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THE REVIVAL OF 
 
 CRITICISM -, A Paper 
 read at the Meeting of the 
 Classical Association at Oxford 
 on May 17th, 1919 ^ by /. 5. 
 PHILLIMORE, M.A., LL.D., 
 Professor of Humanity in the 
 University of Glasgow la* and 
 published by B. H. Blackw&il, 
 Oxford ^ mdccccxix, 
 
 nm,- ^3t# t* 
 
 IT Inducor magis librariorum hoc loco esse tnendam 
 quam ut Ciceronem parum proprio uerbo usutn esse 
 credam. 
 
 Asconius in Cornelianam, 
 
 ed. Clark, p. 76. 
 
 IT Emendatio est qua singula pro ut ipsa res 
 postulat dirigimus cestimantes universorum scriptorutn 
 diversam sententiam, vel recorrectio errorutn qui per 
 scripturam dictionetnve fiunt. 
 
 Varro apud Diomed. 
 
 Gramm. Lat. ed. Keil, vol. i. p. 426 
 

?AH-5 
 
 The Revival of Criticism. 
 
 So ambitious a title as The Revival of Criticism 
 requires a preliminary apology. When I ask you not to 
 look too maliciously for a ludicrous disproportion 
 between the scope and the result, I plead two grounds : 
 first, an unfortunate idiosyncrasy which warns me to cast 
 the frame of an unwritten paper very wide lest my pen 
 carry me right out of the circumscription ; secondly, it 
 may be held that some largeness and looseness of 
 texture is suitable to a meeting where the bond of 
 association is Classical without restriction. Perhaps 
 we have too little of generalities nowadays ; certainly 
 this is a proper occasion for some. 
 
 The history of scholarship (everybody allows) falls 
 into epochs, in each of which a national influence has pre- 
 dominated : successive stages of the Humanist Rena- 
 scence are the Italian, the Franco-Italian, the French, the 
 Dutch. Then at last in Britain, where the English Re- 
 formation had nipped Renascence in the bud and the 
 Scottish had destroyed it unborn, there begin to be great 
 scholars in the 18th century ; and to us, by their own claim, 
 which is generally admitted, the Germans succeeded. In 
 each country scholarship stands highest at the time when 
 
 476502 
 
4 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 the Classics are most widely read and most influential 
 upon the national culture. Take Politian, take de Thou 
 or Lambin, take Bentley ; each is a great name, not 
 merely in the ' shop,' but in the literature of his country ; 
 each belongs to an age when vernacular material was 
 most closely obeying classical principles of construction. 
 I do not stop to particularize the national character 
 of each epoch, Italian grace and native artistry in 
 restoring and comprehending the works of their 
 ancestors ; French power of judgment and (in their 
 second period) industry ; English inventiveness is 
 that too risky a word ? originality and adventurous- 
 ness. I will ask you, since the Germans claimed a 
 supremacy during the period before 1914, to survey 
 that period in a summary. No apology is needed for 
 assuming that an epoch has ended. Military victory 
 carries everything with it, because a military effort such 
 as we have witnessed, requires the momentary con- 
 centration of all the potential energy of a people. During 
 those terrible four years we have not been writing a book 
 but passing an exam. ; and Germany has been ploughed. 
 Every sort of prestige radiates from victory; the battle of 
 Sedan sold the Teubners ; as a typical consequence of the 
 Battle of the Marne, I could quote you a letter from a young 
 Swiss Docteur es lettres, who writes that Havet and Leiay 
 at Paris inform him that it is indispensable for classical 
 students to learn English. Future Zielinskis will not 
 use German. Or, if they do, it will be our fault, our 
 very great fault. Not the least remarkable result of 
 1870 was that French scholarship, in a fine Trojan 
 spirit, studied its conquerors ; and, in a generation, 
 France had learned all that Germany could teach, and 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 5 
 
 that, without losing what Germany had never learned. 
 Ferum victorem cepit in quite a new sense. So much so 
 indeed that the title of this paper would hardly have 
 seemed excessive though its thesis had been nothing 
 but a panegyric on the Paris Latinists. 
 
 Whether Germany can or will go to school again 
 remains to be seen. Be that as it may, an era closes 
 with her downfall. Our concern is with the German 
 period which has been. 
 
 Two things by common consent have been causes of 
 the German downfall ; the effort to disestablish chance, 
 reducing everything to mechanics. Chance may not be 
 as great a goddess as the ancients held, but Agathon's 
 dictum is never obsolete. 
 
 tvxo rkxvqv eWcp^e /cat rvxw Tkxvq. 
 
 This is the first : I cannot express it in one word, 
 but one word will name the second : Fatuity. Incom- 
 petence in applied psychology, a sin against life, has 
 consequences that reach even into the field of criticism ; 
 such is the lack of humour, when you are dealing with 
 any human material. Just think now, in cool retrospect, 
 of the mentality which substituted the term Indo- 
 Germanic as synonym for Indo-European. Just think 
 of Claudian and Ausonius figuring as pieces in a 
 Monumentum Germaniae. Why not Bede and Isidore ? 
 Germans saw themselves everywhere in History. 
 Theocritus' boorish ogre saw himself reflected one calm 
 day and ventured to think he was not so ill-favoured 
 after all. No such modesty for the modern One-eye. The 
 casual glance at the mirror became a vicious habit : 
 Cyclops ended as an art-nouveau Narcissus. Never has 
 therebeensuchunconsciousness. German savants lectured 
 
6 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 and wrote books about arr) and x'/ipt? ; and all the 
 while they remained blankly, tragically, unaware of the 
 meaning of the words. For a recent example of their 
 habit of mind take that Demosthenist who announced 
 that in future Demosthenes must not be put into the hands 
 of German youth : he was now unveiled in the persons 
 of Clemenceau and Lloyd George and Venizelos as the 
 lawyer politician, and Germany had discovered herself 
 to be the true Macedon. You see ? the old story of 
 Mommsen and Cicero over again. 
 
 But do not let us commit the imprudence of under- 
 rating the enemy. Though he did not invent, he did 
 revive in his own fashion what France had invented, 
 and for a time forgotten, the encyclopaedic industry and 
 the grand constructiveness of theXVI I th century masters. 
 We must not deny that Germany stepped into a vacant 
 heritage of Stephanus, of Ducange, of the Benedictines 
 of S. Maur. The Germans did not emphasize their 
 acknowledgments, and in our amazement at their 
 industry we forgot their predecessors. Of our 
 Albertian legend of a pious, honest, industrious 
 German, the last part alone remains true. But 
 it is very true. And I must protest earnestly 
 against those who deny that Germany had it, or flatter 
 themselves that she has it no more ; and earnestly beg 
 you not to allow the recollection of their impudent 
 insularity to blind us to their services. True, they read 
 only themselves ; they shamelessly appropriated other 
 men's ideas without acknowledgment (rarely a number of 
 the Classical Quarterly, but Prof. Housman enlivens with 
 some fresh convictions). True, my friend Prof. Sarolea 
 was roundly informed at Berlin in 1912 that British 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 7 
 
 scholarship did not exist. This is irritating, no doubt. 
 And one may get impatient with Leo and Vollmer's 
 taste for solecism, impatient at the crop of false 
 quantity sowed by Fleckeisen in the text of Terence 
 and not a blade of it would Tyrrell uproot ! But we 
 must be moderate. It is a mistake to describe the 
 Berlin Thesaurus as merely a great piece of steam- 
 navvy work as great a mistake as was the stupefaction 
 into which our fathers were thrown by the mere tonnage 
 of German effort. One must appeal for reason. Cannot 
 we be content with regretting that this notable bulk of 
 material did not find an editor within the Pale a 
 Lindsay or a Lejay ? 
 
 Architecture means something more than merely 
 1 producing ' your foundations into the air ; but why 
 deny that as foundations they are well laid ? The 
 Germans are our coral insects ; they raise, as no other 
 energy can do it, a platform on which the works of men 
 may take their stand. 
 
 With the German period there has coincided a dis- 
 integration of criticism. Several causes have combined 
 to work this effect during the last century. To begin 
 with, Classics commanded a smaller proportion of the 
 best brains. Within the circle of humane studies, 
 competing disciplines developed. And from these came 
 disturbing reactions. The reign of Romanticism 
 brought in some confusion. Much bad Greek and bad 
 Latin can be translated into English of the Romantic 
 sort; and what can be translated often passes for 
 approved Greek or Latin. The taste for classical 
 symmetry being on the decline, we looked for the 
 XIX th century in our ancients, and much was rein- 
 
8 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 troduced by tiros which had been proscribed by 
 masters. A vague sentimental Nordic sense was 
 given to things perfectly crisp and definite. Take 
 for example the famous 
 
 Sunt lacrimae rerum 
 which (Mr. Williamson is to be thanked for the 
 reminder) can be reduced to a demonstrably exact 
 meaning : what a vast deal was read into it by the last 
 century ! The great Celtic revival came ; and it was 
 noted that Virgil and Catullus were ' Celts ' : so whereas 
 Pichon finds in Catullus 'de l'esprit gaulois, la clarte facile 
 et souriante la grace elegante et limpide, l'agrement,' 
 Mr. Garrod detects in Catullus' Cisalpine countryman a 
 sort of prototype of Mr. Yeats. Is a Celt a Celt all the 
 world over, in Mantua and in Galway ? and in Brooklyn ? 
 I prefer to follow Macrobius who calls Virgil a 
 Venetian. You can trace a likeness to Titian. 
 
 The civilized mind is naturally critical : bred by the 
 interaction of various studies, criticism is the peculiar 
 mark of high civilization. But criticism is itself a 
 composite thing : restlessness of intellect is a part of 
 it, but so is a wariness against delusion : curiosity 
 and suspicion are both necessary elements. Curiosity 
 let loose led off many into provinces of inquiry which 
 offered novelty and freedom of speculation such as 
 Anthropology. But by a parallel movement suspicion, 
 romantically coloured from the last age, ran into 
 fantastic vagaries of scepticism. In the chaos brought 
 about by the breakdown of the checks and balances 
 National bias asserted itself ours amongst the rest. 
 A civil-tongued and well-tempered, but none the less a 
 very acute critic of British character as it was displayed 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 9 
 
 in a military mess in France, remarked it as a national 
 foible of ours that every young officer invariably fancied 
 himself as a Private Detective." A scientific colleague 
 of mine, t a man of balanced culture and cautious 
 judgment, stated recently in a letter to the Times that 
 he considers our race to be the most inventive of any. 
 One may believe him. This quality has its good side : 
 for in criticism this inventiveness or liveliness of 
 imagination is an initial force. But it needs corres- 
 pondingly rigorous controls. And this native lightminded- 
 ness of ours (in contrast with French seriousness) is a 
 forte or a foible according as it is controlled. 
 
 It was German scholarship during last century 
 which set us the example of a widening divorce between 
 the factors in criticism. There also Native bias has 
 played an increasing part. The radically Romantic 
 Northern mind romanticizes even in reasoning. One 
 might ask the question : Has the destructive school of 
 Homeric criticism ever escaped from a native limitation 
 of conceiving the author of the Iliad in the person of 
 a primitive bard of barbaric feudalism ? Wolf's great 
 attempt on Homer has often been acclaimed for an 
 intellectual event of cardinal moment. It was perhaps 
 even greater than anyone has yet estimated. For the 
 Homeric question may be called an epitome of the 
 critical history of the XIX th century. Mr. R. Knox has 
 lately shewn how it affected a mind working by quick 
 instinctive processes. The typical significance which he 
 recognized has this reason why : alone amongst the 
 great German adventures in criticism the Homeric 
 
 * Les silences du Colonel Bramble, par Andr Maurois. 
 t Professor A. Gray. 
 
10 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 heresy has been exposed to the play of time for a full 
 review. How much survives as acquired and allowed 
 certainty ? The question is ably and concisely answered 
 in Laurand's pamphlet.* 
 
 Will the history of the next age be a serial exposure 
 of other great German mare's nests ? Will the gradually 
 massed batteries of the European mind likewise demolish 
 the distinctively Germanic doctrine of what took place at 
 the two crises of history, the formation of the Church 
 and the flooding of the barbaric metal into the moulds 
 of civilization ? It may be so. That incapacity of the 
 German mind for practical psychology a shortcoming 
 which was loudly denied by our Germanizers until the 
 Boche undertook to convince the world by proofs which 
 only those could fail to admit who are blind to lightning 
 and deaf to thunder is a fault in the intimate fibre, 
 which tends to vitiate all their Humanistic work. Time 
 may cure it, as Time refines the crudeness of the 
 parvenu temper, but force of brain cannot correct this 
 disability. For a certain sensibility of evocation is 
 necessary for most parts of scholarship. To read 
 Homer, we must portray him to ourselves. Under 
 what likeness ? That is what our power of sympathy 
 determines. 
 
 For an example of Disintegrated Criticism (I have 
 heard harsher names applied to it !) let me commend to 
 you Norden's great mare's nest, the Agnostos Theos, 
 painfully dismantled by Birt.t The case is character- 
 istic whichever way you look at it : both that anyone 
 should set about to prove a thesis analogous to asserting 
 
 * Apropos d'Homkre. ' Progres et recul de la critique.' 
 t Rhein. Mus., vol. LXIX, p. 342. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 11 
 
 that ' all anonymous works are by the same author,'' 
 and that it should take such a ponderous deal of 
 disproving. True, Boyle made an ass of himself, as 
 though by divine commission, that Bentley might use 
 his skin for a drum. But poor Boyle, innocent of 
 paradox, was credulously supporting a current traditional 
 imposture. His literary ineptitude provoked a master- 
 piece of literature. It remains impossible to read the 
 epistles of Phalaris and not wonder how it was ever 
 possible to take them for anything but the work of a 
 Sophist in the Atticist Renascence. Note the difference : 
 Norden is an innovator, and perverse at that, for his 
 book is wholly tendencious. What is the object of his 
 romance ? To prove that the Acts of the Apostles were 
 either interpolated in one place (and, if in one why not 
 in more also ? You know the trick), or, as a whole, 
 posterior to the reign of Hadrian. 
 
 It is pleasant to find Birt in his criticism, accuse 
 his fellow countryman of ' zealous but indiscriminate 
 collecting.' And yet Birt himself, whose speciality is 
 caution, cannot resist the temptations of the time. Birt 
 who has never seen, anymore than you or I, a certain stone 
 which is in question, pretends to tell us what must have 
 been engraved there, and charges St. Paul with a ' gross 
 blunder' for having seen something different. Birt 
 must be hunting out a 'tendency' to account for the 
 course of events in the narrative. So disabled are such 
 minds from seeing the simple explanation that things 
 may be told so because they happened so. That would 
 not be playing the game. For it is a game. 
 
 Inventive curiosity and alert suspicion if uncorrected 
 each run a road which leads via Baconianism to 
 
12 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 Bedlam. The most laborious Research merely adds 
 momentum to their career. There may not be lacking 
 another necessary factor the expertise which authorizes 
 the proverbial cuique in arte sua credendutn. But 
 even when a critic is of trustworthy competence in 
 Greek or Latin, and is master of the Graecity or 
 Latinity of his particular author, still he may go all 
 astray for want of the general co-ordinating principle 
 of all criticism, the logic of this particular science : just 
 that which being neglected has brought about dis- 
 integration. I mean the office of the judge : the faculty 
 to discern the state of the case : to frame correctly the 
 questions at issue and assign the several functions of 
 different forms of evidence. Communis sensus is that 
 which should override and correct racial or national bias. 
 Just as it has been said of Virgil * that ' he had the soul 
 of a poet, which is the common human soul at its 
 highest ' : so of a great critic it should be said that he 
 has the reasoning power which represents common 
 reason at its best. 
 
 I pass now to consider a narrower front of the 
 subject : namely, Textual criticism, that is, the art of 
 recovering an ancient author's words by the rule of 
 probability. 
 
 The enlargement of the Classical sphere by new 
 studies such as Anthropology, or more deeply developed 
 studies such as History, had a peculiar reaction on the 
 old literary part of the subject. The authenticity and 
 correctness of texts which form the evidences of such 
 studies must be presumed. The principle of the 
 
 * By Sainte Beuve. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 13 
 
 working hypothesis was therefore borrowed from Science 
 proper. Nothing is so lasting as a provisional arrange- 
 ment. And the working hypothesis is very apt to be 
 surreptitiously changed into a dogma ; whereupon 
 questions which might with good reason be deferred, are 
 feloniously suppressed instead and buried under a 
 convention of silence. 
 
 The pretended assimilation of literary to scientific 
 method has brought an unexpected nemesis. The claim 
 that humanism is a scientific discipline has provoked 
 irritation in scientists. They express a justifiable 
 contempt when the preachers of ' culture by the classics ' 
 write jargon or journalese and prove themselves possest 
 of no refinement of taste. And they know that there 
 is no strict science, in their sense, where as in 
 Literature there are no absolute natural units of 
 calculation. Method they can understand ; though 
 perhaps they do not know that, with us, methodisch has 
 come to stand for a superstitious scholasticism. We 
 begin at last to dare to be flippant at the expense of 
 what is called Kat-counting. But it was in great measure 
 on the strength of Kat-counting methods that the plea 
 was set up that humanistic studies could offer the same 
 discipline as Natural Science. I am making no com- 
 parison between the Humanities and the Sciences. 
 Some may prefer, with enthusiasm, the study of Gesta 
 Dei per naturam ; and others, that of Gesta Dei per 
 homines; but these disciplines deal in different material 
 and they must use diverse applications of reasoning. 
 Every University knows that in Science a youth of 21 
 can pursue profitable research ; but we Classicists have 
 seen what a vast deal of thesis work in Scholarship is 
 
14 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 lumber, because the beginner has not mature taste or 
 an adequate criterion of relevancy. For eventual 
 scholarship it may still be maintained that the old, 
 somewhat decried, exercise of composition gives a 
 better preparation. It was deservedly decried because 
 it has been narrowed and spoiled by a modern variation 
 of the Renascence vice of Ciceronianism ; confined to 
 versions instead of compositions properly so-called, and 
 tending to tours de force which are highly improbable 
 and often unintelligible unless you think them back 
 into their modern original like a Latin preface of 
 Dr. Vollmer's. 
 
 But now observe the Nemesis: after Scholarship had 
 gone in for indiscriminate accumulation, with a fond 
 faith in the miraculous virtue of ' facts,' amongst the 
 very scientists whom we had been aping, there arose 
 new voices which proclaimed boldly that nine out of 
 ten ' facts ' were irrelevant and that true method con- 
 sisted in selecting and appraising just that tenth which 
 had significance. Rutherford wasted years on a labour 
 which alas ! his fine intelligence had not warned him 
 was intrinsically unfruitful. He confessed it in some 
 poignant pages. One may spend a deal of time in com- 
 bining a scheme of evidences which by other and prescrip- 
 tive tests can be proved to be one and all untrustworthy. 
 The same energies devoted to deepening and widening 
 one's knowledge of the language would have given better 
 results. For much so-called research work is not only 
 sterile but sterilizes the mind by destroying perspective. 
 
 The working hypothesis plan has produced some 
 strange results. Towering fabrics have been reared on 
 a text misunderstood, or not understood, but assumed. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 15 
 
 Remy de Gourmont* rejoices in fantastic enormities of 
 language which he attributes to some of his mystic 
 poets. Most of these huge bubbles of supposed 
 imagination could be pricked by the veriest tyro in 
 palaeography ; he could restore ordinary diction by the 
 change of a letter. What sermons had been preached 
 on sunt lacrimae rerum ! And think of all that dis- 
 quisition on the origins of Satura built on the quick- 
 sands of a text in Livy half understood and not 
 unquestionably sound ! 
 
 For one thing, speculators will outrun their book 
 rather than let go their fancies ; but, besides that, it 
 must be allowed that Criticism had lagged and fallen 
 out. Can we wonder if people said : ' We cannot wait 
 till you have tested our bases ; we are in a hurry to get 
 on with our interesting new superstructures ' ? 
 
 What was the matter with Criticism ? 
 
 Well, it is a difficult art, requiring a very long 
 apprenticeship and perhaps a peculiar knack. Other 
 causes I have already named or hinted. But above all 
 a generation arose in Germany which could do other 
 philological tasks well but not that ; and therefore 
 induced the mood that the other things mattered more. 
 I say ' induced the mood,' perhaps I should have chosen 
 other words. Would not l Threw us into the state of 
 imagining ' be more exactly true ? For what has 
 happened is that the very principles of the art have been 
 quietly waved away as by passes of the hand, and a 
 new set of axioms ' palmed ' into their place. No 
 pitched battle ; nothing decided by argument ; just a 
 change of fashion. Even so on a word from three 
 
 * Le latin mystique. 
 
16 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 or four persons in Paris, does the short skirt succeed 
 the long, and the big hat silently give place to the small. 
 They did not disprove the old logic of criticism, they 
 just got tired of it. The contrary was assumed. To 
 follow the old way was an anachronism, or worse, a sin 
 against good form. What is so hard to assail as a tacit 
 convention, protected by ridicule ? Doubt the word of 
 a copyist, and you were dubbed ' Bentley's ape.' It 
 was repeated that ' All that game of emendation is out 
 of date.' But facts do not change, nor truth stale 
 because man is fickle. Let us return to the elementary 
 question. 
 
 What is the true reading of a given text in Latin ? 
 
 Not what the author just possibly might have said, 
 received on the sole faith of a scribe's word ; but what 
 all the probabilities of the case, weighed together, each 
 for what it is worth ; the scribe's report and all the 
 available checks upon that report commonsense, 
 Latinity in general, Latinity of the given date, Latinity 
 of the given author, the recognized rules of the art in 
 which he worked, what all these give as total result. 
 
 That is a rough expression of the general principles 
 of Textual Criticism as practised by the great masters 
 in the great days. What are the principles which have 
 usurped their place since the Disintegration ? Allow 
 me to quote an example. 
 
 In a celebrated passage of a Patristic author,* where 
 the text has considerable historic interest and importance, 
 the change of a letter brings the reading into agreement 
 with all the above-mentioned tests (only substituting 
 
 * Ignatius ad Romanos titulus. See Journal of Theol. Studies, 
 Vol. XIX, p. 272. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 17 
 
 Greek for Latin). The learned German editor* thus 
 observes: ' Even a mediocre sense,' extracted from the mis- 
 reading, ' is better than the most plausible emendation.' 
 On this 1 ventured to observe that on these principles 
 texts might be edited by an office boy. Or, if you prefer 
 it : collators become ipso facto editors. A mediocre sense! 
 Whata delicacy in characterizing nonsense, short of arrant 
 nonsense. Such then is criticism. A judge means one 
 who takes down depositions. 
 
 Dr. Funk's statement may be rather exceptionally 
 crude ; but he merely blurts out what hundreds of 
 others either assert in other terms or tacitly practise. 
 And for the last forty years you would find English, 
 American and Italian scholars meekly falling into line, 
 even Frenchmen which is more surprising. Germania 
 locuta est, causa finita est. 
 
 But if the Authority be not allowed, causa non 
 finita est. Truth will not allow logic to be lightly 
 suppressed without debate and conviction. 
 
 What is a misfortune is that some of our great 
 scholars, past masters in text correction, may allow 
 phrases to escape them casually which obscure just that 
 main question which is so necessary (and so difficult) to 
 keep steadily in view. I read with regret a playful 
 touch of Prof. Lindsay's pen in a recent number of The 
 Classical Review (xxxii. p. 123) ; one is alarmed lest so 
 weighty a name might be borrowed to adorn the cause 
 of dogged unreason. He says : ' The never ending 
 stream of emendation . . . carries too often a line of 
 Virgil with it.' Well, of course, bad emendations may 
 
 * Dr. F. X. Funk : Patres Apostolici, ed. Tubing. 1881. 
 
18 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 be made in Virgil ; but they have a dog's life a mad 
 dog's life. And bad though they be, they do good. 
 Oportet esse haereses ut magis eluceat Veritas. The 
 play of criticism is healthy. Discussion keeps texts 
 clear of rust. But are all emendations in Virgil bad 
 alike ? 
 
 For Virgil write Milton. The never ending stream 
 of emendation has carried with it a line of the Lycidas 
 
 vulgate : 
 
 ' Were it not better done as others use 
 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, 
 And with the tangles of Neaera's hair.' 
 
 a line offensive to taste as soon as one grew a taste. 
 
 But suppose it has restored a line of Milton's making 
 
 by reading 
 
 ' And withe.the tangles of Neaera's hair ' ? 
 One may suppose it on critical grounds, i.e. sense of 
 
 poetic form, sense of Milton's manner and prosody ; 
 
 one might protest against the vulgate as corrupt, 
 
 lopsided in form and short weight in quantity. Yet the 
 
 vulgate could certainly be said to give 'a mediocre sense.' 
 
 Copyists, from first to last and under the phrase 
 
 I must include all compositors, some palaeographers, 
 
 and alas, many editors will continue to propagate such 
 
 errors, until a critic calls attention to it ; and even after 
 
 that, perhaps five out ot ten will continue still. For we 
 
 are very like the hen, which if you place its beak on the 
 
 ground and draw a chalk line from the tip of it, will 
 
 remain hypnotized in that position probably, could we 
 
 divine its inner language, repeating to itselt ' Streng 
 
 methodisch ! ' 
 
 An English instance is welcome because I look for a 
 
 much closer alliance with our colleagues in that branch, 
 
 and for a new vindication of criticism there. Let me 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 19 
 
 add here a first Latin example from the early days 
 of the language. The poet Naevius, as you know, 
 fell foul of the Metelli. Our witnesses report that in 
 this famous verbal duel the verse which provoked the 
 Metelli to reply with that most lapidary saturnian : 
 
 Dabunt malum Metelli Naevio poetae, 
 was itself ... an iambic senarius ! Surely this was odd. 
 The Metelli had better weapons than parody, but was their 
 parody so clumsy as all that ? Did Naevius' provoking 
 verse run 
 
 Fato Metelli Romae fiunt consults ? 
 Is it not a regular senarius ? Was the saturnian such a 
 metrical chamaeleon that it could be equated with an 
 iambic senarius ? 
 
 I suspect our witnesses, who are many centuries 
 remote from the event, lie ; shall we venture an emend- 
 ation which carries away a line ... of Naevius ? Query. 
 It carries away a senarius and substitutes a Saturnian ; 
 it gives a verse which jingles oiia efc ly with the retort 
 (surely a point in parody) and offers a characteristic allit- 
 eration and grouping* of words. It is a mere re- 
 arrangement : 
 
 Fato fiunt Metelli consules Romai. 
 
 When I read Plautus I notice that the never-ending 
 stream of emendation has carried away many a line ; 
 but I bless the skilful editor of the Oxford text as 
 Augeas' neighbours blessed Hercules when the Arcadian 
 river carried with it much that they had been accustomed 
 to see ... or smell. It would be foolish to make so 
 much of a word lightly dropped, if this were not a case 
 of fashion and Schwarmerei and shouting with the 
 
 * Livy XXI, 6. 
 
20 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 crowd : every light word helps to do the mischief. For 
 these conditions there is no remedy but a dogged, 
 ill-bred, wearisome pertinacity; only the brazen front of 
 the obstructor avails against parliamentary prepotence ; 
 and only a continued infliction of truisms will break a 
 conspiracy of indolent paralogism. 
 
 Suppose the authenticity of a line in Virgil be 
 called in doubt. Well, no sane person will do so at all 
 without stating grounds for suspicion, an inconsistency 
 among the witnesses, or a prima facie improbability in 
 their report. These grounds may be judged adequate 
 or inadequate, but surely it would be well to have them 
 examined. It is not in the long run convincing to argue 
 by pooh-poohs. Till the objection has been refuted and 
 the doubt allayed, may it not be modestly claimed that 
 the question is in being and the rules of civilized debate 
 should be observed ? 
 
 And how ought the question to be stated ? This is 
 of the heart of the matter. Just what Criticism has 
 forgotten is its chief duty : to draw the issues properly 
 for trial. 
 
 I venture to suggest to you that the right and reason- 
 able way of stating the case is not ' Here's so-and-so, 
 he's a bore, always blundering over sleeping dogs. He 
 has the cheek to suggest that he has found something 
 which we have all walked past every day for the last 
 1,000 years. This must be stopped. And anyhow 
 emendation is quite out of date, it is pre-German.' 
 not that, but something far less simple and con- 
 venient, viz. : ' Here is a line of Virgil impugned. 
 1 Either it is Virgil's Latinity or it is scribe's Latinity. 
 ' Which ? ' 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 21 
 
 This is not a new, an amusing, or a popular method, 
 but is this method of stating the case faulty ? If so, 
 where is the fault ? I keep asking questions to which I 
 can get no answers. Prof. Clark makes the same com- 
 plaint : when he visited the theologians he asked 
 questions to which he can get no answers. I foresee 
 his end. The final answer is the hemlock, which 
 silences all emendatory restlessness. However, if the 
 question is correctly framed, then, to assert or assume 
 that the line impugned is a line of Virgil how does 
 it differ from what we used to be taught was a vicious 
 process in reasoning called Petitio Principii ? 
 
 It is to be feared that hasty readers of Prof. 
 Lindsay's recent utterances may run away with the 
 flattering notion that a new panacea called ilberliefer- 
 ungsgeschichte has superseded logic. Great is ilber- 
 lieferungsgeschichte and Traube is its prophet. But 
 Traube has no more abolished human error in all copy- 
 ists of every age, than the great Debrett has abolished 
 Original Sin among Persons of Quality. Let us 
 remember Prof. Clark's words : ' a text ran the same 
 risks on each occasion when it was transcribed, since 
 all copyists were subject to the same infirmities.'* 
 
 Nobody will be so rash as to deny that a great 
 
 number of emendations misfire, or, shall I say, fail at their 
 
 Prelim. ? But take one of the very rare instances of a 
 
 text where the best (not merely another the distinction 
 
 is important) MS. authority has only recently been 
 
 * Descent of Manuscripts, p. 26. For an early instance see 
 The Latin Language, p. 48 ; add a modern one to Clark's list : 
 'I am very sorry to say I discover a great many new and original 
 mistakes in my book of which both the MS. and proofs were 
 utterly guiltless.' Meredith to his publisher, 1851, quoted in 
 S. M. Ellis' book, p. 55. 
 
22 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 discovered, and count the number of places in the Silvae 
 of Statius where Heinsius or Gronovius, or most often 
 Markland, had carried away a line of scribe's Latin and 
 restored what the Matritensis afterwards confirmed. 
 And now suppose on the other part that we assert 
 The never-ending stream of human error has for 
 many centuries been carrying with it unquestioned lines 
 of all the Latin poets ' less of Virgil than of others ; 
 but still I am sceptical of Conington's* theory of 
 miraculous exemption for Virgil. Will anyone assert 
 that ancient texts have not been vitiated by errors of 
 copyists and patching and botching by correctors ? Or 
 that the work of criticism is ended and the last valid 
 emendation was made out about the time when the 
 bitterns disappeared.! Of course Mr. Lindsay would not 
 say anything so absurd ; but when the Lion jests, God 
 knows what the Jackals will not go about repeating in 
 solemn earnest. Argue that this is not sense, or that 
 is not Latin, or not Latin of the date of the author ; and 
 you are entitled to demand in answer a vindication of 
 
 * Conington never stated his dogma about Virgilian MSS. quite 
 as roundly ; there are of course factors in the question of the 
 tradition of this author which impose peculiar cautions the 
 unrevised publication of the Aeneid, the immediate and universal 
 acknowledgment of the poet's classic rank. There is a deal of 
 testimony which modern Virgilians systematically ignore because 
 it is to be sought for among the Fathers of the Church, testimony 
 which is sometimes of decisive weight either in the scale of tradition 
 or that of emendation. I do not say that all Mark Pattison's spiteful 
 criticism of Conington was justified, but it must be acknowledged 
 that mental inertia is one of the greatest of human motives. I 
 reckon among the triumphant restorations of commonsense 
 Clark's great observation that omission is prima facie more 
 probable than interpolation, because it requires no brainwork. 
 The hand omits ; it takes a brain to invent. Now evidently it is 
 very comfortable to inertia when it can postulate the soundness 
 of tradition as indiscutible. 
 
 f Bitterns now breed again in Essex, Omen accipio, 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 23 
 
 the sense, a witness to the Latinity, a solution of the 
 alleged discrepancy of manner. But how often do you 
 get that, and not a blind appeal to authority ? Whose 
 authority ? Our dear old friends the Copyists. ' We 
 saw it in the MSS.' Just so a child says : * I read it in 
 print.' 
 
 If we could Somatically force the school of Funk to 
 tell us what they think and not what they want to think 
 that they think, would they not say something like this : 
 1 You appeal to Latinity and stylistic criticism ? What 
 do we know about Latinity ? You call solecisms what 
 are just exceptions, material for most interesting mono- 
 graphs. Do you mean to tell us that it is impossible 
 for an ancient writer to write nonsense' I beg pardon, 
 1 mediocre sense ' ; I thank thee, Funk, for teaching me 
 that word make lopsided constructions and lame 
 rhythms ? ' 
 
 No, it is not impossible ; there are possibilities both 
 ways. But probability is our guide ; it is more probable 
 that some one copyist somewhere in the tradition has 
 blundered, than that the classical poet lapsed unless the 
 lapse was remarked on, and thereby for us authenticated, 
 at an early date, as e.g. Quintilian testifies to an oddity 
 of syntax in Virg. Buc. iv. 62. 
 
 Our adversary maintains the opposite : drive him to 
 state his principles instead of assuming them, and he 
 will be found to maintain that the chances are in favour 
 of the author having lapsed. What appears unclassical 
 is hailed as a precursory flash of Romanticism. 
 
 Is this one of those irreducible differences of mere 
 opinion where proof is impossible ? With great defer- 
 ence I submit that it is not ; that on the one side the 
 
24 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 last word lies with expertise, and on the other not. The 
 collators must not be horrified. I am not denying them 
 the title of experts. To read, to date, to explore the 
 pedigree of MSS. is, of course, a highly skilled and 
 honourable business. But all such evidence must 
 eventually come up before the bar of commonsense 
 where the question will be asked : ' Who vouches for 
 the truth of any or all of these witnesses, whose 
 evidence is here so admirably tabulated ? ' 
 
 To that question Palaeography has no answer to 
 make. She presents the tradition, to the best of her 
 power. There ends her competence. She may be 
 dismissed from the court with a bow ; and criticism 
 proceeds to consider her documents along with all 
 the rest. Let us take a parallel illustration. 
 When a judge is to decide the authenticity of a 
 picture, he will, of course, get the uberlieferungs- 
 geschichte and weigh it for himself with absolute 
 authority. He will say ' Yes, Dick told Tom that the 
 picture was as he had got it, and Tom told Harry ; but 
 how am I to know that Dick, Tom and Harry are not 
 themselves mistaken, or accurately repeating a mistake 
 which was there previously ? ' But, the moment he 
 comes to intrinsic evidence, he will call in experts. 
 
 Experts ! One recalls the Scale of Liars. Even 
 when they speak the truth, is not their very existence 
 felt to be an offensive pretension ? And yet you cannot 
 get past them. Give an ordinary judge on the Bench 
 the decision whether or no say a given verse is 
 Terentian or a given peroration Ciceronian ; when he 
 has heard the collators he must call in someone who is 
 deep in Terentian or Ciceronian usage and someone 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 25 
 
 who can explain to him the Law of Breves Breviantes, 
 the mysteries of Numerous Prose ; and this evidence is 
 of another quality, such that it can trump all the 
 collators' reports. For we have scientific certainty here 
 of things which we know that even Donatus knew nothing 
 about. Another example : If in Propertius, Mr. Rich- 
 mond by ingenuity of analysis can pick out and recover 
 either stanza arrangement or some other piece of 
 Alexandrian pattern, there at once is intrinsic evidence, 
 something of an altogether different order from any 
 palaeographical evidence that could be summoned. 
 Prove that a given poem in English was written in 
 couplets, and a critic will confidently restore a damaged 
 rhyme ; neither mis-writing nor mis-print will be sacred 
 to him. All the collators of all the editions make no 
 difference. 
 
 I have endeavoured to show that though it may be 
 convenient or necessary for those who wish to theorise 
 (or alas ! merely to prate) about an author, to assume 
 provisionally that the textus receptus is bedrock, reason 
 disallows this provisional reception for absolute ; and to 
 show that there are logical principles of criticism which 
 though they may be overlaid and buried in neglect from 
 time to time, are yet eternal and necessary and as often 
 as they be fairly exhibited, irrefutable in argument. 
 
 I have merely essayed to vindicate the a-priori 
 probability of emendation being necessary and possible. 
 Every emendation, as every miracle does, stands on 
 its own merits. But it needs to be repeated that 
 there is a radical question which gives a governing 
 principle : ' Does human nature err in copying, 
 and does it patch its errors ? ' I never heard 
 
26 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 anyone deny it in words ; but their practice belies 
 them. And to this must be added another. Is it 
 not of the essence of any work of literary art 
 (especially Classical) that it has strict form and 
 pattern and law and therefore an intrinsic power 
 of repair and reconstruction in case of superficial 
 damage ? We may not be able to recover a whole 
 creature from a single bone, but if we are told by the 
 scribes that in a highly formal poem of an elegist, a certain 
 quatrain had verbs in verses b, c and d, then we can be 
 certain that verb a is to be conjecturally restored.* 
 
 My title would have been warranted had I taken a 
 much narrower scope and merely advertised to you the 
 epoch-making excellence of the work done by Havet 
 and Clark, in particular, as in itself not merely the 
 promise but the actuality of a Revival in Criticism. 
 
 * In a deeply corrupt passage of a corrupt poem III. ix. 23 26, 
 Propertius is supposed to have penned this quatrain : 
 
 Cum tibi Romano dominas in ho.nore securis 
 Et liceat medio ponere iura Fo^u,' 
 
 Uel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hostis 
 Atque onerare tuam fixa per arma domum. 
 I have argued elsewhere that there has been a text-earthquake 
 which has forcibly intruded pieces of one verse into another. In 
 the effort to restore the damaged stratification I missed one glaring 
 fact, viz., that f>onere, ire, onerare in vv. 24, 25, 26 require a 
 verb in v. 23. That the letters inhonore are the remains of 
 a verb infinitive is necessary and certain. ' How do you know ? ' 
 How do I know that a four-poster had four posts even though one 
 has been destroyed ? We have our argument from design. When 
 you find a watch on a heath, first look whether the works are per- 
 fect. Do not be content with a moderately complete set of works. 
 It is an odious task to wash out corruptions which have been 
 endeared by generations of commentators and furnished instru- 
 ments to hundreds of examiners, but I do believe that the poet's 
 idea is probably recovered if we read 
 
 Cum tibi sit rerum dominas renouare securis 
 
 Et tibi Romano ponere iura Foro, 
 Uel liceat medio pugnaces ire per hostis 
 
 Atque onerare tuam fixa per arma domum. 
 At least the watch goes. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 27 
 
 Havet's great book is of value for all editors ; not the 
 least of Clark's achievements is to have proved how 
 different is the case of ancient poetry from ancient 
 prose. They are two grand contributions to an Ars 
 Critica. 
 
 And is not that our great need ? About twenty-five 
 years ago Bywater was kind enough to give me some 
 advice, as to a beginner. He told me with a curiously 
 confidential air that he regarded Greek Tragedy as 
 worked out ; but that was incidental. He told me that 
 for anyone who might be going into the criticism of 
 Latin poetry, no Ars Critica had been written since 
 Scioppius ; plenty of palaeography, no criticism. It must 
 be gathered from the works of the great masters. And 
 even now after Havet's masterpiece, could you give 
 better advice to a young man whose ambitions lie that 
 way, than to read Bentley's Horace, Madvig'sA-ctidemics, 
 Markland's Statins, Lachmann's Propertius, Palmer's 
 Heroides, Housman's Manillas and Juvenal ? 
 
 An art is learned by watching the master-craftsman 
 at work, and the form of criticism which attempts the 
 restoration or understanding of a work of art cannot be 
 exercised without an element of artistry. 
 
 But do we read Bentley & Co. ? The latest text is 
 usually what we read ; the permanent is allowed to go 
 out of date with the ephemeral part of these master- 
 pieces. Of the greatest names little more survives than 
 a legend and a catalogue of results, only accepted where 
 so self evident, that, for very shame, the forces of 
 fashion and perversity cannot disestablish them. The 
 great school was built up by the practice of the masters; 
 it was destroyed no, not destroyed, but abandoned 
 
28 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 by means of a convention which reduced the editorial 
 office to a mere recording. How many of Bentley's 
 conjectures on say, Lucan as happy and inevitable as 
 that emendation of a blot from Lycidas, have been, if 
 not exiled into utter oblivion, relegated to the foot of 
 the page by mechanical proscription ? Emendation is 
 not all guesswork : it entails a process of reasoning, an 
 appeal to common sense, and exposition of some point in 
 (Greek or) Latin usage or the idiom of an author. 
 When a modern editor still condescends to mention the 
 doubts and divinations of men who were steeped in the 
 two languages till they thought in them and dreamed in 
 them the grounds of reasoning are always suppressed : 
 the critic is not allowed to speak, even with his head on 
 the block. It is a hazardous thing to say ; but, to give 
 a fair chance to a probable emendation, you must put it 
 into the text, on probation. The late Emil Baehrens did 
 this, and many have admired his courage ; where, in his 
 editions you meet something odd or repugnant to 
 classical niceties, you look at the foot of the page and, 
 sure enough, discover scripsi. There you are ! The 
 never-ending stream has carried it with it. . . . No. Stop 
 a bit, not a line of Catullus or whom you will, but a 
 piece of nonsense which Baehrens had the wit to detect 
 but not the wit to put right. The man had a strong, 
 sound instinct for what the sense required, but a deplor- 
 ably clumsy hand at restoring the impaired form. But 
 though he did much, negatively, by starting discussion, 
 to promote criticism, his inartistic touch was largely to 
 blame for bringing textual correction into discredit. 
 So acute in diagnosis, so grotesque in prescription and 
 so ubiquitous in industry ! For unfortunately it is true 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 29 
 
 that taste is a part of skill intellegentia, and wit a 
 form of thinking, but 
 
 TToXXol pAV Vapd7)K6(f>OpOL TTOLVpOL 8f T j3dl<XOl. 
 
 And we have lived to see dulness, under polite aliases, 
 dignified almost into a religion ; bright, young intellig- 
 ences labouring to be dull and will not be comforted 
 because they are not. 
 
 I briefly resume and conclude. 
 
 Human error in copyists is an axiom. Clark's 
 amusing modern instances are a welcome corroboration. 
 Error is most frequent in authors who have neither 
 ecclesiastical use nor school use to protect them. Even 
 supposing an equal show of surviving MSS., an author 
 who was little read will be more corrupt than one who 
 was much read ; Virgil may have blemishes, but few 
 deep corruptions. Yet even authors protected by all 
 the forces of authority and use, suffered in the Dark 
 Ages.* 
 
 The Dark Ages. Have you remarked a curious 
 phenomenon ? Renascence snobbism and Reformation 
 prejudice applied the term indiscriminately to all the 
 centuries preceding the XV th . History has now pain- 
 fully corrected this perversion ; the more that is known 
 
 * One more example if you are not weary of detail. Of St. 
 Ambrose's Hymns we have MSS. evidence which when an 
 editor of Silver poets thinks of it, his mouth will water. Many 
 of the codices go behind the age when interpolation was rife, 
 some approach within 300 years of the Saint's lifetime. His 
 Hymns were regularly sung in hundreds of religious houses. 
 What guarantees ! Yet in one of them there is a piece* of quiet 
 nonsense which the never-ending stream has not yet removed : 
 
 Profecit ad fidem labor, 
 
 Armisque docti bellicis 
 
 Pro rege vitam ponere 
 
 Didicere pro Xto mori. 
 That makes sense ; but the unanimous testimony of scribes and 
 editors gives . . . mediocre sense : viz. decere. 
 
30 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 of the successive Renascences, the more appears that 
 the absurdity of calling the period of the great School- 
 men, or the period of Alcuin, a Dark Age. It passed for 
 Dark, because we were told to shut our eyes, or look 
 another way. But there was a Dark Age, and through 
 that, as through a tunnel, all antique learning has had to 
 pass. The VI th VI I I th centuries were dark ; great as is 
 Europe's debt to Spain, Ireland and England, for what they 
 preserved to us, not much came through quite unscathed. 
 Very rude hands salved what was salved from the ruins 
 of civilization. Do we always remember that uberlie- 
 ferungsgeschichte in the great majority of instances 
 carries us up to that darkness and no further ? Just 
 compare Donatus' innocence of Terentian metre with 
 the knowledge that scientific criticism has restored to us, 
 and ask if the text of Terence is likely to be immaculate ? 
 Consider the scholia to Ibis and draw your inferences as 
 to the competence of the VII th century corrector to 
 remake Augustan literature out of what an illiterate 
 scribe handed up to him for revision. Or go to what is, 
 in a manner, the fountain-head, Cassiodorius. Read 
 his instructions to his copyists, grammaticae artis 
 expertes, as he says (de Instit. Migne P.L., vol. 70, 
 p. 1128). 
 
 Contrast his scrupulous precaution in treating a 
 Sacred text with the dangerous precept ' wherever in 
 1 disertis hominibus miswritings are found, the faulty 
 ' places are to be unhesitatingly corrected,' quoniam 
 viri supradicti sic dicta sua cotnposuisse credendi sunt 
 ut regulas artis grammaticae quas didicerant custod- 
 iisse iudicentur (ib. p. 1130). A sound principle, but 
 dangerous for the men of that age to apply. 
 
THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 31 
 
 We are touched by his care for his copyists the 
 patent lamps, the sun-clock and waterclock, the little 
 manual of orthography which he drew up for their use 
 when he was ninety-three years old. The barbarism of 
 his Latinity has been absurdly overcharged, but yet 
 when we remember that this is a stage of scholarship to 
 which every classical author almost has had, in a 
 sense, his style accommodated, let us ask ourselves : 
 1 How likely are say the refinements of Alexandrian 
 1 elegiac technique, in a difficult and unpopular poet, to 
 1 have survived, intact, the double ordeal of antiquarius 
 1 and corrector ? ' To say nothing of the damp, the 
 worms, and the Opic mice. 
 
 Think of the author whose literary life hung on a 
 single thread spun in the copying room at Vivarium. 
 Evoke the picture of a young religious, hardly more 
 than a boy, doing his task in the spirit of a manual 
 labour, as a modern schoolboy writes his lines subject 
 to revision by an elder who was himself no deeper in 
 scholarship than Cassiodorius' rudimentary abridgment of 
 the grammarians would carry him. 
 
 Was the person so pleasantly described as Vir 
 Christianus nomine Lucianus, admit andus et eruditus 
 qui vitam exercebat monasticam et elegantis librarii 
 artetn apprime tenebat, eique navans strenue operant 
 ex eo pattern quaerebat quotidianum (Vit. S.Epiphanii) 
 a safe channel to transmit Augustan Latinity ? Would a 
 lacuna content him ? Would a patch of casual tinkering 
 discontent him ? I would take the elegance of his hand- 
 writing on the testimony of the hagiographer, but I refuse 
 to believe that his erudition was 'admirable' if judged by 
 the standards of Heinsius or Bentley or Housman, 
 
nr >K IS DFT! - 
 
 32 
 
 THE REVIVAL OF CRITICISM 
 
 There is a story of Equitius in S. Gregory's 
 Dialogues (P.L. 77, p. 172) : A messenger from the Pope 
 came to find him at his Abbey. The messenger was 
 brought in to the antiquarii, who were busy at their 
 manuscripts, and asked for Equitius. They replied : 
 1 You will find him in the meadow. He is making hay.' 
 So were they, though they little thought it ; with the 
 best intentions in the world they were making hay. 
 
 Let us remember the Age of the Haymakers. In 
 order to get past them let us above all revive the lost 
 art of reading ; let us read enormously better and also 
 enormously more than we do. We should be reading 
 deeply and perpetually in all Greek and Latin, without 
 respect of departments * and the cells of hermit 
 specialists; and above all, let us have the courage to 
 argue and challenge principles. 
 
 If, as some fear, right reason is in general decline, 
 let it at least be said that right reason died last in 
 classical criticism. 
 
 Extrema per illos 
 . . . excedens terris uestigia fecit. 
 
 * J. E. B. Mayor's little introduction to the edition of Tertul- 
 lian's Apologeticus , published recently by Prof. Souter (C. U. P., 
 1917) contains among many good things this : ' Madvig told me 
 that he had read no Greek or Latin theological author but 
 Josephus, and that only for information on ancient warfare.' 
 What an appalling admission ! Mayor puts his finger on one great 
 general inferiority of XIX th century Latinists. We do not read 
 enough Latin, or read it often enough. 
 
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