hours 1 
 walks, had provoked the war. This charge he demanded should be 
 closely investigated, and on evidence appearing that injury had been 
 done to the Indians they should have redress. " In that case," he 
 said, " I will speak with a loud voice and the nations shall hear me" 
 Hereupon he stated his purpose to settle with his countrymen in Wyo 
 ming, adding that he would build a town there such as the white men 
 build, and provide for the introduction of the Christian religion among 
 his countrymen and for the education of their children. In conclusion, 
 he demanded that the deeds by which the lands in dispute were held 
 should be produced, that they be publicly read, and that copies be laid 
 before King George and published to all the Provinces under his gov 
 ernment. " What is fairly bought and paid for," he went on to say, " I 
 make no further demands about; but if any lands have been bought of 
 Indians to whom these lands did not belong, and who had no right to 
 sell them, I expect satisfaction for these lands. And if the Proprietaries 
 have taken in more lands than they bought of true owners, I expect 
 likewise to be paid for that. But as the persons to whom the Proprie 
 taries may have sold these lands which of right belonged to me have 
 made some settlements, I do not want to disturb them or to force them 
 to leave them, but I expect full satisfaction shall be made to the true 
 owners for these lands, though the Proprietaries, as I said before, might 
 have bought them from persons who had no right to sell them." After 
 some hesitation on the part of the Province, in consequence of differ 
 ence of opinion as to the propriety of complying with the Delaware s 
 request, in as far as Sir William Johnson had been commissioned by 
 royal appointment to hear the particulars of the charge brought against 
 the Proprietaries, and the Proprietaries defense, and in consequence 
 of Teedyuscung s reluctance to treat with the Baronet and his Indians, 
 some of whom, he alleged, were parties, to the unauthorized sale of 
 lands, the deeds relating to the purchases north of the Tohickon were 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 329 
 
 and Carrying what they pleased away, but as this is a very great Dam 
 age to us especially as our Family is very Large, we hope the Hon- 
 
 produced and read. Agreeably to his request furthermore, copies of 
 them were promised him for dispatch to Sir William Johnson, to be 
 transmitted by the latter to King George for his determination. Upon 
 this the Delaware rose to his feet, and, taking up two Belts tied together, 
 spoke as follows : " I desire you would with attention hear me. By 
 these two Belts I will let you know what was the ancient method 
 of confirming a lasting peace. This you ought to have considered and 
 to have done ; but I will put you in mind. You may remember when 
 you took hold of my hand and led me down, and invited my uncles 
 (several of whom are present), with some from each of the Ten Nations, 
 when we had agreed, we came down to take hold of one of your hands, 
 and my uncles came to take hold of your other hand. Now, as this 
 day and this time are appointed to meet and confirm a lasting peace, we, 
 that is, I and my uncles, as we stand, and you, as you stand, in the 
 name of the great King, three of us standing, we will all look up, and 
 by continuing to observe the agreements by which we shall oblige our 
 selves one to another, we shall see the clear light, and friendship shall 
 last to us, and to our posterity after us forever. Now, as I have two 
 Belts, and witnesses are present who will speak the same by these Belts, 
 Brothers, in the presence of the Ten Nations who are witnesses, I lay 
 hold of your hand (taking the Governor by the hand), and brighten 
 the chain of friendship that shall be lasting, and whatever conditions 
 shall be proper for us to agree to may be mentioned afterwards. This 
 is the time to declare our mutual friendship. Now Brother the Gov 
 ernor, to confirm what I have said I have given you my hand, which 
 you were pleased to rise and take hold of. I leave it with you. When 
 you please, I am ready Brother, if you have anything to say as a token 
 of confirming the peace, I shall be ready to hear, and as you rose I 
 will rise up, and lay hold of your hand. To confirm what I have said 
 I give you these Belts." 
 
 "We now rise and take you into our arms," replied the Governor, 
 "and embrace you with the greatest pleasure as our friends and Breth 
 ren, and heartily desire we may ever hereafter look on one another as 
 Brethren and children of the same parents. As a confirmation of this 
 we give you this Belt." Gave a very large white Belt, with the figures 
 of three men upon it, representing his Majesty, King George, taking 
 
 22 
 
33 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 orable the Commissioners will Generously consider this Affair, and 
 make us an equitable Allowance for the Damage. 
 I am in behalf of 
 
 the Brethren, Gentlemen 
 
 Your Humble Servant, 
 BETHLEHEM, Aug 30 th , 1757. C. F. ORTER. 
 
 Vouchers belongs to the foregoing Account. 
 
 I. 
 1757. Province of Pensilvania, Dr. 
 
 Received on acct. of the Province three men s 
 
 saddles, @ 35^. each. They being fifteen 
 
 shillings dearer than the order, but they 
 
 being good, I chose them instead of 2 Ibs. 
 
 vermilion, rather than to stay longer. Also 
 
 2 snaffle bridles, @ 45-. each. 
 
 20 galls, rum, in four caggs, @ 6s. per 
 
 gall 6 
 
 Her mark 
 
 X 
 
 FRENCH MARGARET.* 
 BETHM., 10 August, 1757. 
 
 hold of the Five Nation King with one hand, and Teedyuscung, the 
 Delaware King, with the other, and marked with the following letters 
 and figures : G.R., 5N., D.K., for King George, Five Nations, Dela 
 ware King. 
 
 * French Margaret, a Canadian, and niece of Madame Montour, 
 was living, prior to 1745, with her Mohawk husband, on the Alle- 
 ghany. In that year Martin Mack met her at the lodge of her cousin, 
 Andrew Sattelihu, on an island in the Susquehanna, near Shamokin. 
 In 1753 she was residing in a village of her own at the mouth of 
 Lycoming Creek (quaere Newbury?) a few miles west of Mon 
 toursville. Scull s map of 1759 notes it as "French Margarefs 
 Town" Here Mack called upon her in the summer of 1753. "At 
 9 A.M. August 28," he writes in his Journal, " Bro. Grube and I 
 arrived at French Margaret s. She received us heartily, conducted 
 us to her lodge, and set milk and watermelons before us. Do you 
 remember me, mother ? I asked. I do, she said, but I have for 
 gotten where and when I met you. On the island below, at Sha- 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 331 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Sadler in Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 1757- s - (L 
 
 Aug. 10. To 3 new hunting saddles, @ 35 s ............. 5 5 
 
 " 2 snaffle bridles ............................... 8 
 
 deliv d French Margaret, pr. order of 
 Col. Weisserand Mr. George Croghan. 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 mokin, I replied ; eight years ago when my wife and I were spend 
 ing some time among the Indians there. She at once recalled the 
 occasion of our first meeting, and signified "her satisfaction at our 
 having traveled so far to visit her. In course of conversation, for she 
 was very communicative, she stated that her son and son-in-law had 
 been killed in the winter while on a maraud against the Creeks. On 
 asking permission to deposit our packs with her, until our return from 
 the Delaware town of Quenischachschachky (Linden), Oh ! said she, 
 the Indians there have been drinking hard the past weeks, and you 
 will likely find them all drunk. On our return she gave us a refresh 
 ing draught of milk, and entertained us with family news, speaking of 
 Andrew, and of her husband Peter Quebec, who she said had not drunk 
 rum within six years. She has prohibited its use in her town, and yet 
 although she has initiated other reformatory measures within her little 
 realm, she enjoys the respect and confidence of her subjects. Marga 
 ret s children understand French, but are averse to speaking it." 
 
 This lesser Indian queen frequently attended treaties, at Easton, 
 Philadelphia, and at Albany. Sometimes she interpreted. Govern 
 ment, desirous of retaining the Montour influence for the English, 
 always met her with marked deference ; and yet she was an uncer 
 tain ally, as appears from Weisser s statement to Peters in a letter 
 written to the Secretary in May of 1755. "French Margaret with 
 some of her Family is gone to the English Camp in Virginia, and her 
 son Nicklaus is gone to Ohio to the French Fort. I suppose they 
 want to join the stronger Party, and are gone to get information." 
 
 In July of 1754, French Margaret and her Mohawk husband and 
 two grandchildren, traveling in semi-barbaric state, with an Irish 
 groom and six relay and pack-horses, halted a few days at Bethlehem 
 on their way to New York. During her stay she attended divine 
 
33 2 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d 5 13 
 
 Aug. 10. To repairing 2 saddles for Patshenosh* 2 
 
 " Leather for mending shoes, &c. &c 3 6 
 
 " i new saddle and bridle for Teedyus- 
 
 cung 2 
 
 " repairing I bridle 2 
 
 9 18 6 
 
 GOTTLIEB LANGE.| 
 3- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania, for sundries deliv d at 
 1757. Bethlehem Store, Dr. s. d. 
 
 Aug. 8. To pipes, &c 2 
 
 9. " 6^ yds. linnen, @ 3.?. 2d., to make a 
 
 shrowd, cap, &c., for Bill Tattamy 19 9 
 
 Carr d forw d I I 
 
 worship, expressed much gratification at the music and singing, and 
 was also pleased to find Sisters who were conversant with French. 
 (One of these was Sister Judith Otto, relict of David Bruce, and 
 daughter of John Stephen Benezet.) 
 
 * Paxanosa, or Paxnous, " in April of 1754 the chief man in Wy 
 oming," affected loyalty toward the English on the alienation of the 
 Delawares and his countrymen, although he maintained but a doubt 
 ful neutrality. The chief was always well inclined to the Brethren, 
 and had befriended them signally at the time of the outbreak of hos 
 tilities along the Susquehanna. He had not visited Bethlehem since 
 the occasion of his wife s baptism in February of 1755. From her he 
 now brought greeting, and regrets that lameness prevented her from 
 coming to visit her Brethren and Sisters. Paxanosa set out on his 
 return on the I3th, in company of Mohican Abraham. In May of 
 1758 he removed with his family to the Ohio country. Paxanosa was 
 the last Shawanese King, west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 j- John Gottlieb Lange, master saddler for "the Family," came to 
 Bethlehem with Henry Jorde s Colony in June of 1750. On the ab 
 rogation of the Economy in 1762, he bought the saddlery stock on 
 hand and tools, at a valuation of ,144. Deceased in July of 1764. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 333 
 
 - d. 
 
 1757. Bro forw d i i <)% 
 
 Aug. 10. To cash p d for 4 caggs to put French Mar 
 garet her rum in 8 
 
 " a p r of spectacles for Paxinosa i 
 
 " fishing hooks for Abraham and him 6 
 
 " a comb, snuff, gingerbread, and sope for 
 
 Teediuscung I 10 
 
 " a p r of buckles (is. &/.), pipes and tobacco 
 
 for Paxinosa 3 
 
 " salt deliv d for Nicodemus and Abraham, 
 
 &c., over y e water 7X 
 
 " cash p d for mending Jo Davis* his sadle. 6 
 
 229 
 Errors excepted, pr. 
 
 WM. EDMONDS, 
 
 Bethlehem Storekeeper. 
 4- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Smith in Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1757. s. d. 
 
 Aug. 12. To 2 new tomehakes 6 
 
 " steeling 6 do 6 
 
 " shoeing horses with 6 new shoes 6 
 
 " mending a pan 2 
 
 1 6. " mending and steeling 2 tomehakes, deliv d 
 the Indians that came from y e Treaty, 
 pr. order of Col. Weisser I 6 
 
 i i 6 
 
 5- 
 Province of Pensilvania to John Matthew Otto, Dr. 
 
 1757- 
 
 July 28. To visits, dressing, and curing an impostume 
 in the thigh of Christoph Pock, a soldier 
 of Capt n Arndt s Compy, from y e 9 to 28 s. d. 
 July, pr. order of Capt n Arndt 2 I 
 
 Carr d forw d 2 I 
 
 * A Delaware. 
 
334 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d ................................ 2 I 
 
 Aug. 9. To medicines, visits, attendance, &c. &c., for 
 the Indian Wm. Tattamy,* from y e 8 
 July to y e 9 August, who was shot 
 through his thigh in the Irish settle 
 ment, and having lodged at Mr. John 
 Jones .......................................... 16 18 
 
 Carr d forw d 18 19 
 
 * A son of Moses Tattamy. In the forenoon of July 8, this young 
 Delaware was recklessly shot by a Scotch-Irish lad, a few miles to 
 the northwest of Bethlehem, as he was straying from the main body 
 of Indians who were on their way to Easton, under escort of Capt. 
 Arndt. This unprovoked act excited much remark among the Dela- 
 wares, and it was feared might serve to embarrass the negotiations at 
 the impending Treaty. Dr. Otto, of Bethlehem, was called in the 
 afternoon to visit the wounded man, and had him conveyed that even- 
 ng to the house of Mr. John Jones, a farmer living a mile east of the 
 Bethlehem tract. Here he attended him. Of this occurrence, Capt. 
 Arndt makes the following statement in a letter to the Governor, dated 
 
 "EASTON, July 8, 1757. 
 
 " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOR : 
 
 SIR, According as Titiuskong arrifed att fort Allin the 4th of 
 these Instend July, with aboud 150 Indins, with young and old, and 
 aboud fivety was there allredey with young and old, and according 
 as Titiuskong hath Informed me that above one houndered of the 
 Sinekers Indins would Come after him, that he was Intented to waid 
 fore them att fort Allin six or seven Days, but as I fal wery shord 
 with Provisions I was obligd to march with the Indins yesterday from 
 fort Allin, there number was 150 that went with me to Easton, and 
 the Remainder Stayd att fort Allin * * sum went back with a 
 litle Provision fore there famly Down, and yeasterday I Came so fare 
 with them as to John Haysis, and there Wee Stayd all night and 
 these Day, wee set off from there and arrifed Safe at Easton, with all 
 the Indins except one, William Dattame, an Indin, went withoud my 
 Knowledge, and against my orders to Bathloham, and it hapened on 
 his Road Wen he had Turned off that a foolish wite boy, aboud 15 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 335 
 
 . *. 
 
 1757. Brotforw 4 18 19 9 
 
 Aug. 20. To ointment deliv d Lieut. Engel* for a 
 
 wound in his leg 4 
 
 " medicine del d Jo Peepy s wife for a 
 
 rheumatism on the arm 6 
 
 " medicines deliv d and dressing Ind n Nico- 
 
 demus s son, having a sore leg 10 
 
 " medicines for 6 Indians, and bleeding... 7 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 20 
 
 years of cage, folowed him, and Shot him in the Right Thigh of the 
 out sid bone, but not morterly, and Just when I Came with the Indins 
 and Ten men of my Company to escord the Indins to Easton, William 
 Hays Came after me exepress with these Information, that William 
 Dattamy was Shot, and according as mayor Parsons is absand from 
 Easton, I considered that it was wery necessecery to stay with my men 
 att Easton, fore to Protackt the Indins and to hinder all Scrobel and 
 * * * which might fall out between Wite People and the Indins, 
 until I shall Receve your houners fourter orders. 
 " I am Sir, with all due Respect, 
 
 " Your humble Servind att Command, 
 
 " JACOB ARNDT." 
 
 Dr. Otto reported on the case to Justice Horsfield as follows : 
 
 " BETHLEHEM, 27th July, 1757. 
 " MR. HORSFIELD : 
 
 SIR, I yesterday attended Wm. Tatamy twice ; His Wound looks 
 well, is without inflammation, and discharges its Pus regularly. The 
 swelling is also gone. To Day he turned himself alone, which he 
 has not been able to do before, so that I believe, with good nursing 
 and attendance, if nothing unforeseen happen, he may, by God s Help, 
 recover. The violent Pain he complains of, at times, I apprehend, 
 proceeds from some of the bones in his Groin being shot thro , or at least 
 
 * Andrew Engel, commissioned Lieutenant in Capt Arndt s Com 
 pany of ist Battalion of 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, January 5, 1756. 
 
336 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 20 7 3 
 
 Aug. 25. To visits, medicines, and attendance deliv d 
 Conrad Haffner, a soldier of Lieu 1 . 
 Engel s compy, from y e 10 July to 25 
 August, having a gored eye i 5 
 
 21 12 
 
 JOHN MATTHEW OTTO. 
 BETH., 25 August, 1757. 
 
 the tendinous parts being much lacerated. You may depend upon it, 
 I shall do all in my power to perfect a Cure. 
 " I am Sir, 
 
 " Your most humble Serv*, 
 
 "JOHN MATTHEW OTTO." 
 
 And to Governor Denny in these words : 
 
 "BETH M ., July 3ist, 1757. 
 " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOR : 
 
 " By the letter I sent last Thursday, the 28th July, I gave your 
 Honor an Account how it was with Wm. Tatamy, and the Circum 
 stances of his Wound that Morning. The same Evening I found him 
 in great Pains, the Wound did not look so well as before, and dis 
 charged very little of its Pus, and that mixt with Blood, and he had a 
 very bad Night. 
 
 " Jul. zqtk. Tn the Morning came nothing from the Wound but a 
 little Blood, mix d with Water. In the Evening he felt some Ease 
 from his great Pains, but was Weaker than ever before, and his Pulse 
 was very low, in which Circumstances Dr. Moore has seen him, who 
 promised me to acquaint your Honor therewith. In the Night there 
 upon he slept pretty much, but mostly out of Weakness. Yesterday 
 he continued to sleep now and then, and his Pulse was something 
 better; he slept also last night better than before. 
 
 "This Morning, it being Sunday, Jul. 3ist, I open d his Thigh on 
 the lower part, where for several Days I had observed a gathering, 
 and the opening discharg d half a Pint of extravasated Blood, with 
 some offensive Matter. As soon as I had made the Incision, the In 
 dian said he did feel himself much eased, and I hope it will have a 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 337 
 
 6. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Gun Smith in Bethlehem, Dr. 
 For sundry work for the Indians that came 
 from the Treaty at Easton, pr. order of 
 Conrad Weisser and Georg Croghan, Esq., 
 and by the direction of the Indian chiefs 
 1757. Pachenosa and Abraham,* viz.: 
 
 Aug. 5. To making a cock and cleaning and mending s. d. 
 a gun lock 4 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 4 6 
 
 good Effect. His Hands and Feet which have been almost continually 
 cold, I have found to-day in a natural Warmth. 
 
 " I shall further acquaint your Honor how I find him from day to 
 day. 
 
 " I am your Honor s 
 
 " Most obedient Humble Servant, 
 
 "JOHN MATTHEW OTTO." 
 
 Teedyuscung, in the second session of the Conference, on July 26, 
 called the Governor s attention to the outrage perpetrated on William 
 Tattamy. " One of the messengers," he said, "who was employed in 
 conveying your messages to us, sent to promote this good work of 
 peace, is now in a dangerous condition, having been shot by one of 
 your young men. As I desire to be used with justice according to 
 your laws, I insist that if this young man die, the man who shot him 
 may be tried by your laws, and die also, in the presence of some of 
 our people, who may witness it to all the nations that the English 
 have done them justice." 
 
 The Governor, in reply to this injunction, after reminding the King 
 of the uncertainty of life in times of war, told him that the man who 
 had committed the act was held in confinement, and promised that 
 in case the Indian died of the wound, the former should be tried by 
 the laws of the country which required blood for blood, and in the 
 
 * Mohican Abraham, or Captain Abraham, or Abraham S/iabasch, 
 one of the first converts from the Indians ; first of Shecomeco, and then 
 of Gnadenhiitten. Withdrew from that mission in 1754. Deceased in 
 Wyoming in December of 1762. 
 
338 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 jC s . ,/. 
 1757. Bro* forw d 4 6 
 
 Aug. 9. To do. a foresight for a soldier from Fort 
 
 Allen 6 
 
 " do. a breech screw and steel for a gun... 5 6 
 
 " drawing out y e barrel and making 2 sights 
 
 toit 3 6 
 
 " stocking a long gun, a new lock, clean 
 ing, filing, and straightening the barrel, 
 
 and making a loop in it I 6 10 
 
 " stocking, cutting over, cleaning, mending, 
 
 &c., a rifle i 16 10 
 
 Aug. 10. " mending sundry gun locks 17 
 
 " stocking a gun, making a brass attire, 
 sodaring the barrel, mending the 
 
 lock, &c i 9 6 
 
 " stocking a rime, making sundry screws, 
 
 a breach pin, a screw plate, a wiper, &c. i 8 8 
 
 " mending and repairing a gun 5 
 
 " stocking a gun, making a sight, &c 10 6 
 
 II. " cutting over a riffle, making a breach pin, 
 mending the stock and the lock, 
 
 &c. &c i 3 4 
 
 " mending a gun lock 5 
 
 " " " and cleaning the barrel.. 4 6 
 " stocking a gun, making a breach plate, &c. 18 8 
 " repairing a rifle with 2 barrells and mend 
 ing the locks 7 I0 
 
 Carr d forw d n 7 
 
 presence of such of his countrymen as he the King should depute to at 
 tend the trial. This promise he confirmed by a string ; and turning 
 to the afflicted father, " Brother Moses Tattamy," he said, "you are 
 the father of the young man who has been unfortunately wounded. It 
 gives us great concern that anything of this kind should happen. We 
 have employed the most skillful doctor that is amongst us to take care 
 of him, and we pray that the Almighty would bless the medicines that 
 are administered for his cure. We, by this string of wampum, remove 
 the grief from your heart, and desire no uneasiness may remain 
 there." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 339 
 
 s <t- 
 
 1757. Bro forw 4 n 7 8 
 
 Aug. II. To mending a gun lock 6 
 
 15. " mending a gun stock, making a breach 
 
 pin, and cleaning the barrell 5 9 
 
 " drawing a gun barrell and mending the 
 
 lock 5 
 
 ii 18 ii 
 
 1 6. " mending a gun stock, repairing the 
 
 lock, &c 12 6 
 
 " mending a gun 2 
 
 " making a main spring, &c 4 6 
 
 " repairing a gun, &c 2 6 
 
 " mending a gun lock, making a steel, &c. 6 6 
 
 " " " and a barrell 6 
 
 " repairing a rifle and a lock ... 7 6 
 
 " " " " ii 6 
 
 " mending a rifle and a lock 9 
 
 " cutting over a rifle, mending the lock and 
 
 the stock 12 6 
 
 " mending a gun lock, making a breech 
 
 pin, &c 6 6 
 
 " mending a gun lock 6 
 
 " " making brass loops 
 
 to the stock 5 6 
 
 " do. and do. 4 6 
 
 " cutting over a rifle, mending the gun 
 
 lock, making 2 loops and a wiper, &c.. 16 8 
 
 " setting a piece on a gun stock 4 
 
 18. " mending a gun lock 5 
 
 " stocking a rifle, &c 15 6 
 
 " " cutting over the barrell, 
 
 and mending the lock I 4 
 
 " mending a gun and a lock 18 
 
 " cutting over a rifle, and mending the lock 1 1 6 
 " " and making a wiper, a 
 
 brass guard, &c 13 
 
 Carr 4 forw d 21 18 I 
 
340 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 *. d. 
 1757. Bro* forw d 21 18 I 
 
 Aug. 20. To stocking 2 rifles (i 8.T.), cutting over 
 
 and cleaning ( 1 5^) 2 3 
 
 22. " mending 2 gun locks, and other repairs 
 
 to sundry guns, with some brass work. I 14 4 
 24. " mending 2 gun stocks for Capt n Arndt s 
 
 25- 
 
 1757- 
 Aug. 6. 
 
 10. 
 
 n. 
 
 IS- 
 
 16. 
 
 
 2 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 " do for Lieut. Engel s compy 
 " mending the locks for do 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 7 
 
 7- 
 Province of Pensilvania to Bethlehem Tavern, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d the Indians coming from 
 and going to Fort Allen, &c. &c., viz.: 
 To breakfast and cyder for 14 Indians 
 " dinner and 19 pints cyder for 19 " 
 
 s, 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 13 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 d. 
 
 4 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 " dinnerand2O " for 20 " 
 
 " breakfast and 29 " for 29 " 
 " dinner and 20 " for 20 " 
 " supper, 15 half gills rum, and 15 pints 
 beer, deliv d 15 soldiers from Easton... 
 " breakfast, 15 half gills rum, and 15 pints 
 
 " 5 half gills of rum for 5 Indians from 
 Fort Allen 
 
 " supper and ^ pints cyder for do 
 
 " breakfast, 5 gills rum, and 5 pints cyder 
 
 " dinner and 5 pints cyder for do 
 
 " supper and ^ " for do 
 
 " " K S*U- rum > an d l pi nt cyder 
 for i Indian 
 
 
 Carr d forw d ..., 7 
 
 I.I 
 
 6 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 I757- Bro l forw d ................................ 7 13 6 
 
 Aug. 17. To breakfast, 6 half gills rum, and 6 pints 
 
 cyder, for 6 Indians ......................... 5 
 
 " dinner and 6 pints cyder for do ............ 4 
 
 " supper, 6 half gills rum, and 6 pint 
 
 cyder for do .................................. 5 
 
 876 
 " supper, 8 half gills rum, 8 pint cyder 
 
 for 8 Indians 6 8 
 
 1 8. " breakfast, 13 half gills rum, and 13 pint 
 
 cyder, for 13 Indians 10 10 
 
 " dinner and 14 pint cyder for 14 Indians.. 9 4 
 
 " " X giN rum for * Indian from 
 
 Fort Allen 8 
 
 " supper and 8 pint cyder for 8 Indians.... 5 4 
 
 19. " breakfast, 18 half gills rum, and 18 pint 
 
 cyder for 1 8 Indians 15 
 
 " dinner and 12 pint cyder for 12 Indians.. 8 
 
 " supper and 18 pint " for 18 " ... 12 
 
 20. " 1 8 half gills rum deliv d 18 Indians re- 
 
 turn d to Fort Allen 3 
 
 23. " dinner and supper and 3 half gills rum 
 deliver* 1 3 Indians coming from Lan 
 caster.* 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 12 
 
 I 10 
 
 * These were the three Nanticokes who had passed through Beth 
 lehem in July, on their way to Easton. On arriving there they de 
 sired of Major Parsons that the Governor would grant them an escort 
 to Lancaster, stating that they had come to remove the bones of their 
 friends that had deceased there during the Treaty, to their own town 
 for burial. " The presents were delivered to the Indians in their camp, 
 after which Mr. Croghan condoled with them on account of some of 
 their people who died of Small Pox since they came, and gave them a 
 piece of strowd to cover the graves of the deceased, agreeable to the 
 ancient custom of the Six Nations." Minutes of Treaty at Lancaster, 
 May, 1757. 
 
 On the 23d of August, the three reached Bethlehem with the re- 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 1 
 
 Bro* forw d ................................ 12 I 10 
 
 Aug. 23 To supper and 2 pint cyder for 2 Indians 
 
 from Fort Allen ............................. J 4 
 
 24. " breakfast and 2 q ts cyder, 2 half gills rum 
 
 for do .......................................... 3 
 
 " breakfast and dinner and 3 pint cyder for 
 
 3 Indians ...................................... 3 6 
 
 " supper and 3 pint cyder for do ............. 
 
 25. " breakfast and 12 pint cyder for 14 Indians 9 
 
 26. " supper and 4 pint cyder for 4 Indians.... 
 
 " 2 gills of rum for do .......................... 
 
 " supper, I pint cyder, and y z gill rum for 
 
 I Indian .............................. Io 
 
 13 4 10 
 
 GEORGE KLEIN. 
 8. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to Bethlehem Tavern, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d Tattitiskund, 13 soldiers, 
 Capt n Arndt, with 2 waggons, pr. order of 
 1757. Collonel Weisser, viz.: 
 Aug. 9. To supper, 16 half gills rum, and 16 pints s. d. 
 
 beerfori6 1 3 4 
 
 " supper for Capt n Arndt and I pint wine.. 2 
 
 10. " breakfast, 16 half gills of rum, and 16 
 
 pints cyder for 1 6 do J 3 4 
 
 " dinner, and 15 pints beer for 15 do 10 
 
 Carr d forw d I 18 8 
 
 mains of their chief, and after a halt of two days, set out for the Indian 
 country. Heckewelder states that " the Nanticokes were known to go 
 from Wyoming and Chemung to fetch the bones of their dead from 
 the Eastern Shore of Maryland, even when the bodies were putrescent, 
 so that they were compelled to take off the flesh and scrape the bones 
 before they could carry them along. I well remember" having seen 
 them between 1760 and 1780, loaded with such bones, which being 
 fresh, were highly offensive, as they passed through Bethlehem." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 343 
 
 * d. 
 
 1757- Bro l forw d I 18 8 
 
 Aug. 10. To supper, 15 half gills rum, and 15 pints 
 
 cyder for 15 12 6 
 
 " 2 meals for Capt n Arndt, and \y z pint 
 
 wine 3 3 
 
 11. " breakfast, 15 half gills rum, and 15 pints 
 
 cyder for 15 12 6 
 
 " dinner, 14 pints beer for 14 9 4 
 
 " supper, 14 half gills rum, and 14 pints 
 
 cyder for 14 u g 
 
 " 2 meals for Capt n Arndt and i l / 2 pint of 
 
 wine 3 3 
 
 12. " breakfast, 14 half gills rum, and 14 pints 
 
 cyder for 14 II 8 
 
 " dinner, 14 pints beer for 14 9 4 
 
 " 2 meals, and y 2 pint wine for Capt n Arndt 3 3 
 " pasture for 9 horses, 3 days and nights, 
 
 @ 6d. per day for each 13 6 
 
 " 40^ peck of oats for do., @ gd. per peck I 10 4^ 
 
 " hire of a horse 2 days 5 
 
 843^ 
 26. " sundries deliv d Taduskund* and compy, 
 
 with wife and children, after his return 
 from the Indian country, viz.: 
 " breakfast for him, his wife, and 2 children I 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 8 5 ny 
 
 * Immediately after the Treaty, Teedyuscung passed through Beth 
 lehem on his way to the Indian country. Thence he returned on the 
 25th of August, bringing with him a Peace Belt which he had received 
 from four Alleghanies above Wyoming. Bro. Edmonds escorted him 
 to Philadelphia, whither he took the token, for delivery to the Gov 
 ernor. In an interview with him, he stated that the Alleghanies had 
 told him that they had struck their brethren the English, at the in 
 stance of the French. " This belt," he proceeded to say, they gave 
 me to confirm these words, We have heard, O Teedyuscung, of the 
 good work of peace you have made with our Brethren the English, 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 * ". 
 
 1757. Bro forwd 8 5 i\y 2 
 
 Aug. 26. To 10 q ts beer, 3 half gills rum, i # pint 
 
 wine 5 4 
 
 " dinner for him, his wife, and 3 children. 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 8 13 3^ 
 
 and that you intend to hold it fast. We will not lift up our hatchet 
 to break that good work you have been transacting. " Colonial 
 Records, vii. p. 725. 
 
 In the afternoon of the 27th, the Brethren Spangenberg, Bohler, 
 and Mack had a conference with the Delaware King, Augustus George 
 Rex acting as interpreter. The interview was sought by the Brethren, 
 and the following is the substance of what transpired on the occasion : 
 " In response to an invitation, Teedyuscung and his family met us 
 this afternoon at a cup of coffee. It was plainly perceptible that the 
 King was gratified at the opportunity given him in this way of ex 
 pressing his views on the war, on which the conversation soon turned. 
 He told us that he was solicitous for peace, that the Six Nations had 
 empowered him to effect one, and that the other Indians looked to him 
 for its speedy consummation. He then produced a fourfold string of 
 wampum that had been given him by four Alleghany Indians at Tenk- 
 hanneck, and also a Belt, both of which he had deposited with Bro. 
 Horsfield on his arrival. They signified, he told us, the intention of 
 the senders to comply with the decisions of the Treaty lately held at 
 Easton, and added that he would carry these tokens to the Governor 
 in person, and that he had dispatched his son and the four above- 
 mentioned Indians with the large Belt given him at Easton, to Alle 
 ghany. We encouraged him to persevere in his purpose of bringing 
 about peace, even if he were to imperil or lose his life in the attempt; 
 observing at the same time, that peace was an unspeakable blessing, 
 and almost above price. We went on to say that we the Brethren 
 oftentimes ventured our lives in bringing the Gospel to the Heathen 
 who were ignorant of a Saviour, that we had come to the country for 
 this purpose, and not to purchase land of the Indians ; that what land 
 we had, we bought of the whites, and finally that we had never pur 
 chased nor ever desired to purchase as much as a handsbreadth of land 
 from his countrymen. 
 
 " Bro. Spangenberg next asked him for an explanation in reference 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 345 
 
 ft </ 
 
 1757- Bro forW 1 8 13 3^ 
 
 Aug. 26. To 7 pints wine, 10 q te beer 10 4 
 
 27. " breakfast for him, his wife, and 2 Indians 2 
 
 " 7 pints wine, 5 q ts beer, and 2 gills rum.. 9 4 
 
 Carr d forw d 9 14 
 
 to a string that had been carried by Jo Peepy to Lancaster, accom 
 panied by the words I am grieved to see my countrymen at Bethle 
 hem and in the Jerseys held as captives, and forbidden to hunt where 
 they please. I desire that they be set free, that they hunt where they 
 please, and that they remove to Susquehanna which string and words 
 were reported to have come from him the King." (See Minutes of a 
 Conference held "with the Indians at John Harris" 1 , April 2, 1757, 
 Colonial Records, vol. vii.) 
 
 "Teedyuscung in reply acknowledged that he had sent the message, 
 alleging, however, that the string and words had been dispatched to 
 him for delivery by the Alleghanies. 
 
 " Bro. Spangenberg hereupon made the following statement. The 
 Brethren are not censurable for the stay of the Indians in the settle 
 ments. Twelve years ago (May 24^/1 to July 12th, 1745), I journeyed 
 to Onondaga in company with David Zeisberger (Anousseracheri), 
 purposely to treat with the Six Nations about the removal of our In 
 dian Brethren and Sisters to the Susquehanna. On my return we 
 made a proposition to the Mohicans at Shecomeco to remove there. 
 They expressed a disinclination to do so. On their arrival at Bethle 
 hem (1746) we laid the proposition before them a second time, telling 
 them it would be well for them to entertain it, and that Bro. Mack, 
 accompanied by Abraham Shabasch and Gideon Mauweesemen, were 
 gone to Wyoming to perfect preliminaries. When the time was come 
 for them to give a decisive answer, they told us that they had con 
 cluded not to go. We accordingly permitted them to plant at Bethle 
 hem, and then at Gnadenhiitten on the Mahoning, where we had pur 
 chased lands for them as you the King well know. Augustus can 
 also testify that we had recommended our Indian Brethren at Menio- 
 lagomeka to remove to the Susquehanna ; and he well remembers that 
 the Brethren Mack and Grube and myself had proposed the measure 
 in his lodge in the village. We made this proposal to the Indians of 
 Meniolagomeka a second time at Bethlehem. Both offers were re- 
 
 23 
 
346 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 * d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forwd ................................ 9 14 n) 
 
 Aug. 27. To dinner for him and 3 Indians ............... 2 
 
 " 2^ pint wine, 10 q ts beer ................... 5 10 
 
 28. " breakfast for him, his wife, and 3 Indians 2 6 
 
 Carr d forw d .............................. 10 5 
 
 jected. When some time afterward they were compelled to vacate 
 their settlement on the Aquanshicola, we permitted them to remove 
 to Gnadenhiitten, as the season was already far advanced and the time 
 for planting corn would be past on their reaching the Susquehanna. 
 A few years ago some Nanticokes came down from the River and 
 asked us to open our arms and permit the Indians to remove to their 
 neighborhood. We told them that while we would not compel our 
 Indian Brethren to remain at Gnadenhiitten, we would reluctantly 
 have them go and live among savages who loved wickedness and not 
 the Saviour, adding, that were they to remove there unattended by one 
 of the Brethren who could care for them and their children, the re 
 moval would be ruinous to their souls. 
 
 " In the next place we informed Teedyuscung that we had pur 
 chased a tract of land near Bethlehem, on which w r e proposed to estab 
 lish our Indian Brethren and Sisters, and then asked him whether he 
 objected; remarking that the whites were at liberty to settle where 
 they chose and that the Indians we thought were entitled to the same 
 privilege. He made answer that probably the white man was under 
 no restriction in the choice of a home, but that if he settled in the 
 white man s country he was subject to the white man s law. 
 
 " Bro. Spangenberg remarked in reply that his observations were 
 just, and the inference to be drawn from them was incontrovertible. 
 
 " Teedyuscung resumed by asking the following question : Why 
 cannot the Indians who love the Saviour remove to the Indian country 
 and plant along the Susquehanna? and then added, the Brethren 
 surely can visit them, preach to the men and women, and instruct the 
 children. 
 
 "Bro. Spangenberg rejoined by saying that in case our Indian 
 Brethren and Sisters were to remove there, they would require a 
 town of their own, and in it a school and a church where the Gospel 
 could be freely preached. For this he would stipulate in advance. 
 And furthermore he would make it a condition, that all Indians who 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 > s. 
 
 1757. Bro 1 for w d 10 5 
 
 Aug. 28. To 3 pints wine, 2 q ts beer, and 2 gills rum.. 4 
 
 " dinner for him, his wife, and 4 Indians.. 3 
 
 " 2 q ts cyder and I pint wine I 
 
 Carr d forw d 10 14 
 
 347 
 
 should be desirous of hearing of the Saviour, should be at liberty to 
 come to the town ; and on the other hand all that were disinclined to 
 his service, or did wickedness, or were seducers, should be excluded. 
 There would in fact be no occasion for the latter class to resort to, or 
 to take up their abode in the town under consideration, as the Indians 
 had ample lands and room for settlement elsewhere along the River. 
 
 " Teedyuscung took no exception to these conditions, assented to all 
 that had been said, and then expressed a wish that the Indians who 
 loved the Saviour might live together. 
 
 " If there be any likelihood of this coming to pass, resumed Bro. 
 Spangenberg, I desire that the settlement be made in the valley 
 where the Shawanese had their seats fifteen years ago ; and if the 
 owners of the land make us a proposal to buy, Bro. Mack and myself 
 will gladly go up to Wyoming and view the place and select a spot. 
 Even in that event, however, our Indian Brethren must be permitted 
 to exercise the right of preference, so that those who choose to remain 
 at Bethlehem can remain, and those who choose to remove to the 
 Susquehanna can do so. I insist on this demand, as it involves a prin 
 ciple which must remain inviolate. 
 
 "At this stage of the interview Bro. Spangenberg informed Teedyus 
 cung of the intention he had had, soon after the opening of hostilities, 
 to repair to the Indian country, in order to treat with the Indians for 
 a peace. This cherished project, he added, he had been obliged to 
 abandon, as it failed to meet with the approval of Governor Morris. 
 
 " In course of conversation, Teedyuscung stated that during hostili 
 ties the wildest reports prejudicial to the Brethren had been in circu 
 lation among the Indians. It was currently believed by them, 
 among other things, that the Brethren had decapitated the Indians 
 that had fallen into their hands, had thrown their heads into sacks 
 and sent them to Philadelphia. This charge and others equally ex 
 travagant had so exasperated the Indians that a number of them had 
 conspired to attack the Brethren s settlements and cut off the inhabit- 
 
348 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757. Bro 1 forw d ................................ 10 14 3* 
 
 Aug. 28. To shoeing his horse ............................. I 6 
 
 " hay and oats for do ............................ 3 
 
 10 18 
 
 GEORG KLEIN. 
 
 ants without regard to age or sex. That Paxanosa, and he the King, 
 had on one occasion persuaded 200 warriors who had banded together 
 for this purpose to desist from their intention until they had certain 
 assurance of the truth of the charge. He also stated that the Shawa- 
 nese brave whom he had killed near Easton on the way to the Treaty, 
 had led the attack on the Mahoning. 
 
 " In conclusion, we brought to his consideration the case of the 
 strange Indians who since the suspension of hostilities had resorted to 
 Bethlehem, telling him that while we were disposed to feed the hungry 
 and to clothe the naked and to entertain our friends, our means would 
 not long permit us to provide for these visitors in large numbers. To 
 this he replied that as soon as his countrymen were again settled, and 
 consequently in a condition to make a livelihood, they would refund 
 the cost of their present support. Meanwhile it was the duty of the 
 Governor and of the Commissioners to make proper provision for them 
 and to reimburse the Brethren ; that he would call their attention to 
 this thing, and lest he should forget to do so, we should be pleased to 
 address them a letter, and give it in the care of Mr. Edmonds, who 
 was to be his escort to Philadelphia. 
 
 " Throughout the interview the King was animated and strictly at 
 tentive. He is naturally quick of apprehension and ready in reply. 
 In the course of the conversation he frequently alluded to his baptism, 
 and to his former membership in the mission, observing in this con 
 nection with apparent regret that he had lost the peace of mind he 
 once enjoyed, that he hoped, however, it would return, and that it was 
 his sincere desire to remain in connection with us in preference to any 
 other people among the whites." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 349 
 
 9- 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d y e Indians coming from 
 1757. y e Treaty, &c., per order of Col 1 Weisser. 
 Aug. 8. To supper for 75 Indians, and each ]/^ gill s. d. 
 
 rum and I p* cydar 326 
 
 9. " breakfast for 75 do. do. do. do 326 
 
 " dinner for 170 do. and pint cydar each.. 5 13 4 
 " supper for 215 do. ^ gill rum and I pint 
 
 cydar each 8 19 2 
 
 10. " breakfast for 215 do. do. do. do.... 8 19 2 
 " dinner for 215, and each I pint cydar.... 734 
 " supper for 215, and do. ^ gill rum and 
 
 I pt. cydar 8 19 2 
 
 " 2 expresses to y e Justices Craig and Wil 
 son, and W m Parson, Esq r , to acquaint 
 them of Bill Tattemy s death, Mr. 
 
 Horsfield being absent 7 
 
 " a coffin, diging the grave, and burying 
 
 him* 2 2 
 
 11. " breakfast for 215, and each ^ gill rum 
 
 and I pint cydar 8 19 2 
 
 " dinner for 215, and each I pint cydar.... 734 
 " supper for 215 and each ^ gill rum and 
 
 i pint cydar 8 19 2 
 
 15. " breakfast for 215, and do. and do 8 19 2 
 
 " dinner for 215, and each I pint cydar.... 734 
 
 Carr d forw d 89 12 4 
 
 * After lingering for a month, young Tattamy died, in the house of 
 John Jones, on the 9th of August. Meanwhile he had been visited by 
 Brethren from Bethlehem, and ministered to spiritually by Bro. Jacob 
 Rogers, as he had been under John Brainerd s teaching at Cranberry, 
 and professed Christianity. Intelligence of his decease was immedi 
 ately expressed to Justices Thomas Craig and Hugh Wilson, of the 
 Irish Settlement. On the nth the remains were interred in the old 
 grave-yard, near the Crown, in the presence of upwards of two hun 
 dred Indians, Bro. Rogers reading the burial service. 
 
35 o ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 1757. Bro t forw d ................................ 89 12 4 
 
 Aug. 15. To supper for 70, and each y z gill rum and 
 
 ip beer ...................................... 2 18 4 
 
 13. " 70 half gills rum for do ..................... II 8 
 
 " pasturing 42 horses 4 days and nights, at 
 
 6d. per day and night for each .......... 4 4 
 
 " 2 coffins for 2 Indians that came sick 
 
 from Easton and died here* .............. I 
 
 " 119 Ibs. bread, @ i%d., and I bush 1 In 
 dian corn, @ 3-r., deliv d some Indians 
 returning to Fort Allen .................. 15 4 
 
 " hire of a man and horse as a guard for 
 
 the Indians to John Hays ................. 5 
 
 " a horse deliv d to French Margareth, she 
 having lost 2 horses, as she said, un 
 less helpt with one must be detained 
 on the Province expence ................. 5 
 
 20. " pasturing 20 horses 7 days and nights, 
 
 @ 6d. each per day ........................ 3 10 
 
 29. " do. 6 horses 9 days and nights, @ 6d. 
 
 per day and night ........................... I 7 
 
 " sundry men watching in the night when 
 the large company of Indians was here, 
 some of them coming over in the night, 
 and made much disturbance by break 
 ing the windows, and other mischief... I 
 
 C. F. ORTER. 
 
 * Immediately after Bill Tattamy s interment, Bro. Schmick, at her 
 urgent request, baptized a Delaware woman from Lechawachnec, as 
 she was lying under a tree near " The Crown" ii the last stage of con 
 sumption. She received the name of Johanna. The next night she 
 passed away, and on the I3th received Christian burial. On the same 
 day the remains of an Indian boy were buried by the savages with 
 heathen rites, in one corner of the consecrated ground. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 351 
 
 10. 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d the Indians opposite 
 
 1757. Bethlehem, since the 6 August last. s. 
 
 Aug. 29. To 1044 Ibs. of bread, @ l l /d. 5^ 
 
 " 176 Ibs. of beef, mutton, &c., @ ~$d 2 4 
 
 " * bush 1 white meal I 
 
 " 7 bush 5 Indian corn, @ $d I I 
 
 " 18 galls, milk, @ 6d. 9 
 
 " attending the above Indians 24 days, 
 
 from the 5 to 29 August, 6d. per day. . 1 2 
 
 9 15 
 C. F. ORTER. 
 
 XI. AN ACCOUNT SENT TO YE COMMISSIONERS IN PHILADELPHIA, 
 DATED 31 OCTOBER, 1757. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards at Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1757. For sundries deliv d accords to instruction. s. d. 
 Sept. 15. To an express to the Governor with a letter 
 of Capt n Arndt,* advising of the ene 
 my s coming on the frontiers, and ex- 
 pences and loss of time in the town, 
 waiting 3 days for an answer, @ $s. pr. 
 day 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 
 
 * This letter brought the intelligence that a body of French and In 
 dians had been met above Diahoga, on the way to the Minnisinks, their 
 mission being to examine the strength of the defenses along the line 
 of the northern frontier. Justice Horsfield informed the Governor, by 
 this same express, of Teedyuscung s request that he, the Governor, 
 without delay, fix the rewards on scalps and prisoners, and send him 
 a belt of black wampum with an account of it. The measure, the 
 King added, was unavoidable. 
 
352 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 J. d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 2 
 
 Sept. 20. To cash p d Lewis Young and Jacob Folk 
 going with 3 Indians to Joseph Kel 
 ler s place,* 2 days, at request of Tee- 
 
 dyuscung, @ 2s. 6d. each per day 10 
 
 " sundries deliv d in Nazareth Tavern to 
 
 do. (See Voucher \} 10 9 
 
 " hire of a man and horse to go with 
 
 Teedyuscung to Easton 5 
 
 " a messenger going to John Hays to con 
 duct some Indians on their journey to 
 
 Fort Allen 3 6 
 
 Oct. 13. " making a coat and jacket for Teedyus 
 cung, and sundries deliv d for do. (See 
 Voucher 2) I 13 3 
 
 22. " Bethlehem Store, for sundries. (See 
 
 Voucher $) I 17 2 j 
 
 23. " an express to the Governor, with a letter 
 
 advising the enemy having tacken Jo 
 seph Keller s wife and 3 children cap 
 tives, and expenses and loss of time in 
 the town, waiting 2%. days, @ $s. per 
 
 day I j6 3 
 
 " medicines, bleeding, &c., Indians, &c. 
 
 (See Voucher 4) 169 
 
 27. " sundry gun-smith work. (See Voucher 
 
 5) 5 5 7 
 
 " leather deliv d Teedyuscung, for mending 
 
 shoes 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 15 
 
 * Joseph Keller was a German farmer, and lived on this side of the 
 Wind Gap, about five miles north of Nazareth. In an affidavit 
 transmitted to the Governor he deposed " that on the i6th of Septem 
 ber, while assisting his neighbors at plowing, three Indians had car 
 ried off his wife and three of his sons, aged respectively fourteen, five 
 and three years. They left a child of six months lying in the cradle 
 without doing any damage to it, or to anything in the house." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 353 
 
 s- d. 
 1757. Bro* forw d ................................ 15 10 3^ 
 
 Oct. 27. To sundries deliv d the Indians out of the 
 Tavern, coming and going to and 
 from Fort Allen, &c. (See Voucher 6) 3 19 
 " sundries deliv d out of the Tavern to Tee- 
 
 dyuscung and family. (See Voucher*]} 19 3 2 
 " sundry provisions, &c. deliv d to the 
 Indians opposite Bethlehem. (See 
 VoiicherS) .................................. 36 19 
 
 75 ii 5/2 
 
 BETHLEHEM, 31 October, 1757. 
 
 C. F. ORTER. 
 
 Vouchers belonging to ye foregoing Account. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania, Dr. 
 
 To sundries deliv d at Nazareth Tavern to 
 Jacob Folk, Lewis Young, and 3 Indians 
 who was sent by Teedyuscung to Joseph 
 Keller s place, to satisfy him of the truth 
 of Keller s wife and children being taken 
 1757. captive. 
 
 Sept. 1 8. To victuals and drink (4^. io</.), ^ peck s. d. 
 oats (6d.} ..................................... 5 4 
 
 19. " do. do. (4.y. 4</.), ^ do. do. (6</.) ......... 5 5 
 
 10 
 
 HARTMAN VERTRIES. 
 NAZARETH TAVERN,* 20 Sept., 1757. 
 
 *"The Rose," built in 1752, one mile north of the Whitefield 
 House, on the Nazareth tract, and so called from the red rose painted 
 on its sign-board, in remembrance of the condition on which the 
 Penns had sold the manor, which condition required the payment, if 
 demanded, of " a red rose in June of each year forever." 
 
354 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 2. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 1757. For sundries deliv d Teedyuscung : 
 Oct. 13. To i^ yd s brown linnen for his coat and 
 
 jacket, given him by the Friends in s. d. 
 
 Philadelphia,* @ 2s. ^d 4 i 
 
 " T X y d buckram, @ 2s 2 6 
 
 " 2 doz. coat buttons, @ is. $d. 2 8 
 
 " \y 2 doz. west do., @ 8d. i 
 
 " 3 sticks mohair, best sort, @ i s 3 
 
 " silk 2 
 
 " making the coat and jacket 18 
 
 I 13 3 
 
 3- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania, Dr. 
 1757. To sundries deliv d out of Bethlehem Store : s. d. 
 
 Sept. I. " I Ib. powder and 3 Ibs. shot 5 6 
 
 4. " 2 quires paper deliv d Capt n Arndt, @ is. 
 
 for making cartridges 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 7 6 
 
 * During his two weeks stay in Philadelphia, whither he had gone 
 under escort of Mr. Edmonds, on the 6th of October. In that inter 
 val he was present at a conference with deputies of the Cherokees, 
 Senecas, and Mohawks, who were being interested by the Governor 
 in gaining over other Indian tribes to the English cause. Teedyuscung 
 also conferred with the Governor on the present posture of the war, 
 and stated that on reconsideration he thought it advisable to postpone 
 sending the Black Belt until spring, adding that meanwhile the Peace 
 Belt might be instrumental in bringing about the desired result. In 
 conclusion, the Governor informed him of the appointment of com 
 missioners to superintend the building of a town for him and his In 
 dians at Wyoming, agreeably to the stipulations of the last Treaty. 
 "The Secretary acquainted the Governor that yesterday the King ap 
 plied to him for wampum and some money to pay his reckoning, and 
 that he had given him three belts, ten strings, and two pieces of eight." 
 Prov. Records, vol. vii. p. 756. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 355 
 
 1757. Bro forw d ................................ 7 6 
 
 Sept. 1 6. To X bush 1 salt for the Indian over the water I 3 
 
 " i Ib. powder deliv d the white men and 
 
 Indians sent to Keller s .................. 3 6 
 
 " \y 2 Ibs. of shot, @ &/., 6 pipes, @ i</. 
 
 todo ........................................... i 6 
 
 " ^ bush 1 salt deliv d Paxino s son* ......... 7 
 
 20. " check for a pair trowsers for Teedyuscung 7 i 
 
 " pipes and tobacco for do ........ 6 
 
 " % Ib. of powder for do ........ 1 1 
 
 " shot, sugar, and couckeys for do ........ 3 10 
 
 Oct. n. " cash gave to bring home the horse at our 
 
 return from Philadelphia .................. 6 
 
 22. " cash gave for expences to the messenger 
 sent to Pumpshire and Tatemy, pr. or 
 der Mr. Hughesf ........................... 10 
 
 I 17 
 
 W M EDMONDS, Storekeeper. 
 
 * He had arrived at Bethlehem on September I5th, with the intelli 
 gence that the French Indians had been compelled to halt at Diahoga, 
 the Delawares refusing to permit them to pass that point. The Shawa- 
 nese set out on his return on the igth, taking with him two belts from 
 Teedyuscung for the Ten Nations who had taken hold of the Peace 
 Belt at Easton. The first was sent to testify to his command that they 
 discover the perpetrators of the late assaults on the settlers south of the 
 mountain, and that they restore all captives ; and the second to notify 
 them of his residence at Bethlehem, where, should their chiefs come 
 from Alleghany, they would be referred to him, and he would give 
 them safe escort to Philadelphia. 
 
 f John Hughes, one of the commissioners appointed by the Gov 
 ernor, on October 5th, to build " Teedyuscung s Town" and erect a 
 fort at Wyoming. (See Col. Records, vol. vii. p. 754, for the Commis 
 sion.) At the King s request, he was come to escort him to Wyoming 
 to consult with the commissioners about the settlement. On the 27th the 
 two, accompanied by a number of Indians from "The Crown," set out 
 on the journey, and the Brethren entertained the hope that this exodus 
 
356 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 4- 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to John Matthew Otto, Dr. 
 1757- 
 Oct. 8. To medicines for Henry Arndt, Capt n Arndt s s. d. 
 
 brother, being in his company 4 6 
 
 22. " medicines for Teedyuscung s wife and 
 
 children, and bleeding at sundry times 7 3 
 
 " curing an impostume on his son s thigh.. 6 
 
 " bleeding 7 Indians opposite Bethlehem, 
 
 and medicines for do. at sundry times. 9 
 
 BETHLEHEM, 23 Oct r , 1757. 
 
 JOHN MATTHEW OTTO. 
 
 5- 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Gunsmith in Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundry work done for Capt n Arndt s 
 1757. Compy on the Province arms, viz.: s. d, 
 
 Sept. 3. To putting a piece on a gun-stock 4 
 
 " making 3 loops on y e barrell i 
 
 " mending 2 do. to the stock 6 
 
 " making a screw to the strap ring 6 
 
 " cutting of the barrell and mending the 
 
 sight 6 
 
 9. " boring and drawing out a gun barrell 5 
 
 " putting a piece on the stock 3 6 
 
 Carr d forw d 15 
 
 would be followed by others, and ere long by a full release from the 
 presence of their troublesome Indian neighbors. Teedyuscung returned 
 December I, hastened to Philadelphia, and there acquainted Governor 
 Denny of his wish that the work of building the town be postponed to 
 the following spring. Stating that he intended to go to Burlington on 
 some business, he desired his passport and an order on the commis 
 sioners " to allow him ten pounds for his journey, and something proper 
 for Pompshire and Moses Tatamy." 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 357 
 
 *. d. 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 15 
 
 Sept. 9. To boring the touch hole I 
 
 " mending the lock and making a screw to 
 
 it I 
 
 " making a main spring 6 
 
 " making a dog and a screw I 6 
 
 " do. a loop to the stock 9 
 
 " hardening the steel 6 
 
 " mending the briddle I 
 
 " do. the lock and tumblers I 
 
 16. " putting a piece on a gun-stock 3 
 
 " making 3 loops to the barrell I 
 
 " do. 2 do. for the ram-rod I 4 
 
 " do. i lock screw 6 
 
 19. " do. 3 screws for a gun I 6 
 
 23. " mending a gun-lock plate I 
 
 " making 4 screws to the lock 2 
 
 " do. a new cock on a gun-lock 3 
 
 " mending the tumbler and making a screw 
 
 to it i 
 
 29. " making 2 screws on a gun-lock i 
 
 Oct. 7. " boring a touch hole and making a worm 
 
 on the ram-rod i 6 
 
 26. " stocking 4 guns, @ 95 I 16 
 
 " cleaning 2 gun barrells 2 
 
 " boring 2 touch holes 2 
 
 " making 4 lock screws 2 
 
 " do. a new breech pin 3 
 
 " cleaning 2 locks I 6 
 
 " making a cock-screw I 
 
 " do. a cross screw and trigger plate... I 
 
 " do. 2 new breech plates of brass 8 
 
 " do. 3 loops for the ram-rod 2 
 
 " repairing 2 guns for 2 Indians, pr. Tady- 
 uscung s desire, on their parting for 
 Wayomik, viz.: 
 
 " a new tumbler and dog for a riffle lock... 4 
 
 Carr d forw d 537 
 
358 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 J- d* 
 
 1757. Bro forw d 537 
 
 Oct. 26. To boring a touch hole I 
 
 " making 2 lock screws I 
 
 5 5 7 
 
 BETHLEHEM, 27 October, 1757. 
 
 DANIEL KLIEST. 
 
 6. 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 For sundries deliv d out of the Tavern to the 
 Indians coming and going to and from 
 Fort Allen, not included in the other ac- 
 1757. count for Teedyuscung. s. d. 
 
 Aug. 30. To supper for 3 Indians I 6 
 
 " 3 half-gills of rum and 3 pints beer i 
 
 31. " breakfast for do I 6 
 
 " 3 half-gills of rum and 3 pints beer i 
 
 " dinner and supper and 6 pints beer for 
 
 do 4 
 
 Sept. I. " breakfast, 3 pints beer, and 3 half-gills 
 
 rum for do 2 6 
 
 " pasture for 2 horses for 2 days and nights 
 
 for do 2 
 
 10. " do. for I do. for 8 days and nights 4 
 
 15. " dinner, 2 half-gills rum, and 5 pints cy- 
 
 dar for 5 Indians 3 8 
 
 " supper and 5 pints cydar for do 3 4 
 
 19. " keeping 2 horses 7 days and nights, @ 
 
 lod. each n 8 
 
 24. " keeping I do. 1 1 days for an Indian from 
 
 Diaogu* 9 2 
 
 " I gill rum for do 4 
 
 Carr d for\v d 2 5 
 
 *" September 24. Fourteen strange Indians arrived from Diahoga." 
 Bethlehem Diarist. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 359 
 
 . d. 
 
 1757. Bro forwd 258 
 
 Sept. 24. To dinner and I gill rum for 9 Indians and 
 
 5 children came from the Pensbury. ... 6 6 
 
 " breakfast for do 6 2 
 
 Oct. 2. " supper, 2 half-gills rum for 2 Indians I 4 
 
 4. " breakfast and I qt. cydar for 2 do I 4 
 
 " keeping 2 horses 2 days and nights 3 4 
 
 20. " dinner, 4 qts. cydar, and 2 gills rum de- 
 liv d to 10 Indians and 3 boys y* came 
 
 from Pensbury* 8 
 
 " supper for 8 Indians and 2 boys 4 8 
 
 " do. and I qt. beer for 2 Indians and 
 
 2 children y l came from Pensbury 2 
 
 3 19 
 
 N.B. The Indians being Delawares, Teedyuscung said at the 
 Treaty he had liberty to call them into this Province; accordingly, 
 some of them came from the Jersey to Pensbury, and afterwards here. 
 
 ANDREAS HORN. 
 
 BETHM, 31 Oct., 1757. 
 
 7- 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries deliv d out of the Tavern to 
 1757. Teedyscung and family, &c., viz.: s, d. 
 
 Aug. 30. To I pint wine I 6 
 
 Sept. 6. f " i quart beer 4 
 
 Carr d forw d .... I 10 
 
 * " October 20. Young Captain Harris (Peter) arrived with twenty 
 Indians from Pennsbury." Ibid. 
 
 Pennsbury, a Proprietary Manor in the southeast corner of Bucks 
 County, on the Delaware, was laid out pursuant to William Penn s 
 directions, written to William Markham, in a letter dated " y e 13 2 d mo., 
 1689," as follows : " I send to seat my children s Plantation that I gave 
 them, near Pennsbury, by Edward Blackfan." 
 
 f On this day Teedyuscung returned from Philadelphia, after the 
 delivery of the Peace Belt, sent him by the Alleghanies, to the Gov- 
 
360 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 . *. d. 
 1757. Bro* forw d I 10 
 
 Sept. 7. To breakfast and supper for him and his wife 2 
 
 " 2 half-gills rum and I qt. beer for do 8 
 
 8. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 3 
 
 " 2 gills rum 8 
 
 9. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, 2 half-gills 
 
 rum for do 3 4 
 
 " 3 pints wine, 2 half-gills rum, and 2 
 
 quarts beer for do. and other Ind s 5 6 
 
 IO. " breakfast and dinner and 2 qts. beer for 
 
 him and his wife 2 8 
 
 12. " do. and do. and supper, and 3 qts. beer 
 
 for him, his wife, and 2 children, the 
 grown people @ 6d. and the children 
 @ \d 6 
 
 13. " breakfast and dinner, and 3 q ts beer for 
 
 do 4 4 
 
 14. " breakfast and dinner, I p* wine, 4 q ts beer 
 
 fordo 6 2 
 
 15. "I pt. wine for him, having eat nothing 
 
 that day I 6 
 
 1 6. " breakfast for him, his wife, and 2 chil 
 
 dren, and i pt. wine instead of rum... 3 2 
 
 " supper and I q l cydar for do 2 
 
 17. " breakfast and 3^ gills of rum for do 2 10 
 
 " dinner and supper, 3 qts. beer for do 4 4 
 
 " 4 qts. beer, and 2 p l wine for do. and 
 
 other Indians 4 4 
 
 1 8. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and I gill 
 
 of rum for him, his wife, and 2 chil 
 dren 5 4 
 
 " 3X c l ts - beer and 2^ pints wine for do. 
 and other Indians whom he sent to 
 Keller s place to inquire about a mis 
 chief done there.... 4 2 
 
 Carr d forw d 3 
 
 ernor. He signified a wish that the Brethren would permit him to 
 pass the winter at Bethlehem. 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 361 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757. Bro forw d 3 12 4 
 
 Sept. 19. To breakfast, dinner, and supper, for him, 
 
 his wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 " 4 gills rum, 4 q ts beer, 2 q ts cydar, and 
 2^2 pints wine for do. and other In 
 dians 6 4 
 
 20. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 5 
 
 " 4 gills rum, 5 qts. cydar, and I bowl of 
 
 punch for do. and other Indians 4 6 
 
 " dinner, 3 qts. beer, i j gill rum, and I p t 
 wine deliv d 3 Indians who returned 
 from Jos. Keller s 4 6 
 
 21. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him, his 
 
 wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 " 2 q ts beer and 2 gills rum for do I 4 
 
 22. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 5 
 
 " 2*4 q ts beer and \y 2 gill rum for do I 4 
 
 23. " breakfast and supper, and \y z gill rum 
 
 for do 3 10 
 
 " 2 p te wine for do. and other Indians 3 
 
 " 12 q ts beer, n gills rum, and I q* wine, 
 when he dispatsch d Indians (i Paxa- 
 nos son) to Diaogu with a belt of 
 wompum to the chiefs, to inquire 
 about the murder and prisoners made 
 at Keller s 10 8 
 
 24. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him and 
 
 his family 5 
 
 " I qt. beer, I gill rum for do 8 
 
 25. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 5 
 
 " 2 q te beer, I gill rum, and I p 4 wine for 
 
 do 2 6 
 
 26. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him, his 
 
 wife, daughter, and 2 sons, @ \d. 6 6 
 
 " I gill of rum and I qt. beer for do 8 
 
 Carr d forw d 782 
 
 24 
 
362 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 1757. Bro* forw d 782 
 
 Sept. 27. To breakfast for him, his wife, and the 2 
 
 sons 2 2 
 
 " dinner for his 2 children 8 
 
 " YZ pint wine 9 
 
 " 2 bowls of punch for him and his guests 2 
 
 " 9> q ts of beer for do 3 2 
 
 28. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and 2 q te 
 
 beer for himself, his wife and daugh 
 ter, @ 6d,, and 2 sons, @ ^d. 7 2 
 
 29. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and I q l 
 
 beer for him, his wife, and 2 children 5 4 
 
 30. " breakfast, supper, and I y z qt. beer for do. 3 10 
 " dinner for Teedyuscung s 2 children 
 
 Oct. I. " dinner and supper for him, his wife, and 
 
 2 children 3 4 
 
 " 3 p ts beer and I gill rum for do 10 
 
 2. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and 5 p ts 
 
 beer for do 5 Io 
 
 " i p l of wine, 4^ gills rum, and 3^ q te 
 beer deliv d for him and others on his 
 sending 2 belts to Epulalohend to 
 Diaogu 4 2 
 
 3. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him, 
 
 his wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 " 2^ q te beer, I gill rum for do I 2 
 
 4. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, 3 qts. beer 
 
 and 2 gills rum for do 4 
 
 5. " breakfast, supper, ij qt. beer, ^ S 111 
 
 rum for do 4 
 
 6. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and I gill 
 
 rum for do 5 4 
 
 7. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for his wife, 
 
 daughter, and 2 child" 1 5 
 
 8. " breakfast and supper for do 3 4 
 
 9. " do. and do. for his wife and 2 
 
 child..., 2 4 
 
 Carr d forw d 10 18 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 36. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757- Bro forw d 10 18 3 
 
 Oct. 10. To breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 3 6 
 
 " supper for Teedyuscung, and i other 
 
 Indian x 
 
 " 2 p ts wine and 2 q ts beer for do., on his 
 
 return from Phila ^ $ 
 
 11. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him, his 
 
 wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 12. " do. do. do. and I gill rum for do., I p* 
 
 beer 5 6 
 
 13. " do. do. do. and I gill rum for do., hay 
 
 for his horse 10 days and nights, from 
 the 27 th Sept. to the 7 October, @ lod. 
 
 p r day and night 8 4 
 
 " 2 bush ls and 28 q te of oats for do., being 
 
 deliv d in small measure by the hostler 1 1 6 
 
 14. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for him, his 
 
 wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 15. " do. do. do. fordo 5 
 
 16. " do. do. do. fordo r 
 
 " 5 gills rum, 2 pints wine, and 4 qts. beer 
 
 for do. and guests 6 
 
 17. " breakfast for him, his wife and 2 children i 8 
 " dinner and supper for his wife and 2 
 
 children 2 4 
 
 1 8. " supper for, him and his wife, and 2 chil 
 
 dren, ^ p c wine, 2 q ts beer 2 9 
 
 " breakfast and dinner for his wife and 2 
 
 children 2 4 
 
 19. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and i gill 
 
 of rum for him and do 5 4 
 
 20. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and 2 q ts 
 
 beer and i gill rum for do 6 
 
 21. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, and i gill 
 
 rum for do c A 
 
 22. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, for do c 
 
 " 9 gills of rum and i q l beer for him and 14 
 
 Indians, on rec 1 of Mr. Hughes letter.. 3 4 
 
 Carr d forw d I Ir Io 
 
364 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1757. Bro 4 forw d 15 n 10 
 
 Oct. 22. To a meal and I gill of rum for an Indian, 
 to his order, whom he sent to Pump- 
 shire and Tatemy 10 
 
 23. " breakfast and dinner for him, his wife, 
 
 and 2 children 3 4 
 
 " 23 gills rum and 3 q ts beer for him and 
 his Indians, at their conclusion of 
 going to Wayomig 8 8 
 
 24. " breakfast, dinner, and supper, for him, 
 
 his wife, and 2 children 5 
 
 " 2 q ts beer and I gill rum for do I 
 
 25. " breakfast and dinner for do 3 4 
 
 " 2y^ q ts beer and 6 gills of rum for do., 
 
 and other Indians 2 10 
 
 26. " breakfast, dinner, and supper for do 5 
 
 " 4^ q te beer and 3 gills rum for do 2 6 
 
 27. " breakfast for do I 8 
 
 "21 gills of rum for him and the other In 
 dians that went with him to Wayomig 7 8 
 
 " hay for horse 13 days and nights, @ lod. 
 (los. lod.], and 3 bushl 5 of oats delivered 
 
 in small measure by y e hostler I 2 10 
 
 " dinner and supper for his wife and 2 
 
 children 2 4 
 
 " supper, y 2 gill rum, I p* beer for the Ind. 
 
 that was sent by Teedyuscung for 
 
 Bumshire 10 
 
 28. " supper for Teedyuscung s wife and 2 
 
 children I 2 
 
 31. " dinner and supper for do 2 4 
 
 9 
 
WITH THE COMMISSIONERS. 365 
 
 Province of Pensilvania to the Stewards of Bethlehem, Dr. 
 
 For sundries del d the Indians* opposite 
 
 1757. Bethlehem since the 30 August last, viz.: s. d. 
 
 Aug. 30. To 2 coffins I 
 
 Oct. 31. " 3792 Ibs. bread, @ I ]^d. 19 15 
 
 " 590^ Ibs. meal, @ $d. 7 7 7 
 
 " 1 8 bushl 3 Indian corn, @ 3^., being of 
 
 the old stock 2 14 
 
 Carr d forw d 30 16 
 
 * The wish that had been expressed by the Delaware King on the 
 8th of September, to fix his residence at Bethlehem, during the winter, 
 was granted, although reluctantly. He accordingly had a lodge built 
 him near " The Crown." Here he held court and here he gave audi 
 ence to the wild embassies that would come from the Indian country, 
 from the land of the implacable Monsey, from the gates of Diahoga, 
 and from the ultimate dim Thule of Alleghany or the Ohio country. 
 Occasionally he would repair to Philadelphia or to the fort to confer 
 with the Governor or with the commandant on the progress of the 
 work of peace he was apparently solicitous of consummating without 
 delay. Thus the dark winter months passed ; and when the swelling 
 of maple buds and the whitening of the shad-bush on the river s bank 
 foretokened the advent of spring, there were busy preparations going 
 on in " Teedyuscung s company over the water," for their long-ex 
 pected removal to the Indian Eldorado on the flats of the Winding 
 River. Thus April passed ; and it was the sixteenth of corn-planting 
 month, the month called TAUWINIPEN, when the Delaware King, his 
 queen, his counselors and his warriors, led by the Commissioners, 
 and under escort of fifty Provincials, took up the line of march for 
 Fort Allen, beyond there to strike the Indian trail that led over the 
 mountains, by way of Nescopeck, to Wyoming Valley. Nicodemus and 
 his family were permitted by the Brethren to plant at Nazareth, Na 
 thaniel at Gnadenthal, and Jonathan at the Friedensthal mill. 
 
 And on the going out of these spirits "The Crown" was swept 
 and garnished, and Ephraim Colver, the publican, had rest. 
 
366 ACCOUNT OF THE BRETHREN. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Bro* forw d 30 16 
 
 To 2 q ts linseed oil for lamps 2 
 
 " i % bush 1 white meal, @ 4^ 5 
 
 " y 2 bush 1 salt, @ $s 2 
 
 " y 2 bush 1 beans, @ 4^ 2 
 
 " 35^ gall, milk, @ 6</. 17 
 
 " attending the above Indians each day 
 since 30 last August, being 62 days, 
 
 @ 6d. per day I n 
 
 " fire wood since the 1 1 last April, being 
 
 25 weeks for 10 fire places 2 10 
 
 " boards, &c., railing, &c., to build a cabbin 
 
 for Sam Evans 12 
 
 36 19 
 BETHLEHEM, 31 October, 1757. 
 
 NOTE. Tapescawen^ noticed in foot-note on p. 299, was a brother of 
 George Rex. The following is his account, copied from the day-book of 
 the store kept at Gnadenhiitten, on the Mahoning, by Joseph Powell : 
 
 1749- Tapescawen, Dr. s. d. 
 
 II. To 2 yd s blew strouds 16 
 
 " 3% vds checks, @ is. gd 6 i^ 
 
 " 4 do. red strouds, @ 8s . i 12 
 
 " 2^ do. blew do 18 
 
 " 3 l /2 do. check, @ is. yd 16 \}/ 2 
 
 " cash 152 
 
 5 13 4/2 
 
 1749- Tapescawen, Cr. 
 
 any 6. By a beaver skin, weighs 2 Ibs, @ 6s 12 
 
 " 6 drest deer skins 2 19 
 
 " 2 fox skins, @ I s. 6d. 3 
 
 " I beaver skin, 5 oz I 
 
 " I wild-cat do 2 3 
 
 " 2 drest deer skins I 15 3 
 
 5 13 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 96. In 4th line from bottom, read Catawbas for Catawabas. 
 Page 197. In I4th line from top, read aun for dim. 
 Page 258. In 6th line from bottom, read Voucher 2 for Voucher i. 
 Page 359. Add to note. The Mansion House at Pennsbury had 
 been erected in 1683. 
 
 An Index for vols. I. and II. will be furnished in the second volume 
 of the series. 
 
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