Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/cantonmentmanualOOkilnricli THE CANTONMENT MANUAL The Cantonment Manual OR Fads for Every Soldier Bu Lieut-Colonel W. G. KILNER, U. S. ARMY (west point) Captain A. J. MacELROY, U. S, ARMY (CORNELL) 42isi&>» D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON 1918 ^//2 K^ COPTRIOHT, 1917, BT O. APPLETON AND COMPANY Printed m the United States of America THIS MANUAL IS DEDICATED TO WOODROW WILSON COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY INSPIRER AND LEADER OF WORLD DEMOCRACY 392184 PRESIDENT WILSON TO THE NATIONAL ARMY THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON. To THE Soldiers of the National Army: You are undertaking a great duty. The heart of the whole country is with you. Everything that you do will be watched with the deep- est interest and with the deepest solicitude not only by those who are near and dear to you, but by the whole nation besides. For this great war draws us all together, makes us all comrades and brothers, as all true Americans felt them- selves to be when we first made good our national in- dependence. The eyes of the world will be upon you, because you are in some special sense the soldiers of freedom. Let it be your pride, therefore, to show all men every- where not only what good soldiers you are, but also what good men you are, keeping yourselves fit and straight in everything and pure and clean through and through. Let us set for ourselves a standard so high that it will be a glory to live up to it, and then let us live up to it and add a new laurel to the crown of America. My affectionate confidence goes with you in every battle and every test. God keep and guide you ! WooDROw Wilson. FOREWORD First impressions are lasting. Nowhere is this more- true than in the mihtary service. The impressions upon the recruit, be they good or bad, made during the first few weeks, stick to him all through his military life. The authors of this manual hope that they have made this book so simple and clear that any man who enters the army can, by mastering its contents, lay the founda- tion for a successful career as a soldier. They also trust that such facts and advice have been included as will inspire every man entering the service to become a better man and a soldier who, by his words, actions and devotion to duty, will do his part to uphold the glorious reputation of the Army of the United States. This book in the hands of the pupils at schools where military drill is taught should prove a most valuable aid, W. G. K. A. J. M. Mineola, N. Y, Aug. 25, 1917, CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Characteristics of a Good Soldier i II. Helpful Hints for Recruits 4 Simple rules for cantonment life 6 When on a march or hike 7 Ten "he's" that will beat the Kaiser 8 III, Setting-up Exercises 9 Purpose 9 Arm exercises 9 Leg exercises lo Body exercises lo IV. Infantry Drill 12 Introduction 12 General rules for drills and formations 14 Orders and commands 19 Orders 20 Commands 21 School of the soldier 22 Position of the soldier at attention 23 The rests 23 Eyes right or left 24 Facings 24 Salute with the hand 25 Steps and marchings 25 Quick time 26 To mark time 27 The half step 27 Sidestep 27 Back step 27 To halt 28 To march by the flank 28 ix X CONTENTS CHAPTER PAOB To march to the rear 28 Change step 28 Manual of arms 29 Rifle salute 35 The bayonet 36 The inspection 37 To dismiss the squad 38 V. School of the Squad 38 To form the squad 40 Alignments 40 To take intervals and distances 41 To stack and take arms 44 The oblique march 46 To turn on moving pivot 46 To turn on fixed pivot 48 To follow the corporal 50 To deploy as skirmishers 51 To increase or diminish intervals 52 The assembly 52 Kneeling and lying down 52 Loadings and firings 53 To load 54 To unload 56 To set the sight 56 To fire by volley 56 To fire at will , 57 To fire by clip 58 To suspend firing 58 To cease firing 58 The use of cover 59 Observation 60 VI. School of the Company 61 Close order, rules , 65 To form the company 66 To dismiss the company 67 Alignments 67 Movements on the fixed pivot 68 Movements on the moving pivot 73 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER PAGE: Facing or marching to the rear 74 On right (left) into line y6 Front into line 76 At ease and route step 78 To diminish the front of a column of squads 79 Extended order, rules for deployment 81 Deployments 82 The assembly 85 The advance 85 The fire attack 90 The company in support 92 The company acting alone 93 Fire . . . . : 93 Ranges 94 Classes of firing 95 The target 95 Fire directions 96 Fire control 97 Fire discipline 98 VII. Inspections and Muster 100 Company inspection lOO Company muster 104 VIII. Honors and Salutes 106 IX. The Color 100 The color guard no To receive the color 112 Manual of the color 112 X. Tent Pitching 114 Shelter tents 114 Single sleeping bag 116 Double sleeping bag 116 To strike shelter tents 116 To pitch tents 117 Conical wall tents 118 xii CONTENTS CHAPTEE PAGE To Strike common, wall, pyramidal, and con- ical wall tents ii8 To fold tents 119 Method of folding pyramidal tent 119 XI. Signals and Signaling 122 Arm signals 122 Signals and codes 129 The more important conventional flag signals 130 Two-arm semaphore code 131, 132 XII. Interior Guard Duty 133 Sergeant of the guard 133 Corporal of the guard 137 Privates of the guard 144 Orders for sentinels 144 Regulations relating to the general orders for sentinels 145 Special orders for sentinels at the post of the guard 153 Countersigns and paroles 155 Guarding prisoners 157 Guard mounting 158 Formal guard mounting for infantry 158 Informal guard mounting for infantry 164 Relieving the old guard 165 XIII. Target Practice 169 Preliminary training in marksmanship 169 Sight adjustments 169 Table of sight corrections 171 Aiming 172 Battle sight I73 Trigger squeeze I74 Firing positions I75 Calling the shot 177 Coordination 178 Advice to riflemen 178 The course in small-arms firing 181 Targets 181, 182, 183 CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER PAGE XIV. Care of Clothing, Equipment and Rifle 184 Clothing 184 Shoes 185 Cloth equipment 186 Mess kit 186 The rifle 187 The parts of the rifle 187, 188 Pointers 189 XV. The Soldier's Health 190 A few health hints 192 Venereal diseases 192 XVI. Sanitation and Cleanliness in Camp 193 XVII. Articles of War I94 Certain articles to be read and explained to enlisted men I94 Desertion: absence without leave 198 Disrespect: Insubordination; mutiny 199 Arrest : confinement 200 War ofl^enses 203 Miscellaneous crimes and offenses 205 Miscellaneous provisions 210 XVIII. Court-Martial and Punishment 214 Maximum and minimum punishments 215 XIX. First-Aid Suggestions 216 Wounds and cuts 216 Broken bone 218 Fainting or exhaustion 219 Sunstroke 219 Freezing and frostbite 220 Schaefer method of restoring the apparently- drowned 220 Hints for treating wounds 223 xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XX. Easy Road to French 225 Pronunciation 225 Articles — definite and indefinite 226 Pronouns 227 Plurals 228 Questions 228 Adjectives 229 Adverbs 229 Disjunctive personal pronouns 229 Learn these by heart 230 Common phrases 232 Requests, etc 233 Food, drink, smoke 234 Correspondence, telegraph, etc 235 Dress and toilet 235 Utensils 236 Directions and places 237 On the road — sur la route 238 English-French vocabulary 241 Common words 241 Numerals 243 Currency, measures, weights 245 Days, months, seasons 246 Familiar phrases 247 Military titles, ranks, and grades 249 Military terms 250 Uniform, arms, clothing, and equipment. . . . 252 Questions about the road 254 Towns 256 Railroads 257 Rations and food 258 Hospitals 259 Points of the compass 260 Trench warfare 260 Words of command — Commandements 262 Summons to surrender (in German) 263 Conjugation 263 Regular verbs 263 Auxiliary verbs 265 CONTENTS XV CHAPTEP PAGE Compound tenses 266 Formations of tenses 268 Important irregular verbs 268 Appendix 274 Definitions 274 Slang in the army 276 Form of a military letter 277 Form for last will and testament 278 Infantry division (make-up under war conditions) . . 280 Military badges or service ribbons 281 Military mail 282 Cantonments and mobilization camps 283 National guard camps 284 National army cantonments 285 Army insignia 286 Hat cords 289 Bugle calls 291 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SOLDIER Making good as a soldier is not unlike making good in civil life. The main characteristics you must possess to become a good soldier are: obedience, courage, de- termination, initiative, alertness, cleanliness, cheerfulness, comradeship, courtesy, ambition, team work, and loyalty. Obedience means to obey at once all orders of your commissioned and noncommissioned officers. Do what you are told promptly and cheerfully and you will avoid getting into trouble. Remember that a good soldier will obey first and then if he feels himself aggrieved he will afterward complain to the proper authority. Courage means not only to face danger without flinch- ing when performing your duty but to be willing to right any wrong that you have intentionally or otherwise done to another. Bear in mind that courage is most infectious. A brave soldier has often turned defeat into victory by an act of bravery that has infected his comrades. If you know what to do in an emergency so that you will not be surprised you will have done much to put the thought of danger out of your mind. Self-confidence in a soldier is the one thing that will eliminate fear and keep his courage at its height. Determination and bulldog stick-to-it-iveness to win at all hazards are the greatest contributing factors to suc- 3 I 2 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL cess in battle. While in training do all in your power to develop and strengthen your determination. Keep ever- lastingly at the most difficult tasks and never give up until you have mastered them. Initiative is using your common sense as to what to do when no specific order is given. In the U. S. Army every man from the newest recruit to the most seasoned general is expected to use his head. It is better to make a mistake than to remain inactive in any emergency. Action counts. Do something even if it is wrong rather than "lay down." Alertness. A good soldier may be pardoned for failure but never for being surprised. You should always be on your guard. Should the unexpected happen use your head and by always being on the alert you will never be taken entirely by surprise. Cleanliness. Self-respect demands that every soldier keep his person and clothing clean. Your health and therefore your efficiency depend upon your keeping your- self clean. A clean, neat soldier ninety-nine times out of a hundred is a good soldier. Cheerfulness. Nothing contributes to the success of a m^n in the military game so much as a cheerful disposi- tion. Upon this depends courage and practically all the attributes of an efficient soldier. It's a mighty contagious thing and makes life worth while. "It's easy enough to be pleasant when life goes along like a song, But the man worth while is the man with a smile when everything goes dead wrong." Comradeship. What a world of meaning in the word comrade ! A comrade is far more than a friend. Com- rade in arms means that men are willing, if need be, to die CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SOLDIER 3 fighting shoulder to shoulder and to live arm in arm. Let every man in the squad, let every man in the com- pany be a comrade to every other man in that group. Little differences will arise, but men of the good old U. S. Army are made of that stuff which fights through thick and thin for their glorious country and as comrades glad to lay down their lives for each other. Therefore let the spirit of comradeship be ever present in your midst. Courtesy, Military courtesy is one of the most beauti- ful and essential features of the life of a soldier. As in civil life courtesy is the mark of a well bred man, so in military life military courtesy is the sure sign of a well disciplined and efficient soldier. In the Army Regu- lations we read: "Courtesy among military men is in- dispensable to discipline; respect to superiors will not be confined to obedience on duty, but will be extended on all occasions." Ambition is a desire and a will to succeed in any under- taking. The young soldier should be ambitious to do his duty so well that he will merit promotion. Team work means that each man in the squad, platoon or company contributes all in his power to make for the success of the whole unit. Success in battle depends on team work just as much as success in a football game depends upon the cooperation and pull-together spirit of the football team. You might perform a brilliant, brave deed and yet this might contribute to defeat because your special part in the team work of the company was neg- lected. Loyalty means that you must stand by your com- pany through thick and thin. Boost your organization at every opportunity. Be loyal and true to your officers, your noncommissioned officers and your comrades. In this way you will be loyal to yourself and your country. CHAPTER II HELPFUL HINTS FOR RECRUITS 1. An officer wears a gold and black hat cord and has a brown braid on the sleeve of his blouse. 2. Salute all officers whom you meet. 3. If seated and an officer approaches arise, stand at attention, and salute when he gets within saluting dis- tance, which is about six paces. 4. If an officer enters the mess hall the men stop eat- ing until he leaves. 5. If you are working you do not salute unless the officer speaks to you. 6. Foreign officers should be saluted the same as your own officers. 7. Before addressing an officer always salute and salute before leaving him. 8. When walking with an officer keep on his left and one pace to his rear. 9. When you are with an officer and he salutes an- other person you do not salute. 10. When an officer enters a room or a tent where there are several soldiers the first to perceive him calls out "At- tention"; the men all stand at attention while the officer is in the room or tent or until he directs otherwise. 11. When the "Star Spangled Banner" is played stand at attention, face the music and come to the salute at the first note and drop the hand at the last note. When To the Colors is sounded face the flag, come to the salute at the first note and drop the hand at the last note. 4 HELPFUL HINTS FOR RECRUITS 5 12. Prisoners do not salute but stand at attention when being addressed by an officer. 13. Always hold the hand at the salute until the salute is returned by the officer. 14. Before speaking to any of your company officers always secure the permission of the first sergeant unless one of the officers speaks to you. 15. In addressing an officer the form should be "The njajor is wanted on the phone." "Did the captain call Private Jones?" "Private Smith reports to the lieuten- ant." When given an order by an officer you should say, "Yes, sir." 16. When entering the office or tent of an officer you should knock once, even though the door be open. When requested, enter the room and stand near the door until you are spoken to. Then advance, salute and tell your business. After you have finished your business, salute, make a proper about-face and depart. 17. Always take off your hat upon entering a room or tent where officers are present. 18. Never wear sleeve holders. Always have leggins and breeches properly laced. 19. Keep your uniform clean and your shoes polished. 20. Don't let yourself become careless. Always bathe frequently and keep clean. 21. Always have your mail addressed care of Com- pany and Regiment, as: "Pvt. William Baylis, Co. A, 119th Regiment." 22. The custom of the service is that an experienced soldier will explain things to a new man. Therefore, don't get embarrassed but ask questions freely about your new duties and surroundings. 23. As soon as you are assigned to a Company, report to the first sergeant of that Company. 6 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 24. You are responsible for all property given to you. 25. If you lose a blanket, or anything else, the cost will be taken out of your monthly pay. 26. Never wear any civilian clothes with any part of your uniform. Simple Rules for Cantonment Life 1. Jump out of your bunk at the first note of first call and dress quickly. 2. Get out as soon as dressed and not later than at the first note of assembly for reveille. 3. Be ready to step into your place in ranks as soon as the first sergeant commands "Fall in," and stand at "Attention" until directed to do otherwise. 4. After reveille make up your bunk and have every- thing arranged as prescribed by your company com- mander. 5. Wash before every meal. 6. Go to the toilet or latrine right after breakfast. 7. Prepare your equipment needed for drill. 8. If you are sick and need medical attention, give your name to the first sergeant at reveille. 9. As soon as first call for drill sounds put on your equipment and go to your place in ranks. 10. After drill, clean your rifle. 11. After noon mess there is usually a little time for rest. Lie down and be quiet, if but for a short time. 12. After the drill in the afternoon there is usually a short time before evening parade or ceremony of retreat. This is a good time to bathe, shave, change your uniform, shine your shoes, etc. Strive to be the neatest man in your company. 13. Evening mess follows retreat. HELPFUL HINTS FOR RECRUITS 7 14. After supper you will have plenty of time to write letters and read. In the Y. M. C. A. and Knights of Columbus rooms you will find writing paper and reading matter. 15. Don't forget to read your Bible. 16. Write home at least once a week. 17. Be in your bunk when taps sounds. If you are not sleepy keep quiet out of consideration for your fel- lows. 18. Look at the company bulletin board frequently. Here you will find: The Hst of calls. Details for guard, etc. Special orders and instructions. 19. Rumors are always afloat wherever there are sol- diers. Don't act on rumors. Your orders will be given to you by your company officers and noncommissioned officers. The company bulletin board will furnish you with all other details and information about your duties. 20. Don't pattern your conduct a'fter the braggart and bully. In military as in civil life, it is the quiet, orderly and industrious fellow who gets ahead. 21. Keep your temper and "do unto others as ye would that they should do unto you." When on a March or Hike ' 1. Don't smoke. 2. Don't drink frequently from your canteen. Merely rinse your mouth and spit the water out until the hike is finished. 3. Loosen and adjust your equipment at every halt. 4. Don't leave the ranks without permission. 5. Relieve yourself at the first halt. 8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 6. Lie down and relax at every halt. 7. Keep in your place forty inches behind the man in front of you. 8. When on "route step," join your comrades in sing- ing and whistling. Do your part in helping to make everybody happy. 9. "Fall in" at once when the signal is given after a halt. 10. Don't make remarks about people you pass on the road. Ten "Be's" That Will Beat The Enemy 1. Be clean. 2. Be properly clothed. 3. Be sure to eat nourishing food. 4. Be sure to sleep with lots of fresh air. 5. Be sure to get plenty of exercise daily. 6. Be sure to sleep eight hours every night, if possible. 7. Be sure to defecate daily. 8. Be ever busy, either with work or fun. 9. Be happy and look on the bright side of life. 10. Be ready with a smile to tackle any task set for you. CHAPTER III SETTING-UP EXERCISES Purpose As the name indicates, these exercises are for the purpose of giving the soldier the proper bearing or to "set him up." To this may be added that nothing so con- duces to good health as judiciously and regularly going through these exercises. A few of the best and sim- plest exercises are here given so that the young soldier may daily take these .exercises by himsel'f if necessary. Go through these as soon as you get up and just before going to bed and you v^ill be surprised at the improve- ment in your bodily vigor and health. Arm Exercises I. Extend arms to side, (a) Open and close fists as rapidly as possible, (b) With arms extended, move arms up and down about ten inches as rapidly as pos- sible. II. Extend arms to front, overhead, bend forward, knees stiff, until fingers touch toes, arms to front. Re- peat by numbers (i) (2) (3). III. Extend arms to side, (a) Swing arms, crossing each other in front of body, keeping arms stiff, making a complete circle at each count. Repeat by numbers (i) (2) (3) (4). (b) Swing arms backward, arms ex- tended, describing small circles. The same, swinging lo THE CANTONMENT MANUAL arms forward, (c) With body as a pivot, swing left arm down to side, right arm overhead, and the reverse, keeping the arms stiff and bending the body to side from the waist, (d) Clench fists and bend the right arm until fist touches shoulder, then extend right arm and bend left until fist touches shoulder. Repeat on two counts (I) (2). Leg Exercises IV. Hands on hips, fingers to the front, (a) Bend knees until hips touch heels. Up to standing position. Repeat by numbers (i) (2). (b) Bend left leg at knee until lower left leg is horizontal. In this position, bend right leg until left knee reaches point three inches above ground. On two counts. Same with right leg on two counts. V. Hop to side straddle position. Extend the arms overhead, at the same time throwing the feet apart. Bring the arms to the sides and at the same time bring feet together. Repeat by numbers (i) (2). (This is one of the most popular army exercises.) VI. Hands on hips as in IV. Alternately raise the left and the right leg until the knee is nearly as high as the shoulder. Repeat by numbers (i) (2) (3) (4). Body Exercises VII. Hands on hips as in IV. (a) Bend body for- ward and then backward (i) (2). (b) Bend to the left and then to the right (i) (2). (c) Hop to side straddle position, circle, using the hips as a pivot, first to the left and then to the right. Repeat by numbers (O (2)- SETTING-UP EXERCISES ii VIII. Lie flat on the back with hands under the head. Raise the legs, using the hips as a pivot, very slowly, keeping the knees stiff, until the feet are over the hips, then very slowly back to the ground. Repeat.. IX. Bend knees, palms of hands on ground between feet, carry feet backward until the body rests on toes and hands, body straight. Bend arms downward until body nearly touches ground, always keeping the back stiff, not arched. Repeat. To come to attention bring feet up to hands and then spring up to attention. X. Cock Fight. — With arms folded and one foot raised from the ground, two men try by bumping each other to cause the other to put both feet on the ground, which counts a point for the opponent. This exercise can be worked into a good healthy competition in a squad or company. Note. — If these exercises are used by an instructor he should explain and illustrate the various exercises. From the position of attention they should be given by numbers. CHAPTER IV 1 INFANTRY DRILL Introduction 1. Success in battle is the ultimate object o'f all mili- tary training; success may be looked for only when the training is intelligent and thorough. 2. Commanding officers are accountable for the proper training of their respective organizations within the lim- its prescribed by regulations and orders. The excellence of an organization is judged by its field efficiency. The field efficiency of an organization depends primarily upon its effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness and uniformity in the training of the units of an organization are indispensable to the efficiency of the whole; it is by such means alone that the requisite team work may be developed. 3. Simple movements and elastic 'formations are essen- tial to correct training for battle. 4. The Drill Regulations are furnished as a guide. They provide the principles for training and for increas- ing the probability of success in battle. In the interpretation of the regulations, the spirit must be sought. Quibbling over the minutiae of form is indica- tive of failure to grasp the spirit. 1 This chapter on Infantry Drill is taken from the In- fantry Drill Regulations U. S. Army, to which the authors have added certain explanations and drawings. 12 INFANTRY DRILL 13 5. The principles of combat are considered in Part II of these regulations. They are treated in the various schools included in Part I only to the extent necessary to indicate the functions of the various commanders and the division of responsibility between them. The am- plification necessary to a proper understanding of their application is to be sought in Part II. 6. The following important distinctions must be ob- served : (a) Drills executed at attention and the ceremonies are disciplinary exercises designed to teach precise and sol- dierly movement, and to inculcate that prompt and sub- conscious obedience which is essential to proper military control. To this end, smartness and precision should be exacted in the execution of every detail. Such drills should be frequent, but short. (b) The purpose of extended order drill is to teach the mechanism of deployment, of the firings, and, in general, of the employment of troops in combat. Such drills are in the nature of disciplinary exercises and should be 'frequent, thorough, and exact in order to habit- uate men to the firm control of their leaders. Extended order drill is executed at ease. The company is the larg- est unit which executes extended order drill. {c) Field exercises are for instruction in the duties incident to campaign. Assumed situations are employed. Each exercise should conclude with a discussion, on the ground, of the exercise and principles involved. {d) The combat exercise, a form of field exercise of the company, battalion, and larger units, consists of the application of tactical principles to assumed situations, employing in the execution the appropriate formations and movements o'f close and extended order. Combat exercises must simulate, as far as possible, the 14 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL battle conditions assumed. In order to familiarize both officers and men with such conditions, companies and battalions will frequently be consolidated to provide war- strength organizations. Officers and noncommissioned officers not required to complete the full quota of the units participating are assigned as observers or um- pires. The firing line can rarely be controlled by the voice alone; thorough training to insure the proper use of prescribed signals is necessary. The exercise should be followed by a brief drill at attention in order to restore smartness and control. 7. In field exercises the enemy is said to be imaginary when his position and force are merely assumed; out^ lined when his position and 'force are indicated by a few men; represented when a body of troops acts as such. General Rules for Drills and Formations 8. When the preparatory command consists of more than one part, its elements are arranged as follows : (i) For movements to be executed successively by the subdivisions or elements of an organization: (o) Descrip- tion of the movement; (&) how executed, or on what ele- ment executed. (2) For movements to be executed simultaneously by the subdivisions of an organization: (a) The designa- tion of the subdivisions; (b) the movement to be exe- cuted. 9. Movements that may be executed toward either flank arc explained as toward but one flank, it being necessary to substitute the word "left" for "right," and the reverse, to have the explanation of the corresponding movement INFANTRY DRILL 15 toward the other flank. The commands are given for the execution of the movements toward either flank. The substitute word of the command is placed within paren- theses. 10. Any movement may be executed either from the halt or when marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If at a halt, the command for movements involving march- ing need not be prefaced by forward, as i. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. 11. Any movement not specially excepted may be ex- ecuted in double time. If at a halt, or if marching in quick time, the command double time precedes the command of execution. 12. In successive movements executed in double time the leading or base unit marches in qtdck time when not otherwise prescribed; the other units march in double time to their places in the formation ordered and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit. If marching in double time, the command double time is omitted. The leading or base unit marches in quick time; the other units continue at double time to their places in the formation ordered and then conform to the gait o'f the leading or base unit. 13. To hasten the execution of a movement begun in quick time, the command: i. Double time, 2. MARCH, is given. The leading or base unit continues to march in quick time, or remains at halt if already halted; the other units complete the execution of the movement in double time and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit. 14. To stay the execution of a movement when march- ing, for the correction of errors, the command: i. In place, 2. HALT, is given. All halt and stand fast, with- out changing the position o'f the pieces. To resume the i6 THE CANTONxMENT MANUAL movement, the command: i. Resume, 2. MARCH, is given. 15. To revoke a preparatory command, or, being at a halt, to begin anew a movement improperly begun, the command, AS YOU WERE, is given, at which the movement ceases and the former position is resumed. 16. Unless otherwise announced, the guide of a com- pany or subdivision of a company in line is right; of a battalion in line or line of subdivisions or of a deployed line, center; of a rank in column of squads, toward the side of the guide of the company. To march with guide other than as prescribed above, or to change the guide: Guide {right, left, or center). In successive formations into line, the guide is toward the point of rest; in platoons or larger subdivisions it is so announced. The announcement of the guide, when given in con- nection with a movement, follows the command of ex- ecution for that movement. Exception : i. As skirmishers, guide right {left or center), 2. MARCH. ly. The turn on the fixed pivot by subdivisions is used in all formations 'from line into column and the reverse. The turn on the moving pivot is used by subdivisions of a column in executing changes of direction. 18. Partial changes of direction may be executed: By interpolating in the preparatory command the word half, as Column half right {left), or Right {left) half turn. A change of direction of 45** is executed. By the command: GIVE WAY TO THE RIGHT {LEFT), The guide, or guiding element, moves in the indicated direction and the remainder of the command conforms. This movement effects slight changes of direc- tions. 19. The designations, line of platoons, line of com- INFANTRY DRILL 17 panies, line of battalions, etc., refer to the formations in which the platoons, companies, battaHons, etc., each in column of squads, are in line. 20. Full distance in column of subdivisions is such that in forming line to the right or left the subdvisions will have their proper intervals. In column of subdivisions the guide o'f the leading sub- division is charged with the step and direction; the guides in rear preserve the trace, step, and distance. 21. In close order, all details, detachments, and other bodies of troops are habitually formed in double rank. To insure uniformity of interval between files when falling in, and in alignments, each man places the palm of the left hand upon the hip, fingers pointing down- ward. In the first case the hand is dropped by the side when the next man on the left has his interval; in the second case, at the command, front. 22. The posts of officers, noncommissioned officers, spe- cial units (such as band or machine-gun company), etc., in the various formations of the company, battalion, or regiment, are shown in plates. In all changes from one formation to another involv- ing a change of post on the part of any o'f these, posts are promptly taken by the most convenient route as soon as practicable after the command of execution for the movement; officers and noncommissioned officers who have prescribed duties in connection with the movement ordered, take their new posts when such duties are com- pleted. As instructors, officers and noncommissioned officers go wherever their presence is necessary. As file closers it is their duty to recti'fy mistakes and insure steadiness and promptness in the ranks. 23. Except at ceremonies, the special units have no 3 i8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL fixed places. They take places as directed ; in the absence of directions, they conform as nearly as practicable to the plates, and in subsequent movements maintain their rela- tive positions with respect to the flank or end of the command on which they were originally posted. 24. General, field, and staff officers are habitually mounted. The staff of an officer forms in single rank 3 paces in rear of him, the right of the rank extending i pace to the right of a point directly in rear o'f him. Mem- bers of the staff are arranged in order from right to left as follows: General staff officers, adjutant, aids, other 5taff officers, arranged in each classification in order of rank, the senior on the right. The flag of the general officer and the orderlies are 3 paces in rear of the staff, the flag on the right. When necessary to reduce' the front of the staff and orderlies, each line executes twos right or fours right, as explained in the Cavalry Drill Regulations, and follows the commander. When not otherwise prescribed, staff officers draw and return saber with their chief. 25. In making the about, an officer, mounted, habit- ually turns to the left. When the commander faces to give commands, the staff, flag, and orderlies do not change position. 26. When making or receiving official reports, or on meeting out of doors, all officers will salute. Military courtesy requires the junior to salute first, tut when the salute is introductory to a report made at a military ceremony or formation, to the represen- tative of a common superior (as, 'for example, to the adjutant, officer of the day, etc.), the officer making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first; the officer to whom the report is made will acknowledge by salut- ing that he has received and understood the report. INFANTRY DRILL 19 27. For ceremonies, all mounted enlisted men of a regiment or smaller unit, exce;pt those belonging to the machine-gun organizations, are consolidated into a de- tachment; the senior present commands if no officer is in charge. The detachment is formed as a platoon or squad of cavalry in line or column of 'fours; noncom- missioned staff officers are on the right or in the leading ranks. 28. For ceremonies, such of the noncommissioned staff officers as are dismounted are formed 5 paces in rear of the color, in order of rank from right to left. In column of squads they march as file closers. 29. Other than 'for ceremonies, noncommissioned staff officers and orderlies accompany their immediate chiefs unless otherwise directed. If mounted, the noncommis- sioned staff officers are ordinarily posted on the right or at the head of the orderlies. 30. In all formations and movements a noncommis- sioned officer commanding a platoon or company carries his piece as the men do, if he is so armed, and takes the same post as an officer in hke situation. When the command is formed in line for ceremonies, a noncom- missioned officer commanding a company takes post on the right of the right guide after the company has been, aligned. k ORDERS AND COMMANDS 31. Commands only are employed in drill at attention. therwise either a command, signal, or order is em- ployed, as best suits the occasion, or one may be used in conjunction with another. 32. Signals should be 'freely used in instruction, in order that officers and men may readily know them. 20 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL In making arm signals the saber, rifle, or headdress may be held in the hand. 33. Officers and men fix their attention at the first word of command, the first note of the bugle or whistle, or the first motion of the signal. A signal includes both the preparatory command and the command of ex- ecution; the movement commences as soon as the signal is understood, unless otherwise prescribed. 34. Except in movements executed at attention, com- manders or leaders of subdivisions repeat orders, com- mands, or signals whenever such repetition is deemed necessary to insure prompt and correct execution. Officers, battalion noncommissioned staff officers, pla- toon leaders, guides, and musicians are equipped with whistles. The major and his staff will use a whistle of distinc- tive tone; the captain and company musicians a second and distinctive whistle; the platoon leaders and guides a third distinctive whistle. 35. Prescribed signals are limited to such as are essen- tial as a substitute for the voice under conditions which render the voice inadequate. Before or during an engagement special signals may be agreed upon to facilitate the solution of such special difficulties as the particular situation is likely to de- velop, but it must be remembered that simplicity and cer- tainty are indispensable qualities of a signal. Orders 36. In these regulations an order embraces instructions or directions given orally or in writing in terms suited to the particular occasion and not prescribed herein. Orders are employed only when the commands pre- INFANTRY DRILL 21 scribed herein do not sufficiently indicate the will of the commander. Orders are more fully described in paragraphs 378 to 383, inclusive, "I. D. R." Commands 37. In these regulations a command is the will of the commander expressed in the phraseology prescribed herein. 38. There are two kinds of commands: The preparatory command, such as forward, indicates the movement that is to be executed. The command of execution, such as MARCH, HALT, or ARMS, causes the execution. Preparatory commands are distinguished by italics, those of execution by CAPITALS. Where it is not mentioned in the text who gives the commands prescribed, they are to be given by the com- mander oi the unit concerned. The preparatory command should be given at such an interval of time before the command of execution as to admit of being properly understood; the command of execution should be given at the instant the movement is to commence. The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men for whom it is intended. Each preparatory command is enunciated distinctly, with a rising inflection at the end, and in such manner that the command o'f execution may be more energetic. The command of execution is firm in tone and brief. 39. Majors and commanders of units larger than a battalion repeat such commands of their superior as are to be executed by their units, facing their units for 22 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL that purpose. The battalion is the largest unit that executes a movement at the command of execution of its commander. 40. When giving commands to troops it is usually best to face toward them. Indifference in giving commands must be avoided as it leads to laxity in execution. Commands should be given with spirit at all times. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER In this chapter you will learn the manual of arms, the facings and salutes. These are the first things a soldier should master. Once you have mastered the school of the soldier, the part you will take as a member of the squad will be relatively easy. Study the text carefully and by observing the illustra- tions and your instructor make sure that you execute the movements correctly. If you do not thoroughly under- stand any command ask the officer or noncommissioned officer who is teaching you to explain the movement until you know how to execute it properly. Never be afraid to ask a question. It is the duty, and should be the pleasure, of your instructor, to make everything clear to you. Remember that probably he was once as awkward as you are now. Your appearance as a soldier will be judged by your military bearing, the manner in which you execute the manual of arms and the facings and your compliance with the requirements of military courtesy. Therefore, if you would be a smart soldier master this chapter so that it will be second nature for you to do correctly every- thing called for in the School of the Soldier. The only way to get this is to drill, drill, drill. When INFANTRY DRILL 23 you have done the things called for in this chapter until you no longer have to think how the movements are executed, then, and not until then, will you have mas- tered the first essentials of a good soldier. Position of the Soldier, or Attention ^^^«^^t .?>6 4-^ 151. Heels on the same line and as near each other as the conformation of the man permits. Feet turned out equally and forming an angle of about 45°. Knees straight without stiffness. Hips level and drawn back slightly; body erect and resting equally on hips; chest Hfted and arched; shoul- ders square and falling equally. Arms and hands hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of the trousers. Head erect and squarely to the front, chin drawn in so that the axis of the head and neck is vertical; eyes straight to the 'front. Weight of the body resting equally upon the heels and balls of the feet. The Rests 52. Being at a halt, the commands are: FALL OUT; REST; AT EASE; and, i. Parade, 2. REST. At the command fall out, the men may leave the ranks, but are required to remain in the immediate vicinity. They resume their former places, at attention, at the command fall in. At the command rest each man keeps one foot in place^ but is not required to preserve silence or immobility. 1 These numbers correspond to the numbers in the Infan- try Drill Regulations. i4 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL At the command at ease each man keeps one foot in place and is required to preserve silence but not immo- bility. 53. I. Parade, 2. REST, Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly bent; clasp the hands, without constraint, in front of the center of the body, fingers joined, left hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by the thumb and forefinger of the right hand; preserve silence and steadiness of position. 54. To resume the attention: i. Squad, 2. ATTEN- TION, The men take the position of the soldier. Eyes Right or Left 55. I. Eyes, 2. RIGHT (LEFT), 3. FRONT, At the command right, turn the head to the right ob- lique, eyes fixed on the line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same rank. At the command front, turn the head and eyes to the front. Facings 56. To the flank: i. Right (left), 2. FACE. Raise slightly the left heel and right toe; face to the right, turning on the right heel, assisted by a slight pres- sure on the ball of the left foot; place the left foot by the side of the right. Left face is executed on the left heel in the corresponding manner. Right (left) half face is executed similarly, facing 45**. "To face in marching" and advance, turn on the ball of either foot and step ofif with the other foot in the new line of direction; to face in marching without gaining ground in the new direction, turn on the ball of either foot and mark time. INFANTRY DRILL 25 57. To the rear: i. About, 2. FACE. Carry the toe of the right foot about a half foot-length to the rear and slightly to the left of the left heel with- out changing the position of the left foot; face to the rear, turning to the right on the left heel and right toe; place the right heel by the side of the left. Salute with the Hand 58. I. Hand, 2. SALUTE. Raise the right hand smartly till the tip of the fore- finger touches the lower part of the headdress or fore- head above the right eye, thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the left, forearm inclined at about 45°, hand and wrist straight; at the same time look toward the person saluted. (TWO) Drop the arm smartly by the side. Steps and Marchings 59. All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except right step, begin with the left foot. 60. The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches, measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps per minute. The length of the full step in double time is 36 inches; the cadence is at the rate of 180 steps per minute. The instructor, when necessary, indi- cates the cadence of the step by calling one, izvo, three, four, or left, right, the instant the left and right foot, re- spectively, should be planted. Fig. I Hand salute 26 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 6i. All steps and marchings and movements involving march are executed in quick time unless the squad be marching in double time, or double time be added to the command; in the latter case double time is added to the preparatory command. Example: i. Squad right, double time, 2. MARCH (School of the Squad). Quick Time 62. Being at a halt, to march forward in quick time: I. Forward, 2. MARCH. At the command forward, shift the weight of the body- to the right leg, left knee straight. At the command march, move the left foot smartly straight forward 30 inches from the right, sole near the ground, and plant it without shock; next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant it as above; continue the march. The arms swing naturally. 63. Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in double time: i. Double time, 2. MARCH. If at a halt, at the first command shift the weight of the body to the right leg. At the command march, raise the forearms, fingers closed, to a horizontal position along the waist line; take up an easy run with the step and cadence of double time, allowing a natural swinging mo- tion to the arms. If marching in quick time, at the command march, given as either foot strikes the ground, take one step in quick time, and then step off in double time. 64. To resume the quick time: i. Quick time, 2. MARCH. At the command march, given as either foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the other foot in double time; resume the quick time, dropping the hands by the sides. INFANTRY DRILL a; To Mark Time 65. Being in march: i. Mark time, 2. MARCH, At the command march, given as either foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the other foot; bring up the foot in rear and continue the cadence by alternately rais- ing each foot about 2 inches and planting it on line with the other. Being at a halt, at the command march, raise and plant the feet as described above. The Half Step 66. I. Half step, 2. MARCH. Take steps of 15 inches in quick time, 18 inches in double time. 67. Forward, half step, halt, and mark time may be executed one from the other in quick or double time. To resume the full step from half step or mark time: 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. Side Step 68. Being at a halt or mark time: i. Right (left) step, 2. MARCH. Carry and plant the right foot 15 inches to the right; bring the left foot beside it and continue the movement in the cadence of quick time. The side step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time. If at order arms, the side step is executed at trail with- out command. Back Step 69. Being at a halt or mark time: i. Backward, 2. MARCH. Take steps of 15 inches straight to the rear. 28 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL The back step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time. If at order arms, the back step is executed at trail with- out command. To Halt 70. To arrest the march in quick or double time: 1. Squad, 2. HALT. At the command halt, given as either foot strikes the ground,, plant the other foot as in marching; raise and place the first foot by the side of the other. If in double time, drop the hands by the sides. To March by the Flank 71. Being in march: i. By the right (left) flank, 2. MARCH. At the command march, given as the right foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the left foot, then 'face to the right in marching and step off in the new direction with the right foot. To March to the Rear 72. Being in march : i. To the rear, 2. MARCH. At the command march, given as the right foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the left foot; turn to the right about on the balls of both feet and immediately step off with the left foot. If marching in double time, turn to the right about, taking four steps in place, keeping the cadence, and then step off with the left foot. Change Step 73. Being in march: i. Change step, 2. MARCH. At the command march, given as the right foot strikes INFANTRY DRILL 29 the ground, advance and plant the left foot; plant the toe of the right foot near the heel of the left and step off with the left foot. The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the command march being given as the left foot strikes the ground. MANUAL OF ARMS 74. As soon as practicable the recruit is taught the use, nomenclature (Fig. 44), and care of his rifle; when fair progress has been made in the instruction without arms, he is taught the manual of arms ; instruction without arms and that with arms alternate. 75. The following rules govern the carrying of the piece : First. The piece is not carried with cartridges in either the chamber or the magazine except when specifically ordered. When so loaded, or supposed to be loaded, it is habitually carried locked; that is, with the safety lock turned to the "safe." At all other times it is carried un- locked, with the trigger pulled. Second. Whenever troops are formed under arms, pieces are immediately inspected at the commands: I. Inspection, 2. ARMS; 3. Order (Right shoulder, port), 4. ARMS. A similar inspection is made immediately before dis- missal. If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine they are removed and placed in the belt. Third. The cut-off is kept turned "off" except when cartridges are actually used. Fourth. The bayonet is not fixed except in bayonet exercise, on guard, or for combat. Fifth. Fall in is executed with the piece at the order 30 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL arms. Fall out, rest, and at ease are executed as without arms. On resuming attention the position of order arms js taken. Sixth. If at the order, unless otherwise prescribed, the piece is brought to the right shoulder at the command march, the three motions corresponding with the first three steps. Movements may be executed at the trail by- prefacing the preparatory command with the words at trail; as, i. At trail, forward, 2. MARCH; the trail is taken at the command march. When the facings, alignments, open and close ranks, taking intervals or distance, and assemblings are executed from the order, raise the piece to the trail while in mo- tion and resume the order on halting. Seventh. The piece is brought to the order on halting. The execution of the order begins when the halt is com- pleted. Eighth. A disengaged hand in double time is held as when without arms. 76. The following rules govern the execution of the manual of arms: First. In all positions of the left hand at the balance (center of gravity, bayonet unfixed) the thumb clasps the piece, the sling is included in the grasp of the hand. Second. In all positions of the piece "diagonally across the body" the position of the piece, left arm and hand are the same as in port arms. Third. In resuming the order from any position in the manual, the motion next to the last concludes with the butt of the piece about 3 inches from the ground, barrel to the rear, the left hand above and near the right, steady- ing the piece, fingers extended and joined, forearm and wrist straight and inclining downward, all fingers of the right hand grasping the piece. To complete the order. INFANTRY DRILL 31 lower the piece gently to the ground with the right hand, drop the left quickly by the side, and take the position of order arms. Allowing the piece to drop through the right hand to the ground, or other similar abuse of the rifle to produce effect in executing the manual, is prohibited. Fourth. The cadence of the motions is that of quick time; the recruits are first required to give their whole attention to the details of the motions, the cadence being gradually acquired as they become accustomed to handling their pieces. The instructor may require them to count aloud in cadence with the motions. Fifth. The manual is taught at a halt and the move- ments are, for the purpose of instruction, divided into motions and executed in detail; in this case the command of execution determines the prompt execution of the first motion, and the commands, two, three, four, that of the other motions. To execute the movements in detail, the instructor first cautions: ^3; the numbers; all movements divided into motions are then executed as above explained until he cautions: Without the numbers; or commands movements other than those in the manual of arms. Sixth. Whenever circumstances require, the regular positions of the manual of arms and the firings may be •ordered without regard to the previous position of the piece. Under exceptional conditions of weather or fatigue the rifle may be carried in any manner directed. yy. Position of order arms standing: The butt rests evenly on the ground, barrel to the rear, toe of the butt on a line with toe of, and touching, the right shoe, arms and hands hanging naturally, right hand holding the piece between the thumb and fingers. 32 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 78. Being at order arms: i. Present, 2. ARMS. With the right hand carry the piece in front of the center of the body, barrel to the rear and vertical, grasp it with the left hand at the balance, forearm horizontal and resting against the body. (TWO) Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand. 79. Being at order arms : i.Port, 2. ARMS. With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally across the body, grasp it smartly with both hands; the right, palm down, at the small of the stock; the left, palm up, at the balance; barrel up, sloping to the left and crossing opposite the junc- tion of the neck with the left shoulder ; right forearm hori- Fig. 2 zontal; left forearm resting Present arms • ^ ^u t, j ^u • agamst the body; the piece in a vertical plane parallel to the front. 80. Being at present arms: i. Port, 2. ARMS. Carry the piece diagonally across the body and take the position of port arms. 81. Being at port arms: i. Present, 2. ARMS, Carry the piece to a vertical position in front of the center of the body and take the position of present arms. 82. Being at present or port arms: i. Or- der, 2. ARMS. Let go with the right hand; lower and carry the piece to the right with the left hand; regrasp it with the right hand just Port^arms INFANTRY DRILL 33 above the lower band ; let go with the left hand, and take the next to the last position in coming to the order. {TWO) Complete the order. 83. Being at order arms: i. Right shoulder, 2. ARMS. With the right hand raise and throw the piece diag- onally across the body; carry the right hand quickly to the butt, embracing it, the heel between the first two fingers. (TWO) Without changing the grasp of the right hand, place the piece on the right shoulder, barrel up and inclined at an angle of about 45° from the hori- zontal, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder, right elbow near the side, the piece in a vertical plane perpen- dicular to the front; carry the left hand, thumb and fin- gers extended and joined, to the small of the stock, tip of the forefinger touching the cocking piece, wrist straight and elbow down. (THREE) Drop the left hand by the side. 84. Being at right shoulder arms: i. Order, 2. ARMS. Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagonally across the body, the right hand retaining the grasp of the butt. (TWO), (THREE) Execute or- der arms as described from port arms. 85. Being at port arms: I. Right shoulder, 2. ARMS. Change the right hand to the butt. (TWO), (THREE) As in right shoulder arms from order arms. 86. Being at right shoulder arms : i. Port, 2. ARMS. .4 Fig. 4. — Next to the last movement in right shoulder arms 34 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diag- onally across the body, the right hand retaining its grasp of the butt. {TJVO) Change the right hand to the small of the stock. 87. Being at right shoulder arms: I. Present, 2. ARMS. Execute port arms. (THREE) Execute present arms. 88. Being at present arms: i. Right shoulder, 2. ARMS. Execute port arms. (TWO), (THREE), (FOUR) Execute right shoulder arms as from port arms. 89. Being at port arms: i. Left shoulder, 2. ARMS. Carry the piece with the right hand and place it on the left shoulder, barrel up, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder; at the same time grasp the butt with the left hand, heel between first and second fingers, thumb and fingers closed on the stock. (TWO) Drop the right hand by the side. Being at. left shoulder arms: i. Port, 2. ARMS. Grasp the piece with the right hand at the small of the stock. (TWO) Carry the piece to the right with the right hand, regrasp it with the left, and take the position of port arms. Left shoulder arms may be ordered directly from the order, right shoulder or present, or the reverse. At the command arms execute port arms and continue in cadence to the position ordered. 90. Being at order arms: i. Parade, 2. REST, Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly bent; carry the muzzle in front of the cen- ter of the body, barrel to the left; grasp the piece with the left hand just below the stacking swivel, and with the right hand below and against the left. Being at parade rest: i. Squad, 2. ATTENTION. Resume the order, the left hand quitting the piece opposite the right hip. INFANTRY DRILL 35 91. Being at order arms: i. Trail, 2. ^ARMS. Raise the piece, right arm slightly bent, and incline the muzzle forward so that the barrel makes an angle of about 30° with the vertical. When it can be done without danger or inconvenience to others, the piece may be grasped at the balance and the muzzle low- ered until the piece is horizontal; a similar position in the left hand may be used. 92. Being at trail arms: i. Order, 2. 'ARMS. Lower the piece with the right hand and resume the order. Rifle Salute Fig. 6 Rifle salute at right shoulder arms Fig. 5 Parade rest 93. Being at right shoulder arms: i. Rifle, 2. SALUTE. Carry the left hand smartly to the small of the stock, forearm horizontal, palm of hand down, thumb and fingers extended and joined, forefinger touching end of cocking piece ; look toward the person sa- luted. {TWO) Drop left hand by the side ; turn head and eyes to the front. 94. Being at order or trail arms: i. Rifle, 2. SALUTE. Carry the left hand smartly to the right side, palm of the hand down, thumb and fingers extended and joined, forefinger against piece near the muzzle ; look toward 36 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL the person saluted. (TWO) Drop the left hand by the side; turn the head and eyes to the front. For rules governing salutes, see "Honors and Salutes" (pars. 758-765). The Bayonet 95. Being at order arms: i. Fix, 2. BAYONET. If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade rest; grasp the bayonet with the right hand, tack of hand toward the body; draw the bayonet from the scabbard and fix it on the barrel, glancing at the muzzle; resume the order. If the bayonet is carried on the haverseick: Draw the bayonet with the left hand and fix it in the most con- venient manner. 96. Being at order arms: I. Unfix, 2. BAYONET. If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Ex- ecute parade rest ; grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with the right hand, pressing the spring with the fore- finger of the right hand; raise the bayonet until the handle is about 12 inches above the muzzle of the piece; drop the point to the le'ft, back of the hand toward the body, and, glancing at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the blade passing between the left arm and the body; regrasp the piece with the right hand and resume the order. If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: Take the bayonet from the rifle with the left hand and return it to the scabbard in the most convenient man- ner. If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and unfixed in the most expeditious and convenient manner and the piece returned to the original position. INFANTRY DRILL 37 Fix and unfix bayonet are executed with promptness and regularity but not in cadence. 97. CHARGE BAYONET. Whether executed at halt or in motion, the bayonet is held toward the opponent as in the position of guard in the "Manual for Bayonet Ex- ercise." Exercises for instruction in bayonet combat are pre- scribed in the "Manual for Bayonet Exercise." The Inspection 98. Being at order arms: i. Inspection, 2. ARMS. At the second command take the position of port arms. (TWO) Seize the bolt handle with the thumb and fore- finger of the right hand, turn the handle up, draw the bolt back, and glance at the chamber. Having found the chamber empty, or having emptied it, raise the head and eyes to the front. 99. Being at inspection arms: i. Order (Right shoul- der, port), 2. ARMS. At the preparatory command push the bolt forward, turn the handle down, pull the trigger, and resume port arms. At the command arms, complete the movement ordered. To Dismiss the Squad 100. Being at halt: i. Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Port, 4. ARMS, 5. DISMISSED, CHAPTER V SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD The squad is the smallest unit in the military organ- ization. The man directly responsible 'for the squad is the corporal, who should be a real leader of his men. The spirit of comradeship should be ever present, and every man in the squad should consider it his duty to make his squad the best in the company. If each man in the squad will consider the rights of every other man and get the pull-together-spirit, the squad will virtually be one loyal little family, and your life as a soldier will be much pleasanter and you'll be much happier. As in the school of the soldier, make yourself thorough- ly familiar with the squad movements. This done, you will have laid the foundation "for all military drill. loi. Soldiers are grouped into squads for purposes of instruction, discipline, control, and order. 102. The squad proper consists of a corporal and seven privates. The movements in the "School of the Squad" are de- signed to make the squad a fixed unit and to facilitate the control and movement of the company. If the num- ber of men grouped is more than 3 and less than 12, they are 'formed as a squad of 4 files, the excess above 38 SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 3^ 8 being posted as file closers. If the number grouped is greater than 11, 2 or more squads are formed, with blank file in rear rank if necessary, and the group is termed a platoon. For the instruction of recruits, when the manual of arms and the facings are to be given, the men should be placed in a single rank. 103. The corporal is the squad leader, and when absent is replaced by a designated private. If no private is designated, the senior in length of service acts as leader. The corporal, when in ranks, is posted as the left man in the 'front rank of the squad. When the corporal leaves the ranks to lead his squad, his rear-rank man steps into the front rank, and the file remains blank until the corporal returns to his place in ranks, when his rear-rank man steps back into the rear rank. 104. In battle officers and sergeants endeavor to pre- serve the integrity of squads; they designate new leaders to replace those disabled, organize new squads when necessary, and see that every man is placed in a squad. Men should always remain with the squad to which they belong, but in case it be broken up or they become separated therefrom, they should attach themselves to the nearest squad and platoon leaders, whether these be of their own or of another organization. 105. The squad executes the halt, rests, facings, steps- and marchings, and the manual of arms as explained in the School of the Soldier. 40 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL To Form the Squad io6. To form the squad the instructor places himself 3 paces in front of where the center is to be and com- mands: FALL IN. The men assemble at attention, pieces at the order, and are arranged by the corporal in double rank, as nearly as practicable in order of height from right to left, each man dropping his left hand as soon as the man on his left has his interval. The rear rank forms with distance of 40 inches from the front rank. An easy way to judge this distance is to remember that it is about the same as the length of the rifle. The instructor then commands: COUNT OFF. At this command all except the right file executes eyes right, and beginning on the right, the men in each rank count one, two, three, four; each man turns his head and eyes to the front as he counts. Pieces are then inspected. Alignments 107. To align the squad, the base file or files having been established: i. Right {Left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT. At the command dress all men place the left hand upon the hip (whether dressing to the right or left) ; each man, except the base file, when on or near the new line executes eyes right, and, taking steps of 2 or 3 inches, places himself so that his right arm rests lightly against the arm of the man on his right, and so that his eyes and shoulders are in line with those of the men on his right; the rear-rank men cover in file. SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 41 The instructor verifies the alignment of both ranks from the right flank and orders up or back such men as may be in rear, or in advance, of the line; only the men designated move. At the command front, given when the ranks are aligned, each man turns his head and eyes to the front and drops his left hand by his side. In the first drills the basis of the alignment is estab- lished on, or parallel to, the front of the squad; after- ward, in oblique directions. Whenever the position of the base file or files neces- sitates a considerable movement by the squad, such move- ment will be executed by marching to the front or ob- lique, to the flank or backward, as the case may be, without other command, and at the trail. 108. To preserve the alignment when marching: GUIDE RIGHT (LEFT). The men preserve their intervals from the side of the guide, yielding to pressure from that side and resisting pressure from the opposite direction; they recover in- tervals, if lost, by gradually opening out or closing in; they recover alignment by slightly lengthening or short- ening the step; the rear-rank men cover their file lead- ers at 40 inches. In double rank, the front-rank man on the right, or designated flank, conducts the march; when marching faced to the flank, the leading man of the front rank is the guide. To Take Intervals and Distances 109. Being in line at a halt: i. Take interval, 2. To the right (left), 3. MARCH, 4. Squad, 5. HALT. 42 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL J.J.JL T 4,±±1. t <4 p |20 |1 4 ^J-J-i. oooo ±±±± |4 |3 |2o |l B C |4 |3 1^ ,1 4pac9S 4pac^s 4paces \t,^ ,P I* 4paces D (Take interval) V Represents a corporal. — Represents a private. 1^,3,4 Represents the number of each man in the front and rear ranks. Fig. 7. — A shows the squad in ranks at attention. B shows the squad after the rear rank have marched backward four steps — the O representing the original position of the men in the rear rank. C shows the squad faced to the right, No. i of each rank having stepped off four paces. D shows the squad when "Take Interval" has been executed. (VJ 13 .Jt!;: w C O (U J_l 5/5 .rt 4-1 ^ o ^.^ 2. iMt oooo 5, '^^^4 rt (^ C\J T-* «■ .2^ § '^ — — — I ^ oj f Q <=• "^ 15 ^^ CO ^ ^* ^ CO a-d ^ ^■» ^ ^ c u, C ^ rt 3 cr j:: ~ 21. ^ 2. j '-I 43 44 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL At the second command the rear-rank men march back- ward 4 steps and halt ; at the command march all 'face to the right and the leading man of each rank steps off; the other men step off in succession, each following the preceding man at 4 paces, rear-rank men marching abreast of their file leaders. At the command halt, given when all have their inter- vals, all halt and face to the front. no. Being at intervals, to assemble the squad: i. As- semble to the right (left), 2. MARCH. The front-rank man on the right stands fast, the rear- rank man on the right closes to 40 inches. The other men face to the right, close by the shortest line, and 'face to the front. 111. Being in line at a halt and having counted off: i. Take distance, 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4. HALT. At the command march No. i of the front rank moves straight to the front; Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of the front rank and Nos. i, 2, 3, and 4 of the rear rank, in the order named, move straight to the front, each stepping off so as to 'follow the preceding man at 4 paces. The com- mand halt is given when all have their distances. In case more than one squad is in line, each squad exe- cutes the movement as above. The guide of each rank of numbers is right. 112. Being at distances, to assemble the squad: i. As- semble, 2. MARCH. No. I of the front rank stands fast ; the other numbers move forward to their proper places in line. To Stack and Take Arms 113. Being in line at a halt: STACK ARMS. Each even number of the front rank grasps his piece with the left hand at the upper band and rests the butt SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 45 between his feet, barrel to the front, muzzle inclined slightly to the front and opposite the center of the interval on his right, the thumb and forefinger raising the stacking swivel; each even number of the rear rank then passes his piece, barrel to the rear, to his file leader, who grasps it between the bands with his right hand and throws the butt about 2 feet in advance of that of his own piece and opposite the right of the interval, the right hand slipping to the upper band, the thumb and forefinger raising the stacking swivel, which he engages with that o*f his own piece; each odd num- ber of the front rank raises his piece with the right hand, carries it well forward, barrel to the front; the left hand, guiding the stacking swivel, engages the lower hook of the swivel of his own piece with the free hook of that o'f the even number of the rear rank; he then turns the barrel outward into the angle formed by the other two pieces and lowers the butt to the ground, to the right of and against the toe of his right shoe. The stacks made, the loose pieces are laid on them by the even numbers of the front rank. When each man has finished handling pieces, he takes the position of the soldier. 114. Being in line behind the stacks: TAKE ARMS, The loose pieces are returned by the even numbers of the front rank; each even number o'f the front rank grasps his own piece with the left hand, the piece of his rear-rank man with his right hand, grasping both between the bands; each odd number of the front rank grasps his piece in the same way with the right hand, disengages it by raising the butt from the ground and then, turning the piece to the right, detaches it from the stack; each even number of the front rank disengages and detaches his piece by turning it to the left, and then passes the 46 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL piece of his rear-rank man to him, and all resume the order. 115. Should any squad have Nos. 2 and 3 blank files. No. I rear rank takes the place of No. 2 rear rank in making and breaking the stack; the ^stacks made or broken, he resumes his post. Pieces not used in making the stack are termed loose pieces. Pieces are never stacked with the bayonet fixed. The Oblique March 116. For the instruction of recruits, the squad being in column or correctly aligned, the instructor causes the squad to face half right or half left, points out to the men their relative positions, and explains that these are to be maintained in the oblique march. 117. I. Right (Left) oblique, 2. MARCH. Each man steps off in a direction 45° to the right of his original 'front. He preserves his relative position, keeping his shoulders parallel to those of the guide (the man on the right front of the line or column), and so regulates his steps that the ranks remain parallel to their original front. At the command halt the men halt faced to the front. To resume the original direction: I. Forward, 2. MARCH. The men half face to the left in marching and then move straight to the front. H at half step or mark time while obliquing, the ob- lique march is resumed by the commands: i. Oblique, 2. MARCH, To Turn on Moving Pivot 118. Being in line: i. Right (Left), turn, 2. MARCH, SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 2. TT7" T & B # ^ <14 //■ |2 ^ ^ ^ M 1^ 47 .4321 4321 ^4 3 2 1 E (Right turn) I 1 Fig. 9. — A shows the squad in ranks at attention. B shows No. I of the front rank after he has faced to the right in marching and is taking the half step. C shows Nos. 2, 3 and 4 of the front rank after each has taken the right oblique position, the dotted lines showing the direction and distance each takes at the right oblique. Then, having arrived op- posite his position in the line, each man executes a second right oblique and marches straight to the front, taking up the half step when abreast of No. i man, as shown in D. E shows the front rank taking the half step, and also shows the^ rear rank having taken the right oblique position from which the movement is executed exactly as the front rank did. 48 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL The movement is executed by each rank successively and on the same ground. At the second command, the pivot man of the front rank faces to the right in march- ing and takes the half step; the other men of the rank oblique to the right until opposite their places in line, then execute a second right oblique and take the hal*f step on arriving abreast of the pivot man. AH glance toward the marching flank while at half step and take the full step without command as the last man arrives on the line. Right (Left) half turn is executed in a similar man- ner. The pivot man makes a half change of direction to the right and the other men make quarter changes in obliquing. To Turn on Fixed Pivot 119. Being in line, to turn and march: I. Squad rights (left), 2. MARCH. At the second command, the right-flank man in the front rank 'faces to the right in marching and marks time; the other front-rank men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot, and mark time. In the rear rank the third man from the right, followed in col- umn by the second and first, moves straight to the front until in rear of his front-rank man, when all face to the right in marching and mark time; the other number of the rear rank moves straight to the front four paces and places himself abreast of the man on his right. Men on the new line glance toward the marching flank while marking time and, as the last man arrives on the line, both ranks execute forward, march, without command. 120. Being in line, to turn and halt: I. Squad right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4. HALT. The third command is given immediately after the SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 49 4 3 2 1 4 3 2," ^^ 5;7' |1 d. J. -i. J:. JL-2.^J^ A B 4 3 I I 4** 3^ 2 4 <1* I* <* - |3 |3 |3 ^ I E P (Squad right) Fig. 10. — A shows the squad in ranks at attention. B shows No. I of the front rank or pivot after he has faced to the right and is marking time. C shows Nos. 2, 3 and 4 of the front rank after taking the right oblique position — the dotted lines showing the direction each man will take to place him- self abreast of No. i or pivot. D shows the front rank in the new position, Nos. 3 and 4 of the rear rank moving straight to the front, and Nos. 2 and i of the rear rank faced to the left and following in column No. 3 of the rear rank. E shows No. 4 of the rear rank after he has moved straight to the front four paces and Nos. 3, 2 and 1 of the rear rank after they have arrived in the rear of their front- rank man or file leader. F shows the squad after the rear- rank men have faced to the right in marching, "Squad Right" having been executed. 5 so THE CANTONMENT MANUAL second. The turn is executed as prescribed in the pre- ceding paragraph except that all men, on arriving on the new line, mark time until the fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last man arrives on the line. 121. Being in line, to turn about and march: I. Squad right (left) about, 2. MARCH. At the second command, the front rank twice executes squad right, initiating the second squad right when the man on the marching flank has arrived abreast of the rank. In the rear rank the third man from the right, followed by the second and first in column, moves straight to the front until on the prolongation of the line to be occupied by the rear rank; changes direction to the right; moves in the new direction until in rear of his front- rank man, when all face to the right in marching, mark time, and glance toward the marching flank. The 'fourth man marches on the left of the third to his new position; V as he arrives on the line, both ranks execute forward, march, without command. 122. Being in line, to turn about and halt: i. Squad right (left) about, 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4. HALT. The third command is given immediately after the sec- ond. The turn is executed as prescribed in the preced- ing paragraph except that all men, on arriving on the new line, mark time until the fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last man arrives on the line. To Follow the Corporal 123. Being assembled or deployed, to march the squad without unnecessary commands, the corporal places him- self in front of it and commands: FOLLOW ME, SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 51 If in line or skirmish line, No. 2 of the front rank 'fol- lows in the trace of the corporal at about 3 paces; the other men conform to the movements of No. 2, guiding on him and maintaining their relative positions. If in column, the head of the column follows the cor- poral. To Deploy as Skirmishers 124. Being in anyformation, assembled: i. As skirmish- ers, 2. MARCH. The corporal places himself in front of the squad, if not already there. Moving at a run, the men place them- selves abreast of the corporal at half-pace intervals, Nos. I and 2 on his right, Nos. 3 and 4 on his left, rear-rank men on the right of their file leaders, extra men on the left of No. 4; all then conform to the corporal's gait. Corporal JJ2fiCLees_ 4.321 4321 £4 33 22li^ 5;^— — — •— — — — ^ ^ ^ y^ ^ .^^ ym VM? 2//,''', O 9 O/O/' Odd 3 2 1 A B C (As skirmishers) Fig. II. — A shows the squad in close-order. B shows the corporal 3 paces in front of his squad. C shows by the O the original position of the men; the dotted lines show the path each man has taken to get to his position on the skirmish line. When the squad is acting alone, skirmish line is simi- larly formed on No. 2 of the front rank, who stands fast or continues the march, as the case may be; the cor- $2 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL poral places himself in front of the squad when ad- vancing and in rear when halted. When deployed as skirmishers, the men march at ease, pieces at the trail unless otherwise ordered. The corporal is the guide when in the line; otherwise No. 2 front rank is the guide. 125. The normal interval between skirmishers is one- hatf pace, resulting practically in one man per yard of front The front of a squad thus deployed as skirmish- ers is about 10 paces. To Increase or Diminish Intervals 126. If assembled, and it is desired to deploy at greater than the normal interval; or if deployed, and it is de- sired to increase or decrease the interval : i. As skirmish- ers, (so many) paces, 2. MARCH. Intervals are taken at the indicated number of paces. If already deployed, the men move by the flank toward or away from the guide. The Assembly 127. Being deployed: i. Assemble, 2. MARCH. The men move toward the corporal and form in their proper places. If the corporal continues to advance, the men move in double time, form, and follow him. The assembly while marching to the rear is not exe- cuted. Kneeling and Lying Down 128. If standing: KNEEL. Half face to the right; carry the right toe about i ioot to the left rear of the left heel; kneel on right SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 53 knee, sitting as nearly as possible on the right heel; left forearm across left thigh; piece remains in position of order arms, right hand grasping it above the lower band. 129. If standing or kneeling: LIE DOWN. Kneel, but with right knee against left heel ; carry back the left foot and lie flat on the belly, inclining body about 35° to the right; piece horizontal, barrel up, muz- zle off the ground and pointed to the front; elbows on the ground; left hand at the balance, right hand grasping the small o'f the stock opposite the neck. This is the position of order arms, lying down. 130. If kneeling or lying down: RISE. If kneeling, stand up, faced to the front, on the ground piarked by the left heel. If lying down, raise body on both knees; stand up, faced to the front, on the ground marked by the knees. 131. If lying down: KNEEL. Raise the body on both knees; take the position of kneeling. 132. In double rank, the positions of kneeling and lying down are ordinarily used only for the better utilization of cover. When deployed as skirmishers, a sitting position may be taken in lieu of the position kneeling. LOADINGS AND FIRINGS 133. The commands for loading and firing are the same whether standing, kneeling, or lying down. The firings are always executed at a halt. When kneeling or lying down in double rank, the rear rank does not load, aim, or fire. The instruction in firing will be preceded by a com- mand for loading. 54 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Loadings are executed in line and skirmish line only. 134. Pieces having been ordered loaded are kept loaded without command until the command unload, or inspection arms, fresh clips being inserted when the magazine is exhausted. 135. The aiming point or target is carefully pointed out. This may be done before or after announcing the sight setting. Both are indicated before giving the com- mand for firing, but may be omitted when the target appears suddenly and is unmistakable; in such case battle sight is used if no sight setting is announced. 136. The target or aiming point having been designated and the sight setting announced, such designation or an- nouncement need not be repeated until a change of either or both is necessary. Troops are trained to continue their fire upon the aim- ing point or target designated, and at the sight setting announced, until a change is ordered. 137. If the men are not already in the position of load, that position is taken at the announcement of the sight setting; if the announcement is omitted, the position is taken at the first command for firing. 138. When deployed, the use o*f the sling as an aid to accurate firing is discretionary with each man. • To Load 139. Being in line or skirmish line at halt: I, With dummy (blank or ball) cartridges, 2. LOAD. At the command load each front-rank man or skir- misher faces half right and carries the right foot to the right, about I foot, to such position as will insure the greatest firmness and steadiness of the body; raises, or lowers, the piece and drops it into the left hand at SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD S5 the balance, left thumb extended along the stock, muz- zle at the height of the breast, and turns the cut-off up. With the right hand he turns and draws the bolt back, takes a loaded clip and inserts the end in the clip slots, places the thumb on the powder space of the top cartridge, the fingers extending around the piece and tips resting on the magazine floor plate; 'forces the cartridges into the magazine by pressing down with the thumb; with- out removing the clip, thrusts the bolt home, turning down the handle; turns the safety lock to the ''safe^ and carries the hand to the small of the stock. Each rear-rank man moves to the right front, takes a similar position opposite the interval to the right of his front- rank man, muzzle of the piece extending beyond the front rank, and loads. A skirmish line may load while moving, the pieces being held as nearly as practicable in the position of load. 1 , Pf kneeling or sitting, the position of the piece is simi- lar; if kneeling, the left forearm rests on the left thigh; if sitting, the elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down, the left hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe of the butt resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground. For reference, these positions (standing, kneeling, and lying down) are designated as that o'f load. 140. For instruction in loading: i. Simulate, 2. LOAD. Executed as above described except that the cut-off remains "off" and the handling of cartridges is simu- lated. The recruits are first taught to simulate loading and firing; after a few lessons dummy cartridges may be used. Later, blank cartridges may be used. 141. The rifle may be used as a single loader by turn- S6 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL ing the magazine "off." The magazine may be filled in whole or in part while "off" or "on" by pressing car- tridges singly down and back until they are in the proper place. The use of the rifle as a single loader is, how- ever, to be regarded as exceptional. To Unload 142. UNLOAD. Take the position of load, turn the safety lock up and move bolt alternately back and forward until all the car- tridges are ejected. After the last cartridge is ejected the chamber is closed by first thrusting the bolt slightly forward to 'free it from the stud holding it in place when the chamber is open, pressing the follower down and back to engage it under the bolt and then thrusting the bolt home; the trigger is pulled. The cartridges are then picked up, cleaned, and returned to the belt and the piece is brought to the order. To Set the Sight 143. RANGE, ELEVEN HUNDRED {EIGHT- FIFTY, etc.), or BATTLE SIGHT. The sight is set at the elevation indicated. The in- structor explains and verifies sight settings. To Fire by Volley 144. I. READY, 2. AIM, 3. Squad, 4. FIRE. At the ^command ready turn the safety lock to the "ready"; at the command aim raise the piece with both hands and support the butt firmly against the hollow of the right shoulder, right thumb clasping the stock, barrel horizontal, left elbow well under the piece, right elbow as high as the shoulder; incline the head slightly for- SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 57 ward and a little to the right, cheek against the stock, left eye closed, right eye looking through the notch of the rear sight so as to perceive the object aimed at, second joint of forefinger resting lightly against the front of the trigger and taking up the slack; top of front sight is carefully raised into, and held in, the line o'f sight. Each rear-rank man aims through the interval to the right of his file leader and leans slightly forward to ad- vance the muzzle of his piece beyond the front rank. In aiming kneeling, the left elbow rests on the left knee, point of elbow in front o'f kneecap. In aiming sit- ting, the elbows are supported by the knees. In aiming lying down, raise the piece with both hands; rest on both elbows and press the butt firmly against the right shoulder. At the command fire press the finger against the trig- ger; fire without deranging the aim and without lower- ing or turning the piece; lower the piece in the position of Load and load. 145. To continue the firing: i, AIM, 2. Squad, 3. FIRE. Each command is executed as previously explained. Load ('from magazine) is executed by drawing back and thrusting home the bolt with the right hand, leaving the safety lock at the "ready." To Fire at Will 146. FIRE AT WILL, Each man, independently of the others, comes to the ready, aims carefully and deliberately at the aiming point or target, fires, loads, and continues the firing until or- dered to suspend or cease firing. 147. To increase (decrease) the rate of fire in prog- ress the instructor shouts: FASTER {SLOWER), 58 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Men are trained to fire at the rate of about three shots per minute at effective ranges and five or six at close ranges, devoting the minimum o'f time to loading and the maximum to deliberate aiming. To illustrate the necessity for deliberation, and to habituate men to com- bat conditions, small and comparatively indistinct targets are designated. To Fire by Clip 148. CLIP FIRE. Executed in the same manner as fire at will, except that each man, after having exhaused the cartridges then in the piece, suspends firing. To Suspend Firing 149. The instructor blows a long blast of the whistle and repeats same, if necesary, or commands: SUSPEND FIRING. Firing stops; pieces are held, loaded and locked, in a position of readiness for instant resumption of firing, rear sights unchanged. The men continue to observe the target or aiming point, or the place at which the target disappeared, or at which it is expected to reap- pear. The whistle signal may be used as a preliminary to cease firing. To Cease Firing 150. CEASE FIRING. Firing stops; pieces not already there are brought to the position of load; those not loaded, are loaded; sights are laid, pieces are locked and brought to the order. Cease firing is used for long pauses, to prepare 'for changes of position, or to steady the men. SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD 59 151. Commands for suspending or ceasing fire may be given at any time after the preparatory command for firing whether the firing has actually commenced or not. THE USE OF COVER 152. The recruit should be given careful instruction in the individual use of cover. It should be impressed upon him that, in taking advan- tage of natural cover, he must be able to fire easily and effectively upon the enemy; if advancing on an enemy, he must do so steadily and as rapidly as possible; he must conceal himsel'f as much as possible while firing and while advancing. While setting his sight, he should be under cover or lying prone. 153. To teach him to fire easily and effectively, at the same time concealing himself from the view of the enemy, he is practiced in simulated firing in the prone, sitting, kneeling, and crouching positions, from behind hillocks, trees, heaps of earth or rocks, 'from depressions, gullies, ditches, doorways, or windows. He is taught to fire around the right side of his concealment whenever possible, or, when this is not possible, to rise enough to fire over the top of his concealment. When these details are understood, he is required to select cover with reference to an assumed enemy and to place himself behind it in proper position for firing. 154. The evil of remaining too long in one place, how- ever good the concealment, should be explained. He should be taught to advance from cover to cover, select- ing cover in advance before leaving his concealment. It should be impressed upon him that a man running rapidly toward an enemy furnishes a popr target. He should be trained in springing from a prone position be- hind concealment, running at top speed to cover and 6o THE CANTONMENT MANUAL throwing himself behind it. He should also be practiced in advancing from cover to cover by crawling, or by lying on the left side, rifle grasped in the right hand, and pushing himself forward with the right leg. 155. He should be taught that, when fired on while act- ing independently he should drop to the ground, seek cover, and then endeavor to locate his enemy. 156. The instruction of the recruit in the use of cover is continued in the combat exercises of the company, but he must then be taught that the proper advance of the platoon or company and the effectiveness of its fire is cri greater importance than the question of cover for individuals. He should also be taught that he may not move about or shift his position in the firing line except the better to see the target. OBSERVATION 157. The ability to use his eyes accurately is of great importance to the soldier. The recruit should be trained in observing his surroundings from positions and when on the march. He should be practiced in pointing out and naming military features of the ground ; in distinguishing between living beings; in counting distant groups of objects or beings; in recognizing colors and forms. 158. In the training of men in the mechanism of the firing line, they should be practiced in repeating to one another target and aiming-point designations and in quickly locating and pointing out a designated target. They should be taught to distinguish, "from a prone posi- tion, distant objects, particularly troops, both with the naked eye and with field glasses. Similarly, they should be trained in estimating distances. CHAPTER VI SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY Each member of the squad should remember that the cquad is the unit in making up the company. For ex- ample, when the command squads RIGHT is given, each squad executes the movement precisely as in the School of the Squad. If each squad executes the movement correctly, then the movement will be correct for the entire company. Corporals should always see that their squads execute each movement correctly. The sergeants should also remember that they are not figureheads, but have a very important duty to perform. They should be alert and see that the men of their platoon correctly execute each movement. The lieutenants can be of especial help to the captain by being ever on the watch to assist and instruct the non- commissioned officers. 'The captain will do well to give his lieutenants plenty of leeway and then hold them responsible for results. ^ 159. The captain is responsible for the theoretical and practical instruction of his officers and noncommissioned officers, not only in the duties of their respective grades, but in those of the next higher grades. 160. The company in line is formed in double rank with the men arranged, as far as practicable, according to height from right to left, the tallest on the right. The original division into squads is effected by the command: COUNT OFF. The squads, successively from 1 Corresponds to the paragraph numbers in the Infantry Drill Regulations. 61 62 46 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. LINE (l6Sqds..4PiaT^ * [ i'-R-AT. 3-PLAT. 3 " I 'I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I II j 1 It 1 I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I T I I H 2 CX)LUMNor 1 ■» ^ Plats) SQOS COLUMN I I I I I I tri I 1 U> Fl I 1 Itl (1 I 1 H L^ I t t ■'■'■— Of PLATOONS 41 OOSqds 2 Plots) Qfl^ilVliiL^iiMiiL^iiaa M I 1 1 I I I M 1 1 I 1 , 1 I I 1 I n 2 S (t (S * aa^ M LI M ti 1 1 ir^ rrPT 1 ' I' III'' I ■','«''' ' 2 Rate II. THE. COMPANY CAPTAIN I l»'OCUT I f^CuT. I I" StRGT. I lXADeR.y»PUlT, I cuioe I SQuAOiXAOCM I MuSlCiAN I OTmCRS in ONt Of fiiX-CtOStHS I PRIVATC O >Si<_Mv/ SKIRMISH UNE: -HALTED. (16 SqdS. -4Pk3ts) ***»OT. ypukr 2-«\AT T r •• I Am 9« Fig. 13 SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 63 the right, count off as in the School of the Squad, cor- porals placing themselves as Nos. 4 of the front rank. If the left squad contains less than six men, it is either increased to that number by transfers from other squads or is broken up and its members assigned to other squads and posted in the line of file closers. These squad organ- izations are maintained, by transfers if necessary, until the company becomes so reduced in numbers as to neces- sitate a new division into squads. No squad will contain less than six men. 161. The company is further divided into two, three, or four platoons, each consisting of not less than two nor more than four squads. In garrison or ceremonies the strength of platoons may exceed four squads. 162. At the formation of the company the platoons or squads are numbered consecutively from right to left and these designations do not change. For convenience in giving commands and for reference, the designations, right, center, left, when in line, and leading, center, rear, when in column, are applied to platoons or squads. These designations apply to the actual right, left, center, head, or rear, in whatever direc- tion the company may be facing. The center squad is the middle or right middle squad of the company. The designation "So-and-so's" squad or platoon may also be used. 163. Platoons are assigned to the lieutenants and non- commissioned officers, in order of rank, as follows: I, right; 2, left; 3, center (right center) ; 4, left center. The noncommissioned officers next in rank are assigned as guides, one to each platoon. If sergeants still remain, they are assigned to platoons as additional guides. When the platoon is deployed, its guide, or guides, accompany the platoon leader. 64 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL During battle, these assignments are not changed; vacancies are filled by noncommissioned officers of the platoon, or by the nearest available officers or noncom- missioned officers arriving with reenforcing troops. 164. The first sergeant is never assigned as a guide. When not commanding a platoon, he is posted as a file closer opposite the third file from the outer flank of the first platoon; and when the company is deployed he accompanies the captain. The quartermaster sergeant, when present, is assigned according to his rank as a sergeant. Enlisted men below the grade of sergeant, armed with the rifle, are in ranks unless serving as guides ; when not so armed, they are posted in the line of file closers. Musicians, when required to play, are at the head of the column. When the company is deployed, they accom- pany the captain. 165. The company executes the halt, rests, facings, steps and marchings, manual of arms, loadings and firings, takes intervals and distances and assembles, increases and diminishes intervals, resumes attention, obliques, resumes the direct march, preserves alignments, kneels, lies down, rises, stacks and takes arms, as explained in the Schools of the Soldier and the Squad, substituting in the com- mands company for squad. The same rule applies to platoons, detachments, details, etc., substituting their designation for squad in the com- mands. In the same manner these execute the movements prescribed for the company, whenever possible, substi- tuting their designation for company in the commands. 166. A company so depleted as to make division into platoons impracticable is led by the captain as a single platoon, but retains the designation of company. The lieutenants and first sergeant assist in fire control; the SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 65 other sergeants place themselves in the firing line as skir- mishers. CLOSE ORDER Rules 167. The guides of the right and left, or leading and rear, platoons, are the right and left, or leading and rear, guides, respectively, of the company when it is in line or in column of squads. Other guides are in the line of file closers. In platoon movements the post of the platoon guide is at the head of the platoon, if the platoon is in column, and on the guiding flank if in line. When a platoon has two guides their original assignment to flanks of the platoon does not change. 168. The guides of a column of squads place themselves on the flank opposite the file closers. To change the guides and file closers to the other flank, the captain com- mands: I. File closers on left (right) flank; 2. MARCH. The file closers dart through the column; the captain, and guides change. In columns of squads, each rank preserves the align- ment toward the side of the guide. 169. Men in the line of file closers do not execute the loadings or firings. Guides and enlisted men in the line of file closers exe- cute the manual of arms during the drill unless specially excused, when they remain at the order. During cere- monies they execute all movements. 170. In taking intervals and distances, unless otherwise directed, the right and left guides, at the first command, place themselves in the line of file closers, and, with them, take a distance of 4 paces from the rear rank. In taking intervals, at the command march, the file closers 6 66 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL face to the flank and each steps off with the file nearest him. In assembling the guides and file closers resume their positions in line. 171. In movements executed simultaneously by platoons (as platoons right or platoons, column right), platoon leaders repeat the preparatory command {platoon right, etc.), applicable to their respective platoons. The com- mand of execution is given by the captain only. To Form the Company 172. At the sounding of the assembly the first sergeant take position 6 paces in front of where the center of the company is to be, f^ces it, draws saber, and com- mands: FALL IN, The right guide of the company places himself, facing to the front, where the right of the company is to rest, and at such point that the center of the company will be 6 paces from and opposite the first sergeant; the squads form in their proper places on the left of the right guide, superintended by the other sergeants, who then take their posts. The first sergeant commands: REPORT. Remaining in position at the order, the squad leaders, in succession from the right, salute and report: All present; or. Pri- vate {s) absent. The first sergeant does not return the salute of the squad leaders; he then commands: I. Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Order, 4. ARMS, faces about, salutes the captain, reports: Sir, all present or accounted for, or the names of the unauthorized absentees, and, without command, takes his post. If the company can not be formed by squads, the first sergeant commands: i. Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Right shoulder, 4. ARMS, and calls the roll. Each man, as his name is called, answers here and executes order arms. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 67 The sergeant then effects the division into squads and reports the company as prescribed above. The captain places himself 12 paces in front of the center of, and facing, the company in time to receive the report of the first sergeant, whose salute he returns, and then draws saber. The lieutenants take their posts when the first sergeant has reported and draws saber with the captain. The company, if not under arms, is formed in like manner, omitting reference to arms. 173. For the instruction of platoon leaders and guides, the company, when small, may be formed in single rank. In this formation close order movements only are exe- cuted. The single rank executes all movements as ex- plained for the front rank of a company. To Dismiss the Company 174. Being in line at a halt, the captain directs the first sergeant: Dismiss the Company. The officers fall out; the first sergeant places himself faced to the front, 3 paces to the front and 2 paces from the nearest flank of the company, salutes, faces toward opposite flank of the company, and commands: i. Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Port, 4. ARMS, 5. DISMISSED. Alignments 175. The alignments are executed as prescribed in the School of the Squad, the guide being established instead of the flank file. The rear-rank man of the flank file keeps his head and eyes to the front and covers his file leader. At each alignment the captain places himself in pro- longation of the line, 2 paces from and facing the flank toward which the dress is made, verifies the alignment, and commands: FRONT, 68 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Platoon leaders take a like position when required to verify alignments. Movements on the Fixed Pivot 176. Being in line, to turn the company: i. Company right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Company, 4. HALT; or, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. . f * . * f f * t ' .' / '' ' ' / / / / ' ' , r ///////// /., .' * f * * * f » t * bL* V X'X'fcL N V \ H \' V N'fci: \ V V fci \ \ I A (Company right) Fig. 13.— a shows No. i of the front rank or the right-flank man faced to the right in marching, and marking time. It also shows the other men of the front rank faced to the right oblique, the dotted lines showing the path each takes to place himself abreast of the right-flank man. The rear rank are shown in their original position. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 69 At the second command the right-flank man in the front rank faces to the right in marching and marks time ; the other front-rank men obHque to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot, and mark time ; in the rear rank the third man from the right, follov^^ed in column by the second and first, moves straight to the ^* front until in rear of his front-rank man, when all face to the right in marching, and mark time ; the re- ij maining men of the rear rank move straight to the ^4 front 4 paces, oblique to the right, place themselves \y abreast of the third man, cover their file leaders, and U mark time; the right guide steps back, takes post on U the flank, and marks time. y The fourth command is given when the last man is .^ I pace in rear of the new line. u The command halt may be given at any time after ^4 the new position. Each of the others halts upon ar- J3 riving on the line, aligns himself to the right, and 1 2 executes front without command. J^ 177. Being in line, to form columns of platoons, . or the reverse: i. Platoons right (left), 2. jj \i ^__ <4 X ^ " 000000000000000000000000 492143214321432143214321 B (Company right) Fig. 13.---B shows the front rank after having executed Company right. It also shows No. 3 of rear rank from the right marching straight to the front until in the rear of his front-rank man, followed in column by Nos. 2 and i. The rest of the rear rank are shown after they have marched straight to the front four paces; the O's represent the origi- nal position of the rear rank. 70 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL MARCH, 3. Company, 4. HALT; or, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. Executed by each platoon as described for the company. Before forming line the captain sees that the guides on the flank toward which the movement is to be exe- / 3 1 3| 2| li 4< 3| Z\ ll 3| Z\ yy. C (Company right) Fig. 13. — C shows Nos. i, 2 and 3 of the rear rank from the right faced to the right and marking time. It also shows the rest of the rear rank after they have marched straight to the front four paces and taken the right oblique position, the dotted lines showing the path each takes to place him- self abreast of the No. 3 man from the right in the rear rank. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 71 Company in Line 3r(/ P/atoon 2n I > I >j > I 2 5 5 w 2 ;,l-M.,^H I I I I I I I M s \VP*M I I I I I M I I 3 V?M I I I I I M I r^ ■■^l»> I U LI fe^l fe.1 ^ 3 S S 3 *2 iS I I i I I I I I I I I I 1 I I t I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I'i >j >j LI y y >3i ^ CO O ^ u* - ^ ^ ^i o ^^ H ^ S O rt O > < ^ w jH O CO c !« u u"*-. B ""-OS ° ^ '^ "^ >< g" < ti o c G o *y f. •^ (u \\\ ^fc^»X. ^^Vx'Vx' ^^\\\\ *^VXX,X, v'v'v' (6)^'^^'^ r«\^»>/ <^lv'vV' F (Right front into line) Fig. i6. — A shows the company in column of squads. B shows the leading squad marching straight to the front and all the other squads after they have taken the right oblique position. C shows, in addition, the path each man takes along the dotted lines. D shows the second squad after they have resumed the original direction, being opposite their positions in line. It also shows the others still obliquing to the right. E shows all of the squads faced in the original direction and marching to their place in the line. F shows the company after Right front into line has been executed. 77 78 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL the leader of the leading unit commands: Forward. At the second command the leading unit moves straight for- ward; the rear units oblique as indicated. The command halt is given when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance ; it halts ; its leader then commands : Left dress. Each of the rear units, when opposite its place in line, resumes the original direction at the command of its leader; each is halted on the line at the command of its leader, who then commands: Left dress. All dress on the first unit in line. 189. Being in column of squads to form column of platoons, or being in line of platoons, to form the com- pany in line: i. Platoons, right (left) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Company, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. Executed by each platoon as described for the com- pany. In forming the company in line, the dress is on the left squad of the left platoon. If forming column of platoons, platoon leaders verify the alignment.before tak- ing their posts; the captain commands front when the alignments have been verified. When front into line is executed in double time the commands for halting and aligning are omitted and the guide is toward the side of the first unit in line. AT EASE AND ROUTE STEP 190. The column of squads is the habitual column of route, but route step and at ease are applicable to any marching formation. 191. To march at route step: i. Route step, 2. MARCH. Sabers are carried at will or in the scabbard; the men carry their pieces at will, keeping the muzzles elevated; they are not required to preserve silence, nor to keep the SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 79 step. The ranks cover and preserve their distance. If halted from route step, the men stand at rest. 192. To march at ease: i. At ease, 2. MARCH. The company marches as in route step, except that silence is preserved ; when halted, the men remain at ease. 193. Marching at route step or at ease: i. Company, 2. ATTENTION. At the command attention the pieces are brought to the right shoulder and the cadenced step in quick time is resumed. TO DIMINISH THE FRONT OF A COLUMN OF SQUADS 194. Being in column of squads: i. Right {Left) by twos, 2. MARCH. At the command march, all files except the tv^o right files of the leading squad execute in place halt; the two left files of the leading squad oblique to the right when disengaged and follow the right files at the shortest prac- ticable distance. The remaining squads follow succes- sively in like manner. 195. Being in column of squads or twos: I. Right {Left) by file, 2. MARCH. At the command march, all files execute in place halt, except the right file of the leading two or squad. The left file or files of the leading two or squad oblique suc- cessively to the right when disengaged and each follows the file on its right at the shortest practicable distance. The remaining twos or squads follow successively in like manner. 196. Being in column of files or twos, to form column of squads : or, being in column of files, to form column of 8o THE CANTONMENT MANUAL twos: I. Squads {Twos), right {left) front into line, 2. MARCH. At the command march, the leading ^ file or files halt. The remainder of the squad, or two, obliques to the right and ^— halts on line with the leading file or files. __ The remaining squads or twos close up — — and successively form — — in rear of the first in ^ j^ ^ — like manner. .1)1:: I "^ (4)^- - (4)^ (5)3111 (5)3: C Fig. 17. — A shows the company in column of squads. B shows the first squad executing right by twos. Observe that Nos. I and 2 of both front and rear rank keep the same di- rection, that is, straight to the front, as in column of squads, while Nos. 3 and 4 of both ranks oblique to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 of the front rank moving as indicated by the dotted lines into positions in the rear of Nos. i and 2 of the rear rank, and Nos. 3 and 4 of the rear rank moving similarly and taking up positions in the rear of Nos. 3 and 4 of the front rank. Each squad executes this movement in the same man- ner. C shows the company in column of twos. To reform column of squads, each squad executes left front into line. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 8i The movement described in this paragraph will be ordered right or left, so as to restore the files to their normal relative positions in the two or squad. 197. The movements prescribed in the three preceding paragraphs are difficult of execution at attention and have no value as disciplinary exercises. 198. Marching by twos or files can not be executed without serious delay and waste of road space. Every reasonable precaution will be taken to obviate the neces- sity for these formations. EXTENDED ORDER Rules for Deployment 199. The command guide right {left or center) indi- cates the base squad for the deployment; if in line it designates the actual right {left or center) squad; if in column the command guide right {left) designates the leading squad, and the command guide center designates the center squad. After the deployment is completed, the guide is center without command, unless otherwise ordered. 200. At the preparatory command for forming skirmish line, from either column of squads or line, each squad leader (except the leader of the base squad, when his squad does not advance), cautions his squad, follow me or hy the right {left) flank, as the case may be; at the command march, he steps in front of his squad and leads it to its place in line. 201. Having given the command for forming skirmish line, the captain, if necessary, indicates to the corporal of the base squad the point on which the squad is to march; the corporal habitually looks to the captain for such directions. 7 32 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 202. The base squad is deployed as soon as it has suffi- cient interval. The other squads are deployed as they arrive on the general line; each corporal halts in his place in line and commands or signals, as skirmishers; the squad deploys and halts abreast of him. If tactical considerations demand it, the squad is de- ployed before arriving on the line. 203. Deployed lines preserve a general alignment toward the guide. Within their respective fronts, indi- viduals or units march so as best to secure cover or to facilitate the advance, but the general and orderly prog- ress of the whole is paramount. On halting, a deployed line faces to the front (direc- tion of the enemy) in all cases and takes advantage of cover, the men lying down if necessary. 204. The company in skirmish line advances, halts, moves by the flank, or to the rear, obliques, resumes the direct march, passes from quick to double time and the reverse by the same commands and in a similar manner as in close order ; if at a halt, the movement by the flank or to the rear is executed by the same commands as when marching. Company right {left, half right, half left) is executed as explained for the front rank, skirmish inter- vals being maintained. 205. A platoon or other part of the company is de- ployed and marched in the same manner as the company, substituting in the commands, platoon {detachment, etc.) for company. Deployments 206. Being in line, to form skirmish line to the front: I. As skirmishers, guide right {left or center), 2. MARCH. If marching, the corporal of the base squad moves 1'5.-M bfl«« K — — C) bp:S e 5* i ^ lU rt c c I 2 w S i! S P I — — c Wj2 c bo a> 1 — 2 ^ "2 cxi I ^-^^' — — ^-x^ ^Ji 2 *t — O 1n ,„ rt 5 I P 2. § o rt rt o I i ^— bo "5rtbp^ I . O «. 4> I I I M I I I I t I I M I i-So^gg j ^1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ".-S^l^l I >l >l >! >l >l M tl tePlI 83 84 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL straight to the front; when that squad has advanced the desired distance, the captain commands: i. Company, 2. HALT. If the guide be right (left), the other cor- porals move to the left (right) front, and, in succession from the base, place their squads on the line; if the guide be center, the other corporals move to the right or left front, according as they are on the right or left of the center squad, and in succession from the center squad place their squads on the line. If at a halt, the base squad is deployed without ad- vancing; the other squads may be conducted to their proper places by the flank; interior squads may be moved when squads more distant from the base have gained comfortable marching distance. 207. Being in column of squads, to form skirmish line to the front: i. As skirmishers, guide right (left or cen- ter), 2. MARCH. If marching, the corporal of the base squad deploys it and moves straight to the front; if at a halt, he deploys his squad Without advancing. If the guide be right (left), the other corporals move to the left (right) front, and, in succession from the base, place their squads on the line; if the guide be center, the corporals in front of the center squad move to the right (if at a halt, to the right rear), the corporals in rear of the center squad move to the left front, and each, in succession from the base, places his squad on the line. The column of twos or files is deployed by the same commands and in like manner. 208. The company in line or in column of squads may be deployed in an oblique direction by the same com- mands. The captain points out the desired direction ; the corporal of the base squad moves in. the direction indi- cated; the other corporals conform. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 85 209. To form skirmish line to the flank or rear the line or the column of squads is turned by squads to the flank or rear and then deployed as described. 210. The intervals between men are increased or de- creased as described in the School of the Squad, adding to the preparatory command, guide right {left or center) if necessary. The Assembly 211. The captain takes his post in front of, or desig- nates, the element on which the company is to assemble and commands: i. Assemble, 2. MARCH. If in skirmish line the men move promptly toward the designated point and the company is reformed in line. If assembled by platoons, these are conducted to the designated point by platoon leaders, and the company is re-formed in line. Platoons may be assembled by the command: i. Pla- toons, assemble, 2. MARCH. Executed by each platoon as described for the company. One or more platoons may be assembled by the com- mand: I. Such platoon (s), assemble, 2. MARCH. Executed by the designated platoon or platoons as de- scribed for the company. The Advance 212. The advance of a company into an engagement (whether for attack or defense) is conducted in close order, preferably column of squads, until the probability of encountering hostile fire makes it advisable to deploy. After deployment, and before opening fire, the advance of the company may be continued in skirmish line or other suitable formation, depending upon circumstances. .5 £ I I > I I I I I I I I > I I I I u CO V) a o I I M I I I I I I I > I I I I I •s . U ■4-> 86 SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 87 The advance may often be facilitated, or better advantage taken of cover, or losses reduced by the employment of the platoon or squad columns, or by the use of a succes- sion of thin lines. The selection of the method to be used is made by the captain or major, the choice depend- ing upon conditions arising during the progress of the advance. If the deployment is found to be premature, it will generally be best to assemble the company and pro- ceed in close order. Patrols are used to provide the necessary security against surprise. 213. Being in skirmish line: I. Platoon columns^ 2. MARCH. The platoon leaders move forward through the center of their respective platoons; men to the right of the platoon leader march to the left and follow him in file; those to the left march in like manner to the right; each platoon leader thus conducts the march of his platoon in double column of files; platoon guides follow in rear of their respective platoons to insure prompt and orderly execution of the advance. 214. Being in skirmish line: i. Squad columns, 2. MARCH. Each squad leader moves to the front; the members of each squad oblique toward and follow their squad leader in single file at easy marching distances. 215. Platoon columns are profitably used where the ground is so difficult or cover so limited as to make it desirable to take advantage of the few favorable routes; no two platoons should march within the area of burst of a single shrapnel.^ Squad columns are of value prin- cipally in facilitating the advance over rough or brush- 1 Ordinarily about 20 yards wide. M I I I I I I t> I I I I I I i > I I I I I I I t> I I i 1 1 1 I ss ^ si E ^ SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 89 grown ground; they afford no material advantage in securing cover. 216. To deploy platoon or squad columns: i. As skir- mishers, 2. MARCH. Skirmishers move to the right or left front and suc- cessively place themselves in their original positions on the line. 217. Being in platoon or squad columns: i. Assemble, 2. MARCH. The platoon or squad leaders signal assemble. The men of each platoon or squad, as the case may be, advance and, moving to the right and left, take their proper places in line, each unit assembling on the leading element of the column and re-forming in line. The platoon or squad leaders conduct their units toward the element or point indicated by the captain, and to their places in line; the company is re-formed in line. 218. Being in skirmish line, to advance by a succession of thin lines: i. (Such numbers), forward, 2. MARCH, The captain points out in advance the selected posi- tion in front of the line occupied. The designated num- ber of each squad moves to the front; the line thus formed preserves the original intervals as nearly as prac- ticable; when this line has advanced a suitable distance (generally from 100 to 250 yards, depending upon the terrain and the character of the hostile fire), a second is sent forward by similar commands, and so on at irregular distances until the whole line has advanced. Upon arriving at the indicated position, the first line is halted. Successive lines, upon arriving, halt on line with the first and the men take their proper places in the skirmish line. Ordinarily each line is made up of one man per squad and the men of a squad are sent forward in order from- right to left as deployed. The first line is led by the go THE CANTONMENT MANUAL platoon leader of the right platoon, the second by the guide of the right platoon, and so on in order from right to left. The advance is conducted in quick time unless condi- tions demand a faster gait. The company having arrived at the indicated position, a farther advance by the same means may be advisable. 219. The advance in a succession of thin lines is used to cross a wide stretch swept, or likely to be swept, by artillery fire or heavy, long-range rifle fire which can not profitably be returned. Its purpose is the building up of a strong skirmish line preparatory to engaging in a fire fight. This method of advancing results in serious (though temporary) loss of control over the company. Its advantage lies in the fact that it offers a less definite target, hence is less likely to draw fire. 220. The above are suggestions. Other and better for- mations may be devised to fit particular cases. The best formation is the one which advances the line farthest with the least loss of men, time, and control. The Fire Attack 221. The principles governing the advance of the firing line in attack are considered in the "School of the Bat- talion." When it becomes impracticable for the company to advance as a whole by ordinary means, it advances by rushes. 222. Being in skirmish line: i. By platoon (two pla- toons, squad, four men, etc.), from the right (left), 2. RUSH. ■ The platoon leader on the indicated flank carefully arranges the details for a prompt and vigorous execution SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 91 of the rush and puts it into effect as soon as practicable. If necessary, he designates the leader for the indicated fraction. When about to rush, he causes the men of the fraction to cease firing and to hold themselves flat, but in readiness to spring forward instantly. The leader of the rush (at the signal of the platoon leader, if the latter be not the leader of the rush) commands: Follow me, and, running at top speed, leads the fraction to the new line, where he halts it and causes it to open fire. The leader of the rush selects the new line if it has not been previously designated. The first fraction having established itself on the new line, the next like fraction is sent forward by its platoon leader, without further command of the captain, and so on, successively, until the entire company is on the line established by the first rush. If more than one platoon is to join in one rush, the junior platoon leader conforms to the action of the senior. A part of the line having advanced, the captain may increase or decrease the size of the fractions to complete the movement. 223. When the company forms a part of the firing line, the rush of the company as a whole is conducted by the captain, as described for a platoon in the preceding para- graph. The captain leads the rush; platoon leaders lead their respective platoons; platoon guides follow the line to insure prompt and orderly execution of the advance. 224. When the foregoing method of rushing, by run- ning, becomes impracticable, any method of advance that brings the attack closer to* the enemy, such as crawling, should be employed. For regulations governing the charge, see paragraphs 318 and 319, "I. D. R." 92 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL The Company in Support 225. To enable it to follow or reach the firing line, the support adopts suitable formations, following the prin- ciples explained in paragraphs 212-218. The support should be kept assembled as long as prac- ticable. If after deploying a favorable opportunity arises to hold it for some time in close formation, it should be reassembled. It is redeployed when necessary. 226. The movements of the support as a whole and the dispatch of reenforcements from it to the firing line are controlled by the major. A reenforcement of less than one platoon has little influence ind will be avoided whenever practicable. The captain of a company in support is constantly on the alert for the major's signals or commands. 227. A reenforcement sent to the firing line joins it deployed as skirmishers. The leader of the reenforce- ment places it in an interval in the line, if one exists, and commands it thereafter as a unit. If no such suitable interval exists, the reenforcement is advanced with in- creased intervals between skirmishers; each man occu- pies the nearest interval in the firing line, and each then obeys the orders of the nearest squad leader and platoon leader. 228. A reenforcement joins the firing line as quickly as possible without exhausting the men. 229. The original platoon division of the companies in the firing line should be maintained and should not be broken up by the mingling of reenforcements. Upon joining the firing line, ofllicers and sergeants ac- companying a reenforcement take over the duties of others of like grade who have been disabled, or distribute them- selves so as best to exercise their normal 'functions. Con- SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 93 ditions will vary and no rules can be prescribed. It is essential that all assist in mastering the increasing dif- ficulties of control. The Company Acting Alone 230. In general, the company when acting alone is em- ployed according to the principles applicable to the battal- ion acting alone; the captain employs platoons as the major employs companies, making due allowance for the difference in strength. The support may be smaller in proportion or may be dispensed with. 231. The company must be well protected against sur- prise. Combat patrols on the flanks are specially impor- tant. Each leader of a flank platoon details a man to watch for the signals of the patrol or patrols on his flank. FIRE 232. Ordinarily pieces are loaded and extra ammunition is issued, before the company deploys for combat. In close order the company executes the firings at the command o'f the captain, who posts himself in rear of the center of the company. Usually the firings in close order consist of saluting vol- leys only. 233. When the company is deployed, the men execute the firings at the command of their platoon leaders; the latter give such commands as are necessary to carry out the captain's directions, and, from time to time, add such further commands as are necessary to continue, correct, and control the fire ordered. 234. The voice is generally inadequate for giving com- mands during fire and must be replaced by signals of such 94 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL character that proper fire direction and control is as- sured. To attract attention, signals must usually be pre- ceded by the whistle signal (short blast). A "fraction of the firing line about to rush should, if practicable, avoid using the long blast signal as an aid to cease firing. Offi- cers and men behind the firing line can not ordinarily move freely along the line, but must depend on mutual watchfulness and the proper use of the prescribed sig- nals. All should post themselves so as to see their im- mediate superiors and subordinates. 235. The musicians assist the captain by observing the enemy, the target, and the fire effect, by transmitting commands or signals, and by watching for signals. 236. Firing with blank cartridges at an outlined or rep- resented enemy at distances of less than 100 yards is pro- hibited. 237. The effect of fire and the influence* of the ground in relation thereto, and the individual and collective in- struction in marksmanship, are treated in the "Small-Arms Firing Manual." Ranges 238. For convenience of reference ranges are classified as follows: o to 600 yards, close range. 600 to 1,200 yards, effective range. 1,200 to 2,000 yards, long range. 2,000 yards and over, distant range. 239. The distance to the target must be determined as accurately as possible and the sights set accordingly. Aside from training and morale, this is the most impor- tant single factor in securing effective fire at the longer ranges. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 95 240. Except in a deliberately prepared defensive posi- tion, the most accurate and only practicable method of de- termining the range will generally be to take the mean of several estimates. Five or six officers or men, selected "from the most ac- curate estimators in the company, are designated as range estimators and are specially trained in estimating dis- tances. Whenever necessary and practicable, the captain assem- bles the range estimators, points out the target to them, and adopts the mean of their estimates. The range esti- mators then take their customary posts. Classes of Firing 241. Volley firing has limited application. In defense it may be used in the early stages of the action if the enemy presents a large, compact target. It may be used by troops executing fire of position. When the ground near the target is such that the strike of bullets can be seen from the firing line, ranging volleys may be used to correct the sight setting. In combat, volley firing is executed habitually by pla- toon. 242. Fire at will is the class of fire normally employed in attack or defense. 243. Clip fire has limited application. It is principally used: i. In the early stages of combat, to steady the men by habituating them to brief pauses in firing. 2. To pro- duce a short burst of fire. The Target 244. Ordinarily the major v^^ill assign to the company an objective in attafck or sector in defense; the company's 96 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL target will lie within the limits so assigned. In the choice of target, tactical considerations are paramount; the nearest hostile troops within the objective or sector will thus be the usual target. This will ordinarily be the hostile firing line ; troops in rear are ordinarily proper targets for artillery, machine guns, or, at times, infantry employing fire of position. Change of target should not be made without excellent reasons therefor, such as the sudden appearance of hos- tile troops under conditions which make them more to be feared than the troops comprising the former target. 245. The distribution of fire over the entire target is of special importance. The captain allots a part of the target to each platoon, or each platoon leader takes as his target that part which corresponds to his position in the company. Men are so instructed that each fires on that part of the target which is directly opposite him. 246. All parts of the target are equally important. Care must be exercised that the men do not slight its less visible parts. A section of the target not covered by fire represents a number of the enemy permitted to fire coolly and effectively. 247. If the target can not be seen with the naked eye, platoon leaders select an object in front of or behind it, designate this as the aiming target, and direct a sight set- ting which will carry the cone of fire into the target. Fire Direction 248. When the company is large enough to be divided into platoons, it is impracticable for the captain to com- mand it directly in combat. His efficiency in managing the firing line is measured by his ability to enforce his SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 97 will through the platoon leaders. Having indicated clear- ly what he desires them to do, he avoids interfering except to correct serious errors or omissions. 249. The captain directs the fire of the company or of designated platoons. He designates the target, and, when practicable, allots a part of the target to each platoon. Before beginning the fire action he determines the range, announces the sight setting, and indicates the class of fire .to be employed and the time to open fire. Thereafter, he observes the fire effect, corrects material errors in sight setting, prevents exhaustion of the ammunition supply, and causes the distribution of such extra ammunition as may be received from the rear. Fire Control 250. In combat the platoon is the fire unit. From 20 to 35 rifles are as many as one leader can control effectively. 251. Each platoon leader puts into execution the com- mands or directions of the captain, having first taken such precautions to insure correct sight setting and clear de- scription of the target or aiming target as the situation permits or requires; thereafter, he gives such additional commands or directions as are necessary to exact com- pliance with the captain's will. He corrects the sight setting when necessary. He designates an aiming target when the target can not be seen with the naked eye. 252. In general, platoon leaders observe the target and the effect of their fire and are on the alert for the cap- tain's commands or signals ; they observe and regulate the rate of fire. The platoon guides watch the firing line and check every breach of fire discipline. Squad leaders transmit commands and signals when necessary, observe the conduct of their squads and abate excitement, assist 8 98 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL in enforcing fire discipline and participate in the firing. 253. The best troops are those that submit longest to fire control. Loss of control is an evil which robs suc- cess of its greatest results. To avoid or delay such loss should be 'the constant aim of all. , Fire control implies the ability to stop firing, change the sight setting and target, and resume a well-directed fire. Fire Discipline 254. "Fire discipline implies, besides a habit of obedi- ence, a control of the rifle by the soldier, the result of training, which will enable him in action to make hits instead of misses. It embraces taking advantage of the ground; care in setting the sight and delivery of fire; constant attention to the orders of the leaders, and care- ful observation of the enemy; an increase of fire when the target is favorable, and a cessation of fire when the enemy disappears; economy of ammunition." ("Small- Arms Firing Manual.") In combat, shots which graze the enemy's trench or position and thus reduce the effectiveness of his fire have the approximate value of hits; such shots only, or actual hits, contribute toward fire superiority. Fire discipline implies that, in a firing line without leaders, each man retains his presence of mind and directs effective fire upon the proper target. 255. To create a correct appreciation of the require- ments of fire discipline, men are taught that the rate of fire should be as rapid as is consistent with accurate aim- ing; that the rate will depend upon the visibility, prox- imity, and size of the target; and that the proper rate will ordinarily suggest itself to each trained man, usu- ally rendering cautions or commands unnecessary. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY 99 In attack the highest rate of fire is employed at the halt preceding the assault, and in pursuing fire. 256. In an advance by rushes, leaders of troops in fir- ing positions are responsible for the delivery of heavy fire to cover the advance of each rushing fraction. Troops are trained to change slightly the direction of fire so as not to endanger the flanks of advanced portions of the firing line. 257. In defense, v^^hen the target disappears behind cover, platoon leaders suspend fire, prepare their platoons to fire upon the point where it is expected to reappear, and greet its reappearance instantly with vigorous ^fire. In preparing for the firing line it is the big things that count. Don't quibble over little things. It is action with head wprk that will win the scrap. CHAPTER VII INSPECTIONS AND MUSTER Company Inspection 745. Being in line at a halt: i. Open ranks, 2. MARCH. At the command march the front rank executes right dress; the rear rank and the file closers march backward 4 steps, halt and execute right dress; the lieutenants pass around their respective flanks and take post, facing to the front, 3 paces in front of the center of their re- spective platoons. The captain aligns the front rank, rear rank, and file closers, takes post 3 paces in front of the right guide, facing to the left, and commands: I. FRONT, 2. PREPARE FOR INSPECTION. At the second command the lieutenants carry saber; the captain returns saber and inspects them, after which they face about, order saber, and stand at ease; upon the completion of the inspection they carry saber, face about, and order saber. The captain may direct the lieutenants to accompany or assist him, in which case they return saber and, at the close of the inspection, resume their posts in front of the company, draw and carry saber. Having inspected the lieutenants, the captain proceeds to the right of the company. Each man, as the captain approaches him, executes inspection arms. The captain takes the piece, grasping it with his right hand just above the rear sight, the man dropping his hands. The captain inspects the piece, and, with the 100 INSPECTIONS A10, MXJSTfEfc ; $01 hand and piece in the same position as in receiving it, hands it back to the man, who takes it with the left hand at the balance and executes order arms. As the captain returns the piece the next man executes inspection arms, and so on through the company. Should the piece be inspected without handling, each man executes order arms as soon as the captain passes to the next man. The inspection is from right tc left in fi*ont, and from left to right in rear, of each rank and of the line of file closers. When approached by the captain the first sergeant executes inspection saber. Enlisted men armed with the pistol execute inspection pistol by drawing the pistol from the holster and holding it diagonally across the body, barrel up, and 6 inches in front of the neck, muz- zle pointing up and to the left. The pistol is returned to the holster as soon as the captain passes. Upon completion of the inspection the captain takes post facing to the left in front o*f the right guide and on line with the lieutenants and commands: I. Close ranks, 2. MARCH. At the command march the lieutenants resume their posts in line; the rear rank closes to 40 inches, each man covering his file leader; the file closers close to 2 paces from the rear rank. 746. If the company is dismissed, rifles are put away. In quarters, headdress and accouterments are removed and the men stand near their respective bunks; in camp they stand covered, but without accouterments, in front of their tents. If the personal field equipment has not been inspected in ranks and its inspection in quarters or camp is or- dered, each man will arrange the prescribed articles on 102 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL his bunk, if in quarters or permanent camp, or in front of his half of the tent, if in shelter tent camp, in the same relative order as directed in paragraph 747. The captain, accompanied by the lieutenants, then in- spects the quarters or camp. The first sergeant * pre- cedes the captain and calls the men to attention on en- tering each squad room or on approaching the tents; the men stand at attention but do not salute. 747. If the inspection is to include an examination of the equipment while in ranks, the captain, after closing ranks, causes the company to stack arms, to march back- ward until 4 paces in rear of the stacks and to take in- tervals. He then commands: i. UNSUNG EQUIP- MENT. 2. OPEN PACKS. At the first command, each man unslings his equip- ment and places it on the ground at his 'feet, haversack to the front end of the pack i foot in front of toes. At the second command, pack carriers are unstrapped, packs removed and unrolled, the longer edge of the pack along the lower edge of the cartridge belt. Each man exposes shelter tent pins, removes meat can, knife, fork, and spoon from the meat-can pouch, and places them on the right of the haversack, knife, fork, and spoon in the open meat can; removes the canteen and cup from the cover and places them on the left side of the haver- sack; unstraps and spreads out haversack so as to ex- pose its contents; 'folds up the carrier to uncover the cartridge pockets; opens same; unrolls toilet articles and places them on the outer flap of the haversack; places underwear carried in pack on the left half of the open pack, with round fold parallel with front edge of pack; opens first-aid pouch and exposes contents to view. Spe- cial articles carried by individual men, such as flag kit, field glasses, compass, steel tape, notebook, etc., will be INSPECTIONS AND MUSTER 103 arranged on the right half o'f the open pack. Each man then resumes the attention. Figure 21 shows the relative position of all articles except underwear and special arti- cles. The captain then passes along the ranks and file closers as before, inspects the equipment, returns to the right, and commands: CLOSE PACKS. (Pack closed) Fig. 21. (Pack open) Each man rolls up his toilet articles and underwear, straps up his haversack and its contents, replaces the meat can, knife, fork, and spoon, and the canteen- and cup; closes cartridge pockets and first-aid pouch; restores spe- cial articles to their proper receptacles; rolls up and re- places pack in carrier; and, leaving the equipment in its position on the ground, resumes the attention. I04 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL All equipments being packed, the captain commands: SLING EQUIPMENT. The equipments are slung and belts fastened. The captain then causes the company to assemble and take arms. The inspection is completed as already ex- plained. 748. Should the inspector be other than the captain, the latter, after commanding front, adds REST, and 'faces to the front. When the inspector approaches, the captain faces to the left, brings the company to attention, faces to the front, and salutes. The salute acknowledged, the captain carries saber, faces to the le'ft, commands: PRE- PARE FOR INSPECTION, and again faces to the front. The inspection proceeds as before; the captain returns saber and accompanies the inspector as soon as the latter passes him. MUSTER Company Muster 755. Muster is preceded by an inspection, and, when practicable, by a review. The adjutant is provided with the muster roll of the field, staff, and band, the surgeon with the hospital roll; each captain with the roll of his company. A list of absentees, alphabetically arranged, showing cause and place of absence, accompanies each roll. 756. Being in column o*f companies at open ranks, each captain, as the mustering officer approaches, brings his company to right shoulder arms, and commands: AT' TENTION TO MUSTER. The mustering officer or captain then calls the names on the roll; each man, as his name is called, answers Here and brings his piece to order arms. INSPECTIONS AND MUSTER 105 After muster, the mustering officer, accompanied by the company commanders and such other officers as he may designate, verifies the presence of the men reported in hospital, on guard, etc. 757. A company may be mustered in the same manner on its own parade ground, the muster to follow the com- pany inspection. CHAPTER VIII HONORS AND SALUTES 758. Further rules governing honors, courtesies, etc., are prescribed in "Army Regulations." 759. (i) Salutes shall be exchanged between officers and enlisted men not in a military formation, nor at drill, work, games, or mess, on every occasion of their meet- ing, passing near or being addressed, the officer junior in rank or the enlisted man saluting first. (2) When an officer enters a room where there are several enlisted men, the word "attention" is given by some one who perceives him, when all rise, uncover, and remain standing at attention until the officer leaves the room or directs otherwise. Enlisted men at meals stop eating and remain seated at attention. (3) An enlisted man, if seated, rises on the approach of an officer, faces toward him, stands at attention, and salutes. Standing, he faces an officer for the same pur- pose. If the parties remain in the same place or on the same ground, such compliments need not be repeated. Soldiers actually at work do not cease work to salute an officer unless addressed by him. (4) Before addressing an officer, an enlisted man makes the prescribed salute with the weapon with which he is armed, or, if unarmed, with the right hand. He also makes the same salute after receiving a reply. (5) In uniform, covered or uncovered, but not in formation, officers and enlisted men salute military per- 106 HONORS AND SALUTES 107 sons as follows : With arms in hand, the salute prescribed for that arm (sentinels on interior guard duty excepted) ; without arms, the right-hand salute. (6) In civilian dress, covered or uncovered, officers and enlisted men salute military persons with the right- hand salute. (7) Officers and enlisted men will render the prescribed salutes in a military manner, the officer junior in rank, or the enlisted men, saluting first. When several officers in company are saluted, all entitled to the salute shall return it. (8) Except in the field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions, a mounted officer (or soldier) dis- mounts before addressing a superior officer not mounted. (9) A man in formation should not salute when di- rectly addressed, but shall come to attention if at rest or at ease. (10) Saluting distance is that within which recogni- tion is easy. In general, it does not exceed 30 paces. (11) When an officer entitled to the salute passes in rear of a body of troops, it is brought to attention while he is opposite the post of the commander. (12) In public conveyances, such as railway trains and street cars, and in public places, such as theaters, hon- ors and personal salutes may be omitted when palpably inappropriate or apt to disturb or annoy civilians pres- ent. ' (13) Soldiers at all times and in all situations pay the same compliments to officers of the Army, Navy, Ma- rine Corps, and to officers of the National Guard Re- serve as to officers of their own regiment, corps, or arm of service. (14) Sentinels on post doing interior guard duty con- form to the foregoing principles, but salute by present- io8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL ing arms when armed with the rifle. They will not salute if it interferes with the proper performance of their duties. Troops under arms will salute as prescribed in drill regulations. 760. (i) Commanders of detachments or other com- mands will salute officers of grades higher than the per- son commanding the unit, by first bringing the unit to attention and then saluting as required by subparagraph (5), paragraph 759. If the person saluted is of a junior or equal grade, the unit need not be at attention in the exchange of salutes. (2) If two detachments or other commands meet, their commanders will exchange salutes, both commands be- ing at attention. 761. Salutes and honors, as a rule, are not paid by troops actually engaged in drill, on the march, or in the field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions. Troops on the service of security pay no compliments whatever. 762. If the command is in line at a halt (not in the field) and armed with the rifle, or with sabers drawn, it shall be brought to present arms or present sabers before its commander salutes, in the following cases: When the National Anthem is played, or when To the color or To the standard is sounded during ceremonies, or when a person is saluted who is its immediate or higher com- mander or a general officer, or when the national or regimental color is saluted. 763. At parades and other ceremonies, under arms, 'the command shall render the prescribed salute and shall remain in the position of salute while the National Anthem is being played; also at retreat and during cere- monies when To the color is played, if no band is pres- ent. If not under arms, the organizations should be HONORS AND SALUTES 109 brought to attention at the first note of the National Anthem, To the color or To the standard, and the salute rendered by the officer or noncommissioned officer in com- mand as prescribed in regulations, as amended herein. 764. Whenever the National Anthem is played at any place when persons belonging to the military service are present, all officers and enlisted men not in formation shall stand at attention facing toward the music (except at retreat, when they shall face toward the flag). If in uniform, covered or uncovered, or in civilian clothes, un- covered, they shall salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of a salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in uniform and covered, they shall uncover at the first note of the anthem, holding the headdress opposite the left shoulder and so remain until its close, except that in inclement weather the headdress may be slightly raised. The same rules apply when To the color or To the stand- ard is sounded as when the National Anthem is played. When played by an Army band, the National Anthem shall be played through without repetition of any part not required to be repeated to make it complete. The same marks of respect prescribed for observance during the playing o'f the National Anthem of the United States shall be shown toward the national anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions. 765. Officers and enlisted men passing the uncased color will render honors as follows: If in uniform, they will salute as required by subparagraph (5), paragraph 759; if in civilian dress and covered, they will uncover, holding the headdress opposite the left shoulder with the right hand; if uncovered they will salute with the right-hand salute. CHAPTER IX THE COLOR ^66. The word "color" implies the national color; it includes the regimental color when both are present. The rules prescribing the colors to be carried by regi- ments and battalions on all occasions are contained in "Army Regulations." 767. In garrison the colors, when not in use, are kept in the office or quarters of the colonel, and are escorted thereto and therefrom by the color guard. In camp the colors, when not in use, are in front of the colonel's tent. From reveille to retreat, when the weather permits, they are displayed uncased; from retreat to reveille and during inclement weather they are cased. Colors are said to be cased when furled and protected by the oil-cloth covering. 768. The regimental color salutes in the ceremony of escort of the color, and when saluting an officer entitled to the honor, but in no other case. If marching, the salute is executed when at 6 paces from the officer entitled to the salute; the carry is re- sumed when 6 paces beyond him. The national color renders no salute. The Color Guard 769. The color guard consists &i two color sergeants, who are the color bearers, and two experienced privates no THE COLOR HI selected by the colonel. The senior color sergeant car- ries the national color; the junior color sergeant carries the regimental color. The regimental color, when car- ried, is always on the left of the national color, in what- ever direction they may face. 770. The color guard is formed and marched in one rank, the color bearers in the center. It is marched in the same manner and by the same commands as a squad, substituting, when necessary, guard for squad. 771. The color company is the center or right center company of the center or right center battalion. The color guard remains with that company unless otherwise directed. yy2. In line the color guard is in the interval between the inner guides of the right and left center companies. In line o'f columns or in close line, the color guard is midway between the right and left center companies and on line with the captains. In column of companies or platoons the color guard is midway between the color company and the company in rear of the color company and equidistant from the flanks of the column. In close column the color guard is on the flank of the color company. In column of squads the color guard is in the column between the color company and the company originally on its left. When the regiment is 'formed in line of masses for ceremonies, the color guard forms on the left of the lead- ing company of the center (right center) battalion. It rejoins the color company when the regiment changes from line of masses. 773. The color guard, when with a battalion that takes the battle formation, joins the regimental reserve, whose 112 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL commander directs the color guard to join a certain com- pany of the reserve. 774. The color guard executes neither loadings nor fir- ings; in rendering honors, it executes all movements in the manual; in drill, all movements unless specially ex- cused. To Receive the Color 775. The color guard, by command of the senior color sergeant, presents arms on receiving and parting vi^ith the color. After parting with the color, the color guard is brought to order arms by command of the senior mem- ber who is placed as the right man of the guard. yyd. At drills and ceremonies, excepting escort o*f the color, the color, if present, is received by the color com- pany after its formation. The formation of the color company completed, the captain faces to the front; the color guard, conducted by the senior sergeant, approaches from the 'front and halts at a distance of 10 paces from the captain, who then faces about, brings the company to the present, faces to the front, salutes, again faces about and brings the company to the order. The color guard comes to the present and order at the command of the captain, and is then marched by the color sergeant directly to its post on the left of the color company. yyy. When the battalion is dismissed the color guard escorts the color to the office or quarters o*f the colonel. Manual of the Color 778. At the carry the heel of the pike rests in the socket of the sling; the right hand grasps the pike at the height of the shoulder. THE COLOR 113 At the order the heel of the pike rests on the ground near the right toe, the right hand holding the pike in a vertical position. At parade rest the heel of the pike is on the ground, as at the order; the pike is held with both hands in front of the center of the body, left hand uppermost. The order is resumed at the command attention. The left hand assists the right when necessary. The carry is the habitual position when the troops are at a shoulder, port, or trail. The order and parade rest are executed with the troops. The color salute: Being at a carry, slip the right hand up the pike to the height of the eye, then lower the pike by straightening the arm to the front. CHAPTER X TENT PITCHING Shelter Tents 792. Being in line or in column of .platoons, the cap- tain commands: FORM FOR SHELTER TENTS. The officers, first sergeant, and guides fall out; the cooks form a file on the flank o'f the company nearest the kitchen, the first sergeant and right guide fall in, forming the right file of the company; blank files are filled by the file closers or by men taken from the front rank; the remaining guide, or guides and file closers form on a convenient flank. Before forming column of platoons, preparatory to pitching tents, the company may be redivided into two or more platoons, regardless of the size of each. 793. The captain then causes the company to take in- tervals as described in the "School of the Squad," and com- mands : PITCH TENTS. At the command pitch tents, each man steps off ob- liquely to the right with the right foot and lays his rifle on the ground, the butt of the rifle near the toe o'f the right foot, muzzle to the front, barrel to the left, and steps back into his place ; each front-rank man then draws his bayonet and sticks it in the ground by the outside of the right heel. Equipments are unslung, packs opened, shelter half and pins removed; each man then spreads his shelter hal'f, 114 TENT PITCHING 115 small triangle to the rear, flat upon the ground the tent is to occupy, the rear-rank man's half on the right. The halves are then buttoned together; the guy loops at both ends of the lower half are passed through button- holes provided in lower and upper halves; the whipped end of the guy rope is then passed through both guy loops and secured, this at both ends of the tent. Each front-rank man inserts the muzzle of his rifle under the front end of the ridge and holds the rifle upright, sling to the front, heel of butt on the ground beside the bayo- net. His rear-rank man pins down the front corners of the tent on the line of bayonets, stretching the tent taut; he then inserts a pin in the eye of the front guy rope and drives the pin at such a distance in 'front of the rifle as to hold the rope taut; both men go to the rear of the tent, each pins down a corner, stretching the sides and rear of the tent before securing; the rear-rank man then inserts an intrenching tool, or a bayonet in its scab- bard, under the rear end of the ridge inside the tent, the front-rank man pegging down the end of the rear guy ropes; the rest of the pins are then driven by both men, the rear-rank man working on the right. The front flaps of the tent are not fastened down, but are thrown back on the tent. As soon as the tent is pitched each man arranges his equipment and the contents of his pack in the tent and stands at attention in front of his own half on the line with the front guy-rope pin. To have a uniform slope when the tents are pitched, the guy ropes should all be of the same length. In shelter-tent camps, in localities where suitable ma- terial is procurable, tent poles may be improvised and used in lieu o'f the rifle and bayonet or' intrenching tool as supports for the shelter tent. ii6 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 794. When the pack is not carried the company is formed for shelter tents, intervals are taken, arms are laid aside or on the ground, the men are dismissed and proceed to the wagon, secure their packs, return to their places, and pitch tents as heretofore described. 795. Double shelter tents may be pitched by first pitch- ing one tent as heretofore described, then pitching a sec- ond tent against the opening of the first, using one rifle to support both tents, and passing the front guy ropes over and down the sides o"f the opposite tents. The front corner of one tent is not pegged down, but is thrown back to permit an opening into the tent. Single Sleeping Bag 796. Spread the poncho on the ground, buttoned end at the feet, buttoned side to the left; fold the blanket once across its short dimension and lay it on the poncho, folded side along the right side of the poncho; tie the blanket together along the left side by means o'f the tapes pro- vided; fold the left half of the poncho over the blanket and button it together along the side and bottom. Double Sleeping Bag 797. Spread one poncho on the ground, buttoned end at the feet, buttoned side to the left; spread the blankets on top O'f the poncho; tie the edges of the blankets to- gether with the tapes provided, spread a second poncho on top of the blankets, buttoned end at the feet, but- toned side to the right ; button the two ponchos together along both sides and across the end. To Strike Shelter Tents 798. The men standing in front of their tents : STRIKE TENTS. TENT PITCHING ii; Equipments and rifles are removed from the tent; the tents are lowered, packs made up, and equipments slung, and the men stand at attention in the places originally occupied after taking intervals. To Pitch Tents 799. To pitch all types of army tents, except shelter and conical v^^all tents : Mark line of tents by driving a wall pin on the spot to be occupied by the right (or le'ft) corner of each tent. For pyramidal tents the in- terval between adjacent pins should be about 30 feet, which will give a passage of two feet between tents. Spread tripod on the ground where the center of tent is to be, if tripod is used. Spread the tent on the ground to be occupied, door to the front, and place the right (or left) front wall loop over the pin. The door (or doors i'f more than one) being fastened and held to- gether at the bottom, the left (or right) corner wall loop is carried to the left (or right) as far as it will go and a wall pin driven through it, the pin being placed in line with the right (or left) corner pins already driven. At the same time the rear corner wall loops are pulled to the rear and outward so that the rear wall of the tent is stretched to complete the rectangle. Wall pins are then driven through these loops. Each corner pin should be directly in rear of the corresponding front corner pin, making a rectangle. Unless the canvas be wet, a small amount of slack should be allowed before the corner pins are driven. According to the size of the tent one or two men, crawling under the tent if necessary, fit each pole or ridge or upright into the ring or ridge pole holes, and such accessories as hood, fly and brace ropes are adjusted. If a tripod be used an ii8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL additional man will go under the tent to adjust it. The tent, steadied by the remaining men, one at each corner guy rope, will then be raised. If the tent is a ward or storage type, corner poles will now be placed at the four corners. The four corner guy ropes are then placed over the lower notches o'f the large pins driven in pro- longation of the diagonals at such distance as to hold the walls and ends of the tent vertical and smooth when the guy ropes are drawn taut. A wall pin is then driven through each remaining wall loop and a large pin for each guy rope is driven in line with the corner guy pins already driven. The guy ropes of the tent are placed over the lower notches, while the guy ropes of the fly are placed over the upper notches, and are then drawn taut. Brace ropes, when used, are then secured to stakes or pins suitably placed. 800. Rescinded. Conical Wall Tent 801. Drive the door pin and center pin 8 feet 3 inches apart. Using the hood lines with center pin as center, describe two concentric circles with radii 8 feet 3 inches and II 'feet 3 inches. In the outer circle drive two door guy pins 3 feet apart. At intervals of about 3 feet drive the other guy pin. In other respects conical tents are erected practically as in the case of pyramidal tents. To Strike Common, Wall, Pyramidal, and Conical Wall Tents 802. STRIKE TENTS, The men first remove all pins except those of the four corner guy ropes, or the four quadrant guy ropes in the TENT PITCHING 119 case o'f the conical wall tent. The pins are neatly piled or placed in their receptacle. One man holds each guy, and when the ground is clear the tent is lowered, folded, or rolled and tied, the poles or tripod and pole fastened together, and the remaining pins collected. To Fold Tents 803. For folding common, wall, hospital, and storage tents: Spread the tent flat on the ground, folded at the ridge so that bottoms of side walls are even, ends of tent forming triangles to the right and left; fold the triangu- lar ends of the tent in toward the middle, making it rec- tangular in shape; fold the top over about 9 inches; fold the tent in two by carrying the top fold over clear to the foot; fold again in two 'from the top to the foot; throw all guys on tent except the second from each end; fold the ends in so as to cover about two-thirds of the sec- ond cloths; fold the left end over to meet the turned-in edge o'f the right, end, then fold the right end over the top, completing the bundle; tie with the two exposed guys. Method of Folding Pyramidal Tent The tent is thrown toward the rear and the back wall and roof canvas pulled out smooth. This may be most easily accomplished by leaving the rear-corner wall pins in the ground with the wall loops attached, one man at each rear-corner guy, and one holding the square iron in a perpendicular position and pulling the canvas to its limit away from the former front of the tent. This leaves the three remaining sides of the tent on top of the rear side, with the door side in the middle. I20 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Now carry the right-front corner over and lay it on the left-rear corner. Pull all canvas smooth, throw guys toward square iron, and put bottom edges even. Then take the right-front corner and return to the right, cover- ing the right-rear corner. This folds the right side of the tent on itself, with the crease in the middle and un- der the 'front side of tent. Next carry the left-front corner to the right and back as described above; this when completed will leave the front and rear sides of the tent lying smooth and flat and the two side walls folded inward, each on itself. Place the hood in the square iron which has been folded downward toward the bottom o'f tent, and con- tinue to fold around the square iron as a core, pressing all folds down flat and smooth, and parallel with the bottom of the tent. If each fold is compactly made and the canvas kept smooth, the last fold will exactly cover the lower edge of the canvas. Lay all exposed guys along the folded canvas except the two on the center •width, which should be pulled out and away from bottom edge to their extreme length for tying. Now, beginning at one end, fold toward the center on first seam (that joining first and second widths) and fold again toward the center so that the already folded canvas will come to within about 3 inches of the middle width. Then fold over to opposite edge of middle width of canvas. Then begin folding from opposite end, folding the first width in half, then making a second 'fold to come within about 4 or 5 inches of that already folded; turn this fold en- tirely over that already folded. Take the exposed guys and draw them taut across each other; turn bundle over on the under guy; cross guys on top of bundle, drawing tight. Turn bundle over the crossed guys and tie length- wise. TENT PITCHING 121 When properly tied and pressed together this will make a package 11 by 23 by 34 inches, requiring about 8,855 cubic inches to store or pack. Stencil the organization designation on the lower half of the middle width of canvas in the back wall. CHAPTER XI SIGNALS AND SIGNALING 43. Arm Signals The following arm signals are prescribed. In mak- ing signals either arm may be used. Officers who receive signals on the firing line "repeat back" at once to prevent misunderstanding. Forward, march. Carry the hand to the shoulder ; straighten and hold the arm horizontally, thrusting it in direction of march. This signal is also used to execute quick time from double time. Forward Fig. 22 Halt. Carry the hand to the shoulder; thrust the hand upward and hold the arm vertically. Double time, march. Carry the hand to the shoulder ; rapidly thrust the hand upward the full extent of the arm several times. 122 Halt: Arm held stationary. Double Time: Arm moved up and down several times. Fig. 23 SIGNALS AND SIGNALING 123 Squads right, march. Raise the arm laterally until hori- zontal; carry it to a vertical position above the head and swing it several times be- tween the vertical and hori- zontal positions. Squads left, march. Raise the arm laterally until hori- Souads Left Fig. 25 Squads right about, march (if in close order) or, To the rear, march (if in skirmish line). Extend the arm vertically above the head ; carry it laterally downward to the side and swing it several times be- tween the vertical and downward positions. Squads Right Fig. 24 zontal, carry it downward to the side and swing it several times between the downward and horizontal positions. To the rear Squads Right About Fig. 26 124 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Change direction or Column right (left), march. The hand on the side toward which the change of direc- tion is to be made is carried across the body to the opposite shoulder, forearm horizontal; then swing in a hori- zontal plane, arm extended, pointing in the new direction. As skirmish- ers , march. Raise both arms laterally until horizontal. ^s:^ U^ AsSkirmJaht Fig. 28 As Skirmishers GLilde Center Fia 29 As skirmish- ers, guide cen- ter, march , Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; swing both sim- ultaneously up- ward until ver- tical and return to the horizon- tal; repeat sev- eral times. SIGNALS AND SIGNALING 125 As skirmishers, guide right (left), march. Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; hold the arm on the side of the guide steadily in the horizontal position ; swing the other upward until vertical and return it to the horizontal • repeat several times. As Skirmishers Guide Right Fig. 30 Assemble, march. Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles. Range, or Change Ele- vati on. To announce range, extend the arm to- ward the leaders or men for whom the signal is in- tended, fist closed; by keeping the fist closed battle sight is indicated; by opening and closing the fist, expose thumb and fingers to a number equal to the hundreds of yards; -rAssemble Fig. 31 126 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL < troopg To announce range Battle sight Fig. 32 to add 50 yards de- scribe a short hori- zontal line with fore- finger. To change elevation, indicate the amount of increase or decrease by fingers as above ; point upward to indicate increase and downward to in- dicate decrease. What range are you using? or What is the range f Extend the arms toward the person addressed, one hand open, palm to the front, resting on the other hand, fist closed. What range are you using or: What l5 the range Fig. 33 Are you ready or: I am ready Fig. 34 Are you ready? or / am ready. Raise the hand, fingers extended and joined, palm toward the person ad- dressed. SIGNALS AND SIGNALING Commence firing. Move the arm extended in full length, hand palm down, several times through a hori- zontal arc in front of the body. Fire faster. Execute rapidly the signal ^'Commence firing." Fire slower. Execute slowly the signal "Com- mence firing." To swing the cone of fire to the right, or left. Extend the arm in full Commence Rr'mg Fig. 35 To swing cone of fire to right Fix bayonet. Simulate hand in "Fix bayonet." Fig. 36 length to the front, palm to the right (left) ; swing the arm to the right (left), and point in the direction of the new target. Fix Bayonet Simulate the move- ment of the right hand in "Fix bay- onet" (paragraph 95). 128 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Suspend firing. Raise and hold the forearm steadily in a hori- zontal position in front of the forehead, palm of the hand to the front. Cease firing. Raise the fore- arm as in suspend firing and swing it up and down several times in front of the face. Suspend firing. For Cease firing - Swing arm up and down several times* Fig. 37 Platoon. Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader; describe small circles with the hand. (See par. 44.) KmJ Platoon Fig. 38 ^ Fig. 39 Squad. Extend the arm hori- zontally tdward the platoon leader ; swing the hand up and down from the wrist. ( See par . 44. ) Rush. Same as douhle time. 44. The signals pl*• 1 1 1 4. \js,.^ y 1 .1 TAROtTA. TARCILT B. TARGET C r-^- Fig. 42 TARGET PRACTICE 183 TAROETS. TARGET D. Fig. 43 CHAPTER XIV CARE OF CLOTHING, EQUIPMENT, AND RIFLE You are responsible for the care of your clothing, equipment, and rifle according to the 84th article of war, which reads: "Any soldier who sells or wrongfully dis- poses o'f or willfully or through neglect injures any horse, arms, ammunition, accouterments, equipment, clothing, or other property issued for use in the military service shall be punished as a court-martial may direct." It is plain, therefore, that it is the soldier's duty, and should be his pleasure, to keep everything issued to him clean and in a good state of preservation. Clothing You should take as good care of your uniform as you would of your best suit of civilian clothes. The better care you take of your clothing the longer it will last and the more it will add to your military appearance. Each soldier is given his uniform. Cleaning. — Grease spots and stains may be removed by rubbing with a woolen cloth saturated with benzine or gasoline. Carbona is also a good stain remover. Spots can often be removed by putting a piece of paper over the spot and pressing with a hot flat iron. Paint can be removed with turpentine. Ink may be re- moved with a solution of oxalic acid, rinsing at once with water. 184 CLOTHING, EQUIPMENT, RIFLE 185 Pressing the uniform once a week will add greatly to its appearance. Always place a moist clean cloth over the clothes and then press with a hot iron until the cloth is dry. Canvas leggings should be washed when soiled. Al- ways dry in the shade without wringing them out. Service hat should be brushed frequently. An extra uniform should be kept "for inspection, parade, and when off duty. Remember a soldier is often judged by his appearance when on leave. Buttons should always be securely sewed on. It Is de- cidedly slovenly to see a soldier with buttons off his shirt or uniform. Always keep your shirt and blouse buttoned up. Shoes Be sure that your shoes fit properly. Shoes should always be large enough to provide for the enlargement of the feet when carrying a pack and marching. The toes will be pushed forward almost hal'f a size when the ordinary pack is being carried. The width can ordinarily be provided by the lacing. Cleaning. — Your shoes should be kept polished both for looks and because the leather will be more pliable and will wear longer. A good quality of polish should be used. It is well to wash your shoes once in a while with soap and water to remove the accumulation as a result of polishing. To dry wet shoes never place them near a fire. They should be allowed to dry by evaporation. When you have two or more pairs of shoes it is a good thing to saturate one pair with neat's foot oil. The shoes should be wet and thoroughly dried before the oil is applied. Shoes so treated will not wet through. i86 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Cloth Equipment (Instructions issued by the Ordnance Department, July 12, 1915.) "General. — All cloth equipment should be brushed fre- quently with a stiff bristle brush. A dry scrub brush may be used. "It should be washed only under the direction and supervision of an officer. "During ordinary garrison duty it should rarely be necessary to wash the equipment. "When the equipment becomes soiled a light local wash- ing will frequently be sufficient, but when dirty it should unhesitatingly be given a good thorough washing — other- wise it may be expected that it will become insanitary and rot. "During field service it is to be expected that the equip- ment will become soiled much more rapidly. Always on return to garrison from field service and as oppor- tunity offers in the field, equipment should be thoroughly washed." How to Wash. — Soap solution. Dissolve one cake of H. & H. soap in 4J quarts of hot water. Brush the equip- ment thoroughly to remove dust and mud. Spread the belt, haversack, etc., out on a clean board and apply the solution with a clean scrub brush. After lathering, wash off with clean water. Always dry in the shade, so as to prevent bleaching. Mess Kit After every meal wash your mess kit in soap and hot water and rinse in clean hot water. I'f you do not have a clean towel to dry your mess kit put it in the sun to dry. As the sun is a good germ killer it is well to leave CLOTHING, EQUIPMENT, RIFLE 187 your mess kit in the sun frequently. Remember a dirty or greasy mess kit is sure to attract flies and germs. Then, too, you will enjoy your meals much better if your mess kit is clean. With a nail or sharp instrument put a mark on each piece of your mess kit so that you will recognize it if someone takes it. The Rifle Your rifle is your best friend; therefore be sure that it is properly cared for. Your rifle may save your li'fe; therefore as you value, your life so treat your rifle. Keep in mind that more pieces are spoiled by carelessness than through use. The Parts of the Rifle The rifle is called the United States Magazine Rifle, model 1903, caliber .30. The piece without the bayonet weighs 8.69 pounds, and the bayonet and scabbard weigh I pound. The length of the rifle is 43" ; the length of the bayonet is 20"; the length of the blade of the bayonet is 16". The rifle is so constructed that the various parts can easily be taken apart and put together again. Never, however, take your rifle apart except with the express permission of a commissioned officer. As soon as you are familiar with the handling of your piece you should ask a commissioned officer to show you how to take the butt apart and how to take out the breech spring. The bore is the most important part of the rifle. The greatest care has been exercised in manufacturing this so as to obtain the highest degree of accuracy. To clean the bore or inside of the barrel, remove the bolt; place the muzzle on a board if no rack is provided. Always insert the cleaning rod 'from the breech end. i88 THE Vie. 8i CANTONMENT MANUAL rig. 64^ 637 (contd.) CLOTHING, EQUIPMENT, RIFLE 189 Use patches of soft rag cut into squares about i-|'' square. By running the cleaning rod with a rag attached through the bore the dust will be removed. If the piece is fouled as a result of discharging, the powder fouling can be removed by scrubbing the bore with the soda solution (hot) furnished by the Ordnance Department. To remove the metal fouling, first remove the powder fouling. Then plug the barrel at the breech with a cork or cloth, slip a 2" section of rubber hose over the muzzle and fill with the standard Ordnance Department solution. Let it remain for half an hour, then remove the solution and swab out with the soda solution. After the piece is thoroughly cleaned take a clean patch of cloth and moisten with sperm oil and scrub the bore thoroughly. All metal parts of the rifle should be kept clean at all times. Cams and bearings should be 'frequently oiled, but it is not necessary to soak with oil. After the rifle has been wet by rain or by dew it should be wiped dry at once. The stock should be rubbed with linseed oil once a month. Pointers 1. Clean your rifle at least once each day. 2. Never point a rifle at anyone unless you intend to shoot him. 3. Never put away a rifle that has been fired or that has been wet without first thoroughly cleaning it. 4. Do not try to brighten up the bluish parts of the piece. 5. Never let your rifle bore become pitted. 6. A good soldier, like a good sportsman, loves his rifle. CHAPTER XV THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH A soldier's health is a soldier's success. Keep in mind that a sick soldier not only makes one less to shoot and to throw grenades, but is a burden because he must be cared for. "A dead soldier is of less burden than a sick soldier." What is, perhaps, to you fully as important and inter- esting is that if your health is good you run far less chance o*f catching a disease and stand a hundred per cent better chance of recovering from a wound. In the Spanish-American War for every man who was killed more than five died from disease. A Few Health Hints Keep the bowels open. — Make it a practice to go to the latrine or toilet at least once each day. If you go to the toilet at about the same time each day you will be sur- prised to find that you feel a hundred per cent better. Never let a day go by without a passage. If you do not have one see one of the medical corps and ask him for a laxative. Remember that there is nothing that so pleases the germs of various diseases as the constipated person. In this condition you are far more apt to catch diseases. Cleanliness is the worst enemy of disease. Flies carry germs. Flies flourish in dirt. Therefore, keep everything clean and leave no food particles about, and you will not be bothered with flies. 190 THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH 191 Brush your teeth after each meal if possible and always "before going to bed. Do not pick your nose with your fingers. It makes your nose a good place for germs. Do not sweep dry dust. — Always sprinkle the floor or company street. Don't let anyone use your mess kit. Always keep your mess kit clean. Put the mess kit in the sun when possible. The sun is a good germ killer. Don't drink water from unknown streams or wells. If necessity requires you to drink such water always boil it. . Don't let dogs or other animals lick your hands. Don't drink stuff bought from a peddler. Always wash your hands before eating and after com- ing from the latrine. Keep your teeth in good condition by seeing a good dentist every few months. Don't rub your eyes with your fingers. Boil your clothes before washing them. Use your own towel. Use your own blanket. Don't smoke another man's pipe. Don't touch wounds except with the first-aid packet. Be sure the company barber scalds his razors and soap. Don't let him use a caustic stick on you. // you feel sick ask the first sergeant to put your name on the sick report. Serious diseases often start with slight illness. Keep on the watch and see that your comrades report their sickness. Don't spit in your tent and don't let others do so. After a hike rinse your mouth and throat with salt and water. Breathe a little of the solution into your nose. 192 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Never go barefooted. This is the way many germs are gathered. If you discover that you have a venereal disease report to your captain or lieutenant at once. Keep away from prostitutes. They are all diseased and will give you germs that you will pass on to your wife and children years from now. Let liquor alone. Drink nine times out of ten leads to houses of prostitution and damnation to any man who becomes its victim. Venereal Diseases War Department orders regarding venereal diseases. General Orders No. 31, War Department, 1912, direct that no enlisted man "absent from duty on account of disease resulting from his own intemperate use of drugs or alcoholic liquors or other misconduct shall receive pay for the period o"f such absence." General Orders, No. 71, War Department, 1913, amend- ing G. O., 17, W. D., 1912, direct that, "Commanding officers will require that men who ex- pose themselves to the danger of contracting vene- real disease shall at once upon their return to camp or garrison report to the hospital or dispensary for the application of such cleansing and prophylaxis as may be prescribed by the Surgeon General. Any soldier who fails to comply with these instructions shall be brought to trial by court-martial for neglect * of duty." A medical officer and each organization commander are required to make two physical inspections of all the enlisted men ai the command (except married men of good character) each month to observe the state of per- sonal cleanliness and detect venereal diseases. CHAPTER XVI SANITATION AND CLEANLINESS IN CAMP The soldier's part in making the camp a decent place in which to live is most important. It's the dirty, untidy, don't-care soldiers who cause most of the sickness in a camp. It's hard to believe that any real self-respecting man can stoop so low as to be willing to put up with filth. That's just exactly what you do if you tolerate unclean- liness on the part of your fellow soldiers. A man who doesn't willingly take a bath should be made to do so by his comrades. Your tent is your home while in the field as a soldier. Therefore see to it that it is always clean and in order. The tent walls should be rolled up every morning. In good weather your bedding and clothes should get a good sun bath. The kitchen is a most important place to keep clean. It is the opinion of the authors that to he detailed as kitchen police should he an honor and not a punishment. Only the cleanest and neatest men in a company should be detailed to the kitchen. Everyone working in the kitchen should have scrupulously clean hands and finger nails. When eating be care'ful not to spill any of the food. Particles of food hring flies, and flies hring disease. After eating always empty any food that you have left into the proper receptacle. Then wash your mess kit in hot water. If possible dry it in the sun — Nature's dry- ing cloth. 14 193 CHAPTER XVII ARTICLES OF WAR When you enter the military service you become sub- ject to military law. The Articles of War is the law gov- erning the U. S. Army. The 'following from the Articles of War should be read over carefully, as it will give you an idea of your rights as well as the things you must or must not do so long as you remain in the military service of the United States. Don't violate any of these articles and you will be a better soldier and avoid trouble for yourself. Certain Articles of War to he read and explained to enlisted men. Articles i, 2, and 29, 54 to 96 inclusive, and 104 to 109 inclusive, shall be read and explained to every soldier at the time o*f his enlistment or muster in, or within six days thereafter, and shall be read and ex- plained once every six months to the soldiers of every garrison, regiment, or company in the service of the United States. (Art. no.) *' Article i. Definitions: The following words when used in these articles shall be construed in the sense in- dicated in this article, unles the context shows that a different sense is intended, namely: "(a) The word 'officer' shall be construed to refer to a commissioned officer; "(b) The word 'soldier' shall be construed as includ- ing a noncommissioned officer, a private, or any other enlisted man; 194 ARTICLES OF WAR 195 "(c) The word 'company* shall be understood as in- cluding a troop or battery; and "(d) The word 'battalion' shall be understood as in- cluding a squadron. "Art. 2. Persons subject to military law. The follow- ing persons are subject to these articles and shall be un- derstood as included in the term 'any person subject to military law/ or 'persons subject to military law/ when- ever used in these articles: Provided, That nothing con- tained in this act, except as specifically provided in arti- cle 2, subparagraph (c), shall be construed to apply to any person under the United States naval jurisdiction, unless otherwise specifically provided by law. "(a) All officers and soldiers belonging to the Regular Army of the United States ; all volunteers, from the dates of their muster or acceptance into the military service of the United States; and all other persons lawfully called, drafted, or ordered into, or to duty or for training in, the said service, from the dates they are required by the terms o'f the call, draft, or order to obey the same ; "(b) Cadets; "(c) Officers and soldiers of the Marine Corps when detached for service with the armies of the United States by order of the President: Provided, That an officer or soldier of the Marine Corps when so detached may be tried by military court-martial for an offense committed against the laws for the government o'f the naval service prior to his detachment and for an offense committed against these articles he may be tried by a naval court- martial after such detachment ceases; "(d) All retainers to the camp and all persons accom- panying or serving with the armies of the United States without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and in time of war all such retainers and persons accom- 196 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL panying or serving with the armies of the United States in the field, both within and without the territorial juris- diction of the United States, though not otherwise subject to these articles; "(e) All persons under sentence adjudged by court- martial; "(f) All persons admitted into the Regular Army Sol- diers' Home at Washington, D. C. "Art. 29. ENLISTMENT WITHOUT DISCHARGE, Any soldier who, iinthout having first received a regular discharge, again enlists in the Army, or in the militia when in the service of the United States, or in the Navy or Marine Corps of the United States, or in any foreign army, shall be deemed to have deserted the service of the United States; and, where the enlistment is in one' of the forces of the United States mentioned above, to have fraudulently enlisted therein. ''Art. 54. Fraudulent enlistment. Any person who shall procure himself to be enlisted in the military service of the United States by means of willful misrepresentation or concealment as to his qualifications for enlistment, and shall receive pay or allowances under such enlist- ment, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. *'Art. 55. Officer making unlazvful enlistment. Any officer who knowingly enlists or musters into the military service any person whose enlistment or muster in is pro- hibited by law, regulations, br orders, shall be dismissed from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 56. Muster rolls— False muster. At every muster Off a regiment, troop, battery, or company the commanding officer thereof shall give to the mustering officer certifi- cates, signed by himself, stating how long absent officers have been absent and the reasons of their absence. And ARTICLES OF WAR 197 the commanding officer of every troop, battery, or com- pany shall give like certificates, stating how long absent noncommissioned officers and private soldiers have been absent and the reasons of their absence. Such reasons and time of absence shall be inserted in the muster rolls opposite the names of the respective absent officers and soldiers, and the certificates, together with the muster rolls, shall be transmitted by the mustering officer to the Department of War as speedily as the distance of the place and muster will admit. Any officer who know- ingly makes a 'false muster of man or animal, or who signs or directs or allows the signing of any muster roll knowing the same to contain a false muster or false state- ment as to the absence or pay of an officer or soldier, or who wrongfully takes money or other consideration on mustering in a regiment, company, or other organization, or on signing muster rolls, or who knowingly musters as an officer or soldier a person who is not such officer or soldier, shall be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. *'Art. 57. False returns — Omission to render returns. Every officer commanding a regiment, an independent troop, battery, or company, or a garrison, shall, in the beginning of every month, transmit through the proper channels, to the Department of War, an exact return o'f the same, specifying the names of the officers then ab- sent from their posts, with the reasons for and the time of their absence. Every officer whose duty it is to ren- der to the War Department or other superior authority a return of the state of the troops under his command, or O'f the arms, ammunition, clothing, funds, or other property thereunto belonging, who knowingly makes a false return thereof shall be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may 198 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL direct. And any officer who, through neglect or design, omits to render such return shall be punished as a court- martial may direct. "B. Desertion; Absence Without Leave "Art. 58. Desertion. Any person subject to military law who deserts or attempts to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court- martial may direct, and, if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court- martial may direct. "Art. 59. Advising or aiding another to desert. Any person subject to military law who advises or persuades or knowingly assists another to desert the service of the United States shall, i'f the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death, or such other punishment as a court- martial may direct, and, if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court-martial may direct. "Art. 60. Entertaining a deserter. Any officer who, after having discovered that a soldier in his command is a deserter from the military or naval service or from the Marine Corps, retains such deserter in his command with- out informing superior authority or the commander of the organization to which the deserter belongs, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art 61. Absence without leave. Any person subject to military law who fails to repair at the fixed time to the properly appointed place o'f duty, or goes from the same without proper leave, or absents himself from his com- mand, guard, quarters, station, or camp without proper leave, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. ARTICLES OF WAR 199 "C. Disrespect; Insubordination; Mutiny "Art. 62. Disrespect toward the President, Vice-presi- dent, Congress, Secretary of War, governors, legisla- tures. Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespect- ful words against the President, Vice-president, the Con- gress of the United States, the Secretary of War, or the governor or legislature of any State, Territory, or other possession of the United States in which he is quartered shall be dismissed 'from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. Any other per- son subject to military law who so offends shall be pun- ished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 63. Disrespect toward superior officers. Any per- son subject to military law who behaves himself with dis- respect toward his superior officer shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 64. Assaulting or willfully disobeying superior officer. Any person subject to military law who, on any pretense whatsoever, strikes his superior officer or draws or lifts up any weapon or offers any violence against him, being in the execution of his office, or willfully disobeys any lawful command of his superior officer, shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 65. Insubordinate conduct toward noncommis- stoned officer. Any soldier who strikes or assaults, or who attempts or threatens to strike or assault, or willfully disobeys the lawful order of a noncommissioned officer while in the execution of his office, or uses threatening or insulting language, or behaves in an insubordinate or dis- respectful manner toward a noncommissioned officer while in the execution of his office, shall be punished as a court- martial may direct. 200 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL "Art. 66. Mutiny or sedition. Any person subject to military law who attempts to create or who begins, excites, causes, or joins in any mutiny or sedition in any com- pany, party, post, camp, detachment, guard, or other com- mand shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 6^. Failure to suppress mutiny or sedition. Any officer or soldier who, being present at any mutiny or sedi- tion, does not use his utmost endeavor to suppress the same, or knowing or having reason to believe that a mutiny or sedition is to take place, does not without delay give information thereof to his commanding officer shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 68. Quarrels; frays; disorders. All officers and noncommissioned officers have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders among persons subject to military law and to order officers who take part in the same into arrest, and other persons subject to military law who take part in the same into arrest or confinement as circumstances may require, until their proper superior officer is acquainted therqwith. And whosoever, being so ordered, refuses to obey such officer or noncommissioned officer or draws a weapon upon or otherwise threatens or does violence to him shall be punished as a court-martial may direct **D. Arrest; Confinement *'Art. 69. Arrest or confinement of accused persons. An officer charged with crime or with a serious offense under these articles shall be placed in arrest by the com- manding officer, and in exceptional cases an officer so charged may be placed in confinement by the same author- ity. A soldier charged with crime or with a serious ARTICLES OF WAR 201 offense under these articles shall be placed in confinement, and when charged with a minor offense he may be, placed in arrest. Any other person subject to military law charged with crime or with a serious offense under these articles shall be placed in confinement or in arrest, as circumstances may require; and when charged with a minor offense such person may be placed in arrest. Any person placed in arrest under the provisions of this arti- cle shall thereby be restricted to his barracks, quarters, or tent, unless such limits shall be enlarged by proper author- ity. Any officer who breaks his arrest or who escapes from confinement before he is set at liberty by proper authority shall be dismissed from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct ; and any other person subject to military law who escapes from confinement or who breaks his arrest before he is set at liberty by proper authority shall be punished as a court- martial may direct. "Art. 70. Investigation of and action upon charges. No person put in arrest shall be continued in confinement more than eight days, or until such time as a court-martial can be assembled. When any person is put in arrest for the purpose of trial, except at remote military posts or stations, the officer by whose order he is arrested shall see that a copy of the charges on which he is to be tried is served upon him within eight days after his arrest, and that he is brought to trial within ten days thereafter, unless the necessities of the service prevent such trial; and then he shall be brought to trial within thirty days after the expiration of said ten days. If a copy o'f the charges be not served, or the arrested person be not brought to trial, as herein required, the arrest shall cease. But persons released from arrest, under the provisions of this article, may be tried, whenever the exigencies of the 202 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL service shall permit, within twelve months after such re- lease from arrest: Provided, That in time of peace no person shall, against his objection, be brought to trial be- tfore a general court-martial within a period of five days subsequent to the service of charges upon him. **Art. 71. Refusal to receive and keep prisoners. No provost marshal or commander of a guard shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his charge by an officer belonging to the forces of the United States, provided the officer committing shall, at the time, deliver an account in writing signed by himself, of the crime or offense charged against the prisoner. Any officer or sol- dier so refusing shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 72. Report of prisoners received. Every com- mander of a guard to whose charge a prisoner is com- mitted shall, within twenty-four hours after such con- finement, or as soon as he is relieved from his guard, re- port in writing to the commanding officer the name of such prisoner, the offense charged against him, and the name of the officer committing him; and if he fails to make such report he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 73. Releasing prisoner without proper authority. Any person subject to military law who, without proper authority, releases any prisoner duly committed to his charge, or who, through neglect or design, suffers any prisoner so committed to escape, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 74. Delivery of offender to civil authorities. When any person subject to military law, except one who is held by the military authorities to answer, or who is awaiting trial or result of trial, or who is undergoing sentence for a crime or offense punishable under these ARTICLES OF WAR 203 articles, is accused of a crime or offense committed within the geographical limits of the States of the Union and the District of Columbia, and punishable by the laws of the land, the commanding officer is required, except in time of war, upon application duly made, to use his utmost endeavor to deliver over such accused person to the civil authorities", or to aid the officers of justice in apprehend- ing and securing him, in order that he may be brought to trial. Any commanding officer who upon such appli- cation refuses or willfully neglects, except in time of war, to deliver over such accused person to the civil authorities or to aid the officers of justice in apprehending and secur- ing him, shall be dismissed from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "When under the provisions of this article delivery is made to the civil authorities of an offender undergoing sentence of a court-martial, such delivery, if followed by conviction, shall be held to interrupt the execution of the sentence of the court-martial, and the offender shall be returned to military custody, after having answered to the civil authorities for his offense, for the completion of the said court-martial sentence. "E. War Offenses "Art. 75. Misbehavior before the enemy. Any officer or soldier who misbehaves himself before the enemy, runs away, or shamefully abandons or delivers up any fort, post, camp, guard, or other command which it is his duty " to defend, or speaks words inducing others to do the like, or casts away his arms or ammunition, or quits his post or colors to plunder or pillage, or by any means whatso- ever occasions false alarms in camp, garrison, or quarters, shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court- martial may direct. 204 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL "Art. 76. Subordinates compelling commander to stir- render. If any commander of any garrison, fort, post, camp, guard, or other command is compelled by the offi- cers or soldiers under his command to give it up to the enemy or to abandon it, the officers or soldiers so offending shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court- martial may direct. "Art. yy. Improper use of countersign. Any person subject to military law who makes known the parole or countersign to any person not entitled to receive it ac- cording to the rules and discipline of war, or gives a parole or countersign different from that which he re- ceived, shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 78. Forcing a safeguard. Any person subject to military law who, in time of war, forces a safeguard shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 79. Captured property to be secured for public service. All public property taken from the enemy is the property of the United States and shall be secured for the service of the United States, and any person subject to military law who neglects to secure such property or is guilty of wrongful appropriation thereof shall be pun- ished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 80. Dealing in captured or abandoned property. Any person subject to military law who buys, sells, trades, or in any way deals in or disposes of captured or aban- doned property, whereby he shall receive or expect any profit, benefit, or advantage to himself or to any other person directly or indirectly connected with himself, or who fails whenever such property comes into his posses- sion or custody or within his control to give notice thereof ARTICLES OF WAR 205 to the proper authority and to turn over such property to the proper authority without delay, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine or imprisonment, or by such other punishment as a court-martial, military commis- sion, or other military tribunal may adjudge, or by any or all of said penalties. "Art. 81. Relieving, corresponding with, or aiding the enemy. Whosoever relieves the enemy with arms, ammu- nition, supplies, money, or other thing, or knowingly har- bors or protects or holds correspondence with or gives intelligence to the enemy, either directly or indirectly, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court- martial or military commission may direct. "Art. 82. Spies. Any person who in time of war shall be "found lurking or acting as a spy in or about any of the fortifications, posts, quarters, or encampments of any of the armies of the United States, or elsewhere, shall be tried by a general court-martial or by a military commis- sion, and shall, on conviction thereof, suffer death. "F. Miscellaneous Crimes and Offenses "Art. 83. Military property — Willful or negligent loss, damage, or wrongful disposition of. Any person subject to military law who willfully or through neglect suffers to be lost, spoiled, damaged, or wrong'fully disposed of, any military property belonging to the United States shall make good the loss or damage and suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 84. Waste or unlawful disposition of military property issued to soldiers. Any soldier who sells or wrongfully disposes of or willfully or through neglect in- jures or loses any horse, arms, ammunition, accouter- ments, equipment, clothing, or other property issued for 2o6 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL use in the military service, shall be punished as a court- martial may direct. '*Art. 85. Drunk on duty. Any officer who is found drunk on duty shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, be dismissed 'from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct; and if the offense be committed in time of peace, he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Any person sub- ject to military law, except an officer, who is found drunk on duty shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. ''Art. 86. Misbehavior of sentinel. Any sentinel who is found drunk or sleeping upon his post, or who leaves it before he is regularly relieved, shali, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other pun- ishment as a court-martial may direct; and if the offense be committed in time of peace, he shall suffer any pun- ishment, except death, that a court-martial may direct. "Art. 87. Personal interest in sale of provisions. Any officer commanding in any garrison, fort, barracks, camp, or other place where troops of the United States may be serving who, for his private advantage, lays any duty or imposition upon or is interested in the sale of any vic- tuals or other necessaries of life brought into such gar- rison, fort, barracks, camp, or other place 'for the use of the troops, shall be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 88. Intimidation of persons bringing provisions. Any person subject to military law who abuses, intimi- dates, does violence to, or wrongfully interferes with any person bringing provisions, supplies, or other necessaries to the camp, garrison, or quarters of the forces of the United States shall suffer such punishment as a court- martial may direct. "Art. 89. Good order to be maintained and wrongs re- ARTICLES OF WAR 207 dressed. All persons subject to military law are to behave themselves orderly in quarters, garrison, camp, and on the march; and any person subject to military law who com- mits any waste or spoil, or willfully destroys any prop- erty whatsoever (unless by order o'f his commanding officer), or commits any kind of depredation or riot, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Any com- manding officer who, upon complaint made to him, re- fuses or omits to see reparation made to the party in- jured, insofar as the offender's pay shall go toward such reparation, as provided for in article 105, shall be dis- missed from the service or otherwise punished as a court-martial may direct. *'Art. 90. Provoking speeches or gestures. No person subject to miHtary law shall use any reproachful or pro- voking speeches or gestures to another; and any person subject to military law who offends against the provisions of this article shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 91. Dueling. Any person subject to military law who fights or promotes or is concerned in or connives at fighting a duel, or who, having knowledge of a challenge sent or about to be sent, fails to report the fact promptly to the proper authority, shall, if an officer, be dismissed from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct; and if any other person subject to military law, shall suffer such punishment as a court- martial may direct. *'Art. 92. MURDER— RAPE. Any person subject to military law who commits murder or rape shall suffer death or imprisonment for life, as a court-martial may direct; hut no person shall he tried hy court-martial for murder or rape committed within the geographical limits 2o8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL of the States of the Union and the District of Columbia in time of peace. "Art. 93. Various crimes. Any person subject to mili- tary law who commits manslaughter, mayhem, arson, bur- glary, robbery, larceny, embezzlement, perjury, assault with intent to commit any felony, or assault with intent to do bodily harm, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. "Art. 94. Frauds against the Government. Any per- son subject to military law who makes or causes to be made any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false or fraudulent ; or "Who presents or causes to be presented to any per- son in the civil or military service thereof, for approval or payment, any claim against the United States or any officer thereo'f, knowing such claim to be false or fraudu- lent; or "Who enters into any agreement or conspiracy to de- fraud the United States by obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the allowance or payment of any false or fraudu- lent claim; or "Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or against any officer thereof, makes or uses, or procures, or advises the mak- ing or use of, any writing or other paper, knowing the same to contain any 'false or fraudulent statements; or "Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, makes, or procures, or advises the making of, any oath to any fact or to any writing or other paper, knowing such oath to be false; or "Who, 'for the purpose of obtaining or aiding others ARTICLES OF WAR 209 to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, forges or counterfeits, or procures, or advises the forging or counterfeiting of any signature upon any writing or other paper, or uses, or procures, or advises the use of any such signature, knowing the same to be forged or counterfeited ; or "Who, having charge, possession, custody, or control of any money or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the military service thereof, knowingly delivers, or causes to be delivered, to any per- son having authority to receive the same, any amount thereof less than that for which he receives a certificate or receipt; or "Who, being authorized to make or deliver any paper certifying the receipt of any property o'f the United States furnished or intended for the military service thereof, makes or delivers to any person such writing, ■without having full knowledge of the truth of the state- ments therein contained and with intent to defraud the United States; or "Who steals, embezzles, knowingly and willfully mis- appropriates, applies to his own use or benefit, or wrong- fully or knowingly sells or disposes of any ordnance, arms, equipments, ammunition, clothing, subsistence stores, money, or other property of the United States furnished or intended for the mihtary service thereof; or "Who knowingly purchases or receives in pledge for any obligation or indebtedness from any soldier, officer, or other person who is a part of or employed in said •forces or service, any ordnance, arms, equipment, ammu- nition, clothing, subsistence stores, or other property of the United States, such soldier, officer, or other person not having lawful right to sell or pledge the same; 15 2IO THE CANTONMENT MANUAL "Shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine or imprisonment, or by such other punishment as a court- martial may adjudge, or by any or all of said penalties. And if any person, being guilty of any of the offenses aforesaid while in the military service of the United States, receives his discharge or is dismissed 'from the service, he shall continue to be liable to be arrested and held for trial and sentence by a court-martial in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had not received such discharge nor been dismissed. **Art. 95. Conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman. Any officer or cadet who is convicted of conduct unbecom- ing an officer and a gentleman shall be dismissed from the service. *'Art 96. General article. Though not mentioned in these articles, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service, and all crimes or offenses not capital, of which persons sub- ject to military law may be guilty, shall be taken cogni- zance of by a general or special or summary court-mar- tial, according to the nature and degree of the offense, and punished at the discretion of such court. "V. Miscellaneous Provisions "Art. 104. Disciplinary pozvers of commanding officers. Under such regulations as the President may prescribe, and which he may from time to time revoke, alter, or add to, the commanding officer of any detachment, company, or higher command may, "for minor offenses not denied by the accused, impose disciplinary punishments upon persons of his command without the intervention of a court-martial, unless the accused demands trial by court- martial. ARTICLES OF WAR 211 "The disciplinary punishments authorized by this arti- cle may include admonition, reprimand, withholding of privileges, extra fatigue, and restriction to certain speci- fied limits, but shall not include forfeiture of pay or con- finement under guard. A person punished under author- ity of this article who deems his punishment unjust or disproportionate to the offense may, through the proper channel, appeal to the next superior authority, but may in the meantime be required to undergo the punishment adjudged. The commanding officer who imposes the pun- ishment, his successor in command, and superior author- ity shall have power to mitigate or remit any unexecuted portion of the punishment. The imposition and enforce- ment of disciplinary punishment under authority of this article for any act or omission shall not be a bar to trial by court-martial for a crime or offense growing out of the same act or omission; but the fact that a disci- plinary punishment has been enforced may be shown by the accused upon trial, and when so shown shall be con- sidered in determining the measure of punishment to be adjudged in the event of a finding of guilty. "Art. 105. Injuries to person or property — Redress of. Whenever complaint is made to any commanding officer that damage has been done to the property of any per- son or that his property has been wrongfully taken* by persons subject to military law, such complaint shall be investigated by a board consisting of any number of officers from one to three, which board shall be convened by the commanding officer and shall have, for the pur- pose of such investigation, power to summon witnesses and examine them upon oath or affirmation, to receive depositions or other documentary evidence, and to assess the damages sustained against the responsible parties. The assessment of damages made by such board shall be 212 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL subject to the approval o'f the commanding officer, and in the amount approved by him shall be stopped against the pay of the offenders. And the order of such com- manding officer directing stoppages herein authorized shall be conclusive on any disbursing officer for the pay- ment by him to the injured parties of the stoppages so ordered. "Where the offenders can not be ascertained, but the organization or detachment to which they belong is known, stoppages to the amount of damages inflicted may be made and assessed in such proportion as may be deemed just upon the individual members thereof who are shown to have been present with such organization or detachment at the time the damages complained of were inflicted as determined by the approved findings of the board. "Art. 1 06. Arrest of deserters by civil officials. It shall be lawful for any civil officer having authority under the laws of the United States, or of any State, Territory, District, or possession of the United States, to arrest offenders, summarily to arrest a deserter from the mili- tary service of the United States and deliver him into the custody of the military authorities of the United States. *'Art. 107. Soldiers to make good time lost. Every sol- dier who in an existing and subsequent enlistment deserts the service of the United States or without proper au- thority absents liimself 'from his organization, station, or duty for more than one day, or who is confined for more than one day under sentence, or while awaiting trial and disposition of his case, if the trial results in conviction, or through the intemperate use of drugs or alcoholic liquor, or through disease or injury the result of his own misconduct, renders himself unable for more than one day to perform duty, shall be liable to serve, after his ARTICLES OF WAR 213 return to a full-duty status, for such period as shall, with the time he may have served prior to such desertion, unauthorized absence, confinement, or inability to per- form duty, amount to the full term of that part of his enlistment period which he is required to serve with his organization before being furloughed to the Army Re- serve. "Art. 108. Soldiers — Separation from the service. No enlisted man, lawfully inducted into the military serv- ice of the United States, shall be discharged from said service without a certificate of discharge, signed by a field officer of the regiment or other organization to which the enlisted man belongs or by the commanding officer when no such field officer is present; and no en- listed man shall be discharged from said service before his term of service has expired, except by order of the President, the Secretary of War, the commanding officer o'f a department, or by sentence of a general court-mar- tial. "Art. 109. Oath of enlistment. At the time of his en- listment every soldier shall take the following oath or affirmation: *I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America; that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders o*f the officers appointed over me, according to the Rules and Articles of War.' This oath or affirmation may be taken before any officer." CHAPTER XVIII COURTS-MARTIAL AND PUNISHMENT All cases of violations of the Articles of War are tried by courts-martial. There are three kinds of courts- martial: Summary court, consisting of one officer; Spe- cial court, consisting of not less than three nor more than five officers and a judge advocate; and General court, consisting of not less than five nor more than thirteen officers, a judge advocate and an assistant judge advocate. Judge advocate's duty toward the accused. Should the accused, for any reason, not be represented by counsel, the judge advocate shall, from time to time throughout the proceedings, advise him of his legal rights. Summary court-martial may try cases where the pun- ishment is not more than three months' confinement nor the forfeiture of more than three months* pay. Special court-martial may try cases where the punish- ment is not more than six months' confinement nor for- feiture of more than six months' pay. General court-martial may try any person subject to military law for any crime punishable by the Articles of War. 214 COURTS-MARTIAL AND PUNISHMENT 215 Maximum and Minimum Punishments Art. of War 54 6 58 6 59 I 61 62 63 65 68 69 73 83 84 85 86 90 3 93 6 94 I 96 I Confinement at hard labor months to i year months to 5 years year to 4 years days to 6 months year months months to i year months to 5 years month to i year months to i year months to 2 years months to 5 years months months or death months months to 20 years to 5 years month to 5 years Forfeiture of pay for 1 day 2 days 4 months I J months 4 months § month 4 months 2 months to 4 months 2 months to 4 months 5 days to 6 months 2 m.onths 10 days to 4 months CHAPTER XIX FIRST-AID SUGGESTIONS Wounds and Cuts The first-aid packet has been so treated as to be free of germs ; therefore in applying the gauze to a cut or wound be careful not to touch the part which is applied to the wound. In treating a wound, first loosen the clothing. Don't let onlookers crowd around the patient. Never touch the wound with anything except the first- aid dressing. Never give whiskey or any stimulant un- less ordered to do so by a doctor. Bleeding will stop soon unless an artery or vein has been cut. If a large artery is cut, the blood will gush out in spurts. In this case find the ar- tery and press it be- tween the cut and the Pia 45 ^^^''^• 216 FIRST-AID SUGGESTIONS 217 Fig. 46 If in the arm or hand, apply pressure as in Figure 45. If in the leg, treat as in Figure 46. If in the shoulder or arm- pit, do as in Figure 47. In the case of an artery in the arm or leg, use a tourniquet, as shown in Fig- ure 48, as follows: Place a pad of cloth or paper over the artery. Tie a bandage loosely about the limb and insert the bay- onet or a stick and twist until the bleeding stops. Be careful to twist slowly and stop as soon as bleed- ing ceases. P^^^ ^^ 2l8 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Fla 49 F1& 48 Broken Bone The greatest danger in the case of a broken bone is that the broken ends may tear the arteries, veins, and muscles. Therefore, never move the limb that is broken except to straighten it out gently and pull the end so as to get the bones in place. Then bind the leg or arm to a splint of any straight, stiff ma- terial, such as a bayonet, rifle, etc., to hold it in place. Put the bandages above and below the broken part. FIRST-AID SUGGESTIONS 219 Fig. 50 A good plan is to bind the broken leg to the well one and the broken arm to the body. Fig. 51 Do not fuss with wounds in the body. Simply cover them with the dressing in the first-aid packet. Fainting or Exhaustion Symptoms. Pale, skin cool and moist, pulse weak, and unconsciousness. Treatment. Loosen cloth- ing. Keep body warm, and give stimulant (whiskey, hot coffee, or tea). Sunstroke Symptoms. Face flushed, skin dry and very hot, pulse full and strong. Fig. 52 220 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Treatment. Put the patient in a cool place, remove or open clothing, cool the body by cold water applied to the head and other parts of the body. Never give stimulants. Freezing and Frostbite Symptoms. The frozen part will look white or bluish and be cold. Treatment. Rub briskly but carefully in a cool place, never near a fire. Give small amount of stimulant and then warm liquid food, like soup. The object is to gradually, not violently, bring back the normal circulation of the blood. Schaefer Method of Restoring the Apparently Drowned Turn the patient face to the ground, clasp your hands under his waist and raise the body so that any water may drain out of the air passages while the head remains low. The patient is then laid on his stomach, arms extended from his body beyond his head, face turned to one side so that the mouth and nose do not touch the ground. This position causes the tongue to fall forward of its own weight and so prevents its falling back into the air passages. Turning the head to one side prevents the face coming into contact with mud or water during the operation. This position also facilitates the removal from the mouth of foreign bodies, such as tobacco, chewing gum, false teeth, etc., and favors the expulsion of mucus, blood, vomitus, serum, or any liquid that may be in the air passages. The operator kneels, straddles one or both of the patient's thighs, and faces his head. Locating the lowest rib, the operator, with his thumbs nearly parallel to his fingers, places his hands so that the little finger curls FIRST-AID SUGGESTIONS 221 over the twelfth rib. If the hands are on the pelvic bones the object of the v^ork is defeated; hence the bones of the pelvis are first located in order to avoid them. The hands must be free from the pelvis and resting on the lowest rib. By operating on the bare back it is easier to locate the lower ribs and avoid the pelvis. The nearer the ends of the ribs the hands are placed without sliding off the better. The hands are thus removed from the spine, the fingers being nearly out of sight. Fig. 53 The fingers help some, but the chief pressure is exerted by the heels (thenar and hypothenar eminences) of the hands, with the weight coming straight from the shoul- ders. It is a waste of energy to bend the arms at the elbows and shove in from the sides, because the muscles of the back are stronger than the muscles of the arms. The operator's arms are held straight, and his weight is brought from his shoulders by bringing his body and shoulders forward. This weight is gradually increased until at the end of the three seconds of vertical pressure upon the lower ribs of the patient the force is felt to be 222 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL heavy enough to compress the parts; then the weight is suddenly removed. If there is danger of not returning the hands to the right position again, they can remain lightly in place; but it is usually better to remove the hands entirely. If the operator is light and the patient an overweight adult, he can utilize over 80 per cent of his weight by raising his knees from the ground and supporting himself entirely on his toes and the heels of his hands, the latter properly placed on the ends of the floating ribs of the patient. In this manner he can work as effectively as a heavy man. Fia 54 A light feather or a piece of absorbent cotton drawn out thin and held near the nose by some one will indi- cate by its movements whether or not there is a current of air going and coming with each forced expiration and spontaneous inspiration. The natural rate of breathing is 12 to 15 times per minute. The rate of operation should not exceed this. The lungs must be thoroughly emptied by three seconds of pressure, then refilling takes care of itself. Pressure FIRST-AID SUGGESTIONS 223 and release of pressure — one complete respiration — occu- pies about five seconds. If the operator is alone, he can be guided in each act by his own deep, regular respiration or by counting or by his watch lying by his side. If comrades are present, he can be advised by them. The duration of the efforts at artificial respiration should ordinarily exceed an hour; indefinitely longer if there are any evidences of returning animation, by way of breathing, speaking, or movements. There are liable to be evidences of life within 25 minutes in patients who will recover from electric shock, but where there is doubt the patient should be given the benefit of the doubt. In drowning, especially, recoveries are on record after two hours or more of unconsciousness; hence, the Schaefer method, being easy of operation, is more likely to be persisted in. Aromatic spirits of ammonia may be poured on a hand- kerchief and held continuously within 3 inches of the face and nose. If other ammonia preparations are used, they should be diluted or held farther away. Try it on your own nose first. When the operator is a heavy man it is necessary to caution him not to bring force too violently upon the ribs, as one of them might be broken. Do not attempt to give liquids of any kind to the patient while unconscious. Apply warm blankets and hot-water bottles as soon as they can be obtained. Hints for Treating Wounded 1. Have the wounded man sit or lie down. 2. Loosen the collar and waist belt and remove equipment. 224 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 3. Expose the wound freely to view, and look for bleeding, before attempting to dress it. 4. Always remove clothing by unbuttoning or cutting, and pull nothing off. 5. Do not remove more clothing than is necessary to see the wound clearly. 6. Never touch the wound with the fingers, with water, or with anything except first-aid dressing. 7. Elevate the limb above the level of the body to lessen pain and bleeding. 8. Apply bandage from first-aid packet to protect the wound from infection and blood poisoning. 9. If blood spurts from a wound in a strong stream, measures must be taken to stop it. 10. Have those who are able to walk repair to the dressing station at once. 11. Those who are unable to walk must be made to lie as quietly and comfortably as possible and await the arrival of litter bearers. CHAPTER XX EASY ROAD TO FRENCH Pronunciation (The French alphabet is the same as the EngHsh, ex- cept that there is no w.) • ^Letters Pronunciation A . . . . (Short) somewhat like a in am; (long), a, like a in bar. B Same as in English. C . . . .Sound of k before a, o, u or a. consonant; sound of s before e, i and y, and with the cedilla (g). D . . . .Same as in English. E As u in sun — silent at end of words; e, e, ei, nearly like ei in their; e, ai, as a in aim. F As in English. G Like ^ in pleasure before e, i and y; as g in go before a, o, and u. H.... Usually silent. I ... .As ^ in me. ] .... As ^ in azure. K As in English. L ... .As in English. M As in EngHsh. N ... .As in English. O 0, as in roh; 5, au, eau as o in English. P As in EngHsh, but often silent at end of word. 16 225 226 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Q .'. . .As k in English. R As in English. S As J in sister; like s in please when between two vowels. T ... .As in English ; sometimes like j in sister; most al- ways silent at end of words. U Like German il — to form, purse lips, then say ee. V As in English. X As in English. Y As e in me. Z As in English. Liaison or linking. Final consonants are usually silent, but when the next word begins with a vowel the final consonant and the vowel are blended or linked, as: "C'est tin petit g argon" ; here the t and u are blended — that is, Cest and un are pronounced as one word. In blending, final s or x = z; d = t; g = k; f = v, as nos amis (no-sa-me). Elision. The vowels a, e, and i are silent in certain cases. Then they are represented by an apostrophe. Thus, a and e in le, la, je, me, te, se, de, ne, que before initial vowel or h mute ; also i in si before il or ils. Ex. : L'abri (le abri) = shelter; j'aime {je aime)=I love. Final e is silent unless it is the only vowel in the word. Note. — Many sounds in French have no equivalent in English. The only way to get them is to have the words you are doubtful about pronounced by a Frenchman. Articles — Definite and Indefinite Le (masculine) =the, as le caporal = the corporal. La (feminine) =the, as la compagnie^ the company. Les (plural, bpth f. and m.)=the, as les soldats = the soldiers. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 227 Un (masculine) = one or a, as un caporal = a. corporal. Une ( feminine) = a or one, as une compagnie = one company. Gender. French nouns are either feminine or mascu- line. There are no case endings in French, therefore the gender is indicated by the article, as la or une femme = the or a woman; le or un papier = the or a paper. The direct object is expressed by a verb ,-|- noun, as Le pere aime son fils = the father loves his son. The indirect object by the preposition a -j- noun, as J'ai donne le fusil au (d-j-^^) caporal J ones =1 gave the rifle to Corporal Jones. The possessive by de -\- noun, as J'ai le chapeau du {de + le) sergent Smith = I have Sergeant Smith's hat. In French, (i) verb and subject agree in number and person; (2) adjective and noun, in gender and number; (3) pronoun and antecedent, in gender and number. Pronouns Personal je=I nous = we tu = you vous = you il=he; elle=she ils=they se= himself, herself, itself se = themselves Possessive Masculine Feminine Plural (Singular) (Singular) (Plural) mon ma mes = my ton ta tes= thy, your son sa ses=his, her. its notre notre nos=our votre votre vos=your leur leur leurs= their De le and de les are always contracted into du and des, as Le pistolet du lieutenant = The lieutenant's pistol; Les 228 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL baionnettes des soldats=The soldiers' bayonets. Ale=au; ^ les=aux. Plurals As in English, the plural of a noun or adjective is usually formed by adding s, as: Le brave soldat, Les braves soldats, The brave soldier, The brave soldiers. Plural of le, la, 1' is les; as: Le livre, les livres, The book, the books. Nouns ending in s, x and z and adjectives in s and x are unchanged in the plural, as: bras = arms, nez= noses. Nouns and adjectives in au and nouns in eu add x, as: couteau = knife, couteaux= knives. Nouns and adjectives in al, change al to au and add x, as: g^n^ral, g^neraux. Special cases: (Eil=eye, yeux = eyes; ciel=sky, cieux= skies or heavens. Questions To ask a question put the personal pronoun after the verb and join with a hyphen, or by t if the verb ends in a vowel, as: Avez-vous?= have you? a-t-il?=has he? est-eUe ici?=is she here? By putting the words est-ceque, meaning ''Is it that?" at the beginning, any sentence may be turned into a question, as: "Est-ce que vous avez mon chapeau? " = " Have you my hat?" Without Est-ce que the sentence would mean "You have my hat." This is the usual way of asking a question. On is an indefinite pronoun and means one, some one, we, you, they, people, with the verb always in the singular, as: "On parle des troupes franfaises avec admiration," may mean "One, people, we, you or they speak of the French troops with admiration." Qu*est-ce que or que may be used to ask a question, as: Qu-a-t-il? or Qu'est-ce qu'il a? -What has he? EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 229 Adjectives Feminine of adjectives is usually formed by adding e to masculine, as: grand (m.), grande (f.). Comparison Put plus =more, moins =less or aussi =as, before the adjec- tive, and que = than or as, after it to form the compara- tive, as: II est plus grand que Jean = He is taller than John. II est moins grand que Jean = He is not so tall as John. II est aussi grand que Jean = He is as tall £is John. Superlative Put a definite article or a possessive adjective before plus or moins to form the superlative, as: Marie est la plus belle de toutes = Marie is the most beautiful of them all. Irregular Bon = good; meilleur= better; le meilleur=best. Adverbs Same as adjectives, but le is always used in superlative. Irregular Bien = well; mieux= better; le mieux=best. Peu= little; moins = less; le moins = least. Disjunctive Personal Pronouns moi=I, me nous = we, us toi = thou, you vous = you lui = he, him eux=they, them (m.) elle=she, her elles = they, them (f.) These forms are used after prepositions, as: pour elles = for them; avec moi=with me; sans eux= without them; also as subject after ce and etre, as: C'est moi, c'est vous, c'est nous = It is I, it is you, it is us. 23 o THE CANTONMENT MANUAL LEARN THESE B7 HEART Prench English avec = with et = and oH = where sur = on or upon void = here is, here are voila = there is, there are il y a = there is, there are aussi = too, also derriere = behind non = no devant = before, in front of autre = other dans = in or into ici = here mais = but oui = yes la = her, it le = him, it aujourd'hui = today bon, bonne = good sous = under la = there en = some or any, of it, of him, of her, of them (pronoun) en = in, into, like a, while, on (preposition) combien de = how many chez moi = at home ensemble = together maintenant = now ou = or a = to, at, in ce, cet, cette this, that (ce before (m.) noun begin- ning with a consonant ; cet, when it be- gins with a vowel, or h mute; cette, be- fore a (f.) noun.) que ■1 what que - whom, which, that (pron.) que — than, as, let (conj.) entrer dans - to enter, go into EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 231 nous voici en route = pour = beau, belle = beaucoup = blanc, blanche = bleu, bleue = grand, grande = a cheval = noir, noire = parce que = pourquoi = qui = naturel, naturelle = si = vieux, vielle = d'abord = bientot = ensuite = puis = tout, toute = tout deja = dernier, derniere = encore = entre = gros, grosse = modeste, modest e = peut-etre = toujours = tout a fait = car = cher, chere = quant a = 6tre en train de = depuis que = hicr soir = partout = prochain, prochaine = faire le tour de = fatigue, fatiguee = a la fin = here we are on the way for, in order to fine, handsome much, very much white blue great, large, tall on horseback black because why who, whom, which natural so old first soon then, next then, afterwards all, the whole, every (adj.) quite (adv.) already last yet, again among big modest perhaps still quite for dear as for, as to to be in the act of since yesterday or last evening everywhere next to go around tired at last, finally 232 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL m^me a bon marche apres tout de suite a I'instant pret, prete donner la main a je suis leve afin que avant que bien que un de mes amis ceci cela dont de Teau benite du pain benit sans coup ferir same cheap after at once instantly ready to shake hands with I am up in order that before although a friend of mine this (thing) that (thing) of whom, of which Holy water consecrated bread without striking a blow Common Phrases Here is my knapsack = Void mon sac. By substitut- ing any word, such as lamp, for knapsack you have Void ma lanterney and in this way you can form any number of phrases. Remember that the gender of the pronoun agrees with the noun. You have tna lanterne because lanterne in French is feminine. Bring me Some coffee Some tea Some milk Some butter Some bread Some meat Some stew Some cheese Some chocolate Apportes-moi du cafe du the du lait de beurre du pain de la viande du ragout du fromage du chocolat EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 233 Some bacon du lard Some soup du potage Some eggs des oeufs Some potatoes des pommes de terra A blanket une couverture A hammer un marteau A hat un chapeau A rifle un fusil As in the expression donnez-moi, you can substitute any words for the word blanket, etc. To be polite you should use "S'il vous plait" after apportez-moi or donnes- moi, which means "If you please." When the article is given to you, say "Merci," which means "Thanks." There are many other verbs that can be used in this way, as montrez-moi = show me, or dites-moi = tell me. Requests, etc. Can you? Pouvez-vous? I want (something) J'ai besoin de (quelque chose). Do you know? Savez-vous? Do you speak English? Parlez-vous anglais? Have you? Avez-vous? Help! Au secoursl I am hungry J'ai faim. I am ill Je suis malade. I am thirsty J'ai soif. I am tired Je suis fatigue. I am wounded Je suis blesse. I do not speak French! Je ne parle pas frangais! I do not understand you!.. . . Je ne vous comprends pas! Please bring me Apportez moi — , s'il vous plait — get me Procurez-moi. 234 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL — give me Donnez-moi. — lend me Pretez-moi. — pass me Passez-moi. — show me Montrez-moi. — tell me Dites-moi. Speak more slowly Parlez plus lentement. Thank you Merci. Will you? Voulez-vous? Food, Drink, Smoke Beer, Glass of Un verre de biere. Biscuit Le biscuit. Brandy Cognac. Bread, butter Du pain, beurre. Canteen '. Bidon. Cheese Fromage. Chocolate Chocolat. Cigarette Une cigarette. Coffee, cream Du cafe, cr^me. Drink, To A boire. Eggs (Eufs. Food De la noumture. Fruit Des fruits. Grapes Raisins. Match Allumette. Meal, A Un repas. Meat De la viande. Milk Dulait. Mineral Water Eau min6rale. Pipe Pipe. Smoke, A Quelque chose k fumer. Smoke, To Fumer. ^up Consoznm6. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 235 Sugar Le sucre. Tea Du the. Tobacco Du tabac. Vegetables ,. Des legumes. Water De Teau. Wine Du vin. Correspondence, Telegraph, etc. Envelope Enveloppe. Fountain pen Plume reservoir. Ink De I'encre. Note paper Papier a lettres. Pen Plume. Pencil Crayon. Postage stamp Timbre. Postcard Carte postale. Post this letter Mettez cette lettre a la poste. Registered letter Une lettre recommandee. Telephone message Un message telephonique. Telegram Une depeche. Dress and Toilet Bath, A Un bain. Bed Lit. • Blankets Couvertures. Bootlaces Lacets de bottine. Boots, shoes Les souliers m. Braces Les bretelles, f. Brush La brosse. Buttons Les boutons, m. Candle Bougie. Cap (cloth.) La casquette. Comb La flanelle. Gloves Les gants, m. 236 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Handkerchiefs Mouchoirs. Hat Le chapeau. Necktie Une cravate. Needle Une aiguille. Overcoat Un pardessus. Pants (drawers), pair of Un calegon. Pins Les epingles, f. Pocket La poche. Penknife Le canif . Purse Le porte-monnaie. Razor Un rasoir. Scissors Les ciseaux, m. Sewing-cotton Le coton (a coudre). Sheets Draps. Shirts Chemises. Sleeping-suits Vetements de nuit. Socks, pairs of Paires de chausettes. Some soap Du savon. Spectacles Les lunettes, f. Stockings, pairs of Paires de has. Stud Un bouton (de chemise). Suit (of clothes) L'habit complet. Thread Le fil. Tooth-brush Une brosse i dents. Towels Essuie-mains. Trousers, pair of Un pantalon. Waistcoat Un gilet. Watch Une montre. Water, hot, cold De I'eau chaude, froide. Waterproof coat Un manteau imperm6able. Utensils Basin (Hand) La cuvette. Bucket Le seau. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 237 Coffee-pot Una caf etiere. Corkscrew Un tire-bouchon. Cup Une tasse. Dish Un plat. Fork Une fourchette. Glass Un verre. Jug of milk Un pot au lait. Kettle Une bouilloire. Knife Un couteau. Plate Une assiette. Spoon Une cuiller. Saucer Une soucoupe. Tea-pot Une theiere. Directions and Places Before Avant. Behind Derriere. Bridge Un pont. Brook Un rulsseau. Church Une eglise. Field Un champ. Ford Le gue. Forest Une foret. Hill Uncol. Une colline. In front of Devant. Railway Un chemin de fer. Railway station Une gare. River Un fleuve. Road Une route. Un chemin. Spring Une source. Street Larue. 238 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Town Une ville. Valley Une vallee. Village Une village. Wall Un mur. Wood Un bois. North Nord. South Sud. East Est. West Quest. North-east Nord-est. North-west Nord-ouest. South-east Sud-est. South-west Sud-ouest. On the Road Sur la Route Where is ?— Oii est—? What place is this? — Ou sommes-nous ici? What is the nearest town? — Quelle est la ville la plus proche? Where does this road lead to? — Ou mene cette route? Where is the nearest inn? — Oii est I'auberge le plus pres d'ici? Is it far? Quite near — Est-ce loin? Tout pres. This way. Opposite — Par ici. En face. Can I have a bed? — Puis-je avoir un lit? Where are the English? — Oii sont les Anglais? Where are the English troops? — Oii sont les troupes anglaises? Have you seen the aeroplane? — Avez vous vu I'a^roplane? The airship is waiting — Le dirigeable attend. Which is the way to ? — Quel chemin faut-il prendre pour aller a — ? We are looking for our regiment — Nous cherchons notre regiment. We are going to N.ous allons k — . Are there any soldiers here? — Y a-t-il des soldats ici? Where have the troops gone? — Les troupes od sont-elles allies? EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 239 Where can we cross the river? — Ou pouvons-nous traverser le fleuve? Have the troops passed this way? — Est-ce que les troupes ont passe par ici? Where is the enemy? — Ou est rennemi? Over there — Par la. Here. There — Ici. La. How far away? — A quelle distance? What is this river? — Quel est ce fleuve? What troops are those? — Quelles sont ces troupes la? The soldiers are coming this way — Les soldats viennent par ici. Are we near the railway? — Sommes-nous pres du chemin de fer? Is there a station near? — Y a-t-il une gare pres d'ici? How far is it to a town? — A quelle distance sommes-nous d'une ville? About five kilometers — Environ cinq kilometres. It is ten kilometers to est a dix kilometres d'ici. Follow this road for, a kilometer — Suivez cette route pendant un kilometre. Turn to the left — Tournez a gauche. Always keep to the right — Prenez toujours votre droite. You must go to the east — II faut aller a Test. They went south-east — lis sont alles au sud-est. Is there a bridge? — Y a-t-il un pont? The nearest bridge is at Le pont le plus proche est a — Three kilometers farther on — Trois kilometres plus loin. Are there any boats? — Y a-t-il des bateaux? Where have you come from? — D'ou venez-vous? Where do you want to go? — Ou voulez-vous aller? At the top of the hill — En haut de la coUine. At the foot of the mountain — Au pied de la montagne. Keep straight on — AUez tout droit. Follow the valley — Suivez la vallee. 240 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Over thai hill — Apres cette c6te. To the right, to the left — A droite, a gauche. Straight on — Tout droit. Go back, go on — Retoumez, continuez. Along the road — Sur la route. To the cross-roads — Aux chemins de traverse. Halt! Who goes there?— Ualtel Qui va la? Friend! I am an Englishman — Ami! Je suis anglais. / have lost my way — ^Je me suis perdu. Who are you? — Qui etes vous? Have you a pass? — Avez-vous un permis? You can't pass this way — Vous ne pouvez pas passer par ici. You must go back — II vous faut reculer. Where are our quarters? — Ou sont nos logements? What is your name? — Comment vous appelez-vous? My name is Je m'appelle — . Are you French? — Etes-vous frangais? What is your regiment? — Quel est votre regiment? / belong to J'appartiens a — . What is your number? — Quel est votre numero? My number is Mon numero est — . Can you give me ? — Pouvez-vous me donner — ? Some water to drink — De I'eau a boire. Some food — Quelque chose a manger. Where can we fill our water-bottles (canteens) ? — Oii pouvons-nous remplir nos bidons? Where can we get food? — Oil pouvons-nous trouver a manger? Forage for our horses — A manger pour nos chevaux. Some water for my horse — De I'eau pour mon cheval. Where can we water our horses? — OO pouvons-nous faire boire nos chevaux? / should like a wash — ^Je voudrais me laver. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 241 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY ^ Common Words. Afternoon (This) Cet apres-midi. Army (An) Une armee. Bandage Un bandage. Bath Un bain. Bayonet Une baionnette. Bed Unlit. Blanket Une couverture. Boy Un gargon. Bullet Une balle. Un pruneau (soldier slang). Camp Un camp. Un campement. Cartridge _ Une cartouche. Child Un enfant. Une enfant. Cook Un cuisinier. Un cuistot (slang). Une couisiniere (fern.). Dance Un bal. Une danse (one dance). Dark Obscur. Day Un jour. Dead Mort. Deserter Un deserteur. Door Une porte. Farm Une ferme. Firearms Des armes a feu. Field gun Une piece de campagne. Flag. Un drapeau. Un etendard (standard). 1 This vocabulary is taken from the "Non-Commissioned OflScers' Manual, U. S. Army." 17 242 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Forest Une foret. Un bo is (woods). Un boqueteau (clump of trees) . Friend , Un ami. Une amie. Girl Une jemie fille. Guide Un guide. Gun Un fusil. Halt! Halte! Hand Une main. Hat Un chapeau. Un kepi (cap). Un casque (helmet). Un feutre (campaign hat). Head. La tete. Headquarters Le quartier general. Horse Un cheval. Literpreter Un interprete. Knife Un couteau. Lake Un lac. Man Un homme. Meat De la viande, Name Un nom. Night La nuit. Noon Midi. Machine gun Une mitrailleuse. Mess call La soupe. Password Le mot de passe. Pay Le pr^t (enlisted men). La solde (oflScers). Prisoner Un prisonnier. Recruit Une recrue. Un bleu (slang). Un bleuet (slang). Un blanc-bec (slang). EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 243 Restaurant Un restaurant. Un cafe. Road Un chemin. Une route. Retreat La retraite. . ' Reveille Le reveil. ,''. . La diane. ? Saber Un sabre. f Saddle Une selle. Shelter tent Une tente-abri. Shoe. .,, Des chassures (shoes in gen- eral). Des souliers (low shoes). Des bottines (high shoes). Des brodequins (marching shoes). Shotgun. Un fusil de chasse. Sick Malade. Soup. . , Une soupe. Un potage. Spy Un espion. Supper Le souper. Sword Une 6pee. Tent Une tente. Numerals One Un, une. Two Deux. Three Trois. Four Quatre. Five Cinq (pronounce sank). Six Six (pronounce cease), i Seven Sept (pronounce set). Eight Huit (pronounce weet). 244 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Nine Nenf. Ten Dix (pronounce deess). Eleven Onze. Twelve Donze. Thirteen Treize. Fourteen Quatorze. Fifteen Quinze. Sixteen Seize. Seventeen Dix-sept. Eighteen Dix-huit. Nineteen Dix-neuf. Twenty Vingt (pronounce vant). Twenty-one Vingt-et-un. Thirty Trente. Thirty-one Trente-et-un. Thirty-two Trente-deux. Forty Quarante. Fifty Cinquante. Sixty Soixante. Seventy Soixante-dix. Seventy-one Soixante-et-onze. Seventy-two Soixante-douze. Eighty. . . Quatre-vingts. Eighty-one Quatre- vingt-un. Ninety Quatre-vingt-dix. Ninety-one Quatre- vingt-onze. One hundred Cent. One hundred and one Cent un. Two hundred Deux cents. Two hundred and one Deux cent un. One thousand Mille. Two thousand Deux mille. One thousand one hundred Mille cent; onze cents. Thousands of soldiers Des milliers de soldats. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 245 A million Un million. Two million men Deux millions d'hommes. A score Une vingtaine. About forty men Une quarantaine d'hommes. Himdreds of men Des centaines d'hommes. Currency, Measures, and Weights 1 cent Un sou; cinq centimes. 10 cents Dix sous; cinquante centimes. 20 cents (about) Un franc. 1 dollar Cinq francs. (The French have gold pieces of 10 francs and 20 francs; bank notes of 50 francs, 100 francs, and higher. The gold pieces are probably replaced by bank notes now.) 1 meter (1.0936 yards) Un metre. 1 kilometer (0.62138 mile) Un kilometre. Note. — For all ordinary purposes, the "kilometre" =f of a mile; the "cen- timetre" = -A of an inch. 1 league (2.48552 miles) Une lieue. 1 hectare (2.471 acres) Un hectare. 1 gram (15.432 grains troy) Un gramme. 1 kilogram (2.2046 pounds avoirdupois) Un kilogramme. 220.46 pounds avoirdupois Un quintal; 100 kilos. 2,204.6 pounds avoirdupois Une tonne; 1,000 kilos. (Coal is sold by the tonne; grain and hay by the quintal. Dix quintaux de ble, de foin = 10 quintals of grain, of hay.) 1.0567 quart (liquid) Un litre. 26.417 gallons Un hectolitre. 0.908 quart (dry) Un Htre. 2.837 bushels Un hectolitre. (The litre, which is the principal unit of both fluid and dry measures, is the contents of 1 cubic d^cimUre [decimetre = xV of a metre].) 246 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Days, Months, and Seasons Sunday Dimanche. Monday Lundi. Tuesday. Mardi. Wednesday Mercredi. Thursday Jeudi. Friday Vendredi. Saturday Samedi. January Janvier. February F6vrier. March Mars. April Avril. May Mai. June Juin. July Juillet. August Aoiit (pronounce oo). September Septembre. October Octobre. November Novembre. December Decembre. The seasons Les saisons. Winter L'hiver. Spring Le printemps. Summer L'^t6. Fall L'automne. Year Un an; une ann6e. Month Un mois. Week Une semaine. Day Un jour. Hour Une heure. Minute Une minute. Second Une seconde. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 247 Familiar Phrases Good morning (good afternoon), Bon jour, monsieur, madame, sir, madam, miss mademoiselle. Good evening, sir Bonsoir, monsieur. Good night, sir Bonne nuit, monsieur. Pardon me Pardon; je vous demande par- don. Don't mention it Je vous en prie. How do you do? Comment allez-vous? Comment qsl va? Comment vous portez-vous? Very well, thank you Tres bien, merci. Je vais bien, merci. Qa va bien, merci. Je me porte bien, mercL Do not trouble yourself Ne vous genez pas. Ne vous derangez pas. I am very glad to see you Je suis bien aise de vous voir. Je suis content (heureux) de vous voir. What time is it ? Quelle heure est-il? It is 10 o'clock II est dix heures. Take care; look out Prenez garde. Do not bother me Ne me derangez pas. Stop here Arretez-vous ici. Does Mr. — live here? M. — demeure-t-il ici? Come in Entrez. You are very kind Vous etes tres aimable. At what time does the first trainA quelle heure part le premier start? train? What is the name of this station? Comment s'appelle cette sta^ tion (gare)? I want . . . . Je desire. . Je veux (stronger). I do not want it Je n'en veux pas. 248 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Let me know what I owe you . . . Dites-moi ce que je vous dois. Are you not mistaken? N'etes-vous pas dans I'erreur? Ne vous trompez-vous pas? Please give me Veuillez me donner. Move on Avancez. Circulez. (Policeman.) I want something to eat Je desire quelque chose a man- ger. Where is it? Oii est ce? Go and look' for it AUez le chercher. Take this letter to the post officePortez cette lettre a la poste. How much is it? Combien? Combien cela coute-t-il? It is dear C'est cher. Thank you Merci. Je vous en remercie. Don't mention it II n'y a pas de quoi. De rien. Allow me to present my friend — Permettez-moi de vous pre- senter mon ami — . I am glad to make your ac- Je suis enchante de faire votre quaintance. connaissance. How far is it? A quelle distance est-ce? What can I do for you? Que puis-je faire pour vous? Do you speak English? Parlez-vous anglais? I do not speak French very well.Je ne parle pas tres bien le frangais. Where do you come from? D'ou venez-vous? How did you come? Comment dtes-vous venu? On foot, in a carriage, in an A pied, en voiture, en auto, en auto, by rail, by boat, on a chemin de fer, en bateau, a bicycle, on horseback, in an bicyclette, k cheval, en aeroplane. aeroplane. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 249 Military Titles, Ranks, and Grades General officers Les officiers generaux. General staff L'etat-major general. Field officers Les officiers superieurs. Company officers Les officiers subalternes. Enlisted men Les hommes de troupe. Noncommissioned officers Les sous-officiers. Privates Les simples soldats. Colonel Le colonel (addressed as "Mon colonel"). Major Le commandant ("Mon com- mandant"). Captain Le capitaine ("Mon capi- taine"). Le piston (slang). First lieutenant Le lieutenant (en premier) ("Mon lieutenant"). Second lieutenant Le sous-Ueutenant ("Mon lieutenant"). A doctor Un (medecin) major. A sergeant Un sergent (addressed as ^'Sergent"). Un marechal des logis (mounted service). A corporal Un caporal ("Caporal"). Un brigadier (mounted ser- vice). A body of troops Une troupe. French troops Des troupes frangaises. A wagoner Un conducteur. Un fourgonnier.' A horseshoer Un marechal-f errant. A saddler Un sellier. A signaler Un signaleur. 2 50 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL A deserter Un deserteur. A soldier of Infantry Un f antassin. Cavalry Un cavalier. Artillery Un artilleur. Engineers Un sapeur-mineur. Quartermaster Corps Un homme de I'intendance. Signal Corps Un homme du corps des sig- naux. Hospital Corps Un infirmier. Line of Communications . . Un garde des voies et commu- nications, G. V. C. Infantry L'infanterie. Cavalry La cavalerie. Artillery L'artillerie. Engineers Le genie. Signal Corps ! Le corps des signaux. Hospital Corps Le corps de sante. Le service de sante. Aviation Corps Le corps d'aviation. Military Terms The headquarters Le quartier general. The train Le train des equipages. Railway service Le service des chemins de fer. Telegraph service Le service des telegraphes. Rural guards La gendarmerie. Des gendarmes. A paymaster Un tresorier. A chaplain Un aum6nier. An army Une arm6e. General So-and-so's army L'arm6e — (I'arm^e Foch). An army corps Un corps d'arm^e, A division Une division. A brigade Une brigade. V EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 251 A regiment Un regiment. A battalion Un bataillon. A company Une compagnie. A platoon Un peloton. A section Une section. A squad Une escouade. A detachment Un detachement. Barracks Une caserne. A camp Un camp (more or less per- manent). Un campement (temporary). A cantonment Un cantonnement. Line (Une) ligne. Column (Une) colonne. As skirmishers En tirailleurs. Follow me, as skirmishers. . A moi, en tirailleurs. Scouts Des eclaireurs. A patrol Une patrouille. The advance guard L'avant-garde. The rear guard L'arriere-garde. Flankers Des flanc-gardes. The main body Le gros (de la colonne). Combat train Le train de combat. Field train Le train regimentaire. Outposts Des avant-postes. Cossack posts Des avant-postes a la cosaque. A sentinel Une sentinelle. Un factionnaire. On post En faction. De faction. Guard moxmting La garde montante (also new guard). The sentinel challenges: "Halt! La sentinelle crie: "Haltel Who's there?" Qui vive?" 252 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL The answer is: "France?" La reponse est: "France." Advance with the countersign . . Avance au ralliement. (The person challenged gives the mot d'ordre, which is the name of some general, and the sentinel replies with the mot de ralliement, which is the name of a battle or a city). Go away; you can't pass (Passe) au large. Halt, or I fire Halte, ou je fais feu. Put down your arms Deposez vos armes. Hands up! Levez les bras. Face about (Faites) demi-tour. Come here Venez ici. ^ A spy Un espion. A flag of truce Un drapeau blanc. Un drapeau parlementaire. Uniform, Arms, Clothing, and Equipment Clothing Les vetements, I'habillement. Change your clothes Changez de vetements. Overcoat (worn by French in- fantry) Une capote. Trousers Un pantalon. Breeches Une culotte. Shirt Une chemise. Blouse Un dolman, une vareuse. Cap Un kepi. Campaign hat (United States) . Un (chapeau de) feutre. Helmet Un casque (de tranchee) . Cap without visor worn by French ofif duty Un bonnet de police. Tam-o'-shanter worn by Alpine chasseurs Un b6ret. Shoes in general Des chaussures. Service shoes Des brodequins. Leggins Des guetres. Wrap putties Des bandes molleti^res. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 253 Leather putties Des houseaux (or housseaux). Full-dress uniform La grande tenue. Dress uniform La petite tenue. Field uniform La tenue de campagne. Overcoat (mounted men) Un manteau. Overcoat (oflScers) Un manteau. Un manteau-capote. Fatigue coat Le bourgeron. Fatigue trousers (overalls) Un pantalon de treillis. Fatigue uniform La tenue de corvee. Magazine rifle Un fusil a repetition. The barrel Le canon. The bolt Le verrou. The ramrod La baguette. The butt La crosse. The gun sling . . / La bretelle. The trigger La detente. Rear sight La hausse. Front sight Le guidon. A bayonet Une baionnette. Rosalie (slang). Ball cartridge Une cartouche a balle. Blank cartridge Une cartouche a blanc. Dummy cartridge Une fausse cartouche. Belt Un ceinturon. Cartridge box Une cartouchiere. First-aid packet Un paquet de pansement. The pack Le sac. A haversack Un etui-musette. Canteen Un bidon. Tin cup Un quart. Mess can Une gamelle. Equipment L'equipement. Compass Une boussole. 254 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Field glasses Des jumelles (de campagne). Whistle Unsifflet. Revolver Un revolver. Questions About the Road, etc. Pardon me, sir, do you speak Pardon, monsieur, parlez- English? vous anglais? (German, French, Italian, (Allemand, franfais, italien, Russian.) russe.) All right, then show me, Tres bien, alors indiquez-moi, please, the road to je vous prie, le chemin de Is it far from here? Est-ce loin d'ici? How long does it take to go Combien de temps faut-il there? pour y aller? How many kilometers? Combien de kilometres? Is there a short cut (road) ? Y a-t-il un chemin de tra- verse? Is there a short cut (trail) ? Y a-t-il im sentier plus court? Where does this road go? Ou mene cette route? Are we on the right road to go Sommes-nous sur le bon to ? chemin pour aller a ? Does this road go through Cette route passe-t-elle par Compiegne? Compiegne? Shall we find any villages on Trouverons-nous des villages our road? • sur notre chemin? Are there any other roads go- Y a-t-il d'autres chemins pour ing to ? aller a ? Is this road in good condi- Cette route est-elle en bon tion? 6tat? Are there hills? Y a-t-il des c6tes (des co- teaux) ? Are they steep? Sont-ellcs raides? Does the road go through La route traverse-t-elle un open or wooded country? pays d^couvert ou bois6? EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 255 Can we get through with ar- tiUery? Can we get through with heavily loaded wagons (au- to trucks) ? Is this road practicable for artillery? Can infantry march on the sides of th€ roads? Is the ground practicable? Is the ground marshy? What is the nature of the ground? Does the telegraph line follow this road as far as X? Where does your railroad come from? Where does it go to? Is it single tracked or double tracked the whole way? Where is the station? Is it far? How can the river be crossed? Is there a bridge? a ferry? Are there fords? Can we get boats? In that wood are there clear- ings, ravines, brooks, marshes, pools? Peut-on passer avec de Tar- tillerie ? Peut-on passer avec de grosses voitures chargees (avec de camions-automobiles) ? Cette route est-elle praticable pour Tartillerie? L'inf anterie peut-elle marcher sur les c6tes de la route? Le terrain est-il practicable? Le terrain est-il marecageux? Quelle est la nature du sol? Est-ce que la ligne telegraphi- que (le telegraphe) suit cette route jusqu'a X? D'ou vient votre chemin de fer? Ou va-t-il? Est-il a une voie ou a deux voies sur tout le parcours? Ou est la gare? Est-elle loin d'ici? Comment peut-on passer la riviere? Y a-t-il un pont? un bac? Y a-t-il des passages a gu6 (des gues) ? Peut-on trouver des bateaux? Dans ce bois, y a-t-il des clairieres, des ravins, des ruisseaux, des marais, des mares? 256 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Are there any places near here for watering horses? Is the water good? Is this water drinkable? Are there watering troughs? Where is there good grass for the animals? Can we buy provisions? Is there a field where we can camp? Can you give me any infor- mation about the enemy? Please find me a guide who knows the country. We are going to follow this trail (tracks). Crossroads. Y a-t-il des endroits pres d'ici pour abreuver les chevaux? L*eau est-elle bonne? Est-ce de I'eau potable? Y a-t-il des abreuvoirs? on y a-t-il de bonne herbe pour les animaux? Peut-on acheter des vivres? Y a-t-il un champ ou nous pouvons camper (installer notre campement)? Pouvez-vous me donner des renseignements sur I'en- nemi? Veuillez me trouver un guide qui connaisse le pays. Nous allons suivre cette piste. Un carrefour. Towns Where is the postoffice and Ou est le bureau des postes telegraph office? The postmaster. The mail. When was the last mail dis- tributed? General delivery. Are there any letters for I should like to send a tele- gram. Have you received a telegram for ? et telegraphes? Le directeur des postes et telegraphes. Le courrier. A quelle heure a-t-on fait la derriere distribution? Poste restante. Y a-t-il des lettres pour ? Je voudrais exp6dier un iiU- gramme. Avez-vous regu un t616- gramme (uned6p6che) pour EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 257 A telegraph instrument. Un appareil (telegraphique). Can you tell me where the Pourriez-vous me dire ou se mayor's ofl5ce is? trouve la mairie? I couldn't tell you; I am a Je ne saurais vous renseigner; stranger here. Je ne connais pas la ville. Good morning, sir, are you Bonjour, Monsieur, etes-vous the mayor? le maire? No, sir, I am his assistant. Non, Monsieur, je suis soa adjoint. I should like to speak to the Je voudrais parler au maire mayor himself. lui-meme. Listen, sir. A detachment Ecoutez, monsieur. Un de-^ will arrive here tomorrow tachement arrivera ici de- morning at five o'clock. main matin a cinq heures. Can you arrange to lodge Pouvez-vous prendre des dis- 2,000 men for two days? positions pour loger 2,000 hommes pendant^deux jours? A policeman. Un sergent de ville, un agent de la paix. Railroads The station agent Le chef de gare. The conductor Le conducteur. The engineer Le mecanicien. The fireman Le chauffeur. The brakeman Le serre-freins. The telegraph operator Le telegraphiste. An engine Une locomotive. Passenger cars Des wagons (de voyageurs). Flat cars Des trucks. Box cars Des wagons de marchandises* Stock cars Des wagons a bestiaux. An express train Un train express. 18 258 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL A through train Un train direct. A local train Un train omnibus. A passenger train tJn train de voyageurs. A freight train Un train de marchandises. To entrain the troops Embarquer les troupes. To detrain the troops Debarquer les troupes. To get on a train Monter dans un train. To get ofif a. train Descendre d'un train. The railroad track La voie (ferree). A side track Une voie de garage. A ticket Un billet. A round trip ticket Un billet d'aller et retour. One way only Aller seulement. The ticket window Le guichet. At what time does the Paris Le train pour Paris, a quelle train start ? heure part-il ? It is late (15 minutes late) II est en retard (de quinze minutes). Do we have to change cars?. . .Faut-il changer de train? The train stops Le train s'arrete. All aboard! En voiture! The train starts Le train s'ebranle Rations and Food Salt Du sel. Provisions (in general) Les vivres. The ration La ration. Fresh beef De la viande fralche. Bacon Du lard. Flour De la farine. Soft bread Du pain f rais. Hard bread (crackers) Du biscuit. Field bread Du pain de guerre. Com meal De la farine de mais. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 259 Coffee Du cafe. Sugar Du Sucre. Eggs Des oeufs. Chickens Des poulets. Potatoes Des pommes de terre. Peas Des pois. String beans Des haricots verts. Vegetables (in general) Des legumes. An apple Une pomme. A pear Une poire. A cherry Une cerise. A peach Une peche. Cheese Du fromage. Wine Du vin. Beer De la biere. A glass of beer Un bock. I am hungry J'ai f aim. Bring me something to eat, Apportez-moi quelque chose a please. manger, s'il vous plait. I am thirsty J'ai soif. Please give me a glass of Veuillez me donner un verre water. d'eau. Waiter, I'll take a beefsteak. Gargon, je desire un bifteck. Some black coffee Du cafe noir. Coffee with milk Du cafe au lait. Rolls Des petits pains. Crescent rolls Des croissants. Hospitals A field hospital Une ambulance. A hospital (in general) Un hopital (plural: des h6pi- taux). A dressing station Un poste de secours. A first-aid dressing Un pansement sommaire. 26o THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Red Cross La Croix Rouge A doctor Un medecin. Un docteur. A surgeon Un chinirgien. A military surgeon Un (medecin) major. Assistant surgeon Un aide-major. A male nurse, hospital corps Un infirmier. man. A female nurse Une infirmiere. An ambulance Une ambulance. A stretcher (litter) Un brancard. A Utter bearer Un brancardier. A roll of bandages Un rouleau de bandage. A first-aid packet Un paquet de pansement. A wounded man Un blesse. I am sick Je suis malade. I have a fever J'ai la fievre. I have chills and fever J'ai des frissons de fievre. I am constipated Je suis constipe. I have diarrhea J'ai la diarrh^e. Points of the Compass North Le nord. South Le sud. East L'est. West L'ouest. Northeast Le nord-est. Southeast Le sud-est. Northwest Le nord-ouest. Southwest Le sud-ouest. Trench Warfare Trench warfare La guerre aes tranch^es. La guerre de position. La guerre de taupe {moles). EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 261 Trench Une tranchee. Communication trench Un boyau (de communica- tion). The parapet Le parapet. A loophole Un creneau. Une meurtriere. A grenade Une grenade. A grenadier, bomber Un grenadier. Barbed wire Du fil de fer barbele. Barbed wire entanglement Un reseau de fils de fer bar- beles. Trench mortar Un mortier. Un crapouillaud. Minnenwerfer (German). Bomb Une bombe. Howitzer Un obusier. Machine gun Une mitrailleuse. Field-piece Une piece de campagne. 75 millimeter field gun Une piece de soixante-quinze. Siege gun Une piece de siege. 120 long Cent vingt long. 120 short Cent vingt court. 77 (German) Soixante-dix-sept (allemand). Shell Un obus. Une marmite (slang). Un colis a domicile (slang). Shrapnel Un shrapnell. Un rageur (slang). Periscope Un periscope. Trench knife Un couteau de tranchee. Dugout Un abri dans les tranchees. Un cagibi (slang). Une cagna (slang). Un gourbi (slang). Une guitoune (slang). 262 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL Cammandements Words of Command (Calls) Rassemblement ! Fall in! Garde a vous! Attention! (Shun!) Smith, sortez des rangs Smith, fall out. Autant {or Revenez) As you were. Rompez les rangs Dismissed. Alignement (a gauche, a droite, alignement) Right, dress! Fixe! Eyes front! Numerotez-vous (consecutive- ment) Count off. Appuyez a droite Bear to the right. En avant! Forward! Pas accelere, marche! Quick time, march! Pas gymnastique, marche! Double time, march! Suivez! Close up! Changez le pas, marche! Change step! Pas de route Route step (smoking, speaking, allowed) Portez armes Shoulder arms. Presentez armes Present arms. Inspection du canon du fusil . . Inspection arms. Reposez armes Order arms. Baionnette au canon Fix bayonets. Chargez Charge. Remettez la baionnette Unfix bayonets. Formez les faisceaux Stack arms. Rompez les faisceaux Take arms. Par file a droite Right turn. Par file a gauche Left turn. Demi-tour a droite Right about. Volte-face About face. Couchez-vous Lie down. Approvisionncz Load your magazine. Feu Fire. Tirez Fire. Feu a volont6 Fire at will. Feu rapide Rapid fire. Cessez le feu Cease firing. D^chargez Unload. EASY ROAD TO FRENCH 263 Summons to Surrender Auff orderungen zur tJbercage Surrender! Ergebet euch, ergeben Sie sichi Throw down your rifles! Gewehre wegwerfen! Hands up! Hande hoch! Lie down! Hinlegen! Stand up! Auf! Come on! Kommen Sie! Pass in front! Gehen Sie voran! Halt! Stehen bleiben! Attention! Achtung! Quick march! Vorwarts marsch! Forward! AbmarschierenI CONJUGATION REGULAR VERBS Regular verbs are divided into three classes^ according as the present infinitive ends in -er, -ir, -re, and are inflected as follows: I II m Infinitive Mood Present Present Present donn er, to give. fin ir, to finish. romp re, to break. Participles Present Present Present donn ant, giving. fin iss ant, finishing. romp ant, breaking. Past " Past Past donn e, given. fin i, finished. romp u, broken. Indicative Mood Present Present Present / give, am giving, I finish, am finishing, I break, am breaking, etc. etc. etc. je donn e. je fin i s. je romp s. tu donn es. tu fin i s. tu romp s. il donn e. il fin i t. il romp t.2 nous donn ons. nous fin iss ons. nous romp ons. vous donn ez. vous fin iss ez. vous romp ez. lis donn ent. ils fin iss ent. ils romp ent. 1 See page 271 for verbs ending in -oir, which, in some grammars, form the third conjugation, verbs in -re forming the fourth. *A11 other regular verbs in this conjugation drop the ending, -/. 264 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL I^^PERFBCT / was giving, used to give, etc. je donn ais. tu donn ais. il donn ait. nous donn ions, vous donn iez. ils donn aient. Past Definite / gave, etc. je donn ai. tu donn as. il donn a. nous donn &mes. vous donn fites. ils donn drent. Future J shall give, etc. je donner ai. tu donner as. il donner a. noxis donner ons. vous donner ez. ils donner ont. Conditional I should give, etc. je donner ais. tu donner ais. il donner ait. nous donner ions, ■vous donner iez. ils donner aient. Imperfect / was finishing, used to finish, etc. je fin iss ais. tu fin iss ais. il fin iss ait. cous fin iss ions, vous fin iss iez. ils fin iss aient. Past Definite / finished, etc. je fin is. tu fin is. il fin it. nous fin imes. vous fin ites. ils fin irent. Future / shall finish, etc. je finir ai. tu finir as. il finir a. nous finir ons. vous finir ez. ils finir ont Conditional / should finish, etc. je finir ais. tu finir ais. il finir ait. nous finir ions, vous finir iez. ils finir aient. Imperfect / was breaking, used to break, etc. je romp ais. tu romp ais. il romp ait. nous romp ions. vous romp iez. ils romp aient. Past Definite / broke, etc. je romp is. tu romp is. il romp it nous romp imes. vous romp ites. ils romp irent Future / shaU break, etc. je rompr ai. tu rompr as. il rompr a. nous rompr ons. vous rompr ez. ils rompr ont Conditional / should break, etc. je rompr ais. tu rompr ais. il rompr ait. nous rompr ions, vous rompr iez. ils rompr aient Present Give, etc. donn tA 'land Ala. Ala. Delaware Dist. of Columbia Tennessee Camp Sevier, Ala. Greenville, Southern, P. Paris, S. C. North Carolina S. C. & N. Elec. South Carolina Camp Wheeler, Macon, Ga. Macon, Dub- Camp Wheeler. Georgia Paris, S. C. lin & Sav. Ga.(M.D.& S.) Alabama Florida Camp Mar Arthur, Waco, Tex. St. L. & S. W. Camp MacArthur, Michigan 1 Wisconsin Ga- Tex. Camp Logan, Tex. Houston, Tex. M. K. & T., S. P. Camp Logan, Tex. lUinois Minnesota Iowa Camp Cody, Tex. ■^■Sk S. P., A. T. & Camp Cody, Nebraska S. F. N. Mex. North Dakota South DakoU Camp Doniphan, Lawton, Okla. C. R. L & P., Camp Doniphan, Missouri N. Mex. FriscoLines Ft. Sill, Okla. Kansas Camp Bowie, Fort Worth,'! Tex. & Pac. Camp Bowie, Tex. Texas Ft. Sill. Okla. Tex. FriscoLines Oklahoma Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, S. A. L.. W. Camp Sheridan, Ohio West Virginia Tex., Vandiver Park. Ala. Ala. R. of Ala.. C. of Ga. Vandiver Park. Ala. Camp Shelby. Ala. Hattiesburg, Miss. Cent. Camp Shelby, Indiana Miss. Miss. Kentucky Camp Beauregard, Alexandria, Tioga&South- Camp Beauregard, Louisiana Mus. La. ern (Log road) La. Mississippi Arkansas California Nevada Camp Kearney, San Diego, A. T. & S. F. Camp Kearney, Utah La. CaL Colorado Arizona New Mexico Washington Oregon CamD Fremont, San Francisco, So. Pac. Menlo Park, Cal. MonUna Cal. Idaho Wyoming 284 National Army Cantonments Name of Camp AND p. 0. Address Nearest City Railroad States Maine New Hampshire Camp Devens, Mass. Fitchburg, Mass. B.&M. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island [Connecticut Camp Upton, L. L, Brooklyn, N. Y. L. L Metropolitan portion of New York, N. Y. New York Camp Dix, Wrights- town, N. J. Trenton, N. J. Penna. R. R. New York State Northern Pennsylvania Southern Pennsylvania Camp Meade, Md. Baltimore, Md. Penna., B. & 0., Maryland W. B. & A. District of Columbia New Jersey Camp Lee, Va. Petersburg, Va. N. &W. Virginia Delaware Camp Jackson, S. C. Columbia, S. C. S. &L.,A. C. L., Tennessee Southern North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Camp Gordon, Cham- Atlanta, Ga. Southern Alabama blee, Ga. Florida Camp Sherman, Ohio Chillicothe, Ohio B.&O. /Ohio West Virginia Camp Taylor, Louisville, Ky. Southern Indiana Dumesnil, Ky. Kentucky Camp Custer, Mich. Battle Creek, Mich. Mich. Cent., Michigan G. T. \ Wisconsin Camp Grant, LI. Rockford, ni. C. B. & Q. Illinois Arkansas Camp Pike, Ark. LitUe Rock, Ark. Mo.Pac Louisiana ^ Mississippi ' Minnesota Camp Dodge, la. Des Moines, la. Steam Train over Iowa Electric from Nebraska Des Moines North Dakota South Dakota Kansas Camp Funston, Junction City, Kan. U.P. Missouri Ft. Riley, Kan. Colorado Texas Camp Travis, San Antonio, Tex. M. K. & T., G. Arizona San Antonio, Tex. H. & San A. New Mexico Oklahoma Washington Oregon California Camp Lewis, Ameri- Tacoma, Wash. N. P. Nevada Utah can Lake, Wash. Idaho Montana Wyoming 285 286 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL ARMY INSIGNIA In the U. S. Army there are pertain insignia or ornaments by which you can tell the rank and branch of the service to which a man belongs. The following are some of the insignia you should know: II U. S. Shield (Offi- cers' Garrison Caps). 4 Coast Artillery. 12 Dental Corps. 13 Veterinary Corps. $ t 5 Engineer Corps. 6 Signal Corps. 7 Aviation Section of Signal Corps. 8 Ordnance Depart- ment. 9 Quartermaster's Corps. xo Medical Corps. 14 General Staflf. IS Adjutant Gener- al's Department 16 Inspector Gener- al's Department 17 Judge Advocate General's De- partment. 18 Philippine Scouts. APPENDIX 287 19 Recruiting Ser- vice. 20 Service School De- tachments. 21 U. S. Disciplinary Barracks. PlMiHiiiiiiiiii i iiii i ii i i niniT i^^^a^ 22 General Csil- i"iiiii"""iiii™ ver star^/. 3jm i i ii iii ii ii i i ii i i i i iiiii ii ii iiiii ( B m ijIniiiiiiiiiMiii iiii iiiiiniiiim IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII mm mnl iiiiiimiiiiiiiiimnq ^^ iiiHiiiiiiiiM iiiiiniiiiiiifa 23 Lieutenant General (sil- ver star). 24 Major Gen- eral (silver star). 25 Brigadier General (sil- ver star), 26 Colonel (sil- ver eagle). 27 Lieutenant Colonel (sil- ver leaves) 28 Major (gold leaves). 29 Captain (sil- ver bars). » »| 30 First Lieu- i il = tenant (sil- I'liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiDB 31 Second Lieu- tenant. 32 Chaplain. 33 Nurse. 34 Regimental Ser- geant Major. 35 Regimental Sup- ply Sergeant. 36 Battalion and Squadron Ser- geant Major. 37 Color Sergeant. 38 First Sergeant. 288 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL l^^l 39 Supply Sergeant. 40 Stable Sergeant! A 41 Sergeant. A 42 Corporal. A, 43 Lance Corporal. 45 For all enlisted men, except avi- ation mechanics and enlisted avi- ators. m 46 Aviation Mecha- nicians. 47 Junior Military Aviator. ^ 48 Mili- i>^^ taryAvi- i^ ator. 49 Regular U. S. Of- ficer. 44 Enlisted Aviator. tyitMo '° \cer.''"'"' °'' $1 U. S. National Guard Officer. APPENDIX 289 Hat Cords All Officers wear on the service hat a gold and black hat cord with gold acorns. On the garrison cap, all officers wear a bronze national seal. Infantry — Hat cord for enlisted men is light blue. Emblem: Crossed rifles. Cavalry — Hat cord for enlisted men is yellow. Emblem: Crossed swords. Artillery — Hat cord for enlisted men is red. Emblem: Crossed cannon. Signal Corps — Hat cord for enlisted men is a combination of orange piped with white. Emblem: Crossed signal flags. Engineers — Hat cord for enlisted men is red piped with white. Emblem: Double turreted castle. Medical Corps — Hat cord for enlisted men is maroon piped with white. Emblem: A caduceus. Ordnance Corps — Hat cord for enlisted men is black and red. Emblem: A bomb with a flare of flame. Quartermaster's Corps — Hat cord for enlisted men is a salmon shade of buff. Emblem: A wheel surmounted by an eagle with crossed key and sword. Note — To know an officer, look at his hat cord. If this is gold and black he is an officer. If he wears a cap, the national seal shows that he is an officer. While officers wear leather puttees, enlisted men in many branches, as the cavalry and signal corps, also wear leather puttees. All officers wear a brown braid on the sleeves of the blouse. The Overcoat of an officer does not have a cuff. A Second- Lieutenant wears no braid on the overcoat sleeve; a first Lieutenant wears one knot of black braid; a Captain two knots of black braid; a Major three knots of black braid, and so on, adding one knot for each higher grade. APPENDIX 291 BUGLE CALLS T» F^irstCau* ^ ^ ^^ /^ 2. Guard Mounting. ^i(;]b 292 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL 5. Drill- Quick. ¥ — 4~-w- I K 0JL4.W ^^^S ^1^1^ & Moderate* 9. Assembly. tu To THE Color. ^, f LJ | r,f j , ;- | f "f l.# AJL APPENDIX 293 15. Reveille. Quich ^^^^m^ End. I > » i > » I e=ts=e tr%i^m D.Cf. iti^i^nc =?=^p: :^F^ U ^U -P^ s 16. Retreat. 3Toderaie. ^^^^^^m ==qw :*=?: ^^ a:-u 21 294 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL RLTREAT— Concluded, m r-rff ^^ p— * zz: I ^m i=)ct t=S:J ^EIS ^^^^^^^m ^rf g^ .# — * lii, r ' i r u-i g ==Sg^ I r=^;=p ^ i APPENDIX 295 I Qukh. e3L I BUGLE CALLS. 17. Tattoo. 5i=t m ■0 # • 4—^ jg p^?^^^ itzifzit # ' 4 - I ^ ^ "JT^^jT^ir^ I S ^^^ p3=Fg^---j^-^^^ ^ ^^=^=F^ -!»-^- =F=rr= ^^ # t =^ 296 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL BUGLE CALLS. Tattoo— Continwd, ,0 9 • 9 9. ^^^=^-^ J n ir {Tfju^. APPENDIX 297 Tattoo— CdwcZttdeA [fjt ij'r uri-^-i-j=--j3 ^ liQr. ^:S^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ h zi-jj rsr r-^ 298 THE CANTONMENT MANUAL ^ BUGLE CALLS. 18. Call to Quarters. m OL P-f i'Pii^S yTrT^r^*4^ -ta^ i /?\ /:n /IS F — ^-i — P--i ^ — t • I — \— ^ - + i 19. Taps. i j ,. .°?- i :. r^ip.^^^ ^ i^^ M j' rrir > 20. Mess. Qteielfe. ^ r ^ r- ! I ! I T r-^ , )TT-r:r -i — »- :n=t n ^ - ^ APPENDIX 21. Sick. 299 m Quich ■^-r^ P"*^ 't^ 1— V ^?1f-^^^ rrp: 22. CHURCH. 'S- ^ Si??'^^ :5c; '^-IT — J- ^S * 4t-#- /rv i _^_^H — ^L-^ — ^^ ^_|_tf _«., — «_< J J J I ^ -i»^ — t--; — ^ J=:^ 23. Recall. ^ JfoeferofiJ.^,,^ #^ 4-fA4. ^ ^=S 28. Fatigue, i ^•cJfe. y i ^P ^ S INDEX About face, 25 Absent without leave, 198 Advance, the, 85 by succession of thin lines. Advice to riflemen, 178 Advising or aiding another to desert, 198 Aiming, 172 Alertness, 2 Alignments, 40, (iy Ambition, 3 Arm signals, 122 Arms, manual of, 29 inspection, 29, 2i7 left shoulder, 34 present, 32, 34 port, zi, 34 order, 31, 32, 35 right shoulder, 29, 2>Z^ 34 stack, 44 trail, 35 take, 45 Army insignia, 286-288 Arrest or confinement of ac- cused persons, 200 Arrest of deserter by civil authorities, 212 Articles of War, 194 As you were, 16 Assaulting or willfully dis- obeying a superior of- ficer, 199 Assembly, 52, 85, 89 At ease, 78, 79 Attention, position of the soldier at, 23 Back step, 27 Badges or service ribbons, military, 281 Battle sight, 173 Bayonet, charge, 37 fix, z^ unfix, 36 Broken bone, 218 Bugle calls, 291 Calling the shot, 177 Camps, mobilization, list of, 283, 284 Cantonment life, simple rules for, 6 Cantonments, list of, 283, 285 Captain, 67 Captured property, 204 Cease firing, 128 Change step, march, 28 Cheerfulness, 2 Classes of firing, 95 Cleanliness, 2 Cleanliness in camp, 193 Clip fire, 58 Close order, 65 Clothing, care of, 184 Cock fight, II Code, semaphore, 131-132 301 302 INDEX Color, the, no manual of the, II2 to receive the, II2 Color guard, no Column right, yz Command, 19, 21 preparatory, 21 of execution, 121 Company, acting alone, 93 to dismiss the, 67 to form the, 66 inspection, 100 right, 68, 69, 70 size of, 280 school of the, 61, 62 in support, 92 Comradeship, 2 Conduct unbecoming an of- ficer and gentleman, 210 Conical wall tent, 118 Coordination, 178 Corporal, to follow the, 50 Countersigns, 155 Count off, 40, 61 Courage, i Courtesy, military, 3 Court-martial, 214 Cover, the use of, 59 Cuts and wounds. 216 Dealing in captured or aban- doned property, 204 Definitions, 274 Delivery of offender to civil authorities, 202 Deploy, squad as skirmish- ers, 89 Deployment, 82 rules for (company), 81 Desertion, i9iB Detachment, 64 Determination, i Disciplining, powers of com- manding officer, 210 Disrespect toward superior officer, 199 Disrespect toward President, etc, 199 Distance, to take, 44 Division, infantry, 280 Double time, 26 Dress, right, 40 Drill, infantry, 12 Drills and formations, gen- eral rules for, 14 Drowned, restoring the ap- parently, 220 Drunk on duty, 206 Dueling, 207 Enlistment, without dis- charge, 196 fraudulent, 196 Entertaining a deserter, 198 Equipment, care of, 184 cloth, 186 Exercises, arm, 9 body, 10 leg, 10 setting-up, 9 Exhaustion, 219 Extended order, 81 Eyes, right, front, etc., 24 Face, about, 25 to, in marching, 24 Facings, 24 Fainting, 219 False returns, 197 File closers, 65 Fire, 93 INDEX 30s Fire, at will, 57 by clip, 58 Fire attack, 90 Fire control, 97 Fire direction, 96 Fire discipline, 98 Firing, to suspend, 58 to cease, 58 classes of, 95 Firing position, 175 Firings and loadings, 53 First-aid suggestions, 216 First sergeant, 66 Flag signals, conventional, 130 Flank, to march by the, 28 Forcing a safeguard, 204 Formations and drills, gen- eral rules for, 14 Fixed pivot, to turn on, 68 Frauds against the govern- ment, 208 Fraudulent enlistment, 196 Freezing, 220 French, easy road to, 225 adjectives, 229 adverbs, 229 arms, 252 articles, 226 auxiliary rules, 265 clothing, 252 commandements, 262 common phrases, 232 common words, 241 compound tenses, 266 conjugation, 263 correspondence, 235 currency, 244 days, 246 directions, 237 disjunctive personal pro- nouns, 229 dress, 235 drink, 234 equipment, 252 familiar phrases, 247 food, 234, 258 formation of tenses, 268 hospitals, 259 important irregular rules, 268 "learn these by heart," 230 measures, 234 military, grades, 249 ranks, 249 terms, 250 titles, 249 months, 246 numerals, 243 "on the road," 238 places, 237 plurals, 228 points of the compass, 260 pronouns, 227 pronunciation, 225 questions, 228 about the road, 254 railroads, 257 rations, 258 requests, 22,3 seasons, 246 smoke, 234 telegraph, 235 toilet, 235 towns, 256 trench warfare, 260 uniform, 252 utensils, 22,6 weights, 234 Front into line, 76 Frost bite, 220 General articles. 210 304 INDEX General orders, for sentinels, 210 German (summons to sur- render in), 263 Good order to be maintained and wrongs redressed, 206, 207 Guard, sergeant of, 133 corporal of, 137 privates of, 144 Guard duty, interior, 133 Guard mounting, 158 formal, 158 informal, 164 Guarding prisoners, 157 Guide, 16 right, 41 Guides, company, 65 platoons, 65 Half step, the, 27 Halt, to, 28 Hand, position of, in dress- ing, 40 salute with the, 25 Hat cords, 289 Health, a few hints on, 190 of the soldier, 190 Hike, when on a, 7 Honors and salutes, 106 Improper use of counter- sign, 204 Infantry drill, 12 division, 280 Initiative, 2 Injuries to persons or prop- erty, redress of, 211 In place halt, 15 Insignia, army, 286-288 Inspection, arms, 29, y? company, 100 Inspections and muster, 100 Insubordinate conduct to- ward noncommis- sioned officer, 199 Interior guard duty, 133 Interval, to take, 41 Intervals, to increase or di- minish, 52 Intimidation of persons bringing provisions, 206 Investigation of and action on charges, 201 Junior officer salutes first, 106 Kaiser, ten "Be's" that will beat the, 8 Kneel, to, 52 Last will and testament, form of, 278 Left face, 24 Left shoulder arms, 34 Letter, form of a military, V7 Lieutenants, 61, 67 Lie down, to, 52 Load, to, 54 Loadings and firings, 53 Loyalty, 3 Mail, military, how to ad- dress, 282 Manual of arms, 29 execution of, 31 rules governing the, 30 March, when on a, 7 Mark time, to, 27 Marksmanship, preliminary training in, 169 INDEX 30s Maximum and minimum punishments, 215 Mess kit, care of, 186 Mifitary courtesy, 3 Military law, persons sub- ject to, 195 Military letter, form of, ^Tj Military property, willful or negligent loss, damage or wrongful disposi- tion of, 205 Misbehavior, before the ene- my, 203 of sentinel, 206 Moving pivot, to turn on, 46, n Musicians, 161, 165, 166 Muster, company, 104 Muster rolls — false muster, 196 Murder, 207 Mutiny or sedition, 200 failure to suppress, 200 Noncommissianed officer commanding, position of, 133 Oath of enlistment, 213 Obedience, i Oblique, march, 46 right, 46 Observation, 60 Officer, definition of, 194 making unlawful enlist- ment, 196 On right into line, 75, *](> Order, close, 65 Order arms standing, posi- tion of, 31, 3a Orders, 20 general, for sentinels, 145 special, for sentinels, 153 Pack, closed, 103 open, 103 Parade rest, without arms, with arms, 34 Paroles and countersigns, 155 Personal interest in sale of provisions, 206 Persons subject to military law, 19s Platoon columns, 86^ 87 Platoons, 63 right, 69, 70, 71 » 72 columns right, 74 Pointers for care of rifle, 189 Poncho, to make sleeping bag of, 116 Port arms, 32, 34 Position of the soldier, 23 Present arms, 32, 34 Provoking speeches or ges- tures, 207 Punishment, 214 maximum and minimum, 215 Pyramidal tent, method of folding, 119 Quick time, 26 Quarrels, frays, disorders, 200 Ranges, close, etc., 94 Rape, 207 Rear, to march to the, 28 Recruits, helpful hints for, 4 3o6 INDEX Refusal to receive prisoners; 202 Releasing prisoners without proper authority, 202 Relieving the old guard, 165 Relieving, corresponding with or aiding the ene- my, 205 Report of prisoners received, 202 Rests, the, 23 Resume march, 16 Rifle, care of, 184 parts of, 187, 188 Rifle salute, 35 Rifle or piece, rules govern- ing the carrying of, 32 Right, give way to the, 16 Right by file, 79 Right by twos, 79, 80 Right dress, 40 Right face, 24 Right front into line, 76, TJ Right half face, 24 Right oblique, 46 Right shoulder arms, 29, 33, 34 Right turn, 46, 47, yz Rise, if kneeling or lying down, 53 Route step, 78 Rush, by platoon, etc., 90 Salute, with hand, 25 with rifle, 35 Sanitation and cleanliness in camp, 193 Schaefer method, 220 School of the company, 61, 62 School of the soldier, 22 School of the squad, 38 Selling military property, 205 Semaphore code, 131-132 Sentinels, orders for, 144, 145 Sergeant, first, 66 Setting-up exercises, 9 Shelter tents, 114 to strike, 116 Shoes, care of, 185 Side step, 27 Sight, adjustment, 169 corrections, table of, 171 to set the, 56 Signals, arm, 122 conventional flag, 130 Signals and codes, 129 Signals and signaling, 122 Skirmishers, squad to deploy, 51 company as, 82 company to deploy from column of squads, 83, 84 to deploy as, from platoon or squad columns, 89 Slang in the army, 276 Sleeping bag, to make out of poncho, 116 double, 116 single, 116 Small-arms firing, course in, 181 Soldier, definition of, 194 characteristics of a good, r health of, 190 position of, 23 school of the, 22 Soldiers, to make good time lost, 212 separated from the serv- ice, 2ii Spies, 205 INDEX 307 Squads columns, 87, 88 consists of, 38 to deploy as skirmishers, 89 to dismiss the, 2t7 to form the, 40 halt, 28 right, 48, 49 right about, 50, 74 school of the, 38 Squads right, 72, y^ column right, 74 platoons, column right, 74 Stack arms, 44 Step, back, 27 change, 28 length of, 25 side, 27 the half, 27 Steps and marchings, 25 Strike tents, to, 118 Subordinates compelling commander to surren- der, 204 Sunstroke, 219 Suspend firing, 58 Take arms, 45 Take interval, 41 Target, the, 95 Target practice, 169 Targets, 181, 182, 183 Team work, 3 Tent pitching, 114 Tents, common, wall, pyra- midal, and conical wall, to strike, 118 to fold, 119 pitch, 117 to strike, 118 Thin lines, to advance by, 89 Time, quick, 26 To the rear, march, 28 Trail arms, 35 Trigger squeeze, 174 Turn, right, 46 on the fixed pivot, 16 on the moving pivot, 16 Unload, to, 56 Various crimes, 2q3 Venereal diseases, 192 Volley, to fire by, 56 War offenses, 203 Waste or unlawful disposi- tion of military prop- erty, 205 Will, form of, 278 Wounded, hints for treating, 223 Wounds and cuts, 216 (2) RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be 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