JU'K i ^; ^ Kj ■^ Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2008 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstitalianbookwiOOwilkricli The University of Chicago Italian Series Edited by ERNEST HATCH WILKINS FIRST ITALIAN BOOK THE rNTVERSTTY OF CHICAGO PUES8 CHICAGO. ILLINOIS THE BIKEB AND TAVLOR COMPAITT Kiw rou THE CAUBRIDOE UWIVEBSITY PRESS LOIDOX THE MARCZEN-KABUSIIIKI KAISHA TOITO, OUI«, ITOTO, mcoKA, UZDAI THE MISSION BOOK COMPiirT ■BilXailAI The University of Chicago Italian Series FIRST ITALIAN BOOK BY ERNEST HATCH WILKINS, PH.D., LITT.D. Professor of Romance Languages in the University of Chicago THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ^^3y COPYSICHT IQJO Bv The University of Chicago All Righu Reserved Published Aufnist igjo Second Impression February igil Third Impression Scplcml)cr igia Fourth Impression February ig24 Fifth Impression November igjs PREFACE A student takes up the study of a modern foreign language with one or more of these five purposes: to acquire a knowl- edge of the grammar of that language; to enable himself to understand that language as written; to enable himself to understand that language as spoken ; to enable himself to speak that language ; to enable himself to write that language. It is my firm beUef that in the teaching of a modern foreign language to students who have passed the age of childhood the first several weeks should be devoted exclu- sively and intensively to enabling them to acquire a good understanding of that language as written and spoken; and that the study of the grammar as such, and the endeavor to train students to speak and write the language, should be postponed until a good understanding of the language as •«Titten and spoken has been attained. This I believe to be true not only for students who need primarily the ability to understand the language as written, but also for those who desire primarily a practical speaking and writing knowledge; for those who desire primarily a knowledge of the grammar; and for those who desire the complete fivefold mastery of the language. In any of these three latter cases the desired knowledge cannot be attained in a single collegiate term (or quarter or semester); and the question thus stands open as to whether or not it is best to give the several tyiies of training simultaneously. Suppose a practical speaking and writing knowledge is desired: will that knowledge be better attained, say at the end of a year's V Vi PllEFACK work, if tlic specific training in spcakinp; and writing is started at the bcfdnninR of the year, or if it is postponed for several weeks in favor of an exchisive and intensive dcveloj)- ment of understanding of the language as spoken and written ? My conviction is that the latter course is the more natural and the easier, and that it leads to results of far Ixitter quality. It is natural, in preparation for intellectual creative work in any field, that a period of observation and absorption should precede creative activity. Composition, written or oral, as a feature of initial elementary instruction takes a large share of the student's time and energ>', and leads to the commission of more errors, and consequently to the development of more discouragement and hostility, than any other part of the work. Furthermore, the practice of composition at the start gets the student into the habit of framing a foreign sentence as a succession of isolated words, with a laborious dependence on models and vocabularies, and leads to the formation of many erroneous first impres- sions. Such Uiiguistic tendencies are vicious in the extreme and are very hard to overcome. If on the other hand the composition be deferred until a considerable acquaintance with the foreign language itself has been attained, the student is able to deal with word groups instead of single words; he may draw freely upon a considerable store of linguistic experience instead of being tied to i)articular lists and exain|)lc'.s; and he can compose with no great danger of excavating brain paths that lead only to red ink. The one value that can in my judgment be reasonably claimed for comj^osition as a feature of early elementary work is a certain fixative value in the illustration of gram- matical points; but I believe that fixation is in any ca.^c better gained by repeated sight of the foreign form or idiom. Preface vii Similarly, and still more easily, could one justify the program I am recommending if the specific purpose of the student is the scientific study of the grammar as such. I have assumed hitherto that the several purposes with which one may study a language are on the same level of importance; but such is not in fact the case. Nearly all students desire knowledge of the language as written; and for at least nine students out of ten this knowledge is of primary importance, for it carries with it the potential acquaintance with all of the thought — whether philosophical, rehgious, social, pohtical, literary, or scientific — which the country in question has regarded as worth preserving. Many students ask for "a speaking knowledge," but not more than one student in ten, in an American class, is likely to have actual need of the abiUty to speak the foreign language; and not more than one student in a hundred is hkely to have actual need of the abiUty to write the foreign language. Those who desire primarily a knowledge of the grammar as such are very few uideed. The plan of study already pro- posed on the basis of its intrinsic merits follows then the very course traced by the chief interest of the great majority of students. If my thesis is correct, the book used in the first several weeks should be a book designed exclusively for the develop- ment of an understanding of the language as written and spoken. No modern foreign-language elementary book known to me is so designed. In some books, written evi- dently in the classic tradition, the grammar itself is pre- sented as the primary object of study. This method tends to result in the inclusion of material which is of distinctly secondary importance, in emphases that arouse the hostility of the bcgirmer, and in an order of treatment that impedes swift progress toward a wide understanding. Other viii Preface elementary books present the material ver>' larpely from the point of view of one who wishes to translate into the foreign language. This, for the reasons already stated, I believe to be putting the cart before the horse. I do not mean to imply that modern foreign-language elementary books neglect entirely the development of the understanding of the language as spoken or written; but I do mean that they do not recognize and maintain the predominant importance of such development. In accordance with these several convictions, I have designed the present book consistently from the point of view of enabling the student to acquire a good understand- ing of written and spoken Italian. Each new problem is approached from this point of view; the order of presenta- tion is the corresponding order of pedagogic convenience; and the exercises are devoted exclusively to developing the understanding of Italian. The endeavor consistently to present the material from this point of view has led to many results, in statement, in emphasis, in order, and in the disregard of minor exceptions, which are wholly at variance with tradition. The plural of nouns, articles, and adjectives, for instance, is treated not in such a way that the student shall learn "how to form the plural" of a given word, but in such a way that he may be able to recognize that a phrase is plural, and that he may be able to reason back from the plural to the singular form. In this particular case, and in a few other cases, I have included, in parentheses, paragra])hs of exi)lanator>- material which coincide more or less with the traditional formulas, but these paragraphs are included merely for the temi)orary satisfaction of the curious student, and a general statement should be made by the instructor to the effect that such paragraphs will not be treated as a basis for recitation. Preface ix In the foregoing discussion I have grouped together the understanding of the language as written and the under- standing of the language as spoken. The exercises should be so used as to afford training in both respects. After they have been done in class with the books open, they should be done again, wholly or in part, with the books closed, the instructor pronouncing the words, phrases, or sentences, and the students identifying or translating, as the case may be. The theory upon which this book is based calls for the early and extensive use of a Reader. I recommend that the use of a Reader in the classroom begin with the recitation of Lesson VI, and that the assignment of lessons in the Reader begin with the assignment of Lesson XII. Mastery of Italian implies not only the development of an acquaintance with the language as written and spoken — an end toward which this book, I hope, may yield true guidance — but also the development of a knowledge of ItaUan grammar as an organized body of Unguistic phe- nomena, and the development of the ability to speak and to write Italian. For the achievement of these three latter purposes the student must go on from this First Book to the study of a regular Italian grammar, systematic in its marshal- ing of fact, and equipped with material for practice in speaking and in writing Italian. May many follow such a path! And may they follow it to its end among the rich and varied values and delights Del bel paese la dove il si suona! TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Lesson I 1 Vowels — First Conjugation: Infinitive and Parti- ciples Lesson II 5 c — Present Indicative — Uses of Second and Third Person Forms Lesson III 9 g — Present Subjunctive — Gender of Nouns — Defi- nite Article Lesson IV 13 h — Imperative — Plural of Nouns and of Definite Article Lesson V 17 j, n, s, z — Present Tenses — Forms of Address — Indefinite Article Lesson VI 23 Double Consonants — Past Descriptive — di with Definite Article — Two Negatives Lesson VII 27 d, I, n, t, r — Past Absolute — Past Subjunctive — Prepositions with Definite Article Lesson VIII 30 I, m, n, r prolonged — Future — Past Future — Adjec- tives xi xii Taule of Contents PAOK Lesson IX 3r) First Conjupation — ^Verbs in -care, -gare, -iare — bello and quello — Coini)arison Lesson X 40 Secoiul Conjugation — qualche — mi Lesson XI 4G avere — Position of Subjfct — ti, lo, gli, la, le Lesson XII 51 Perfect Tenses with avere issimo — si Lesson XIII 55 Tliird ConjuRation — -ctti, -cite, -cttero — Sj)('(i;il Noun and Adjective Plurals — ci, vi Lesson XIV 61 essere — Passive — li, le, loro Lesson X\' 05 Perfect Tenses with essere — si — ne — Abbreviation Lesson XVI 70 Fourth Conjugation — me, te, ce, ve — Possessives Lesson XVII 76 Fourth Conjugation : -j.sc-Vcrbs — glie — chl — "only"— Elision Lesson XVIII SI andare — se (pronoun) — che (interrogative) Lesson XIX 85 dare — stare— Disjunctive Pronouns — che (relative) Lesson XX 89 fare — cui — Third Person Form of Direct Address Table of Contents xiii PAGE Lessox XXI 94 dire — Present as Vivid Past or Future — quale — Uses of Definite Article Lesson XXII 97 Perfect Tenses of Reflexive Verbs — Cardinal Numerals — Collectives Lesson XXIII 101 Irregular Verbs — Phrases with avere — Uses of da — Definite Article as Possessive Lesson XXIV 104 Irregular Verbs of Second Conjugation: cadere,etc. — Future of Probability — ecco — Phrases with la (pronoun) Lesson XXV 106 dolere, etc. — parere — sapere — Past Future of Mild and of Reported Statement — Pleonastic Conjunctive Pronouns — Partitive Phrases Lesgon XXVI 110 dovere — Uses of di Lesson XXVII 114 potere — volere — Present Perfect for Past — Con- junctive Object of Infinitive with Main Verb Lesson XXVIII 118 Irregular Verbs of Third Conjugation: all in -endere, -idere, -udere — Past Future Perfect for Past Future — Indirect Conjunctives as Possessive — Correlatives Lesson XXIX 120 ardere, etc. — Uses of Infinitive — Prepositional Phrases xiv Table of Contents PAOB Lesson XXX 122 chiedere, etc. — Uses of Past Participle — Augtnen- tatives — Diminutives — Pejoratives Lesson XXXI 125 Verbs in -cere — Intransitive Reflexives — Uses of a — Introductory o and che Lesson XXXII 129 Verbs in -ggere and -ngere — Third Singular Reflexive for First Plural — Idioms ynih che — Uses of ci Lesson XXXIII 131 accDfgersi, etc. — Past Descriptive replacing Perfect Tenses — Untranslatable Indirect Reflexives — Ordinals Lesson XXXIV 133 CDgliere, etc. — Uses of Subjunctive — Pleonastic non — (Questions with se Lesson XXXV 135 Verbs with IrrcRular Infinitive — Uses of Subjunc- tive mente — Predicate Adjectives as Adverbs Lesson XXXVI 137 Irregular Verbs of Fourth Conjugation — Passive with venire — Uses of Subjunctive List of Irregular Verbs 140 The Pronunciation of e, o, a, and z 149 Vocabulary 151 Index 161 LESSON I 1. In words which have two or more vowels, one vowel is stressed more than the other or others. In any Italian word printed in this book, the position of the stress may be determined as follows: If one of the vowels is specially printed in any way, that vowel is the stressed vowel. Three kinds of special printing occur: printing in italic type; print- ing in the special type £ (called "open e") or in the special type o (called "open o"); and printmg with an accent. tavola tempo volta fara If no one of the vowels is specially printed, the stress is on the next-to-last vowel. almeno cantare colore matita 2. The letter a always has a sound like that of a in "father." The mouth is however opened wider for the Itahan sound than for the English sound. canta cantano carita sta 3. The letter e has in general a sound like that of a in "fate." The sound is however more tense than the Enghsh sound; and the corners of the lips are drawn back more than for the English sound. Furthermore, the English sound tends to become a diphthong: "fdeete." This tendency does not appear in Italian: the sound is single and clear. vedere Domenico crede me 1 2 L'liisT Italian Book When the letter e is printed in the special type e, it has a sound like that of c in "met." 'i1ic mouth is however opened wider for tlie Italian sound than for the l-Jigiish sound. This sound occurs only in stressed syllables. temendo perdere cafife 4. The letter i has in general a sound like that of ee in "bee." The sound is however more tense than the English sound; and the corners of the lips are drawn back more than for the English sound. Be careful never to give to an Italian i the sound of i in the English word "pin." canti mtimo fini si When i is unstressed and followed by a vowel, it has in general the sound of y in "yes." Be careful, in pronouncing such an i, not to make a separate syllable of it. ieri cantiamo Italia In certain cases, to be stated in Lessons II and III, i is silent. 5. The letter o has in general a sound like that of in "go." The sound is however more tense than the English .sound; and the lips are more rounded than for the English .s()un«l. Furihennore, the English sound tends to beconie a (lii)hlhong: "g6u." This tendency does not appear in Italian: t lie .sound is single and clear. colpo rotondo compito lo Lesson I Sections 6-9 3 When the letter o is printed in the special type o, it has a sound like that of o in "softer." The lips are however more rounded than for the English sound. This sound occurs only in stressed syllables. importo povero andb no 6. The letter u has in general a sound like that of 00 in "boot." The hps are however more rounded than for the English sound. Be careful never to give to an ItaUan u the sound of u in the English word "cure." If you have studied French, be careful never to give to an Italian u the sound of the French u. salute nuvola lassu tu When u is unstressed and followed by a vowel, it has the sound of w in "woe." U3V0 Guide pub questo 7. Vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced just as clearly as those in stressed syllables. aritmetica Filippino contentissimo 8. When two vowels stand side by side, each has its own full sound; except in the cases, already referred to, in which i has the sound of y, or is silent, and u has the sound of w. 9. loi andai lui la cantare to sing comprare to buy entrare to enter parlare to speak tirare to pull 4 First Italian Book In tlic mnjority of Italian verbs the infinitive ends in -(irc. Such verbs are classed as verbs of the first conjugation. 10. cantando sinping cantato sung In verbs of the first conjugation the present parti- ciple ends in -ando, and the past participle in -alo. All verbs of the first conjugation (except four, which will be specially studied in later lessons) have in every form the same ending as the corresponding form of cantare. Exercise I /. Look through this list of words, and point out the stressed vowel in each word: acuto aims altare ando anima apostolo bambino baule bruno cambiare colui compatire convenuto cost! cui cuore Dante datemene deputato dietro dimiimirono domcnica dovere due e elc- mentare equo erae esteniporaneo estreniit:\ farai fc(lelt;\ fiato fiero fosco fuDco fuori gloria grave guardano guidare gusto idioma tdolo impavido tmpeto infine intcressante invitato io italiano lavoro lei libraio lugubrc lu3go mici Milano inio muovere Napoli naturale 116 o olivo ombra Omrro Dpera ostacolo paio Paolo paura pcnsitro Pictro pill quale quinto rifuito ripetd Lesson II Section 11 5 Roma rompere sacrifico sapere sent! spina stD su sue suoi suono teatro tiepido tramonto tre udirsi Mltimo university uno vapore verita vestibolo virtil. 2. Look through the same list, and point out the cases in which i has the sound of y. 5. Look through the same list, and point out the cases in which u has the sound of w. 4. Pronounce all words in the list. The consonants may be pronounced as in English. (Minor differences between Italian and English exist in the case of the consonants d, 1, n, r, s, and t, but these differences may for practical purposes be disregarded, in this and later exercises, until the lessons are reached in which exact statements regarding these consonants are given.) 6. State whether these forms are infinitive, present participle, or past participle: comprando tirato par- lare entrato cantando tirare comprato par- lando cntrare cantato. 6. Translate the same forms. LESSON II 11. The letter c has in general the sound of c in "can." canto dico cura crede When c is followed by e or i, it has in general the sound of ch in "church." cento dolce cinto taci First Italian Book When c is followed by an unstressed i which is itself followed by a vowel, the c has the sound of ch, in accordance with the preceding rule, and the i is silent, mancia cido cib ciuco When the combination sc is followed by e or i, the combination sc has the sound of sli in ".-he." scendo lascera lasci scindo When the combination sc is followed I)}' an un- stressed i which is itself followed by a vowel, the sc has the sound of sh, and the i is silent. ambascia scia fascio sciupare 12. The present indicative of cantare is as follows canto first person singular I sing canti second person singular you sing canta Hard person singular he sings cantiamo first person plural we sing cantate second person plural you sing cantano third person plural they sing Note that the stress rests on the stem in the three singular forms, and in the third plural; and that the third plural form is therefore stressed on the next-to- next-to-last vowel. 13. The endings of the present indicative are -o, -i, -a, -iarno, -ate, -ano. These endings serve to indicate whether the form is singular or plural, and whether it is first, second, or third person. The endings of other ten.ses afford in most cases a similar means of Lesson II Sections 14-16 7 definition. The use of personal subject pronouns is therefore seldom necessary for clearness; and as a matter of fact, the subject pronouns are in general expressed only when emphasis is desired. It is there- fore all the more important for the student to note carefully the ending of each verb form, and to make from that ending the proper inference as to the person and number of the verb. 14. canto I sing, I am singing The verb forms of the present indicative correspond not only to the forms of the English simple present, "I sing," "I look," etc., but also to the forms of the English progressive present, "I am singing," "I am looking," etc. 15. canta he sings, she sings, it sings Maria canta Mary sings cantano they sing Maria e Francesco cantano Mary and Francis sing The third person singular form is used not only when the subject is equivalent to "he," but also when it is equivalent to "she," or "it," or is a singular noun. The third person plural form is used not only when the subject is equivalent to "they," but also when there is a plural noun subject. 16. canti you (singular) sing / cantate you (singular) sing cantata you (plural) sing 8 FiiiST Italian Book The pccond plural form is sometimes used when one person is addressed, and sometimes when two or more persons are addressed. The distinction between the uses of the second singular form and the second plura) form when one person is addressed will be explained in a later lesson. Exercise II 1. Look through this list of words, and point out the cases in which c has the sound of ch in "church": alcuno amici arcano atroce bilancio calce caro celare cencio ci ciancia cieco cima circa classe come comici crudele cupo dieci fasci fehce Francesco h'scio Lucia lucido macro marcia Medici mosca nasce oceano oscuro pace pacjfico palco pascere pasciuto Pctrarca quercia scena sciarada scrivere t£C- nica teiiacitit toscano. S. Point out, in the same list, the cases in which the combination sc /los the sound of sh, 5. Point out the cases in which i is silent. 4- Pronounce all words in the list. 6. Stale the person of each of these forms: canta compriamo cntrano parli tirate compro par- lano cantiamo tira entrate caiiti entriamo tiro parlate compra tiriamo entri parlo coiiipratc caiitaiio parla tiri caiitate com- I)rano entro t/rano compri canto parliamo entra. Lesson III Section 17 9 6. State the number of each of the same forms. 7. State the person and number of each of the same forms. 8. Translate the same forms, using the forms of the English simple present. 9. Translate the same forms, using the forms of the English progressive present. LESSON III 17. The letter g has in general the sound of g in "go." gamba spago gloria grande When g is followed by e or i, it has the sound of g in "ginger." If you have studied French, be careful not to give this g the sound of the French soft g. gente tinge girare pagina When g is followed by an unstressed i which is itself followed bya vowel, the g has the sound of g in "ginger," and the i is silent. gia mangia giovane ingiusto The combination gn has the sound of ni in "union." degno ogni compagnia sognare The combination gl before i has the sound of Hi in "million." If the i is unstressed and followed by a vowel, it is silent. figli degli paglia migliore 10 Fiii8T Italian Book 18. The present subjunctive of can tare is as folluws: canti I yinu; canti you sing canti he sings cantiamo wo sing cantiate you sing cantino they sing Note that tlio throe persons of the singular in this tense are identical with each other. 'I'his is true of all verbs in the language. 19. prima che' cantiate before you sing purche cantino provided they sing The subjunctive is used in Italian in many sorts, though by no means all sorts, of subordinate clauses. In many cases subjunctive forms in subordinate clauses may be translated like the corresponding indicative forms. Cases in which other types of trans- lation are requisite will be discussed in later lessons. 20. canti let him sing contino let them sing The forms of the third person of the present sub- junctive, singular and plural, are often used in m.iin clauses to express an indirect imperative idea. The English phrase in such cases is of the type "let him sing," — the "let" having the force of command. ' rh ia pronounced like k. Lesson III Sections 21-22 11 21. libro masculine book poeta masculine poet stato masculine state onore masculine honor tavola feminine table arte feminine art Nouns are of one or the other of two genders, mascuhne and feminine. The distinction does not in general correspond to any modern sense of difference in meaning. The gender of nouns is, however, to be carefully observed; for articles, adjectives, and pro- nouns change in form in general according as the nouns they modify or refer to are masculine or feminine; and it thus becomes possible, in examining a sentence or series of sentences, to see, by noting agreements in gender, that certain words are related in thought. The gender of a noun cannot in general be told by inspection. All nouns in o, however, are masculine, except mano, "hand," which is feminine. 22. il libro the book il posta the poet lo stato the state I'onore the honor la tavola the table I'arte the art The words il, lo, 1', and la before a noun or adjective are forms of the definite article, and mean in general "the." IJ FiiisT Italian Book The forms il and lo serve to show that the noun modified is mascuHne. The form la serves to show that the noun modified is feminine. The form 1' gives no information as to gender. (The principles governing the choice of the several forms of the article before a singular noun are these: il is the general form before a masculine word; lo is used before a masculine word beginning with .s impure — that is, s is followed by another consonant — or with z; V is used before a singular word, masculine or feminine, beginning with a vowel; la is used before a feminine word beginning with a consonant.) Exercise III 1. Look through this list of words, and point oiU the cases in which g has the sound of g in '^ginger": agitato angelo argine bersagliere bolgia Bologna c/glio Castigliono ogliere coiinato dagli dialogo egoista energico famiglia f/glio figura gengiva gentile giacere gj'glio giorno Giorgio gita gid gli gbbo gnomo gorgo- gliare guancia guardate guida ingc^gnere Luigi mangeremo meglio moglio pagare Parigi pigliate pigro pugno quegli rugiada signore .strage stringcndo tragico uguale vigna. S. Point out, in the same list, the cases in which i is silent. S. Pronounce all words in the list. Lesson IV Section 23 13 4. State the person and the number of each of the sub- junctive forms in these phrases {for the forms ending in -i three identifications are possible): prima che entriate prima che compri prima che parliamo prima che tmno prima che canti purche tiriamo purche comprino purch6 cantiate purche parli purche entrino, 6. Translate the same phrases. 6. Translate these forms, supposing them to be third person subjunctive forms used in main clauses: canti compri> entri parli tiri cantino comprino entrino parlino U'rino. 7. State whether the following combinations are masculine or feminine: il balcone la banda il bastone la cagione la carita il colpo la fronte la guardia I'impsro la mano il mento il podest^ lo sciopero il sistsma la spada lo stupore Tuomo la virtd. LESSON IV 23. The letter h is always silent. It appears, as a matter of custom, in a few short words. ho ha ahi eh It appears in many words between c and e or i; and in this case serves to show that the c has the sound of c in "can." che oche chi chiamo 1 1 First Italian Book It appears similarly in many words between g and e or t, and in this case serves to show that the g has the sound of g in "go." ghermire pagherb paghi ghinea 24. The inipt-rative of cantare i.s a^i follows: canta second person singular sing cantiamo first person plural let us sing cantate second person ])lural sing 25. libro book libri books onore honor onori honors poEta poet pocti poets sofa sofa sofa sofas dito finger dita fingers uomo man uomini men tavola table tavole tables arte art arti arts mano hand mani hands virtu virtue virtu virtues The number of a noun cannot in general be told by inspection. All nouns in o, however, are singular; and all nouns in i (except a very few uncommon ones) are plural. The jihiral ending i (unstressed) gives no informa- tion regarding either the singular form or the gender of the noun. The plural ending e (unstressed) .serves to show that the singular ends in a, and that the noun is feminine. Lesson IV Section 26 15 The plural ending a (unstressed) serves to show that the singular ends in o. There are only a few words of this type, which is peculiar in that the singular forms are masculine, and the plural forms feminine. A stressed vowel as plural ending serves to show that the singular form has the same ending, but gives no information as to gender. (The principles governing the formation of the plural are these: most nouns form the plural by changing the last vowel of the singular to i; feminine nouns ending in unstressed a change a to e; nouns ending in a stressed vowel are invariable. A few masculine nouns ending in o have a feminine plural in a. Uomo, and three or four other nouns, are irregular in the formation of the plural.) 11 libro the book i libri the books lo stato the state gli stati the states I'onore the honor gli onori the honors I'inverno the winter gli invemi 0/ gl'invcrni the winters la tavola the table le tavole the tables I'arte the art le arti the arts Testate the summer le estati I'estati the summers The words i, gli, gl'i le, and 1' before a noun or adjective are forms of the definite article. All of them 16 First Italian Book except 1' serve to show that the noun modified is {)lural The forms i, gli, and gl' serve also to show that the noun is m;uscuhne. The form le serves to show that the noun is feminine. The form 1' gives no informa- tion as to gender or numl)cr. (The principles governing their choice are these: i is the general form before a masculine word; gli is used before a masculine word beginning with s impure, with z, or with a vowel; gli is sometimes shortened to gl' before a word beginning with i, and rarely before a word beginning with another vowel; le is used before a feminine word; le is sometimes shortened to 1' before a word beginning with e, and rarely before a word beginning with another vowel.) Exercise IV 1. Pronounce: ehi hai oh barche boschi cercherb cheto chiamata chino chiudere dichiaro Doincnichino m/schia maschera orchestra palchi pcrch6 qualche schiavo Alighieri brighe c;vstighi fughe ghermisco giiiaia ghigna Ghirlandaio impieghi laghi leghe lujghi negherii paghiamo pieghe preghicra. 2. Stale the person and number of these iinperative forms: coiuprato entriamo canta parliamo tirate entra parlate lira compriamo can- tatc compra entrate cantiamo parla tiriamo. S. Translate the same forma. Lesson V Sections 27-29 17 4. Find the singular forms which correspond to these plural forms, u,sing the vocabulary (pp. 161-60) when necessary: alberi artisti carte estati giornali idse inverni madri monti mura podesta sistemi tavole tribil university uova. 6. State the gender and number of each of these phrases: gli artisti i balconi la bonta i cani le carita il colera i cugini le fronti la gente il golfo le mdici gringegni le mani le ombre gli orli le pareti il pesce i podesta le porte i problsmi la riva gli scandali le spade lo spavento il trsno le uova I'wscio. LESSON V 27. The letter j has always the same value that the Italian letter i would have in the same position. It is now passing out of use (except in certain proper names), its place being taken by i. studj = studi ajuto = aiuto 28. When the letter n stands before a c which has the sound of c in "can," a g which has the sound of g in "go," or a g, it has the sound of ng in "bang." banca incontra giungo dovunque 29. The letter s has in general the sound of s in "sister." It is however hissed somewhat more sharply than the English s. sala spada casa basta 18 FiRar Italian Book When the letter a is printed in itaUc type, it has the sound of s in "rose." This sound occurs before certain consonants, and in many, but not all, words, in which s stands hot worn vowels. sbaglio sdegno caso esame 30. The letter z has in general the sound of U in "gets." scnza azione zampa zio Wiicn tlic letter z is printed in italic type, it has the sound of dz in "adze." pran2o romanzo zelo 31. INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE canto canti canti canti canta canti cantiamo cantiamo cantate cantiate cantano cantino zona IMPERATIVE canta cantiamo cantate The three present tenses may now be reviewed as a whole. Note that the three first plural forms end in -iamo and are identical with each other; this is true of all verbs in the language. Note that the second plural forms all end in -Ic; this is true of all verbs in the language. Note that, taking the present tenses as a whole, the stress rests on the stem in the singular forms and in the third plural forms. This is true of all verbs in the Lesson V Sections 32-34 19 language (except a very few irregular verbs, which will be specially studied in later lessons.) 32. pensare to think penso I think portare to carry porto I carry Some verbs in which the vowel which receives the stress when the stem is stressed is e or o give that e or o the open sound when stressed. 33. abitare to live abito I live In some verbs the vowel which receives the stress when the stem is stressed is a vowel preceding the last vowel of the stem. 34. canti you (singular) sing cantate you (singular) sing canta you (singular) sing cantate you (plural) sing cantano you (plural) sing Verb forms of the third person are used not only in the cases hitherto stated (see Section 15), but also, in certain cases, when the subject is equivalent to "you." There are then three ways of addressing one person : in the second singular, in the second plural, and in the third singular. This last form is now the normal form of direct address in northern and central Italy. The second plural form, occasional in northern and central Italy, is the normal form in southern Italy. The use of the second singular usually imphes 20 P^iitST Italian Book intimacy, or the attitude of an adult to a child. A shift from the use of one of the more formal types to the second singular type indicates a dropping of formality for intimacy, or, in some instances, for disrespect. The use of the second plural in spcakinR to two or more persons corresponds both to the use of the second singular and to the use of the second plural in addressing one person. The use of the third plural in speaking to two or more persons corresponds to the use of the third singular in addressing one person. The origin of the third person form of direct address will be explained in a later lesson. 36. canti sing cantino sing The forms of the third person of the present sub- junctive are often used in main clauses to express a direct imperative idea. This use corresponds to the use of the third person in direct address discussed in the preceding section. 36. un libro a book un esame an examination uno state a state una casa a house un' idea an iilea The words un, uno, una, and un' are usually forms of the indefinite article meaning "a" or "an." The forms un and uno serve to indicate that the noun Lesson V Section 36 21 modified is masculine. The forms una and un* serve to indicate that the noun modified is feminine. (The principles governing the choice of the several forms are these: un is the general form before a masculine word; uno is used before a masculine word beginning with s impure or with z; una is used before a feminine word beginning with a consonant; un' is used before a feminine word beginning with a vowel.) Exercise V 1. Pronounce: Jacopo jersera Rajna tempj angolo ctnque delmquo dipinga dwnque in- comodo lunghi mancare stanchi base cosi pasqua Pisa plasmare pressnte reststere rosa sfida sguardo slanciare smentire sole svzMo anzi bronco calza dazio grazie partsnza risoluzione ronzio zanzara zeta zin- garo zodfaco zolfo zufolare, 2. State the mood, person, and number of each of the follomng forms {for those ending in -i, four identifications are possible; for those ending in -a, two identifications; for those in -iamo, three; and for those in -ate, two): cantano comprate entra parhamo pensi abita portiate tiro comprino entriamo canta abitano pcnsate parli porto tzrano pensiamo cantino entri compro abitiamo portano tira parlate pensa compri cantiate )).)rtino parlo tiriamo entrano. 22 First Italian Book 5. Trarwilate the same forms, using "he*' as subjeci for the third singular forms, and "tfiey" as subjeci for the third plural forms. 4. Tranddle these forms, using "he" as subjeci: abita canta coinpra entra paria pensa porta tira. 6. Translate the same forms, using "s/je" as subject. 6. Translate the same forms, using "you" as subjeci. 7. Translate these forms, using "they" as subject: obitano cantano coniprano entrano parlano pensano portano tirano. 8. Translate the same forms, using "you" as subject. 9. Translate each of these subjunctive forms as an indirect imperative mth " him" : canti coinpri entri parli pensi porti tiri. 10. Translate each of the same forms as an indirect imperative with "her." 11. Translate each of the same forms as an imperative used in difect address. 12. Translate each of these forms as an indirect imperative with " them" : cantino coinprino cntrino parlino pEnsiiio portino tmno. IS. Translate each of the same forms as an impera- tive used in direct address. 14. State the gender of each of these phrases: uno «guardo un' azionc un istantc una lira un mese un' ariiuia uno spirito un o\ale una luce. Lesson VI Sections 37-38 23 LESSON VI 37. Double consonants in general have the same sound as single consonants, but should be held in pronunciation twice as long as single consonants. atto belie mappa panno The combination cq is pronounced like cc. acqua nacqui piacque tacquero The combination cc before e or i has the sound of ch in "church" prolonged. eccetera accidente cacciare r/ccio The combination gg before e or i has the sound of g in "ginger" prolonged. legge viaggi maggiore biancheggiare The combination zz, however, does not differ in length from the single z. ragazzo pazzo mezzo dozzina 38. The past descriptive of cantare is as follows: cantavo or cantava I was singing cantavi you were singing cantava he was singing cantavamo we were singing cantavate you were singing cantavano they were singing Note that the ending begins in each case with the letters av. 24 First Italian Book In certain cxscs the past clcscriptive corresponds to the English simple past of the type "I sanR," and in certain cases it corresponds to the English past phrase of the type "I used to sing"; but whenovcr the past descriptive tense is used the idea is descriptive. 39. di of del libro of the book del libri or de' libri of the books dello state degli stati deU'onore degli onori deli'inverno degli invcrni or degrinvErni della casa delle case dell'arte delle arti dell'estate delle estati or dell'estati The words del, dello, dell', della, dei, de', degli, and delle are (.'(jiMbinations of the prcpositinn di witii the definite article. The forms del and dello ."^crve to show that the noun modified is masculine singular; della shows that the noun is feminine singular; dei, de', and degli, that the noun is masculine plural; and delle that the noun is feminine plural. The form dell' gives no indication as to gender or number. Lesson VI Sections 40-41 25 40. ha del pane he has some bread ha della carta? has he any paper? hanno del libri they have some books hanno delle idee? have they any ideas? The forms del, del, etc., are often used with a force equivalent to that of an unemphatic "some" or "any." 41. niente nothing ^ non E niente it is nothing mai never non sono mai qui they are never here When the word non appears before a verb, and a word which is itself negative appears after the verb, the two negatives convey only a single negative idea. Exercise VI 1. Pronounce the following pairs of words, bringing out the difference between the single and the double conso- nants: ebro ebbro baco Bacco cade cadde tufo tuffo fugo fuggo pala palla ema smma Fano fanno tropo troppo caro carro casa cassa dita ditta beve bewe face facce agio aggio. 2. Pronounce: accsndere accorgcrsi Adda affetto aggradare anno arri awertire avrsbbe baffi bewi cantammo cavallo citt5, classe correva debbo Dclsdda dello 26 First Italian Book donna dramma drappo eccitato eninima essendo ewiva fipRe fossi frcddo fupiRito gabbare piacchetta Giovanni Giuseppe Ierro lettcra nrbbia -ig,. owio pcrcossa piap:i^;ia pjccolo pioppo racconto repgere scappare seggono sommo sorridere spallc taccio truffa tutti uccello ufficiale vennero batte22are prezzo ro220 sv?zzcro. 3. State the person and number of each of these forms {for those endijig in -a tivo identifications are possible) : porlavano entravi tiravamo abitava parlavo pensavate tirava abitavanio portavo pensa- vano parlavi compravate entravo parlavano abitavi conipravamo portavate pensava. 4. Translate the same forms. 5. State the gender and number of each of these phrases: degli aniici della verity del teorenia (lelle Iczioni degli ulivi dci pasciil del nemico delle mani dclla niosca delle teste delle paia dei padri dell'odio delle tribd dei coinpagni dello spirito della capitale degriinperi delle anime del conte tlei sistemi degli strunienti. 6. Translate: hanno della carta parlavano del poeta compravo del pane ha delle idee ruonio portava dci libri hanno del pane ? parlava dei lii)ri del poeta non hanno pane nou hanno niente non canta niai. Lesson VII Sections 42-45 27 LESSON VII 42. The Italian consonants d, Z, n, and t are pro- nounced farther forward in the mouth than the corre- sponding Enghsh consonants, the point of the tongue touching the upper front teeth. dica Ida li pelo ne bene tu amato diletto luna no to Taddeo 43. The Itahan r is rolled, the point of the tongue vibrating just behind the teeth. pari arte rado padre 44. The past absolute of cantare is as follows : cantai I sang cantasti you sang cantb he sang cantammo we sang cantaste you sang cantarono they sang Dast subjunctive of cantar cantassi I sang cantassi you sang cantasse he sang cantassimo we sang cantaste you sang cantassero they sang Note that -ss- appears in all forms of this tense except the second plural. Note that the second plural is identical with the second plural of the past absolute. 28 FiiiST Italian Hook 46. a to con with da from in in su on per for Note carefully the meanings of these prepositi 47. al libro to the book dai libri from the books suironore on the honor cogli onori with the honors nella casa in the house pel poEta for the poet The words al, ai, a', agli, alio, alia, aUe, and all' are combinations of the preposition a and the dcfmite article. The words dal, dai, da', dagli, dallo, etc., are combinations of da and the definite article. The words sul, sui, su', sugli, sullo, etc., are combinations of su and the definite article. The words col, coi, co', cogli, collo, etc., arc combinations of con and the definite article. The words nel, nei, ne', negli, nello, etc., are combinations of in and the definite article. The words pel, pei, pe', pegli, pello, etc., are combinations of per and the definite article. (Some of these combinations are obligatory in prose; but in other cases the separate writing of the prepijsition and the article is occasional or frequent : per lo, for instance, is much more frequent than pello.) Lesson VII Section 47 29 These combinations give indications as to gender and number exactly parallel to the indications given by the composite forms of di and the definite article, studied in Section 39. Exercise VII 1. Pronounce these words, with special care as to the pronunciation of d, 1, n, r, and t: altro badi carro corto dado del denaro domani donna fame finalmente Gaddi grande in liberta lunedi madre matita mentre nato non pslle penale pittore porta quadro ranno rarita ritardo rotondo salute soltanto stu- dente tarlo tatto teatro tssta torre trsno verde volta. 2. State the person and number of each of these forms: portasti entrarono compro abitammo pensaste parlai tir5 entrammo portai pensa- rono parlasti compraste entrai abitarono tirasti comprammo pensb portarono comprasti tirai entraste pensammo abitj portaste. 3. Translate the same forms. 4. State the person and number of each of these forms (for those ending in -i two identifications are possible): entrassimo pensassero parlassi compraste abitassero tirassi comprassimo abitasse por- taste portassero tirassi parlasse entrassero comprasse tirassimo pensaste parlassi tirasse. 30 First Italian Book 6. Staie the gender and number of each of ihc^e phrases: dal libro alio Ktato della carta sui libri ncirinverno alle idee co' libri nella casa {ip}'\ uoiniiii dairuoiiio pel libro dalle dita ne' libri cof^ii stati sulla inauo col dito nelle estati al poeta pei libri nel libro sulle case dagli stati nello stato alia casa col libri nogriiivcrni dalla iiiano nei libri depli csami nei giornali colic virtij dei re da' libri airuomo delle rose dai poeti negli stati colla mano sul libro ai libri col pane. 6. Translate the same phrases. LESSON VIII 48. When I, m, n, or r stands just after a stressed vowel and just before anotlier consonant, its sound is prolonged. golfo piombo Vinci tardi 49. The future of cantare is as follows: cantero I shall sing canterai you will sing canteri he will sing canteremo wo shall sing canterete you will sing canteranno they will sing Note that the ending in each case begins with er. Lesson VIII Sections 50-61 31 50. The past future of cantare is as follows: canterei I should sing canteresti you would sing canterebbe he would sing canteremmo we should sing cantereste you would sing canterebbero they would sing Note that the ending in each case begins with er. Note that in the first singular, the third singular, and the third plural, the stressed e has the open sound. Note that the first person plural differs from the first person plural of the future by having a double m. 51. il libro nuovo the new book i libri nuovi the new books la casa nuova the new house le case nuove the new houses il libro verde the green book i libri verdi the green books la casa verde the green house le case verdi the green houses Adjectives ending in o are masculine singular, and show that their noun is masculine singular. Adjectives ending in a are feminine singular, and show that their noun is feminine singular. Adjectives ending in i are plural, and show that their noun is plural, but they give in themselves no indication as to gender. If, however, the masculine 32 I'lusT Italian liouK singiihir form of the adjcc-tivc is known to viu\ in o, the adjective plural ending t shows that the noun is ina.sculinc. Adjectives ending in e give in themselves no indi- cation as to gender or number. If, however, the masculine singular form of the adjective is known to end in o, the adjective plural ending e shows that the noun is feminine. (The principles governing the ending of adjectives are these: an adjective which ends in o when userl with a masculine singular noun ends in a when used with a feminine singular noun, in i when used with a masculine plural noun, aiul in c when used with a feminine jilural noun; and an adjective which ends in 6 when used with a masculine singular noun keeps the same ending when used with a feminine singular noun, and ends in i when used with a plural noun of either gemlor.) 52. un giomo freddo a cold day un monte alto a high mountain una lezione facile an easy lesson una frase strana a strange sentence una CDsa interessante an interesting thing due giorni two days questo monte this mountain quella lezione that lesson un piccolo ragazzo a small boy una brlla cittA a beautiful city Lesson VIII Section 52 33 Most adjectives usually follow their nouns. Numeral and pronominal adjectives and some other common adjectives usually precede. When two un- famihar words which are presumably noun and adjec- tive stand together, the second will prove, in most cases, to be the adjective. Reversal of normal order in general indicates emphasis, as in una strana cosa, "a strange thing." Exercise VTII 1. Pronounce: alba Gilda colmo scelto ambra cambia sempre hmpido banda enfasi console unto turba parco tsrmine forte. S. State the person and number of each of these forms: parlerai comprerete entrerb abiteranno tirerai compreremo penser^ porteranno comprerai tirero entrerete abiteremo parler^ porterete pense- ranno portero entreremo tirergl, parlero penserete tireremo abiter^ entreranno porterai. 5. Translate the same forms. 4. State the person and number of each of these forms: porterebbero penserebbe abiteremmo tireresti par- iersbbero entrersi comprereste parleresti entre- rcste tirerei compreresti penseremmo abiterebbe portcreste penscrebbero entreremmo porterei tirerEbbe parlerei abitereste tireremmo compre- rebbe entrerebbero porteresti. 6. Translate the same forms. 34 First Italian Book 6. State the gender and numi)er of each of these phra'ies: qucsta lezione ncgli stati nu.)vi un libro strano dalla bella cittil dcj^li alti onori una fra.se facile (lella carta verde dalle idrc intcrcssanti due citt:\ nuovc nci nu.)vi stati quosti uainini sul libro verde qucsto pane nelle citti\ intorcssaiiti coi p/ccoli ragazzi delle i(kc bille quella bella mano due piorni freddi dcllc lezioni facili dclle idee strane i monti alti dalla casa verde le piccole niani. 7. Translaie the same phrases. Lesson IX Section 63 35 LESSON IX 53. The entire conjugation of cantare is as follows: INFINITIVE cantare PRES. PART. cantando PAST PART. cantato INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PRESENT canto canti canti canti canta canta canti cantiamo cantiamo cantiamo cantate cantiate cantate cantano cantino PAST cantavo, -a DESCRIPTIVE cantavi cantava cantavamo cantavate cantavano PAST cantai cantassi ABSOLUTE cantasti cantassi canto cantasse cantammo cantassimo cantaste cantaste cantarono cantassero FUTURE cantera canterai cantera canteremo canterete canteranno PAST canterei FUTURE canteresti cantercbbe canteremmo cantereste canterebbero 36 First Italian Hook If the student can form in his mind a conception or plan of the verb as a whole, he will find that such a conception or plan will be of ^rcat help to him in the identification of single forms, and in the learning of the verbs which are hereafter to be studied. Note that the tenses of the verb, as arranged on the preced- ing page, take the shape of a capital F. Note that all forms ending in -mo are first person plural forms; that all ending in -te are second person plural forms; that all in which the ending contains -V- are past descriptive; that all in which the ending contains -ss- are past subjunctive; and that all in which the ending begins with -cr- are future or past future. Note that two forms end in -o: the past absolute third singular and the future first singular. If the letter before the -d is any letter other than r, the form is past absolute third singular. If the letter before the -o is r, the form is future first singular (unless the r belongs to the stem of the verb). 54. cercare to try pagare to pay cerco I try pago I p:iy cerchi you try paghi you pay cerchiamo we try paghiamo we pay cerchero I shall try pagherb I shall pay Verb forms in which the stem ends in ch or gh correspond to infinitives in -care or -gare. The h Lesson IX Sections 55-56 37 is inserted in those forms in which the ending begins with e or i, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c or g. 55. cominciare to begin mangiare to eat commcio I begin mangio I eat cominci you begin mangi you eat cominciamo we begin mangiamo we eat comincero I shall mangerb I shall eat begin Verb forms of the first conjugation in which c or ^ immediately precedes an ending which begins with e or i correspond to infinitives in -dare or -glare. The i which appears in the infinitive is dropped, in such forms, since it is not needed for the preservation of the soft sound of the c or g. 66. studiare to study stwdio I study studi you study studiamo we study studiero I shall study Verb forms of the first conjugation ending in -i, -iamo, or -date, preceded by some letter other than c or g, may correspond to infinitives in -iare. The i which appears in the infinitive is dropped, in such cases, in order to avoid bringing the sound y before a similar sound. 38 FiRBT Italian Hook 57. un brl giardino un bcllo scialle un brir albero bri giardini brgli scialli begli alberi quel giardino quegli scialli quegli alberi The adjective forms bd, bill', bri, brgli, and quel, quell', quel, quegli arc special forms of bello and quelle, used Ix'fore masculine words. a beautiful garden a beautiful shawl a beautiful tree beautiful gardens beautiful shawls beautiful trees tliat garden those shawls those trees 58. piu interessante 11 piu interessante pill freddo il piu freddo piu prrsto il piii prrsto more interesting the more interesting, the most interesting colder the colder, the coldest more quickly the more quickly, the most quickly The word piu corresponds to the English "more" and "most" and to the Mnglish comparative and super- lative endings "-cr" and "-est." 59. Quella lezione h piii in- That lesson is more inter- teressante di questa esting tiian this one Quella lezione r piCi in- 'J'hat lesson is more inter- teressante che facile esting than easy Lesson IX Section 59 39 Both di and che are used after comparatives to mean "than." Di is preferred to che in certain types of phrases, and che to di in certain other types, but the usage in this matter is not fixed. Exercise IX 1. Identify these forms, that is, state the person, number, and tense of each {or, if the form is infinitive, present participle, or past participle, state that fact): abitaste abitavo abitera abiterebbe abitiamo abito cantai cantato cantavate canterai canteremmo canter 5 cercammo cercassimo cer- cate cercheranno cercheresti cerchiamo comin- cerei comincerete commcino comprai com- prammo comprano comprassero comprerj compro entrarono entrato entrereste entriate entro entro mangerebbe mangeremo mangi inangia mangiai mangiava pagare pagaste pagherj paghereinmo paghi pagb parlassc parlavamo parlerai parlero parhamo parlj pensai pensando pensasti pensavano pense- rebbero pensi portai portando portassi por- terai porti porto studiano studiarono studiate studi studieresti studiarao tira tirai tiravano tirer^ tirerai tiro. 2. Translate the same forms. 3. Translate: dei bei hbri quell'albero alto dai bsi inonti quegH esami facih un bel giomo nel 40 FiiiST Italian Book bdlo spcccliio dei begli albcri quel lihri niiovi dci giardiiii belli quel poetu sirano qucllo strano poeta su quel bcll'albero per qucgli uoiuini. 60. LESSON X temere to fear godere to enjoy avere to have cadere to fall tenere to hold vedere to see Verbs in which the infinitive ends in -ere, the first e of the ending being stressed, are classed as verbs of the second conjugation. Temere and godere are the only two verbs of this conjugation which arc completely regular. The irregular verbs which belong to this conjuga- tion will be studied in detail in later lessons. Mean- while, certain regular forms of the.«;e irregular verbs will be introduced in examples and exercises. Lesson X Section 61 4] 61. The entire conjugation of temere is as follows INFINITIVE temere PRES. PART. temendo PAST PART. temuto INDICATIVE subjunctive IMPERATIVE PRESENT temo tema temi tema temi teme tema temiamo temiamo temiamo temete temiate temete temono temano PAST temevo, -a DESCRIPTIVE temevi temeva temevamo temevate temcvano PAST temei temessi ABSOLUTE temesti temessi teme temesse tememmo temessimo temeste temeste temcrono temessero FUTURE temero temerai - temera etc. PAST temerei FUTURE etc. 42 FiRBT Italian Book The second conjuKation, as a whole, difTers from the first conjugation in that its characteristic vowel is e instead of a. Note that the ffdlowinR cndinRs of the second conjuRation are exactly like the corresponding endings of the first conjugation, except in the substi- tution of c for o: those of the infinitive; present participle; present indicative third singular and second plural; imperative second plural; all of the past descriptive; all of the past absolute except the third singular; and all of the past subjunctive. Note that the following endings are identical with those of the first conjugation: those of the present indicative first singular, second singular, and first plural; present subjunctive first and second plural; imperative first plural; all of the future; and all of the past future. The endings which are really unlike and not parallel to those of the first conjugation are then those of the past participle; present indicative third plural; present subjunctive singular and third plural; impera- tive second singular; and past absolute third singular. Study these endings with special care. Note that, as in the first conjugation, the stress rests on the stem in the singular ami third jilural forms of the present tenses. Note that, as in the first conjugation, all forms ending in -mo are first person plund forms; that all ending in -te are second person plural forms; that all in Lesson X Sections 62-64 43 which the ending contains -v- are past descriptive; that all in which the ending contains -ss- are past sub- junctive, and that all (except the infinitive and the past absolute third plural) in which the ending begins with -er- are future or past future. 62. qualche libro some book or some books A combination of the adjective qualche with a singular noun may be either singular or plural in idea. In the latter case it is equivalent to the combination of del and a plural noun: qualche libro = dei libri. 63. mi vede he sees me mi parla he speaks to me The word mi is a conjunctive object pronoun, located in general just before the verb. Sometimes it is a direct object, meaning in general "me"; sometimes it is an indirect object, meaning in general "to me" or "for me." It is pronounced without the slightest stress, and without the slightest pause between itself and the verb. Indeed, it forms in reality one word with the verb, just as truly as if the combination were written mivede or miparla instead of being written with an intervening space. 64. mi vedo I see myself mi compro I am buying myself a un libro book, I am bu)dng a book for myself 4 1 I'lRST Italian Book If the veil) with wl)ich mi is associated is of the first person, mi becomes reflexive, and means "myself" or "to myself" or "for myself." 65. vedermi t^ sec me vedrndomi .'^ceinR me vedutomi having seen me vedetemi see me The word mi sometimes appears at the end of a verb form inst(>ad of just before it. This location is rej^i- lar in some cases (i.e., when the verb is infinitive, present participle, past participle used absolutely, or positive imperative) and occurs occasionally in other cases. When mi is thus placed after the infinitive, the infinitive drops its final e. The mi thus placed is as completely unemphatic as when standing before the verb. The stress in the combination of the verb with mi rests upon the same vowel in the verb that would bo.ir the stress if tlie mi were not there: vedEndo,vedEndomi; vedete, vedetemi. The location of the mi before one of the forms that might in itself be either present indicative or impera- tive shows that that form is indicative; its location after such a form shows that that form is imperative. Exercise X I. Identify these fortrus, and state in each case the infinitive form of the verb in question: avemmo cadcssi godei temano tcnendo veda avendo cade Lesson X Exercise X 45 godere teme tenessero vedano avesse cada godera tem6 teneste vede avessimo cadeste godersbbe temeranno tenete vedeste avesti cadevano goderemo temereste tenevamo vedi aveva cadi godereste temerono tenevo vedo avuto cadiamo godiate temi tenevo vedono. S. Translate the same forms. S. Translate these phrases, regarding the combinations with qualche as singular in idea: comprer5 qualche libro entro in qualche casa ha qualche idea porta qualche cosa cercava qualche carta qualche ragazzo cantava. 4. Translate the same phrases, regarding the comhina- tions as plural in idea. 5. Pronounce these phrases, with particular care not to give the slightest stress to the mi, and not to make any pause between the mi and the verb: vedendomi mi vedi mi vede mi vedete mi vedono mi veda mi vedano vedimi vedetemi mi vedeva mi vedeste temendomi mi temi mi teme mitemete mitemono mi tema mitemano mi tem^ mi temerono mi temerai mi temer^ mi temereste mi temerebbero portandomi mi porta mi por- tate mi portano mi porti portami portatemi mi portava mi porta mi porter^ mi porterebbe parlandomi mi parla mi parlate mi parlano mi parli mi parlino parlami parlatemi im parlavano mi parlarono mi parleranno mi par- 1() First Italian Book lerebbero mi tiro mi tiravo mi tirai nii tircro mi tircrei mi compro un libro mi compravo un libro, 6. Translate the same phrases. LESSON XI 66. The conjugation of avere, "to have," is as follows : INFINITIVE avere PRES. PART. avcndo PAST PART. avuto INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PRESENT ho abbia hai abbia abbi ha abbia abbiamo abbiamo abbiamo avete abbiate abbiate hanno abbiano PAST avevo DESCRIPTIVE etc. PAST ebbi avessi ABSOLUTE avesti ebbe avemrao aveste cbbero etc. FUTURE avro avrai avra etc. PAST avrei FUTURE etc. Lesson XI Sections 67-68 47 A special set of short forms appears in the singular and in the third plural of the present indicative. Forms parallel to these four occur in certain other irregular verbs, as will appear in later lessons. The imperative forms are borrowed from the subjunctive, with an alteration in the ending of the second singular. Note carefully the irregularity of the past absolute. This irregularity affects three forms only: the first and third singular and the third plural. These forms have in common an irregular stem, which is stressed; and they have respectively the endings -4, -e, -ero. The three other forms have the regular stem and the regular endings. These statements are true for all irregular past absolutes in the language (except three, which will be studied in later lessons). Note that the future and past future are irregular only in that the initial e of the ending is omitted. This is the commonest type of future irregularity. 67. Aveva due esemplari He had two copies ebbe due esemplari He got two copies The past absolute of avere has the special sense of "came to have," "got." 68. Parlera il posta The poet will speak Poi entrarono i ragazzi Then the boys came in The subject often stands after the verb, even in declarative sentences. In the search for the subject of a sentence one must therefore survey the words which 48 First Italian Book follow the verb as well as those which precede it, look- ing; for a word which agrees with the verb in form and may in common sense be the subject. 69. ti vedo I see you ti parlo I speak to you ti vedi you see yourself vedendoti seeing you The word ti is a conjunctive object pronoun of the second person singular. It is like mi in respect to pronunciation and usage. 70. lo vedo I see him, I see it vederlo to see him, to see it The word lo, when it stands directly before a verb or is appended to a verb, is a conjunctive object pronoun, meaning in general "him," or "it" referring to a masculine noun or to a general idea. It is used only as direct object, and is not used as reflexive. 71. gli parlo I speak to him parlategli speak to him The word gli, when it stands directly before a verb or is appended to a verb, is a conjunctive object pronoun, meaning in general "to him" or "for him." It is used only as indirect object, and is not used as reflexive. 72. la vedo I see her, I see it, I see you vederla to see her, to see it, to see you Lesson XI Sections 73-74 49 The word la, when it stands directly before a verb or is appended to a verb, is a conjunctive object pronoun, meaning in general "her," "it" referring to a feminine noun, or "you" in the formal type of direct address. The word la and certain other third person feminine pronouns are used in direct address even when the person addressed is a man. The reason for this peculiar usage will be explained in a later lesson. 73. le parlo I speak to her, I speak to you parlandole speaking to her, speaking to you The word le, when it stands directly before a verb or is appended to a verb, is a conjunctive object pronoun. It is (except in one case, which will be stated in a later lesson) an indirect object, meaning in general "to her" or "for her," or "to you" or "for you" in the formal type of direct address. 74. Quel signore La cercava That gentleman was looking for you Quel signore Le parlava That gentleman was speaking to you When the third person feminine pronouns are used in direct address they are sometimes, but not always, capitaHzed. When therefore a third person feminine pronoun is capitalized the reader may be certain (unless the pronoun is the first word in a sentence) that it is used in direct address. 60 First Italian Book Exercise XI /. Identify: ho avr5 hai avrai ha a\Tj\ hanno avranno cbbc avrebbc ebbcro avrclj- bero abbiaino avendo avrciuino avesse abbia avevi avenuno ebbi avuto abbi abbiano avevano avcsti avrete avessinio a\Tei abbiate avrcnio a\Teste. 2. Translate the same forms. 5. Pronounce these phrases, with special care not to give the slightest stress to the pronoun, and not to make any pause between the pronoun and the verb: lo tenicvano lo vedcnimo lo portarono lo niangiai tenetelo tiriainolo lo conipri lo comtnciano lo canteri\ jmrlandogli gli parlano gli parli parliarnogli gli parlo gli parlero gli canta cantat^li. 4. Translate the same phrases. 6. Translate these phrases, regarding the la. as meaning "her": la teniono la tcinei tenendola la tencvano la portarono la portcrcmo. 6. Translate the same phrases, regarding the la as meaning "it." 7. Translate the same phrases, regarding the la. as meaning "you." 8. Tran.^late these phrases, regarding the le as mean- ing "to her": parlarlc le parla le parlcrebbe le cantava le cantai le cantcn\, 9. Translate the same phrases, regarding the le (U meaning "lo you." Lesson XII Section 75 61 10. Translate: gli parleremo la veda mi portarono le parii mangiatelo ti vedono la tenevamo gli canto parlandole mi teme lo cominciai la vedo gli parlai le cantavo par- larmi ti vediamo lo comprino portiamola gli parlavate le parlerete mi veda vedendolo. 11. Translate these sentences, using the vocabulary as much as may he necessary: 1. Questo quadro £ inolto pill bsllo dell' altro. Se lo vede, lo comprera. 2. Le portal il libro, e mi parlo delle strane idee dell'autore. 3. A Napoli La vedevo spesso, ma qui a Roma non La vedo mai. 4. Isri ebbi due giornali inglesi. Le notfzie sono buone. 5. Chi parla ? Parla adesso il smdaco, poi parler^ il senatore. LESSON XII 75. avere veduto to have seen avsndo veduto having seen ho veduto I have seen avro veduto I shall have seen avrsi veduto I should have seen Verbal phrases consisting of a form of avere and a past participle are used in Italian just as verbal phrases consisting of a form of "to have" and a past participle are used in English. They may be translated word for word. 52 First Italian Hook The compound tenses thus fonncd are called perfect tenses. The compound tense formed with the present of avere is called the present perfect; that formed with the past descriptive is called the past perfect; that formed with the past absolute is called the second pa.st perfect; that formed with the future is called the future perfect; and that formed with the past future is called the past future perfect. 76. la casa che ho veduta or la casa che ho veduto the house which I have seen When a verbal phrase consisting of a form of avere and a past participle has a direct object, the past participle often changes in ending to agree with that object; but it may, in most Ciises, remain in the mascuUne singular form. When the ending is changed, it serves to mark the relationship between the object and the past participle. 77. alto high altissimo very high interessante interesting interessantissimo very interesting bene well benissimo very well The ending -^s.fhno is a sutTix added to adjectives or adverbs to intensify their force. Lesson XII Sections 78-80 53 78. si vede he sees himself, she sees herself, you see yourself si compra un libro he is buying himself a book, she is buying her- self a book, you are buying yourself a book The word si is a conjunctive object pronoun of the third person, direct or indirect. It is always reflexive, and serves as masculine, as feminine, and in formal direct address. 79. si vede he is seen, she is seen, it is seen la casa si vede the house is seen si vedeva he was seen, she was seen, it was seen la casa si vedeva the house was seen The combination of si with a verb often serves as a substitute for a passive phrase. The combination may then be translated by the corresponding passive form of the proper EngHsh verb: that is, by the form of "to be" which corresponds to the form of the Itahan verb, together with the past participle of the proper English verb. 80. si vede si vede la casa si arriva si resta si toma one sees one sees the house one arrives one stays one returns 54 FiiisT Itauan Book Tlie same pronoun si is often used with the value of an unemphatic incicfinite suhjcet, like the P>eneh on and the German 7nan, or the English "one," "they," "people." Exercise XII /. TransJaie: avri\ cantato avevano comprato avreste parlato abbiaino veduto avendo pensato avrj portato hanno ccrcato aveva tenuto avrcb- bero avuto hai pagato avremo coininciato avevi goduto avrei mangiato avere teinuto avremmo cantato avranno comprato avete parlato avevo veduto avresti pensato avendo portato avevamo ccrcato avrete tenuto avrebbe avuto ho comin- ciato. 2. Translate these phrases, regarding the si as meaning "himself" (trovare means "to find"): si tr.:)va si trov.') si trover^ si trovi trovarsi trovandosi si tira si tirj si tircrebbe si tiri tirandosi si vede si vedeva si veda vedersi vedendosi si tencva tcnersi tenendosi si compra un libro si comprava un libro si compro un libro si comproril un libro si coinprcrebbe un libro si compri un libro comprarsi un Ubro com- prandosi un lii)ro, 5. Translate the same phrases, regarding Die si a* wica ning " herself. ' ' 4. Translate the same phrases, regarding th' si a* meaning "yourself." Lesson XIII Section 81 65 6. Translate these phrases, using a passive construc- tion with "he" as subject: si trova si trovava si trovb si trover^ si troverebbe si cerca si cercava si cerco si cercher^ si cerchersbbe si cerchi si vede si vedeva si teneva, 6. Translate the same phrases, using a passive con- struction with "she" as subject. 7. Translate these phrases, regarding the si as an unemphatic indefinite subject: si trova si cercher^ si vedeva si comincersbbe si pago si antra si parlersbbe si mangio si temera si teneva si tomerebbe si cade si ha si arrivo si restera. 8. Translate: 1. Quando entrammo, avevano gi^ cominciato a parlargli di quell' affare. 2. Se I'avesse cercato bsne, I'avrebbe trovato.^ 3. Entro nel salotto e si trovo in presenza del conte, che {who) sembrava contentz'ssimo. 4. Si parla molto di questo romanzo. Mi sembra interessantissimo. 5. Lo cupola si vede li in fondo, tra gli alberi. 81. LESSON XIII credere to believe battere to beat perdere to lose ricevere to receive ripctere to repeat vendere to sell ' V before a verb represents lo or la. 5G First Italian Book Verbs in which the infinitive ends in -ere, the stress resting on the stem, are classed as verba of the third conjuKation. Verbs of the second conjugation and verbs of the third conjiif!;ation difTer only in the position of the stress in the infinitive. 82. credei or credctti credesti crede or credette credemmo credeste I believed you believed he believed we believed vou believed crederono or credettero they believed Many, but not all, verbs of the .second and third conjugations have an extra set of forms in the past absolute first singular, third singular, and third plural. These extra forms have the endings -etti, -cite, -ettcro. Note that these endings have the same relation to each other as the endings of the standard set of irregular past absolute endings; see Section 66. PLURAL 83. fuDco fire fuochi duca duke duchi occhio eye Dcchi luDgo place luDghi colltga colleague colhghi bibliotrca library bibliotrche bottega shop botteghe fresco fresh freschi fresca fresh fresche Lesson XIII Section 84 57 Plural noun or adjective forms ending in -chi corre- spond to singular forms in -co, -ca, or -chio; plural forms in -ghi correspond to singular forms in -go or -ga; plural forms in -che correspond to singular forms in -ca; and plural forms in -ghe correspond to singular forms in -ga. The h serves to preserve the hard sound of the c or g. 84. laccio amico voce villcggio teologo doge arancia vah'gia grigio grzgia Plural forms in -d correspond to singular forms in -CIO, -co, or -ce; plural forms in -gi correspond to singular forms in -gio, -go, or -ge; plural forms in -ce correspond to singular forms in -cia; and plural forms in -ge correspond to singular forms in -gia. (In the case of words which end in the singular in -CIO, -gio, -da, or -gia, the i is dropped, in the formation of the plural, because it is not needed, before the plural endings i and e, for the preservation of the soft sound of the c or g. In the case of words which end in the singular in -co or -go, the formation of the plural in -d or PLURAL snare lacci friend amici voice voci village villaggi theologian teologi doge dogi orange arance valise valige gray- grigi gray grige 68 First Italian Book -gi rather th;iii in -chi or -ghi is really irregular, since the sound of the c or g, hard in the singular, becomes soft in the phiral form.) PLURAL 85. studio study studi, studii, studi, studj vario various vari, varii, vari, varj varia various varie Plural forms in -u, -t, or -j, correspond to singular forms in -io; and plural forms in -t may correspond to singular forms in -io. The spelling with the single i is now the commonest spelling for such words. The cir- cumflex accent on a final i does not denote stress. 86. ci vede he sees us ci parla he speaks to us ci vediamo we see ourselves, we see each other vederci to see us The word ci serves as a conjunctive object pronoun of the first person plural, direct or indirect, non- reflexive, reflexive, or reciprocal. 87. ci arrivb he arrived here or there ci resta he stays here or there c'e tiiere is ci sono there are The word ci serves also as a conjunctive adverb meaning in general "here" or "there." Lesson XIII Sections 88-89 59 88. vi vede he sees you vi parla he speaks to you vi vedete you see yourself or yourselves, you see each other vedutovi having seen you The word vi serves as a conjunctive object pronoun of the second person, singular or plural in idea, direct or indirect, non-reflexive, reflexive, or reciprocal. 89. vi arrivb he arrived there vi resta he stays there vi tomera he will return there vi £ there is vi sono there are The word vi serves also as a conjunctive adverb, meaning in general "there." Ci and vi correspond to the French y; and the phrases c'c, ci sono, v'e and vi sono correspond to the French il y a. Exercise XIII 1. Identify these forms, and state in each case the infinitive of the verb in question: crede battendo perdemmo riceveranno ripetersbbero venda ripetuto ricevete perdetti battano credereste batter^ ricevevi ripetiamo vendevano ripetci perdersbbe credessero battuto riceveranno venderemo perdo credettero battete crediamo perdevo ricevendo ripet^ vendesse credi battessi credeva perdiamo ricevi ripeterai venderesti credero batterono perderete. 60 FiitsT Italian Book f . Trandnte the same fomis. 5. Find the singular forms corresponding to these noun plural forms, using the vocnhulary irhen necessary: baci barehe boschi botteglie cataloghi ciliEgc croci dcsiderj effigi facce figli giacche giudici guance leghe niedici occhi paesaggi parchi patriarch! piagge preghi spazii. 4. Translate these phrases, regarding the ci and vi as pronouns: ci pagherete vi riceveranno parlarci ci ricevette tenciidoNT ccrcf/tcci vi cantcrb ci tenevano vi pagai ci portcreste vi parleremo vedendoci vi portorfi vi cercava ci parlino. 6. Translate these phrases, regarding the ci and vi as meaning "onrselres" and ''yourselves^' : ci trovaimno vi tenete ci trovcreino tenendovi ci compraiumo dei libri ripetetevi le frasi. 6. Translate the same phrases, regarding the ci and vi as meaning ''each other J" 7. Translate these phrases, regarding the ci and vi CLS adverbs: ci arriveremo vi resto ci abita entra- tevi ci cantano vi cadono entrandoci tornatovi ci vendcvano del libri vi comjirerj dei libri. 8. Translate: 1. Ci sono dclle fabbriche anche pid grandi di questa in vari luDglii deU'Italia. 2. leri pcrdette quella carta, e iioii I'ha trovata ancora, bench^ abbia ccrcato tutta la mattina. 3. /Ibitano qut vicino, ma non ci sono aniici. 4. Ci si vendeva dei fichi frcschi. 5. Luiicdl lo ripctevano tutti, nia oggi non c'e nessuno die lo crcda. Lesson XIV Section 90 61 LESSON XIV 90. The conjugation of essere, "to be," is as follows : INFINITIVE £ssere PRES. PART. essendo PAST PART. state INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PRESENT sono sia SEi sia sii E sia siamo siamo siamo siete siate siate sono s/ano PAST Ero DESCRIPTIVE Eli Era eravamo eravate Erano PAST fui fossi ABSOLUTE fosti fossi fu fosse fummo fossimo foste foste furono fossero FUTURE saro sarai sara etc. PAST sarei FUTURE etc. 62 First Italian Book 91^ Essere veduto to l>c seen essrndo veduto bcinR seen sono veduto I am seen era veduta she was seen saremo veduti we shall be seen \'erbal phrases consisting of a form of essere and a past participle are used in Italian, just as vcrjjal phrases consisting of a form of "to be" and a past participle are used in English, to express a passive idea. They may be translated word for word. A past participle used with fssere in such a phrase changes in ending to agree with the subject, and may thus afford help in the identification of the subject. 92. li vedo I see them, I see you (plurnl) vederli to see them, to sec you (plural) The word li is a conjunctive object pronoun, meaning in general "them," or "you" when used in the formal type of direct address. It is used only as direct object, and is not used as reflexive. It refers to a group of persons of whom at least one is a man, to a group of nouns of which at least one is masculine, or to a masculine j)lural noun. 93. le vedo I .see them, I see you (plural) vederle to see them, to see you (])lural) The word le is a conjunctive object pronoun. It is (except in the case stated in Section 73) a direct object, meaning in general "them," or "you" when u.>^ed in the formal type of direct address. It is used only Lesson XIV Section 94 63 as direct object, and is not used as reflexive. It refers to an all-feminine group of persons or nouns, or to a feminine plural noun. Note that when le is a direct object it is plural, and means "them" or "you"; and that when it is an indirect object it is singular, and means "to her" or "to you." 94. parlo lore I speak to them, I speak to you (plural) parlando lore speaking to them, speaking to you (plural) The word lore serves as a semi-conjunctive indirect object, meaning in general "to them" or "for them," or "to you" or "for you" when used in the formal type of direct address. It refers either to masculine or to feminine antecedents. It stands after and separate from the verb form. Exercise XIV 1. Identify: siete fu sarsbbe fwrono sono sarai fosse saremmo ssi 8ri sarb sia srano fosti sarete stano sareste saremo h sarsbbero siate fui saresti fossimo sara siamo stato sarsi essEudo saranno sii eravamo. 2. Translate the same forms, S. Translate: sara portata era mangiato essendo cercato fu cominciato sarete tenuti saremo veduti sono venduti saremmo creduti sareste (il First Italian Book terauto siamo perduti furono battuti funimo ricevute sia portato saranno uianpiati sono corcati k. coiniiiciato sVano tcimti fu veduto crano venduti sara crcduta sono teinuti "sareimno perduti sareste battuti sarii riccvuta. 4. Trarifdatc these phrases, regarding the li as mean- ing "them": li porter^ li ccrcammo teincrli li ricevctte li vedono. 6. Translate the same phrases, regarding the li as meaning "you." 6. Translate these phrases, regarding the le a<< v\can- ing "them": le portercnio le cerchi le tcaiono le ricevemmo vedeudole. 7. Translate the same phrases, regarding the le as meanitig "you." 8. Translate these phrases, regarding the le as meaning "to her" or "them" according as it is indirecl or direct object: le vede le parla le trovai le riccvettcro le cantava le portJ dei libri. 9. Translate the same phrases, regarding the le as meaning "to you" (sins.) or "you" (pi.) according as it is imlirecl or direct object. 10. Translate these phrases, regarding the loro as meaning "to them": parlainmo loro cant/zvano loro portero loro dei libri coinpri loro dci libri ripe- tcranno loro le frasi. //. Translate the same phrases, regarding the loro as meaning "to you." Lesson XV Section 95 65 12. Translate: 1. Stamane Le vedemmo mentre entravano nel palazzo dove ci sono quei quadri antichi. 2. Vi fu portato da due uomini fortissimi. 3. Sono certo che {that) se non I'avesse creduto non I'avrebbe ripetuto loro. 4. Si crede che ci abbia comprato qualche libro di molto valore. 5. Temeva che i biglietti fossero perduti; ma per fortuna li trovo un ragazzo che 11 porta swbito alia casa. LESSON XV 95. sono entrato I have entered ero caduto I had fallen Era arrivata she had arrived ess8ndo tomato having returned sono stato I have been siamo stati veduti we have been seen Verbal phrases with essere do not always have a passive idea; for with certain verbs essere is used instead of avere in the formation of perfect tenses (see Section 75). The past participle, in this case, agrees with the subject. The distinction between passive and perfect phrases is not difficult in practice. If in doubt, try translating the form of essere by the proper form of "to be." If it makes sense, the translation is correct, and the phrase is passive. If it does not make sense, the phrase is per- fect, not passive, and the form of essere is to be trans- lated by the corresponding form of the verb "to have." 66 First Italian Book 96. si vedono they see thcmsolvos or each other, you see yourselves or each other The word si when used with a third personal plural verb is reflexive or reciprocal, and serves as masculine, as feminine, and in formal direct address. 97. si vedono thej' are seen si vedono le case the houses are seen The combination of si with a third plural verb often serves as a substitute for a passive phrase: compare Section 79. 98. ne parlo I sprak of it or of them ne vedo il tetto I i^ce its roof ne ho I have some non ne ho I haven't any The word ne is a conjunctive pronoun of the third person. It means in general "of it" or "of them," or "some" or "any." It corresponds to the French en. 99. ne vengo I come from there The word ne serves as also a conjunctive adverb. It is then an unomphatic ecjuivalent of the phrase di la, and means in general "from there." 100. un tal suono =un tale suono ^uvh a .cra. 2. Qiiaiido jKirtl per andare alia stazione i suoi ce lo scKuirono. 3. A quel tcatro si divertirii, niolto: gli attori sono bravissimi. 4. Lo coinprj un niio aiiiico e nie lo port5 come rcgalo di Natale. 5. La loro casa t pid grande e piCl ricca della nostra, ma ^i mcno bella. E poi: "casa mia, casa mia, bella o brutta che tu sia, tu mi pari una badia." LESSON XVII 107. The present tenses of finire, "to finish," arc as follows: INDICATIVE finisco SUDJUNCTIVE finisca IMPERATIVE finisci finisce finisca finisca finisci finiamo finiamo finiamo finite finiate finite finjscono finiscano This inflection dilTcrs from that of sentire in that -ISC- is inserted between the stem and the ending in the singular forms and the third plural forms. Note that the sc has the sound of sk before the endings -o, -cno, -a, and -ayjo, and the sound of sh before the endin;:s -i and -e. In all forms other than those of the present tenses finire is like sentire. Lesson XVII Sections lOa-109 77 Most common regular verbs of the fourth conjuga- tion, aside from those hsted in Section 102, are like finire in the inflection of the present tenses. Such, for instance, are the verbs capire, "to understand"; colpire, "to strike"; preferire, "to prefer"; riferire, "to report"; and suggerire, "to suggest." 108. glielo presento I present him to him, I present him to her, I present him to you parlandogliene speaking of it to him The word glie (pronounced without stress) is a special conjunctive indirect object, equivalent in mean- ing to gli and le as indirect objects. It is used only before lo, la, li, le, and ne, and is generally written as one word with the following pronoun. 109. chi s? who is it? chi vedete? whom do you see ? di chi e questo whose book is this? libro? lit. of whom is this book? mi domando chi he asked me who had fosse entrato come in The word chi is chiefly used as a personal interroga- tive equivalent to "who" or "whom" in a direct or indirect question. The combination di chi serves as an equivalent of the interrogative "whose." 78 FiiiST Italian Book 110. Chi cerca, trova He who seeks, finds Parlo a chi r disposto ad I speak to those who are agire ready to act Chi vudI tornare indiitro, If anyone wants to go back, c'e tempo there's time The word chi is also used as the equivalent of a coml)ination of a personal pronoun and a relative pronoun, meaning in peneral "he who," "one who," "(liosc who," "anyone who." In this use it appears in many proverbs. By an extension of this use it comes to be equivalent to tiic phrase "if anyone." 111. Non ho che due libri I have only two books Non restb che un' ora He stayed only an hour Non rimanevano se non due Only two remained When non stands before and che after a verb, the conil)inati<>n in many cas(>s means "only." The combination non . . . se non is often used in the same sense. 112. I'ho trovata =lahDtrovata n'ha comprato =ne ha comprato il libro d'un porta = il libro di un porta quest'onore =questo onore Sant' Agostino St. Augustine Sant' Arma St. Anne Lesson XVII Section 112 79 An apostrophe at the end'of a word indicates that one of the vowels a, e, i, or o has been dropped (except in the case of the word po', which is an abbreviated form of poco, and in a very few other special cases). (Such ehsion is frequent, though not requisite, in many short words, when the following word begins with a vowel. It has become a fixed usage in certain forms of the articles and of b£llo and quelle, which have been already noted; also in the word Santo, when immediately preceding a word beginning with a vowel.) Exercise XVII 1. Identify these forms, and state in each case the infinitive of the verb in question: capzscono colpiate finiste preferirei riferisco suggeriamo capisci colpisca preferendo riferi suggeriscono finiamo captvano colpisci preferfscano riferite sug- gerisce finzssimo capl colpito preferisce rife- riste suggerirono finisco capite colpiranno preferiate riferisci suggerisse finisce. 2. Translate the same form^. 3. Identify these forms, and state in each case the infinitive of the verb in question: abitaste avemmo batter^ cada canta capisci cercammo comin- cerei comprano crede divertendo dormi ebbi entriamo furono godei manger^ pagai parli partir^ pensando perdi portassi preferisce ricevo ripeterai segua sent! serve sia stu- 80 liusT Itauan Book (lier5 supnonscono tcinano teniamo vcdi ven- (Icsse vcstimmo. 4. Translate the same forma. 5. Translate these phrases, regarding the glie as meaning "to /jtm" glicnc parlcr!) plieli prc.soiitainmo portaiulogliclo pliclo rijjctci Rlieravevano prc«cn- tata pliele abbiamo portate. 6. Translate the same phrases, regarding the glie 05 meaning *^to her." 7. Translate the same phrases, regarding the glie OS meaning "to you." 8. Translate: 1. Gliene ho parlato parccchie volte, ma non ne capisce niente. 2. Non si vcde che uno de' villaggi: Taltro t dietro la montagiia. 3. Di clii sono quei guanti ? Sono di Maria : ^licli portai niartedl. 4. Prefen'scono scrn-ere piuttosto che parlargliene. 5. Chi s'aiuta, il cid i'aiuta. Lesson XVIII Sections 113-115 81 LESSON XVIII 113. The conjugation of andare, "to go," is as follows: INFINITIVE andare PRES. PART. andando PAST PART. andato INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PRESENT vado or vo vada vai vada va' or vai - va vada andiamo andiamo andiamo andate andiate andate van no vadano PAST andavo, -a DESCRIPTIVE etc. PAST andai andassi ABSOLUTE etc. etc. FUTURE andrb or andero etc. PAST andrei or anderei FUTURE etc. 114. II caldo va aumentando The heat is increasing Andare is often used with a present participle to express an idea of gradual action. 115. Gli esempi vanno studiati The examples are to be con ciira studied with care 82 First Italian Book Andare is often used with a pa,st participle to express an idea of propriety or rc^ilation. 116. se lo prescnta lie presents it to himself, she presents it to herself, you present it to yourself se lo prescntano they present it to them- selves or to each other, you present it to your- selves or to each other The word se when ininicdiately prcci dinn one of the conjunctive object pronouns lo, la, li, le, or ne may be itself a special conjunctive indirect object pronoun equivalent in meaning to si as indirect object. There is another word se, meaning: "if," wliich is of course very likely to stand immediately before a conjunctive pronoun. Care must therefore be taken to decide, by appeal to common sense, wliether a se so located is the pronoun or the word meaning "if." 117. andarsene to go away me ne vado I go away te ne vai you go away se ne va he goes away When andare is conjugated witli ne and one of the reflexive pronouns me, te, se, ce, ve, the combination has the meaning "to go away." 118. vottene go away ^\ hen a conjunctive pronoun (other than gli or glie) is appended to a monosyllabic imperative Lesson XVIII Sections 119-120 83 singular form, the initial consonant of the pronoun is doubled, and the apostrophe is dropped. 119. che 8? what is it ? che avete? what have you ? che libro avete? what book have you ? che cosa avete? what have you ? cosa avete? what have you ? The word che is used as an interrogative pronoun referring to things or ideas, and as an interrogative adjective. The phrase che cosa, meaning literally "what thing," has come to be used with the value of a simple interrogative pronoun, meaning "what"; so also, from use in this phrase, the single word cosa. 120. che idea! what an idea! che bcl libro 1 what a beautiful book! The word che is also used in exclamations as an adjective equivalent to the EngUsh "what a." Exercise XVIII 1. Translate: vanno andasti vada va' andr^ vai andarono vo andasscro vadano andai va andrai vado sono andato era andata sarenio andati sarsbbero andate. 2. Translate: se ne vada ce ne andammo me ne andavo vattene ve ne andrete se n'andarono te ne vai se n'andranno me ne vado andatevene se ne vadano ce ne andiarao se ne va ce ne andremmo me ne vo. 84 FiiiST Italian Book 5. Traru^lale these phrases, regarding the se as mean- ing "to himself": se lo ripctd se li presenter^ se lo riprta prc.scntandoscle. 4. Translate the same phrases, regarding the se as meaning "to herself." 6. Translate the same phrases, regarding the se as meaning "to yourself." G. Translate these phrases, regarding the se as meaning " to themselves" : se lo ripEtono se li presen- tano ripctendoselo se le prescntavano. 7. Translaie the same phrases, regarding the subject as meaning "they" and the se as meaning "to each other." 8. Translate the same phrases, regarding the se as meaning "to yourselves." 9. Translate the same phrases, regarding the subject as meaning "you" and the se as meaning "to each other." 10. Translate: 1. Le spcsc vanno crescendo, e la paga dcir anno passato non ci basta pid. 2. Vad:i a vedere cosa t stato. 3. L'avcvano iinparato a memoria, e se lo ripctevano sotto voce. 4. Se n'aiidn\ a meszoKiorno, anclic se non finisce che la inetjli del lavoro. 5. Clii non va nou vcde e chi non prova non credo. Lesson XIX Section 121 85 LESSON XIX 121. The conjugation of dare, "to give," is as follows: INFINITIVE dare PRES. PART, dando ' PAST PART. datO PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE dia dia dia diamo diate dz'ano IMPERATIVE da' or dai diamo date PAST DESCRIPTIVE PAST ABSOLUTE INDICATIVE do dai da diamo date danno davo, -a etc. dicdi or detti dessi desti dessi diede or dette desse demmo dessimo deste deste diedero or dessero dsttero darb etc. darsi etc. The accent in the third singular present indicative da serves to distinguish it from the preposition da. In the past absolute and past subjunctive dare ha? the endings of the second conjugation. FUTURE PAST FUTURE 80 Fnt8T Italian Hook 122. The verb stare, "to st^ind, to be," is inflected exactly like dare, cxrrpt th.it the third singular present iiulicjitivc bears no accent, and that in the p:ust absolute first singular, third sinpihir, and third plural stare has only the forms stetti, stEtte, stettero. 123. stava per dire or era per dire he was about to say The conil)inati()n stare per moans "to be aljout (to do a tiling)." The combination essere per is occasionally used with the same meaning. 124. SUBJECT SUBJECT OR DIS- DISJUNCTIVE JUNCTIVE OBJECT OBJECT io I me me or myself tu you te you or yourself egli he lui ho; liim esso lie; him ella she or Id she or you; you her or you essa she; her noi we; us; our .-elves voi you; yourse If; yourselves lore they or you; » them or you essi they; them (masc.) esse they; them (fem.) se himself or her- self or itself or your- self or themselves or yourselves Lesson XIX Sections 125-126 87 Lui non lo crede, ma io ne He doesn't believe it, but / sono certo am sure of it Guardi me Look at me Parli a lui Speak to him Tomb con noi He came back with us The Italian subject pronouns, when expressed, usually carry at least a slight emphasis. Egli and ella, however, are often used with httle or no emphasis. The disjunctive object pronouns carry emphasis when used as direct objects or with the preposition a. When used with other prepositions, they carry no emphasis. 125. II signore che era quf The gentleman who was here II libro che vedete The book that you see Mi dia quello che ha Give me what you have portato brought The word che is used as a relative pronoun witli reference to persons, things, or ideas. The combina- tion quello che or quel che, hterally "that which," is equivalent to the English demonstrative relative "what." 126. Lo vidi che giocava I saw him playing with con quel ragazzo that boy A relative clause is often used in Italian in cases in which the English idiom calls for a present participle 88 FiBfiT Italiajs' Book Exercise XIX 1. Translate: dava diedi da* darcsti deste dcttc da dcssi daniio dia darj diaino dirdcro d:\ dando dettcro dai desse. 2. Transhilc: stiaiuo stettcro sta etato stai st€sse stareino stia stanno stette sto stessi stctti stava sta' starebbe stcsti. 5. Translate: tu lo crcdi noi aiidavamo cerca- rono lei lo d/ano a noi parlava di loro voi andrcte veda liii ella caiitava lo porten\ con S(^ lo daranno a voi esse parlavano lo trovi lui io partirj lo dainio a nie lo porter J con ine essa ci seguirebbe loro li trovarono presenter^ te lo compri lei seguite noi san\ portato ila lui esso li temeva lo portino loro essi paghcranno starji con te lo diedi a lui egli dorine teneva me lei torner^ li darj a lei lo portoranno con sd ricevertl voi trovj loro lo comprai per lei lui entrj lo dareino a loro lo darcino loro. 4. Translate: 1. Come sta il inalato ? Stapeggio: sono andati pel medico. 2. Lui li sentiva che parla- vano, ma non riuscl a capire nientc. 3. e la stcssa cDsa che mi riferiste voi, 4. Loro n'rbboro prima e poi ne diedero anche a noi. 5. H.) ponluta la matita: dammi la tun. Un momcnto: non lio ciie questa, e stD per finire la compo«izione. Lesson XX Section 127 89 LESSON XX 127. The conjugation of fare, "to make," is as follows: INFINITIVE fare PRES. PART. facsndo PAST PART. fatto INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERAT] PRESENT faccio or fo faccia fai faccia fa* or fai fa faccia facciamo facciamo facciamo fate facciate fate fanno facciano PAST facevo, -a DESCRIPTIVE facevi faceva etc. PAST feci facessi ABSOLUTE facesti facessi fece facesse facemmo etc. faceste fecero FUTURE faro etc. PAST farei FUTURE dc. Fare is really a verb of the third conjugation. The infinitive fare represents a Latin original facere, 90 First Italian Book the regular stem is fac-, and the regular endings are those of the third conjugation. The present participle, the past descriptive, the past absolute second singular and first and second plural, and the past subjunctive are then regular. 128. Lo feci venire I had him come Fece portare il denaro alia He had the money carried banca to the bank Fanno costruire dalle case They are having some per gl'impiegati houses built for the em- ployees Faro chiudere la porta I will have the door closed Sentii chiudere la porta I heard the door closed Fare used with an infinitive is often equivalent to the Knglish causative "have." An Italian infinitive in this construction is often to be rendered by an English past participle. A similar construction often occurs with lasciare, sentire, udire, and vedere. 129. Gli fece portare il denaro He had him carry tlu^ alia banca money to the bank Le fece portare il denaro He had her carry the alia banca money to the bank Gli lasci 3 portare il denaro He let him carry the alia banca money to the bank Gli senti hggere la Irttcra He heard him read the letter Lesson XX Sections 130-133 91 When one of the verbs fare, lasciare, sentire, udire, or vedere has an indirect object of its own, and a dependent infinitive which has a direct object of its own, the indirect object of the main verb is in sense a direct object. 130. A quel tempo faceva At thai time he was a lawyer I'awocato Fa caldo oggi It's hot today Non fa niente It doesn't make any difference Si fece rosso He became red Fare is used in an extraordinary number of com- mon idioms, of which those listed above are typical. The combination farsi, when si is a direct object, usually means "to become." 131. due anni fa or due anni sono two years ago The words fa and sono are often used, with expres- sions of time, in the sense "ago." 132. II signore con cui parlavo The gentleman with whom I was talking The word cui is chiefly used as a relative pronoun after a preposition. 133. E un uomo le cui idee non He is a man whose ideas mi sembrano giuste do not seem sound to me 92 First Italian Book The word cui is also used, with the df'finitc article, as a rcl;ifivc possessive. (134. VDstra Signoria t molto Your Lordship is very kiml, buona you are very kind Ella or Lei e molto buona or You are very kind, lit., it buDno (i.e., your Lordship) is verj'^ kind £ molto buono You are very kind The preceding phrases illustrate the development of the modern polite form of direct address. The first stage was the very common use of feminine titular nouns in polite address. The verb was of course in the third person, and a predicate adjective was feminine. The second stn.Lic, resulting from the fact that such a phrase as Vostra Signoria is too long for common utterance, was the use of the feminine pro- noun of the third person to replace the feminine titular noun. The pronoun was often, but not always, written with a capital initial, to suggest the capitalized initials of Vostra Signoria. The vorh remained in the third person; the predicate adjective sometinics remained feminine and sometimes became m;isculine if the person addressed was a man. This use is still common, but it has gradually given ri.se to the third stage, in which the exjjrcssion of the .sui)ject pronoun (except for cK'arness or cmpiia.si.s) is no longer regarded as necessary, and the [)redicate adjective regularly takes its gender from the sex of the person addressed. Lesson XX Section 134 93 In accordance with the usage thus developed, third person feminine pronouns are used as objects with reference to the person addressed, and the possessives of the third person are used with the value "your," as has been seen in earlier lessons. A natural reaction from the use of feminine pronouns in addressing men has begun to manifest itself, and has brought about the general use of li instead of le, already studied, as conjunctive plural direct object. The same tendency often results, in Tuscany, in the use of lo instead of la as conjunctive singular direct object, as in the phrase arrivederlo, "goodbye"; but this usage is not as yet generally accepted.) Exercise XX 1. Translate: farsbbe facciano fece fai fatto faranno fo facessero facevi facciate feci farai fanno facemmo fa farete fecero faccio faceste fa' farei facendo fate faccia facevo facciamo. £. Translate: 1. Fammi il piacere di portarglicli. 2. Mcntre faeeva il soldato, sci niesi fa, ebbe la notzzia della morte dello zio. 3. Gh fece vedere la lettera bench^ non avesse finite di scrfverla. 4. Chi e ? e quel giovane milanese di cui si parlava ier I'altro. 5. Perch6 Lc lasci5 credere che ci fosse state ? 6. Lo spiegammo loro tre volte, ma pare che non lo capzscano ancora. 7. h un pensatore profondo, la cui fama e 04 FiiisT Italian Hook anclic pill prande all'fstoro che a casa. 8. Mi foccia il favorc: ci vada a scntire sc loro pliciie hanno parlato. 9. Adcsso si crcdc un Kraiid'uomG: scoininctto chc si fan\ fare il ritratto. 10. Come farai, cosl a\Tai. LESSON XXI 135. The conjugation of dire, "to say," is ;u follows: INFINITIVK dire PRE8. PART. dicrndo PAST PART. detto I.SFINTriVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PRESENT dice dica dici dica di' dice dica diciamo diciarao diciamo dite diciate dite d/cono d/cano PAST dicevo, -a DESCRIPTIVE (tC. PAST dissi dicessi ABSOLUTE dicesti disse dicemmo diceste d/ssero dicessi dicesse tie. FUTURE dir5 PAST dird FUTURE etc. Lesson XXI Sections 136-138 95 Dire, like fare, is really a verb of the third conju- gation. The infinitive dire represents a Latin origi- nal dicere, the regular stem is die-, and the regular endings are those of the third conjugation. The present participle, most forms of the present tenses, the past descriptive, the past absolute second singular and first and second plural, and the past subjunctive are then regular. 136. Ssnto un grido; vado I heard a cry; I went to alia porta; I'apro; the door; I opened it; I non vedo nessuno saw no one The present tense is often used in Italian as a vivid past. 137. Se lo vedo, glielo dico If I see him, I'll tell him so Torno subito I'll be back soon The present tense is often used in Italian as a vivid future. 138. Quale libro preferite? Which book do you prefer ? What book do you prefer ? Quale idea! What an idea! The word quale is used as an interrogative adjective or pronoun meaning "which" or "what." It is used also, like che, in exclamations, as an adjective equiva- lent to the English "what a." 96 First Italian Book 139. Ha scritto un romanzo e He h:is written a novel and una commj dia la quale a comedy which : i mi pare molto buona to ine very (?(>()< i The word quale is often used, with the definite article, as a relative pronoun, meaning in general "who" or "which." 140. La vita p breve Life is short I cani sono fedrli Dogs are faithful II signor Ghedini Mr. Ghcdini II Ghedini se n'e andato Ghcdini has gone away L'ltolia i chiamata il giar- Italy is calle;saiitjitr6 quattro- centonovaritasri novccentosessantanjvc due- cento(ju;iidi(i seicentodiciotto centoventinovc. 5. Trauslalc: sono le tre e vcnti sono Ic sri e u\tzzo sono le n.)vc meno venticinque sono le sette e d<>tlici sono le quattro meno einque sono le undiei e un quarto sono le cinque e dicci sono le Dtto meno un (pjarto sono le dirci e ventisei. Lesson XXIII Sections 148-1-19 /.Ol 4. Translate: I'arte del Cinquecento la musica del Settecsnto la poesia del Dugento la filosofia del Novecsnto la pittura del Trecsnto la scienza deirOttocento la scultura del QuattrocEnto la societa del Seicsnto. 5. Translate: 1. Se n'erano andati tutti e due. 2. Pare che siano tornati alio stile del Seicento. 3. II treno parte alle tre e ventitr^ dopo me^zogiorno, e arriva a SiEna vsrso le sstte. 4. Se si fosse vcduta a quel momento, credo che avrebbe cambiato manisra swbito. 5. Gli si e dato qualche ceutinaio di lire. LESSON XXIII 148. A list of irregular verbs not studied in the preceding lessons will be found on pages 140-49. As part of the present lesson, the student should read carefully the introductory statement of that list, and should enable himself to use the list for the identifica- tion of irregular forms. Section 1 of the exercise accompanying this lesson affords material for practice in such identification. 149. ho fame I am hungry ho sete I am thirsty ho sonno I am sleepy ho freddo I am cold ho caldo I am hot ho ragione I am right ho torto I am wrong I'l?. FiiwT Italian Hook Avere stands with a noun object in a numlicr of idiomatic phnisca which correspond to Kn^U-sh phrases consisting of "to be" and an adjective. 150. Sono qu; da tre giorni 1 have been here for three (lay> ffo li da tre giorni I had been there for three day- Itahan uscj^ a present tense with da and a phrase of time, wherea-s Kn^hsh in corresponding cases uses the present perfect tense with "for." Simihirly, Itahan u.ses a past descriptive with da in cases in which I'^nghsh uses a past perfect with "for." The Itahan use of these tenses with da is exactly parallel to the French use of tiit'se tenses with depnii^. 151. c giovane, ma parla da He is young, but he talks uomo like a man Sarb da lei stasera I shall l>e at your hou.se this evening Un francobollo da dicci A tcn-centcsimi stamp centrsimi The prejjosition da is used in many idiomatic senses, of which those illustrated above are tvpical. The use of da in the first instance corresponds to a French use of en; its use in the second instance corresponds t« the u.se of the French chcz. 162. Aveva tolta la giacca He had taken off his jacket Andb in Francia col fratEllo He went to France with his brother Lesson XXIII Section 152 103 In Italian usage the definite article suffices to carry the idea of possession when no real ambiguity results from absence of a possessive. Exercise XXIII 1. Identify these forms, by use of the List of Irregular Verbs on pages 140-49, and state in each case the infini- tive of the verb in question: apparve cocsndo debba distinsero dorra ssce giuoco misi nacquero muori pianse pongono rimasto ruppi sa scrisse suona speso tsnga tolse trarrebbe varra visni vissi vuole concesso dispiacque indurr^ ricopErse. 2. Translate: hanno fame avrk sete avrebbero sonno avevo freddo abbiamo caldo avevano ragione hai torto avevi fame ha sete avrai sonno avrsbbe freddo hanno caldo ho ragione aveste torto. 3. Translate: 1. Se vai da lui, ci troverai proba- bilmente anche I'amico fiorentino. 2. Aspettiamo da una m£22'ora, e se lui non si fa vedere fra dieci minuti non I'aspettiamo pid. 3. Non e per5 un'azione da galantuomo. 4. Tira fuari il portafogli; ne cava un biglietto da venticmque lire; paga il conto; e parte senza dire una parola a nessuno. 5. Chi ha meno ragione grida piCl forte. 1U4 Fiitsr Italian Hook 153. LESSON XXIV avere to li:ive cadere dolere dovere giacere godere parere to fall to urieve to owe to lie to enjoy to seem persuadere to porsnade piacere to i)leak he had had to speak he will have had to speak he would have had to speak he must be si)cak- ing he is to si)eak he must he was to have spoken speak he must have sjwken he must have spoken DUTY he ouRht to sjwak. he should speak he ought to have 8])<»ken, he shoul4 have BDoken Lesson XXVI Section 167 111 The main idea of dovere as auxiliary is compulsion. Each of its tenses may express this idea. Thus, dcve parlare may mean "he is to speak," "he is compelled to speak," "he is obliged to speak," "he is forced to speak," "he must speak." Besides this main idea dovere has at times three other ideas, each limited to certain tenses: the ideas of certainty, destiny, and duty. It may express the idea of certainty in the present and in the past descriptive tenses, and in the two corresponding compound tenses. Thus, deve parlare may mean "he must be speaking," "he is evidently speaking," "he is certainly speaking." It may express the idea of destiny in the present and past descriptive tenses. Thus, deve parlare may mean "he is to speak." It may express the idea of duty in the past future and in the corresponding compound tense. Thus dovrebbe parlare may mean "he ought to speak," "he should speak" (when "should" means "ought to"). Notice that the past future and the corresponding compound tense are the only tenses of dovere which can be translated with "ought." 167. Di giorno e di notte By day and by night Dove sta di casa? Where dues he live ? Credo di si I think so 112 I*^R8T Italian Hook Faceva di tutto per riuscire I le did everything he could to succeed Quell'avaro di Giuseppe That miser of a Josepli. tluit miserly fellow Joseph Un monte detto di San A mountain called "San Martino Martino" Credo di aver detto tutta I think I have told the la verita whole truth The jireposition di is used in a large number of idiomatic ways, some of which are illustrated above. Exercise XXVI /. Translate, imn^ forms of the English verb "/6 owe": devo dovril dovevi (lovrebbcro dovcste dovendo debba dobbiamo doverono devono dovremo dovuto deve. £. Translate these phrases as expressing the ida of compulsion: dovra parlare devono parlan dovcste parlare dovrebbero parlare dovcvo par lare devi parlare dovrete parlare oak in speaking potri he will be able he may speak parlare to sjioak potrcbbe he would be able he might speak parlare to .-|>oak, he could si)eak ha potuto he has been able he may have parlare to si)cak, he can have spoken 8{K>kcn aveva he had been able he might have potuto to s]M'ak spoken parlare he could have spoken avri he will have he may have potuto been able to spoken parlare sjxaik, he can have BjKiken avrcbbe he would have he might ha\'e potuto been able to S)X>kbD parlare hjK'nk, he could have spoken Lesson XXVII Sections 170-171 115 The main idea of potere is ability. Each of its tenses may express this idea. It has often the idea of possibiHty, which it may express in any tense except the past absolute. The past absolute has also the special sense "came to be able," "succeeded." 170. voglio parlare vorrei parlare non voglio parlare I wish to speak I want to speak I will to speak I insist on speaking I will speak I try to speak I am glad to speak I am willing to speak I should like to speak I don't want to speak I refuse to speak Volere as auxiliary means usually "to wish" or "to want." It may, however, express almost any shade of volition, strong or weak, as indicated above. The past future equivalent of "I am glad to speak" is "I should like to speak." With a negative, volere often assumes a meaning as strong as "refuse." 171. La parola "casetta" vuol dire "casa p/ccola" Ci voile un'ora per finirlo Mi vuol bene Cosa vuole? The word "casetta" means "a little house" It took an hour to finish it He is fond of mc, he loves me What can you expect ? 1 1(1 FiitsT Italian Hook Volere is used in many common idioms, of wliich those listod above are typical. W ith the last, compare the French que voulcz-voust 172. Irri ho veduto Giovanni e Yesterday I saw John and la sorrlla his sister Sono partiti un'ora fa Tlicy left an hour ago 'I'he present |)erfeet is often u.«cd instead of the past ah.solutc in the statement of a recent action. This use of this tense, which is similar to a French use of the present perfect, is becoiniii^j more and more common in Italy; hut the past absolute still rem;iins the normal past tense. 173. Non lo posso spiegare I cannot explain it Glielo volevo dare I wanted to ^ive it to him Mi venne a cercare lie came to look for me A ct)njunctive pronoun standinj; with a main verb is often in thought the object of a dep(>ndent infinitive. This is true even in .some cjises in which a preposition intervenes l>etween the main verb and the infinitive. EXKKCISK XXVII /. I (h lit if y: po.ssiaino potrii pu.i pot6 l».)ssono pottTono pii.ii potosse potrii possa . .)Kliono vorrcmo vuoi voile voglia vorrri \.)Mi vouliamo vorreste vollero. Lesson XXVII Exercise XXVII 117 2. Translate these phrases as expressing the idea of ability: potevano seguire potro seguire possono seguire potrsi seguire potei seguire puoi seguire potevo seguire hanno potuto seguire avro potuto seguire avevo potuto seguire avreste potuto seguire. 3. Translate these phrases as expressing the idea of possibility: posso psrdere potremo psrdere * pote- vano psrdere potreste psrdere potevo psrdere pu5 psrdere ha potuto psrdere avra potuto psrdere avevi potuto psrdere avremnio potuto psrdere. 4- Translate these phrases as expressing strong volition: volevo pagare vuol pagare vorranno pagare voile pagare vorrsi pagare hanno voluto pagare avrsbbe voluto pagare aveva voluto pagare. 5. Translate the same phrases as expressing weak volition. 6. Translate: 1. Glielo volevo dare oggi ma per finirlo ci vorra un'altra settimana. 2. Ce li ho veduti isri, e ci possono tornare anche stamane. 3. Non gli vorrsi dire una cosa della quale non gli potrsi dinio- strare la verity. 4. Stanno li da una ms^s'ora: ho detto loro che lui non tornera che alle disci, ma lo vogUono aspettare. 5. Chi non puo fare come vuole, faccia come puo. lis F^RfiT Italian Book LESSON XXVIII 174. For this lesson the student should study the vcilts in -fiidcrc, -idcrc, and -udtTc given in the List of irregular Verbs. All past participles in -cso and all past absolutes in -ini corresi)ond to infinitives in -cndere. All past participles in -iso and all past absolutes in -isi (except misi) correspond to infinitives in -idcre. All past participles in -uso and all past absolutes in -usi (except fuse and fusi) correspond to infinitives in -udere. 175. Disse che ce I'avrcbbe He said that he would give date it to us Speravo che sarrbbe ve- I hoped that you would nuto piu presto come sooner The past future perfect is often used in cases in which the English idiom requires the simple past future. 176. Mi duole la trsta My head aches Gli avete rubato il posto You have stolen his place Si levD il capprllo He took ofT his hat Si era tagliato la mano He had cut his hand The indirect conjunctive pronouns often serve merely to indicate jxjssession. Lesson XXVIII Section 177 119 177. V'orrsi e questo e quelle 3 Giovanni o il fratello ci d£ve andare 3hi saliva, chi scendeva 3i vedeva dove un pezzo, dove un altro, dove una iunga distesa del fiume Non venne, sia che non avesse ricevuto la let- tera, sia che non volesse venire Several Italian words when used as correlatives. I should like both this one and that one Either John or his brother must go there Some were going up, others were going down One saw here a bit, there another, there a long stretch of the river He didn't come, either because he hadn't re- ceived the letter, or because he didn't want to come assume special meanings Exercise XXVIII 1. Translate: deciso difesi rise resero chiuso scesi ucciso sorrise conclusero acceso divisi prese deczsero difeso risi rese chiw- sero sceso uccisi sorriso concluse accesero diviso prosi. 2. Translate: 1. S's fatto cavare due denti. 2. Dicevano che il concorso si sarsbbe chiuso il dieci giugno. 3. Credevo che saremmo arrivati prima di loro. 4. L'avete chiusa quella porta? 5. Se glielo vado a dire, mi ride in faccia. 6. Sia che fosse di- sgrazia, sia che non sapesse fare, perdette tutto il suo e 120 FiitsT Italian Hook Kran parte di quel che ^li avcva portato la inoglie. 7. Si scntiva il cuore legKEro |)er la giaia che avrebbe data a tutti e due. 8. I lurni non s'eraiio ancora acccsi, e non ci si poteva vcdcre nicntc. 9. Mi prese la niano, mi dissc che sapeva di aver avuto tDrto, c mi demand!) se non lo volcssi pcrdonare. 10. Questo mondo c fatto a scale, chi le scende e chi le sale. LESSON XXIX 178. For this lesson the student should study the verbs ardere, -cfdere, correre, discutere, fondere, invadere, mettere, mordere, -pr/mere, radere, and rodere. 179. Torab senza averlo trovato He came back without havinp; found it Ce lo dara prima di partire He will give it to us before leaving The Italian infinitive after a preposition often corre- spond.s to an l^nglish present participle. 180. II parlare troppo gli ha Talking too much has cost costato caro him dear Nel cadere si taglib la In falling he cut his right dfstra hand The Italian infinitive with a definite article often corresponds to an English present participle. Lesson XXIX Sections 181-182 121 181. davanti a noi before us distro a lui behind him vicino alia casa near the house venne incontro al he came to meet his fratcUo brother contro di lore against them al di la del fiume beyond the river The prepositions a and di appear as the final mem- bers of many prepositional phrases. 182. Ci mise davanti tutte le He put all the papers carte before us Le stflvano vicino They were standing near her Gli venne mcontro She came to meet him When the logical object of a prepositional phrase of which the final member is a is a personal pronoun, the use of a disjunctive pronoun is often avoided by putting a conjunctive pronoun before the verb, omitting the a, and treating the first member of the prepositional phrase as an adverb. Exercise XXIX 1. Translate: corsi invasero messo morse roso mise discussi concsssero fuso espresse arso nxisQxo morsi corsero raso espressi di- scussero concesse invaso misi. 2. Translate: 1. Le corsero dietro, chiamandola per nome. 2, Dovrebbe aiutarci lui invece di star 122 FiiisT Italian Hook II a (livortirsi. 3. II perdcro quelle rnrte pli ha costa* un niese di lavoro. 4. Si miardava attorno coiiie avcssc paura chc qualouno lo vcdcsse. 5. e un ciovane la cui maniera di parlare ci pare stranissiu G. Si discutcva sc si dovcsse dirKlielo subito. 7. D- veva parlarRlicnc, nia al vodcrlo dccise di tarn- 8. II pensare e alle volte pifi difTj'ciic che I'agirc. 9. Ci .stava davanti, pront/ssimo a fare tutto quel che avremmo volute. 10. Si inise il cappElIo c il Bopro- bito, ma rcstj ancora una decina di minuti a chiac- chierare. LESSON XXX 183. I\»r this losson the student should study the verbs chirdere, distmguere, nascondere,pi3vere,rispon- dere,rompere, scrivere, -s/stere, -solvere, ami spegnere. 184. Trovato Giovanni che Having found John work- lavorava li, gli dicde il inj? there, he pave him pacco the package Vedutala in pencolo, corse Seeing her in danger, he ad aiutarla ran to help her Partiti gli altri, noi due ci When the others had gone, mettemmo a studiare wo twt) began to study Contrnta hi, la cosa andr^ If .she is content, the thing bene will go all right The past participle is often used to form an absolute clause with a noun or pronoun. Such clauses can usually be translated by u.< the book (for your- self) An indirect reliexive pronoun without translatable force is in many cases associated with a transitive verb. 203. The orchna! numerals from 1st through 12th, and some of the higher ordinals, .arc as follows: prime 1st undrcimo secondo 2d or trrzo 3d drcimo prime nth quarto 4th duedrcime quinto 5th Of decime secendo 12th srsto Gth ventesimo 2()th sfttimo 7th trentEsimo 30th ottavo Sth quarantrsirao 40th nono th cinquantrsimo r)Oth decimo 10th centrsirao 100th KXERCISE XXXIII /. Trnnslnle: dir/^ono scarto porsc mi accorsi sparge sp.jrgono volte sorge dircsse srarsi p.)rga mi accorgo .spar.scro sporge volsi sorto dirigo .scarsero parte si accarsc sparsi sporto valgono. Lesson XXXIV Sections 204-205 133 2. Translate: 1. Non s'accorse che il treno era gi^ in movimento. 2, Fra i papi piil famosi del Rinascimento si nominano Niccolo quinto, Pio secondo, Sisto quarto, Alessandro sssto, Giitlio secondo, e Leone dscimo. 3. Se ci pensavano un po' piu a lungo, non gli rispondevano cosi. 4. M'immaginavo che ne sareste contsnti. 5. Vide il pacco e se lo prese ssnza nemmeno ringraziarci. 6. II Castiglione e uno dei letterati piCi eminenti del sscolo decimo sssto. 7, Dirige I'orchsstra da qualche mese un giovane masstro siciliano. 8. Mi cro accorto della loro intenzione, ma non mi toccava a me ad impedirli. 9. Li almeno ci goderemo un buon pranso. 10 . Troverai quella rsgola nella ventssima nona lezione. LESSON XXXIV 204. For this lesson the student should study the verbs cogliere, scegliere, sciogliere, togliere, and v/vere. 205. Spsro che vsnga I hope that he will come Non c'e perzcolo che lo There is no danger that perdano they will lose it Cerca uno che glielo spie- He is looking for someone ghi who will explain it to him Speravo che venisse I hoped that he would come 134 KiiujT Italian Book Non c'cra pericolo che lo There was no danRcr that perdessero they would lose it Cercava uno che glielo Tie wa-s looking; for some- spiegasse one wh<) would explain it to hill) The present sui)jiinetive is in several types of clauses to be translated by the future. The past subjunctive in the same types of clause is to be translated by the past future. 206. Canta mfglio che non She sings better than she suDna plays Quanto non darci a vederlo I low much I would give to qui ancora! see him here aRain! Aspettai finche non tomb I waited until he returned The woni non is often used without translatable force in clauses of the first two types illustrated above: that is, when two actions are compared and in rhe- t(jrical questions. Tiie word finche in it.-^elf meaa-^ "as long as"; the combination finche non therefore means "until." 207. Le piace? Se mi piace! Do you like it? Like it? i.e., I like it very much The conjunction se is often used to introduce a chiii^e which consists chielly of repetition of p.irt of a (juestion and is in effect ;in eiuph;ific nuswcr to the question. Lesson XXXV Sections 208-209 135 Exercise XXXIV 1. Translate: scelgo sciolto toglie vissi cogli scelto sciolgono tolsero vissuto colga scelse sciolsi tolto vivr^ colsero scegli scioglie tolsi vzssero. 2. Translate: 1. Pu5 sssere che scelgano lui, ma queiraltro lo conoscono tanto msglio! 2. Gli tolse la lettcra e se la iiiise in tasca. 3. Noi si sperava che ci scrivesse spesso. 4. L'ho studiato piii che non pare. 5. Che conoscete quel giovane ch'e entrato or ora? Se lo conosco! e mio cugino! 6. Temono che non viva se rimane li. 7. Mi aveva consigliato di Isggere prima una delle sue commedie, ma scelsi invece il suo ultimo romance. 8. Faccia venire o un uomo o un ragazzo che ci guidi alle rovine. 9. Finche non li pidjbhca, non si sapra se quei suoi studj sulla poesia popolare smno cosi importanti come crede lui. 10. Lorenzo de' Msdici visse nel sscolo dscimo quinto. LESSON XXXV 208. porre to put ponendo putting ponete you are putting In several verbs of the third conjugation the mfinitive is itself irregular. In all such verbs the regular stem appears in the present participle. 209. For this lesson the student should study the verbs here, cuocere, -durre, muovere, nuocere, per- cuotere, porre, scuotere, and trarre. 136 First Itauan Book 210. Basta chc lo dica It is cnoii^li that he say so, it is ciioukIi that ho should say so, it is enough for him to say so Bastava che lo dicesse It was onou^h (lint ho should say so, it was enough for him to say so The prcsont subjunctive used after an impersonal verb is to be translated by a present subjunctive, by a phrase with "should," or by an infinitive phra.se with "for"; the past subjunctive in one of the two latter ways. 211. Va' scnza che lui ti veda Go without his seeing you Me ne andai senza che I went without his seeing me lui mi vedesse Scnza che with a subjunctive is to be translated by "without" with a pre.soiit participle. 212. distintamente distinctly specialmente specially The ay no punctuation or by a semicolon are past absolute first singular (except accDrtosi, which consists of the past participle accorto and tiie reflexive si). It is to l>e understtKMl that the second and thinl singular of the pre.ssent subjunctive are identic.al with the first singular f>f that tense; that the first plural is identical with the first plural of the present indica- tive; that the second plural has tlie same stem as the 140 List of Irregular Verbs 141 first plural, and has the regular ending; and that the third plural has the same stem as the first singular, and has the regular ending. If the forms of the imperative are not given, it is to be understood that they are identical with the corresponding forms of the present indicative. If the first singular of the past absolute is irregular, it is to be understood that the third singular and third plural have the same stem, and have respectively the endings -e and -ero. If the first singular of the future is given, it is to be understood that the same stem appears in all forms of the future and past future. All forms for which no indication to the contrary is given are regular. Compound verbs are not given in the list. If, therefore, the form which one desires to identify is a compound form {e.g., if it begins with such a prefix as con-, in-, per-, or n-) the corresponding simple form should be sought in the list. The fist will in such a case serve to locate the form, but will not give the meaning of the verb, which must be sought in the vocabulary (or in a dictionary). In all verbs of the third conjugation in which the last vowel of the stem is e or o, the e ov o has the same quaUty — open or close — in the stem-stressed present forms as in the infinitive: accendere, accendo; cre- scere, cresco; correre, corro; mordere, mordo. \i'2 VinsT Italian Rook Verb forms other thnn the infinitive have been entered in the main cohimn only when they are alpha- l)etirally at some distance from the corrcs|X)nding infinitive: i.e., when they flifTer from the infinitivr in the second letter, and stand more than two entric - away from the infinitive in alphal>ctical order. This system saves much space; but it me.itis (hat the student in consultinR the list must oft^^n look a little above or below the point at which the form he is seeking to identify' might be expected to appear. A few regular forms appear in the list, for various special reasons of convenience: past participles in -ciuto; present forms of aprire, coprire, offrire, anse it is desired to itlentify the form sicdano: the student finds in the list the entry "sicd- stc sedere"; turns to the entry sedere; .sees the form sieda given as a form of the present subjunctive first singular; thereby identifies sicdano as a form of the present subjunctive third plural of sedere; and infers that its meaning is "let them sit." Suppose it is desired to identify the form mosse: the student turns in the list to the point alphabetically proper for such a form; finds no entry iM'ginning mos-, but just U'low the point in question finds the entry muovere; sees the form mossi given as past absolute first singular; List of Irregular Verbs 143 identifies mosse as past absolute third singular; and infers that its meaning is "he moved." Suppose it is desired to identify the form condotto: the student, after recognizing that condotto is a form of a com- pound verb, looks for -dotto; finds the entry "-dotto see durre"; turns to -durre; sees -dotto given as past participle; and infers that condotto is the past participle of condurre. For the meaning he must look in the vocabulary. accendere to light: acceso; accesi accorgersi to perceive: accortosi; mi accorsi afflzggere to afflict: afflitto; afilissi alludere to allude: alluso; allusi apparire to appear: apparito or apparso; appaio, appaiono; appaia; apparsi or apparvi aprire to open: apcrto; apro, aprono; apra; aprii or apsrsi ardere to burn: arso; arsi here or bevere to drink: regular stem bev-; bewi cadere to fall: caddi; cadrb -cedere: -cesso; -ccssi chiedere to ask: chiesto; chiedo or chigggo, chiedono or chieggono; chisda or chiegga; chissi chiudere to close: chiuso; chiusi czngere to gird : cinto; cinsi -cludere: -cluso; -clusi coc- see cuocere cogliere to pluck: colto; c3lgo, colgono; colga; colsi ' •* KiiisT Italian Book comparire to api>o.ir: comparso; comparisco ur compaio, companscono ur coinpaiono; comparisca or compaia; comparii or comparsi ur comparvi conoscere to know; conosciuto; conobbi coprire to cover: copcrto; copro, CDprono; copra; coprii or coprrsi correre to run: corso; corsi crescere to prow: cresciuto; crebbi cuDcere to cook: ngular stem coc-; cotto; cuDcio or cuxo, cuoci, cuDce, cuDciono or cuocono ; cuDcia or cuDca; cossi drbb- sec dovere decidere to decide: deciso; deci^i dev- see dovere diffndere to defend: difeso; difesi dir/gere to direct: dirrtto; dirrssi di<;cutere to discuss: discusso; discuss! dist/nguere to distinKuish: distinto; distinsi divj'dere to divide: diviso; divisi dolere to pain: dolgo, duoli, duole, dogliamo, dolgono; dDlga; dolsi; dorri -dotto see durre dovere to owe: drvo or drbbo, drvi, drve, dobbiamo, dcvono (/r drbbono; drbba; dovro du3l- sec dolere -durre: regular skm -due-; -dotto; -dussi; -durrb f sc- sec uscire f/ggere to fix: fitto; fissi f/ngere to feign: finto; find List of Ikeiegulab Verbs 145 fondere to melt: fuso; fusi fr/ggere to fry: fritto; frissi fuggire to flee: fuggo, fuggono; fugga fusi, fuso see fondere giacere to lie: giaciuto; giaccio, giacciamo, giacciono; giaccia; giacqui giocare to play: gioco or giuoco (and -o- or -uo- in all other stem-stressed forms) giungere to arrive: giunto; giunsi invadere to invade : invaso; invasi Icggere to read: letto; Isssi mettere to put: messo; misi or messi mordere to bite: morso; morsi morire to die: morto; muoio, muori, muore, muoiono; muoia; morrb muovere to move: regular stem mov-; mosso; muovo, muovi, muove, muovono; muova; mossi nascere to be born : nato; nacqui nascondere to hide: nascosto; nascosi nuocere to harm: regular stem noc-; nuoco, nuoci, nuoce, nuocono; nuoca; nocqui od- see udire offcndere to offend: offeso; offesi offrire to offer: offtrto; offro, ofifrono; ofifra; ofifrii or offcrsi parere to seem: parso; polo, paiamo, paiono; paia; parvi; parro -pendere: -peso; -pesi 146 FiiisT Italiaj* Book percuDtere to strike: regular stem percot-; percDSso; percuoto, percuoti, percuote, percuotono; percu3ta; percDssi perdere to lose: perduto or perso; perdei or persi persuadere to pcrsiiiule: persuaso; persuasi piacere to plo.iso: piaciuto; piaccio, piacciamo, piacciono; pioccia; piacqui piangere to weep: pianto; piansi pmgere to paint : pinto; pinsi piovere to rain : piowe ijuisl nhs. Sd sing.) porgere to present: parte; porsi porretoput: rcgtilamlcjn pon-] posto; pongo,pongono; ponga; posi; porro potere to \>o nlAr: posso, puoi, pub, possiamo, possono; possa; potrb prrndere to take: preso; presi -primere: -prcsso; -prcssi protcggere to protect: protetto; protessi pungere to prick: punto; punsi radere to shave: raso; rasi rcggere to support: retto; ressi rendere to K've back: reso; resi ridere io IhukIi: rise; risi rimanere to remain: rimasto or rimaso; rimango, riraongono; rimanga; rimasi; riniarrb rispondere to answer: risposto; risposi rodere to t;na\v: roso; rosi rompere to break: rotto; ruppi salire to go up: salgo, solgono; saiga List of Irregular Verbs 147 sapere to know: so, sai, sa, sappiamo, sanno; soppia; sappi, sappiamo, sappiate; seppi; sapro scegliere to choose: scelto; scelgo, scelgono; scelga; scelsi scendere to go down: sceso; scesi sciogliere to loosen: sciolto; sciolgo, sciolgono; sciolga; sciolsi scorgere to perceive: scorto; scorsi scr/vere to write: scritto; scrissi scuotere to shake: regular stem scot-; scosso; scuoto, scuoti, scuote, scuotono; scuota; scossi sedere to sit: siedo or seggo, siedi, siede, siedono or SEggono; sieda or S8gga seppellire to bury: seppellito or sepolto SEppi see sapere sied- see sedere -sfstere: -sistito so see sapere soffrire to suffer: sofifErto; sofifro, soffrono; soffra; soffrii or soffErsi solere to be accustomed: solito; soglio, suoli, suole, sogliamo, sogliono; soglia -solvere : -soluto sonare to sound: sono or suono (and -o- or -uo- in all other stem-stressed forms) sorgere to rise: sorto; sorsi spargere to scatter: sparto or sparse; sparsi sparire to disappear: sparii or sparvi spegnere to put out: spEnto; spEnsi spEndere to spend: speso; spesi 1-18 First Italian Book spmgere to pii.( c sonare tacere to ho silent: taciuto; taccio, tacciamo, tacciono; taccia; tacqui trndere to extend: teso; tesi tenere to lioM: trngo, tieni, tiene, trngono; tcnga; tenni; terrb t/ngere to dyv. tinto; tinsi tDgliere to take: tolto; tolgo, tolgono; tolga; tolsi tonare to thunder: tono ur tuono (aiid -o- or -vo- in all other stem-stressed forms) torcere to twist: torto; torsi trarre to draw: rxjular stem tra-; tratto; traggo, traggono; tragga; trassi; trarrb tuon- see tonare uccidere to kill: ucciso; uccisi udire to hear: 3do, odi, ode, odono; oda ungere to anoint : unto; unsi uscire to go out: esco, rsci, csce, fscono; fsca valere to he worth: valuto or valso; valgo, valgono; valga; valsi; varrb vedere to see: veduto or visto; vidi; vedrb venire to come: venuto; vcngo, vieni, vicne, vcngono; vcnga; venni; verr3 vincere to conquer: vinto; vinsi Pronunciation of E^ 0, S, and Z 149 visto see vedere vivere to live: vissuto; vissi; vivro volere to wish: voglio or vd', vuai, vuole, vogliamo, vogliono; voglia; vogli, vogliamo, vogliate; voUi; vorro volgere to turn : volto; volsi THE PRONUNCIATION OF E, 0, S, AND Z 220. The following statements will afford some guidance in the pronunciation of the four doubtful letters when reading books in which phonetic symbols are not used. No symbols are used in the words given as examples in this section. Unstressed e is always close. cessare empire deridere Stressed e is close in the endings -esco, -ese, -essa, -etto, -ezza, -mente, -mento. Francesco poveretto facilmente Stressed e is open in the endings -ello, -ente, -enza. fratello evidente eloquenza Stressed e is open in the group ie. diede Pietro viene Unstressed o is always close. confidare operaio ottagono Stressed o is close in the endings -oce, -oio, -one, -ore, -oso. croce azione dottore 150 FiiisT Italian Hook Stressed is open in tlio proup uo. buono cuore suoi with a grave accent is open. ' parld sentirb Niccol5 S before the voiceless consonants (c, /, p, has the voicelc^ sound (that of s in "sj-ter") bosco spero resta S before the voiced consonants (6, d, g, I, m, n, r, v) has the voiced sound (that of s in "rose"), sbaglio sradicare risma 5 before a vowel, when initial or preceded by a consonant, has the voiceless .sound. senipre penso corse S between vowels has the voiceless sound in the common words casa, cosa, cosi, naso, and Pisa; in many other words; :ind in tlic endini; -oso. susina risposi luminoso S between vowels has the voiced sound in many words. case rosa esame Z has the voiceless souncy bastare to be enough bottere to l>oat belle l>o;uitifuI, fine; 57 benchd nlthough bene well Bianchi surname btblioteca library biglietto ticket, bill bLsognare (bLsogna) to be necessary Bologna Hf)logna bosco wood bravissimo vcr)' good Brum surname brutto urIv bu3no good ; 100 cadere List to fall cambiare (combio) to change campo field cantare to sing captre to understand cappello hat cappellone m. big h&t carta |>a|)cr casa hoiiw, home castcllo rastle Castiglione unmamt catologo caUklogue cavare to take out ce 101 ctdcre (crdo) to give up centinaio hundred cercare (cerco) to seek, search, l(x»k for ccrto certain; a//r. certainly Che conj.59. 111. 191, ^97,211 Che pron. 1 19, 120, 12.'.. 120, 104 Chi KK). 110. 177 cbiacchierare (chiacchiero) to rliatter chiamare to call chiartssimo very clear chiaro clear; adv. clearly chiudere List to close, shut ci (uiv. 87, 19S, 199 ci pron. 86 cielo sky, heaven cittA city colazione /. lunch, breakfast collczione /. collection come as; 217 cominciare (comincio) to begin commcdia cdmedy composizione /. composition comprare (compro) to buy con with; 10. 47 concrdere List to ronce<»\ fortune fra hetwcrn. within francese Frmch f ra^e /. wntriice iratcllo brother freddamente coldly (reddo cold fresco fre.sh fretta haute fuDco fire; — di gioU iHMifiro fuori out, outhidc O galAntuomo honest man ^amba leg Gcnova (icooa gll nln»jidy giDiaJMv; fuxo dl — bonfire giornale m. newspaper giomo dfty giovane young giudice m. judge giugno June Giulio Julius giungere List to arrive; — ft to rejich gli art. 2(3; set also U gli pron. 71 gUe lOS godere 'Rodo) to enjoy grande Rriat; 101 gridare to shout guanto glove guardare to look, look at guidare to guide U ha hail hanno have i 20; tee aUo U idea idea icri ye.slerday; — I'altro daj before ye-sterday il 22. 20. 30, 10. 40, 47, 105, 100, 139, 110. 141, 152, 180 imparare to learn impcdire to prevent importantc inijMirtant importanttssimo very iin|H)r- tnnt in in, on; 40, 47 I Vocabulary 155 incontro: andare — a to go '*o meet indietro back, backward indurre List to induce inglese English intelligente intelligent intenzione/. intention invece instead invemo winter io 124 Italia Italy L la. art. 22, 141; see alsoU. la pron. 72, 74, 134, 157 la there [129 lasciare (lascio) to leave, let; lavoro work le art. 26; see also il le pron. 72, 73, 74, 93, 134 leggere List to read leggero light lei 124 Leoue m. Leo lesto quick; alia lesta quickly lettera letter letterato man of letters lezione /. lesaon U 92, 134 li there libro book lingua tongue [about 20 cents lira lira, a coin normally worth lo art. 22; see also il lo jrron. 70, 134 Lorenzo Lawrence loro 94, 105, 106, 124 lui 124 lume m. light lunedi Monday lungo long; piii a — » longer M ma but madre /. mother maestro master, conductor mai never, ever malato sick male badly; m. harm; far — a, to hurt mandare to send mangiare (mangio) to eat maniera manner mano /. hand mare m. sea Maria Mary Mario Marius martedi Tuesday matita pencil mattina morning me 104, 124 Medici surname medico doctor megUo better memoria memory meno less, least; 144 mentre while mese m. month meta half mettere List to put; refi. to put on mezzo half mezzogiomo noon mi Do -65 milanese Milanese minuto minute 1.% First Italian Hook mio \0\ 100 msdo way mof^lic /. wife molto murh, very mtjrh, very momcnto motnont, minute mondo world moneta roin montngna mountaiD montc m. mountain morte/. death movimento motion musica mu.sic o trmj. or; 177 O inter j. oh; IM 3Cchio eye sggi t«>/ to aocm; 159 parlare to speak parola word parte /. part partire to leave passato pa-st patriarca vi. patriarch paura fear; aver — , to be nfrnid pcggio worse pena trouble I Vocabulary 157 pensare (penso) to think pensatore m. thinker pensiero thought per for, to, through, by, because of; 46, 47, 123 perche why, because, in order that; 218 perdere List to lose perdonare (perdono) to pardon permesso permit permettere List to permit per5 however persuadere List to persuade piacere List to please; m. pleasure, favor piazzetta little square Pio Pius pioggia rain pittore m. painter pittura painting pifi more, most, any more, any longer; 58 piuttosto rather pace httle poderetto little fann poesia poetry, poem poeta m. poet pal then, afterward ponte m. bridge popolare popular porre List to put porta door portafogli m. pocketbook portare (porto) to carry, wear poss/bile possible potere List to be able; 169 poveretto poor fellow pranzo dinner praticare (pratico) to aasociate prego prayer [with prendere Ldst to take presentare (presento) to pre- sent presEnza presence prima before, first; — di, before probabilmente probably professore m. professor profondo deep proibire to forbid prontjssimo very ready proseguire (proseguo) to con- tinue prossimo next provare (provo) to try pubblicare (pubblico) to publish punto point; non ... — , not at all pure yet; — troppo unfortu- nately Q quadro picture qualche some; 62 qualcuno someone quale 138, 139 quando when quanto how much, as much as quelle that; 57 quercia oak questo this qui here R ragazzo boy ragione /. reason; aver — to be right 158 First Italian Book RATenna Ravooiu re m. kin^ regalo prosent rcgola nilo resUre (rcsto) to stny ricco ricli ricc\'cre (ricevo) to rorcivc ricoprire Ltst to cover iigain riferire to ro|)ort rimancre Lixt to remain Rinascimento Hcinissancc ringraziare (ringrazio) to thnnk ripctere (ripcto) to roi>c;it risoluzione /. derision risDlvere List to decide rispondere LiM to answer risposta answer ritornare (ritomo) to return ritratto j)<)rtr:iit ritrovare (ritrDvo) to discover riuscire /.I'.s/ to succeed Roma Home romanzo novel ns*. rose rosso red rovina ruin S salire Lint to go up sabtto piirlor salvare to s;ivc santo Rnint; 101, 112 sapere LiM to know, Ix- .ilili-: 100. 101 Bcala Htnir scotola Ih)x gcialle m. hIihwI Bcicnxa ftrienec •commettere IA$t to bet ■contro r(illi'. if, whether; 111, 201, se pron. 110 8« 124 sccolo century secondo according to seguire (seguo) to ffdlow sembrare (sembro) to seem scmpre always senatore m. senator sentire (scnto) to feel, henr, find out; 128, 129 scnza without; 211 servire (servo) to serve settimana week SI 78-80, 90, 97, 190 si yes siciliano Sicilian Siena Siena Bignore m. gentleman, sir Bindaco mayor Bistcma m. system Sisto Sixtua Bocietd society soldato soldier soltanto only sonare List to sound, be heard sono arc soprabito overcoat sorcUina little sister Borri'dere to smile ■otto under; — voce in a low voice Vocabulary 159 sottoscrizione /. subscription specchio mirror sperare (spero) to hope spesa expense spesso often spiegare (spiego) to explain stamane this morning stare to stand, be, stay; 122, 123 stasera this evening stato state stazione/. station stesso same, self stile m. style straccio rag stranissimo very strange strano str.mge studiare (studio) to study studio study su on; 46, 47 subito at once sue 105, 106, 134 suDna see sonare Svzzzera Switzerland tacere hlsl to be silent, remain silent, stop speaking tanto so much, so tardi late tasca pocket te 104, 124 teatro theater temere (temo) to fear tempo weather tenere Lid to hold tentare (tento) to tempt testa head ti69 tirare to draw, take toccare (tocco) to touch; tocca a me it is for me, it's my turn togliere lAst to take tornare (torno) to return torto wrong tra between tradurre Ldsl to translate trarre List to draw; refl. to draw treno train triste sad troppo too much; pur — un- fortunately trovare (trovo) to find tu 124 tuo 105, 106 tutto all, everything; 146 D udire List to hear; 128, 129 ultimo last, latest uno 36, 164 uomo man valere List to be worth valore m. value ve 104 vedere List to see; far — , to show; farsi — , to appear; 128, 129 venJere (vendo) to sell venerdi Friday Venezia Venice venire Ldsl to corac; 215 IGO KiiiST Italian Uook ventina »lK)ut twenty vcriU (ruth vero (rue verso fo\v;»rd vestir'e (vcsto) to droas vi (ulv. 89 vi pron. 88 viof^frio journey vicino near villaRRio villnjp; vmcere List to conquer virtd /. virtue Tifta KiRht, view ▼oce /. voice ▼oi 121 ▼olere I/ixt to wi'»h, wnnt; — dire, to mrun; 170, 171 volontA wish, dcaire valta time vostro 105, 106 Z /anetti surname zio undo zoologia zoology INDEX The Arabic numerals refer to sections, words, see the Vocabulary. For references for single a (letter) 2 Abbreviation 100,101 -accio 188 Address: second person 16, 34; third person 34, 35, 72-74, 92-94, 124, 134 Adjectives: comparison 58, 59; gender 51; in absolute clause 184; in -issimo 77; number 51, 83-85; position 52; possessives 105, 106; predicate 213 Adverbs: comparison 58, 59; conjunctive see Conjunctive Adverbs; in -issimo 77; in -mentc 212; replacing prepo- sitional phrase 182 -aio 147 Apocopation 100, 101 Articles: see Definite and Indefinite Augmentatives: 186 Auxiliary Verbs: for passive 91, 215; for perfect tenses 75, 95, 142; see also Modal Auxiliaries -; 11; cc 37; ch 23; cq 37 Capitalization 74, 134 C^'ardinal Numerals 143-146 -care 54 (Jcnturiea 145 -cere 189 -dare 55 Collective Numerals 147 Comparison 58, 59; with pleonastic non 206 Compound Tenses see Passive and Perfect Tenses Concession, Verbs of 216 Conjugations: first Lessons I-IX; second 60, 61, 82, 153; third 81, 82, 208; fourth 102, 103, 107 Conjunctive Adverbs 87, 89, 99; preceding la, le, li, lo, ne 104 Conjunctive Pronouns: antici- pating noun object 163; capitalized in direct address 74, 134; form Lessons X-XVIII; indicating pos- session 176; in feminine idioms 157; initial conso- nant doubled 118; pleo- nastic 103; preceding la, le, 11, lo, ne 104, 108, 116; position 63, 65, 173; recipro- cal see Reciprocal Pronouns; reflexive see Reflexive Pro- nouns; repeating noun ob- ject 163; replacing object of prepositional phrase 182; with ecco 156; see also Semi-Conjunctive Pronoun Consonants Lessons II-VIII Correlatives 177 161 1G2 I'litbT Italian Buok rf 42 Definite Article: (tcndor 22, 2cr 2t>; |x>ss4'ssi\c i.'i'J; with di ;U), 10; with other prt'iMisitidns 47, 141; with fKis-^v'wivcs 105, KH't; with quale 139 Desire, Verbs of 216 Dinunutivei* 1S7 Disjunctive Pronouns 121; omission of 8ul»ject pronouns 13 Double Consonant* 37; after monosyllabic imperatives 118 e (letter) 3; in other books 220 Elision 112 -e^i, -rao 174 KxcLamntions: with che 120; with quale 13S I (letter) 4; unstrense*! Ixv tweon c and vowel 11; unslrexHc*! l>ctwecn g and vowel 17 -iare TyTy, .10 Impcmtive 24 Impersonal Verbs 210 -inn 147 Indefinite Artirle 30 Indefinite Subject 80 Indicative: «r« Future, Paiit, Perfect, Present Infinitive 9; irrcRuhir 208; with definite article 180; with prejxisiiions 179 InterroRatives 109, 119, 138 Intransitive Reflexives 191, 192 IrrcKular Verbs: future 0<>: infinitive 20S; List 21'.l p;ist absolute Ot\, 174; p:i.si participle 174. -tVi", -ISO 174 -usimo 77 Feminine idioms: with definite article Ml; with conjunc- tive pronoun l.')7 Future 49; irrenul;ir 66; of probability 155 g 17; ggZl; gh23 (lender: see Adjoclivos, Arti- cleti, NouiiB -gere 189 "ifiart 55 h 23 /27 I 42; prolonged 48; gli 17 List of IrreRul.ar Verbs 219 m48 Modal Auxiliaries 100, 109, 170 Mo<>jiinctive and Paat Subjunctive ( 42 Tenses: sec Future, Past, Perfect, Present Time of day 144 u6 -USX, -uso 174 Verbs: sec Concession, Con- juRiitions, Diwre, Imper- Bon:il, Infinitive, Irreuular Verbs, McmhIs. Participles, PiLssive, Reflexive Verba. Tensoa Vowels 1-8 f 30; « 37 ; in other books 220 mvns iw "" " ■ » The University of Chicago ITALIAN SERIES Edited by ERNEST H. WILKINS Professor of Romance Languages in the ' University of Chicago First Italian Book, a grammar by Ernest H. Wilkins. Ultalia, a reader by Ernest H. Wilkins and Antonio JMarixoni. Farina's Fra le corde d'un contrabasso, edited with notes and vocabulary by Elsie Schobinger and Ethel Preston. Italian Folk Tales and Folk Songs. Edited by F. A. G. Cou'per. II Risorgimento, edited with notes and vocabulary by John Van Horne. Giacosa's Una partita a scacchi, edited with notes and vocabulary Ijy Ruth Shepard Phelps. Giacosa's Tristi amori, edited with notes and vocabulary l^y Rudolph Altrocchi and Benjaaiin M. W'oud- UKIDGE. Pellico's Le mie prigioni and Francesca da Rimini. Edited with Introduction, notes, and vocaljulary by Kenneth McKenzie. Fucini's Novelle e Poesie. I'.ditefl by Henry Eurst. Each volume in this series, $1.25, postpaid $1.35 The University of Chicago Press Chicago • Illinois ^4 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book Tb 6/Z38 609303 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY li fl ll'