1 OME T iCS LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO * I ALPHABETS, TABLES AND DIAGBAMS. i. P. ALPHABETS. Stops THE ENGLISH ALPHA-BET. THE CONSONANTS. wh w f V Liquids - P b t d k g as in get, egg m n ng ,, singer, sink 1 r th as in 7nstle, dh ,, f/iii , ,, seal, hiss zeal, his s z sh zh y h azure, pleasure ( ch = t. sh. as in cftest. fetch Composite [ j=d)2hi B ^ ^ ni', 11', 1', are used for syllabic in, n, I, as in sizm', ritn\ l)otV (schism, written, bottle). n-g, *-&, t-h, d-h, s-h, z-h. are used for the sounds in er?- yage, bloiv~hole, out-liouse, blood-hound, mishap and hogshead. Names of the Consonants. They are called pa, ba, ta, da, ka, ga, ma, na, nga, la, ra, and so on, as in pa-rental, Ita-zaar, ta-boo, Da-rius, ca-lam- ity, (ja-zcttc, ma-ture, na-tivity, si-nge.(r\ la-mcnt, ra-vinc C, a and X. These symbols are not used in this scheme, except c in tho combination ch. In ordinary spelling c is used for k or s, as in cat, cell ; q is used for k, as in quick ; and x is used for km or gz, and n.i for ksli, as in box, exist, noxious. The Vowels. 111 THE VOWELS. Long. aa as in baa oe boen (burn) e ,, feri (fairy) ey feyt (fate; iy fiyt (feet) 6 Pol (Paul) ow powl (pole) uw ,, puwl (pool) Short. a as in atend(attend) 03 poeti (putty) -w ( 3S poet (pat) 2 \ e pet to ( i pit r& f * pot " " o' ,, pilo' (pillow 1 ! PQ 2 ( u put ai as in taim (time) au ,, laud (loud) oi ,, noiz (noise) yu tyun (tune) Diphthongs. ea as in bear ia ,, biar (bier) oa ,, boar ua ,, buar (boor) i'a and u'a are used when the short vowels i and u are fol- lowed by a, making two syllables, as in pritVar, influ'ans (prettier, influence). Of. follower, written folo'ar. Names of the Short Vowels. They are called a, cet, set, et, it, ot, short o, ut, as in the key-words attend, putty, pat, pet, pit, pot, pilloic, put. Script Forms. The script forms of x and e can be written without lifting the pen, thus : Accent. Accented or stressed syllables may generally be known by rule ; but when it is necessary to indicate them they are marked thus: intend, invest ; or, if this is impracticable, a turned point is placed before the accented vowels, thus : inf'frmal, imp-otant. IV Alphabets. THE FRENCH ALPHABET. THE CONSONANTS. Stops Liquids J n as in regne (reii) n 'm - as in prism e ^ i peuple i3 V ,, autre ' u ,, buis \v ,, moi (mwa) -2 f 1 V p z o O ch chat = Eng. sh j je = Eng. zh k y bien (byn) THE VOWELS. Cral. Nasal. a as in pate a.i a ,, patte e ,, je e ,, pres en e ,, ete i ,, fini an as in pan 1 a p "5 C3 g s PH rt 3 p! o CD PH PH CD q H PH 1 Q O PH. CD i eS p. K CD 'p. o W "3 8 o e3 PH Q D o -n CD CD a ^ O : g O MOO d % 2 1 ? ia o Xll w o CO d 1 *T d H 1 d. CO a So i M Q p o H d d d seopic view of the Female Laryngoscopic view of the Male Glottis Glottis in the delivery of a Headnote in the delivery of a Low Note, (ordinary appearance) . IT. F.fQ) R(u)jy F.(eu),e'y Tongue V. Diagram illustrating the formation of the Ten Principal Vowels. Rounded Vowels are enclosed in brackets. AN INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS (ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN) WITH Rea&ing Xessons anfc Bjercises LAURAj SOAMES WITH A PREFACE BY DOROTHEA BEALE Eontion SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. NEW YOKK : MACMILLAN & CO. 1891 BUTLER & TANNF.E, THE SBLWOOD PBINTIMG WORKS, FROMB, AND LONDON. PREFACE. Miss So AMES'S book will, I believe, supply a want much, felt by teachers of English and foreign languages. There are learned works on comparative phonology, but I know of none which are sufficiently clear and simple to put into the hands of the average learner. The main purpose of the book is to give shortly and clearly an idea of the mode of formation of the articulate sounds of the three modern languages most studied in our schools. "When the teaching is systematized, we may hope both that English will be pronounced with a purer accent, and that a good pronunciation of foreign tongues will be acquired in a comparatively short time. The task has almost necessarily involved an expose of the extraordinary anomalies of English spelling. As an educator, I am earnestly desirous for reform, and I trust that this book may shorten the time of waiting. Our spelling is one of the greatest hindrances to the intelli- gent study of phonology, without which that of philology is almost impossible to the young, since the same sounds are ever masquerading in a new dress. The phonetic alphabet made use of is so simple that any one can read it after half an hour's study, and the author has judiciously chosen well-known pieces to help the inex- perienced in acquiring facility. DOROTHEA BEALE. Jan., 1891. Principal of the Cheltenham Ladies' College. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH, FEENCH, AND GERMAN PHONETICS. PAGE Alphabets ii Tables vi Diagrams . xiv Preface by Miss Beale xix INTRODUCTION 1 I. The Vocal Organs Described 8 I!. English Sounds Illustrated 11 Consonants 11 Long Vowels 15 Short Vowels 19 Diphthongs 22 The Letter R 23 III. English Analysis 30 CONSONANTS. Introductory 30 Stops 31 Liquids 33 Continuants 35 Composite Consonants 38 Syllabic Consonants 39 VOWELS. Introductory 39 Five Principal Vowels, aa, ey, iy, ow, uw . . . .41 Remaining Long Vowels, e, 6, oe . . . . .44 SHOET VOWELS. Introductory 45 Short Front Vowels, a, e, i 46 Short Back-round Vowels, o, u, ce. 46 Long and Short Vowels compared 47 Narrow and Wide Vowels 48 UNACCENTED VOWELS. Introductory 49 The Obscure Vowel a 50 Unaccented i and i' 51 Short o' 52 e' and u' 53 DIPHTHONGS, ai, au, oi, yu 53 xxii Contents. PAGE IV. English Synthesis 55 E combined with Vowels .55 Doubled Sounds 62 Consonants Combined 63 Inflections 63 Accent 66 Quantity 70 Syllable Division 72 Intonation ......... 74 VARIABLE WORDS. Usages of different speakers . . .76 Weak Words 78 Unaccented Syllables 80 A Syllable More or Less 82 Spelling of Variable Words 84 V. Loan Words used in English 86 Special Symbols Eequired 86 The Most Necessary Foreign Sounds . . . .87 List of Loan Words 88 VI. Hints for Teachers 101 Method Eecommended ....... 101 Common Mistakes Ill Key to the Spelling Lessons 115 Key to the Exercises 117 VII. French Analysis 120 CONSONANTS 120 Stops 121 Liquids 121 Continuants ......... 124 VOWELS ........... 126 Open Vowels in pate, patte ...... 126 Front Vowels in pres, ete,fini 127 Back-round Vowels in homme, drole, tout .... 128 Front-round Vowels in peur, pen, pu 129 Nasal Vowels in pan, pin, pont, un 130 Unaccented Vowels in le, maison, comment . . . 131 VIII. French Synthesis 133 Accent 133 Quantity 135 Intonation 137 Syllables 137 Liaison ....'... ... 138 Elision 139 How Stops are Combined 140 Variations of Words ending in Voiceless M, L, or R . . 140 XXlll Contents. IX. German Analysis 143 STANDARD GERMAN 143 THE CONSONANTS. Consonants Illustrated .... 144 Six new Consonants 145 Familiar Consonants 147 THE VOWELS. Vowels Illustrated 149 Long and Short Vowels 150 Open Vowels in Lahm, Lamm ...... 151 Front Vowels in miihen, Manner, geh, ihn, Sinn . . 151 Back-round Vowels in Sohn, Sonne, Kuh, dumm . . 152 Front-round Vowels in Sohne, Wnnen, kilhn, diinn . . 153 Unaccented Vowels in " Gabe," etc 153 Dipththongs in Ei, Hans, Hen 154 Nasal Vowels . 154 X. German Synthesis 156 Vowels followed by R 156 Quantity 157 Accent 158 Intonation 159 Syllables 160 XI. Symbolization of German Sounds 161 The Consonants 161 The Vowels . 164 PART II. PEOSE BEADING BOOK. Introductory. Spelling Lessons 5 I. The Fox and the Goat .... sEsop's Fables 8 II. The Miser 8 III. The Cock and the Jewel .... 9 IV. The Crab and her Mother .... 9 V. The Miller, his Son, and their Ass 9 VI. The Country Maid and her Milk-Can. . ,. 10 VII. The Frogs Asking for a King . . . ,, 11 VIII. The Country Mouse and the Town Mouse ., 12 IX. The Ass's Shadow ., 13 X. The Monkey and the Dolphin ...., 14 XI. The Wind and the Sun. ....., 14 XII. The Fox without a Tail .... 15 XIII. Ealeigh's Two Plants . 15 XIV. A Boy's Adventures among the Sea-Caves Hiujli Miller 17 XXIV Contents. XV. The Discontented Pendulum XVI. The Little Drummer-Boy . XVII. The Jowf in Arabia . XVIII. The Society of Books . Jane Taylor Palgrave Ruskin POETEY BEADING BOOK. The Street of By-and-By The Jackdaw of Eheims The Child with the Bird The Destruction of Senni The Mariners of England Answer to a Child's Question The Pine- Apple and the Bee The Retired Cat . The Contest betwee John Gilpin At Sea . William Tell Monkeys' Manners Song of the Street Monkey The Dormouse The Grasshopper a Ode to the Cuckoo The Miller of Dee One by One . Lochinvar . After Blenheim . Some Murmur EXERCISES. Exercises in Writing English Phonetically . APPENDICES. Specimens of French. L'Anthropophage Les Deux Palmiers La Maison qui Marche Specimens of German. 1 Lines from" Wilhelm Tell" Song by Uhland Extract from Gothe's " Leiden des jungen Werthers" . Specimen of English, showing variable words. The Iceberg I'AGH 23 25 28 29 By Abdy 30 ms Barham 31 ird at the Bush . . Banyan 35 nnacherib . . . Byron 36 and ..... Campbell 37 Question .... Coleridge 38 he Bee .... Cowper 39 11 39 ;he Nose and the Eyes . 43 11 44 Cunningham 51 . Gurney 52 Hood 56 nkey 56 . Howitt 57 the Cricket . . . Keats 58 59 Mackay 60 . Proctor 61 Scott 62 . Southey 63 Trench 65 67 76 77 77 79 80 80 82 INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS. THE object and plan of this book are indicated in it3 title and table of contents, but they need to be explained somewhat more fully. It is not written for the purpose of bringing about a reform in the spelling of the English language, although, in the opinion of all philologists, and of many of the most thoughtful teachers, this is greatly to be desired. A study of the sounds of English will, it is to be hoped, prepare the way for that reform, which still seems to be in the far distance; but in the meantime English people need to know the sounds of their mother tongue for three reasons : (1) that they may speak it correctly ; (2) that they may learn successfully the pronunciation of other languages, to which a knowledge of their own is the best intro- duction ; and (3) that those who wish to study philology may have a key to that science. And the sounds of our language cannot be studied or explained without some system of phonetic spelling. Importance of the Subject. In the present day the importance of good English elocution is beginning to be duly recognised, and it is felt that modern languages ought to be more widely and efficiently taught than they have been hitherto. Philologists also tell us very plainly that an acquaintance with the written symbols of a language is not an adequate knowledge of the language itself, of which these symbols are but a more or less imperfect representation. A better System needed. But we are not making much progress in this direction. Even amongst well-educated people, a clear and beautiful pronunciation of the English language, without slovenliness or affectation, is exceedingly rare, and it is still more unusual to hear Englishmen speak French or German clearly and intelligibly, whilst lecturers on etymology I.P. l B 2 Introduction to Phonetics. find the students' ignorance of the sounds of language a serious barrier to their progress. Nor is this to be wondered at. For whilst we aim at teaching all other sxibjects on some well- planned method, the sounds of language are left to be picked up anyhow, by mere imitation and sheer force of memory, so that, setting aside students of short-hand, it is probable that not one person in a thousand could enumerate the principal sounds of our language, or of any other, or has any clear con- ception of the principles on which they should be classified. And any teacher wishing to prepare himself to instruct a class in the first elements of phonetics is met by this serious difficulty, that there is no easy manual of phonetics to be had, in which the sounds of English, French, and German are simply explained. So this work is an attempt to supply the deficiency. Prominence given to iiglish Phonetics. The greater part of the book is devoted to English sounds; (1) because we ought to proceed from the known to the unknown, and any confusion in our minds concerning English sounds will lead us to mix them up unawares with the sounds of other languages ; (2) because when the principles of phonetics have once been taught and illustrated in our own language, this need not be repeated ; and (3) because the sounds of English are more difficult than those of French and German. A new Alphabet necessary. The alphabets used in this book need a few words of explanation, as the need for a new alphabet is not obvious at first sight. The prevailing notion seems to be that nothing is easier than to spell phonetically with oar present alphabet. But in point of fact the Roman alphabet, originally planned for a language with a simpler sound system, has not nearly symbols enough for the very numerous sounds of our language. For instance, we have no symbols by which we can distinguish u in but and in put^ th in this and in thistle, or s in lesser and leisure. So the deficiency must be remedied and the alphabet sxipplemented, either (1) by new letters, or (2) by using diacritic signs, or (3) by combining the old letters to form digraphs, as we are accustomed to do, for example, when we use th, sh, ng, ee, oo, to represent simple sounds. Introduction to Phonetics. 3 Characteristics of Alphabets used here. The objects aimed at in planning, the alphabets used, in this book are, to make the phonetic writing easy to read, .to write and to print, by keeping as close to the received usage as possible. So no new or turned letters are used, and very few diacritic signs. The alphabet is supplemented chiefly by means of digraphs. There would have been some obvious advantages in using the international alphabet of the Maltre Phondtique, which can be adapted to any language, and where there is a single symbol for each sound. But this would necessitate the intro- duction of a good many new characters, as well as many depart- ures from the usage of each particular nation, making the system much more difficult to read, to write and to print. The question is so often asked, by persons to whom the subject is new, " Could I read your phonetic writing, at first sight ? " that it is well to reduce this initial difficulty as much as possible ; and the labour of teaching children to write new characters, and the trouble of getting them printed, are con- siderations of some importance. The English alphabet used here is based upon Mr. Sweet's Broad Romic and the late Mr, W. R. Evans's Union. The French and German alphabets are original. The Subject carefully graduated. Great pains have been taken to graduate the subject, so as to make it intelligible to beginners. For instance, the consonants are treated before the vowels, as being easier to distinguish from one another, and to classify, according to the manner in which they are formed. Some experience in teaching young children has been very valuable as showing in what order it is expedient to deal with the various parts of the subject, and special instructions for teachers will be found in Chap. VI. Selection of Passages for reading. The passages for reading have been selected with a view to the requirements of children of ten years of age and upwards. It would be by far the best plan to teach children the sounds of the English language systematically from the very beginning, and to let them learn phonetic spelling before they attempt to spell in any other way. They would then articulate much better, and the irregularities 4 Introduction to Phonetics. of our ordinary spelling would be more accurately observed and more easily remembered, when the pupils had some fixed standard with which they could compare them. But teachers in elementary schools are not free to begin with phonetic spell- ing, and in secondary schools, where the need for phonetics will be more easily recognised, on account of the necessity for teach- ing French and German, and where there is more liberty of action, most of the children have learnt to read and begun to spell before admission. It will therefore be necessary, as a rule, to postpone the teaching of phonetics until they are at least ten years of age, so that they may have a fair knowledge of the ordinary spelling before they attempt any fresh system. And meantime the teacher, who has himself acquired a knowledge of phonetics, will have his perceptions of sound so sharpened that he will be able to do much, without any systematic lessons in phonetics, to correct defects of pronunciation and to train his pupils to pronounce English clearly and well. Oral Teaching necessary. It is not pretended that the use of this, or of any other book on phonetics, can supersede oral teaching, but it is hoped that this popular exposition of the sounds of English, French and German may enable teachers to acquire for themselves the first principles of phonetics, and make their oral teaching systematic and effectual. In conclusion, I may say that this work has not been under- taken without careful preparation. It is now more than thirty years since I first began to study the sounds of English, French and German, so that the book is the result of personal observa- tion as well as of reading, and I hope it will prove reliable. The soundness of the French and German sections is, I think, sufficiently guaranteed by M. Paul Passy and Prof. W. Vietor, for this part of the book is based upon their writings, and has been thoroughly revised by them. They assure me also that I have succeeded in acquiring a good pronunciation of French and German. As regards the sounds of English, I have not found myself able to follow any one phonetician in particular, nor to use the vowel system of Mr. Bell, which is adopted, with some inodifi- Books Recommended. 5 cations, by Messrs. Ellis and Sweet. But in this I am 'not singular, for the Bell system is not generally accepted by foreign phoneticians. I have however learnt much from the writings of Dr. Sweet, and especially from his Elementarbuch. The writers from whom I have derived most assistance in preparing this volume are Sweet, Victor, Passy, Murray (in the New English Dictionary), Ellis, and the late Mr. W. R. Evans. I have also profited from the works of Beyer, Trautmann, Tech- mer, Jespersen, and others, and have learnt something from the dictionaries of Walker and Stormonth, though the phonetic systems of these dictionaries are very imperfect, especially as regards unaccented vowels. I am also indebted to the kindness of many fellow-workers for help and criticisms of various kinds; to the late Frau Flohr, for first giving me an interest in phonetics, by her excellent lessons in German pronunciation ; to the late Mr. W. R. Evans, Dr. Sweet, and Prof. Skeat for various useful criticisms ; and most of all to Prof. Vietor, M. Passy, Dr. Ellis, and Prof. A. Schroer, for oral instruction and for reading and revising my book. I have also to thank Prof. Vietor, Dr. Techmer, and Sir Morell Mackenzie, for permission to use diagrams ; and Mr. Murray for allowing me to borrow twelve of James's ^Esop's Fables. It may be useful to append here a list of some of the most necessary books on phonetics, originally prepared for the Con- ference of the Teachers' Guild, in April, 1890. LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED TO STUDENTS. ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN. (1) Le Maitre Phonttique. Organe cle 1'Association Phone- tique des Professeurs cle Langues Vivantes. (G, Rue Labordere, Neuilly s. Seine.) Monthly : price per ann., 3 fr. ; per single number, 25 centimes. For members of the Association, 2 fr. per ann. G Introduction to Phonetics. (2) Primer of Phonetics. Henry Sweet (Clarendon Press, 1890). 3s. Gd. (3) Elements dcr Phonetik und Orthoepie des Deutschen, Englischen und Franzosischen, mit Riicksicht auf die Bediirfnisse der Lehrpraxis, von Wilhelm Vietor. Zweite verbesserte Auflage. (Gebr. Henninger, Heil- 'bronn, 1887.) Marks 4.80 ; Half-bound, m. 5.60. (4) Phonetische Studien. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche und praktische Phonetik, mit besonderer Riicksicht auf die Reform des Sprachunterrichts, herausgegeben von Wilhelm Victor. (N. G. Elwert, Marburg in Hes- sen.) Three numbers appear in the year; each number 3 to 4 marks. Vol. I., 9s. 6d. ; II, lls. ; III., 12s. Gd. ENGLISH. (1) Elemcntarbuch des GesprocJiencnEnylisch. Henry Sweet. 2nd ed. (Clarendon Press, 1880.) 2*. Gd. (2) Primer of Spoken English. Henry Siccat (Clarendon Press, 1890). 3s. Gd. FRENCH. (1) Les Sons du Fran^ais. Leur Formation, leur Combi- naison, leur Representation, par Paid Pass?/. 2 edition, revue, corrigee et augmentee. (Firmin-Didot, Paris, 1889.) 1 fr. 50 c. (2) Le Francais Parle". Morceaux choisis a Fusage des etrangers, avec la Prononciation Figuree, par Paul Passy, Professeur de Langues Vivantes, ancien Pre- sident de 1'Association Phonetique. 2 edition. (Hen- ninger freres, Heilbronn, 1889.) Marks 1.80. (3) Phrases de tons les jours. Felix Franke. 2 edition. (Henninger freres, Heilbronn, 1888.) Marks 0.80. (4) Eryanzungshcft. Franke. 2 ed. (Heuninger, Heil- bronn, 1888.) (5) Fransk Laiscbog. Jesperscn (Copenhagen). (*v ssc. I AS. ces, rene, rces, sh : as in seal scene listen mispress (Mrs.) Gloucester hiss coalesce isMmus boafsicain Cire?icester pulse sc/iism jjsalm crevasse Worcester cell s?ford quarts brizska Mas/iam. dance Z. Symbols : z, zz, ze, s, ss, se, es, c, sc, cz, sh, si, is, x, ds, sw ; as in seal scissors discern venison puzzle cleanse czar beaua? f \\rze Wednesday dishonour Windsor his sacrificing busmess Ives^fick SH. Symbols: sh, s, ch, ss, c, t, shi, si, ssi, ci, ce, sei, ti, seh, ehe, clisi, psh, sslie ; as in s7*e assure fas/u'on social motion fuchsia sugar officiate Asia ocean schedule jjs/iaw c/iaise vitiate mission conscious moustache Assheton Z1I. Symbols : z, s, zi, si. ssi, ti, g, ge ; as in azure glazier abscission routing pleasure division transition rouge Additional examples : seizure treasure brasier derision confusion leisure osier vision occasion delusion measure hosier decision intrusion usual Y. S} T mbols : y, i, e, j, 1 ; as in ?/et onion hideous hallelujah cotilZon Also g in the combination gn, pronounced ny ; as in vi gate ao an a-e they champayne played obey campai'yn obeyed great straight surveyed break feiyn weighed eh weigh neighed gaol eight trait gauge aye (ever) halfpenny ey unaccented. chaotic namesake cognate railway survey (sbst.) earthquake wholesale detail essay billeidoux gale dale baker lady bass chaotic pam ram pay ray da/ is silent. sluggard understand martyrs entered standard interview liquors rnmourcd bulwark centred conquers martyred proverb comfort measured conquered modern stubborn ventitred cupboard exercise Saturday beggared avo/rdupois entertain honours collared Urquhart 20 English Sounds Illustrated, e almost always has an accent, primary or secondary. Symbols for oe : u, o, o-e, ou, oo, oe, ow. nt son dove flood drtck money touch does dust come ro^gh ro?rlock oe ic ith secondary accent, unjust uproot teacup humbg: ce unaccented. hubbztb pzmctilit}- pugnacious d??ctility ?/lterior se. Symbols for ae : a, a-e, ua, ai, e, ae. man bade plaAl thresh have gttarantee plait Gaelic a unaccented. alpaca ambassador compact (sb.) abstract (sb.) e. S} r mbols for e : e, ea, a, a-e, u, ai, ei, ie, eo, ue, ay, ey, e, ava get any said leopard says red many le/sure Geoffrey Reynard head ate he/fer g?ress fVptid bread b?a - }- fr/end gz^est Abergarenny e unaccented. precept stipend sensation mendacity insect index vexation pestiferous i. Symbols for i: i, i-e, y, e, o, u, ie, ee, ui, ai, hi, oa, ive, eo, e-e, a-e, ia, ia-e, u-e, ei, ey, ea, eig, ('), ehea, ewi-e, ois, uy.. oi, igh, ay, ieu. f/t hzymn women bz/ld groats b/d nymph b?^sy gif/lt fYvepence g/ve pretty s/eve Samt John Theobald live jEngland breeches exhibit Te/ynmouth The Short Vowels. 21 i unaccented. d/sturb mischief Samt Paul lett?ice forehead plentiful Bessie college forfeit housewife restive cherries courage pulley chamois plenty coffee village donkey plaguy remain circuit landscape guinea Denbigh clrceive biscK/t miniature foreign Jervoi's minded captam marr/age sovereign Rothsay churches fountain carriage James's Beaul/ett o. Symbols for o : e, a, an, ou, ow, ho, o-e, o-ue. hot want fault hough honour rod salt va?dt Glo?tcester shone watch halter laitrel knowledge pedagogic o unaccented. prosperity hostility ostensible prostration o'. o' is always unaccented. '.Symbols for o' : o, ow, oe, owe, ough, 6t, aoh, olqu. omit protect elocution folkrning furlo^y/i obey motto invocation follower depof molest hero wido^c heroes Pharao/j provide heroine follow follo?ced Co/ oyar and oya. These are very rare. oyar final. destroyer employer oya before a consonant. No sound of r. destroyers employers loyal yuar, yua and yur. yuar final. pure lure cure ewer sewer fewer yuar followed by a rowel. purest luring curing enduring yua followed by a consonant. No sound of r. lured cured cures sewers dual' yur only in unaccented syllables. Rare, 'dzwation penztry III. ENGLISH ANALYSIS. THE CONSONANTS. It is convenient to begin with the study of the consonants, because they are more easily described and classified than the vowels. Consonants are formed by stopping or squeezing the breath .after it has left the larynx, except in the case of the sound h, and the glottal stop, used in German. These are formed by squeezing or stopping the breath in the larynx itself. There is no sharp line of demarcation between consonants .-and vowels. The English consonants are twenty-three in number, besides t Le two composite consonants ch and j. So as our alphabet does not furnish a symbol for each of them, we employ the six digraphs ng, wh, th, illi, sh and zh, each of which combina- tions represents a single sound, unless the letters are separated by a hyphen. The hyphen is used in such words as engage. ,out-housc, mishap (in-geyj, aut-haus, mis-hsep), and the like, to indicate that each letter is to be sounded separately. Names of the Consonants. It is necessary in studying the consonants, to practise sounding them alone, without any vowel ; but in class teaching, and whenever we speak of the consonants, we want some names that are distinctly audible. ;So they should be called pa, la, and so on, as in the words parental, balloon, the following vowel being sotmded as gently .as possible. One of the names will be found difficult, and will require a Httle practice, namely nga, for in English iig is never met The Stops. 31 with at the beginning of a word or syllable, though it occurs at the beginning of words in other languages, as for instance in the names of certain places in New Zealand. Imitate -ngcr, the conclusion of the word singer, taking care not to pronounce the double sound ngg, as in finger, which is written phonetically finggar. The Consonants classified. Stops and Continuants. (Refer to the table on p. ii.) It has been stated above that in forming consonants the breath is stopped or squeezed, and the difference between stopping and squeezing the breath is very obvious when we compare the six stops, p, b, t, d, k, g, with any of the continuants, for instance with s and sh. We can prolong s and sh as long as we please, for the passage through the mouth is not completely closed, and the breath issues from it all the while ; but in forming the six stops it is entirely closed, and opened again with an explosion. So they are sometimes called shut or explosive consonants, whilst such consonants as s and sh are called continuants. THE STOPS. Lip, point and back Consonants. The six stops may / be classified according to the place where the breath is stopped. In the lip stops p and b it is stopped by closing the lips, in the point stops t and d, by the point of the tongue touching the iipper gums, and in the back stops k and g, by the back of the tongue touching the soft palate. These three classes of con- sonants are sometimes called labial, dental and guttural. Hard and soft Consonants. The consonants p, t and k are called hard, whilst b, d and g are called soft, because in p, t and k there is a more forcible explosion of the breath. But this is not the most important point of difference bet ween these two classes of consonants. The essential difference can be more easily appreciated if we study some of the open con- sonants or continuants. Take for instance s or z and prolong them. The sound of s, or hissing, is evidently formed by the breath in the mouth. But in the prolonged z or buzzing, a faint sound of voice, formed in the larynx, is distinctly heard 32 English Analysis. at the game time. And the same thing may be very well ob- served in prolonging f and v. Also if f be suddenly stopped there is silence, but on stopping v we clearly hear a vowel sound like the cr in beaver or a in variety. Again, if we try to prolong b, a faint sound is heard ; but if we attempt to pro- long p, there is no sound whatever till the lips part with a sudden explosion. But perhaps the most convincing experiment of all is to pro- long z or v, or any one of the soft continuants, whilst the ears are stopped. The buzzing sound formed in the larynx Avill then be heard very clearly indeed, as a loud noise, whilst it is alto- gether absent in the corresponding hard consonants, s and f. The essential difference between the hard and soft con- sonants is, therefore, that the hard consonants are simply formed by the breath, whilst in the soft consonants there is a faint sound of voice. They are midway between the con- sonants and the vowels. And although the names hard and soft sound best, and are most convenient for general use, the two classes are more accurate!} 7 described as breathed^ or voice- less and voiced consonants. It is of great importance to realize very distinctly the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants, for it at once furnishes a key to several sounds which do not exist u\ English, e.g. to the German eh in /c/j, which is a voiceless y, to the French voiceless 1 and r, and even to the terrible Welsh 11. which is only a voiceless 1, and presents no difficulty to those- who have learnt this secret. To sum up, we may distinguish the six stops as follows : 1. The hard lip stop, p. 2. The soft b. 3. The hard point,, t. 4. The soft d. 5. The hard back k. 0. The soft g. The Liquids. 33 THE LIQUIDS. The Nasal Consonants. We have in English three nasal consonants, the lip nasal in, the point nasal n, and the back nasal ng. They resemble the stops in having the mouth aperture completely closed, and correspond exactly with the lip, point and back stops respectively as to the place of closure. Like the soft stops &, d and g, they are voiced. There is only this difference between them and the soft stops, that the passage through the nose is left open, the soft palate being lowered so as to allow the breath to pass up behind it and escape through the nostrils. It is therefore possible to prolong them. A cold in the head, by stopping up the nose passage, makes it difficult to pronounce the nasals, so that we are apt to substitute for them the corresponding soft stops 6, d and g. The back nasal \ * and the symbol \(M in ordinary spelling. To prevent confusion between the back nasal ng in sing, singer, and the symbol ng, which in ordinary spelling has various uses, it will be well to refer to the exx. of n used for ng on p. 12, and to observe that in ordinary spelling nk always has the value ngk, whilst ng has four different values, namely ng, ngg, n-g and nj. Examples: = ngk ngng ng ngg ng = n-g ng nj ink sing finger engage strange sink singer anger engrave hinge think singing hunger ungraceful lounging thank hang longest penguin danger tinker hanging angry plunging monkey long anguish donkey longing language congestion ungenerous The Side Consonant It is generally formed by closing the breath passage in the centre with the point of the tongue against the upper gums, and letting the breath escape at the two sides, so that the stream of breath is divided, and it is often called a divided consonant. But some persons, myself among I. P. D 34 English Analysis. the number, let the breath escape on one side only, so it seems better to call it a lateral or side consonant. The English 1 is voiced, but voiceless 1 occurs in French and in Welsh. The Trilled Consonant R. The letter r will be discussed 'in connexion with the vowels (see pp. 55-62), but two important points concerning it must be noticed here by anticipation. 1. In many words which in our ordinary spelling are written with r, we hear a vowel sound, like the a in attend, villa, which must not be mistaken for the consonant r. This is clearly heard in boor, near, fire, our, which may be compared with boot, neat, fight , out. 2. The consonant r is never heard unless a vowel follows in the same or in the next word. So r is sounded in rat, tree, merry, sorry, poor old man, dear Annie, never ending, far off", but silent in poor child, dear me, never mind, far distant. English r, like the point continuants, is formed with the point of the tongue against the roots of the teeth. The action of the tongue in forming it may be understood by observing how it is possible, by blowing on the lips, as babies sometimes do, to make them vibrate, so that the breath passage is alter- nately open and shut. This is a trill on the lips. The point of the tongue can be made to vibrate in like manner, which produces a prolonged r, and the uvula also can be trilled, this being the way in which r is pronounced by the Parisians, and in many parts of France and Germany. It has been asserted that English r is not a trill, but a simple continuant. Certainly in pronouncing it we do not repeatedly open and close the breath passage, but I think it may safely be affirmed that it is blown open just once, there being the same sort of flapping movement as in a prolonged trill, but not repeated. For English children who find it difficult to pro- nounce r can learn to do so by practising first a prolonged trill with the point of the tongue ; so the name trill does not seem unsuitable. English r is voiced, but voiceless r occurs in French. The Liquids. The nasals ni, n and ng, with 1 and r, are commonly called liquids, and it is convenient to retain this The Continuants. 35 name and to regard them as one group, intermediate between the stops on the one hand, and the continuants on the other, for they have two characteristics in common. (1) They partially obstruct the breath passage, not closing it entirely like the stops, nor leaving a free channel for it through the mouth, like the continuants. And (2) they combine very readily with other consonants. THE CONTINUANTS. We have observed that, in the English stops and liquids, the place of closure in the mouth is either the lips, the point of the tongue against the upper gums, or the back of the tongue against the soft palate. But the English continuants are formed in six different places. Beginning, as before,, with those which are formed by the lips, and arranging them in order according to the place of formation, we have six classes of continuants, namely, lip, lip-teeth, point-teeth, point, palatal, and glottal continuants. We have no back continuants in English, but they exist in German, the hard back continuant being heard in " ac/t " and the corresponding soft sound in " Wa, fijt fit - _ 6 ., o Pol ,, Poli. uw u puwl pul. If each of these six short vowels is prolonged, care being taken not to alter its character in any way, it will be found that every one of them differs more or less in formation and sound from the corresponding long vowel. This is not the case in French, where precisely the same sound may be long or short, and nearly all the vowels may be lengthened or shortened with- 46 English Analysis. out altering their quality, as is shown in the table of French vowels on p. xi. In German there is usually a difference between long and short vowels, as in English, but it is not necessary to make any difference except that of length between the long vowels in " lahm " and " m#hen," and the short ones in "Lamm" and "Manner" respectively. The nature of the difference between the long and short vowels can be more conveniently discussed after we have examined each short vowel separately. The Short Front Towels ee in pat. Note that the symbol for this vowel can easily be written without lifting the pen, and made quite distinct from ce, if the first part is made like a reversed e. It is a common mistake to suppose that e is the short vowel corresponding to aa in father. In point of fact it is a front vowel, like e in fairy, but more open. It is not found in French or German. The German a in Mann and French a in patte differ from it and from one another. The short vowel which corresponds with aa in father is German a in Mann. E in pet may be called a half-open vowel, being decidedly more open than ey. It is intermediate between ey in fate and e in fairy. I in pit is the short vowel corresponding to iy, but it is by no means identical with it, as may easily be perceived if we prolong it, taking care not to alter the sonnd at all. Fill and feel, fit and feet, differ in the quality of the vowel, as well as in its length ; and it is sufficiently obvious that in the short vowel i the tongue is lowered, making it more open than iy. The importance of distinguishing between the sounds iy and i is seen in the study of French, where the long and short i differ only in length. The short i infini, for instance, is just as close as long i in livre, and fini must not be pronounced with the open i of English finny, nor with the long vowel heard in fee and knee. The Short Back-round Vowel* o in pot. The vowel o in pot is unknown in French and German. It is the short vowel corresponding with the long o in Paul, and is pronounced with the tongue in the lowest position possible. The Short Vowels. 47 U in put is not a very common sound in English. It bears the same relation to uw as i does to iy, being decidedly more open than its corresponding long vowel uw. The u of pull or full when prolonged is quite distinct from the long uw in pool, fool. The Short Vowel oe in but. The symbol most frequently used for oe is u, but it is often represented by o, as in " son," " dove," " among," " mother." It is not found in French or Ger- man, and may be regarded as an abnormal vowel. Though a back vowel, it is not rounded. On the distinction between oe and a, which sound much alike, e.g., in another (anoedhar), see p. 51. The use of o in those words where it is pronounced as OR was introduced by the French, who substituted it for u from a desire for clearness in writing. V was then written w, and ou or on was clearer than MM or un ; and we find accordingly that o is rarely used for 03 except where it was introduced for the sake of clearness, e.g. before v or n or m, or after m. Sovereign was written for suvereign, but the visible o has affected the pronunciation. For these remarks I am indebted to Prof. Skeat. In some of the northern counties the vowels ce and M in but and put are very frequently interchanged; and as we have no distinctive symbols for these two sounds, but use u for them both, it is difficult to correct this provincialism. Relations of Long and Short Vowels. Refer to the tables of vowels on pp. x.-xiii. In the coupling of long and short vowels there are some pairs which call for remark. It is sufficiently obvious that the vowels iy and i, 6 and o, uw and u, as in feet, fit, Paul, Polly, pool, pull, must be reckoned as pairs; but the relationships of e, ae and oe are not so clear. The position of e is between ey and e, but somewhat nearer to e. Compare the sounds ey and e in gate and get, and e and e in fairy and ferry. But as in all the cases where we unquestion- ably have a pair of long and short vowels, the short vowel is more open than the long one, it seems right to pair e with the closer ey, and to regard e in marry as the short vowel corres- ponding to e in Mary. Again, oe in burn is not formed in the same place as oe in bun. It is however so difficult, for English people at least, to 48 English Analysis. pronounce a short accented vowel in a mixed position, that the attempt to shorten oe apparently results in the short back vowel ce, a little more open than oe, and decidedly further back. Harrow ami Wide "Vowels. There seems also to be another difference between the long and short vowels in English and German. In the Bell-Ellis-Sweet system, i, o, u are called wide vowels, because in them the tongue is said to be relaxed and widened, whilst in the corresponding long vowels, Dr. Sweet says it is " bunched up," and these vowels are called narrow. In the Bell system great importance is attached to this distinction, and all the vowels are classified as narrow or wide, and arranged in separate tables accordingly. But Dr. Sweet acknowledges that in some cases it is difficult to distin- guish between narrow and wide vowels, and we find not only the three great advocates of this sj'Stem differing among them- selves as to which vowels are narrow or wide, but Dr. Sweet himself has changed his mind as to the classification of a good many vowels since he wrote his Handbook, and the vowels in French pcre and pcur, with many others, have been transferred from the narrow table of vowels to the wide, in his more recent Primer of Phonetics. Moreover, many phoneticians altogether refuse to recognise this distinction, and I have not thought it necessaiy, in my scheme of vowels, to separate the narrow and the wide. For my own part, I agree with Dr. Sweet that the distinction is a real one, and I think he observes truly in the Primer of Phonetics that if we take a low-wide (i.e., an open-wide) vowel such as e in man, we can raise it through e in men to the high (close) position of i in it, without its ever running into the narrow vowel e in Fr. etc. But in classifying narrow and wide vowels I should, like Mr. Jespersen, reckon all the English short accented vowels as w r ide, together with the German short accented vowels in "Sonne," "konnen," "diinn," and all the long vowels in English and German as narrow, though Dr. Sweet considers oe to be narrow and aa to be wide. This at least seems quite clear, that there is a difference of some sort between the long and short vowels in English and in German ; for it cannot be accidental (1) that the short accented Unaccented Vowels. 49 vowels are slightly more open than the corresponding long ones ; (2) that it is very difficult to lengthen the short ones without altering their quality ; and (3) that it is also difficult to pro- nounce them in open syllables. We always find them stopped, that is, followed by a consonant in the same syllable. In an elementary work of this kind, not much can be done towards the settlement of a question which has so long caused perplexity and divisions among phoneticians ; but the subject is interesting in itself, and has so much importance attached to it in the works of our three great English phoneticians, that it seems impossible to pass it over in silence. It is a question which still awaits solution. UNACCENTED VOWELS. The unaccented vowels must be discussed separately. They constitute a great difficulty in our language, for they are not easy to distinguish from one another, and persons whose ear is not trained by the study of phonetics imagine that in most cases they pronounce, or ought to pronounce, unaccented vowels according to the spelling, when in reality, whatever the spelling may be, we very seldom hear any vowel in unaccented syllables except these two : (1) a as heard in attend, portable, villa, and (2) i as in immense, plentiful, horrid. In this matter nothing can be learnt from the generality of pronouncing dictionaries, which are all quite misleading, except the large unfinished Neio English Dictionary, where they are very carefully distinguished. Prof. Trautmann has made a very careful study of English unaccented vowels in his Sprachlaute, pp. 169-182. A comparison of the frequency with which the different unaccented vowels occur shows that a is extremely frequent, i frequent, o' somewhat rare, and all the rest extremely rare. Examples of the very rare unaccented vowels will be found in pp. 16-29, and the student will do well to read them through before proceeding to consider a, i and o'. It will then be seen that (1) A large proportion of these examples are compound words, I. P. E BO English Analysis. where there is a slight stress on the weaker syllable, as for instance in dhva lower lowa(r) lowaring oia employer emploia(r) pleyaz lowad emploiaz 56 English Synthesis. R IN COMBINATION WITH THE VOWELS. The consonant r is the most perplexing element in our lan- guage. Dr. Ellis wrote in 1875, that after more than thirty years' study, he was not certain whether he had yet mastered its protean intricacies ; so it will need special attention on the part of the student. The manner in which r is formed has been explained on p. 34, and a large number of examples showing it in combination with the vowels will be found on pp. 23-29. The chief facts concerning it will however be more easily grasped by referring to the table at the head of this chapter, which shows the changes that take place in the inflections of words ending in r. There is so much diversity of practice in the pronunciation of words written with r, that it may be well to repeat that the pronunciation given here is my own, i.e. that of an educated Southerner. The same alphabet can however be used to repre- sent other pronunciations, as is shown on pp. 16f. The chief points to be noticed are these : 1. R is never heard unless a vowel follows it. Accordingly it will be seen on inspecting the table that r is written before a vowel in jarring, starry (jaaring, staari), etc., but omitted when, in other forms of the same words, a conso- nant is added, as in jarred, stars (jaad, staaz). There is an apparent exception to this rule in such words as barrel, barren, quarrel, sorrel, which are often pronounced (bserl', baern', kworl', sorl'), but in these cases the 1* and n, being syllabic, are equivalent to vowels. 2. All words ending in R have at least two forms. R final is never heard unless a vowel follows in the next word. So r final is sounded in " stir up," " render an account," " fear of punishment," but silent in " stir the fire," " render thanks," " fear nothing." In this book the longer forms, stoer, rendar, fiar, and so on, are always employed, but in the table at the head of this chap- ter r final is enclosed in brackets, to indicate that it is some- times silent. R in Combination with the Vowels. 57 We have an analogous case in the article a or an, where the n disappears before a consonant in the next word. And the same thing occurs frequently in French, where many final con- sonants are silent unless there is a liaison with a vowel in the word which follows. 3. R sometimes lengthens the vowels which pre- cede it. Compare for instance : bad and bar bed ,, her bid stir nod ,, nor bud ,, fur (bsed, baar) (bed, hoer) (bid, stoer) (nod, nor) (bced, foer) It is only in unaccented syllables that we meet with a short vowel before final r, and that vowel is always the same, namely a, whatever may be written in our ordinary spelling, e.g. in pillar, centre, silver, sailor, honour, pleasure, martyr. 4. R produces Diphthongs and Triphthongs. On referring to the table on p. 55, it will be seen that r produces the four diphthongs ea, ia, oa, ua, besides eya and owa which are very rare, and three triphthongs, aia, ana, uya, besides the rare triphthong oia, all ending with the vowel a, as in villa. 5. These Diphthongs and Triphthongs remain when R disappears, as may be seen by the exx. in the table. The a which preceded the r is even more distinctly heard in fears, moors, fires (fiaz, muaz, faiaz), where the r is silent, than in fearing, mooring, firing. 6. The "a" is often a separate syllable, though not commonly reckoned as such. Sere is as truly a dissyllable as seer. Compare also the following exx. : rear and freer hour and shower poor doer flour flower hire higher pure ewer lyre liar cure skewer. 7. e and 6 are not always changed into ea, oa by R following them, so they are put last in the table as 58 English Synthesis. requiring more explanation. But the four vowels ey, iy, ow, uw and the four diphthongs ai, au, oi, yu, never have r immediately after them. The sound a as in " villa " is always inserted before r. This rule is never broken in accented syllables, but in un- accented syllables there are some rare exceptions. See air and yur on pp. 28, 29. In these cases the r belongs to the syllable which follows, and so is disconnected from the preced- ing ai or yu. 8. English people often think they hear IS when it is silent. Many fancy that they hear it in such words as fierce, fears, moors (fias, fiaz, muaz), when what they really hear is the sound a as in villa. And, as Prof. Skeat has re- marked, some even think that they hear it in barn pronounced like the German Bahn (baan), and in arms and lord, when they sound exactly like alms and laud (aamz, lod). But in such cases the r only serves to indicate that we pronounce the long vowels aa and o instead of the short vowels ee and o as in am and odd (sem, od). 9. This occasions many mistakes in French and German. For (1) Englishmen often fancy that they pro- nounce r when they really neglect to do so, and (2) they have a bad habit of inserting a, either before it or as a substitute for it, pronouncing French dire and pour just like English dear and poor, and so on. These are the principal points to be observed, but it may be useful to note some further details. ia, ua. The diphthongs ia and na, as in peer, poor, are not longer than the vowels iy and uw, from which they are derived, the first element being shorter than iy or uw. But in sound these first elements resemble the long vowels iy and uw in peel and pool rather than the short i and u in pit and put, being much closer than these. The length of the last element is variable, being shorter w r hen followed by the sound of r, as in peerage, poorest, than when the r is silent. When the r is heard, this a can hardly be reckoned as a separate syllable. In some words ia has a tendency to change into yoe, that is, the stress is transferred to the second element, which is R in Combination with the Vowels. 59 lengthened, whilst the first is so shortened as to become a consonant. Ear is often, and year almost always, pronounced exactly like year in yearn (yoen), except that the final r is liable to be trilled when a vowel follows, and it is only by a special effort that any one can pronounce year as yiar. And in like manner here, near, dear are often pronounced hyoer, nyoer, dyoer. There is also in ua a tendency to become 6, as in your, generally pronounced yor, and rhyming with for. Compare also Bournemouth and Eastbourne, pronounced by some Buan- mauth and lystbuan, and by others Bdnmath and lystbon. And it is not unusual to hear shor and sholi for sure and surely, though this pronunciation is not to be recommended. aia, ana, yua. In these also the final a is decidedly shortened when r follows, as in fiery, flowering, purest (faiari, flauaring, pyuarist). They are not the sounds generally represented by e and o, as in pet and pot. But just as in representing the diphthongs in peer and poor, we found it convenient to use the symbols ia and ua rather than iya and uwa, so for the sounds in bear and boar it is convenient to use ea and oa instead of ea and oa. But the connexion between the sounds in wering and wear, hdri and hoar must not be forgotten. ea, oa. In these the first sounds are e and o as \nfairy and Paul, but shortened. In ea and oa the second element, a, is short and less distinct than at the close of ia, ua, aia, uua, yuar, so that it cannot be reckoned as a separate syllable. The use of these diphthongs varies very much in the speech of different people ; and also in the mouth of the same person the diphthongs ea, oa are liable to be reduced to e and 6 re- spectively when the word in which they occur is inflected, or ven when its position in the sentence is changed, so that they are very perplexing. The following rules apply to my pro- nunciation, but are not of universal application. ea is distinctly heard when no r is sounded after it, but it is reduced to e when the r is sounded on account of a vowel following in the same or in the next word, or at least the 60 English SynfTiesis. second part of the diphthong so nearly disappears as to be practically unnoticeable. So if we did not aim at a fixed spell- ing for each word we ought for 6ear, stare, etc., to write bea, stea and so on, when such words are at the end of a sentence, or followed by a consonant in the next word, e.g. in " a black bear," " to stare wildly," and ber, ster when the next word begins with a vowel, as in "bear it," "do not stare at him." But it seems most convenient to write bear, stear, etc., in every case. When these words ending in -ear, or, to speak more exactly, in -ea or -er, are inflected, they follow the same rule, and we have er before a vowel and ea before a consonant ; so we pro- nounce and write er in bearing, staring (bering, stering), and ea in bears, stares (beaz, steaz). It is a curious fact that in the word girl a sound is often heard inter- mediate between ea and oe. The dictionaries give oe, making it rhyme with pearl, and that is the pronunciation I myself aim at, but my friends tell me I really pronounce it differently, something like ea in pear. And certainly this intermediate sound is the prevailing one amongst cultivated people, whilst some of them definitely pronounce it ea, as if it wore spelt gairl. oa is not so often heard as ea, being noticeable only when such a word as roar, store is at the end of a sentence, in which case the r of course disappears. So in / heard the lion roar, Give me some more, Shut the door, we hear roa, moa, doa. But if such words are followed by another word, or inflected, the a disappears ; and if it is a vowel that follows, we hear or, as in Give me some more ink (mor), roaring, storing (roring, storing), or if a consonant, simply d, as in Give me some more pens (mo) roared, stored (rod, stod). All such words as roar, store, door, pour have therefore in reality three different forms, according to position, ending in oa when final, in or when followed by a vowel, and in 6 when followed by a consonant, though it is convenient to use for them the fixed spellings roar, stoar, doar, poar. As the different forms of the words we write with the endings ear and oar are difficult to remember, it may be convenient to arrange some of them in a tabular form, to show more clearly R in Combination with the Vowels. 61 how the pronunciation is affected by their position in the sen- tence. Before a vowel. Before a consonant. Final. bear ber bea bea pear per pea pea wear wer wea wea boar bor bo boa hoar hor ho hoa soar sor so soa Examples. Bear up (ber). Bear no malice (bea). More than I can bear (bea). The wild boar is fierce (bor). The boar was killed (bo). He caught a wild boar (boa). Or in weak words and syllables. In the weak words or, nor, for, your, and in the unaccented final syllables of therefore, icherefore, lessor, vendor, guarantor we have the ending or, before a vowel and o in other cases, but oa is seldom or never heard, and we spell them all with or, thus: 6r, ndr,for, ydr, dhearfdr and so on. Eya, owa, oia. Although ey and ow are among the com- monest vowels in our language, all these combinations are extremely rare. For before r it is much easier to pronounce the corresponding open vowels e and 6. And the combinations eyr, owr are unknown in English, it being still more difficult to pass from ey or ow to r without inserting a. Great care must therefore be taken in pronouncing such German words as schicer, Ohr, (1) to avoid the open vowels heard in bear and. boar, and (2) not to insert a after ey and ow. It used to distress my excellent German mistress Frau Flohr very much, that her pupils would persist in pronouncing her name just like the English word "floor." Varieties of Pronunciation in words spelt with r. It may be well to show how the alphabet used here can be employed to represent some varieties of pronunciation in words spelt with r. To represent correctly some pronunciations which are frequently heard, it would be necessary to use : 1. aa instead of aa in such words as jarred, stars, barn, far (jaad, 62 English Synthesis. staaz, baan, faar) to indicate that the sound heard is a diphthong ending with the a in villa. To write r before a consonant would be misleading, as the consonant r is not heard, but only a vowel glide. 2. oar instead of er wherever I write er, i.e. in such words as fairy, bearing, staring (feary, bearing, stearing), Avhere a vowel follows the r, to indicate that a diphthong is heard and not a simple vowel. 3. oa instead of 6 in words spelt with or followed by a consonant, such as cord, north (koad. noath), etc., to show that the simple vowel is changed into a diphthong. 4. owar instead of oar in more, door (mowar, dowar) etc., to indicate that in such words there is the half-closed vowel of pole, and not the open vowel of Paul. DOUBLED SOUNDS. These are not very frequent, though doubled letters are very common in our ordinary spelling, but several consonants and the short vowel i are sometimes doubled. Examples of tt, dd, kk. mill. nn. 11, ss, ii. kowtteyl immyuar sowlli heddres unnesisari howlli bukkeys unnown missteytmaut bukkiyping inneyt pitiing kseriing In the case of doubled i, what is done is to give a sudden increase of force to the vowel, which marks the beginning of a new syllable. But when explosive consonants are doubled it should be noticed that the first consonant differs from the second. The organs of speech take the right position for the formation of the consonant, whatever it may be, and the re- opening of the passage through the mouth is delayed a little, but the opening or explosion is not made twice over. The first consonant is heard in the act of closing and the second in the act of opening. When a liquid or a continuant is doubled, the sound is pro- longed, and an increase of force is given to indicate the beginning of a new syllable. In the case of continuants it is not easy to make the increase of force heard, and this proves somewhat inconvenient for ladies whose names happen to begin with S, Inflections. 63 unless they have a well-known name like Smith. Servants attempting to announce such a name as Miss Soames or Miss Sprigg generally call it Mis Oictnz or Mis Prig, and the only safeguard against this is to make a pause after Miss when giving them the name. CONSONANTS COMBINED. Combinations of Consonants. Itnplosive and ex- plosive Consonants. It is not only doubled consonants which are liable to be modified in the manner just described, for whenever two consonants which are ordinarily explosive come together, these is only one explosion, the first consonant being heard only in the act of shutting the breath passage, whilst the second is heard in the act of opening. In such cases, though both consonants may be called stops, or shut consonants, it is only the second that is explosive. The first is said to be implosive. Observe how the consonants are formed in such words as "sefci," "lo/tf," " roe&rZ," " be^rcZ," for instance. There is no explosion for the k, p, b and g in these cases. Shut consonants followed by a liquid are modified in a similar way, the vocal organs being placed in the right position for the liquid before the explosion takes place. Examples : Braiin', beyfcn', INFLECTIONS. The real character of English inflections is often disguised by our spelling. For instance, the termination t in looked is written ed, though it is really the same as the t in slept. And there are also vowel changes which do not appear in written English. We find, for example, that the present and past tenses of the verb to read are written alike, although pronounced respectively riyd and red. It may therefore be convenient, without giving a complete" view of the inflections of English, to show those which are not clear in our ordinary spelling. The terminations t, d, id, s, z, iz. These endings to verbs and nouns are written in our ordinary spelling as t, d, ed, s, ce, es, as in the following examples: 64 English Synthesis. felt hoped moved added t = t d = t d = d M! id hopes pence pens dresses ce = 8 8 = Z es = iz The rules governing the use of these terminations are that (1) After a hard consonant we use a hard consonant, either 4 or s, as the case may be. (2) After a soft consonant or & vowel we use a soft consonant, either d or z. And the exceptions are these : (1) After a liquid we sometimes use t, and in the word pence we use s after the liquid n, although all our liquids are soft. (2) After consonants which cannot conveniently be combined with d or z because of their similarity to them, we retain the vowel i, making the terminations id and iz. The consonants which cannot be combined with d are the point stops t and d, and those which cannot be combined with z are the point continuants or sibilants s, z, sh, zh, and the composite consonants, ending in sibilants, ch=t, sh, and j =d, zh. Examples of endings t, d, id, s, z, iz : After hard After soft After After After t, d, and consonants. consonants. vowels. liquids. sibilants. dropt robd pleyd dremt spotid nokt begd friyd sind dredid poeft livd flowd loent dresiz goetht beydhd vyuwd boent myuziz drest myuzd fsensid longd pushiz pusht ruwzhd folo'd sweld ruwzhiz fecht ejd pleyz dwelt fechiz drops robz friyz driymz ejiz spots dredz flowz penz noks begz vyuwz pens posfs livz fsensiz singz goeths beydhz folo'z telz The word haus makes the plural hauziz, changing s into z before the termination iz. Note particularly that after the liquids m, n, 1 in the follow- Inflections. Ing words we should pronounce t, though they are often written with ed : bocnt, loent, dremt, divelt, spilt, spelt, spoilt. But in the Biblical phrase " they spoiled the Egyptians," where the mean- ing is " they took spoils from," we pronounce spoild. Change of th to dh. The plural of substantives and the 3rd person of verbs ending in th are very frequently formed by changing th to dh and adding z, just as f is often changed to v in similar cases, e.g. in loaf, loaves, thief, thieves (lowf, lowvz. fhiyf, thiyvz). After a short vowel or a consonant the th is retained, as in breaths, deaths, months, tenths, healths, "but after a long vowel the change generally takes place, as in these examples : owth owdhz paath paadhz kloth klodhz baaih baadhz shiyth shiydhz wriyth riydhz Changes of Vowels. The following changes of vowels are not apparent in ordinary spelling : mauth maudhz yuth yudhz truwth truwdhz child woman pence say do read eat dream lean leap mean hear can shall do children women sixpence chaild wuman pens se y duw childran wimin sikspans sez > se( i doez riyd paslieme and part, red does read eat, ate dreamed leaned leaped meant heard can't shan't don't There is no change of vowel in the plural gentlemen, nor in. plurals formed from names of nations ending in a sibilant, such as Englishmen, Frenchmen, Welshmen, which are pronounced just like the singular. i. r. F iyt driym liyn liyp miyn hiar ksen shsel duw et dremt lent lept ment hoed kaant shaant downt 06 English Synthesis. The past tense of ask (aask) is pronounced aast, the k being dropped. Note that there is a distinction in sound, though not in spelling, between the following verbs and the corresponding adjectives : Past tenxe and part, of verb. Adjcctinc. aged yj ( l. e yji'l learned loent loenid cursed knest koesid blessed blest blesid beloved biloevd bilobvid And used, past tense and part, of to use, is pronounced yuzd r whilst used = accustomed is pronounced yust. The form yust is probably due to assimilation, for nsed = accustomed is always followed by to. But when used, past tense or part, of use, is followed by t, as in " I used two- brushes," " It has been used to-day," the pronunciation ynzd is- retained. ACCENT. In English the accented syllables are strongly emphasized r whilst the unaccented ones are pronounced indistinctly, so that students of Trench, where every syllable, unless elided, is heard n longer than kcvt. Dividing the vowels into long, half-long, and short, they may be classified thus : Quantity. 71 Long. All so-called long vowels and diphthongs, when they are accented and either final or followed by a soft consonant. Exx: faa(r) feyl blow taim foe(r) h'yl bluw laud Half-Long. (1) All so-called long vowels and diphthongs, when followed by a hard consonant. Examples : kaat feyt bowt lait hoet fiyt buwt aut . (2) All so-called short vowels, when followed by a soft consonant. Examples : seen lifed fed hil rod meed kteb hen pig dol Short. All so-called short vowels, when followed by a hard consonant. Examples: koet peet pet pit pot keep mcep pek stif dros For further details, see the chapter on quantity in Dr. Sweet's Primer of Spoken English. It is important to notice the influence of hard and soft consonants on the quantity of the vowels which precede them, because English people are apt to introduce this habit of altering the length of the vowels into the German language, where their length is not affecteel by the consonant which follows. Prof. Vietor frequently calls attention to this mistake in his book on 'German Pronunciation. The following arrangement may be a help in remembering the rules for quantity. Long. Half-long. Short. I kaa(r) "^ ' ( kaad kaat =2 Short k;en kset *" " ' (. pleyel pleyt 1 Short led let ( flow (L flowd flowt rod rot 72 English Synthesis. SYLLABLE DIVISION. Speech is not, as some persons imagine, divided into words; by means of pauses, or in any such way as will enable the ear to perceive the division. Common phrases, such as " at all events," are often mistaken by children for single words, until they have been seen in writing. Indeed it is now generally recognised that the true unit of speech is the sentence, and not the word, whether we regard speech phonetically, or as the expression of thought, or go back to the history of its origin. This theory was first propounded by Waitz, and there is a very- interesting exposition of it in Sayce's Science of language, vol. i. 85-87, 110-132. Breath Groups. Regarded phonetically, speech consists of breath groups, and these again are composed of syllables-. The breath group, which is usually a whole sentence, and oc- casionally only a part of one, is easily recognised, as it consists of all the sounds uttered without pausing to take breath ; but the limits of the syllable are not always very clearly defined. Intensity of Sound. The grouping of sounds in syllables: depends upon the relative intensity of the sounds, that is, on their being more or less easily heard. And their intensity de- pends partly on the fact that some sounds are naturally more sonorous than others, and partly on the force of expiration used in tittering them. Intensity due to particular Sounds. In such a word! as solid, the division into syllables is due to the difference in the qualities of the sounds employed. The two vowels are more sonorous than either of the three consonants, and each vowel forms the nucleus of a syllable, the intermediate consonant 1 belonging to neither syllable in particular. Intensity due to Effort of Speaker. But if we study the syllable division of such words and phrases as pitiin(/ r inissteytmant, koj>i it, Mis 8mith, we find that a new syllable may be begiin, without any change of sound, by merely giving; a fresh impulse of force to the sounds i and s. Syllable Division. These then are the two facts upon which S}dlable division depends; and wherever there is a marked! Syllable Division. 73 increase of intensity, due either to the character of the sound uttered, or to the force of utterance, we have a new syllable. Syllables without "Vowels. Syllables can be formed without any vowel, for some consonants are much more sonorous than others. We can hear such sounds as sh and the com- bination pst very distinctly; and in English, as we have already observed, a prolonged m, n or 1 can form a syllable without the aid of any vowel, as in schism, reasons, troubled (sizm',, riyzn'z, troebl'd). Worl Division. The division of syllables is generally, but not always, made to correspond with the word division. Dr. Sweet observes that we distinguish a name and a try from an aim and at Rye by the syllable division, that is, by making the stress begin on the first sound of the second word. Other- wise the phrases would sound exactly alike. He shows also- how in some cases the word and syllable division do not corre- spond, e.g. in " not at ul" where the syllable division is "a-tol,'" a new stress beginning on the t cf at. Rules for Syllable Division. In English these are as follows : When a single consonant occurs between two vowels. (1) If the preceding vowel is accented, as in solid, riypar r u-eyting, the consonant belongs equally to the syllables before and after, so that we may divide the word as best suits our convenience. And it seems most convenient to join the con- sonant to the preceding vowel for two reasons ; first, because all the short accented vowels are difficult to pronounce without a vowel following them, so that the easiest division is fuen-i, raib-it, med-o', vil-a, sol-id, icul-in, and so on ; and secondly, because by this means we can often separate a termination from the word to which it has been appended, as infol-ing, stoicn-i r pleys-iz. (2) But if the preceding vowel is unaccented, the consonant belongs to the syllable which follows, thus : ri-lent, pro'-siyd y a-tend, lceb-a-ra-ta-ri. Between two weak vowels, however, a feeling of derivation sometimes overrides this rule, and in such a word as punishes the sh may be joined to the preceding syllable, or connected 74 English Synthesis. with it and the syllable that follows, but it is impossible to say pcenl-shar ; so we divide thus: pcen-ish-ar. When tico or more consonants occur between tivo voiccls. (1) If the preceding vowel is short and accented, one or more consonants must close the syllable, for the short accented vowels never occur in open syllables. So we divide thus : troth-liny, mcet-ras, vcs-paz, sik-li, _pro laundress. Dont, hunt, haanch, laanch, gaantlit, laandris. (3) o or o. Often, costing, soften, malt, salt, falter, paltry. 6fn', kosting, sofn', molt, solt, foltar, poltri. (4) aa or aa. Parse, anus, carves. (Cp. ^;ss, alms, calves^ and for the diphthong aa, see pp. Gl f.) Paaz, aamz, kaavz. Variable Words. 77 (5) oa or 6. Lord, sort, stork. (Cp. laud, sought, stalk.) Lod, sot, stok. (6) owa, oa, or 6. Wore, pour, icorn, jjoured, boarder. Woar, poar, won, pod, bodar. See pp. 59-62. (7) yu or uw. Lute, lucent, luminous, salute. Lyut, lyusant, lyuminas, salyut. Unaccented Vowel Sounds. (8) 6 or o. Austerity, auxiliary, already. Osteriti, ogzilyari, dlredi. (9) i or a. Satirize, heresy. Sset/raiz, her /si. (10) ai or i. Civilization, authorization, equalization. Sivilnuzeyshan, otharou'zeyshan, iykwalouzeyshan. Consonants. (11) ty or ch. Nature, fortune, question, furniture, for- feiture, investiture, fustian, celestial. Neyc/iar, foc/zan, kwesc/jan, foenicfiar, fofic/jar, investic/jar, foesfo/an, silesfyal. (12) dyorj. Cordial, guardian, educate. Kodf/al, gaacZyan, erfyukeyt. (13) sy or sh. Issue, sensual iayu, sens/iwal. (14) zy or zh. Casual, visual kxzhyw&l, vizywal. (15) ch or sh. Bench, milch, venture benc/j, mils/i, ven- o/iar. (1C) j or zh. Fringe, bulge frinj, boslj. We come next to the second class of variable words, namely, those which vary in the speech of the same person, (1) ac- cording to their connexion in the sentence, or (2) on different occasions, i.e. as he may be (a) speaking rapidly and familiarly, or (b) speaking slowly and distinctly in addressing a large num- ber of people, or (c) singing. The pronunciation of singers will not be discussed here, but the words which vary in speaking are so numerous and occur so frequently that they require to be considered in detail. Nearly all these variable words may be arranged in four groups, thus : 78 English 1. Words ending in r. 2. Weak words, i.e. those which may occupy a subordinate place in the sentence and so have no accent. 3. Words where the weak syllables vary. 4. Words which may have a syllable more or less. A few words such as again (age3'n, agen) do not fall under any of the preceding groups. Words ending in r. We have already seen that atf words ending in r have two forms, the r not being heard iinless a vowel follows in the next word, and that in words which have the diphthongs ea and oa the a sometimes disappears, pp. v. 7, 13-15. Weak %VorI.i. A variation in one of these' weak words, namely, an, is recognised in our ordinary spelling, for we write a or an according as a consonant or a vowel follows in the next word ; but the variations which we do not thus indicate are very numerous indeed. For where words occup\' a subordinate place in a sentence and consequently have no accent, clear vowels generally become obscure, or they disappear altogether, and consonants are very often dropped. And, as a rule, this is not due to slovenly speaking, but is a necessity of the case. To pronounce such words always in their emphatic forms would be very strange and unnatural, and quite contrary to the genius of our language. In fact no Englishman could do it, however carefully he might aim at correctness and precision in his speech. For example, the word and has four forms, used \)y every- body, and all recognised in the Oxford Dictionary. When we make a pause after it, we pronounce it (1) a>nd, to rhyme with hand (bsend), but the two forms most frequently used are (2) and, like and in husband (huzband), (3) an, like an in organ fugan); as in " pen and ink" (and), "go and see' 1 (an), whilst in some familiar phrases, as in "bread and butter.'' it is invari- ably weakened to (4) n\ The d need not disappear before every consonant, but only before those with which it could not combine at the beginning of a word. We can use the form and in ' : strong and well," <}>. "dwell," "cold and raw.'' cp. "draw," anl so on, but in Weak Words, 79' familiar speech no one adheres to this rule, and even in public reading and speaking one may often hear the d dropped before a vowel. And again, the has two forms, recognised by singers, though not distinguished in ordinary spelling. Before a vowel it is e perform poefom ,, pafoin surprise eastern withered soepraiz ,, iystoen ,. widhoed ,, sapraiz iystan widhad o forgive forget f"giv foget . ,, fagiv faget ekses eksept ikses iksept Weak Syllables. 81 isenshal kaindnis kauntlis separit vaialit yestadi holidi ksendidet or kaendidit sedvo'ket sedvo'kit olwez olwiz paadn' foln' maashl' praektikl' yusfl' pleyfl' byutifT wcendafl'i In most of these words, and in others which resemble them, the clear pronunciation of the unaccented vowels is very rare, and is hardly ever heard except in slow public reading or speak- ing. The doubtful vowels in initial syllables are scarcely ever pronounced clearly except when the words in which they occur stand at the beginning of a sentence, after a pause. As regards the exx. of e, it should be remembered that unaccented i is often intermediate between e and i, and the attempt to pronounce e in unaccented syllables generally results in this intermediate sound, clear unaccented e, as in insect, being very rare. It is noticeable that when we compare dissyllables whose first syllable is unaccented and variable with corresponding forms having more than two syllables, we generally find that, in these longer forms, the vowel of the first syllable is always I. P. G essential esenshal or kindness kaindnes ,, countless kauntles ,, separate (adj.) separet ,, violet vaialet ey yesterday yestadey holiday holidey candidate ksendideyt ,, advocate sedvo'keyt always olweyz an pardon paadan ,, fallen folan al marshal maashal ,, practical prsektikal ul useful yusful playful pleyful beautiful byutiful ,, wonderfully woendafuli ,, 82 English Synthesis. obscure. We sometimes, though very rarely, pronounce admit, konftiem, poefom, foge"t, ekstfs, but we always say admishan, kanfoeming, pafdmans, fagetful, ikst'siv, and so on. Words which may have a Syllable more or less. It is surprising how numerous these words are. In estimating the number of syllables in a word, the spelling rather than the sound is generally taken for a guide, but in speaking the real number of syllables is often more or less than the conventional reckoning. It frequently depends on the position of the word or the rhythm of the sentence. In poetry we find a few of these variations indicated by the spelling, e.g. ' and 's for it and is, when they are not to be pronounced as separate syllables, and ev'n, falln 1 , know'st, seest, for even, fallen, knowest, seest. In writing verse, some confusion arises from the artificial reckoning of syllables according to spelling rather than accord- ing to sound. For instance, hour and fire have as much claim to be called dissyllables as power and higher, and it is quite according to rule to make hour rhyme with power, and fire with higher, and so on. But when such words are not at the end of a line, a distinction is made between them, and hour and fire are invariably treated as monosyllables. So too chasm may not be reckoned as two syllables, though it is really pronounced so, just as distinctly as heaven. Variable words having a syllable more or less may be classed as follows : 1. Weak words, which may be reduced to consonants and cease to be syllables. See above, pp. 78-80. 2. Words ending in iar, uar, aiar, auar, or yuar, as : sere ) hire ) . -,-.,- r siar , . , t haiar a } nauar seer ) higher ) poor puar dire ) . pure pyuar brewer bruar dyer / c newer nyuar The rule for these is that they are pronounced as two syllables, unless they happen to be followed \)y a vowel in the next word, causing the r to be trilled ; in which case the a often ceases to be a syllable, and is reduced to a mere vowel- A Syllable More or Less. S3 glide. In " the hour of trial," " the power of steam," hour and power can be pronounced as monosyllables, but in " this very hour," "power to resist," or in the plural forms hours, powers, they must be pronounced as dissyllables. 3. Words in which n% 1' or ar is followed by an unaccented vowel, such as : n* lessening lesn'ing or lesning prisoner prizn'ar priznar 1' traveller trsevl'ar trsevlar ar memory memari memri ,, wandering wondaring wondring revarans revrans It will be seen by these examples that n' may be .reduced to n, 1' to I, and ar to r. This uncertainty as to the use of ar or r gives rise to the common mistakes laibarari, ffenari, wmbare'la, for laibrari, Henri, osmbr^la. 4. Words where in like manner 1, u, o' or yu is followed by an unaccented vowel, and may be reduced thus : i to y, u to w, o' to w, and yu to yw. Exx. : 1 suppliant soepli'ant or soeplyant glorious glori'as gloryas period piari'ad ,, piaryad ,, lovelier loevli'ar loevlyar u influence influ'ans inflwans o' following folo'ing folwing yu individual individyual ,, individywal ,, tempestuous tempestyuas ,, tempestywas ,, casuistry ksezyuistri ,, kaezywistri It must however be acknowledged, as regards this last class of words, that some readers of poetry would retain the full number of syllables, in spite of the metre. It is an open question whether we are to consider that a syllable is elided, or that the poet has chosen to vary his metre by occasionally introducing a superfluous syllable. It is unquestionable that the best poets do at times deliberately introduce extra syllables, so the reader is free to follow his own taste in this matter. We often find in poetry that words ending in syllabic n j are written thus : giv'n, ev'n j and the is written th' as if to indicate that a 84 English Synthesis. syllable is to be elided. But in prose we should never drop these syllables, nor does it seem possible to do so in poetry, except in those instances where n happens to be followed by a vowel in the next word, where we could reduce it to n. SPELLING OF VARIABLE WORDS. The rules followed in this work as to the spelling of variable words are these : 1. Words variously pronounced by different people are spelt in accordance with my own pronunciation. 2. Words pronounced differently by the same persons under different circumstances have a fixed spelling, a. Words ending in r have the r always written. b. Weak words are written in their emphatic forms. c. Words in which the weak syllables vary, or where there may be a syllable more or less, are written to represent the colloquial usage of a careful speaker. 3. In the selections of poetry, the rule of having a fixed spelling for variable words has been set aside where it was requisite to do so, in order to indicate the number of syllables required by the rhythm. In these cases, and in a few instances when the pronuncia- tion seems doubtful, alternative forms are given at the foot of the page. Exceptions to the above rules : 1. Words beginning with wh and those ending with oar are not spelt as I usually pronounce them. My pronunciation of such words is variable, and I seldom pronounce wh and oar, generally substituting w and or, so that token is = wen, and oar is = or, except where the words containing them are specially emphasized. But the forms in wh and oar have been used throughout. 2. The following words are written in their weak forms: a is written a an ,, an and ,, and the ,, dhi or dha that rcl. or conj. ,, dhat to unstressed tu Spelling of Variable Words. 85 The demonstrative that is written dhcet. It is convenient to be able to distinguish dhat and dhcet in such sentences as, 1 believe that that (dhat dhcet) is true. And to, when stressed, as in to and fro, is written tuw, like the words too and two. These spellings should also be noted : or is icritten or oar, ore are written oar nor nor the Nore Noar for for four, fore foar your yor yore yoar The longer forms of or, nor and for (oa, noa, foa) are occa- sionally heard when speakers pause upon these words, but this is quite exceptional, as for seldom, and or and nor never, are found at the end of a sentence. These long forms never occur in my own pronunciation. V. LOAN WORDS USED IN ENGLISH. The right pronunciation of loan words from French and other languages is a very perplexing question. Many of them are pronounced in various ways, and it is by no means easy to decide what pronunciation should be recommended, and whether those who are able to pronounce the language from which they are borrowed should use a foreign or an anglicized pronuncia- tion. On the whole, it seems best to anglicize them, as far as custom will permit, for many foreign words, especially French ones, require a great effort to pronounce them in the foreign fashion when they occur in the middle of an English sentence, even on the part of those who know them well, and they must be miserably mispronounced by the average Englishman. Moreover the French pronunciation of a French word, in such a position, far from being appreciated by Frenchmen, is particu- larly offensive to them. There are, however, a few foreign sounds which all should try to learn, and which can be very easily acquired in child- hood. For instance, the use of English ong as in song, in the Fr. bonbon, bdton, etc., is not tolerated amongst well educated people, who are expected to know the French nasal vowel on. SPECIAL SYMBOLS REQUIRED. The minimum number of foreign sounds for which fresh symbols are required seems to be nine, as follows : Fr. Germ. Fr. Germ. a as in patte Mann an as in pan x. as in ac/i o peu schon in pin $ ,, ic/i ii ,, pu Kwhn on ,, pont eun un 86 The Most Necessary Foreign Sounds. 87 a serves for two sounds which are not identical, short Fr. a in "patte," and short German a in "Mann." aa is used to represent (1) the Fr. a in " pdte," (2) the long Fr. a in "menage," and (3) the long Germ, ah in "la/iin." a is used for the short vowels (1) e in Fr. " le" and (2) e in Germ. " Gabe." oe represents French eu in u pewr." ny is used for French gn in " vignette." Generally speaking, the length of the Fr. vowel is not indi- cated. When we have in English pairs of narrow and wide vowels, such as those in gat e, get (ey, e), feet , fit (iy, i), fool, full (uw, u), the symbol for the long narrow vowel is more suitable for the corresponding short narrow vowel in French than the symbols e, i, u would be, because these would mis- lead the English people by suggesting that the vowels ought to be wide, and more open than they really are. So ey, iy and uw are used for the vowels in " etc"," " fan," " towt." Many English people fail to pronounce the French nasal vowel a??, and use on instead, as in encore, carte blanche, pro- nounced by them "onkor," "kartblonsh." It is not necessary to provide symbols for the German glottal stop, nor for the French voiceless liquids. In the following list, final r is put in brackets in words which are thoroughly anglicized, to show that it is silent unless a vowel follows in the next word. When r is not bracketed, it should be trilled, though it requires some effort to do so when it is final, or followed by a consonant, as in abattoir, abatwaar. aperpu, apersu. belles lettres, bel letr. arpeggio, arpejyo'. THE MOST NECESSARY FOREIGN SOUNDS. Hints for learning the most necessary foreign Sounds. The formation of the sounds represented by these nine symbols is explained in the French and German sections of this book. But as it is a considerable undertaking to learn all these foreign sounds, it may be worth while to note that some occur much more frequently, and are much more necessary 88 Loan Words used in English. than others. There are only three foreign sounds which occur very frequently, namely a, an, and on, and one tolerably often, namely ii, making four in all. And as already observed, most English people pronounce an and on alike, making them both equal on. This seems the more excusable, as I am informed, on the authority of M. Passy, that young children in Paris are doing the same, and it seems likely that the next generation of Parisians will drop an altogether. This leaves then practically a minimum of three foreign sounds to be learnt a, on and ii. Concerning a I may observe that, although we have many more French than German loan words, the German a in Mann is decidedly easier than the French a in patte, which is inter- mediate between the English sounds in father and man, and this German sound also serves to represent a in Italian much better than the French patte vowel. So it is best for those who cannot hope to master both vowels to content themselves with the German short a. It is not at all difficult to acquire this sound. All that is necessary is to shorten the vowel in father. It is a curious fact that this short German a may be heard in two genuine English words in the mouths of children in the middle and lower classes, namely in Mamma and Papa, where they introduce it into both syllables, wrongly accenting the first of them. They ought to pronounce Mamaa, Papaa, but they actually do pronounce Mdmd, Papa. The three most necessary foreign sounds are explained further on in this volume as follows : a, Fr. " patte," p. 127 ; Germ. "Mann," p. 151; on, Fr. "on," pp. 131f.; ii, Fr. "pw," pp. 129f. For the remaining foreign sounds the references are: o, Fr. "peu," pp. 129f.; an, Fr. "pan"; en, Fr. "pn"; and eun, Fr. "MM," pp. 131f.; x, Germ. " acft," and 9, Germ, "ic/z," p. 147. LIST OF LOAN WORDS. abandon, ab'a?idon. abatis, ab'atiy. abattoir, ab'atwaar. abbe, abey. ab initio, seb inishio'. accelerando, sekselirsendo'. a, patte, Mann, u, pew, schon. ii, pw, kw/tn. an, pan. List of Loan Words. 89 acciacatura, achakatuwra. accolade, seko'leyd, ako'l'ad. accoucheur, akushoer. accoucheuse, akushoez. adagio, adaajyo'. ad hominem, sed hominem. adieu, adyu. ai infinitum, sed infinaitam. ad interim, sed intarim. ad libitum, sed libitam. ad nauseam, sed nosisem. ad valorem, sed valorem. segis, iyjis. aegrotat, igrowtset. 2Eneid, Iniyid, lyniid. a fortiori, ey foshi'orai. agape, segapi. agio, sej'io', eyjio'. Agnus Dei, segnas diyai, agnuws deyiy. aide-de-camp, eydaka?*. aiguille, eygwiyl. a la carte, a la kart. a la mode, selamowd, alamowd. alcalde, alk-aldey. al fresco, alfresko'. alga, pi. algae, selga, seljiy. alguazil, selgwazil. alibi, selibai. allegretto, aleygreto'. allegro, aleygro'. al segno, al seynyo'. alto, alto', selto'. alto-rilievo, alto' or selto' riliyvo'. amateur, 8ematyua(r), some- times amatoer, sematoer or sematyua(r). Ameer, amia(r). amende honorable, amdnd on- oraabl. amour, anma(r). amour-propre, amuwr propr. amphora, semfara. anabasis, ansebasis. anacoluthon, senako'lyuthan. ancien regime, ansyen rey- zhiym. andante, and'antey, send'senti. anglice, senglisi. Anno Domini, seno' Dominai. ante meridiem, senti miridyem. a outrance, a uwtra?is. aper^u, ap'ersu. aphasia, afeyzya. Aphrodite, ^Efro'daiti. a piacere, a piyach'erey. aplomb, apldn. aposiopesis, sepo'saio'piysis. a posteriori, ey postiari'6rai,-ri. applique, apHykey. appogiatura, apojatuwra. appui, apwiy. a priori, ey prai'orai. apropos, apropow. arc-boutant, aarbuwta?i. Areopagus, ^Eriopagas. arfete, ar'et. argot, argo'. Aries, Eriiyz. armada, aaraeyda. arpeggio, arpejyo'. en, pin. on, pont. cun, un. x, ac/i. y, ic/i. 90 Loan Words used in English. arras, seras. arriere-pensee, aryer pansey. arrondissement, arrfndiysmem. artiste, artiyst. asafcetida, eesafetida. Ate, eyti. atelier, atelyey. atoll, atol, setol. attache, atashey. auberge, owberzh. au courant, ow kura. au fait, ow fey. au fond, ow fon. au naturel, ow naturel. au revoir, ow ravwaar. auto-da-fe, oto'dafey. avalanche, sevalaansh. avant-courier, avaant, or avsen- kuri'a(r). ave, eyvi. ayah, aaya. Baal, Beyal. baboo, baabu. Bacchas, Bsekas. bacillus, basilas. bacterium, bsektiari'am. badinage, badiynaazh, bsedinej. bagatelle, bsegatel. bakshish, bsekshiysh. ballade, balad. ballet, baley. bambino, bambiyno'. banquette, banket, barege, barej'zh. bas bleu, baa blu. bashi-bazouk, bcesliibaztiwk. basso-rilievo, baso-riliyvo'. basta, basta. Bastille, Bastiyl. bateau, bato'. baton, baaton, bsetan. battue, batti. bavardage, bavardaazh. bdellium, delyam. beau garcon, bow garson. beau-ideal, bowaidial. beau-monde, bo'mdnd. bel- esprit, bel espriy. belles-lettres, bel letr. benedicite, benidaisiti. ben trovato, ben tro'vaato'. bergfall, berkfal, boegfol. bete noire, beyt nwaar. betise, beytiyz. bezique, beyziyk. bienseance, byenseyans. bienveillance, byenveylyns. biga, baiga. bijou, biyzhu. bijouterie, biyzhuwtariy. billet-doux, bileydiiw. bizarre, bizaar. bizarrerie, bizaarariy. bise, biyz blague, blag. blancmange, blamaanzh, bla- monzh. blase, blazey. blonde, blond. Boanerges, Bowan'oejiyz. bodega, bo'diygn. Boer, Bua(r). patte, Mann, o, pen, schon. ii, pu, kt't/jn. a, pan. List of Loan Words. 91 bolus, bow las. bolero, bo'lero'. bona fide, bowna faidi. bon-bon, bon bon. bonbonniere, bonbonyea(r). bon Chretien, bo?i-kreyty?i. bonhomie, bonomiy. bon mot, bon mow, pi. mowz. bonne, bon. bonne bouche, bon buwsh. bon-ton, bon ton. bon vivant, bon viyvan. bon voyage, bon vwayaazh, bon voiaazh. Bootes, Bo'owtiyz. boudoir, buwdwaar. bougie, buwzhiy. boulevard, bulvaar. bouleversement, bulversmcm, bulvoesmant. bouquet, bukey. bourgeois, burzhwa (but when meaning a size of printing type, pronounced " boejois.") bourgeoisie, burzhwaziy. Bourse, Burs, Buas. bouts-rimes, buw riymey. bravura, bravuwra. bric-a-brac, brikabrsek. brochure, broshiir. Brumaire, Brumer. brunette, brunet, briinet. brusque, briisk. brusquely, briiskli. brusqueness, brtisknis. brusquerie, brtiskariy. buffet, biifey, a refreshment bar. buffet, boefit, a sideboard or a cupboard, bureau, byuaro', byurow, and when an office is meant, sometimes " bvirow." caballero, kabalyero'. cabaret, kabarey. cabbala, ksebala. cabriolet, kabrio'ley. cache, kash. cachet, kashey. cachucha, kachuwcha. cacique, kasiyk. cacoethes, kseko'iythiz. cadenza, kadentsa. cadi, kaadiy, keydi. cadre, kadr. cafe, kafey. caftan, kaftaan, kseftan. caisson, keysan. camera obscura, ksemera ob- skyiiara. camaraderie, kamaraadariy. Campagna, (the) Kampaanya. campanile, kampaniyley. Canaan, Keynan. canaille, kanaay. canard, kanaar. kanaad. canon, kaenyan. cantabile, kantaabiyley. cantata, kantaata. cantatrice, kantatriychey. cap-a-pie, ksepapiy. capriccio, kapricho'. In, pt?i. on, pont. cun, un. x, ac/i. ^, ich. 92 Loan Words used in English. capriccioso, kaprichowzo'. carafe, karaaf. carbonari, karbo'naariy. carillon, kariylyon. carmagnole, karmanyol. carte-blanche, kart blansh. carte-de-visite, kart da viyziy t. caryatid, pi. -ides, kseri'setid, -idiyz. casino, kasiyno'. catalogue raisonne, katalog reyzoney. catena, katiyna. Cithedra, kathiydra, ksethidra. cause celebre, kowz seleybr. causeuse, kowzoez. cavass, kavses. cavatina, kavatiyna, kseva- tiyna. centime, sanHym. cerise, seriyz. chaise-longue, sheyz Icmg. chalet, shaley. chamois, shamwaa ; when lea- ther is meant, " shsemi." chaperon, shseparown, -on. char-a-banc, sharaba?i. chargfe d'affaires, sharzhey daf'er. charivari, shariyvaariy. chasse, shasey. chasseur, shasoer. chateau, shaato'. chatelaine, shataleyn. chef, shef. chef d'ceuvre, sheydoevr. chemise, shimiyz. chemisette, shemizet. chenille, shiniyl. cheval-glass, shaval glaas. chevaux de frise, shevo' da friyz. chevrette, shevret. chiaroscuro, kyaaro'skuwro'. chiffon, shiyfoji. chiffonier, shifania(r). chignon, shinyo?z. cicala, sikaaia. cicerone, chiycheyrowney, sisarowni. cicisbeism, chichisbiyizm'. cicisbeo, chichisbeyo'. ci-devant, siydavaii. cinquecento, chingkwichento'. clairvoyance, klervwaya?is, kleavoians. claque, klak. claqueur, klseka(r). clientele, kliyantel, klaiantel. cloture, klowtiir. cobra de capello, kowbra da kapelo'. cognac, konysek. cognoscenti, kono'shentiy. collaborateur, kol'abo'ratoer, or spelt collaborator, kal'aeba- reyta(r). colporteur, kolportoer. comme il faut, kom iy fow. commode, kamowd. communique, kom'uniykey. complaisant, komplezaant. patte, Mann, ii, peii, schon. ii, pw, kii/m. an, pan. List of Loan Words. 93 compte rendu, kont ra?zdu. con amore, kon amorey. concierge, kcwsyerzh. concordat, kankodset. condottieri, kondotyeriy. confrere, ko?ifrer. conge d'elire, kowzhey d eyliyr. connoisseur, koneys6er. contre-temps, kontratan. conversazione, konvassetsi6wm. coquette, koket. cordon, kordon. corps diplomatique, kor diy- plowm'atiyk. corsage, korsaazh. cortege, korteyzh. corvee, korvey. costumier, kostyumya(r). coterie, kowtariy. cotillon, ko'tilyan. couchant, kauchant. couleur de rose, kuloer da rowz. coup de grace, kuw da graas. coup de main, kuw da m&n. coup de soleil, kuw da soley. coup d'etat, kuw d eyt'a. coup d'oeil, kuw d oey. coupe, kuwpey. coupon, kuwpoji. coute que coute, kuw r t ka kuwt. crayon, kreyan. creche, kreysh. crescendo, kreshendo'. cretin, kriytin. crevasse, krivses. crochet, krowshey. croquet, krowkey. cui bono, kai bowno'. cuisine, kwiziyn. cuisse, kwiys. cul-de-sac, kill da sak. Culturkampf, kultuwrkampf. cure, kiirey. Czar, Zaa(r). Czarina, Zaariyna. Czarewitch, -owitz, Zaaravich, -vits. Czech, Chek. dais, deyis. dauseuse, dansoez. Dauphin, dofin. debonair, debanea(r). debris, debriy. debut, deybu. debutant, -ante, debutaw, -ant, dejeuner a la fourchette, dey- zhoeney a la fuwrshet. dementi, deymcwtiy. denoument, deynuwmaw. de novo, da nowvo'. depot, depo'. da rigueur, da riygoer. deshabille, desabiyl. detour, detua(r). de trop, da trow. devoir, devwaar. dies non, daiiyz non. Dieu et mon droit, Dyo ey mou drwaa. dilettante, dilit'senti. distrait, diystrey. divan, divsen. on, pont. eun, un. x, acA. ^, ich. 94 Loan Words used in English. Dives, Daiviyz. doctrinaire, doktrinea(r). dolce far niente, dolchey faar nientey. donna, dona. douane, duwaan. double entendre, duwbl' an- tdndr. douceur, duwsoer. eau de Cologne, ow da Kalown. eau-de-vie, ow da viy. ecarte, eyk'artey. eclaircissement, eykl'ersiys- man. eclat, eykl'a. edelweiss, eydalvais. edition de luxe, eydiysyon da liiks. Effendi, Efendiy. Eiffel, aifl'. Eisteddfodd, aistefod. elan, eylan. elite, eyliyt. eloge, eylowzh. embarras de richesse, amb'ara da riyslies. embonpoint, anbowpw&i. embouchure, anbuwshiir. emeute, eymoet, imyut. employe, ajiplvvayey, emploiey. empressement, anpresman. en bloc, an blok. encaenia, ensiynya. enceinte, ans'^nt. encore, a?ik'6r. en famille, an famiyl. enfants perdus, anfan perdii. enfant terrible, anfan teriybl. en masse, an mas. ennui, annwiy. en regie, an reygl. en route, an ruwt. ensemble, ans'anbl. entente cordiale, aniant kord- yal. entourage, ant'uwraazh. en tout cas, an tuw ka. entree, ?itrey. entremets, antramey. entre nous, cmtra nuw. envelope, aanvilowp, envilowp. epergne, epoen. esclandre, eskla??dr. escritoire, eskriytwaar. espieglerie, espyeyglariy. espionage, espyonaazh. esprit de corps, espriy da kor. etablissement, eyt'abliysma?i. etagere, etazh'er. etiquette, etiyket. exigeant, -te, egziyzha', -ant. ex-officio, eks ofishyo'. ex parte, eks paati. expose, ekspo'zey. extempore, ekstempari. facade, fasaad. facile princeps, fsesili prinseps. fac.on de parler,faso?i da parley. faience, faiaws. faineant, feyneya?i. fait accompli, feyt a fakir, fgekia(r). patte, Mann, o, pew, schy'n. ii, pw, kw/m. an, pan. List of Loan Words. 95 fantasia, fsenteyzha. fantoccini, fsento'chiyniy. farceur, farsoer. faubourg, fowbuwr. faute de mieux, fowt da myo. fauteuil, fowtoel. faux pas, fow paa. felo de se, felo 1 di siy. femme de chambre, fam da shcmbr. fete, feyt. feu de joie, fo da zhwa. fiacre, fiyakr. fiance, -ee, fiyansey. fiasco, frasko'. fichu, fiyshu. finale, fiynaali. finesse, fiynes. firn, fiyrn. flambeau, flsembo'. flamboyant, flsemboiyant. fleche, fleysh. fleur de lis, floer da liy. forte, fortey. fortissimo, fortiysiymo'. fracas, fraka. franc, frsengk. Frau, Fran. Fraulein, Froilain. gala, gaala. garcon, garson. gasconade, gseskaneyd. gauche, gowsh. gaucherie, gowshariy. Gemini, Jeminai. gendarme, zhandaarm. genre, zhanr. giaour, jaua(r). glace, glasey. glacier, glsesya(r). glacis, glasiy. glissade, gliysaad. goitre, goita(r). gramme, gram, grsem. grande vitesse, grand viytes. groschen, groshan. guillotine, gilyo'tiyn. guipure, giyp'iir. habitue, abiytwey. harem, herem. hauteur, howtoer. haut ton, how ton. Hebe, Hiybi. Herr, Her. hiatus, haieytas. Hinterland, Hintarlant. honi soit qui mal y pense, honiy swa kiy mal iy pans. hors de combat, ho da komba. hotel de ville, owtel da viyl. Huguenots, Hyuganots. hyperbole, haipoebali. ich dien, iy9 diyn. imbroglio, imbrowlyo'. impasse, ejipaas. impromptu, impromptyu. incognito, inkognito 1 . insouciance, e?isuwsiyans. jager, yeygar. jalousie, zhaluwziy. jardiniere, zhardiynyer. je ne sais quoi, zha na sey kwa. pzn. on, pont. eun, un. x, ach. c, ich. 96 Loan Words used in English. jet d'eau, zhey d ow. jeu d'esprit, zho d espriy. journal, zhuwrnal. jujube, zhuwzhuwb. Kaiser, Kaiza(r). khan, kaan. Khedive, Keydiyv. kindergarten, kindagaatn'. kiosk, kiyosk. kirschwasser, kiyrshvasar. kraal, kraal. kreutzer, kroitsar. kyrie, kirii. Koran,K6raan, K.6rsen, K'oran. laissez faire, lesey fer. Lama, Laama. landsturm, landshtuwrm. landwehr, landver. Laocoon, Leyoko'on. lapis lazuli, leypis Isezyulai. lapsus linguae, Isepsaslinggwiy. lares, leriyz. Lateran, Lsetaran. latrine, latriyn. lazzaroni, Isetsarowniy. legerdemain, lejadameyn. levee, levi. lingua franca, linggwa f rsengka. liqueur, liykoer. litterateur, liteyratoer. litre, liyta(r). locale, lo'kal. locum tenens, lowkam tiynenz. Louvre, (the) Luwvr. louvre, (a) luwva(r). Madame, Madam. Mademoiselle, Madmwazel. Madonna, Madona. Magna Charta, Msegna Kaata. maison de sante, meyzon da santey. maitre d'hotel, meytr d owtel. mal a propos, mal a propow. marguerite, margariyt. marionette, mseri'anet. mark (Germ, coin) maak. Marseillaise, Maaselyeyz. massage, masaazh. materiel, materiyel. matinee musicale, matiney miiziykal. mauvaise honte, moveyz ont. mediocre, mediowka(r). meerschaum, miasham. melee, meyley. menage, menaazh. menagerie, men-azhariy. menu, menu, menyu. mesalliance, meyzaliyans. messieurs, mesliaz. metayer, meteyey. metempsychosis, metempsi- kowzis. metre, miyta(r). metronome, metronom. mirabile dictu,mireybili diktyu mirage, miyraazh. mitrailleuse, miytrayoez. modus vivendi, mowdas vai- vendai. moire, mwarey. Monseigneur, Mo?iseyuyoer. a, patte, Mann, o, pew, schon. ii, p?i, kiihn. a?i, pan. List of Loan Words. Monsieur, MiisyiL morceau, morsow* mot, mow. motif, mo'tiyf. muezzin, muwedzin. mufti, moefti. munshi, muwnshiy. nai've, naiyv. naivete, naivtey. nee, ney. neve, neyvey. nirvana, noevaana. nisi, naisai. noblesse oblige, nobles obliyzh. nom de plume, now da pltim. nom de guerre, non da ger, nonchalant, nonshaldn. nonchalance, nonshhldns. nonpareil, nonparel. nous, naus. nous verrons, nuw verow. nouveaux riches, nuwvo' riysh. nuance, niiaws. oasis, oweysis. obbligato, obliygaato'. octroi, oktrwaa. oesophagus, iysofagas. olla podrida, ola podriyda, on dit, on diy. oubliette, nwbliet. outre, uwtrey. pace, peysi. paillasse, pselyas. paletot, peel to'. panacea, pgenasiya. papier-mache, papyey maashey. par excellence, par ekselans. parterre, part'er, paatea(r). parvenu, parvanii. Pasha, Pasha r Pashaa. passe, pasey. passe-partout, pas-partuw. pastille, peestiyL patois, patwa. penchant, panshan. pension, pansy on. perdu, perdu. persiflage, persiyfiaazh. persona grata,poeso wna grey ta. personnel, personal. petite, patiyt. petite culture, patiyt kiilt'tir. pfennig, pfeniyQ. phthisis, thaisis. piano (subst.) pi'ano', pi'seno'. piano (adv.) piaano'. pianoforte, pi'ano'foti. piastre, pi - 8esta(r). piazza, pi'atsa, pi'setsa. piece de resistance, pyeys da reyziystans, pince-nez, p^ws ney. piquant, piykant. pique, piykey. pis aller, piyz aley. plebiscite, plebisiyt. Pleiades, Plaiadiyz. poco curante, powko' kuwr- antey. poignard, ponyad, sometimes spelt " poniard." point d'appui, pun d apwiy. pin. on, pont. eun, un* x, ac/i. ^, ich. i. P. H 98 Loan Words used in English. pongee, ponjiy. porte cochere, port koslrer. portemonnaie, portmoney. portiere, portyer. poste restante, post restant. postmeridiem,powstmiridyem. pour encourager les autres, puwr ankurazhey leyz owtr. pour parler, puwr parley. pour prendre conge, puwr prandr konzkey. precis, preysiy. prefet, prefey. prestige, prestiyzh. preux chevalier, pruw slieva- lia(r). priedieu, priydyo. prima donna, priyma dona, prima facie, praima feyshiy. proces verbal, prosey verbal. promenade, promnaad. pronunciamento, pro'noenshi'a- mento'. pro rata, prow reytey. programme, prowgrgem. protege, proteyzhey. pugaree, poegari. quantite negligeable, kantiy tey neglij'zhabl. quartette, kwotet, quasi, kweysai. quatrefoil, ksetrafoil. queue, ko. qui vive, kiy viyv. quondam, kwondsem. raconteur, rak'ontoer. ragout, raguw. raison d'etre, reyzwi d eytr. Rajah, Raaja. rallentando, ralent'ando'. ranche, raansh. rapprochement, rapr-oshman. rationale, raeshaneyli. rechauffe, reshowfey. razzia, ratsya. recherche, reslrershey. reconnaissance, rikonisans. reconnoitre, rekanoita(r). refrain, rifreyn. regime, reyzhiym. Reichsrath, Raipsraat. Reichstag, Rai^staag. Renaissance, Rineysans. rendezvous, randeyvuw. rentes, ra?it. repertoire, repertwaar. repousse, rapusey. requiem, rekwiem. restaurant, restoraji. resume, reyz'iimey. reveille, reveyey. reverie, revariy. riant, riycm. ricochet, riko'shey. role, rowl. rondeau, rondo', rondel, rondel. roturier, ro'tiiriyey. roue, ruwey. rouge, rtawzh. rouge et noir, ruwzli ey nwaar. roulade, ruwlad. patte, Mann, ii, pew, scho?i. ii, ptt, kilhu. a?2, pan. a List of Loan Words. 99 ruche, rush. ruse, ruz, ruwz. sabot, sabo'. sachet, sashey. saga, seyga. sahib, saaiyb. salaam, salaam. salon, salon. sangfroid, sanfrwa. sans- culottes, san kiilot. sans-facon, saw fason. sans-souci, san suwsiy. Sassenach, Ssesinsek. sauerkraut, sauakraut. sauve qui peut, sowv kiy po. savant, savan. savoir-faire, savwar fer. savoir-vivre, savwar viyvr. scrutin de liste, skriite da liyst. scherzo, skertso'. seance, seya?zs. seigneur, seynyoer. seigneury, siynyari. serviette, servyet. Sevres, Seyvr. sgraffito, grsefito'. sheikh, shiyk. siesta, siyesta. Signor, Siynyor. Signora, Siynyora. Signorina, Siynyoriyna. silhouette, siluet. sine qua non, saini kwey non. sobriquet, sobrikey. soi-disant, swa diyzan. soiree, swaarey.. solidaire, solidea(r). sortie, sortiy. sotto voce, soto' vowchey. sou, suw. souvenir, suwvaniyr. staccato, stakaato'. suave, sxiaav. sub judice, soeb judisi. suite, swiyt. surveillance, soeveylyans. tableau vivant, table' viyvan. table d'hote, taabl' d owt. tapis, tapiy. tazza, tsetsa. technique, tekniyk. terra incognita, tera inkognita. tete-a-t6te, teyt a teyt. thaler, taaler^ tic douloureux, tik duwluruw. timbre, tnbr. tirade, tireyd. toilette, twalet. tour de force, tuwr da fors. tournure r tuwrnur. tout ensemble, tuwt ansdnbl. train de luxe, tren da liiks. trait, trey. tremolo, tremo'lo. trio, triyo'. trisagion, tris'segion. troupe, tiruwp. tulle, till. tu quoque, tyu kwowkwi. turquoise, tiirkwaz, toekoiz. uhlan, uwlan. en, pin. on, po?it. eun, un. x., ac/i. ^, ic/t. 100 Loan Words used in English. ukase, yukeys. Vallauris (ware), Valariy. Valenciennes, valrmsyen. valet, vselit. valet de chanibre, valey da shanbr. valise, valiyz. vaudeville, vowdviyl. vedette, videt. vertu, vertti. verve, verv. vignette, vinyet. vinaigrette, vineygret violoncello, vaialanchelo'. virtuoso, voetyuowzo'. vis a vis, viyz a viy. vise, viyzey. viseed, viyzeyd. vivandiere, viyvandyer. vivat, viyvaa. viva voce, vaiva vowsi. volte face, volt fas. Walhalla, Vselh'sela. zeitg*eist, tsaitgaist. zeitung, tsaitung. zenana, zinaana. zither, zithar. Zollverein, Tsolfarain. zouave, zuwaav. in, pin. on, pont. eun, un. x, ach. ^, ich. a, patte, Mrrnn. o, peit, sclion. ti, pu, kulm. an, pan, VI. HINTS FOR TEACHERS. METHOD RECOMMENDED. The subject of phonetics having as yet been very.' little taught in English schools, the outline of a method which has been found practically useful may not be unacceptable. The imitative faculties are so strong in early childhood that it is desirable to try to give young children a practical mastery of the sounds from the very beginning, before they can be expected to learn much as to the manner of their formation. They ought to have some drill in pronouncing the sounds of English and French in the Kindergarten. Experience shows that little children of six years of age are quite capable of ob- serving some of the most important distinctions in phonetics, e.g. between lip, point and back consonants, between stops and continuants, and between consonants which are voiced and tin- voiced. But it is impossible to teach phonetics systematically without some phonetic notation ; and as, in secondary schools, most children come having already learnt the ordinary spelling at home, it seems difficult to attempt a course of lessons in phonetics before they are tolerably familiar with the ordinary spelling, say at about ten years of age. And meantime the teacher who is acquainted with the subject may do much in teaching them to pronounce clearly and well, and may lay a good foundation for the more systematic teaching which is to follow. In the following suggestions on the teaching of phonetics I assume then that the children are about ten years of age, but it is hoped that they may be useful for older pupils also, as it is not proposed to sketch out a course of lessons in detail, but 101 102 Hints for Teachers. only to give some broad outlines and general instructions which each teacher can adapt to his own class. The first and most important matter will be to teach the English sounds as thoroughly as possible, for when this is done, the formation and classification of French and German sounds will easily be understood. But as it may be taken for granted that the pupils already know a little French, at least as it appears in books, and in any case a few foreign sounds are wanted for the pronunciation of loan words from French and other languages, it will be desirable to teach a few of the most prominent sounds of French and German, in connexion with English phonetics, before beginning a systematic study of the sounds of these languages ; to do so will vary the lessons agree- ably and make them more interesting. The chief things we have to teach are these : 1. English sounds and the ordinary alphabet do not corre- spond. 2. A phonetic English alphabet. 3. A few sounds from French and German. 4. The structure of the vocal organs. 5. Formation and classification of sounds. 6. To read English aloud from phonetic spelling. 7. To analyze English words into their component sounds. It will be convenient to discuss separately the teaching of each of these divisions of the subject, although instruction in several of them may be going on simultaneously. I. Sounds and Symbols do not agree. First show that the sounds of English do not correspond with the 26 letters of our alphabet, and that 1. For some sounds we must use digraphs, e.g. sli, th, ee, oo, as in she, the, peel, pool. 2. For some we have no symbols at all. We cannot dis- tinguish the sounds in Imt and put, this and f/astle, sir and leisure. 3. We often use different symbols for the same sound, as in till, cat, ^ueen, ec7/o. II. The Phonetie Alphabet. It is best to learn this by Method Recommended. 103 degrees, taking a few new sounds in each lesson, and carrying on simultaneously the teaching as to formation and classification of letters, and the combination of the easier sounds in words. Point out the difference between the sounds and their names, showing that the names are generally distinct from the sounds. Be careful to have the names of ng and e well pronounced. See pp. 30, 31, 40. When teaching the vowels and diphthongs, let the list of key-words be learnt first, and then the names of the sounds. The children should finish learning the alphabet before learn- ing the formation and classification of all the sounds, and it will be convenient to teach the names of the short vowels before attempting the long ones. The reasons for this are that (1) whole sentences can be constructed with short vowels only, and (2) that we use no new symbols for the vowels in pet, pit, pot, put. So it is a good plan to teach words having these four vowels as soon as the six stops and three nasals have been learnt. The first spelling lesson contains no sounds besides these, and it might be read in the second lesson of the course. The order suggested is as follows : 1. Stops and Nasals with e, i, o, u Spelling Lesson I. 2. Consonants as far as dh II. 3. All the Consonants ,, ,, III. 4. The Short Vowels ce, ae IV. 5. The Short Unaccented Vowels a, i, o' ,, V., VI. 6. The Long Vowels VII., VIII. 7. The Diphthongs ,, ,, IX., X. The diphthongs might be learnt after the reading lessons have been begun, The teacher will find all the rarer sounds fully illustrated on pp. 11-29. When the children have learnt to analyze ch, j, and the diphthongs into the sounds which compose them, they should, in repeating the alphabet, say : ch = t, sh ai =aa, iy oi =6, iy j = d, zh au = aa, uw yu = y, uw III. The most necessary Sounds in French and 104 Hints for Teachers. German. These are the vowels in patte, pen, pu, the four nasal vowels, and the consonants in ach and icli. Diagram V., on p. xv., will be a help in teaching some of the new vowels. French sounds should also be compared with English when teaching the English diphthongs ia, ua in peer and poor. Compare these diphthongs with the sounds iy and uw as they occur both in English words without r and in French words with r following, thus : peel peer Fr. pire pool poor Fr. pour Pronounced. piyl pia(r) piyr puwl pua(r) puwr IV. Structure of the Vocal Organs. This cannot be explained much more simply than by referring to the diagrams on pp. xiv., xv., and using the explanations on pp. 8-10. V. Formation and Classification of the Sounds. This must be taught in such a way as to lead the children to discover as much as possible by their own observation. Many details which have been mentioned in the previous chapters should be omitted, being intended for the teacher only, who will want to know much more than he is able to impart ; but the order in which the chief facts are there explained has been carefully arranged to assist students in passing from the more obvious distinctions to those which are less noticeable, and more difficult to grasp, and this order might be followed in teaching children. It will certainly be found expedient in teaching to explain consonants before vowels, and the stops first of all. Again, amongst the stops, p and b, in which the action of the lips can so easily be seen, naturally come first. Then the distinction as to place, between lips, point of the tongue and back of the tongue, is easier to make out than that between voiced and unvoiced consonants, so it should be the first distinction noted. Two children of six have been found quite well able, in one lesson of a few minutes, to pronounce the name of ng, and to classify the stops and nasals as lip, point and back consonants, Method Recommended. 105 observing the difference for themselves. The difference between stops and continuants is also very easy to observe, and it might come next in order. Again, though we have observed that it is convenient to teach the names and sounds of the short vowels at a very early stage, we shall find, when the formation and classification of the vowels are to be taught, that it is easier to begin by studying the long vowels, and not those which are short and fleeting. It is a useful exercise to let the children write the consonants down the middle of a sheet of paper, gradually filling in the names which describe them, thus : ENGLISH CONSONANTS. fp Hard) _ . b Soft j Ll P S " t H ) Stops - d S [ Point. k H ) g S [ Back. ( ( m S Lips. ,2 Nasal Jn S Point. I Ing S Back. Side 1 iTrill r S S - Point. wh w H S | Lips. f V H S j Lip-teeth. th H i Point-teeth fill S j Continuants ( H \ z S - Point. sh H 1 zh S j y S Palatal. h H Glottal. ., fch= t, sh. Composite 3 . (j = d, zh. 106 Hints for Teachers. The German consonants in ach and icli might be taught in connexion with the English continuants, the French vowels in patte, pen, pu, immediately after the classification of the five principal vowels, aa, ey, iy, ow, uw, and the nasal vowels when all the long English vowels have been studied. VI. Reading aloud from Phonetic Spelling. This exercise is a very necessary one, and will afford an excellent opportunity for training the children to pronounce clearly and well. But it will be found necessary to recognise some differ- ences between the pronunciation represented in this book and that of the teacher, seeing that no two people pronounce exactly alike, and to tolerate some varieties of pronunciation among the children themselves. We cannot fix upon any standard pronun- ciation which will be universally accepted. There are sevei-al pronunciations of English tolerated amongst educated people, besides those which are condemned as vulgar. The teacher should study the varieties of pronunciation pointed out on pp. 7G-84, as well as the common mistakes to be guarded against on pp. 111-115. Though it has been thought desirable to use fixed forms of spelling for the weak and variable words, it must be remem- bered that this does not accurately show their pronunciation when combined in sentences, and the teacher must not encour- age an unnatural use of the emphatic forms. He should study the list of weak words on pp. 79, 80, and make the children notice some of the weak forms in the course of the reading lessons. It would not be difficult to begin reading a narrative in the very first lesson, deciphering it by the help of an occasional reference to the phonetic alphabet ; but this course is not recommended. The children would not see what was aimed at, or why they should be trotibled with an unaccustomed spelling, unless they had first received a little instruction in phonetics. Before they attempt to read a narrative they should (1) commit to memory all the consonants and vowels (the diph- thongs might be learnt afterwards) ; (2) learn some of the more obvious distinctions between different classes of sounds ; and (3) read some of the spelling lessons at least the first five learning to spell the words aloud. They might begin to read Method Recommended. 107 the first spelling lesson as early as the second lesson of the course. VII. Analysis of Word*. This is a matter of no little difficulty, because in English we pronounce unaccented words and syllables so indistinctly, and some of the sounds are sc short and fleeting that it is difficult to ascertain their real character. Moreover our minds are much confused by our irregular spelling, and it is as difficult to learn to trust the ear in phonetics as to trust the eye in drawing. Just as the beginner in drawing thinks he sees foreshortened lines and spaces nearly as large as those which face him, because he- knows what their size really is, and imagines that a distant hill looks green when it really looks blue or purple, because he knows if it were near he would see it to be covered with green grass and trees, so that he cannot, without long training, learn to trust his sight and draw things as they appear ; so beginners in phonetics, thinking they know words to be pro- nounced according to the spelling, seem unable to trust their ears and to write down what they hear. And even after some training, we are still liable, when we repeat words to see how we pronounce them, to depart from the pronunciation which we use when we are speaking unconsciously. For instance, Dr. Ellis tells of an old lady who stoutly as- serted that she always pronounced lecture as lektyuar, and the very next minute unawares said lekchar, with the same ending as teacher, just like other people. Dr. Sweet too observes that few people realize that they pronounce farther and save her exactly \ikefather and savour. It is a good experiment, if we can find a friend upon whom we may venture to try such ex- periments without endangering our friendship, to ask some one who says this year, changing the s into sh, or adds r to idea in the idea of it, whether he ever pronounces in this fashion, for the reply will undoubtedly be an indignant denial, although most cultivated men and a large proportion of cultivated women pronounce in this manner, and we shall probably soon catch him in the very act he so vehemently repudiated. As therefore the analysis of words is difficult, and that of sentences far more so, it will be sufficient to ask children to 103 Hints for Teacher*. analyse single words. For this purpose they should have much practice in (1) Spelling aloud words pronounced by the teacher. (2) Spelling aloud words seen in phonetic spelling. (3) Writing phonetically from dictation ; and lastly, (4) Transcribing into phonetic spelling words and passages spelt in the ordinary way. This last is difficult, and should be reserved to the end of the course. A series of graduated exercises in it is given at II. 67-75. For the Key, see I. 115-119. How to Spell aloud. The only difficulties here are (1) Syllable division, and (2) How to name the short vowels. Rules for syllable division are given on pp. 72-74 ; but the teacher will not go far wrong if he follows these two simple directions. (1) Aim at a natural division of syllables, according to sound and not according to spelling. Hour, fire, and chasm are dis- syllables in reality, just like power, higher, and season, and should be divided accordingly. (2) When several consonants occur between two vowels they may be divided at pleasure in the way which seems most natural. Short accented vowels, when isolated, are to be called ?t, ait, et, it, ot, ut, because it is difficult to pronounce them alone, but the introduction of the t sound would make a con- fusion in spelling, so the children should take them with the consonant which follows, not breaking up at all such mono- syllables as if, on, and dividing such words as bed, nod into two parts only, thus: b, ed ; 11, od. Short unaccented vowels require to be treated differently, except i in close syllables, that is in syllables ending with a consonant. I may be taken with the consonant following it in such words as in-tend, dis-tress; but in open syllables, where no consonant follows in the same syllable, it must be pronounced alone, e.g. in ni-ss-i-ti, di-pdz-i-ta-ri. The unaccented vowels a and o' are to be called by their names a and short o'. Otherwise, if a were taken with a consonant following, the children would identify it with ce, making the an in organ (ogan) just like en in hunter (hoentar), and if they tried to pronounce an isolated o% or o' with a con- Method Eecommended. 109 sonant following, they would really pronounce ow, making o'z in/bZo'2 like owx \nflowz. The short open unaccented vowels u as in tn^w, infltfans, and ey as in essay (esey), survey (soevey), subst., are so rare, except when u occiirs as part of the diphthong yu (see pp. 53, 54), that it is hardly worth while to make the children call them short u and short ey. It may suffice to call them uw and ey. Miscellaneous Exercises. The teacher will have no difficulty in inventing a variety of exercises to test the chil- dren's knowledge and cultivate their powers of observation. It will interest them, for instance, and be useful also, to give them a list of words in ordinary spelling illustrating the nine values of the letter a (pp. 39 f.) or the four values of the digraph ng (p. 33), and to ask them to write after each word the proper phonetic symbol for a or ng. But it would be a waste of time to attempt to show them all the intricacies of ordinary spelling, as exhibited in the exx. on pp. 11-29. How to teach the Sounds of French and German. It is so easy to explain the sounds of French and German when once a good foundation of English phonetics has been laid, that the teacher will probably find no difficulty in simplifying the French and German sections of this book and adapting them to his class. The cultivation of the ear and the vocal organs to enable the children to distinguish and reproduce correctly the new sounds and combinations of sounds, will no doubt require a good deal of patience, but the work will be wonderfully facilitated by a sound elementary knowledge of phonetics, and what is learnt will be so clearly grasped that it will not easily be forgotten. The other important requirement is that, in the children's first course of lessons in a foreign language, some sort of pho- netic spelling should be used. The particular alphabets used in this work are commended to the teacher's notice as being pecu- liarly easy to read, to write, and to print ; but it is probable that some may prefer to use the international alphabet of the Maltre Plwnetique, or the French alphabet of Franke's Phrases de tons les Jours, as that little book contains such good material for conversation. 110 Hints for Teachers. Teachers who have tried the experiment of using phonetic spelling in this way are unanimous in pronouncing it a far more effectual plan than to begin with ordinary spelling. The child sees how each word should be pronounced, and is saved from those perpetual corrections and fault-findings which are so wearisome and discouraging to beginners. To those who ob- serve that this involves the trouble of learning two things instead of one, M. Passy's reply is that when a man is told to convey a load from one place to another, he does not complain because he has to take a wheelbarrow as well. It may perhaps be useful and instructive to print here the rules which have been adopted by the Phonetic Teachers' Association. PRINCIPES PEDAGOGIQUES DE L' ASSOCIATION PHO- NETIQUE DES PKOFESSEURS DE LANGUES VIV ANTES, Secretaire, M. PAUL PASSY, 6, Rue Labordere, Ncuilly s. Seine. 1. Ce qu'il faut etudier d'abord dans une langue etrangere, ce n'est pas le langage plus ou moins archa'ique de la literature, mais le langage parle de tous les jours. 2. Le premier soin du maitre doit etre de rendre parfaite- ment familiers aux eleves les sons de la langue etrangere. Dans ce but il se servira d'une transcription phonetique, qui sera em- ployee a 1'exclusion de 1'orthographe traditionelle pendant la premiere partie du cours. 3. En second lieu, le maitre fera etudier les phrases et les tournures idiomatiques les plus usuelles de la langue etrangere. Pour cela il fera etudier des textes suivis, dialogues, descriptions et recits, aussi faciles, aussi naturels et aussi interessants que possible. 4. II enseignera d'abord la grammaire inductivement, comme corollaire et generalisation des faits observes pendant la lecture ; une etude plus systernatique sera reservee pour la fin. 5. Autant que possible, il ratachera les expressions de la langue etrangere directement aux idees, ou a d'autres expres- Common Mistakes. Ill sions de la meme langue, non a celles de la langue maternelle. Toutes les fois qu'il le pourra, il remplacera done la traduction par des Ie9ons de choses, des Ie9ons sur des images et des expli- cations donnees dans la langue etrangere. 6. Quand plus tard il donnera aux eleves des devoirs ecrits a faire, ce seront d'abord des reproductions de textes deja lus et expliques, puis de recits faits par lui-meme de vive voix ; en- suite viendront les redactions libres ; les versions et les themes seront gardes pour la fin. COMMON MISTAKES. The varieties of pronunciation among educated English people are so numerous and so perplexing, that it is by no means easy to say what may be tolerated and what must be reckoned as a mistake. In the following list I mention some pronunciations which occur in the most instructive book which has been written on English pronunciation Dr. Sweet's Ele- mentarbuch. But I wish it to be understood that I do not deny that some of these so-called mistakes, e.g., dhi aidiar av it, are extremely common amongst educated Englishmen. I do not presume to lay down any authoritative rule of pronunci- ation, but it may perhaps be useful to point out what I myself should aim at in teaching children to pronounce the English language. Teachers of children are compelled to be dictators. The following list is not meant to include provincialisms or vulgarisms of any sort, but only some slip-shod habits into which well educated people may easily fall unawares. I. Do not introduce final r because the next word begins with a vowel. Avoid : 1. -a changed to -ar, as in " Vikt'ori'ar auar kwiyn," "dhi aidiar ov it," " dha sowfar iz koevad," etc. 2. -6 changed to or, as in " dha lor av dha Lod." 3. -aa changed to -aar, as in " papaar iz gon aut." 4. -o' changed to -ar, as in " dha winclar iz owpn'," " dha felar iz leyzi." II. Do not alter final point consonants because the next word begins with y. Avoid : 1. s changed to sh, as in " dhish yoer," " siksh yoez." This practice is extremely common, even amongst highly educated 112 Hints for Teachers. people. A lady of the name of Alice Young, told me that a, large proportion of her friends called her " ./Elish Yoeng," and many dignitaries of the Church are caught in this pitfall. 2. z changed to zh, as in " sezh yuzhwal," " sezh yet," " 61 dhiyzh yoez," " preyzh yiy dha Lod." The change of z to zh, or to sh, before sh in such phrases as " is she," pronounced " izh " or " ish shiy," seems however to be unavoidable in rapid speech. 3. t, with y following, changed to ch, as in " hi wil miy chuw " (miyt yuw), " laas chiar " (laast yiar), " ey chiaz agow " (eyt yiaz), "down chuw (or " cha ") now " (downt yuw). In "laast yiar" avoid also dropping the t and reducing it to " laash yiar." 4. d, with y following, changed to j, as in " it woz pey jesta- di " (peyd yestadi), " it mey ju heziteyt " (meyd yu). III. Pronounce clearly the endings n, ing, o% o, iti. Avoid : 1. 11 changed to m, after a lip consonant, as in "ilevm' a klok," " givm' oep," "a keep m' sosar." 2. ing changed to in, as in " telin," " givin," etc. 3. o* changed to a, as in "winda," "pila," for " windo'," " pilo'." 4. 6 changed to oa ( = oa), as in u ritn' in dha loa," as if lore were written instead of law. So raw, daic, flaiv must have a pure unaltered vowel, and not end with a vowel glide as roar . door, floor often do. 5. iti changed to ati, as in "yunati," "abilati." IV. Keep ty and dy clear in accented syllables. Avoid : 1. ty changed to ch, as in " opachuwniti " (opatyuniti). 2. dy changed to j, as in " juaring" (dyuaring). Observe that in unaccented syllables the change of ty to ch is often allowed, as in nature, venture, question, and the change of dy to j occa- sionally, as in soldier. V. Pronounce r carefully in unaccented syllables. Avoid : 1. Introducing a before it when it follows a consonant, as in " Henari," " oambarela." 2. Dropping an r or otherwise mispronouncing a word in which r occurs twice, as in laibrari, Febru'ari, tempararili, sekritari, ditiari'arcyt, litarari, laibaratari, mispronounced " laibri," " Febyuari," " temparali," and so on. Common Mistakes. 113 VI. Keep a and i distinct from one another in unaccented syllables, as far as can be done without pedantry. Avoid : 1. i changed to a, as in " Apral," " vizabl'," " herasi," as well as in the ending -iti, already mentioned. 2. a changed to i, as in " mirikl'." Avoid also these miscellaneous mistakes, which are all heard in the speech of educated people : antarctic arctic aye (yes) biography calisthenic catch Christian drama economic God heterogeneous homogeneous I dare say idyll Isaiah just neighbourhood nomenclature panorama philanthropic philosopher presumptuous primer question recognise rheumatism Mispronounced. sentaatik Properly. sentaaktik aatik aaktik ey biyografi kselistenik aai 1 baiografi kaelisthenik kech ksech krishtyan drsema kristyan or krischan draama eko'nomik God iyko'iiomik God hetaro'genyas or hetaro'jenyas howmo'genyas ai desey idil hetaro'jiynyas howmo'jiynyas ai dear sey aidil Aizaia Aizaaia jest neybarud nowmenklachar psenarsema filantropik filosifar jcest neybahud nowmenkleychar psenaraama filanthropik filosafar priz - oemshas prizoemtywas praimar kwesshan primar kweschan or kweshshan rekanaiz ruwmatizam rekagnaiz ruwmatizm' I. p. 1 On the diphthong aai, S3e p. 54. 114 Hints for Teachers. schism sure surely thank Mispronounced. sizim shoar sholi thengk Properly. sizm' shuar shuarli thsengk And, above all, avoid : Faults characteristic of Teachers, that is to say, pedantic efforts to pronounce as we spell. The derivation of the word "pedantic" might in itself serve as a warning against this fault, but it will be useful to give some illustra- tions of what is meant. A well-known teacher of elocution tells me that she thinks she shall be compelled to leave off teaching in girls' schools, because the mistresses require, amongst other things, that she should make the girls pronounce mountain and fountain, with the ending -teyn, like obtain, and several of the mistakes given below are such as none but teachers could, I think, be guilty of, though others are more widely spread. mountain fountain cp. villain chaplain captain curtain often cp. soften associate (sb.) associate (vb.) cp. social musician officiate propitiation conquer cp. exchequer liquor Mispronounced, maun teyn faunteyn oftan or oftan asowsyit asowsieyt pro'pisieyshan kongkwar Properly. mauntin fauntin vilin chseplin kgeptin koetin ofn' or ofn' sofn' or sofn' asowshyit asowshieyt sowshal myuzishan ofishiey t or afishieyt pro'pishieyshan kongkar ekschekar likar Key to the Spelling Lessons. 115 soldier l inspiration recitation cp. admiration resignation respiration England cp. pretty says, said Mispronounced. sbwldyar inspaireyshan riysaiteyskan Engglancl seyz, seyd Properly. sowljar inspireyshan resiteyshan sedmireyshan rezigneyshan respireyslian Inggland priti sez, sed KEY TO THE SPELLING LESSONS. I. ate it on pot kid good big ebb in pet put cod nook bog egg odd pit bed could cook Tom II. men kino- ill if rock rook wet thin fill full pith with thick lock of when then bull fit look wreck rick wen whet them fell deaf give foot wood pull wool III. is this was wash should shook yell his chick hook etch edge rich hedge puss dish yes hiss John which lodge says push yet chin Jem witch push IV up as cup rag dove rash madge ITS ash cap thumb have push gush at buck bud than thus much bush add back bad &ung puss match dull am book rug sang rush judge pull 1 The only words with endings similar to that of soldier, are pro- cedure, verdure, grandeur, and it is best to pronounce -jar in them all ; but as they are not in such common use as soldier, the ending -dyar is 116 Hints for Teachers. amid aback attack among above abash attach amass amiss ahead V. villa dollar Bella miller Anna rudder Hannah collar gunner fuller a an and the before vowel the before consonant that rel. or conj. VI. that demonstrative to two, too a man an ox pen and ink VII. the orange pretend the nuts select putty protect folly window fully follow resist following palm they he pause no who calm obey me port go do barn pale see law so shoe cart pace feel draw bowl rude are eight piece for boat rule far gate machine nor coat boot VIII. burn fairy father repairing recourse tnrn hairy martyr despairing portion dirt Mary regard daisy mowing hurt daring bazaar station motion word wearing return peaceful ruler Persian tearing deserve deceive truthful IX. bide prying how join joying new bite flying now choice cloying few cry house bowing boy duke unique fly mouse allowing joy duty unite allowable. Soldiers themselves cry out that they would rather be called sojaz than son-ldyaz, when some young lady at a penny-reading scrupulously pronounces the word according to the spelling. Key to the Exercises. 117 X. wear there rear door hoar pear hair fears more poor where ear seer roars tours air peer hear soars doer tares tiers oar, ore wore moor dares dear or four, fore wooer cares mere pour for sure rare near tore nor brewer KEY TO THE EXERCISES. EXERCISE I. Bel, eg, in, stif, od, ful, digd, livd, led, ded, piti, meri, sori, Wili, redi, sens, stik, blok, horid, plenti, plentifuli. EXERCISE II. Jon hsed a gud dog. Flori lukt set it. A bseg ful ov wul. A wuli Item. Hiz fut iz wet. Hiz haend iz ful. Ssem left hiz buk. Jim tuk it. Wili iz not stedi. Gfiv him ten minits. EXERCISE III. JEn iz a gad kuk. Henri haez a priti boks. Ten penz. Twenti pens. Fifti buks. Siksti bedz. Meni koks and henz. A boks ov briks. Wili nokt. Jon helpt Tom. Mini hsez bred and egz. Ned spelz wel. Kiti hsez meni frendz. EXERCISE IV. Dha bel woz ringing. yEni woz thingking. Dha hem iz dringking. Mezhar dhis bit ov wud. A mosi bsengk. A hoch- poch. Mfech dhset red wul. Put in a stich. Dringk dha milk. Fseni iz set lezhar. Ned hsez a trezhar. Jon iz veri Eenggri. Tom iz senggling. EXERCISE V. Heyst meyks weyst. Now peynz, now geynz. II wiydz grow apeys. Ikstriymz (or ckstriymz) miyt. Chseriti biginz 118 Hints for Teachers. set howm. Greyt iz dha truwth, and it shgel priveyl. Noen ov dhiyz thingz muwvd him. Dha toeng iz not stiyl, beet it kcets. Trezhaz ov wikidnis (or -ncs) profit noathing. EXERCISE VI. Aamz aar dha solt ov richiz. Truwth mey biy bleymd, boet kaant biy shejond. Hiy dhat sliypith (or -eth} in haavist iz a seen dhat kosith sheym. A soft (or soft} aansar toenith awey roth. 01 hoer paadhz aar piys. Fowond, ioraamd. EXERCISE VII. A stich in taim seyvz nain. If dhan duw il, dha joi feydz, not dha peynz ; if wel, dha peyn doeth feyd, dha joi rimeynz. Dha ppen sez tu dha pot, " Kiyp of, or yu 1 smoech miy." Moe- dar wil ant. Huw nowz noathing, davits noething. AVoan fow iz tnw meni, and a hoendrad frendz tuw fyu. Now kros now kraun. EXERCISE VIII. Ant ov det, aut ov deynjar. A profit hsez now onar in hiz own koentri. Fizishan, hiyl dhaiself. Dha risiyvar z (or -vaz) pez baad sez dha thiyf. A rowling stown gaadhaz now mos. Dhau shselt suwnar ditekt an sent (or aant) muwving in dha daak nait on dha blsek oeth, dhsen 61 dha mowshanz ov praid in dhain haat. EXERCISE IX. , Maen pro'powziz, God dispowziz. Kowlz tu Nyukaasl'. Mis- fochanz nevar kosm siuggl'. Hevn' and oeth fait in veyn agenst (or ayeynst} a doans. Dha rivar paast and God fogotn'. When dha teyl ov briks iz doebl'd, Mowziz koamz. Iz Sol olso' amoang dha profits ? EXERCISE X. Moar heyst woes spiycl. A skoldid dog fiaz kowld wotar. II duaz aar il diymaz. Dhear z (or dhcaz) meni a slip twikst dha keep and dha lip. Dha fiar ov msen bringith (or -ctJi) a snear. A puar mren iz betar dhsen a fuwl. Bifoar onar iz hyumiliti. Key to the Exercises. 119 EXERCISE XI. Dha greyps aar sauar. Nolij iz pauar. A boent chaild dredz dha faiar. It iz not, it iz not, seth dha baiar, boat when hiy iz gon (or gon} hiz wey, dhen hiy bowstith. Dhey woer mseriing and giving in mserij. Tu dha pyuar 61 thingz aar pyuar. Wiy kaunt dhem blesid which indyuar (or endyuar). EXERCISE XII. A hori owld msen. A dering robari. Dha doar woz ajaar. Wild iz poras. Clera wil not ritoen. Meri iz injoiing hoer raid. Mistar Jownz iz imploiing a gaadnar. Hoer mowtivz aar not aperant. Maroko' weaz wel. Sera iz laiing daun. Luwiyza iz oentaiing a not. Dhey aar ristoring dha choech. Class 1. divizhan siveriti obzaveyshan iksp'senshan, p'senshan eksibishan prejudishal insensibiliti dilyuzhan imposibiliti obligeyshan or eks- EXERCISE XIII. Class 2. pro'tekt advaiz parental o'biydyant mo'lest kantinyu abominabl' kansivl Class 3. kondisend ritoen ditoemin igzibit, or egzibit intelijant intimideyt dislaik VII. FRENCH ANALYSIS. The following pages are not an attempt to treat the sounds of the French language very fully, but only to give an easy introduction to the study of French pronunciation, in the hope that students will at least go on to read M. Paul Passy's Sons du Francais and Le Francais ParU, if they have not leisure to attempt any larger treatises on the subject. The pronunciation of the French language presents special difficulties to English people, for French and English are strongly contrasted with one another, not only in their system of sounds, but in their accentuation and intonation. German pronunciation is com- paratively easy. THE CONSONANTS. This is the easiest part of our task. A comparison of the table of French consonants on p. vii. with the English table on p. vi. does indeed show a formidable array of nine new con- sonants, five of which are included in the alphabet on p. iv., but the difficulty is greater in appearance than in reality, as will be seen when these consonants are explained in detail. No logs than five of the symbols in the scheme of French consonants on p. vii., namely, r 2 , V 3 , ', c w, and 'y, can be dis- pensed with in writing, though they are wanted to make the scheme complete, and to enable us to explain the sounds of French. It will be found that the points requiring most attention are the use of unvoiced 1 and r, as in table and autre (tab'l, ot'r), and what is really more difficult, the use of the familiar voiced r in unaccustomed positions. 120 Stops. Liquids. 121 THE STOPS. The French stops, p, b, t, d, k, g, correspond with the English stops. They are formed in the same way, and we use the same symbols to represent them. The usual symbols for k are c and qu } as in cow, qui (kou, ki). There are, however, three points of difference in the formation and sound of the French and English stops, recognised by phoneticians, but not very important for beginners. First, the English hard stops, p, t, k, when they occur before an accented vowel, are pronounced with a forcible expulsion of the breath, so that they may be said to be aspirated, and this is not the case in French. Secondly, according to M. Passy, the French soft stops, b, d, g, differ from English b, d, g in being fully voiced. And thirdly, the French point stops t and d are formed by placing the point of the tongue against the upper teeth (some say the back and some the edge of the teeth), whilst in the English t and d the point of the tongue touches the upper gums. They are therefore decidedly further forward than our point stops. THE LIQUIDS. The Nasals. The French nasals are three in number, m, ii and A. The back nasal (English and German iig), does not exist in French, but we find "a new palatal nasal A, which does not occur in English and German. The Liii-\a*al 1WE is, properly speaking, a voiced con- sonant, but under special circumstances it is liable to become voiceless. It is never syllabic as in English. At the end of a breath group, after a consonant a position in which English m becomes syllabic it is voiceless, and is written thus : '111, as in the words prismc, rhumafisme, pronounced pris'm, ruma- tis'm. Compare English chasm, criticism (ksezm', kritisizm'). On the pronunciation of words like prismc, when not at the end of a breath groiip, see pp. 140-142. The Poiiit-Xasal ] is slightly different from the English n, in that the point of the tongue is placed against the teeth. In this respect it corresponds with the French point-stops d and t. 122 French Analysis. The Palatal-Nasal a. This sound does not occur fre- quently, and like the English and German ii, it is never heard at the beginning of a word. It is formed in the same part of the mouth as y, that is, by the front of the tongue and the hard palate. But the tongue comes into contact with the palate, so that, as in the case of the other nasal consonants, the mouth passage is closed, and the breath is sent through the nose. The nearest approach to it in English is the ny in onion, pinion (oenyan, piny an). M. Passy says that French people have different ways of pronouncing this sound, and that many educated people sound it as iiy, making the last syllable of rtyner like that of panier. But in panier, and wherever n is followed by y, n is not formed in the same place as t and d, but is more or less thrown back, or palatalized. Lt in French, like t, d and n, is formed by placing the point of the tongue against the teeth ; and as in English 1, the sides, or at least one side of the tongue, is left open as a passage for the breath. But the most important point to be observed is the same which has been already noticed in explaining French ni. Voiceless LJ. At the end of a breath group, after a con- sonant, French 1 is always voiceless, and we represent it by '1. This requires special attention, for in the same position English 1 is voiced and syllabic. Compare English table, noble, with French table, noble. Breathed 1 will present no difficulty to those who have mastered the distinction between breathed and voiced sounds. See pp. 31f. On the variations of such words as table, pcuple, under different circumstances, see pp. 140-142. The Welsh breathed 1, written II in Llangolleu, etc., differs from French '1 in having the breath expelled much more forci- bly, so that it may be said to be aspirated, and also in occur- ring sometimes at the beginning of words. It Mouille. This sound is the same as the Italian gl, and is an 1 formed by contact of the tongue and palate, correspond- ing to the palatal-nasal A. It is still heard in the South of France, but has been supersoded in the north by y, and may therefore be omitted from our alphabet. The Liquids. 123 R ami R 2 . The symbol r 2 is used to denote the guttural r which .is used in Paris and is now becoming general in all the large towns of France. It is very different from our English r, being formed further back in the mouth than k and g, by trilling the uvula. But in the country and the smaller towns r is formed as in English, with the point of the tongue, and this pronunciation is not considered faulty. And the Parisian guttural r 2 is not allowed to be used on the stage, or in singing. It is quite unnecessary for English people to learn to pro- nounce r 2 , and indeed it is so difficult for us that the attempt would certainly result in failure. Some forty years ago the Parisian guttural r was thought to be affected, and the servant-maids who were engaged to speak French with us in the nursery were chosen from the dis- trict round Orleans, so that we might learn the purer French of that province. Voiced R. French r, like the other French liquids, is usually voiced, and the French voiced r, when formed with the point of the tongue, is like the English r in rat, tree, etc., but more distinctly trilled. Yet it is perhaps the most troublesome of all the French consonants for English students. For in English this sound never occurs before a consonant, nor is it ever heard at the end of a word, unless the next word begins with a vowel. Moreover, it usually converts the preceding vowel into a diphthong, by introducing the sound a, as in peer, poor (pia(r), pua(r)). See pp. 57f. So English people find it very difficult (1) to pronounce r as a consonant when it is final or followed by another consonant, and (2) to keep long vowels followed by r pure to the end. Although French r is short, and slightly trilled as compared with the r heard in Italian, the best way to learn to pronounce it properly is to begin by practising a long trill, and then to learn to hold the vowels which precede it steady and unchanged passing suddenly from them to the r sound. It will be a useful exercise to learn to distinguish accurately between the English and French words given below, where the difference is only in the treatment of r. 124 French Analysis. English. French. English. French. peer pire rear rire tier tiro sere sire dear dire poor pour leer lyre tour tour Voiceless R. The sound r follows the same rule as ni and 1, becoming voiceless at the end of a breath group after a consonant, as in poudre, maitre (poud'r, met'r). 'JR. is rather more difficult for English people than c l, and needs some prac- tice. It should be pronounced very softly. It is a good exercise to learn to make a long trill without any voice. The sound is very like the purring of a cat. Compare with Fr. "srmt'r," "fib'r," Eng. centre, fibre (senta(r), faiba(r)), where we introduce the obscure vowel a, and do not pronounce the r unless a vowel follows in the next word. On the pronunciation of the above words, when not at the end of a breath group, see pp. 140-142. THE CONTINUANTS. The Front-round Lip-continuant U. This sound is heard in huHe, huit, nuit, lui, etc., and is apt to be confounded by English people with w or on (Eng. uw). They do not dis- tinguish as they ought between lui and Louis (b.d, Lwi), but pronounce them both alike " Iwi " or " loui." The consonant u is derived from the vowel 11, bearing the same relation to it as the consonants w and y do to ou and i (Eng. uw and iy) respectively. See pp. 35, 38. So when the student can pronounce the French u in Im, lu, iiu, etc., he need only try to pronounce this vowel very rapidly and pass quickly to the vowel which follows, and he will not fail to produce the consonant u in buis, lui, nuit, etc. Observe that the action of the lips is the same for w and u, but a different part of the tongue is raised, namely, the back foi w and the front for u. Voiceless U. The lip-continuant u generally ceases to be voiced when it follows a voiceless consonant, as inpuis,fuis (p'wi, fid). But some Frenchmen pronounce u in puis like The Continuants. 125 u in buis, so the distinction is not of much importance, and it is practically unnecessary to write 'u. The Back-round Lip-continuant W. This does not occur in French so frequently as in English, but it is heard in oui, Rouen, bois, voix (wi, Rwcm, bwa, vwa) and many other words. After a voiceless consonant it generally becomes voice- less, as in poids, foi (p'wa, f wa) ; but there is no necessity to use the symbol 'w. It is never so strongly aspirated as the English wh in ichcre. There is some difference between English and French w heard when we carefully compare them, as in French oui and English tve. The distinc- tion appears to be that French w is narrow, whilst English w is wide. The Lip-teeth Continuants F and Y. These are like English f and v, and need no special remark. The Point-Continuants or Sibilants S, Z, CH, JT. All that we need notice here is that in French ch and j stand for the simple sounds which are represented in English by sh and zh, and not for the composite sounds tsh and dzh, for which we use the symbols ch and j. French cliou is like English shoe, and not like chew, and French joue differs in like manner from English Jeic. Many French words, such as je, joue, jeunc, begin with j= English zh, a sound which we use only in the middle of words, as in leisure, treasure, 'measure (lezhar, trezhar, mezhar), etc. The Palatal Continuant Y. This sound very seldom occurs at the beginning of words, and is not often represented by y. The symbols for it are i, i', y, ill and 11, as in Men, viens, mangions, a'ieul, yeux, joyeux, paitte, fille (byen, vy?z, manjyo??, aj-eul, yen, jwayeu, pa:y, fi:y). Though not so difficult as the 1 mouille which it has superseded, see p. viia. 12, it needs attention and practice, because in English we are not accustomed to pronounce it at the end of our words. Y after a hard consonant generally becomes voiceless, fol- lowing the same rule as u and w. It is voiceless, for instance, in pied, cJrien (p'ye, ch'yen), but it is practically unnecessary to use the symbol 'y to represent this sound. c y is nearly the same as the German ch in ich. 126 French Analysis. The Glottal Continuant H. This sound has ceased to be used in Paris and in most parts of France. The so-called aspirated h only denotes that there must be no liaison with the preceding word. But this produces an awkward hiatus, quite contrary to the genius of the French language, e.g. in en haut (an o), and M. Passy recommends the retention of the h, as in the French of Normandy. I myself was taught to sound it in my childhood by bonnes who were supposed to pronounce better than the Parisians, but it is probable that most students will prefer to omit it, following the example of the Parisians and of the great majority of French people in this respect. THE VOWELS. The French vowel system is very different from ours, as may be seen by a comparison of the schemes on pp. x., xi. ; and nothing is commoner than to hear English people, who can speak French quite fluently, make sad havoc of the vowels. For our short vowels are quite different from theirs, and we have a tendency to turn our long vowels into diphthongs, which is a great obstacle to us in trying to acquire the long vowels of either French or German. In studying the French vowels it is best to begin with the eight normal vowels a, a, e, e, i, o, 6, ou, as in pdte, paitc, pres, ctc,finij homme, drole, tout. THE OPEN VOWELS. A in pate is very like aa in father, but deeper, the tongue being more depressed. It does not occur very frequently, and is represented by ft or , or when combined with w, by oi = wa, exx. : male, jmsser, trois (marl, pase, trwa). It is easily recognised when written d, and it is heard in all those words which end in -ation or -assion (-asyo), and wherever oi is preceded by r, making the sound rwa, exx. : preparation, passion, trois, froid (preparasyon, pasyo??, trwa, frwa). French a is sometimes mistaken for English 6 in Paul, as it resembles it in being more open than English aa, and French pas is pronounced like English pau; but this is a bad fault. The Front Vowels. 127 French a should not be rounded like English. 6, and those who cannot imitate it precisely would do better to substitute for it the English aa in father. A in patte is a mixed open vowel, differing from aa in father in being mixed and not back, and from se in fat in being more open. It is intermediate between the two, and pains should be taken to make it distinct from both of them. It is generally short, as in a, la, patte, madame (a, la, pat, madam), but it may also be long, as in rare, cage (ra:r, ka:j). A is easiest for English people when it is short and followed by a consonant ; and if a difficulty is found in pronouncing final a, as in la mer (la me:r), it is best to practise it a few times with the first consonant of the next word, thus : lam, lam, la me:r. As I have followed M. Paul Passy throughout the French section of this book, it is right to mention that, in calling a in patte a mixed vowel, I have ventured to differ from him. He says that it is a front vowel, and observes, what is no doubt true, and is shown in diagram v. (p. xv.), that in low vowels the difference between front and back is not nearl3' so great as in high vowels. But it appears to me that although his own a may well be described as a front vowel, it is not quite the normal French a, but exceptionally far forward. It seems to my ear to approxi- mate very closely to our English a; in pat, though it is generally ac- knowledged that the normal French a is about midway between, the aa in father and the a; in pat. THE FRONT VOWELS. There are three front vowels in French which are not rounded and may be considered normal sounds, namely, the open e in pres, the close e in in ete, and i as in fini. They correspond, roughly speaking, with English e, ey, iy in fairy, fate, feet. The French, who use their lips in speaking much more than we do, draw back the corners of the mouth and lengthen the opening to form the sound i, and this they do in a less degree for e and e. I in fini. The sound i in French may be long, as in abime, pire, rive (abi:m, pi:r, ri:v), or short, as in fini, vie, lime, gite, vif, triste (fini, vi, Km, jit, vif, trist). Special attention must be paid to the short i, which does not exist in English. For our 128 French Analysis. short i in pit is very different, being a wide vowel, and much more open than the long i. French fini is not at all like Eng- lish finny. Close e in ete never occurs in close syllables and is never long. It is therefore shorter than English ey in fate, they, and it does not end with an i sound like ey, which is almost a diphthong. The nearest approach to it in English is the short- ened ey sometimes met with in unaccented syllables, as in survey (sb.). We meet with e in parler, nez, pied, lie", fai, donna i, gai (parle, ne, pye, bit?, je, done, ge). Open e in pres is nearly the same as e in English fairy (feri), but for all that it is difficult for English people to pro- nounce well. It is long in tete, reve, fer, vert, terrc, frerc, chaise, ncige, reine (te:t, re:v, fe:r, ve:r, te:r fre:r, che:z, ne:j, re:n), and short in tel, bref, herbe, net (tel, bref, herb, net). It is more open than our e in pet, but slightly less open than our e in Mary, fairy. When it is long, there is a difficulty in pronouncing it arising from the English habit of always following it by r or a, generally by a, thus forming the diph- thong ea, as in fairy (feri or feari), tearing (tering or tearing), fares, cares, icears, tears (feaz, keaz, weaz, teaz). We find it hard therefore to pronounce it in any other position. We have to aim at prolonging the first sound in air (ea(r)) without alter- ing it in any way, as this will give us a vowel almost identical with the French long e. THE BACK-ROUND VOWELS. There are in French three back-round vowels, corresponding with the three front vowels e, e, i, namely, open o in liommc, close 6 in di-ole, and ou in tout. The open o is not nearly so open as our o in Paul or o in^otf, but, roughly speaking, French u corresponds with ow in pole, and ou with uw in pool. Here again the French use their lips much more than we do, not only contracting and rounding them, but also projecting them forward considerably for ou, and in a less degree for o and o. Ou in tout. French ou may be long, as in rouge, jour, The Front-round Vowels. 129 amour (rou:j, jou:r, amou:r), or short, as in loup, tousse, gout (lou, tous, gou). When long, it is almost the same as English uw in food, but it is equally close throughout, not getting gradually closer like our uw. Short ou is just as close as long ou, and must not be made like our u in put, pull, etc., which is a wide vowel and much more open. The nearest approach we have to French short ou is our short u in open syllables, e.g. in influence, instrument, into (intu). Close o in drole. English students must be careful not to let this sound become diphthongal, like the English ow in pole. They should also observe that French o is not quite identical with the first element of English ow, though it is not easy to define the difference, which is easier to hear than to imitate. It requires very careful attention and imitation from those who aim at speaking French as well as possible. It is long in rose, chose, trdne, cote (ro:z, cho:z, tro:n, ko:t), and short in mot, saut, tot, cote, aussi, rideau (mo, so, to, kote, osi, rido). Open o in homme. This sound is not very easy. It is long in corps, loge (ko:r, lo:j), and short in trop, sol, robe, album (tro, sol, rob, albom). It differs from English A in Paul and o in pot in two respects. In the first place it is not nearly so open as our open os, which indeed are quite abnormal sounds. So far, it corresponds with the German o in Sonne. But it differs from the English and German sounds in being less clearly and distinctly a back vowel. It seems intermediate between o in Sonne and eu mpeur, and some people regard it as a mixed vowel. THE FRONT-ROUND VOWELS. These vowels are found in German as well as in French, but we do not meet with them in English or in Italian. They may be regarded as abnormal vowels. They are formed, like the ordinary front vowels e, e and i, by the front of the tongue approaching the hard palate, but at the same time the lips are rounded as for the back-round vowels o, o, ou. The French vowels belonging to this series are three in number, corresponding with the two sets of vowels just men- I. P. K 130 French Analysis. tioned, namely, eu, cu and u, as in peur, pen, pu (peu:r, peu, pu). It is best to begin by learning to pronounce u, which is not difficult if we first sound i, and then, without stopping the voice or altering the position of the tongue, bring our lips into the position for ou. In like manner a rounded e will form eu, and a rounded e will become eu, but the sound eu is certainly more difficult than u. The sound of eu is very like our English unrounded oe in burn (boen), though these two vowels differ considerably in their formation. Examples of eu, eu and u : Eu is long in heure, veuve, fleuve, coeur, mil, accue.il (heu:r, veu:v, fleu:v, keu:r, eu:y, akeu:y), and short in seul, jcune, ceuf, cueillir (seul, jeun, euf, keuyir). Eu is long in creuse, neutre, Entente, jeune (kreu:z, neu:t'r, emeu:t, jeu:n), and short in peu, queue, veut, deux (peu, keu, veu, deu). U is long in pur, ruse, stir, eurent (pu:r, ru:z, su:r, u:r), and short in vue, lune, eu, eumes, eiltes (vu, lun, u, urn, ut). THE FOUR NASAL VOWELS. In forming most vowel sounds, the passage of the breath through the nose is stopped by raising the soft palate, so that it issues through the mouth alone. But if, in pronouncing any vowel, the soft palate is lowered, allowing the breath to escape partly by the nose and partly by the mouth, the vowel becomes nasal. There are no nasal vowels in the best English, except in loan- words borrowed from French ; but in French the four vowels a, e, o, eu, are liable to be nasalized, thus forming the four nasal vowels which occur in pan, pin, pont, un, and which in this scheme are represented by an, en, on, eun in italics. One of these symbols, namely en for the sound in pin, will probably seem strange, but it should be remembered that in rien, Men, chien, Amiens, pensum, and many other words, the symbol for it is en. Frenchmen, as well as students of other nations, are apt to fancy that a sound of 11 is heard in these nasal vowels. They are however simple vowel sounds, and it is only when there is a liaison with a following vowel that any consonant is beard. Vowels in Unaccented Syllables. 131 When there is a liaison, add an " n " in ordinary type thus : mon enfant (mown anfan). Examples of the Nasal Vowels. an: an, champ, plante (an, shan, pla?i:t). en :fin, mince, soin, grimper, plaindre, faim, plein, Men, rien, pensum, (fen, men:s, swen, grdnpe, p]n:d'r, fen, p\en, by?i, ryen, p^nsom). on : rond, contc, nom (ron, kon:t, non). eun : un, parfum, jeun (eun, parf ewn, jeun}. When there is a liaison, some speakers denazalise these vowels altogether, and they always lose more or less of their nasality. It may be worth noting that some of the French nasal vowels differ from the oral vowels on which they are based in being more open. En at least is unquestionably more open than e. My own observations led me to conclude that it was the English te nasalized, before I had studied any books on French phonetics, and it still seems to me nearer to this sound than to the French e. But on is hardly as open as o in homme. Perhaps, though pretty nearly on a level with this o, it may really be derived from the closer o in drole. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. There are three vowels which occur only in unaccented syllables and are always short. The most important of these is The Natural "Vowel e in le. E is called the French natural vowel, because when Frenchmen hesitate in speaking and simply let the voice go on without attempting to modify it, this is the sound they utter. It is not quite the same as a in villa which Englishmen use in the same way, the French sound being a little closer and slightly rounded. 1 There is not much difference in sound between French eu and e, but it is convenient to use different symbols for them, because there is this important distinction, that eu may be long and accented, whilst e is always unaccented and short, and is also very often elided. 1 F. Beyer says that it is closer than eu in peur, but not so close as eu in peu, and this appears to me to be correct. 132 French Analysis. Examples of e: je, me, le, de, nc, degrc",faisant,faisons, faisais, (fezan, fezo?i, feze). Two other unaccented Vowels. There are two other vowels occurring in unaccented syllables only, namely one in- termediate between e and e, e.g. in maison, which is not pre- cisely mezon or mezo?i, and another which is between o and 6, e.g. in comment (koman or komaw). There is no need to use special symbols for these sounds. They can be represented by the characters e and o in a work which does not aim at making minute distinctions. These vowels are always short. VIII. FRENCH SYNTHESIS. ACCENT. The French language differs so much from English in the use of accent, i.e. stress or emphasis, that English students who have only paid attention to the pronunciation of particular words, and not to the accentuation of whole sentences, can only speak a miserable sort of English-French, totally different from the French language in the month of a native. Who has not heard English people say " Parlez-vous francais ? " or"C6mment- vous portez-vous ? " with a strong accent on the first syllable of the pi'incipal words, bringing these out in sharp contrast to the remaining syllables, utterly regardless of French habits of accentuation ? The first point to be observed with regard to accent in French is that there is no such well-marked contrast between accented and unaccented syllables as we find in English and in German. Dr. Abbott in his Hints on Home Teaching goes so far as to say that there is equal stress on all the syllables ; and although this is an exaggeration, it must be confessed that Frenchmen are not all agreed among themselves as to where the stress should fall. But happily there is not much difference of opinion among the leading phoneticians. Beginners must then be frequently reminded that in French the syllables should be all perfectly clear and distinct, like a row of pearls on a string, not weak and confused, with a few syllables coming into prominence here and there. This remark, which applies to the spoken language, must not, however, be understood to mean that everything which appears as a syllable in the ordinary spelling is to be clearly pronounced as such. In the spoken language the vowel e very frequently disappears, 133 134 French Synthesis. petit is pronounced pti, or if a vowel follows, ptit, and in je ne sais pas the vowel of ne is lost, and so on. And in all such cases the syllable is lost also, for French has no syllabic conso- nants like English, 1% m% n' in " troubZe," "criticism," "open." The French accent laws differ also from the English in these particulars : (a) The syllables which bear the accent or stress are not necessarily the same as those on which the voice is raised to a higher pitch. This has occasioned some difficulty in ascertain- ing where the accent really does fall. (6) The accent, as a general rule, is not logical, that is, it does not serve to distinguish the principal words in the sentence. The rule which governs French accentuation is a very simple one, and soon stated, but it requires great attention on the part of English people to carry it out in practice. It is as follows : Rule for French Accentuation. The accent falls on the last syllable of each sentence or breath-group ; and if the breath-group is a long one, it is broken up, at the discretion of the speaker, into several accent-groups, each one of which ends with an accented syllable. So in the two phrases given above " Roman vou porte vou?" and " Parle vou franse ? " the last syllable of each phrase should have the stress, whilst the other syllables are made as equal as possible. The following sentence, taken from M. Passy's Le Frangais Parld, shows how longer sentences are broken up into accent- groups, the last syllable of each group bearing the accent : " S etet eun om ] de ho:t nesoms, | don 1 ion \ n ete pa move, | me ky ete | korowpu I par la vanite j e par la moles." The most important exception to this rule is that when the last syllable has the vowel e, the accent falls on the preceding syllable. It should be observed also that a logical accent is occasionally used in French as in English, to mark an antithesis. F. Beyer gives as examples, " donncr et pardonner " ; " payina n'est pas le, mais la page en fran9ais." Secondary Accents are met with in words where the final vowel which bears the principal accent is immediately Quantity. 135 preceded by a long vowel. This long vowel then becomes half long, and takes a secondary accent. Exx., baron, bclton, chdteau, passer, raison, and words ending in -asion, -ation, -fission, and -ision. The Accents in Poetry. It is evident that French poetry cannot be scanned like English poetry. Theoretically, there is a fixed number of syllables in each line, but in point of fact these syllables are not all heard, many of the final syllables in e being omitted, though the readers sometimes fancy that they scrupulously pronounce them according to rule. There are different theories as to the principle of rhythm observed in French poetry. M. Passy's theory is that although the number of syllables is variable, there is a fixed number of accent-groups in each line, and the division of the lines into accent-groups is shown in the specimens of poetry in M. Passy's Les Sons du Frangais and Le Frangais Parle. QUANTITY. Here again we are met by the difficulty that phoneticians are not all agreed as to the laws of quantity in the French lan- guage. And certainly the differences of quantity or length, like those of accent, are not so clearly marked in the French language as they are in English and German. Moreover the dialects of French differ as to the length of certain syllables, e.g. the first syllables of beaucoup and comment. It is in accented syllables that the difference between long and short vowels is most apparent, and that there is a general agreement in the uses of the various dialects. As regards quantity, French vowels may be divided into three classes. Class I. Two vowels which are always short : e and e. Class II. Seven vowels: a, 6, eu, an, en, on, eun, which are more frequently long than any others, and may be called long by nature. Note that these consist of the three which, in this scheme, are marked with a circumflex, and the four nasal vowels. Class III. The remaining seven vowels : a, e, i, o, ou, eu, u. 136 French Synthesis. As regards Class I., reasons can be given why e and e are always short, namely that e is always unaccented, and that, although e may have an accent, it never occurs in a position where, by rule, other vowels would be long, that is, not before a final consonant. Three rules concerning quantity apply equally to the vowels in Classes II. and III. First, all final vowels are short, as in t 6t, pas, joue, vie (to, pa, jou, vi). Secondly, vowels in accented syllables, followed by a single final consonant, are long, if that consonant is r or one of the soft continuants. Exx., cave, ruse, cage, travail, soleil, rare, (ka:v, ru:z, ka:j, trava:y, sole:y, ra:r, or ra:r). And thirdly, all vowels are generally long when they occur, followed by a consonant, in the final syllables of words borrowed from foreign languages. Exx. : iris (iri:s), blocus (bloku:s), Minos (Minors). Liaison does not lengthen a vowel, apparently because the consonant is pronounced as though it belonged to the following word : il n'est pas id, (inepa zisi). The vowels in Class II. a, 6, eu, and the nasal vowels when accented and followed by any one or two consonants, are long : cdte, passe, jeune, fonte, pente, pdtre, apotre (ko:t, pa:s, jeu:n, fon:t, pan:t, pa:t'r, apo:t'r). Exceptions in the case of a : froide, froisse, paroisse (frwad, frwas, parwas). Here again vowels are not lengthened by liaison : tant et plus (tan teplus). The vowels in Class III. a, e, i, o, ou, eu, u followed by any consonant other than a soft continuant or r, may be long or short, but they are most frequently short. One only, namely e, may be indifferently long or short in such a position. Exx. : metre (met'r), maitre (me:t'r) ; sainc (sen), Seine (se:n) ; rcnne (ren), reinc (re:n) ; tctte (tet), tete (te:t). It is worth noting also that the vowels in tons (tou:s), botte (bwa:t), serve to distinguish these words from toussc (tous), boitc (bwat). In unaccented syllables, long vowels generally become half long, and as a rule their length can then be left unmarked, but it is worth while to distinguish the half-long vowels in the Intonation. Syllables. 137 participles tirant (ti:ran), couvant (kou:van), from the short ones in the substantives tyran (tiran), convent (kouvan). INTONATION. We have seen that French syllables differ but slightly from one another in accent and quantity. And yet the effect of spoken French is not monotonous, owing to the well-marked modulations of the voice. English students, and those of other nations also, find the French intonation extremely difficult to imitate, so that it is often the one thing wanting to those who, in other respects, pronounce French almost like a native. And unfortunately but little can be done by means of symbols ta. show the rising and falling of the voice. The chief points of contrast to be observed between the English and French systems of modulation are these : (1) In French the voice rises and falls through much larger intervals than in English, producing a greater contrast between the high and low syllables. (2) Whereas in English, sentences which are not interroga- tive fall at the close, French sentences often, and indeed most frequently, rise at the end, even when they are not inter- rogative, in a manner which sounds very strange to English ears. (3) The English rule that accented syllables rise in pitch does not prevail in French, where a syllable may rise without being accented, or be accented without rising. This fact is said to be the explanation of the difference of opinion concerning the accent in French, those syllables which are higher in pitch appearing to be accented when this really is not the case. SYLLABLES. We have seen that in English a consonant may sometimes form the nucleus of a syllable, as in troubles, opened (troebl'z, owpn'd), where 1 and n are syllabic. But in French there are no syllabic consonants, and every syllable must have a vowel. And as there are no diphthongs in French, the rule is that there are as many syllables as there are voicels. 138 French Synthesis. Such combinations as wi, wa, wan, ya, ye, etc., are indeed sometimes reckoned as diphthongs, but the first sound in each of them is generally pronounced as a consonant. M. Passy at least reckons them as such, and lays down the rule that the number of vowels and of syllables is the same. Syllable Division. In French, as many consonants as possible are joined with the vowel that follows, and this rule holds good when final consonants are followed by a vowel in the next word. The syllables are divided quite irrespectively of word division. Exx. : tapis, cadeau, tableau, insensibility, quel dgea-t-il? are divided thus:" ta-pi," " ka-do," " ta-blo," " en- san-si-bi-li-te," " ke-la-ja-til ? " This French habit is very confusing to foreigners, for the words all run into one another, so that it is impossible for the ear to detect where one word ends and another begins. In Eng- lish, on the other hand, a new word almost always begins a new syllable. Open Syllables. It follows from the rule for syllable divi- sion that French syllables are almost always open, that is, they end in a vowel. The vowel e never occurs in close syllables ; so although it is heard in fai (je), it is changed to e in ai-je (ej). The French Academy have recognised this law by altering college, sidgc, in the last edition of their dictionary, to college, siege. LIAISON. As in French open syllables are preferred, and combinations of consonants are avoided, many final consonants which were formerly pronounced, are now silent, unless a vowel follows in the next word. And when such final consonants are sounded, there is said to be a , kw?, tsw) or (shv, kv, tsv). It is not a difficult sound to pronounce, being formed by simply bringing the lips together, without rounding them or raising the back of the tongue, as is done in pronouncing English w. It differs also from English w in bein very often voiceless. Familiar Consonants. 147 The reason for drawing attention to this sound is that it may easily be mistaken for English w, which ought never to be substituted for it. German Q.uell must be distinguished from English quell. It is best to pronounce v (1) wherever w is written, and (2) where u is found in the combination qu. The corresponding voiced sound is used in South Germany,. e.g. in the word Wesen. The Palatal Continuant C, commonly called the ich sound, is quite distinct from the is pronounced p in liebt, "loves," ilblicli, " customary." d stands for t in Jiandlicn, u handy," and g for in rcgsam, " active," and for ch in Wagnis, " perilous enterprise." I. p. 1G1 M 162 Symbolization of German Sounds. But in iibler, " worse," as the 1 belongs to the stem, b is not pronounced p, but b. The rest of the doubtful symbols, 'arranged alphabetical!}^ are : . l. = ts before front vowels, as in Offlcicr. 2.=k in other cases, as in Cognac. ce. 1. = kts before front vowels, as in Accent ( J aktsdnt\ "accent." 2. = k before back vowels, as in Accord, "accord." I'll. !. = after front vowels and consonants, as in ich, " I," soldi, "such," and always in the ending chen, SLsmMamacJien, "dear mamma." Also initial in Chcmic, "chemistry," China, "China/' and some other foreign words. 2. = ch after back vowels, as in etch. 3. =k when followed by radical s*, as in Fuchs, "fox," sechs, " six," etc. Also in Choi; " choir," Chronih; " chronicle " and a few other foreign words. 4. =sli in Chance, "chance," Chef, "principal," and some other words borrowed from French. l. = S, initial, and when beginning the primarily accented syllable in foreign words, as in gut, " good," reyiercn, "reign." 2.=j, medial, 'after front vowels and consonants, as in Siege, "victories," Bcrye, "mountains," regncn, "rain." 3. = q, medial after back vowels, as in Tagc, "days," zogen, " drew." 4. = zh initial and medial in some loan words, as in arran- (/ieren, " arrange," Genie, "genius," "ingenuity." 5. = final after front vowels and consonants, as in Sicg, Berg, regsam, (y.v\\ final, after back vowels, as in Tag, zog, Wagnis. Symbols used for the Consonants. 163 II. Pronounced h, or used as part of a digraph such as ah, eh, sh, th, or of the trigraph sch. I. Stands for j in unaccented syllables in such words as FamiUc (famihlje'), Spanien (shpahnjeri). JT. 1. =j as in ja. 2. = zh in some loan words, e.g. Jalousie, Journal (zhurndhl). 1. = n as in nic, an. 2. = iig before k, as in sinkcn, Dank. 3. In French loan words in an, on, etc., to show that the pre- ceding vowel is nasal. See also under ng. Pronounced as a single sound, iig, as in singen, lang. S. 1. = z, initial before vowels, and medial, as in so, Rose, winslc. 2. s, initial before consonants, and final, as in Skizze, Hals, ist. 3. = sh, initial in the combinations sp and st, and so also when preceded by German prefixes, as in spreclien, stclien, bcsprcclien, verstehcn. T. l.--t, as in Tan, warten, mit. 2. = ts in words originally Latin, before unaccented i fol- lowed by an accented vowel, as in Nation, Patient. Tlf. Always pronounced t. In German words it occurs by trans- position to show that the vowel next to it is long, as in Thai for"Tahl," cp. Zahl. 164 Symbolization of German Sounds. After q pronounced v, or by many persons as a simple lip continuant, see pp. 146f. SYMBOLS USED FOR THE VOWELS. The symbols commonly used to represent the German vowels are shown on p. 149. It will be seen there that the symbols a, a, e, i, o, u, ii, ii, ie, may be used to represent long or short vowels, and that e has three values, namely long eh in schicer, short a in fest, and unaccented e in Gebotc. I propose to give here only the general rules for determining the vahie of these symbols. A full statement of the rules and exceptions will be found in Vietor's Germ. Pronunciation. The symbols a, a, e, i, o, u, ii, ii are used to represent long vowels when they occur (1) in open syllables, that is, when they are not followed by a consonant in the same syllable, and (2) when, in a final syllable, they are followed by one consonant only. In other cases they are short. Exx.: a a e i o 11 ii ii E stands for unaccented e in the unaccented prefixes be and ge, and in the unaccented derivative or inflectional suffixes e, el, em, en, end, er, ern, es, est, et, as in habc, " have," Vogcl, "bird," Atcin, "breath,'' lichen, " love," rasend, "furious," Vater, "father," c.iaern, "iron," alles, " all," Uidct, "suffers." E has the same sound in dcr, dcm, den, dcs, cs, when they are unaccented. Ie stands for short i in riclleicJit, Viertcl, vicrzcJni, vierziy, In other cases it represents long in, as in sic, Liebc. laden (ah) war (ah) warten (a) saen (ah) Bar (ah) Hilnde (a) Rede (eh) schwer (eh) fest (a) Igel (ih) mir (ih) Kiste (i) Rose (oh) Gebot (oh) komm (o) rufen (uh) gut (uh) Mutter (u) ode (oh) schon (oh) Morder (o) miide (uh) fur (uh) Htttte (ii) PART II. BEADING LESSONS AND EXERCISES. i. p. A PHONETIC HEADING BOOK (ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN] WITH Exercises uv LAUEA SOAMES Pontoon SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1891 SPELING LESN'Z. et eb eg I. Nine Consonants icith it on pot kid in pet put kod od pit bed kud II. e, i, o. ii. gud nuk kuk big men bog king Torn gong Consonants to lh. il if rok ruk wet thin fil ful pith widh thik lok ov when dhen bul fit luk rek rik wen whet dhem fel def giv fut wud pul wul III. Remaining Consonants. iz dhis pus sez woz wosh dish push shud shuk yes yet yel hiz his chin chik huk Jon Jim ech rich ej tej which loj wich push IV. Remaining Short Accented Voicels oe, ae. Script Forms (Q d rseg dosv r?esh Msej thoem hsev push goash clhsen dhoes moech bush soeng pus insech doel eeeng roash joaj pul Speling Lesrfz. V. Unaccented Vowels a, and ending ar. nmid absesh vila dolar kcslar absek atsech Bela milar msenar atsek amses ^Ena roedar msetar omoeng amis Hsena goenar meed liar aboev ahed kolar fular sosniar VI. Weak Words. Unaccented i and o'. a dheet dhi orinj pri-tend an tu (to) dha noets si-lekt and tuw (two, too) poeti pro'tekt dhi a msen foli windo' dha an oks full fob' dhat pen and ingk ri-zist folo'ing : VII. Long Voifds aa, ey, iy, o, ow, uw. paam dhey hiy poz now huw kaam o'bey miy pot gow duw baan peyl siy 16 sow shuw kaat peys fiyl dro bowl ruwd aar oyt piys for bowt ruwl faar geyt mashiyn nor kowt buwt VIII. Long Voicels oe, e. boen feri faadhar rip-ering rik'os toen heri maatar disp'ering poshan doet Meri rigaad dcyzi mowing hoet dering bazaar steyshan mowshan woed wering ritoen piysful ruwlar Poesliau tering dizoev disiyv truwthful Fpeling Lesrfz. Diphthongs ai, an, oi, yu. baid praiing hau join joiing nyu bait flaiing nau chois cloiing fyu krai haus bauing boi dyuk yuniyk flai maus alauing joi dyuti yunait X. Diphthongs ea, ia, oa, ua. wear dhear riar doar hoar pear hear fiaz moar puar whear iar siar roaz tuaz ear piar liiar soaz duar teaz tiaz oar (oar, ore) woar muar deaz diar or (or) foar (four, fore) wuar keaz miar poar for (for) shuar rear niar toar nor (nor) bruar RIYDING LESZrZPROWZ. I. DHA FOKS AND DHA GOWT. A Foks hsed folan l intu a wel, and hsed biyn kaasting abaut for a long taim hau hiy shud get aut agen; 2 when set length a Gowt keym tu dha pleys, and wonting tu dringk, aast Renad whedhar dha wotar woz gud, and if dhear woz plenti ov it. Dha Foks, disenabling dha rial deynjar ov hiz keys, riplaid, " Kcem daun, mai f rend ; dha wotar iz sow gud dhat ai ksenot dringk anoef 3 ov it, and sow abcendant dhat it ksenot biy igz'6- stid." Apon dhis dha Gowt, widhaut eni moar aduw, lept in ; when dha Foks, teyking advaantij ov hiz frendz honz, sez nimbli lept aut; and kuwlli rimaakt tn dha puar dilyiidid Gowt, " If yu hsed haaf sez moech breynz sez yu hsev biad, yu wud hsev lukt bifoar yu lept." II. DHA MAIZAR. A Maizar, tu meyk shuar ov hiz propati, sowld 61 dhat hiy hsed and kanvoetid it intu a greyt loemp ov gowld, which hiy hid in a howl in dha graund, and went kantinyuali tu vizit and inspekt it. Dhis rauzd dha kyuariositi ov woen ov hiz woek- man, huw, saspekting dhat dhear woz a trezhar, when hiz maastaz bsek woz toend. went tu dha spot, and stowl it awey. When dha Maizar ritoend, and faund dha pleys emti, hiy wept, and toar hiz hear. Boet a neybar huw so him in dhis ikstrseva- gant griyf, and loent dha koz ov it, sed, "Fret yoself 4 now longgar, boet teyk a stown and put it in dha seym pleys, and thingk dhat it iz yor loamp ov gowld ; for sez yu nevar ment tu yuz it, dha woen wil duw yu sez moech gud sez dhi oedhar." Dha woeth ov moeni iz not in its po'zeshan, 5 boet in its yus. Alternative forms : ' foln'. 2 ageyn. 3 iiroef. 4 yaself. 5 pazeshan. DJia Milar and hiz Soen. 9 III. DHA KOK AND DHA JUWIL. JEz a Kok woz skrseching oep dha stro in a faam-yaad, in soech ov fuwd for dha henz, hiy hit apon a Juwil dhat bai seem chaans hsed faund its wey dhear. " How ! " sed hiy, " yu aar a veri fain thing, now daut, tu dhowz huw praiz yu ; boet giv miy a baali-kon bifoar 61 dha poelz in dha woeld." Dha Kok woz a sensibl' Kok : boet dhear aar meni sili piypl' huw dispaiz whot iz preshas ownli bikoz T dhey ksenot cenda- st'send it. IV. DHA KR^:B AND HOER MCEDHAR. Sed an owld Krseb tu a yoeng woen, " Whai duw yu wok sow krukid, chaild ? wok streyt ! " " Mcedhar," sed dha yoeng krseb, " show miy dha wey, wil yu ? and when ai siy yu teyking a streyt kos, ai wil trai and foloV Igzaampl' 2 iz betar dhsen priysept. V. DHA MILAR, HIZ SCEN, AND DHEAR AAS. A Milar and hiz Soen woor draiving dhear Aas tu a ney- baring fear tu sel him. Dhey hsed not gon 3 faar when dhey met widh a truwp ov goelz ritoening from dha taun, toking and laafing. " Luk dhear ! " kraid woen ov dhem ; " did yu evar siy seech fuwlz, tu biy troejing along dha rowd on fut, when dhey mait biy raiding ! " Dhi owld masn, hiaring dhis, kwai- atli bsed hiz Seen get on dhi Aas, and wokt along merili bai dha said ov him. Prezantli dhey keym cep tu a gruwp ov owld men in oenist dibeyt. "Dhear!" sed ween ov dhem, ' : it pruwvz whot ai woz a-seying. Whot rispekt iz shown tu owld eyj in dhiyz cleyz ? Duw yu siy dhset aidl' yceng rowg raiding, whail hiz owid faadhar hsez tu wok ? Get daun, yu skeyp- Alternative forms : 1 bik'oz. 2 egzaampl'. 3 gon. 10 Riyding Lesn'z Prowz. greys ! and let dhi owld msen rest hiz wiari limz." Apon dhis dha Faadhar meyd hiz Soen dismaunt, and got oep himself. In dhis msenar dhey hsed not pro'siydid faar when dhey met a kcempani ov wimin and childran. " Whai, y\\. leyzi owld felo' ! " kraid sevral tcengz set woens, " hau keen yu raid apon dha biyst, whail dhset puar litl' Ised dhear keen haadli kiyp peys bai dha said ov yu." Dha gud-neychad Milar stud karektid, and imiyjitli tukcep hiz Seen bihaind him. Dhey heed nau olmowst riycht dha taun. " Prey, onist frend," sed a taunzman, " iz dhset Aas yor own?" "Yes," sez dhi owld msen. " Ow ! Woen wud not hsev thot sow," sed dhi oedhar, " bai dha wey yu lowd him. Whai, yu tuw felo'z aar betar eybl' tu kseri dha puar biyst dhsen hiy yu ! " " Enithing tu pliyz yu," sed dhi owld msen ; " wiy keen boet trai." Sow, alaiting widh hiz Sosn, dhey taid dhi Aasiz legz tagedhar, and bai dha help ov a powl indevad tu kseri him on dhear showldaz owvar a brij dhat led tu dha taun. Dhis woz sow entateyning a sait dhat dha piypl' rsen aut in kraudz tu laaf set it ; til dhi Aas, not laiking dha noiz nor hiz sityueyshan, kikt asoendar dha kodz dhat baund him, and, toembling of dha powl, fel intu dha rivar. Apon dhis thi owld msen, vekst and asheymd, meyd dha best ov hiz wey howm ageyn 1 kanvinst dhat bai indevring 2 tu pliyz evribodi hiy ha3d pliyzd nowbadi, and lost hiz Aas intu dha baagin. VI. DHA KCEXTRI MEYD AND HOER MJLK-KJEN. A Koentri Meyd woz woking along widh a ksen ov milk apon hoer hed, when shiy fel intu dha folo'ing streyn ov riflekshanz. " Dha moeni for which ai shsel sel dhis milk wil ineybl' miy tu inkriys mai stok ov egz tu thriy hoendrad. Dhiyz egz, alauing for whot mey pruwv sedl', and whot mey biy distroid bai voemin, wil pro'dyus set liyst tuw hoendrad and fifti chikinz. Dha chikinz wil biy fit tu kseri tu maakit joest set dha taim when powltri iz olwiz 3 diar ; sow dhat bai dha nyu-yoer l ai Alternative forms : l agen. 2 indevaring. 3 olweyz. 4 yiar. Dlia Frogz Aasking for a King. 11 ksenot feyl ov haeving moeni anoef * tu poecliis a nyu gaun. Griyn let miy kansidar yes, griyn bik'oemz mai kamplekshan best, and griyn it shsel biy. In dhis dres ai wil gow tu dha fear, whear 61 dha yoeng felo'z wil straiv tu hsev miy for a paatnar ; boet now ai shsel rifyiiz evri ween ov dbem, and widh a dis- deynful tos 2 toen from dhem." Traansp'otid widh dhis aidia, shiykud not fobear 3 sekting widh hoer hed dha thot dhat dhoes paast in hoer maind ; whendannkeym dha ksen ov milk! and 61 hoer inrsejinari hsepinis vsenisht in a mowmant. VII. DHA FROGZ AASKIXG FOR A KING. In dha deyz ov owld, when dha Frogz woer 61 set libati in dha leyks, and hsed grown kwait wiari ov folo'ing evri woen hiz own divaisiz. dhey asembl'd woen dey tagedhar, and widh now litl' klsemar pitishand Jawpitar tu let dhem haev a King tu kij r p dhem in betar odar, and meyk dhem liyd honistar laivz. Juwpitar novving dha vseniti ov dhear haats, smaild set dhear rikwest, and thruw daun a log intu dha leyk, which bai dha splsesh and kamowshan it meyd, sent dha howl komanwelth intu dha greytist terar and ameyzmant. Dhey rcesht cendar dha wotar and intu dha moad, and dead not koem widhin ten Hyps length ov dha spot whear it ley. JEt length woen Frog, bowldar dhsen dha rest, venchad tu pop hiz hed aboav dha wotar, and teyk a soervey ov dhear nyu King set a rispektful distans. Pre- zantli, when dhey poesiyvd 4 dha log lai stok-stil, oedhaz big'sen tu swim up tu it and araund it, til bai digriyz, growing bowldar and bowldar, dhey set laast lept apon it, and triytid it widh dha greytist kantempt. Dis'setisfaid widh sow teym a ruwlar, dhey fothwith pitishand Juwpitar a sekand taim for anoedhar and moar sektiv King. Apon which hiy sent dhem a stok, huw now suwnar araivd amoeng dhem dhsen hiy big'sen leying howld ov dhem and divauaring dhem woan bai woen sez faast sez hiy kud, and it wo/ in veyn dhat dhey indevad tu iskeyp him. Dhen dhey sent Alternative forms : l in - opf. 2 tos. 3 fabear. 4 pasiyvd. 12 Riyding Lesn'z Proicz. Moekyuri widh a praivit mesij tu Juwpitar, bisiyching him dhat hiy wud teyk piti on dhem woens moar ; boet Juwpitar riplaid dhat dhey woer ownli soefaring dha poenishmant dyu tu dhear foli, and dhat anoedhar taim dhey wud loen tu let wel alown, and not biy dis'setisfaid widh dhear nsecharal kandishan. VIII. DHA KCENTRI MAUS AND DHA TAUN MAUS. Woens apon a taim a Koentri Maus huw heed a frend in taun invaitid him, for owld akweyntans seyk, tu pey him a vizit in dha koentri. Dhi inviteyshan biying sekseptid in dyu fom, dha Koentri Maus, dhow pleyn and reef and soemwhot fruwgal in hiz neychar, owpn'd hiz haat and stoar in onar ov hospitseliti and an owld frend. Dhear woz not a keafuli stod oep mosl' dhat hiy did not bring foth aut ov hiz laadar, piyz and baali, chiyz- peringz and noets, howping bai kwontiti tu meyk rep whot hiy fiad woz wonting in kwoliti, tu syut dha pselat ov hiz deynti gest. Dha Taun Maus, kondisending tu pik a bit hiar and a bit dhear, whail dha howst sset nibling a bleyd ov baali-stro, set length ikskleymd : " Hau iz it, mai gud frend, dhat yu keen indyuar dha doelnis ov dhis oenpolisht laif ? Yu aar living laik a towd in a howl. Yu kaant riali prifoer dhiyz solitari roks and wudz tu striyts tiyming widh kserijiz and men. On mai onar, yu aar weysting yor taim mizarabli hiar. Wiy nicest meyk dha mowst ov laif whail it laasts. A Maus, yu now, dcez not liv for evar. Sow kcem widh miy, and ai 1 1 show yu laif and dha taun." Owvapauad widh seech fain woedz and sow polisht a msenar, dha Koentri Maus aesentid ; 2 and dhey set aut tagedhar on dhear joeni tu taun. It woz leyt in dhi iyvning when dhey krept stelthili intu dha siti, and midnait ear dhey riycht dha greyt haus, whear dha Taun Maus tuk oap hiz kwotaz. Hiar woer kauchiz ov krimzan velvit, kaavingz in aivari ; evrithing in shot dinowtid welth and Icekshari. On dha teybl' woer dha Alternative forms : 1 wil. 2 asentid. DM Aasiz Shcedo 1 . 13 rimeynz ov a splendid bsengkwit, tu pro'kyuar which 61 dha choisisfc shops in dha taun hsed biyn rsenssekt dha dey bifoar. It woz nau dha toen ov dha kotyar tu pley dha howst ; hiy pleysiz hiz koentri frend on poepl', roenz tuw and frow tu saplai 61 hiz wonts, presiz dish apon dish and deynti apon deynti, and, sez dhow hiy woer weyting apon a king, teysts evri kos ear hiy venchaz tu pleys it bifoar hiz rosstik koezn'. Dha Koentri Maus, for hiz paat, afekts tu meyk himself kwait set howm, and blesiz dha gud fochan dhat hsez rot soech a cheynj in hiz wey ov laif ; when, in dha midst of hiz injoimant, sez hiy iz thing- king widh kantempt ov dha puar fear hiy hsez foseykn', 1 on a soedn' dha doar flaiz owpn', and a paati ov revl'az ritoening from a leyt entateynmant, boests intu dha ruwm. Dhi afraitid frendz joemp from dha teybl' in dha greytist konstaneyshan and haid dhemselvz 2 in dha f'oest konar dhey ksen riych. Now suwnar duw dhey venchar tu kriyp aut ageyn 3 dhaen dha baaking ov dogz draivz dhem bsek in stil greytar terar dh?en bifoar. Mi length, when thingz siymd kvvaiat, dha Koentri Maus stowl aut from hiz haiding-pleys, and biding hiz frend gud-bai, whispad in hiz iar, 4 " Ow, mai gud soer, dhis fain mowd ov living mey duw for dhowz huw laik it ; boat giv miy mai baali-bred in piys and sikyuariti bifoar dha deyntiist fiyst whear Fiar and Kear aar in weyting." IX. DHI AASIZ SH^EDO'. A yuth, ween hot soemaz dey, haiad an Aas tu kseri him from yEthinz tu Megara. Mi middey dha hiyt ov dha seen woz sow skoching, dhat hiy dismauntid, and wud hsev sset daun tu ripowz cendar dha shsedo' ov dhi Aas. Beet dha draivar ov dhi Aas dispyutid dha pleys widh him, dikl'ering dhat hiy hsed an iykwal rait tu it widh dhi oedhar. " Whot ! " sed dha yuth, " did ai not haiar dhi Aas for dha howl joeni?" " Yes," sed dhi eedhar, " yu haiad dhi Aas, beet not dhi Aasiz shsedo'." Whail dhey woer dhces raenggling and faiting for dha pleys, dhi Aas tuk tu hiz hiylz and rsen awey. Alternative forms : 1 faseykn'. 2 dhamsclvz. 3 agen. 4 3'oer. 14 Riyding LesvUz Proicz. X. DHA MffiNGKI AND DHA DOLFIX. It woz an owld koestam amoeng seylaz tu kseri abaut widh dhem litl' Moltiyz Isep-dogz, or moengkiz, tu amyuz dhem on dha voyij ; sow it hsepn'd woens apon a taim dhat a msen tuk widh him a Moengki sez a kampsenyan on bod ship. Whail dhey woer of Suwnyam, dha fey mas promantari ov ^Etika, dha ship woz kot in a vaialant stom, and biying kaepsaizd, 61 on bod woer thrown intu dha wo tar, and hsed tu swim for Isend sez best dhey kud. And amoeng dhem woz dha Mcengki. A Dolfin so him stroegling, and teyking him for a msen, went tu hiz asistans and boar him on hiz bsek streyt for shoar. When dhey hsed joest got opazit Pairiyas, dha liaabar ov JEthinz, dha Dolfin aast dha Moengki if hiy woer an Athiynyan ? " Yes," aansad dha Moengki, " ashuaridli, and ov woen ov dha foest fsemiliz in dha pleys." " Dhen ov kos yu now Pairiyas," sed dha Dolfin. " Ow yes," sed dha Moengki, huw thot it woz dha neym ov seem distinggwisht sitizn' ; " hiy iz ween ov mai mowst intimit frendz.'' Indignant set sow grows a disiyt and folsud, dha Dolfin daivd tu dha botam, and left dha laiing Mcengki tu hiz feyt. DHA "VVlXD AND DHA SCEX. A dispyut woens arowz bitwiyn dha Wind and dha Seen, which woz dha stronggar ov dha tuw, and dhey agriyd tu put dha point apon dhis isyu, dhat whichevar suwnist meyd a trsevl'ar teyk Of hiz klowk, shud biy akauntid dha moar paua- ful. Dba Wind big'sen. and bluw widh 61 hiz mait and meyn a blaast, kowld and fias sez a Threyshan stom ; beet dha stronggar hiy bluw dha klowsar dha trsevl'ar rsept hiz klowk araund him, and dha taitar hiy graaspt it widh hiz hsendz. Dhen browk aut dha Seen ; widh hiz welkam biymz hiy dispoest dha veypar and dha kowld : dha trsevl'ar felt dha jiynyal womth. and sez dha Seen shon braitar and braitar, hiy sset daun, owvalroem widh dha hiyt, and kaast hiz klowk on dha graund. Raaliz Tuw Plaants. 15 Dhoes dha Soen woz diklead dha kongkarar ; and it hsez evar biyn diymd dhat poesweyzhan 1 iz betar dhsen fos; and dhat dha soenshain ov a kaind and jentl' maenar wil suwnar ley owpn' a puar msenz haart dlisen 61 dha thretningz and fos ov bloestaring 1 othoriti. XII. DHA FOKS WIDHADT A TEYL. A Foks biying kot in a trsep, woz glsed tu kampaund for hiz nek bai liyving hiz teyl bihaind him ; boat apon koeming abrod intu dha woeld, hiy big'sen tu biy sow sensibl' ov dha disgreys soech a difekt wud bring apon him, dhat hiy olmowst wisht hiy hsed daid raadhar dhsen koem awey widhaut it. Hauevar, rizolving tu meyk dha best ov a bsed msetar, hiy kold a miyting ov dha rest ov dha foksiz, and pro'powzd dhat 61 shud folo' hiz igzaampl'. " Yu hsev now nowshan," sed hiy, " ov dhi iyz and koemfat widh which ai nau muwv abaut ; ai kud nevar hsev biliyvd it if I hsed not traid it maiself ; 3 boet riali, when woen koamz tu riyzn' apon it, a teyl iz soech an oagli, inkan- viynyant, oennesisari apendij, dhat dhi ownli woendar iz dhat, sez foksiz, wiy kud hasv put oep widh it sow long. Ai pro'powz, 4 dhearfor, mai woedhi bredhrin, dhat yu 61 profit bai dhi ikspiy- rians dhat ai sem moM r st wiling tu aford yu, and dhat 61 foksiz from dhis dey fowad koat'of dhear teylz." Apon dhis woan ov dhi owldist stept fowad and sed, " Ai raadhar thingk, mai frend, dhat yu wud not hsev advaizd oes tu paat widh auar teylz if dhear woer eni chaans ov rik-oevaring yor own." EAALIZ Tuw PLAAXTS. In dha reyn ov Kwiyn Ilizabath, tuw plaants woer brot tu Inggland, for dha foest taim, bai Soer Woltar Raali, bowth ov which aar nau veri moech yuzd dha tabaeko'-plaant and dha pateyto'. Soer Woltar hsed seyld akros dha siyz tu Amerika, Alternative forms : : pasweyzhan. 2 blcestring. 3 miself. 4 prapowz. 16 Riyding Lesriz Prowz. in soech ov nyu Isendz, and hiy brot bsek bowth dhiyz plaants widh him. When hiy woz in Amerika, hiy hsed siyn dhi Indyanz smowk, and bifoar long hiy akwaiad dha hsebit himself. Hiy bikeym ikstriymli fond ov smowking, and friykwantli indoeljd in dha prsektis. When hiy ritoend tu Inggland, hiy woz siting bai dha faiar ween dey, and big'sen tu smowk. In dha midl' ov hiz smowking, dha doar owpn'd, and in keym hiz msen-soevant. Nau dhis msen hsed nevar in hiz laif siyn eni ween smowk, and did not now dhat dhear woz seech a plaant sez tabseko'. Sow when hiy so dha smowk kceming from hiz maastaz mauth, hiy thot dhat hiy woz on faiar ! Hiy kraid aut in alaam, rsen tu fech a bcekit ov wotar tu put dha faiar aut : and Soer Woltar woz delyujd bifoar hiy hsed taim tu ikspleyn whot hiy woz riali duwing. Beet veri suwn dhi owld soevant got yust tu siying piypl' widh smowk kceming aut ov dhear maudhz ; and 61 dha yceng nowbl'z ov dha kot big'sen tu smowk bikoz Soer Woltar did sow. JEt foest piypl' did not laik dha pateyto' set 61 ; nowbadi wud iyt it. Yet Soer Woltar towld dhem hau yusful it wucl biy. Dha pateyto', hiy sed, kud biy meyd tu grow in Inggland. Hiy towld dhem dhat, when dha kon-haavist feyld which it ofn' yust tu duw piypl' niyd not staav if dhey hsed plenti ov pateyto'z. Kwiyn Ilizabath, huw woz a veri klevar wuman, lisn'd tu whot Soer Woltar sed, and hsed pateyto'z soevd cep get hoer own teybl'. Dhear dha grsend piypl' huw daind widh hoer msejisti woer o'blaijd 1 tu iyt dhem. Beet dhey spred a rip'ot dhat dha pateyto' woz poizn'as, bikoz it bilongz tu dha seym odar sez dha dedli naitsheyd and meni cedhar poizn'as plaants. Sow in spait ov 61 dhat dha Kwiyn kud duw, now ween wud iyt pateyto'z, and dhey woer left for dha pigz. Dha piypl' did not faind aut dhear misteyk til meni yoez 2 aaftawadz. Dha puar pateyto' woz dispaizd and forgotn' 3 til dha reyn ov dha French 4 King Luwis XVI., when dhear livd a Frenchman huw hsed meyd a stcedi ov growing plaants for Alternative forms : 1 abluijd. - yiaz. s fagotn'. 4 Frensh. A Boiz Advenchaz. 17 fuwd. Hiy felt shuar dliat hiy kud meyk dha pateyto' a greyt .blesing tu dha koentri; and hiy big'sen set woens tu trai. Aaftar a greyt diyl ov troebl' hiy saksiydid. Piypl' laaft set him set f oest, and wud not teyk eni nowtis ov whot hiy sed. Boet hiy went on growing dha pateyto' til hiy brot it tu poefekshan. 1 lyvn' dhen now ween wud hsev iytn' it, if its paat hsed not biyn teykn' bai dha king. Hiy heed laaj piysiz ov graund plaantid widh pateyto'z, and went abaut widh dha flauar ov dha pateyto' in hiz boetn'-howl. Now woan dead tu laaf set dha king, and when hiy sed dhat pateyto'z woer tu biy iytn', piypl' big'sen tu faind aut hau gud and howlsam dhey woer. Bai digriyz dha pateyto' woz moar and moar laikt ; and nau dhear iz haadli eni vejitabl' dhat iz moar halli istiymd. A Boiz ADVENCHAZ AMCENG DHA SIY-KEYVZ. A Tcyl ov dha Kromati Koicst. From Mai Skuidz and Skuwlmaastaz, dhi oto'baiografi ov liyn Milar, dha selibreytid jiyolajist, huw woz twelv yoez 2 pwld when hiy hsed dhis streynj advenchar. It woz on a plezant spring moning dhat, widh mai litl' kyuarias frend bisaid miy, ai stud on dha biych opazit dhi iystan promaatari, dhat widh its stoen grsenitik wol, baaz sekses lor ten deyz aut ov evri fotiyn 3 tu dha woendaz ov dha Duwkot ; and so it streching pro'vowkingli aut intu dha griyn wotar. It woz haad tu biy disapointid, and dha keyvz sow niar. Dha taid woz a low niyp, and if wiy wontid a psesij drai-shod, it bihuwvd oes tu weyt for set liyst a wiyk ; boet niydhar 4 ov oes oendastud dha filosafi ov niyp-taidz set dhset piari'ad. Ai woz kwait shuar ai hsed got raund set low wotar widh mai oengkl'z not a greyt meni deyz bifoar, and wiy bowth infoed dhat if wiy beet saksiydid in geting raund nau, it wud biy kwait a plezhar tu weyt ainoeng dha keyvz insaid, centil 5 seech taim sez dha fol ov dha taid shud ley bear a psesij for anar ritoen. Alternative forms : 1 pafekshan. 2 yiaz. 3 f-otiyn. 4 naidliar. 6 -oentil. I. P. II. B 18 Riyding Lesn'z Frowz. A nsero' and browkn' shelf roenz along dha promantari, on which, bai dhi asistans ov dha neykid fiyt, it iz joest posibl' tu kriyp. Wiy saksiydid in skrsembling oep tu it, and dhen, kroling oepwadz on 61 foz dha presipis, sez wiy pro'siydid, biytling moar and moar fomidabl' from aboev, and dha wotar bik'ceming griynar and diypar bilow wiy riycht dhi autar point ov dha promantari ; and dhen, doebling dha keyp on a stil nsero'ing maajin dha wotar, bai a rivoes proses, bik-ceming shaelo'ar and les griyn sez wiy advaanst inwads wiy faund dha lej toemineyting joest whear, aaftar kliaring dha siy, it owvah'oeng dha grsevl'i biych set an eliveyshan ov niali ten fiyt. Adaun wiy bowth dropt, praud ov auar sakses oep splsesht dha rsetling grsevl' sez wiy fel, and for set liyst dha howl koeming wiyk, dhow wiy woer oenawear ov dhi ikstent ov auar gud-loek set dha taim, dha maavl'z ov dha Duwkot Keyv mait biy rigaadid fez sowlli and ikskliiwsivli auar own. For woen shot sevn' deyz, tu boro' emfasis from dha freyziolaji ov Kaalail, " dhey woer auar own and now oedhar msenz." Dha foest ten auaz woer auaz ov shiar injoimant. Dha laajar key v pruwvd a main ov maavl'z ; and wiy faund a greyt diyl adishanal tu woendar set on dha slowps biniyth dha presipisiz, and along dha piys ov roki siy- biy oh in froent. Wiy saksiydid in disk'oevaring 1 for auaselvz bai kriyping, dwof-bushiz dhat towld ov dha blaiting influ'ansiz ov dha siy-sprey, dha peyl yelo' hoenisoekl', dhat wiy hged nevar siyn bifoar seyv in gaadn'z and shroebariz, and on a diypli-sheydid slowp dhat liynd agenst 2 ween ov dha stiypar presipisiz, wiy ditektid dha swiyt-sentid wudroef ov dha flauar-plot and paatear, widh its delikit whait flauaz and priti liyvz, dhat bik'oem dha moar owdarifaras dha moar dhey aar krcesht. Dhear tuw, imiyjitli in dhi owpning ov dha diypar keyv, whear a smol striym keym psetaring in dit'89cht drops from dhi owvar-biytling presipis abcev, laik dha foest drops ov a hevi thcendar-shauar, wiy faund dha hot, bitar skoevi-graas, which dha greyt Kseptin Kuk yuzd in hiz voyijiz; aboev 61, dhear woer dha keyvz, widh dhear pijanz, 3 whait, vearigeytid, and bluw, and dhear Alternative forms: l disk'oevring. 2 ageynst. 3 pijinz. A Boiz Advenchaz. 19 mistiari'as and gluwmi debths, 1 in which plaants haadn'd intu stown, and wotar bikeym maabl'. In a shot taim wiy hged browkn' of widh auar hsemaz howl pokit fulz ov stselaktaits and petrifaid mos. Dhear woer litl' puwlz set dha said ov dha key v, whear wiy kud siy dha woek ov konjileyshan gowing on, 83z set dha kamensmant ov an Oktowbar frost, when dha kowld noth wind boet beali roefl'z dha soefis ov soem mauntin lokan or sloegish mualand striym, and showz dha nyuli-fomd niydl'z ov ais glisning from dha shoz intu dha wotar. Sow rsepid w r oz dha kos ov depazishan, dhat dhear woer keysiz in which dha saidz ov dha .holo'z siymd growing olmowst in praposhan sez dha wotarrowz indhem; dha springz liping owvar, dipozitid dhear mainyut kristalz on dhi ejiz, and dha rezavwoz diypn'd and bikeym. moar kapeyshas 83z dhear maundz woer bilt oep bai dhis kyuarias meysanri. Dha long teliskopic prospikt 2 ov dha spaakling siy, sez vyud from dhi inar ikstremiti ov dha ksevan, whail 61 araund woz daak sez midnait dha scedn' gliym ov dha siy-goel, siyn for a mowmant from dha rises, sez it fiitid paast in dha soanshain dha blsek hiyving boelk ov dha grsempas, sez it thruw oep its slendar jets ov sprey, and dhen. toening daunwadz, displeyd its glosi bsek and vaast sengyular fin ; iyvn' dha pijanz, sez dhey shot whizing bai, woen mowmant skeas vizibl' in dha gluwm, dha nekst reydyant in dha lait 61 akwaiad a nyu intarist from dha pikyuliseriti ov dha scting in which wiy so dhem. Dhey fonid a siariyz ov soen-gilt vinyets, freymd in jet ; and it woz long ear wiy taiad ov siy ing and admaiaring in dhem moech ov dha streynj and dha byiitiful. It did siym raadhar ominas, hauevar, and pahseps soemwhot syupan'33charal tu buwt, dhat abaut an auar aaftar nuwn, dha taid, whail yet dhear woz a ful faedham ov wotar biniyth dha orau ov dha promantari, siyst ttx fol, and dhen, aaftar a kwotar uv an aiiaz speys big'sen sekchwali tu kriyp oapwadz on dha biych. Boet joest howping dhat dhear mait biy soem misteyk in dha msetar, which dhi iyvning taid wud skeas feyl tu rek- tifai, wiy kantinyud tu amyuz auaselvz, and tu howp on. Auar aaftar auar paast, length'ning sez dha shsedo'z length- Alternative form?: ' depths. - prospekt. 20 Eiyding LesrizProwz. and, and yet dha laid stil rowz. Dha seen hsed soeugk bihaind dha presipisiz, and 61 woz gluwm along dhear beysiz, and doebl' gluwm in dhear keyvz ; boet dhear roegid brauz stil kot dha red glear ov iyvning. Dha floesh rowz haiar and haiar, cheyst bai dha shsedo'z : and dhen, aaftar linggaring for a mowrnant on dhear krests ov hoenisoekl' and juwnipar, paast awey, and dha howl bikeym sombar and grey. Dha siy-goel flsept oepwadz from whear hiy hsed flowtid on dha ripl', and haid him slowli awey tu hiz loj in hiz diyp-siy stsek ; dha doeski komarant flitid paast, widh hevi'ar and moar friykwant strowk, tu hiz whaitn'd shelf on dha presipis; dha pijanz keym whizing daunwadz from dhi oeplandz and dhi opazit Isend, and disapiad amid dha gluwm ov dhear keyvz ; evri kriychar dhat hsed wingz meyd yus ov dhem in spiyding howmwadz, boet niydhar 1 mai kampsenyan nor maiself 2 hsed eni, and dhear woz now posi- biliti ov geting howm widhaut dhem. Wiy meyd desparit efats tu skeyl dha presipisiz, and on tuw sevaral 3 akeyzhanz saksiydid in riyching midwey shelvz amoeng dha krsegz, whear dha perigrin-folkan and dha reyvn' bild ; best dhow wiy hsed klaimd wel anoef 4 tu rendar auar ritoen a msetar ov bear posibiliti, dhear woz now posibiliti whotevar ov geting faadhar oep dha klifs hsed nevar biyn skeyld, and dhey woer not destind tu biy skeyld nau. And sow sez dha twailait diypn'd, and dha prik'eri'as futing bikeym evri mowmant moar dautful and prik'eri'as, wiy hsed joest tu giv cep in dispear. " Wudn't kear for miself," 5 sed dha puar litl' felo', mai kampsenyan, boesting intu tiaz, " if it woer not for mai inoedhar ; boet whot wil mai u mcedhar sey ? " " Wudn't kear niydhar," sed ai, widh a hevi haat ; "boet it s josst bsekwotar, and wiy I 7 get aut set twelv." Wiy ritriytid tagedhar intu woen ov dha shselo'ar and draiar keyvz, and kliaring a litl' spot ov its roef stownz, and dhen growping along dha roks for dha drai .^raas, dhat in dha spring siyzan hsengz from dhem in widhad ^oefts, wiy fomd for auaselvz a mowst oenk'cemfatabl' bed, and ley daun in woen anoedhaz aamz. Alternative forms : l naidhar. 2 miself. 3 sevral. 4 iii-oef. 5 maiself. c 11 i. 7 wil. A Boiz AdvencTiaz. 21 For dha laast fyu auaz mauntinas pailz ov klaudz heed biyn raizing, daak and stomi in dha siy-mauth, and dhey hsed Head potentasli in dha seting seen, and hsed won, widh dha diklain ov iyvning, olmowst evri miytiorik tint ov senggar, from faiari red tu a sombar thcendaras braun, and from sombar braun tu dowlful blsek, and wiy kud nau, get liyst, hiar whot dhey po- tendid, dhow wiy kud now longgar siy. Dha raizing wind big'sen tu haul monfuli amid dha klifs, and dha siy, hidhatu sow sailant, tu biyt hevili agenst l dha shoar, and tu buwm, laik distress goenz, from dha risesiz ov dha tuw diyp-siy keyvz. Wiy kud hiar, tuw, dha biytiug reyn, nau hevi'ar, nau laitar. sez dha goests sweld or ssengk ; and dhi intamitant psetar ov dha striymlit owvar dha diypar keyv, nau draiving agenst 1 dha presipisiz, nau disending hevili on dha stownz. Tuw'odz 3 midnait dha skai kliad, and dha wind fel, and dha muwn in hoer laast kwotar rowz red sez a mas ov hiytid aian aut ov dha siy. Wiy krept daun in dhi oensoetin lait, owvar dha reef slipari krsegz, tu sesateyn whedhar dha taid heed not foln' safishantli faar tu yiyld oes a psesij, boat wiy faund dha weyvz cheyfing amoeng dha roks, joest whear dha taid-lain heed restid twelv auaz bifoar, and a ful fsedham ov siy inklaasping dha beys ov dha promantari. A glimaring aidia ov dha rial neychar ov auar sityueyshan set length krost mai maind. It woz not imprizanmant for a taid tu which wiy haed kansaind auaselvz ; it woz imprizanmant for a wiyk. Dhear woz litl' koemfat in dha thot, araizing, aaz it did, amid dha chilz and teraz ov a driari midnait, and ai lukt wistfuli on dha siy sez auar ownli paath ov iskeyp. Dhear woz a vesl' krosing dha weyk ov dha muwn set dha taim, skeas haaf a mail from dha shoar, and asistid bai mai kampyenyan, ai big'sen tu shaut set dha top ov mai losngz, in dha howp ov biying hoed bai dha seylaz. Wiy so hoer dim boelk foling slowli athwot dha red glitaring belt ov lait dhat hsed rendad hoer vizibl', and dhen disapiaring in dha moeki blseknis ; and joest sez wiy lost sait ov hoer for evar, wiy kud hiar an indistingkt saund ming- gling widh dha dsesh ov dha weyvz dha shaut in riplai ov dha staatl'd helmzman. Alternative forms : l ageynst. - todz. 22 Rii/Jing Lesn'z Provcz. Dha vesl', sez wiy aaftawadz loent, woz a laaj stown-laitar, diypli leydn', and oenfoenisht widh a bowt ; nor woer hoer kruw set 61 shuar dhat it wud hsev biyn seyf tu atend tu dha midnait vois from amid dha roks, iyvn' hsed dhey dha miynz ov kamyunikeyshan widh dha shoar. Wiy weytid on and on, hauevar, nau shauting bai toenz, and nau shauting tagedhar, boetdhear woz now sekand riplai ; and set length luwzing howp, wiy growpt auar wey bsek tu auar koemfatlis bed, joest sez dha taid hsed agen 1 toend on dha biych, and dha weyvz big'sen tu rowl oepwadz, haiar and haiar set evri dsesh. jEz dha muwnrowz and braitn'd, aihaed saksiydid in droping sez saundli asliyp sez mai kampsenyan, when wiy woer bowth arauzd bai a laud shaut. Wiy staatid oep, and agen krept daunwadz amceng dha krsegz tu dha shoar, and sez wiy riycht dha siy, dha shaut woz ripiytid. It woz thset ov set liyst a doezn' haash voisiz yunaitid. Dhear woz a briyf poz, folo'd bai anoedhar shaut, and dhen tuw bowts, strongli insend, shot raund dha westan promantari, and shautid yet ageyn. Dha howl taun hsed biyn alaamd bai dhi intelijans dhat tuw litl' boiz hsed strsegl'd awey in dha moning tu dha roks ov dha sosdhan Syutor, and hsed not faund dhear wey bsek. Dha presipisiz hsed biyn a siyn ov fraitful seksidants from taim iminrori'al, and it woz set woens infoed dhat ween oedhar ssed seksidant hsed biyn sedid tu dha noembar. Truw, dhear woer keysiz rimembad ov piypl' hseving biyn taid-baund in dha Duwkot keyvz, and not moech woes in konsikwans, boet sez dha keyvz woer inseksesibl' iyvn' dyuaring niyps, wiy kud not, it woz sed, posibli biy in dhem ; send dha sowl rimeyning graund ov howp woz, dhat sez hsed hsepn'd woens bifoar, ownli woen ov dha tuw hsed biyn kild, and that dhi soevaivar woz linggaring amoeng dha roks, afreyd tu koem howm. And in dhis biliyf, when dha muwn rowz, and dha soef fel, dha tuw bowts hsed biyn fitid aut. It woz leyt in dha moning ear wiy riycht Kromati, boet a kraud on dha biych aweytid auar araivl' ; and dhear woer angshas-luking laits glaansing in dha windo'z, thik and insenifowld ; ney, soech woz dhi intarist ilisitid, dhat srem Alternative form : ' ageyn. Dha Diskantentid Pendyulam. 23 in'omasli bsed voes, in which dha raitar diskraibd dhi insidant a fyu deyz aaftar, bikeym popyular anoef 1 tu biy hgendid abaut in insenyuskript, and red set tiy-paatiz bai dhi eyliyt ov dha taun. DHA DISKANTENTID PENDYULAM. Anowld klok dhat hsed stud for fif ti yoez 2 in a faamaz kichin., widhaut giving its ownar eni koz ov kampleynt, oeli woen soemaz moning, bifoar dha fsemili \voz steering, scedn'li stopt. Apon dhis dha daial-pleyt (if wiy mey kredit dha feybl') cheynjd kauntinans widh alaam, dha hsendz meyd an inifektywal 3 efat tu kantinyu dhear kos, dha whiylz rimeynd mowshanlis widh sapraiz, dha weyts hoeng spiychlis, iych membar felt dispowzd tu ley dha bleym on dhi oedhaz. jEt length dha daial instityutid a fomal inkwaiari intu dha koz ov dha stop, when hsendz, whiylz, weyts, widh woan vois, pro'testid dhear ino'sans ; 4 boat nau a feynt tik woz hoed bilow from dha pendyialam, huw dhoes spowk : " Ai kanfes maiself 5 tu biy dha sowl koz ov dha prezant stopij, and ai sem wiling, for dha jenaral ssetisfaekshan, tu asain mai riyzn'z. Dha truwth iz, dhat ai sem taiad ov tiking." Apon hiaring dhis, dhi owld klok bikeym sow inreyjd, dhat it woz on dha veri point ov straiking. " Leyzi waiar ! " iks- klej^md dha daial-pleyt. " JEz tu dheet," riplaid dha pendyu- lam ; " it iz vaastli iyzi for J 7 u, Mistris Daial, huw hsev olwiz, eez evribodi nowz, set yoself oep aboav miy it iz vaastli iyzi for yu, ai sey, tu akyuz oadhar piypl' ov leyzinis yu, huw hsev hsed noething tu duw 61 dha deyz ov yor laif beet tu stear piypl' in dha feys, and tu amyuz yoself widh woching 61 dhat gowz on in dha kichin ! Thingk, ai bisiych yu, hau yu wud laik tu biy sheet oep for laif in dhis daak klozit, and wseg bsekwadz and fowadz, yoer aaftar yoer, sez ai duw." " A\ 7 hai," sed dha daial, " iz dhear not a windo' in yor haus on poepas for yu tu luk thruw ? " " For 61 dheet," rizyumd dha Alternative forms : ' in - oef. - }"iaz. 3 inifekchwal. 4 inasn's. 24 Riyding Lesrfz Prowz. pendyulam, " oldhow dhear iz a windo', ai dear not stop, iyvn' for an instant, tu luk aut. Bisaidz, ai sem riali taiad ov mai wey ov laif; and, if yu pliyz, ai I 1 tel yu hau ai tuk dhis disg'cest set mai imploimant. Dhis moning, ai hsepn'd tu biy kselkyuleyting hau meni taimz ai shud hsev tu tik in dha kos ownli ov dha nekst foar-and-twenti auaz pahseps seem ov yu aboev dhear ksen giv raiy dhi igz'sekt seem." Dha minit hsend, biying kwik set h'gaz, instantli riplaid, " Ey ti-siks thauzand foar hoandrad taimz." " Igz'sekli sow," riplaid dha pendyulam ; " wel, ai apiyl tu yu 61, if dha veri thot ov dhis woz not anoaf 2 tu fatiyg woen ; and' when ai big'sen tu moeltiplai dha strowks ov woen dey bai dhowz ov moanths and yoez, 3 riali it iz now woandar if ai felt disk'oarijd set dha prospikt : 4 sow aaftar a grej't diyl ov riyzn'ing and heziteyshan, thingks ai tu maiself ai 1 * stop ! " Dha daial kud skeasli kiyp its kauntinans dyuaring dhis harseng ; boat rizyuming its grseviti, dhoas riplaid : " Diar Mistar Pendyulam, ai sem riali astonisht dhat seech a yusful ind'oastri'as poesn' sez yoself shud hsev biyn owvak'oam bai dhis sajeschan. It iz truw, yu hsev doen a greyt diyl ov woek in yor taim ; sow hsev wiy 61, and aar laikli tu duw, and dhow dhis mey fatiyg oas tu thingk ov, dha kweschan iz, wil it fatiyg oas tu duw ? Wud yu nau duw miy dha feyvar tu giv abaut haaf-a-dcezn' strowks tu ilastreyt mai aagyumant ? " Dha pendyulam karu- plaid, and tikt siks taimz at its yuzhwal peys. " Kau," rizyumd dha daial, " woz dhset igz'oeshan fatiyging tu yu ? " " Not in dha liyst," riplaid dha pendyulam, " it iz not ov siks strowks dhat ai kampleyn, nor ov siksti, boat ov milyanz." "Veri gud," riplaid dha daial ; " boat rekalekt, dhat oldhow yu mey thingk ov . a milyan strowks in an instant, yu aar rikwaiad tu eksikyut boat ween ; and dhat hauevar ofn' yu mey hiaraaftar hsev tu swing, a mowmant wil olwiz biy givn' yu tu swing iu." " Dhset kansidareyshan stsegaz miy, ai kanfes," sed dha pendyulam. " Dhen ai howp," sedicl dha daial-pleyt, " wiy shsel 61 imiy- Altcrnatii-e forms : 1 wil. 2 in'oef. 3 yiaz. 4 prospekt. Dha Litl' Drcemar-Boi. 25 jitli ritoen tu auar dyuti, for dim meydz wil lai in bed til nu\vn, if wiy stsend aidling dhoes." Apon dhis, dha weyts, huw hsed nevar biyn akyuzd ov lait kondoekt, yuzd 61 dhear influ'ans in oejing him tu pro'siyd ; when, sez widh woen kansent, dha whiylz big'sen tu toen, dha hsendz big'sen tu muwv, dha pendyulam big'sen tu swing, and tu its kredit, tikt eez laud sez evar ; whail a biym ov dha raizing seen, dhat striymd thruw a howl in dha kichin shoetar, shaining ful apon dha daial-pleyt, meyd it braitn' oep sez if noething heed biyn dha msetar. When dha faamar keym daun tu brekfast, hiy diklead, apon luking set dha klok, dhat hiz woch hsed geynd haaf an auar in dha nait. Jane Taylor. DHA LITL' DRCEMAR-BOI. "Woen kowld DIsembar moning, abaut dha bigining ov dhis senchari, a French aami woz krosing dhi ^Elps. Dha men lukt thin and hevi-aid from wont ov f uwd and sliyp ; and dha puar hosiz dhat woer drseging dha hevi goenz stcembl'd set olmowst x evri step. Beet dhear woz ween in dhset aami huw siymd tu injoi dha roef maaching, and huw trsempt along thruw dha diyp snow and kowld grey mist, sez merili sez if hiy woer gowing tu a piknik. Hiy woz a litl' droemar-boi, ten yoez 2 owld, huwz fresh, rowzi feys lukt veri brait and priti amoeng dha grim, skaad feysiz ov dhi owld sowljaz. When dha kceting wind whoeld a shauar ov snow in hiz feys, hiy dsesht it awey widh a laaf, and awowk dhi eko'z widh dha laivli rsetl' ov hiz drcem, til it siymd dhat dha hyuj blsek roks araund woer 61 ringing in koras. " Braavow, litl' droemar ! " kraid a tol msen in a shsebi grey klowk. Dhis ofisar woz maaching set dha hed ov dha lain widh a long powl in hiz hsend, which hiy strosk intu dha snow evri nau and dhen, tu siy hau diyp it woz. u Braavow, Pyer, mai boi ! Widh soech myuzik sez dhset, woen kud maach 61 dha wey tu Mosko' ! " Dha boi smaild, and reyzd hiz hsend tu hiz ksep in salyut ; Alternative forms : l olmowst. 2 yiaz. 26 Riyding Lesn'z Prowz. for dhis roef-luking msen woz now oedhar dhsen dha jenaral him-i self " Faiting Msekdonald," sez hiy woz kold woen ov dha breyvist sowljaz in Fraans, ov huwm hiz men yust tu sey dhat woen salt ov hiz feys in bsetl' woz woeth a howl rejimant. Jcest dhen a streynj, oenoethli saund woz hoed faar awey cep dha greyt whait mauntin-said. Evri mowmant it gruw laudar and haashar, til set length it sweld intu a diyp, hos roar. " On yor feysiz, Isedz ! " shautid dha jenaral. " An sevalaansh iz kceming." Bifoar hiz men hsed taim tu o'bey, dha ruwin woz on dhem. Daun thoendad dha trimendas mses ov snow, swiyping laik a wotafol along dha nsero' lej-paath; and, krseshing along widh it, keym hiyps ov stownz and grsevl' and luws ceth, and cepruwtid bushiz, and greyt bloks ov ais. For a mowmant 61 woz daak sez nait; and when dhi sevalaansh hsed paast, meni ov dha breyv felo'z huw heed biyu stsending on dha paathi woer now- whear tu biy siyn. Dhey hsed biyn kserid owvar dha presipis, and woer iydhar l kild or berid alaiv in dha snow. When dhear woz a chaans tu Ink araund, woen krai arowz from niali evri mauth : " Whear iz auar droemar ? Whear iz auar litl' droemar-boi ? " Ol set weens, faar bilow dhem, aut ov dha daak, cennown goelf dhat ley bitwi/yn dhowz frauning roks, arowz dha feynt rowl ov a drcem, biyting dha chaaj ! Dha sowljaz staatid, and bent iygali fowad tu lisn'. Dhen went cep a shaut dhat shuk tin ear ! "Hiy iz alaiv, koemridz ! Auar Pyer iz alaiv, aaftar 01! Hiy iz biyting hiz drcem stil, laik a breyv Ised ! Hiy wontid tu hsev dhi owld myuzik tu dha veri laast ! Beet wiy incest seyv him, l?edz, or hiy I 2 friyz tu deth daun dhear. Hiy moest biy seyvd!" "Hiy shsel biy!" browk in a diyp vois ; and dha jenaral himself woz siyn standing on dha bringk ov dha presipis, throwing of hiz klowk. " Now, now, jenaral ! " kraid dha grenadiaz, widh ween vois ; " yu moest not rcen soech a risk sez dhaet. Let ween ov ces gow insted ; yor laif iz woeth moar dhsen 61 ov auaz put tagedhar ! " " Mai sowljaz aar mai childran," aansad Maekdonald, kwaiatli, " and now faadhar groejiz hiz own laif tu seyv hiz seen. Kwik Alternative forms : ' aidhar. - wil. Dha LitV Drcemar-Boi. 27 nau, bolz ! Kaast luvvs dha drseg-rowp ov dhset ksenan, luwp it cendar mai aamz, and let miy daun." Dha sowljaz o ; beyd in sailans ; and dim riekst mowmant dhear breyv, tendar-haatid jenaral woz swinging in mid-ear, daun, daun, til hiy vsenisht intu dha kowld, blsek debth 1 bilow. Msekdonald Isendid seyfli set dha fat ov dha presipis, and lukt sengshasli araund in soech ov Pyer ; beet dha biy ting ov dha droem haed siyst, and, in dhset oful sailans, dhear woz noething tu gaid dha breyv jenaral. " Pyer ! " hiy shautid, 83Z laudli sez hiy kud, " whear aar yu, mai boi ? " " Hiar, jenaral ! " aansad a wiyk vo!s. And, shuar anoef, 2 dhear woz dha litl' felo', haaf berid in a hyuj maund ov soft 3 snow. Msekdonald went tuwodz 4 him at woans, and oldhow hiy ssengk weyst-diyp set evri step, set laast riycht dha spot. Ol rait nau, mai breyv boi ! " sed dha jenaral. Tearing of hiz ssesh, and noting woen end ov it tu dha rowp, hiy baund Pyer and himself foemK tagedhar widh dhi oedhar end, and dhen gey v dha signal tu dro oep. When dha tuw keym swinging oep woens moar intu dha dey- lait, and dha sowljaz so dhear pet stil alaiv and renhoet, chiar apon chiar raeng aut, rowling faar bsek along dha lain, til dha veri mauntinz dhamselvz 5 siymd tu rijois. " Wiy v 6 biyn oendar faiar and oendar snow tagedhar," sed Msekdonald, cheyfing dha boiz kowld hsendz tendali, " and noething shsel paat oes aaftar dhis, sow long sez wiy bowth liv." And dha jenaral kept hiz woed. Yoez 7 leytar, when dha greyt woz woer 61 owvar, dhear mait hsev biyn siyn, woking in dha gaacln' ov a kwaiat koentri haus in dha sauth ov Fraans, a stuwping whait-head owld msen, huw woz now oedhar dhgen dha i'eymas Maashal Msekdonald ; and dha tol, sowljar-laik felo' apon huwz aam hiy liynd for sapot hsed woens biyn litl' Pyer. dha droemar. Alternative forms: l depth. - in-oef. 3 soft. 4 todz. 5 dhemselvz. 6 lieev. 7 yiaz. 28 Riydhig Lesn'z Protcz. DHA JAUF. From Peel grey vz Areybya. A brod diyp vseli, disending lej aaftar lej til its inamowst debths 1 aar hidn' from sait amid faar-riyching shelvz ov redish rok, bilovv evriwhear stoedid widh toefts ov paam growvz and kloestaring fruwt-triyz in daak-griyn psechiz daun tu dha faadhist end ov its waindingz ; a laaj braun mses ov iregyular meysanri krauning a sentral hil ; biyond a tol and solitari tauar owvaliiking dhi opazit bsengk ov dha holo', and faadhar daun smol raund toerits and fiaet haus-tops haaf berid amid dha gaadn' fowlyij, dha howl ploenjd in a poepandikyular floed ov lait and hiyt ; soech woz dha foest sespikt ov dha Jauf sez wiy nau aprowcht it from dha west. It woz a loevli siyn, and siymd yet moar sow tu auar aiz, wiari ov dha long dezo'leyshan thruw which wiy hsed, widh haadli an iksepshan, joenid dey aaftar dey sins auar laast fearwel glimps ov Geyza and Pselistain oep tu dha foest entrans on inh'gebitid Areybya. "Laik dha Pseradais ov iytoeniti, noan keen entar it til aaftar hgeving priyvyasli paast owvar hel-brij," sez an ^Erab powit, diskraibing seem similar lowkseliti in ./Eljiari'an Isendz. Riysenimeytid bai dha vyu, wiy pusht on auar jeydid biysts, and woer olredi disending dha foest krpegi slowps ov dha vseli, when tuw hosman, wel drest and full aamd aaftar dha fseshau ov dhiyzpaats, keym oep tuwod 2 oes from dha taun, and set woens salyutid oes widh a laud and haati " Marhaba,"* or " Welkam " ; and widhaut faadhar prefas dhey sedid, " Alait and iyt." giving dhemselvz 3 dhi igzaampl' ov dha fomar bai disending briskli from dhear lait limd hosiz, and oentaiing a laaj ledhar baeg ful ov eksalant deyts, and a wotar-skin, fild from dha roaning spring ; dhen spreding ant dhiyz mowst opat} r un rifreshmants on dha rok, and seding : " Wiy woer shuar dhat yu incest biy hoenggri and thoesti, sow wiy hsev koem redi pro'vaidid," dhey invaitid oes woens moar tu sit daun and bigin. * a represents a short vowel corresponding with an ; see p. 87. Alternative forms : J depths. 2 tod. 3 dhams -Ivz. Dha So'saiiti ov Buks. 29 DHA SO'SAIITI ov BUKS. Yu wil admit, dautlis, dhat akoding tu dha sinseriti ov auar dizaiar dhat auar frendz mey biy truw, and auar kampsenyanz waiz, and in pro'poshan l tu dhi oenistnis and diskreshan widh which wiy chuwz bowth, wil biy dha jenaral 2 chaansiz ov auar hsepinis and yusfl'nis. Boat graanting dhat wiy haed bowth dha wil and dha sens tu chuwz auar frendz wel, hau fyu ov oes hsev dha paaar ! or, set' liyst. hau limitid, for mowst, iz dha sfiar ov chois ! Niali 61 auar asowshieyshanz aar ditoemind bai chaans or nisesiti, and ristriktid widhin a nsero' soekl'. Wiy kaenot now huwm wiy wud, and dhowz huwm wiy now wiy kaenot hsev set auar said when wiy mowst niyd dhem. 6l dha haiar soekl'z ov hyuman intelijans aar, tu dhowz biniyth, ownli mowmantarili and paashali owpn'. Wiy mey, bai gud fochan, abteyn a glimps ov a greyt powit, and hiar dha saund ov hiz vois ; or put a kwes- chan tu a msen ov saians, and biy aansad gud-yumadli. W T iy mey intruwd ten minits tok on a ksebinit ministar, aansad probabli widh woedz woes dhsen sailans, biying diseptiv; or snsech. woens or twais in auar laivz, dha privilij ov throwing a bukey in dha paath ov a prinses, 3 or aresting dha kaind glaans ov a kwiyn. And yet dhiyz mowmantari chaansiz wiy koevit, and spend auar yoez, 4 and pseshanz, and pauaz in poesyiit ov !itl' moar dhsen dhiyz, whail miyntaim dhear iz a so'saiiti kaiitiuywali o\vpn' tu oes ov piypl' huw wil tok tu ces sez long ?ez wiy laik, whotevar auar rsengk or okyupeyshan tok tu oes in dha best woedz dhey keen chuwz and ov dha thingz niarist dhear haats. And dhis so'saiiti, bikoz it iz sow nyumaras and sow jentl'; and keen biy kept weyting raund oes 61 dey long kingz and steytsman linggaring peyshantli, not tu graant odyans, boet tu geyn it in dhowz pleynli foenisht and nsero' senti-ruwmz, auar bukkeys-shelvz, wiy meyk now akaunt ov dhset koempani, pahseps nevar lisn' tu a woed dhey wud sey 61 dey long. Ruskin : " Sesame and Lilies" Alternative forms: ' prapCshaii. -' jenral. 3 prinses. 4 yiaz. POWITE1. DHA STRIYT ov BAI-AND-BAI. Ow shoen dha spot, mai yuthful frendz, ai oej yu tu biwear! Bigailing iz dha plezn't wey, and softli 1 briydhz dhi ear; Yet noen hsev evar paasttu siynz inowbling, greyt and hai, Huw woens big'sen tu linggar in dha striyt ov Bai-and-bai. Hau verid aar dhi imijiz araizing tu mai sait, Ov dhowz huw wisht tu shoen dha rong, huw loevd and praizd dha rait, Yet from dha silkn' bondz ov slowth dhey veynli strowv tu flai, Which held dhem jentli prizn'd in dha striyt ov Bai-and-bai. "Mai projikts thraiv," dha moechant sed; "when dcebl'd iz mai stoar, Hau friyli shael mai redi gowld biy shauad amoeng dha puar ! " Vaast gruw hiz welth, yet strowv hiy not dha monaz tiar tu drai : Hiy nevar joenid onwad from dha striyt ov Bai-and-bai ! " Fogiv 2 dhai oering broedhar ; hiy hsez wept and soefad long ! " Ai sed tu woan ; huw aansad " Hiy hseth dcen miy griyvas rong; Yet wil ai siyk mai broedhar, and fagiv him ear ai dai." Alaas ! Deth shotli faund him in dha striyt ov Bai-and-bai ! Dha wiarid woeldling myuziz apon lost 3 and weystid deyz, Rizolvd tu toen hiardaftar from dhi erar ov hiz weyz, Tu lift- hiz grovling 4 thots from oeth, and fiks dhem on dha skai ; AVhai dosz hiy linggar fondli in dha striyt ov Bai-and-bai ? Alternative forms : 1 softli. 2 fagiv. 3 lost. 30 Dha Jcekdo ov Riymz. 31 Dhen shoen dha spot, mai yuthful frendz ; woek on whail yet yu mey; Let not owld eyj oteyk l yu sez yu slowthfl'i diley, Lest yu shud geyz araund yu, and disk'oevar widh a sai, Yu haev riycht dha haus ov "Nevar" bai dha striyt ov "Bai- and-bai." Abdy. DHA J.EKDO ov RIYMZ. DHA Jsekdo 2 sset on dha Kaadinalz chear : Bishap and sebat and praiar woer dhear ; Meni a moengk, and meni a f raiar, Meni a nait, and meni a skwaiar, Widh a greyt meni moar ov lesar digriy, In suwth a gudli koempani ; And dhey soevd dha Lod Praimit on bendid niy. Nevar, ai wiyn, Woz a praudar siyn, Red ov in bnks, or dremt ov in driymz, Dhsen dha Kaadinal Lod Aachbishap ov Riymz ! In and aut, Thruw dha motli raut, Dhset litl' Jsekd'6 kept hoping abaut ; Hiar and dhear, Laik a dog in a fear, Owvar koemfits and keyks, And dishiz and pleyts, Kaul and kowp, and rochit and pol, Maitar and krowzhar ! hiy hopt apon 61 ! Widh sosi ear, Hiy poecht on dha chear Whear, in steyt, dha greyt Lod Kaadinal sset In dha greyt Lod Kaadinalz greyt red hset ; And hiy piad in dha feys Ov hiz Lodships Greys, W'idh a ssetisfaid luk, sez if hiy wud sey, " Wiy tuw aar dha greytist fowks hiar ta-dey ! " And dha priysts widh 6, Mz soach friyks dhey so, Sed, " Dha Devi' moest biy in dhset litl' Jsekd'o ! " Alternative forms : 1 owvat6yk. 2 Jsekd'6. The syllables are both 'accented, and it depends on the position of the word which should have the chief stress. It is on the second syllable when the word is followed by a pause. 32 Riyding Lesrfz Powitri. Dha fiyst woz owvar, dha bod woz kliad, Dha flonz and dha koestadz hsed 61 disapiad, And siks litl' singing-boiz, diar litl' sowlz ! In nais kliyn feysiz, and nais whait stowlz, Keym in odar dyu, Tuw bai tuw, Maaching dhset grsend rifektari thruw ! A nais litl' boi held a gowldn' yuar, Embost l and fild widh wotar aez pyuar JEz eni dhat flowz bitwiyn E-iymz and Namuar ; Which a nais litl' boi stud redi tu ksech In a fain gowldn' hsend-beysn' meyd tu msech. Tuw nais litl' boyz, raadhar moar grown, Kserid laevn'dar wotar, and ow da Kalown ; And a nais litl' boi hsed a nais keyk ov sowp, Woedhi ov woshing dha hsendz ov dha Powp. Wren litl' boi A nsepkin boar, Ov dha best whait daiapar, frinjd widh pingk, And a kaadinalz hset maakt in " poemanant ingk." Dha greyt L6d Kaadinal toenz set dha sait Ov dliiyz nais litl' boiz drest 61 in whait : From hiz finggar hiy droz Hiz kostli 2 toekwoz ' ; And, not thingking t 61 abaut litl' Jtekd'oz, Dipozits it streyt Bai dha said ov hiz pleyt, Whail dha nais litl' boiz on hiz Eminans weyt ; Til, when nowbadi 4 z driyming ov eni soacli thing, Dhset litl' Ja3kd'6 hops of widh dha ring ! Dhear z a krai and a shaut, And a dyus ov a rant And nowbadi siymz tu now whot dhear 5 abaut, Boat dha moengks hsev dhear pokits 6] toend iusaid aut Dha fraiaz aar niyling And hoenting, nnd fiyling Dha kaapit, dha floar, and dha wolz, and dha siyling. Dha Kaadinal druw Of iych plcem-koelad shuw, And left hiz reel stokings ikspowzd tu dha vyu ; Hiy piyps and hiy fiylz In dha towz and dha hiylz ; Alternative forms : l imbust. - kostli. 3 toekwaaz * nowbodi. 5 dlicy aar. Dha Jcekdo ov Riymz. 33 Dhey toen oep dha dishiz, dhey toen cap dha pleyts, Dhey teyk oep dha powkar and powk aut dha greyts, . Dhey toen oep dha roegz, Dhey igz-semin dha moegz : Boet, now ! now soech thing; Dhey kaant faind dha r ing ! And dhi JEbat diklead dhat, u when nowbadi twigd it, Sosm raaskl' or oedhar hsed popt in, and prigd it ! " Dha Kaadinal rowz widh a dignifaid hik, Hiy kold for hiz ksendl', hiz bel, and hiz buk! In howli senggar and paias griyf, Hiy solamli koest thset raaskali thiyf ! Hiy koest him set bod, hiy koest him in bed ; From dha sowl ov hiz fut tu dha kraun ov hiz hed ; Hi}' koest him in sliyping, dhat evari l nait Hiy shud driym ov dha devl', 2 and weyk in a frait ; Hiy koest him in iyting, hiy koest him in dringking, Hiy koest him in kofing, 3 in sniyzing. in wingking ; Hiy koest him in siting, in stsending, in laiing, Hiy koest him in woking, in raiding, in fiaiing, Hiy koest him in living, hiy koest him in daiing ! Nevar woz hoed soech a teribl' 4 koes ! Beet whot geyv raiz Tu now litl' sapraiz, Nowbadi 5 siymd woen peni dha woes ! Dha dey woz gon 6 , Dha nait keym on, Dha mcengks and dha fraiaz dhey soecht til don ; When dha saekristn' so, On krcempl'd klo, Koem limping a puar litl' leym Jsekd'6 ; Now longgar gey, JEz on yestadey 7 ; Hiz fedhaz 61 siymd tu biy toend dha rong wey, Hiz pinyanz druwpt hiy kud haadli stsend, Hiz hed woz sez bold 0ez dha paam ov yor hsend ; Hiz ai sow dim, Sow weystid iych lim, Dhat, hiydlis ov grsemar, dhey 61 kraid, " DJupt s him! Dhtet s dha sksemp dhat hsez doen dhis sksendalas thing ! Dhiet s dha thiyf dhat hsez got mi 8 Lod Kaadinalz Ring ! " Alternative forms : l evri. - devil. 3 koilng. 4 terabl'. 5 iio\vbodi. gon. ' ytst.idi. - H inai. I. P. II. C 34 Eiyding Lesn'z Powitri. Dha puar litl' Jgekd'6, When dha mcengks hiy so, Fiybli geyv vent tu dha gowst ov a ko ; And toend hiz bold bed, sez mcech sez tu sey, " Prey biy sow gud sez tu wok dbis wey ! " Slowar and slowar, Hiy limpt on bifoar, Til dhey keym tu dha bgek ov dha belfri doar, When dha foest thing dhey so, Midst dha stiks and dha stro, Woz dha ring in dha nest ov dhset litl' Jsekd'6 ! Dhen dha Lod Kaadinal kold for hiz buk, And of dhset teribl' koes hiy tuk ; Dha myut ikspreshan 1 Soevd in lyu ov kanfeshan, 2 And, biying dhoes koepl'd widh ful restityushan, Dha Jsekdo got pliynari sebso'lyushan ! When dhowz woedz woer hoed, Dhset puar litl' boed Woz sow cheynjd in a mowmant, t woz riali absoed. 3 Hiy gruw sliyk, and fset ; In adishan tu dhset, A fresh krop ov fedhaz keym thik eez a inset ! Hiz teyl wsegl'd moar lyvn' dhsen bifoar ; Boet now longgar it wsegd widh an impyudant 4 ear, Now louggar hiy poecht on dha Kaadinalz chear. Hiy hopt nau abaut Widh a geyt divaut ; JEt Msetinz, set Vespaz, hiy nevar woz aut ; And sow faar from eni moar pilfaring diydz, Hiy olwiz 5 siymd teling dha konfesaz c biydz. If eni woen laid, or if eni woen swoar, Or sloembad in prear-taim and hsepn'd tu snoar, Dhset gud Jsekd'6 Wud giv a greyt " Ko," JEz moech sez tu sey, " Downt duw sow eni moar ! ' Whail meni rimaakt, sez hiz msenar dhey so, Dhat dhey "nevar haed nown soech a paias Jsekd'6 ! " Hiy long livd dha praid Ov dhset koentri said. And set laast in dhi owdar ov ssengktiti daid ; When, sez woedz woer tuw feynt, Hiz merits tu peynt, Alternative forms : l ekspreshan. 2 konfesban. 3 sebsoed. 4 impidant. 5 dlweyz. 6 kanfesaz, when properly accented on the second syllable, but the rhythm requires us here to shift the accent to the first syllable. Ov cilia Chattel widh dha Boed cet dha Bush. 35 Dha konkleyv 1 ditoemind tu meyk him a seynt ! And on nyuli-meyd seynts and powps, sez yu now, It s dha koestam set Rowm, nyu neymz tu bistow, Sow dhey ksenanaizd him bai dha neym ov Jim Krow ! Barham. Ov DHA CHAILD WIDH DHA BOED .ET DHA BUSH. " Mai litl' boed, hau ksenst dhau sit, And sing amidst sow meni thonz! Let miy boet howld upon dhiy get ; Mai loev widh onar dhiy adonz. Dhau aat set prezn't litl' woeth ; Faiv faadhingz noen wil giv for dhiy ; Boat pridhiy litl' boed koem foth ; Dhau ov moar vselyu aat tu miy, T 2 iz truw, it iz soenshain 3 tadey, Tamoro' boedz wil hsev a stom ; Mai priti woen, koem dhau awey, Mai buzam dhen shsel kiyp dhiy worn. Dhau soebjikt aat tu kowld a 4 naits, When daaknis iz dhai koevaring, 5 Mi dey z 6 dhai deynjar greyt bai kaits, Hau ksenst dhau dhen sit dhear and sing ? Dhai fuwd iz skeas and sksenti tuw, T iz woemz and trsesh which dhau doest iyt ; Dhai prezn't steyt ai piti duw, Koem, ai 1 7 pro'vaid dhiy betar miyt. Ai 1 fiyd dhiy widh whait bred and milk, And shugarploemz, if dhem dhau kreyv ; Ai 1 koevar dhiy widh fainist silk Dhat from dha kowld ai mey dhiy seyv. Alternative forms: * kongkleyv. 2 it. 3 s'oenshain. 4 cr 5 koevring. c iz. 7 wil. 30 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. Mai faadhaz pselas shsel biy dhain, Yey in it dhau shselt sit and sing ; Mai litl' boed, if dhau It l biy main, Dlia howl yoer 2 raund shael biy dhai spring. Ai 1 tiych dhiy 61 dha nowts set kot ; (Enth'ot ov myuzik dhau shselt pley ; And 61 dhat dhidhar duw riz'ot, Shsel preyz dhiy for it evri dey. Ai 1 kiyp dhiy seyf from kset and koer, Now msenar a 3 haam shsel kcem tu dhiy ; Yey, ai wil biy dhai soekarar, Mai buzam shsel dhai ksebin biy." Boat low, bihowld, dha boed iz gon ; 4 Dhiyz chaamingz wud not ineyk hoer yiyld ; Dha chaild z left set dha Bush alown, Dha boed flaiz yondar oar 5 dha fiyld. John Bunyan. DHA DlSTRCEKSHAX OV SENMiKARIB. 6 Dhi Asiryan 7 keym daun laik a wulf on dha fowld, And hiz kowhots woer gliyming in poepl' and gowld ; And dha shiyn ov dhear spiaz woz laik staaz on dha siy, When dha bluw \veyv rowlz naitli on diyp Laik dha liyvz ov dlia forist when soemar iz griyn, Dheet howst widh dhear bsenaz set soenset woer siyn : Laik dha liyvz ov dha forist when Otam hseth blown, Dhaet howst on dha moro' ley widhad and strown ! Fur dhi Eynjal 9 ov Deth spred hiz wingz on dha blaast, And briydhd in dha feys ov dha fow 0ez hiy paast ; And dhi ai r / ov dha sliypaz wsekst dedli and chil, And dhear haats beet weens hiyvd, and for evar gruw stil ! Alternative forms : 'wilt. - yiar. 3 ov. 4 p;on. 5 owvar. ' '' 9 eynjl'. Dlia Mccrlnaz ov Iiiggland. 37 And dhear ley dha stiyd widh hiz nostril 61 waid, Beet thruw it dhear rowld not dha breth ov hiz praid ; And dha fowm ov hiz gaasping ley whait on dha toef, And kowld sez dha sprey ov dha rok-biyting soef. And dhear ley dha raidar dist'otid and peyl, Widh dha dyu on hiz brau and dha roast on hiz meyl ; And dha tents woer 61 sailant, dha bsenaz alown, Dha laansiz oanliftid, dha troempit osnblown. And dha wido'z ov ^Eshar aar laud in dhear weyl, And dhi aiclalz * aar browk 2 in dha tempi' ov Beyl; 3 And dha mait ov dha Jentail, censmowt bai dha sod, Hseth meltid laik snow in dha glaans ov dha Lod ! Byron. DHA M.ERIXAZ ov INGGLAXD. Yiy Mserinaz ov Inggland Dhat gaad auar neytiv siyz ! HUWJJ flaeg hsez breyvd, a thauzand yocz, Dha bsetl' and dha briyz ! Y6r gloryas 4 stsendad laanch agen 5 Tu msech anoedhar fow ; And swiyp thruw dha dij r p, Whail dha stomi waindz 6 daw blow: "Whail dha bsetl' reyjiz laud and long And dha stomi waindz duw blow. Dha spirits ov y6r faadhaz Shsel staat from evri weyv For dha dek it woz dhear fiyld ov feym, And Owshan woz dhear greyv : Whear Bleyk and maiti Nelsn' fel Yor msenli haats shsel glow, JEz yiy swiyp thruw dha diyp, Whail dha stomi waindz duw blow ; Alternative forms : l aidl'z. - brcnvkn'. 3 B;>yal. 4 glori'as. 5 agej-n. 6 windz. 38 Ely ding Lesrfz Powitri Whail dha bsetl' reyjiz laud and long And dha stomi waindz duw blow. Brit'senya niydz now bulwoeks, Now tauaz along dha stiyp ; Hoer maach iz oar x dha mauntin wey vz, Hoer howm iz on dha diyp. Widh thoendaz from hoer neytiv owk Shiy kwelz dha floedz bilow JEz dhey roar on dha shoar, When dha stomi waindz duw blow ; When dha bsetl' reyjiz laud and long, And dha stomi waindz duw blow. Dha miytyar flseg ov Inggland Shael yet terifik boen ; Til deynjaz troebl'd nait dipaat And dha staar ov piys ritoen. Dhen, dhen, yiy owshan-woryaz ! 2 Auar song and fiyst shsel flow Tu dha feym ov yor neym, When, dha stom hsez siyst tu blow ; When dha faiari fait iz hoed now moar, And dha stom hsez siyst tu blow. T. Campbell. AAXSAR TU A CHAILDZ KWESCHAN. Duw yu aask whot dha boedz sey ? Dha spsero', dha closv, Dha linit, and throesh, sey " Ai loev and ai loev ! " In dha wintar dhear 3 sailant, dha wind iz sow strong ; Whot it sez ai downt 4 now, beet it singz a laud song. Boet griyn liyvz and blosamz and soeni worn wedhar, And singing and leaving, 61 koem baek tagedhar. Boat dha laak iz sow brimful ov glsednis and loev, Dha griyn fiyldz bilow him, dha bluw skai abosv, Dhat hiy singz and hiy singz, and for evar singz hiy, " Ai loev mai loev, and mai ICBV loevz miy." Coleridge. Al!arnatireformfi: ' owvar. 2 wori'az. 3 dhcy aar. 4 duw not. Dha Ritdiad Kcet. 39 DHA PAIN-.EPL' AND DHA BIT. Dha pain-sepl'z in tripl' row Woer baasking hot, and 61 in blow : A biy ov mowst dizoening teyst Poesiyvd l dha frey grans sez hiy paast ; On iygar wing dha spoilar keym, And soecht for krseniz in dha freym, Oejd hiz ateint on evri 3 said, Tu evri peyn hiz troengk aplaid : Boat stil in veyn dha freym woz tait, And ownli poevyas tu dha lait : Dhoes hseving weystid haaf hiz dey, Hiy trimd hiz flait anoedhar wey. Auar diar dilaits aar ofn' soech : Ekspowzd 3 tu vyu, boet not tu toech, Dha sait auar fuwlish haat infleymz, Wiy long for pain-epl'z in freymz : Widh howplis wish woen luks and linggaz, Woen breyks dha glaas and kosts hiz finggaz, Boet dhowz huwm truwth and wizdam liyd, Keen gaedhar hoeni from a wiyd. Cowpcr. DHA RITAIAD K^ET. A powits kset, sideyt and greyv Mz powit wel kud wish tu hsev, Woz moech adiktid tu inkwaiar, For nuks tu which shiy mait ritaiar, And whear, sikyiiar sez maus in chingk, Shiy mait ripowz, or sit and thingk. Soemtaimz * sesending 5 debanear, An sepl' triy, or lofti pear, Lojd widh kanviynyans in dha fok, Shiy wocht dha gaadnar set hiz woek : Alternative forms : ' pasiyvd. 2 evari. 3 ikspowzd. 4 S'oemtaimz. 5 asending. 40 Riyding Lesrfz Powitri. Scemtaimz hoer iyz and solas sot In an owld emti wotring ] -pot ; Dhear, wonting ncething seyv a fsen Tu siym soam nimf in hoer sid'sen, Apserald in igz'sektist sot, And redi tu biy bon tu kot. Boat Icev ov cheynj it siymz hsez pleys Not ownli in auar waizar reys ; Ksets olso' fiyl, sez \vel sez wiy, Dhset paeshanz fos, and sow did shiy. Hoer klaiming, shiy big'gen tu faind, Ekspowzd 2 hoer tuw moach tu dha waind,-' 5 And dhi owld yutansil 4 ov tin Woz kowld and ka^mfatlis widhin : Shiy dhearfor wisht, insted ov dhowz, Soem pleys ov moar sii'iyn ripowz, Whear niydhar 5 kowld mait koem, nor ear Tuw ruwdli wontan widh hoer hear, And sot it in dha laiklyist 6 mowd, Widhin hoer maastaz snoeg abowd. A droar, it chaanst, set botam laind Widh linin ov dha softist 7 kaind, Widh soech sez moechants intro'dyus From Indya, for dha leydiz yus A droar impending oar 8 dha rest, Haaf owpn', in dha topmowst chest, Ov debth 9 anoef, 10 and noan tu spear, Invaitid hoer tu sloembar dhear. Pus, widh dilait biyond ikspreshan, Soeveyd dha siyn and tuk po'zeshan. Bik'oambant set hoer iyz, ear long, And loeld bai hoer own hoein-droem song, Shiy left dha keaz ov laif bihaind And slept jez shiy wud sliyp hoer laast ; Alternative forma: l -ivotaring. - ikspowzd. 3 wind. 4 yutensil, 5 naidhar. li laikliist. 'softist. 8 owvar. "depth. 10 iu-oef. Dha Ritdiad Kcet. 41 When in keym, hoezifli l inklaind, Dha cheymbameyd, and shoet it faast ; Bai now maligniti impeld, Boet 61 oenkonshas hnwm it held. Aweykn'd bai dha shok, kraid Pus, " Woz evar kset atendid dhoes ! Dhi owpn' droar woz left, ai siy, Miali tu pruwv a nest for miy ; For suwn sez ai woz wel kampowzd, Dhen keym dha meyd, and it woz klowzd. Hau smuwdh dhiyz koechifs, and hau swiyt ! Ow ! whot a delikit ritriy t. Ai wil rizain miself 2 tu rest, Til Sol, diklaining in dha west, Shsel kol tu soepar, when, now daut, Suwzn' wil kosrn and let niiy aut." Dhi iyvning keym, dha soan disendid, And Pus rimeynd stil oenatendid. Dha nait rowld taadili awey, (Widh hoer, indiyd, t woz nevar dey,) Dha spraitli mon hoer kos rinyiid, Dhi iyvning grey ageyn 3 insyiid ; And Pus keym intu inaind now moar Dhsen if intuwmd dha dey bifoar. Widh hoenggar pincht, and pincht for ruwm, Shiy nau priseyjd aprowching duwm, Nor slept a singgl' wingk, or poed, Konshas ov jepadi inkoed. Dhset nait, bai chaans, dha powit woching Hoed an ineksplikabl' skraeching ; Hiz nowbl' haat went pit-a-pset, And tu himself hiy sed, " Whot's dhaet ? " Hiy druw dha koetin set hiz said, And foth hiy piypt, boat noething spaid ; Yet, bai hiz iar * direktid, 5 gest Alternative forms : l hauswaifli. 2 mais61f . 3 agen. 4 yoer 5 dairektid. 42 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. Soemthing imprizn'd in dha chest, And, dautful whot, widh pruwdn't kear Riz61vd it shud kantinyu dhear. ^Et length a vois which wel hiy nyu, A long and melankali 1 myu, Salyuting hiz powetik iaz, 2 Kansowld 3 him and dispeld hiz fiaz. Hiy left hiz bed, hiy trod dha floar, And gsen 4 in heyst dha droz eksploar ; 5 Dha lowist foest, and widhaut 6 stop Dha rest in odar, tu dha top ; For t iz a truwth wel nown tu mowst, Dhat whotsowevar thing iz lost, Wiy siyk it, ear it koem tu lait, In evri krseni boat dha rait. Foth skipt dha kset, not nau ripliyt, JEz oest, widh eri self-kansiyt, Nor in hoer own fond seprihenshan A thiym for 61 dha woeldz atenshan ; Boet modist, sowbar, kyuad ov 61 Hoer nowshanz haipabolikl', And wishing for a pleys ov rest Enithing raadhar dhsen a chest. Dhen stept dha powit intu bed Widh dhis riflekshan in hiz hed : Moral. Biwear ov tuw sablaim a sens Ov yor own woeth and konsikwans ! Dha man huw driymz himself sow greyt, And hiz imp'otans ov seech weyt, Dhat 61 araund, in 61 dhat s clcen, Mcest muwv and sekt for him alown, Wil loen in skuwl ov tribyuleyshan, Dha foli ov hiz ekspekteyshan. W. Coicpcr. Alternative forms : l melangkali. 2 yoez. 3 konso\vld. 4 big-sen. 5 iksploar. widliaut Kontest bitwiyn dha Nowz and dhi Aiz. 43 KONTEST BITWlYN DHA NOWZ AND DHI AlZ. Bitwiyn Nowz and Aiz a streynj kontest arowz, Dha spektakl'z set dhem cenh'sepili rong ; Dha point in dispyut woz, sez 61 dha woeld nowz, Tu which dha sed spektakl'z 6t tu bilong. Sow dha toeng woz dha loyar, and aagyud dha koz Widh a greyt diyl ov skil, and a wig ful ov loening ; Whail Chiyf-bseran lar l sset tu bselans dha loz, Sow feymd for hiz tselant in naisli dizoening. " In bihaaf ( ov dha Nowz, it wil kwikli apiar, And yor lodship," hiy sed, ' wil oendautidli faind Dhat dha Nowz hsez heed spektakl'z olwiz in wear, Which amaunts tu pazeshan, taim aut ov maind." Dhen howlding dha spektakl'z oep tu dha kot " Yor lodship abzoevz dhey aar meyd widh a strgedl', jEz waid 0ez dha brij ov dha nowz iz ; in shot, Dizaind tu sit klo\vs tu it, jcest laik a ssedl'. Agen, 2 wud yor lodship a mowmant sapowz (T iz a keys dhat hsez hsepn'd, and mey biy agen) Dhat dha vizij or kauntinans hsed not a nowz ; Prey, huw wud, or huw kud, wear spektakl'z dhen ? On dha howl it apiaz, and mai aagyumant showz, Widh a riyzning 3 dha kot wil nevar kandena, Dhat dha spektakl'z pleynli woer meyd for dha Nowz, And dha Nowz woz sez pleynli intendid for dhem." Dhen shifting hiz said, gez a loyar nowz hau, Hiy pliydid ageyn on bihaaf ov dhi Aiz ; Bost whot woer hiz aagyumants fyu piypl' now, For dha kot did not thingk dhey woer iykwali waiz. Sow hiz lodship dikriyd, in a greyv solam town, Disaisiv and kliar, widhaut woen if or boet, Dhat " Whenevar dha Nowz put hiz spektakl'z on, Bai deylait or ksendl'-lait Aiz shud biy shoet." W. Coicpcr. Alternative forms : 1 yoer. - ageyn. 3 riyzn'ing. 44 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. JON GILPIN. Jon Gilpin woz a sitizn' Ov kredit and rinaun, A trejrn-bsend kseptin iyk woz hiy Ov feymas Loendan Taun. Jon Gilpinz spauz sed tu lioer diar, " Dhow wedid wiy hsev biyn Dhis twais ten tiydyas yoez, l yet wiy Now holidey 2 hsev siyn. Ta-moro' iz auar weding-dey, And wiy wil dlien ripear (Entu dha Bel get Edmantn', 01 in a sheyz and pear. Mai sistar and mai sistaz chaild, Maiself, 3 and childran thriy, Wil fil dha slieyz ; sow yu moest raid On hosbjek aaftar wiy." Hiy suwn riplaid, " Ai duw admaiar Ov wumankaind boat woen, And yu aar sliiy, mai diarist diar, Dheafor it shsel biy doen. Ai gem a linindreypar bowlcl, Mz 61 dba woeld doeth now, And mai gud frend dha kselindar, Wil lend hiz hos tu gow." Kwowth Mistris Gilpin, " Dhset s wel sed ! And, for dhat wain iz diar, Wiy wil biy foenisht widh auar own, Which iz bowth brait and kliar." Jon Gilpin kist hiz loeving waif, Ojoid woz hiy tu faind Dhat, dhow on plezhar shiy woz bent, Shiy hsed a fruwgl' maind. Alternative forms : l yiaz. 2 holidi. 3 miself. Jon Gilpin. 45 Dha moning keym, dha sheyz woz brot, Boet yet woz not alaud Tu draiv 03p tu dha doar, lest 61 Shud sey dhat shiy woz praud. Sow thriy doz of dha sheyz woz steyd, Whear dhey did 61 get in, Siks preshas sowlz, and 61 agog Tu dsesh thruw thik and thin. Srasek went dha whip, raund went dha whiylz, Woer nevar fowks sow glsed ; Dha stownz did rsetl' cendaniyth, jEz if Chiypsaid woer meed. Jon Gilpin, aet hiz hosiz said, Siyzd faast dha flowing meyn, And oep hiy got, in heyst tu raid, Boat suwn keym daun ageyn ; For ssedl'-triy skeas riycht hged hiy, His joeni tu bigin, When, toening raund hiz hed, hiy so Thriy koestamaz koem in. Sow daun hiy keym ; for 16s ov taim, Oldhow it griyvd him soar, Yet 16s ov pens, ful wel hiy nyu, Wud troebl' him mcech moar. T l woz long bifoar dha koestamaz Woer syutid tu dhear maind, When Beti, skriyming, keym daunsteaz, " Dha wain iz left bihaind ! " ' : Gud leek ! " kwowth hiy, " yet bring it miy, Mai ledhan belt laikwaiz 2 In which ai bear mai troasti sod W'hen ai duw eksasaiz." Alternative forms : l it. 2 laikwaiz. 46 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. Nan Mistris Gilpin (keaful sowl ! ) Hsed tuw stown-botl'z faund, Tu howld dha likar dhat shiy loevd, And kiyp it seyf and saund. lych botl' hsed a koeling iar, l Thruw which dha belt hiy druw, And hoeng a botl' on iych said, Tu meyk hiz bselans truw. Dhen owvar 61, dhat hiy mait biy Ikwipt from top tu tow, Hiz long red klowk, wel-broesht and niyt, Hiy msenfuli did throw. Nau siy him mauntid woens ageyn Apon hiz nimbi' stiyd, Ful slowli peysing oar 2 dha stownz, Widh koshan and gud hiyd. Boet fainding suwn a smuwdhar rowd Biniyth hiz wel-shod fiyt, Dha snoting biyst big'sen tu trot, Which gold him in hiz siyt. Sow " Fear and softli ! " 3 Jon hiy kraid, Boat Jon hiy kraid in veyn ; Dhset trot bikeym a gselap suwn, In spait ov koeb and reyn. Sow stuwping daun, sez niydz hiy nicest Huw ksenot sit ceprait, Hiy graaspt dha meyn widh bowth hiz hsendz, And iyk widh 61 hiz mait. Hiz hos, huw nevar in dheet sot Hsed hsendl'd biyn bifoar, Whot thing apon hiz baek hsed got Did wcendar moar and moar. Alternative forms : ! yocr. 2 owvar. 3 softli. Jon Gil pin. 47 Awey went Gilpin, nek or not ; Awey went hset and wig ; Hiy lit!' dremt, when hiy set aut, Ov rcening seech a rig. And nau, sez hiy went bauing daun Hiz riyking hed ful low, Dha botl'z tweyn bihaind hiz bsek Woer shsetad set a blow. Dann rsen dha wain intu dha rowd, Mowst pityas tu biy siyn, Which meyd hiz hosiz flangks tu smowk JEz dhey hsed beystid biyn. Boet stil hiy siymd tu kseri weyt, Widh ledhan goedl' breyst ! For 61 mait siy dha botl'-neks Stil dsenggling set hiz weyst. Dhces 61 thruw meri Izlingtn' Dhiyz gsembl'z hiy did pley, (Entil l hiy keym oentu dha Wosh Ov Edmantn' sow gey. And dhear hiy thruw dha Wosh abaut On bowth saidz ov dha wey, Joest laik oentu a trcendling mop, Or a waild guws set pley. JEt Edmantn' hiz loeving waif From dha bselkowni 2 spaid Hoer tendar hoezband, woendring 3 mosch Tu siy hau hiy did raid. " Stop, stop, Jon Gilpin ! Hiar z dha haus"- Dhey 61 set woens did krai ; " Dha dinar weyts, and wiy aar taiad "; Sed Gilpin" Sow sem ai ! " Alternative form: l 'oentil. 2 bselkani. 8 woendaring. 48 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. Boet yet hiz hos woz not a whit Inklaind tu tseri dhear ; For whai ? hiz ownar hsed a haus Ful ten mailz of, set Wear. Sow laik an sero' swift hiy fluw, Shot bai an aachar strong ; Sow did hiy fiai which bringz miy tu Dha midl' ov mai song. Awey went Gilpin aut ov breth, And soar agenst hiz wil, Til set hiz frendz dha kselindaz Hiz hos set laast stud stil. Dha kselindar, ameyzd tu siy Hiz neybar in soech trim, Leyd daun hiz paip, fiuw tu dha geyt, And dhoes akostid him : " Whot nyuz ? whot nyuz ? yor taidingz tel ! Tel miy yu nicest and shsel Sey, whai bear-hedid yu aar kcem, Or whai yu kcem set 61 ? " Nau Gilpin hsed a plezn't wit, And loevd a taimli jowk ; And dhoes oentu dha kaalindar In meri gaiz hiy spowk : " Ai keym bikoz l yor hos wud koem ; And, if ai wel fobowd, 2 Mai host and wig wil suwn biy hiar, Dhey aar apon dha rowd." Dha kaelindar, rait gla;d tu faind Hiz frend in meri pin, Ritoend him not a singgl' wood Boot tu dha haus went in ; Alternative forms : J biker,, 2 fabowd. Jon Gilpin. 49 Wliens streyt hiy keym, widh haet and wig A wig dhat flowd bihaind ; A haet not moech dha woes for wear ; lych koemli in its kaind. Hiy held dhem. oep, and in hiz toen Dhces showd hiz redi wit : "Mai hed iz twais asz big sez yoz, Dhey dheafor niydz moest fit. Boet let miy skreyp dlia doet awey, Dhat hsengz apon yor feys ; And stop and iyt, for wel yu mey Biy in a hoenggri keys." Sed Jon, " It is mai weding-dey, And 01 dha woeld wud stear, If waif shud dain set Edmantan, And ai shud dain at AVear." Sow, toening tu hiz hos, hiy sed, " Ai sem in heyst tu dain ; T woz for yor plezhar yu keym hiar, Yu shaal gow bask for main." Aa loeklis spiych, and buwtlis bowst ! For which hiy peyd ful diar ; For, whail hiy speyk, a breying aas Did sing mowst laud and kliar : Wherset hiz hos did. snot, sez hiy Hsed hoed a laian roar, And gselapt of widh 61 hiz mait, yEz hiy hsed doen bifoar. Awey went Gilpin, and awey Went Gilpinz haet and wig ; Hiy lost dhem suwnar dhsen set foest, For whai ? dhey woer tuw big. Nan Mistris Gilpin 3 when shiy so Hoer hoezband powsting daun II D 50 Eiyding Lesriz Powitri. Intu dha koentri far awey, Shiy puld aut haaf-a-kraun. And dhces oentu dha yuth shiy sed, Dhat drowv dhem tu dha Bel, . " Dhis shsel biy yoz, when yu bring bsek Mai hoezband seyf and wel." Dha yuth did raid, and suwn did miyt Jon koeming bsek ameyn ; Huwm in a trais hiy traid tu stop, Bai kseching set hiz reyn ; Boat not poefoming l whot hiy ment, And glsedli wud hsev doen, Dha fraitn'd stiyd hiy fraitn'd moar, And meyd him faastar roan. Awey went Gilpin, and awey Went powst-boi set hiz hiylz, Dha powst-boiz hos rait glsed tu mis Dha loembring 2 ov dha whiylz. Siks jentl'man 3 apon dha rowd Dho3s siying Gilpin flai, Widh powst-boi skaempring 4 in dha riar, Dhey reyzd dha hyu and krai : " Stop thiyf ! stop thiyf ! a haiweyman ! " Not ween ov dhem woz myut ; And 61 and iych dhat paast dhset wey Did join in dha poesyut. 5 And nau dha toenpaik geyts ageyn Fluw owpn' in shot speys : Dha towl-man thingking sez bifoar Dhat Gilpin rowd a reys. And sow hiy did, and woen it tuw ! For hiy got foest tu taun ; Alternative forms : l pat'oming. 2 Icembaring. J jeritl 1 u.en. 4 skueiupariiig. 6 pasyut. Siy. 51 Nor stopt, til whear hiy hsed got oep Hiy did ageyn get daun. Nau let res sing, Long liv dha king, And Grilpin, long liv hiy ; And, when hiy nekst doeth raid abrod, Mey ai biy dhear tu siy ! W. Coicper. MT SIY. A wet shiyt and a flowing siy, A waind dhat folo'z faast And filz dha whait and roeshing seyl And bendz dha gselant maast ; And bendz dha gselant maast, mi 1 boiz, Whail laik dhi iygl' friy Awey dha gud ship flaiz, and liyvz Owld Inggland on dha liy. Ow for a soft 2 and jentl' waind ! 3 Ai hoed a fear woen krai ; Boet giv tu miy dha snoring briyz And whait weyvz hiyving hai ; And whait weyvz hiyving hai, mi Isedz, Dha gud ship tait and friy : Dha woeld ov wotaz iz auar howm, And meri men aar wiy. Dhear z tempist in yon honid 4 muwn, And laitning in yon klaud ; Boet haak dha myuzik, mseriuaz ! Dha waind iz paiping land ; Dha waind iz paiping laud, mi boiz, Dha laitning flseshiz friy Whail dha holo' owk auar pselas iz, Auar heritij dha siy. A. Cunningham Alternative forms : l mai. 2 soft. 3 wind. 4 hond. 52 Eiydinj Lesn'z Powitri. WILYAM TEL. Koem, list tu miy, and yu shsel hiar, A teyl ov wbot bifel A feymas msen ov Switsaland, Hiz neym woz Wilyam Tel. Niar Roisiz bsengk, from dey tu dey, Hiz litl' flok hiy led, Bai pruwdant thrift and haadi toil Kantent tu oen hiz bred. Nor woz dha hoentaz kraaf t oennown : In Uariy noen woz siyn Tu trsek dha rok-frikwenting hoed Widh ai sow truw and kiyn. A litl' seen woz in hiz howm, A laafing, fear-head boi ; Sow strong ov lim, sow blaidh ov haat, Hiy meyd it ring widh joi. Hiz faadhaz shi} ? p woer 61 hiz frendz ; Dha Isemz hiy kold bai neym ; And when dhey frolikt in dha fiyldz, Dha chaild wud shear dha geym. Sow piysfuli dhear auaz woer spont Dhat laif hsed skeas a soro' ; Dhey tuk dha gud ov evri dey, And howpt for moar ta-moro'. Boet 6ft 1 seem shaining Eypril mon Iz daakn'd in an auar ; And blsekist griyfs oar ~ joias howmz, Alaas ! oensiyn mey lauar. Not yet on Switsaland hsed doncl Hoer dey ov libati ; Dha streynjaz yowk woz on hoer soenz, And prest rait hevili. Alternative forms : 1 oft. 2 owvar. Wilyam Tel. 53 Sow woen woz sent in loeklis auar, Tu ruwl in Ostryaz * neym ; A hoti msen ov ssevij niuwd, In pomp and pauar hiy keym, Wren dey, in wontannis ov pauar, Hiy set hiz ksep on hai ; u Bau daun, yiy sleyvz," dhi odar Ken ; u ]Juw diso'beyz shsel dai ! " It chaanst dhat Wilyam Tel, dhset mon, Hsed left hiz kotij howm, And, widh hiz litl' seen in hsend, Tu ^Eltof taun hsed koem. For 6ft dha boi hsed aid dha spoil Hiz faadhar howmwad boar, And preyd tu join dha hoeating kruw, When dhey shud rowm for moar. And ofn on seem meri nait, When woendras fiyts woer towld, Hiy longd hiz f aadhaz bow tu teyk, And biy a hoentar bowld. Sow todz 2 dha shamwoz honts dhey went ; Woen sseng hiz chaildish songz, Dhi oedhar bruwdid monfuli Oar 3 Uariyz griyfs and rongz. Tel so dha kraud, dha lif tid kaep, Dha taiarants senggri fraun, Dha heraldz shautid in hiz iar, 4 '" Bau daun, yiy sleyvz, bau daun ! " Stoen Gezlar maakt dha pezants iniyn, And wocht tu siy him fol ; Boet nevar paam-triy streytar stud Dhaen Tel bifoar dhem 61. Alternative forms : ! Ostri'az, Ostri'az. 2 tuwodz. 3 owvar. 4 yoer. 54 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. " Mai niy shsel bend," hiy kaamli sed, " Tu God, and God alown ; Mai laif iz in dhi Ostryanz l hsend, Mai konshans iz mai own." " Siyz him, yiy gaadz," dha ruwlar kraid, Whail pseshan chowkt hiz breth ; " Hiy moks mai pauar, hiy breyvz mai lod, Hiy daiz dha trey taz deth ; Yet weyt. Dha Swis aar maaksman truw, Sow 61 dha woeld doeth sey : Dhset fear-head stripling hidhar bring ; Wiy 1 2 trai dhear skil ta-dey." Haad bai a spreding laim-triy stud, Tu dhis dha yuwth woz baund ; Dhey pleyst an sepl' on hiz hed Hiy lukt in wcendar raund. '* Dha folt iz main, if folt dhear biy," Kraid Tel in seksn'ts waild ; " On msenhud let yor venjans fol, Beet spear, ow spear mai chaild ! " " Ai wil not haam dha priti boi," Sed Gezlar tontingli ; " If bleed ov hiz shgel steyn dha graund, Yoz wil dha moedar biy. Dro tait yor bow, mai koaning mgen, Yor streytist sero' teyk ; For, now, yon aepl' iz yor maak, Yor libati dha steyk." A minggl'd noiz ov roth and griyf Woz hoed amosng dha kraud ; Dha men dhey moetad koesiz diyp, Dha wimin wept alaud. Alternative forms : l Ostri'anz, Ostri'anz. 9 wil. Wilyam Tel. 55 Ful fifti peysiz from hiz chaild, Hiz kros-bow in hiz hsend, Widh lip kamprest, and flseshing ai, Tel foemli tuk hiz staend. Shuar, ful anoef ! ov peyn and wow Dhis kraudid oeth haez biyn ; Boat nevar, sins dha koes big'sen, A ssedar sait woz siyn. Dhen speyk alaud dha gaelant boi, Impeyshant ov diley, " Shuwt streyt and kwik, dhain eym iz shuar; Dhau kaenst not mis ta-dey." " Hevn' bles dhiy nau," dha perant sei, "Dhai koerij sheymz mai fiar; Msen trsempl'z on hiz broedhar msen, Boet God iz evar niar." Dha bow woz bent ; dhi gero' went, JEiz bai an eynjl' gaidid ; In piysiz tuw, biniyth dha triy, Dhi sepl' fel divaidid. u T 2 woz breyvli doan," dha ruwlar sed, " Mai plaitid woed ai kiyp ; T woz breyvli doen bai saiar and soen, Gow howm, and fiyd yor shiyp." " Now thsengks ai giv dhiy for dhai buwn," Dha pezn't kowldli sed ; " Tu God alown mai preyz iz dyn, And dyuli shsel biy peyd." " Yet now, praud msen, dhai feyt woz niar, Hsed ai boet mist mai eym ; Not oenavenjd mai chaild hsed daid, Dhai paating auar dha seym. Alternative forms : 1 in'cef. 2 it. 56 Riyding Lesii'z Powitri. For siy ! a sekand shaaf t woz hiar, If haam mai boi bifel ; Nau gow and bles dha hevn'li pauar, Mai/bcs hsez sped sow wel." God helpt dha rait, God spead dha sin ; Hiy bringz dha praud tu sheym ; Hiy gaadz dha wiyk agenst 1 dha strong, Preyz tu Hiz howli Neym ! Rev. J. If. Gurncy. MffiNGKIZ M^ENAZ. Moengkiz, when dhey sit set teybl', lyt sez faast sez dhey aar eybl' Gobi' for dhear veri laivz Skuwp oap greyvi widh dhear naivz Put dhear finggaz in dha dish If soem nais tit-bit dhey wish Widh dhear naif, or fok, or spuwn, On dha teybl' droem a tyun Soemtaimz 2 from iych cedhaz pley t ow, Shoking ! pilfar a pateyto', Or soem veri tern ting slais Which dhey thingk iz luking nais. Riflckslian. Now yoeng riydaz, shuar, ov main Evar wnd laik moangkiz dain ! Tom Hood. DHA SONG ov DHA STKIYT MCENGKI. Dhey thingk when ni m straiking dha shril gitaar Widh a slaitli kealis hsend, Dhat ai hfev fagotn' 3 mai loevd wcenz, faar Awey in a distant Isend. Alternative forms : l ageynst. - scemtaimz. 3 fogotn'. Dha Domaus. 57 Dhear dwel Misiz Em and mai moengki lings thriy, And dhey woendar whear ai gem, ^Ez dhey sit in dha top ov dha kowko'-noet triy, And fiyst on dha loeshas ysem. Mai moengkilingz dhey aar grown-oep bai dhis, And dhear teylz kwait long moast biy ; Dhear moedhar 6ft 1 givz dhem, ai now, a kis, Bikoz 2 dhey aar sow laik miy. Long long mey dhey baund mid 3 dha lof ti 4 triyz, In dha forist shsedo'z kuwl, Nor evar biy fetad widh klowdhz 5 laik dhiyz, And daans on a thriy-legd stuwl. Dha tip ov mai teyl iz dinyudid ov skin, It pruwvz hau moech ai fret : Boet bikoz ai ind'oalj in a paasing grin Dhey fsensi dhat ai faget. 6 Tom Hood. DHA DOMAUS. Dha litl' domans iz toni red, Hiy meyks agenst wintar a nais snoeg bed ; Hiy meyks hiz bed in a mosi bsengk, Whear dha plaants in dha soemar grow tol and rsengk. Awey from dha deylait, faar oendagraund, Hiz sliyp thruw dha wintar iz kwaiat and saund ; And when 61 aboev him it friyziz and snowz, Whot iz it tu him ? for hiy not ov it nowz. And til dha kowld taim ov dha wintar iz gon, 7 Dha litl' domaus kiyps sliyping on. Boat set laast, in dha fresh briyzi deyz ov dha spring, When dha griyn liyvz boed, and dha meri boedz sing, And dha dred ov dha wintar iz owvar and paast, Dhen dha litl' domaus piyps aut set laast Alternative forms : 1 oft. 2 bik*6z. 3 amid. * lofti. 5 klowz. 6 foget'. 7 gon. 58 Riyding Lesn'z Powitri. Aut ov hiz snoeg kwaiat boero' hiy wendz, And luks 61 abaut for hiz neybaz aud frendz ; Dhen hiy sez, sez hiy sits set dha fut ov a laach, " T l iz a byutifl' - dey for dha foest dey ov Maach, Dha vaialit iz bluwming, dha bluw skai iz kliar ; Dha laak iz oepspringing, hiz kserl' ai hiar ; And in dha griyn fiyldz aar dha Isem and dha fowl ; Ai m 3 glsed ai m 3 not sliyping, nor daun in mai howl.' Dhen awey hiy rosnz, in hiz meri muwd, Owvar dha fiyldz, and intu dha wud, Tu faind eni greyn dhear mey chaans tu biy, Or eni smol beri dhat hsengz on dha triy. Sow from oeli moning til leyt set nait, Hsez dha puar litl' kriychar its own dilait ; Luking daun tu dhi oeth, and cep tu dha skai, Thingking, " Whot a hsepi domaus sem ai ! " Mary Howitt. DHA GRAAS-HOPAR AND DHA KRIKIT. Dha powitri ov oeth iz nevar ded : When 61 dha boedz aar feyut widh dha hot seen, And haid in kuwling triyz, a vois wil roen From hej tu hej abaut dha nyu-mown miyd ; Dhset iz dha graas-hopar hiy teyks dha liyd In soemar loekshari, hiy haez nevar doen Widh hiz dilaits, for when taiad aut widh foen, Hiy rests set iyz biniyth soem plezn't wiyd. Dha powitri ov oeth iz siysing nevar : On a lown wintar iyvning, when dha frost Hsez rot a sailans, from dha stowv dhear shrilz Dha krikits song, in womth inkriysing evar, And siymz tu woan, in drauzinis haaf lost, Dha graas-hopar amoeng soem graasi hilz. Keats. Alternative forms: ' it. 2 byutiful. 3 sem. Owd tu dha Kuku. 59 OWD TU DHA KUKU. Heyl bytityas streynjar ov dlia growv ! Dhau mesinjar ov Spring ! Nau hevn' ripeaz dhai ruaral siyt, And wudz dhai welkam sing. Whot taim dha deyzi deks dha griyn, Dhai soetin vois wiy hiar ; Hsest dhau a staar tu gaid dhai paath, Or maak dha rowling yiar ? Dilaitful * vizitant ! widh dhiy Ai heyl dha taim ov flauaz, And hiar dha saund ov myuzik swiyt From boedz amoeng dha batiaz. Dha skuwlboi, wondring 2 thruw dha wild Tu pul dha primrowz gey, Staats, dha nyu vois ov Spring tu hiar, And imiteyts dhai ley. Whot taim dha piy puts on dha bluwm Dhau flaist dhai vowkal veyl An senyual gest in osdhar Isendz Anoedhar Spring tu heyl. Swiyt boed ! dhai bauar iz evar griyn, Dhai skai iz evar kliar ; Dhau hsest now soro' in dhai soiig, Now Wintar in dhai yiar ! Ow kud ai flai, ai d 3 flai widh dhiy ! Wiy d 3 meyk, widh joiful 4 wing, Auar senyual vizit oar 5 dha glowb, Kampsenj-anz ov dha Spring. John Logan. Alternative forms: ' dilaitfl'. 2 Avoendaring. 3 wud. 4 joifl'. 5 owvar. 60 Riyding Lesn'zPowitri. DHA MILAR ov DIY. Dhear dwelt a milar, heyl and bowld, Bisaid dha rivar Diy ; Hiy woekt and sseng from mon til nait, Now laak moar blaidh dhsen hiy ; And dhis dha boedn' ov hiz song For evar yust tu biy : " Ai envi nowbadi, now, not ai, And nowbadi enviz miy." "Dhau at 1 rong, mai frend," sed gud King Hael " JEz rong sez rong keen biy For kud mai haat biy lait sez dhain, Ai d 2 glsedli clieynj widh dhiy ; And tel miy nau, whot meyks dhiy sing Widh vois sow laud and friy, Whail ai sem seed, dhow ai m 3 dha king, Bisaid dha rivar Diy ? " Dha mikt-r smaild and dof t hiz k?ep : " Ai oen mai bred," kwowth hiy ; " Ai loev mi 4 waif, ai loev mi frend, Ai loev mi childran thriy ; Ai ow now peni ai ksenot pey; Ai thsengk dha rivar Diy, Dhat toenz dha mil dhat graindz dha kOn Dhat fiydz mai beybz and miy." " Gud frend," sed Hsel, and said dha whail, " Feawel and hsepi biy ; Boet sey now moar, if dhau dst 5 biy trmv, Dhat now ween enviz dhiy : Dhai miyli keep iz woeth mai kraun, Dhai mil, mai kingdamz fiy ; Soech men sez dhau aar Ingglandz bowst, Ow milar ov dha Diy ! " Mackay. Alternative forms : ! aat. 2 wud. 3 eem, am. 4 mai. 5 \vuclst. Ween bai Ween. 61 WCEN BAI WCEN. Ween bai woen dha ssendz aar flowing, Woen bai woen dha mowmants fol ; Seem aar koeming, soem aar go wing ; Duw not straiv tu graasp dliem 61. Ween bai ween dhai dyutiz weyt dhiy, Let dhai howl strength gow tu iych, Let now fyuchar driymz ileyt dhiy, Loen dhati foest whot dhiyz keen tiych. Woen bai woen (brait gifts from Hevn') Joiz aar sent dhiy hiar bilow ; Teyk dhem redili when givn', Redi biy tu let dhem gow. Woen bai woen dhai griyfs shsel miyt dhiy, Duw not fiar an aamid l bsend ; Ween wil feyd sez oedhaz griyt dhiy, Shaedo'z paasing thruw dha Isend. Duw not luk set laifs long soro' ; Siy hau smol iych mowmants peyn ; God wil help dhiy for ta-moro', Sow iych dey bigin ageyn. Evri auar dhat fliyts sow slowli, Hsez its taask tu duw or bear ; Lyuminas dha kraun, and howli, When iych jena iz set widh kear. Di;w not linggar widh rigreting, Or for paasing auaz dispond ; Nor, dha deyli toil fogeting, 2 Luk tuw iygali biyond. Auaz aar gowldn' lingks, Godz towkn', Riyching Hevn' ; beet woen bai woen, Teyk dhem, lest dha cheyn biy browkn' Ear dha pilgrimij biy doen. Adelaide Proctor. Alternative forms : 1 aamd. 2 fagetiiip;. 6'2 Biyding Lesri*z Powitri. LOKINVAAR. Lcydi Heranz Song. Ow, yoeng Lokinvaar iz koein aut ov dha west, Thruw 61 dha waid Bodar hiz stiyd woz dha best, And, seyv hiz gud brod-sod, hiy wepanz hsed noen ; Hiy rowd 61 oenaamd, and hiy rowd 61 alown. Sow feythful in loev, and sow dontlis in wor, Dhear nevar woz nait laik dha yoeng Lokinvaar. Hiy steyd not for breyk, and hiy stopt not for stown, Hiy swsem dhi Esk rivar whear fod dhear woz noen ; Boet, ear hiy alaitid set Nedhabi geyt, Dha braid haed kansentid, dha gselant keym leyt, For a Isegad in loev, and a dsestad in wor, Woz tu wed dha fear Elin ov breyv Lokinvaar. Sow bowldli hiy entad dha Nedhabi hoi Amoeng braidzman and kinzman, and broedhaz and 61 : Dhen spowk dha braidz faadhar, hiz hsend on hiz sod (For dha puar kreyvn' braidgruwm sed nevar a woed), " Ow, koem yiy in piys hiar, or koein yiy in wor, Or tu daans set auar braidl', yoeng Lod Lokinvaar ? " " Ai long wuwd yor dotar, mai syut yu dinaid ; Loev swelz laik dha Solwey, boet ebz laik its taid And nau ai sem koein, widh dhis lost loev ov main, Tu liyd beet woen mezhar, dringk woen keep ov wain. Dhear aar meydn'z in Skotland moar loevli bai faar, Dhat wud glsedli biy braid tu dha yoeng Lokinvaar." Dha braid kist dha goblit ; dha nait tuk it oep, Hiy kwaaft of dha wain, and hiy thruw daun dha keep, Shiy lukt daun tu bloesh, and shiy lukt oep tu sai, Widh a smail on hoer lips and a tiar in hoer ai. Hiy tuk hoer soft l hsend, ear hoer mcedhar kud baar, " Nau tred wiy a mezhar ! " sed yoeng Lokinvaar. Alternative form : l soft. Aaftar Blenim. 63 Sow steytli hiz fora, and sow loevli hoer feys, Dhat nevar a hoi soech a gselyad did greys ; Whail hoer moedhar did fret, and hoer faadhar did fyum, And dha braidgruwm stud dsenggling hiz bonit and pluwm ; And dha braid-meydn'z whispad, " T woer betar bai faar Tu haev msecht aur fear koezn' widh yoeng Lokinvaar." Woen toech tu hoer hsend, and woan woed in hoer iar, 1 When dhey riycht dha hol-doar, and dha chaajar stud niar ; Sow lait tu dha kruwp dha fear leydi hiy swo3ng, Sow tait tu dha ssedl' bifoar hoer hiy sprang ! ' Shiy iz woen ! wiy aar gon, 2 owvar bsengk, bush, and skoar ; Dhey 1 3 hsev fiiyt stiydz dhat folo' ; " kwowth yoeng Lokinvaar. Dhear woz maunting moeng 4 Griymz ov dha Nedhabi klsen ; Fostaz, Feniks and Mcezgreyvz, dhey rowd and dhey rsen : Dhear woz reysing, and cheysing on Kseno'bi Liy, Boet dha lost braid ov Nedhabi near 5 did dhey siy. Sow dering in loev, and sow dontlis in wor, Hsev yiy ear hoed ov gselant laik yoang Lokinvaar ? Scott. AAFTAR BLENIM. It waz 7 a soemar iyvning ; Owld Ksespaz woek waz doen, And hiy bifoar hiz kotij doar Waz siting in dha seen ; And bai him spotid on dha griyn Hiz litl' grsendchaild Wilamiyn. Shiy so hoer broeclhar Piytakin Rowl soemthing laaj and raund, Which hiy bisaid dha rivyulet In pleying dhear hsed faund ; Hiy keym tu aask whot hiy hsed faund Dhat woz sow laaj and smuwdh and raund. Alternative forms: J yoer. 2 gen. 3 wil. 4 amoeng. 5 nevar. evar. ' woz. G4 Riyding Lesrfz Powitri. Owld Ksespar tuk it from dha boi, Huw stud ikspektant bai ; And dhen dhi owld maen shuk hiz lied, And widh a nsechral 1 sai, " T iz seem puar felo'z skoel," sed hiy, " Huw fel in dha greyt viktari." 2 " Ai f aind dhem in dha gaadn', For dhear z men! hiar abaut ; And ofn when ai gow tu plan Dha plaushear toenz dhem aut. For meni thauzand men," sed hiy, " Woer sleyn in dhaet greyt viktari." " Nau tel oes whot t waz 61 abaut," Yoeng Piytakin hiy kraiz ; And litl' Wilamiyn luks oep Widh woendar-weyting aiz ; " Nau tel oes 61 abaut dha wor, And whot dhey fot iych oedhar for ? " " It waz dhi Ingglish," Ksespar kraid, " Huw put dha French 3 tu raut ; Beet whot dhey fot iych oedhar for Ai kud not wel meyk aut, Boet evribodi sed," kwowth hiy, " Dhat t woz a f eymas viktari. Mai faadhar livd set Blenim dhen, Yon litl' striym haad bai ; Dhey boent hiz dweling tu dha graund, And hiy waz f 6st tu flai : Sow widh hiz waif and chaild hiy fled, Nor hged hiy whear tu rest hiz hed. Widh faiar and sod dha koentri raund Waz weystid faar and waid, Alternative forms : l naecharal. 2 viktri. 3 Frensh. Seem Moemar. 65 And men! a chailding moedhar dhen And nyubon beybi daid : Boet thingz laik dhset, yu now, moest biy JEt evri feymas viktari. Dhey sey it woz a shoking sait Aaftar dha ftyld waz WCBH ; For meni thauzand bodiz hiar Ley roting in dha soen : Boet thingz laik dhset, yu now, mosst biy Aaftar a feymas viktari. Greyt preyz dha Dyuk ov Molbra 1 woen And auar gud Prins Yujiyn ; " " Whai t woz a veri wikid thing ! " Sed litl' Wilamiyn ; "Ney . . . ney . . . mai litl' goel." kwowth hiy, " It waz a feymas viktari." And evribodi preyzd dha Dyuk Huw dhis greyt fait did win." " Boet whot gud keym ov it set laast ? ; ' Kwowth litl' Piytakin : " Whai dhset ai ksenot tel," sed hiy, " Boet t woz a feymas viktari." It. Southey. SCEM MOEMAR. Soem nioemar, when dhear skai iz kliar And howlli brait tu vyu, If woen smol spek ov daak apiar In dhear greyt hevn' ov bluw. And seem widh thsengkful loev aar fild If boet ween striyk ov lait, Woen rey ov Godz gud moesi gild Dha daaknis ov dhear nait. Alternative form : 1 Molbara. I. P. II. E 66 Ely ding LesrfzFowitri. In pselasiz aar haats dhat aask, In diskantent and praid, Whai laif iz seech a driari taask, And 61 gud thingz dinaid. And haats in puarist hoets admaiar Hau Loev hsez in dhear eyd (Loev dhat not evar siymz t\\ taiar) Soech rich pro'vizhan meyd. Arch b ish op Trcn ch . EXERCISES. EXERCISE I. Silent letters to be left out, and i to be written instead of y or ie at the end of words. Instead of: well begged deck sense Jessie ill filled kick twelve Minnie doll robbed rock give pussy pull pulled flock solve Johnnie mess very head wren merrily miss silly bread wrist steadily dross folly deaf knit possibly puss fully breast knob impossibility We write : wel begd dek sens Jesi il fild kik twelv Mini dol robd rok giv pusi pul puld flok solv Joni mes veri heel ren merili mis sili bred rist stedili dros foli def nit posibli pus fuli brest nob imposibiliti Write in the same manner : Bell, egg, inn, stiff, odd, full, digged, lived, lead, dead, pity, merry, sorry, Willy, ready, sense, stick, block, horrid, plenty, plentifully. 68 Exercises. EXERCISE II. On icords from Reading Lesson I. atcnd |>a-l pet pit pot put a h?ed wel it foks intu an set get hiz woz gud and ktenot plenti iz ov wud apon iBZ 1'rend in lukt agen hiev frendz nimbli eni if Learn to write ae all in one stroke. Observe the different sound of ae in pa>.t and a in attend, America, villa. 1. What symbols do we generally use in the above words for a, a', e, i, o, u 1 2. Write phonetically, that is, according to sound : John had a good dog. Florrie looked at it. A bag full of wool. A woolly lamb. His foot is wet. His hand is full. Sam left his book. Jem took it. Willy is not steady. Give him ten minutes EXERCISE III. On words from Reading Lesson 7, t n v a k ks lukt. krenot ov jez ksnot foks compare plenti hiz compare compare kukt eni iz keep wa j ks dipt nimbli woz kot veks stopt intu frendz kuk miks 1. What symbols do you generally use in the above words for t, n, v, z, ks ? 2. Write according to sound : Ann is a good cook. Henry has a pretty box. Ten pens. Twenty pence. Fifty books. Sixty beds. Main' cocks and Exercise. 69 hens. A box of bricks. Wilty knocked. John helped Tom. Minnie has bread and eggs. Ned spells well. Kitty has many friends. EXERCISE IV. On icorcU from Reading Lesson II. a iig th till zh eh dha longgar thingk dhi trezhar which dhat thingk \voeth dha compare much compare compare compare dhis plezhar compare a singar thin dhat trezhar dich an finggar thik compare vizhan fech and hoenggri thisl' dhen dilyuzhan chin clhtet dongki pith widh ruwzh chest Observe that the endings of longgar and trezhar sound the same as those of grammar, kolar. sdar, dolar, though we are accustomed to write lony-cr, treas-ure, gramm-ar, coll-ar, cell-ar, doll-ar. Write phonetically : The bell was ringing. Annie was thinking. The lamb is drinking. Measure this bit of wood. A mossy bank. A hotch- potch Match that red wool. Put in a stitch. Drink the milk. Fanny is at leisure. Ned has a treasure. John is very angry Tom is angling. EXERCISE V. On words from Reading Lessons III. and IV. ow show sow dhowz owuli owld Note that ce should be written without lifting the pen. 1. Write in ordinary spelling two fresh examples of each of the sounds ce, ey, iy, ow, uw. ^y *y wey miy dhey siy sti'eyt piypl' teyking priysept II W OP ti luiw 03p krukid duw soem tu (to) fuwd boet compare juwil woen tuw (too) tuw (two) 70 Exercises. 2. Write phonetically : Haste makes waste. No pains, no gains. Ill weeds grow apace. Extremes meet. Charity begins at home. Great is the truth and it shall prevail. None of these things moved him. The tongue is not steel, but it cuts. Treasures (ending -az) of wickedness profit nothing. EXERCISE VI. On words from Reading Lesson V. aa oe o aas faar laafing faadhar woer goelz ritoening oenist toking w6kt yor nor compare aar compare hoer compare or staar soer for staav woed stom kaat boen hos Remember to write final r though it is sometimes silent We hear it in "far off'," "father is at home." Write phonetically : Alms are the salt of riches. Truth may be blamed but can't be shamed. He that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame. A soft answer turneth away wrath. All her paths are peace. Forewarned, forearmed. EXERCISE VII. On words from Rcadiny Lesson VI. ai ai bai taim mai straiv vaaind au 01 y alauing distroid nyu daun compare rifyuz gaun point compare compare joint } TU nau boi regyular bau joi vselyu Exercises. 71 The symbol for ou in house, namely au, is the same that is used for this sound in German, so we spell the English words house, mouse, exactly like German Haus, Maus. Observe that ai is like aa, iy oi is like 6, iy au ,, aa, uw yu ,, y, uw. Write phonetically : A stitch in time saves nine. If thou do ill, the joy fades, not the pains ; if well, the pain doth fade, the joy remains. The pan says to the pot, " Keep off, or you'll smutch me." Murder will out. Who knows nothing, doubts nothing. One foe is too many, and a hundred friends too few. No cross, no crown. EXERCISE VIII. On words from Reading Lesson VIII. ar a a klremar oeclhaz pitishancl betar libati ko'mowshan odar venchad kandishan terar compare ameyzmant compare odaz pcenishmant selar teraz distans kolar selaz sekand vila kolaz prezantli Bela vilaz Observe how, when z is added, r disappears. Show that a, c, o or ou may stand for the sound a in ordinary spelling. Write phonetically : Out of debt, out of danger. A prophet has no honour in his own country. Physician heal thyself. The receiver's as bad as the thief. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Thou shalt sooner detect an ant moving in the dark night on the black earth, than all the morions of pride in thine heart. 72 Exercises. EXERCISE IX. On words from Reading Lesson VIII. V m n' 0' 0' mosl' compare koezn' pro'kyuar compare poepl' bseptizm' soedn' compare soro' compare sizm' owpn' pro'tekt folo' iitr ksezm' compare mo'lest folo'z bsebl'd boetn' bilo' folo'd boebl'z ridn' bilo'z folo'ing ritn' bilo\v folo'ar Write phonetically : Man proposes, God disposes. Coals to Newcastle. Misfor- tunes never come single. Heaven and earth fight in vain against a dunce. The river past and God forgotten. When the tale of bricks is doubled, Moses comes. Is Saul also among the prophets? EXERCISE X. On words from Reading Lesson VIII. ea ia oa dhear hiar doar whear fiar stoar fear (fare) kear keafuli fiad compare apiar bifoar compare doz compare feaz feacl apiaz apiad ashuar Stoz stod roar keaz ashuaz roz kead ashuad rod ua puar compare buar duar muar muaz muad ashuar ashuaz ashuad The following words give the key to these sounds : bear bier boar boor. Exercises. 73 Observe how words ending in r lose the r when a consonant is added, and words ending in oar lose a also. 1. Show in ordinary spelling two or more ways of representing each of the sounds ear, iar, oar, uar. 2. Write phonetically : More haste, worse speed. A scalded dog fears cold water. Ill doers are ill deemers. There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip. The fear of man bringeth a snaro. A poor man is better than a fool. Before honour is humility. EXERCISE XI. On words from Reading Lessons VIII. and IK. aia haiar haiad compare faiar faiaz faiad taiar taiaz taiad Ob.serve that, r forms triphthongs. Also that doubled letters must be used in those few cases where the sounds are doubled. AVrite phonetically: The grapes are sour. Knowledge is power. A burnt child fears the fire. It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer, but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth. They were marry- ing and giving in marriage. To the pure all things are pure. We count them blessed which endure. HUH yua Doubled letters. owvapauad indyuar deyntiist compare pro'kyuar middey auar sikyuariti compare sauar compa re pritiist pauar pyuar kseriing pauaz indyuaz hoeriing flauar indyuad stoediing flauaz pro'kyuar heddres flauad pro'kyuad bukkeys 74 Exercises. EXERCISE XII. K and 6 are not always turned into diphthongs by r follow- ing. Examples : kear kering keaz bear bering beaz stoar storing stod roar roring rod Note that e occurs only before r and a vowel. But d occurs also when r disappears before a consonant. Examples of e : eri feri veri Sera verid heri deri Heri perant veriing Notice the appearance of words with ai or oi followed by i. Examples : traiing baiing dikoiing distroiing Write phonetically : A hoary old man. A daring robbery. The door was ajar. Wood is porous. Clara will not return. Mary is enjoying her ride. Mr. Jones is employing a gardener. Her motives are not apparent. Morocco wears well. Sarah is lying down. Louisa is untying a knot. They are restoring the church. EXERCISE XIII. On Accent. In English most words are accented on the first syllable. But words ending in shan, zliait, slial or iti are always accented on the syllable preceding these terminations. And the vowels a ajid o' are never accented ; so if the vowel of the first syllable is a or o% and the word does not end in whan, zhaii, shal or iti, we accent the second syllables Exercises. 75 Examples : -shan, Allan -shal, -Hi extension judicial civilization initial mathematician inability intrusion majority indecision humanity a- sagacious away account lament arrival protect propose oblige produce domain Write out the following words phonetically, marking the accent, and arranging them in three classes, (1) those whose accent is determined by the ending, (2) those whose accent is determined by the vowel of the first syllable, and (3) those which are irregular, not coming under the above rules : protect continue delusion. advise obedient exhibit abominable condescend division return severity molest observation determine expansion exhibition prejudicial intelligent insensibility impossibility intimidate dislike conceal APPENDICES. I. SPECIMENS OF FRENCH. L yl\TROPOFA:J. Deu pti garso?i d la vil, Richa:r e Gusta:v, s egare:r eun jou:r dnmz un epe:s fore. Anfdn i trouve:r un petit oberj, 6 milyeu d la fore, e iz i antre:r pour i pase la ma. A mima, iz antandi:r parle dan la chanb vwazin. Gusta:v, ki n dorme pa e ky ete tre kuryeu, reveya son frerr. Iz ale:r, so met pre d la port, prete:r 1 ore:y, e anta?zdi:r 1 oberjist ki clize a sa fam : " Ma che:r, dem<57z mate?! tu metra la gr?id cliodyerr su 1 feu, j ve tu& no ded pti dro:l de la vil." A se mo, le povz anian parese:r mouri:r de' freyeu:r. Richa:r, ky ete tre poltrcw, di, "Nou som perdu! St om la et cunn antropofa:j ! I y a dez a?ztropofa:j, j 1 e lu dan mon Robenson." Le pti Gusta:v, ky ete pa tutafe 6si peureu, di : "I fo nou sove par la fne:tr. Vyen." I se Iva ton dousmaw, ouvri la fne:tr e sota an ba ; s ete pa tre da??jreu, kar la chan:br etet 6 retchose : E,icha:r sota apre. Me la port de la kou:r ete ferme. Ne pouvan pa sorti:r, i cliercheir partou eun rfu:j, anien i trouve:r un etabl. Gusta:v ouvri la port ; deii gro:s be:t n\va:r sorti:r an gron?i, e s elanse:r dan la kou:r ; le deu pti garson, tronblan kom de feu:y, y antre:r a leur plas e i pase:r le restan d la ma. Le mate?i, 1 oberjist sorti dan la kou:r, eun gran kouto a la men. II ala drwa a 1 etabl e ouvri la port an dizan : " Alon, me pti dro:l, sorte : vot dernyer eu:r e vnu." Le deuz anian pouse:r de kri lamantabl e 1 prie:r a jnou de n pa le tue. L oberjist, tout etone, leur di : " Keske vou fet don isi ? keska Specimens of French. 77 vou m konte ? Mwa, vou toe ? eske vou ra prene pour c/?> maujeu:r d om?" "Me wi, msjeu," di Richa:r, " vouz ave di a vot fam, set ma : " ' demc'71 j ture le deu pti dro:l de la vil.' " L oberjist parti d cun grant ekla d ri:r e di : " Ch parle d me deu kochon : j lez apel me pti dro:l de la vil, paske j lez e achte a la vil. Alcm, vne vit dejeune e vou debarbouye : ansidii j vou montrere 1 chemen pour rantre che vo para?i. Un 6t fwa vou n ekoutre plu 6 port." LE DEU PALMYE. Eim jou:r cun Kalif pase 1 Ion d un ko:t arid ki s apel Cholwan : i s i trouva deu palmye, seulz orneman de s deze:r. II ave swaf, e ordona k 1 on koupa 1 cun de palmye don la se:v dvet e:tr eun breuva:j delisyeu. Lorske 1 arbre fut abatu, 1 onn apersu 1 ^nskripsyon su{\*an:t : " Swaye beni, 6 vou le deu palmye d Cholwan, ki ave done vo hui e pre:te vot'r om:\)r po:vre pasau fatige . . . e maleurr a selzd ki vouz ora separe ! " Le kalif eyan lu se mo s santi malad e n put ale plu l\ve. Eusl peri 1 puisan ki detriti tou pour satisfe:r un anvi. Jcra:r de Nerved (Gerard dc Nerved). LA MEZOX KI MARCH. Charnase avet un tre \on:g avnu dvan sa mezow aim ^4wjou ; da?i set avnu bel e parfet ete pla?ite un mezon d peizaw e son pti jarden ki s i ete trouve lorsk el fu bati. Jame Charnase ni son pe:r n ave pu redwi:r se peiz7i a la leur va?i:d'r, kelk avanta:j k il hd ami us ofe:r; e s et un opinya:trete don kantite d propriete:r se pik, pour fe:r a?iraje de jan a la konvncm:s e kelke fwa a la nesesite dekel i son. Charnase, ne sachan plu k i ie:r, ave le:se sla dp?d Ionian, sanz an plu parle. Ani.cn, fatige t set chomyerr ki \ui bouche la vu e Iwi ote tou 1 agreman t somi avnu, il imajina cun tou:r de pas pa:s. Le peizau ki i dmeu:re, e a ki el apartene, ete tayeu:r de son metye, ka?it i trouve a 1 egzerse ; e il ete che lui tou seul, sau fain ni anfan. Charnase 1 anvwa cherche, lid di k il e clmande a la kou:r pour cuim anphva d konsekan:s, k il e 78 Appendices. prese d s i ran:d'r, me k i lui fo un livre. I ion march e 6 kontan ; me Charnase stipul kin veu pwen s fye a se dele, e ke, mwayenan kekcho:z de plus, i n veu pwdn k i sort de che lui k sa livre n swa fet; e k il le kouchra, le nourira e 1 peyra avan de 1 ranvwaye. Le tayeu:r s i akord e s me a travaye. fandan k il et okupe, Charnase fe pran:d'r avek la der- nye:r egzaktitud le p\an e la dimansyon t sa mezon e t son jard?i, de pyes de 1 enteryeu:r, jusk a la pozisycm dez ustansil e de pti meub'l, fe deinon:te la mezon, e anporte tou s ki y ete, rmon:t la mezon tel k el ete, o just, dedom e deho:r, a kat porte d mouske, a kote t sonn avnu ; replas tou le meubl e ustansil dan la me:m pozisyo?i dan lakel on lez ave trouve, e retabli 1 peti jarden d me:m ; an mem tan, fet aplani:r e netwaye 1 ajidrwa d 1 avnu ou el ete, an sort k i n i paru pa. Tou sla fiit egzekute a?zkor plu to k la livre fet, e spandan 1 tuyeu:r dousman garde a vu, d peu:r de kelk ('?idiskresyon. Anfcn la bzon achve d part e d 6:tr, Charnase amu:z so?in om jusk a la mil byn nwa:r, le pe:y e 1 romvwa kontan. Le via ki anfil 1 avnu. By^/ito i la trouv lo?i:g ; apre, i va 6z arbr, e n an trouv plu ; i s aperswa k il a parse 1 bou, e rvycn a lenstan cherche lez arb'r ; i le sui a 1 e.stim, pin kr\va:z e n trouv pa sa mezon ; i n konpran pwen st ava?itu:r. La TM( s pa:s dan st egzersis ; le jou:r arirv, e dvy^n by^/ito ase kle:r pour avize sa mezon. I n vwa ry&n ; i s fix>t lez yeu ; i cherch d 6:tz obje pour dekouvrirr si s e la fo:t de sa vu. Anfen, i krwa ke 1 dya:ble s an me:l e k il a a?iporte sa mezo7i. A fors d ale, de vni:r, e d porte sa vu d tou kote, il aperswa, n un ase gran:d distan:s de 1 avnu, un mezo?i ki rsan:bl a la syen kom deu gout do. In peu krwa:r ke sla swa ; me la kuryozite 1 fet ale ou el e, e ou i n a jame vu d mezon. Pluz il aproch, pluz i rkone k s e la syen. Pour s asu:re myeu de s ki lui tourn la te:t, i preza:t sa kle ; el ou:vr, il nn:t'r, i rtrou:v tou s k il y ave le:se, e presizemcfyi dan la mem plas. II e pre a an pa:me 7 e dineurr konv^ftku k s et cun tou:r de sorsye. La journe n fu pa byrnn avanse, k la ri:ze du cha:to e du vila:j 1 nstnti:zi d la veritc du sortilerj, e 1 mit Specimens of German. 79 an fu:ri. I veu plede, i veu dman:de justis a 1 entandan, e partou on s an mok. Le rwa 1 su, ki an rit osi, e Charnase u sewn avnu libr. Si i n ave jame fe pi, il ore kowserve sa reputasyon e sa liberte. Sn Simon (Saint Simon}.* * Msieu d CharnasS fut ar5t6 mi an pri.zow, akn:ze, di Sen Simon, de bokou d mechemt ch6:z, surtou d fo:s mone. II. SPECIMENS OF GERMAN. DurQ dihze hohle Grase mus 'ar komen ; 'As f'iihrt kain 'andrer Veli9 : nach Kiisnacht hihr Fol'and i9S dih Gelehjenliait 2 '1st giinsti^. Dort dar Holiindershtrauch farbir9t 3 11119 'ihm ; Fon dort liarap kan 'ihn main Pfail 'arlangen ; Diis Vehjes 4 'Ange veliret dan Fiirfoljern. 5 Mach daine Hamming mit dam Himel, Fohcbt ! n Fort must dub, daine 'Uhr 'ist 'apgelaufen. '19 lebpte shtil 'unt harmlobs das Geshos Yabr 'auf das Valdes Tibre nuhr geri9tet, Maine Gedangkeu vabren rain fon Mort Dub hast 'axis mainem Fribden mi9 haraus Geshrakt ; 'in gahrent Drachengif t hast dub Dib Mil9 dar fromen Dangk'ahrt mibr farvandelt ; Tsum 'Ungeboiren bast dub mi9 gevohnt Vehr zi9 das Kindes Haupt tsum Tsihle zatste, Dehr kan 'auch trafen 'in das Harts das Faints. ***** Auf dibzer Bangk fon Sbtain vil 'i