ANU/JL r I THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES -- ja^f 4* w> iflpsi 1.0. BAKER EB PHONETIC SHORTHAND. ALPHABET. CONSONANTS. DUPLICATES. NAME. sorxn. NAME. SOrXI). Pe Be \ \ P in PIP B in BIB Iss Ses 1st o O S in BLISS Ses in BASES St in BLAST Te | T in TIGHT Ster Ster in ULSTER De Chay Jav 1 D in DIED CHin ETCH J in EDGE Ye We 3 Y in YOKE W in WALK LONG VOWELS. Kay Gay K in KICK G in GIG E A as in BEAT as in BAIT Ef ^ F in FIFE AH . as in BALM Ve v^ V in VIVE AW as in BOUGHT Ith ( THin THIN - as in BOAT The Es > J THin THEN S in HISS 00 j - as in BOOT *HORT VOWELS. Ze ) Z in HIS I as in BIT Ish ^ SH in. ASSURE E as in BET Zhe J ZH in AZURE A as in BAT Lay r L in LEAL 6 as in BOG Ar ^ R in ROAR u - as in BUN Bay Em En Yay Way X R in ROAR M in MAIM X in NUN Y in YEA W in WAY 66 r 01 DJ V A as in FOOT PI [THONGS. as in BITE as in BOIL Hay ^ H in HAY ow A as in BOUT Ing ^ NG in SOXC EW - AS in BREW PHONETIC SHORTHAND. A MANUAL FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS. BY WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY, i'KNTY SINK YEARS OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER OK THK XKW YORK SUPREME TOCRT : EX-PRESIDENT OF THE SEW YORK STATE STENOGRAPHERS' ASSOCIATION: AUTHOR OF THE PHONETIC SHORTHAND SPEED-BOOK. THK PHONETIC SHORTHAND WORD-BOOK. FTC. SIXTH EDITION. ROCHESTER, N. V. : THE OSGOODBY SCHOOL OF STENOGRAPHY. COPYRIGHT 1891, BY WILLIAM W. OSOOODHY. c? l. PHONETIC SHORTHAND. $U. Introductory. In Phonetic Shorthand, words are spelled as they are pronounced, and no silent letters are used. In the English alphabet the sounds of Ch as in chain, Th in thin, Th in them, Sh in xtfnr, and Ng in sing', are not provided with distinct letters though they are really simple sounds. The same letter often indicates different sounds, in different words, as the letter G. in the words yin. gem; the use of two or more letters to indicate a sound for which a single character is provided, is also very frequent, as the sound of F in the words trough, triumph ; and a single, simple sound is often indicated by letters to which entirely different values are usually assigned, as. in the words pleasure, azure, the letters S and Z are used to indicate a sound which has no precise representative in the language. Similar inconsistencies exist with respect to vowel sounds. In Phonetic Shorthand, however, each distinct vocal sound is provided with a distinct letter. The alphabet should be carefully studied, and the names of the letters should be learned in connection with their sounds. The letters C'hay and Gay. for instance, which represent the sound of Ch and the " hard " sound of G. should not be called see-aitcli and jee. There is probably no better way to commit the letters to memory, than to trace them repeatedly with a penholder pointed like a pencil, the sound of each letter being pronounced aloud as it is traced; varying the exercise h\ frequently writing the letters with particular attention to form and to the proper angle with the line of writing. From the beginning of his practice, the student should use great care to make the letters uniform in length, and exact in shape, direction and shading. It is only in this manner that a legible handwriting can be acquired; and an illegible hand is worthless, even though written at high rate of speed. Every character should therefore be drawn with precision, and no attempt should be made to write INTRODUCTORY. rapidly; speed will come when practice has given the necessary facility for smooth and graceful writing. It is only by persistent and painstaking effort that a person may become able to write both rapidly and legibly. The attention of the student is particularly directed to the follow- ing diagrams, in which the correct forms of all the consonants are given. The first of these diagrams shows the forms of the perpen- dicular and horizontal letters; the second, of the inclined letters. The use of double-ruled paper is recommended as a valuable aid to the acquirement of a regular and systematic handwriting. In using it, the following directions should be observed: Upright and inclined letters, when written on the line (i. e., the lower ruling), should touch each ruling. When written above or below the line, one-half of the letter should be on each side of the ruling. When a horizontal stem is written above or below the line, it should be immediately below the proper ruling, and touching it. When written on the line, a horizontal letter should be made immediately above the lower ruling, but touching it. -V-.v..^ Too much care cannot be exercised in the formation of the letters, and for this reason a pen should be used, and not a pencil. The upright and sloping letters should be made exactly long enough to reach from one ruling to the other, and horizontal letters should be made as long as the letter | x The importance of this advice will be understood by an examination of 23, 24, where rules are given for halving and lengthening stems. Without a standard length, estab- lished and maintained, it would be impossible to distinguish the simple characters from these shortened and lengthened stems, and the writing would be illegible. INTRODUCTORY. 3 The different principles should be taken in order, and each thoroughly understood before the next one is learned. These prin- ciples do not apply to single words alone; they apply to classes of words and phrases; and if any one of theni be misunderstood or misapplied, the error is far-reaching, involving all the words or phrases in the language to which the rule is applicable. The illustrations given in the different sections and their subdivi- sions, should be carefully read and written in connection with the study of the rules illustrated by them. Further illustrations of the same rules will be found in the extensive reading and writing exercises beginning on pages 29 and 43, which should not be neglected. After learning 7, the exercises in the Speed-Book should be taken up, and one of them should be written in connection with the study of each succeeding section of the Manual. These exercises, being in sentences, will greatly enhance the interest of the study, and, if faithfully practiced in accordance with the General Directions, the student will acquire more and more speed as each new principle is developed. The proper use of punctuation will very much aid the student in reading his written exercises. The following marks are used in shorthand : * Period; H Semicolon; ^ Hyphen; - ~ Dash; Interrogation; /Exclamation; /Paragraph. Excepting these, the ordinary marks of punctuation are used. The dot of the comma should be distinctly made. "Stet." written in the margin of the notes, indicates that an erasure has been made by mistake. Particu- lar emphasis to a word or phrase is indicated by underscoring it with a waved line. Two inclined ticks are placed under a word to indicate that it should be written with a capital in transcribing notes; as, When Envy cannot deny Merit, it ignores it. A proper name, consisting of two or more words, may be underscored with a light, straight line, for the same purpose: as, THE ALPHABET CONSONANTS. 2. The Alphabet. The alphabet of Phonetic Shorthand con- tains forty letters, representing the forty elementary sounds of the English language. These letters are divided into two general classes, namely, Consonants and Vowels. The consonant sounds are represented by straight and curved lines (which are termed stems), and the vowels by dots, dashes, and angles. All the consonant steins of a word are written together, each stem after the first one being joined to the stem preceding it, without lifting the pen; and the stems thus joined are termed the outlive of the word. The vowels are inserted after the outline is thus completed. 3. Consonants. For convenience, the consonants are arranged in three groups, namely: 1. Regular Straight Stems; 2. Regular Curved Stems; 3. Irregular Stems. The regular stems are arranged in pairs, the second one of each pair being shaded, thus indicating the natural distinction between the vocal and whispered sounds represented by them. The irregular stems are not thus paired. a. REGULAR STRAIGHT STEMS. Pee\ Bee\ Tee I Dee I Chay / Jay/ Kay_ Gay _ These letters are all written with a downward movement of the pen, except Kay and Gay, which are written from left to right. When any of these stems are joined at an angle, the angle should be distinctly made. When two are joined in the same direction . they should be written with a continuous straight line; and if one stem be light and the other heavy, as Kay-Gay, they should be shaded into each other. In joining two stems, the general rule is, that the first upright or inclined stem shall rest upon the line of writing. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. P, b, t, d, ch, j. k, g; p-b, t-d, ch-j, k-g, p-t, t-p, b-t. t-b, t-k. k-t. t-ch, ch-t, k-p, p-k, k-b, b-k, k-ch, ch-k, ch-g, g-ch, k-j. j-k, d-t, b-p, g-k. CONSONANTS. b. UEGULAK CUKVKI) STKMS. Ef ^_ Yee ^ Ith ( The ( Es ) Zee ) Ish J Zhe J These letters are all written with the downward movement, though Ish, in eombination with other stems, is sometimes struck upward. When struck upward, it is called Shay. Particular care should be used in forming the heavy curves, making them heavy in the middle and tapering to a point at each end. A very common error of students, is to incline Ith, The. Es, and Zee, and great care should be taken to avoid doing so. When light and heavy steins are joined without an angle, they should be shaded into each other. RKA1MNG KXKHCISK. WHITING EXKKCISK. F, v, th, dli (tlie), s, /, sh, 7.\\: f-sr. ir-th, f-p, p-f, s-p. t-th. ch-s. f-th, sh-f, v-g. g-th, g-dh, f-b, b-f, s-b, t-dh. ch-x, f-dh, sh-v, k-f, s-k, f-t, p-v, s-t. d-(ih. j-s, t'-v, sh-/. g-f, k-sh, f-ch, p-th, sh-p, t-s, p-sh, f-sh. s-s, g-v, g-sh, f-j, b-th, sh-1), t-/,, b-sli. f-sh, s-/.. k-tli. sli-k. th-t, p-dh, sh-t. d-s, ch-sh, d-/. j-sh, v-sh, s-v. Kay is a duplicate for Ar, and, though not properly belonging to the alphabet, is here given for convenience. It is invariably struck upward, and is more inclined than ('hay. When joined to other stems, it is easily distinguished by the direction in which it is written. Lay is always struck upward when standing alone, but it is often struck downward when joined to other steins. Ar. Way, and Yay are struck downward. Em. En. Ing, and I lay are struck from left to right. \ 1 Reading Exercise, page ?9, and Writing Exercise, page 4.1. 6 VOWELS. 4. Vowels. There are sixteen vowel sounds in the English language, for which provision is made in Phonetic Shorthand. These are divided into three classes, namely: 1. Long Vowels; 2. Short Vowels; 3. Diphthongs. The long vowels are represented by a heavy dot or dash, placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stem; the short vowels, by a light dot or dasli similarly placed; the diphthongs, by compound characters, placed at the beginning or end of a consonant stem. As stated before, the outline of a word is written first, and the vowel signs afterwards inserted. If a vowel is to be read before a consonant, it is placed at the left of an upright or inclined stem, and above a horizontal stem. If it is to be read after a consonant, it is placed at the right of an upright or inclined stem, and below a horizontal stem. Vowels placed at the beginning of a stem, are called first-place vowels; those at the middle of a stem, second-place vowels; those at the end of a stem, third-place vowels. a. LONG VOWELS. EE ' A 'I AH. I AW "I 0-1 00.1 See. Take. Far. Saw. So. Food. ...v ...... ...K ..... v .....x ...... \ ..... ..i... ..L..J-. Pea, Pay. l' a - Paw. Poe. Pooh. Bee. Bay. Bah. Day. Taw. So. Saw. Thaw. Lay. Me. Aim. Take. Food. Bowl. Kate. Faith. Boat. Obey. b. Positions of Words. Very few vowels are used in reporting, but the accented vowel of a word is usually indicated by the position in which the consonant outline is written; and it is seldom that any other vowel need be indicated by a practiced writer. If the accented vowel be a first-place vowel, the first upright or inclined stem in the word is written above the line of writing; if it be second-place, it is written on the line; if it be third-place, it is written through the line. If the word contain only horizontal stems, it is written above the line, on the line, or below the line, in accordance with the posi- tion of its accented vowel.* This rule need not be applied to a word *Occasional words will be found in the Reading Exercises, which are not written in the positions indicated above, for the reason that they come within the classes referred to in Sec. 25, l>. <. containing more than two upright or inclined steins, hut the rirst of such steins may usually be written on the line. Reading Ewcise, page .'!>, and Writing Eeercise, page 4.1. C. SHOUT VOWKI.S. I 'I E-l A.I f)"| f-| Pit. Pet. Pat. Knob. Nut. Foot. Pill. Fed. Pad. Kii.K-k. *Kinick. Nook. Tick. Check. Tack. Lock. Luck. Look. Pillow. Filly. Ditty. Meadow. Taffy. Shaggy. Elbow. d. Vowels between Consonants. When a vowel occurs between two stems, observe the following rules: First-place vowels are written after the rirst stem. Second place long vowels (a, o) are written after the first stem. Second-place short vowels (6, u) are written before the second stem. Third-place vowels are written Ix'fore the second stem. Peat. Bought. Mill. Botch. Keep. Bait. Bet. Boat. But. Loaf. Love. Far. Chatty. Fanny. Took. Food. Lap. Cope. Cub. Rope. Rub. Four. Fur. Notary. KirSee Heading Exercise, page -in, and Writing Exercise, page 44. e. DIPHTHONGS. I V | Oil OWj K\vJ By. Boy. Cow. New. These signs should never be inclined from the perpendicular. The diphthong I, in words containing more than one stem, may be written in either the rirst or third place, as is most convenient. 1. Type. My. Ride. Mile. Shiny. Boy. Oil. Alloy. Noisy. Enjoy. Annoy. Bo\v. Cow. OwL Allow. Our. Row. Few. New. Tulie. Cuba. Mule. Newsy. Heading Exercise, page .i<>, and Writing Exercise, page 44. /. A small tick, joined to one of these signs, indicates that another vowel sound follows the diphthong. Diary. Pyaemia. Boyish. Enjoying. Dower. Dowel. Cower. Newel. Puerile. g. Concurrent Vowels. Where two vowels occur between two stems, one of them may be written to each; or both vowels may be indicated by an acute angle, written in the direction of Chay, open- ing upirard if the first vowel to be indicated be a dot, and opening downward if it be a dash vowel. This angle is written in place of the first vowel to be indicated, and the down-stroke of the angle is made heavy if the first vowel be long, or light if it be short. Rowing. Ruin. Piano. ' Theory. h. When two vowel signs are written to the same stem, the one pronounced nearest the stem is placed somewhat nearer it than the other; as, v |\ idea; J - . Ma. i. In words beginning with the sound of I, the diphthong may usually be joined to the stem, and it is seldom necessary to insert- any other vowel; as, ~] idea. The diphthongs I, OW, and EW, may often be joined at the end of a stem, in the same manner; as, /v rye; [ due. j. Coaltscent*. In many words beginning with W or Y, those sounds are indicated by a small semi-circle, joined to the succeeding stem in such a manner as to make an angle with if. The semi-circle for W opens to the right or left ; that for Y opens upward or down- ward. A vowel written before the stem, is read between the semi-circle and the stem. Widow. Wing. Weep. Web. Weak. Watch. Woke. War. Witch. Walk. Europe.' Yarrow. Uttea. Yellow. Youth. Yattiiu. Yates. Yedo. Yoke. Ure. VOWELS RULES FOR WRITING L, R, AND SH. 9 k. Tin-so semi-circles are occasionally written by the side of a stem, in place of a vowel, and in such cases they indicate combinations of W or Y with the vowel. When used in this manner, the W-semi- circle opens to the right to indicate that it is followed by a dot vowel, and to the left to indicate that it is followed by a dash vowel; and the Y-semi-circle opens upward for a dot vowel, and downward for a dash vowel. The semi-circles may be shaded for long vowels, if desired, but this is seldom necessary. WE ' MVAW YE -rYAW \VA ; 3 WO YA - -YO \VAH C D WOO YAH,, ,-YOf) 5. Rules for Writing L, R, and Sh. As has been stated, L, K, and Sh may be struck in either an upward or downward direc- tion. When they are struck upward, they are named Lay, Ray. and Shay, respectively; when struck downward, they are named El. Ar, and Ish. The following rules are to be observed, in forming outlines con- taining these stems: a. When L is the only consonant in a word. Lay is used. b. When L is the first consonant represented by a stem, in an out- line containing other stems. El is used if preceded by a vowel; and Lay. if not. c. When L is the last consonant represented by a stem, in an out- line containing other stems, Lay is used if followed by a vowel; and El if not. 10 KFIJ5S FOR WRITING L, R AND SH THE ASPIRATE. d. When R is the first or only consonant in a word, Ar is used if a vowel precede; and Ray, if not. e. When R is the last consonant represented by a stem, in an out- line containing other stems, Ray is used if followed by a vowel; and Ar, if not. t f. When Sh is the only consonant in a word, Ish is used. g. When Sh is the last consonant represented by a stem, in an outline containing other steins, Shay is used if followed by a vowel; and Ish, if not. h. Exceptions are made to the above rules, when their observance would make awkward outlines. _^__^ i. Lay is used, after M and II. j. Ray is used before T, D, Ch, J, Th, F, and V; and after M and II ; and Ar is used before M and II. 6. The Aspirate. The alphabetic sign for II is seldom used, but other means of indicating that sound are provided, to be used at the convenience of the writer. These are: 1. By placing a small dot opposite a vowel sign; 2. by connecting a tick, written in the direc- WORD-SIGNS PIMPLE PHRASING. 11 tion of Chay, with the stem following it; 3. by writing a tick vowel parallel to the stem. \ \ \ i / "/ j-*-^ ' *_-. Heap. Hip. Hap. Had. Hitch. Hedge. Hvnin. Haine. Higher. Hewer. Hack. Hop. Hope. Hoop. Hub. Hutch. Hog. Hug. Hook. Hum. Home. Hall. ?. "Word-Signs. Abbreviated forms are used for words of frequent occurrence. These are called word-signs and contractions. Lists of such abbreviations are given on pages 28 and 63. Two or more of such words, if they belong to the same grammatical phrase, may be joined in a phrase-sign, the first word of the phrase being written in its proper position with respect to the line, the others following it without lifting the pen. a. Among the word -signs will be found several small ticks, which are made about one-fourth the length of an ordinary stem. These are named, after the stems they resemble, the P-tick, B tick, T-tick, Chay-tick, etc. The P-tick or Ray-tick may be prefixed to any word- sign for the pronoun /, and .the Chay-tick or Ray-tick may be used in the same manner for the. The Kay-tick is used for a, an, or and. The other tick, dot, and circle word-signs are given below. All the tick word-signs are struck downward, except those for on, sJtouhl, and how, which are struck upward. The sign for lie may often be used for him. The circles usually retain their positions, when prefixed to other signs. And a -, , and the ., and on tfie * are written as here indicated. \ / i / o He, Thj All ... Awe, Already He Is, His / .A / Who i Oh, Owe ....On o As , Has v rf ....Ah \ Two, Too ....I, High / Should* ...i s there . An, And \ To* o First How* H-as there b. The following words are taken from the list on page 28. They are the most frequently recurring words for which stem word-signs are provided. Each word is followed by an ordinary capital, indi- cating the stem used to represent the word, and the superior figures give the positions of the signs. These signs are very suggestive, and 12 WORD-SIGNS SIMPLE PHRASING. therefore easily learned. The struck upward. Italic letters indicate stems which are Be, By, B 1 At, It, T* To, T 3 Did, D 1 Do, D 9 Had, D Which, Clr-' If.F 1 For, F" After, F Of, V Ever, V- Have, V 3 With, Dh 1 Come, Came, K* They, I)h- Cnn. K :1 That, Dlr Go, Gave, G* Was, Z* As, Has, Z* Shall, Sir- Should, Sh 3 Will, Well, U From, R 1 May, M' Am, Whom, M 3 In, Any, N 1 Know,' No, N s You, Your, Y 8 Where, Were, It* We, Why, W' Or, W Would, W 3 There, If When, IP Are, R 3 How, II* Me, My, M 1 Thins;. N? 1 UKADIXG KXKRCISK. WRITIN(; KXEKCISK. He is. Is lie. On his. Is on. He has. Has he. He should. Should he. And the. On the. All is. Is all. Who should. I did. I do. I had. I can. I gave. I have. I was. I shall. I will. I am. I know. I may. He came. He can. He gave. He was. He shall. He will. He may. He would. Who was. Who would. Who may. By that. It was. Shall be. They do. Do they. Which came. Are they. It may. May be. Which do. Should be. Can do. It can be. That was. Was that. As is. That is. As that. For it was. Which may come. Where was that. He may be. For he would. By me. It was iio. Shall become. Today. Tomorrow. Know that. Will be. Have they. From that. We may go in. With that. Which came in. !g^" Write Exercises I, II, and III, of the Speed-Book. CIRCLES. 13 8. Circles S and Z are most frequently represented by a small circle, initial or final, written on the right side of upright and in- clined straight stems, on the upper side of Ray, Kay and Gay, and on the inside of curves. This circle is called Iss. ..... s. ..... f ...... .i ...... e. a When a circle occurs between two straight stems forming an angle, it is written outside the angle. When it occurs between a straight stem and a curve, it is written inside the curve. When it occurs between two curves, it is written inside the first curve, unless there be an angle between the stems which prevents it. Ds^...\o.. ft. When written at the beginning of a stem, the circle is read first; a vowel written before the stem next; the stem next; a vowel written after the stem next; and a circle at the end of a stem is read last. A Sip. Sappy. Suppose. Supposed. Exposed. Sick. Six. Sago. Sages. E^ Write Exercise IV. of the Speed-Book. c. If S or Z be the first consonant in a word beginning with a vowel, or if the word end with S or Z followed by a vowel, the stem is used, and not the circle. The stem is also used when S or Z is the only consonant in a word, or where two vowels occur between S or Z and a preceding or following stem. \ ^}..^3..4O....\..^)....^. : 3....^ ..,). -) ?. *... V..L...L ..! LJL 14 CIRCLES. d. Where a singular noun ends with the stem S or Z, the Iss-circle is added to the same outline, for the plural number or for the possessive case. Policies. Jealousies. Argosies. Mercies. Fancies. Posies. Inaccuracies. Daisies. e. If a circle occur between two stems, vowels are written to the stem with which they are pronounced. Deceit. Decide. Tacit. Beset. Rosette. Joseph. Posset. Apposite. Gusset. Receipt. /. If the first consonant in a word be Z, the stem is used. . ..... j^iJU ..... I ..... V Zeal. Zero. Zinc. Zany. Zeno. Zeus. Czar. Zigzag. g. A final circle is continued across the stem to form a back-hook for N, and a circle may be written within the hook for a final S. This back-hook is drawn close to tlie stem, as shown in the illustra- tions below: -.._. ( L " ^e Ng Basin. Basins. Dozen. Dozens. Mason. Masons. Lesson. Lessons. Chasten. Cliasti us. h. This circle is occasionally used for Sh, and with the back-hook it forms the termination Tion, as is more fully explained in '22. Fashion. Mission. Option. Action. Caution. Fusion. Ambition. Narration. Passion. i. When R is the only stem in a word, preceded and followed by vowels, and also preceded by a circle or loop, Kay is used; also, when preceded by a circle or loop and followed by another strni which is struck downward. (See 10.) Series. Sorry. Sirius. Starry. Story. Syrup. Surpass. Sardis. Search. Service. Starch. LAKGE CIRCLES LOOPS. 15 9. Ses and Sez. A double-sized circle, called Ses, indicates that syllable or any similar one containing a different vowel. Ses may be vocalized by writing the vowel within it. When it is deemed desirable to indicate the exact vowel, which is seldom necessary, it is done by placing the vowel sign in the upper, middle, or lower part of the circle. Passes. Tosses. Races. Thesis. Pause?. Emphasis. Genesis. Exhaust. Exercise. Census. a. The plural number or the possessive case of a noun ending with the Iss-circle is indicated by enlarging the circle. The third person, singular, of a regular verb ending with the sound of S, is indicated in the same manner. Cases. Faces. Mazes. Losses. Muses. Chaises. Bases. Masses. Roses. Pieces. b A small circle is written within a final large circle, for the additional sound of S or Z. O Possesses. Recesses. Exercises. Successes. Excesses. Emphasizes. Abscesses. Accesses. Capsizes. Ip~ Write Exercise V. of the Speed-Book 10. Loops. The Iss-circle is turned into a short loop, to indi- cate St; and by lengthening and widening the loop, Str is indicated. The latter loop is not used initially. Step. Pieced. Stood. Dust. Stitch. Chest. Just. Stack. Rust. Story. Stem. Mast. a. The St-loop is made less than half the length of the stem; the Str-loop extends to the middle of the stem, and is made somewhat wider than the former. .__ 1Z ^__ ; ^_.. ... or^...-^--. Pester. Tester. Duster. Chester. Juster. Castor. Master. Nestor. Sou'wester. Faster. Roster. 16 LOOPS COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS. b. A final circle is written within either loop, to add S. The line of the loop may be continued across the stem and formed into a back-hook to add N; and a final Iss-circle may be written within the back-hook. Pests. Pesters. Tests. Testers. Chest. Chester's. Masts. Masters. Nests. Nestors. Lasts. Lasters. .A.. 'JL ...... Lj ..... ^...-^ ...... X- s-^? f. MJ ? Boston. Masten. Justin. Gaston. Coston. Liston. Posten. South-Eastern. Western. Cast-iron. c The initial loop is read before the stem; the final loop, after the stem. The same rule applies, with regard to reading the loops before or after vowels, as was given in the case of the Iss-circle, 8, b. d. Where it is necessary to distinguish the sounds of S and Z, a circle or loop may be slightly shaded; as, ^ race, ^ raise; xf raced; ^ raised. &T Write Exercises VI. and VII. of the Speed-Book. 11. Combinations of Consonants. Certain combinations of consonant sounds are of very frequent occurrence, and provision is made for writing them with a single stroke. This is done by attach- ing hooks to the stem representing the first sound heard in such com- binations, as indicated below. Small initial hook for R: \ 1 / ^_ f *) } f N e-^ Small initial hook for L: \ f /" c _ Small final hook for N: \ J J __ ^ C ) J C ^ ^ Small final hook for For V: \ [ / _ Large initial hook for Y: \ I / c Large initial hook for W: *\ P / c _ Large final hook for Tr: o J c/ ? Large final hook for M: \) 1) 6 > ^-> C J C ~^> /O a. Initial lwok are read AFTER the stem to which they are attached, and AFTER all vowels which are written be/we the stem ; but BEFORE any vowels written after the stem, and BEFORE any final Imok or circle. THE R-HOOK THE L-HOOK. 17 b. Final Iwoks are read AFTER the stem to which tJiey are attached, and AFTER all vowels or initial hooks written to tlie stem, but BEFORE a final circle. c. Each illustration of the rules governing the use of the hooks, should be carefully compared with the directions given with regard to the order in which the different elements of the word are read. In the rules hereafter given for the use of hooks, Ray is treated as a horizontal stem. ^1 2. The R-Hook. A small initial hook, on the left side of an upright or inclined straight stem, on the lower side of a horizontal straight stem, or on the inside of a curved stem, indicates that the sound of R occurs immediately after the stem. a. Stems bearing the R-hook are pronounced with the hook, and the consonants thus combined are named Per, Ber, etc., and vowels may be written before or after them in the same manner as to simple stems. Pray. Try. Dray. Watcher. April. Acre. Over. Affray. Author. Throw. Error. b. When R is the last consonant in a word of two or more syllables, and immediately preceded and followed by vowels, the stem is used, and not the hook. The stem is also used when two vowels occur between R and a preceding stem ; and generally when a long vowel precedes the sound of R. ./ C/ ^ Barrow. Fury. Harry. Merry. Fiery. Narrow. Carry. Cheery. jy Write Exercise VIII. of the &peed-Book. 13. The L-Hook. A small initial hook, on the right side of an upright or inclined straight stem, or on the upper side of a horizontal straight stem, indicates that the sound of L occurs immediately after the stem. ^ S, f f X 7 X 5 18 L HOOK HOOK AND CIRCLE COMBINATIONS. a. A short, broad initial hook, on the inside of a curved stem, adds the sound of L in like manner. Compare the following illus- trations with those of the R-hook on curves, given in 12. b Stems bearing the L-hook are pronounced with the hook, and the consonants thus combined are named Pel, Bel, etc., and vowels are written before or .after them in the same manner as to simple stems. Play. Ply. Idle. Abler. Flake. Oval. Bushel. Camel. Puzzle. Awful. Flighty. c. When L is the last consonant in a word of two or more syllables, and immediately preceded and followed by vowels, the stem is used. and not the hook. The stem is also used when two vowels occur between L and a preceding stem ; and generally when a long vowel precedes the sound of L. /" Fellow. Fuel. Gaily. Pillow. Chilly. Jewel. Valley. Vial. Halo. Jolly. 2^" Write Exercise IX. of the Speed-Book. 14. Combinations of Hooks -with Circles and Loops. Iss is combined with the R-hook by turning the hook into a circle, on straight stems, and by writing the circle within the hook on curves. If the R-hook on a straight stem be changed to a loop, the sound of St is indicated as occurring before the stem and hook. Spree. Sabre. Stray. Cider. Seeker. Stepper. Slabber. Stutter. Stitcher. Stoker. Staider. L -L "5 ^ ^ ^ ^ 2 L <5_X Safer. Savor. Seizer. Sealer. Simmer. Saner. Sooner. Singer. Seizure. Suffer. a. Iss is combined with the L-hook by writing the circle within the hook, on both straight and curved stems. VOCALIZATION OF R- AND L-HOOK8 N-HOOK. 19 b. When combined with either the R-hook or L-hook, the circle is read tirst; a vowel before the stem next: the stem next; the hook next; and a vowel after the stem next. (T.V qv ^ \ t_ Spray. Supply. Strike. Sidle. Spring. Cider. Satchel. Sicker. Sickly. Cigarette. Subtle. c. Ses is never written within a hook or another circle. . Vocalization of the R- and L-Hooks. When vowels occur between stems and their initial hooks, they are written as follows: Dot vowels are represented by small circles, written in the position of the vowel, before the stem to indicate a lon ^A V. * *"=> Pounced. Bounced. Pranced. Chanced. Against. Glanced. Rinsed. Spinster. Punster. Spinsters. Punsters. c. The N-hook, on a straight stem, turned into a large circle, becomes Nses, or Nsez. \ \ _ Q I ..' ^-& ^TO -*~ * O a. ^^? Pounces. Tenses. Dances. Rinses. Sconces. Sequences. Responses. Cleanses. Glances. Bonzes. /. S is added to the N-hook on curves by writing the circle within the hook. Vines. Thence. Athens. Feigns. Lens. Immense. Nonce. Wince. Yawns. Hence. JI^" Write Exercise XIII. of the Speed-Book. F-V HOOK Y-HOOK W-HOOK. 21 17. The F-Y-Hook. A small final hook, on the L-hook side of straight stems, or a long and narrow final hook on the inside of curves, indicates an added F or V. a. S or Z is added to the F-hook by writing the circle within the hook. b. The F-hook is always read after the stem to which it is attached, and after any vowel or initial hook written to the stem, but before a final circle. When F or V is the last consonant sound of a word and is followed by a vowel, the stem is used, and not the hook. k. Brief. Tough. Drive. Chaff. Cliff. Five. Thief. Loaf. Paves. Puffs. Dives. Doves. IW Write Exerciaes XIV. and XV. of the Speed- Book. 18. The Y-Hook. A large initial hook on the K-hook side of straight stems, or a long and narrow initial hook on the inside of curves, adds the consonant sound of Y. This hook is used chiefly for phrasing, a principle hereafter explained. GP Write Exercise XVI. of the Speed-Book. 19. The W-Hook. A large initial hook, on the L-hook side of straight stems only, adds the sound of W, and is read after the stem, but before any final hook or circle. Z^~ Write Exercise XVII. of the Speed- Book. 22 TER-IIOOK M-IIOOK. 20. The Ter-Hook. A large final hook, written in place of the N-hook, on any straight stem, adds to the stem the syllable Ter, Der, or Ther. This hook is read after the stem, and after any vowel or initial iiook written to the stem, but before a final circle or N-hook. Putter. Batter. Tighter. Daughter. Cheater. Writer. Tiaitor. Blighter. Clatter. Grater. a. A final Iss-circle, or a small hook for an added N, may be writ- ten within the Ter-hook, and should be read after the stem and after all vowels and all other hooks or circles. This small hook for N is used chiefly for phrasing. ^ fc J" / <^ el' ^-5. ---/ ------- ^^ ---- r-^tS ------ * ------- VJ --~ ..... -> ..... c^"" Peters. Betters. Debtors. Chatters. Caters. Gutters. Writers. Traitors. Graters. Clatters. J^~ Write Exercise XVI II. of the Speed-Book. 21. The M-Hook. A short, broad final hook, -written in place of the F-hook on straight stems, and on the inside of curves, adds the sound of M to the stem. This hook is read after the stem, and after any vowel or initial hook written to the stem, but before a final circle or N-hook. ---- ..... k ...... U.....&. ..... fe..:.- ..... ^... Palm. Beam. Tame. Dome. Chum, Chimney. Camera. Game. Fame. Memory. Name. Prime. Dream . Charm . Germ . Chrome. Grim. Crimson. Trimming. Prominence. a. A final Iss-circle, or a small hook for an added N, may be writ- ten within the M-hook, and should be read after the stem and after all vow T els and all other hooks or circles. When M is the last con- sonant in a word, and is followed by a vowel, the stem is used, and not the hook. b. If two vowels occur between M and a preceding stem, the M-stem is used; excepting cases where the sound of M follows Kay, when the hook should be used. Poem. Residuum. Exordium. Tedium, lieciuicin. Aquarium. Delirium. Sanitorium. Igjf^ Write Exercise XIX. of the Speed-Book. TION-HOOK. 22. The Tion-Hook. The frequent syllables Tion, Sion, etc., are expressed by a small circle and back-hook, similar to the expedi- ent for Sen, Son. etc., the rule for which is stated at g 8, g. A small circle may be written within the back-hook to add S or Z. The syllable Tion may be added to an X-hook, on a straight stem, by turning that hook into a circle and continuing the stroke to form a back-hook; and the Iss-circle may be written within the back-hook. ' V ~~ -\ ...,\i * c/v.. r^*- -^ V- :.^...^C...N^.. Passion. Ambition. Edition. Relation. Invasion. Nanation. Aberration. Negation. ...:*....!.. U- 1 Fashions. Visions. Lesions. Rations. Occasions. Invasions. Iiiviu.i.oiis. Pension. Tension. ii. When Tion occurs after I) followed by the F-hook, it may be indicated by a small hook written outside of the F-hook ; as. devotional ; _L division; but where two vowels immediately prc- cede this syllable. Isli with the N-hook is used to express it; as. I deviation. b. In such words as I / dictionary, L stationer, -^^P national, "\ ,- professional, the back-hook is omitted. * D c. The past tense of verbs ending in Tion, is indicated by halving the stem preceding that syllable. In words ending with -ate follow- ing Tion, a half lenuth'Ln is used instead of the back-hook. (See ^ 23.) Petition. Pi-titioneil. Pension. Pensioned. Proportion. Proportioned. Caution. Cautioned i ic'-a-i' .n. Occasioned. Motion. Motioned. Fashion. Fashioned. Passionate. Proportionate. Affection. Affectionate. d. The termination S-tion. in such words as position, physician, is indicated by a large circle and back-hook: and the Iss-circle may be written within the back-hook. Physician. Opposition. Position. Possession. Accession. Accusation. Recession. Proces-i . m. Precision. 24 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. e The same syllable may be added to an N-hook, on a straight stem, by turning the hook into a large circle and adding the back- hook; as ^5 compensation. (See R. 2, p. 50.) The Iss-circle may be written within the back-hook. /. In words ending with -est or -ist, following Tion, a half-length Es maybe joined to the back-hook; as, -/r~ elocutionist; \^- --factionut; o secessionist. Jgf~ Write Exercise XX. of the Speed-Book. 23. The Halving Principle. Making a light stem half-length, adds T. Making a shaded stem half-length, adds D. The experienced writer may safely halve any stem to add either T or D, except as hereafter stated. The added sound is read after all vowels and hooks written to the stem, but before a final circle. Pit. Pet. Pat. Sodded. Bride. Bled. Bands. Drift. Craft. Cleaned. Mined. Buttered. Palmed. Indicate. Intent. Maintained. Golden. Garden. Prominent. Dominant. Germinate. Abomi- nate. Pennant. Tenant. Defect. Maturity. a. Words containing a second-place vowel with no other stem than R, L, M, or N, halved to add the sound of D, may be written slightly above the line, to distinguish them from similar words end- ing with the sound of T; or, in such Words ending with a hook, the sound of D may be indicated by shading the hook. b. Half-length stems are written below the line, for the third position. c. A half-length should not be joined to another stem, where its length cannot be readily distinguished. d. Ray is seldom halved to add the sound of D, except when it bears a final hook, or when it is preceded by F, V, or L. Ish should never be halved to add D. e. -Tine is better represented by a V-stem following a half-length, in most instances, than by T and the V-hook; as, cr votive ; , active. J@p Write Exercises XX f. and XXI f. of the Speed-Book. THE LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE SPECIAL RULES. 25 24. The Lengthening Principle Lengthening a curved stem adds the syllable Ter, Der or Ther. The added syllable is read after all vowels and hooks written to the stem, but before a final circle. a. The first half of a lengthened curve is placed in the position indicated by the accented vowel of the word, in accordance with the rule given in 4, b, in the same manner as if it were a distinct stem. Wither. Neither. Theater. Miter. Fighter. Cinders. Easter. Hinder. Lighter. Waiters. Another. Vendor. Mothers. Fetter. Memler. Thunder. Further. Lender. Flatter. Matter. Father. Hatter. Shatter. Neuter. Ouster. Shooter. Laughter. Write Exercise XXIII. of ihe Speed-Book. 25. Special Rules and Suggestions. a. Where a regular verb in the present tense ends with a half-length, written with or without a hook, the syllable -ed may be added for the past tense by an inclined final tick, struck at a distinct angle with the half-length or with its final hook, as, < voted; I' dated; < --^, invaded. b. Words of the same part of speech and containing the same con- sonants, should always be distinguished by vocalization, or by difference of position or outline. Piety. Pity. Pattern. Patron. Propriety. Appropriate. Protection. Production. Pertain. Appertain. Prominent. Permanent. Birth. Breath. Train. Turn. Diseased. Deceased. Fav- ored. Favorite. c. Words having peculiar outlines, and most words written with more than two upright or inclined stems, may be written on the line. Aluminum. Gigantic. Calico. Bronchial. Bridge. Severe. Hypothetical. Unitarian. 26 SPECIAL RULES. d. No hook, circle or loop, can be used at the end of a word, when the sound indicated by it is immediately preceded and followed by vowels, but the stem representing the same sound must be used. y: Berry. Wori-y. Valley. Swallow. Penny. Funny. Coffee Jersey. Pasty. e. As far as possible, derivatives should be written with outlines similar to those of their primitives, and in the same positions with respect to the line of writing. /. The sound of Sh may be indicated by the small circle or loop, in such words as \> accomplish; ^^-^ negotiate. g. Where the consonant sound of Y follows that of T or D, better outlines may often be obtained by expressing both sounds with Chay or Jay; as in ^, virtue. ^ verdure. h. In words ending with Kshn following T or D, K may generally be omitted ; as in 1- attraction ; J| destruction. An experienced writer may safely extend the use of this expedient to many words in which Kshn follows other stems, as, ^-- application. Other letters may sometimes be omitted, if necessary, to obtain more easily written outlines, as, J^_ assignment; U attainment; 4 achievement; \~^ postman; |_^ dumped ; ... _ contract ; ^? restitution; \ desti- tution; f slightest; ^ brightest; ^ medicine; "~'Vso_ inves- tigate; - '~ b glimpse ; L timber; / chamber; '\/o typewriter. i. Foreign sounds are indicated by striking a light waved line through the stems most nearly representing them; as, .^. on; ^ iin ; icJt. j. The terminations -ure, -ured, -uate, --atio-n, may be indicateil by the stem Y; as, y^ insure; '"-"V infatuate; ~^ infatuation; BPECIAL RULES. 27 x-o pleasure; /f foreclosure. It is also allowable to indicate -ure by the Ter-hook, by Chay or Jay with the E-hook, by the Str-loop, and in some instances by lengthening; as, ^ culture; Sr. feature ; ^^ mixture ; V^ venture. %iT Write Exercise XXIV. of the Speed-Book. 26. Further Study. The student who has faithfully practiced the exercises of the Speed- Book in connection with the preceding sec- tions of the Manual, has now learned all the word signs and a large proportion of the contractions of the system. At this point in his progress, he should thoroughly review the table of word-signs, after which he may learn the rules for Prefixes and Affixes, pp. 50-52, writing Exercise XXVI. of the Speed-Book, which illustrates those rules. The table of Contractions and Word-Forms, p 63, should then be taken up, and the forms not already learned should be com- mitted to memory. Most of the rules of phrasing have also been learned from the exer- cises in the Speed- Book. Those which still remain to be learned, are very simple. They are fully illustrated by Exercises XXV, XXVII, XXVIII and and XXIX. After these exercises have been written, and the rules learned upon which they are based, a thorough review of the whole book is earnestly recommended. The exercises begin- ning on p. 87 of the Manual will furnish excellent matter for practice during this review. A table of Contractions and Word-Forms, alphabetically arrang- ed, will be found at p. 53 of the Speed-Book. This table, besides including all the contractions of the system, contains the best outlines for a large number of words of frequent occurrence, and the student should familiarize himself with them. The outlines are indicated by Stenotypy, the rules for which are, in brief, that an ordinary capital letter indicates a shorthand stem ; that an Italic capital indicates a stem struck upward ; that small letters indicate attachments to the stem, such as circles, loops hooks, etc., or the use of the halving or lengthening principle ; and that a superior figure indicates the posi- tion of a word with respect to the line of writing. WORD-SIGNS. The words marked (*) are used in phrasing only. The word-signs for OH, should, and how, are written upward. \ / I / o ....He,The ....All .... Awe, Already .... He* ...Is, His .A / Who i Oh, Owe .... On As*, Has* v // Ah \ Two, Too I, High / Should* j s there . An, And \ To* <^ First ....How* .... H-as there \ \ \ Upon, Property, Occupy .... \ \ .. Up, Hope, Pay / \ x Ease, Easy .... / .. ),.Was, Owes . Put, Part, Party, Happy " Has, As, Whose \ \ v Be, By, Buy .... \ \ . . Before -J i She, Wish ' J. Shall, Show x About Should, Issue What, Ought, Talk, Between At, Take, It ~s Usual, Usually Out, To, But, Took [Dollar ^~ , Did, Differ-ed-ent-cnce, ' r~ s~ While, 111, Lie .... 1 . . . 1 . . Do, Defendant, Day .... f . WiU, Well, Low i Had, Add ^ Allow, Whole, Wholly / / / Watch, Each .... / /..Which, Change /' Charge, Much ) ~"N From, Here, Hear 1 ~x . . Where, Were, Her , ) Our, Hour / / Object-ed, Adjoin-ed ' / . . Agent, Age / / , Or [Recollect ' / . . There, Their, They are, Judge, Large, Advantage Recover, Recovery, Are [Week Common, Commit-ted-tee, Me, My, Time 1 ' Company, Come, Came v " Think, Long, Thing .... ) . . ) . . So, Say, Us ' s - ' Nothing,Among,Length House, Sue 2> ^^ Language, Along Reading 3 ..j^\..^i..\.^..-vr:_A.-/7.. *^/../cT..,~/r... r.. \.^...vr . \. ^-..^.s~..^ ..^..^.^:..^.a..(f:...yn,Y:. . .A.. Jrrv.. . J ___ t^~*. ___ J ___ /TT\.. . ./. . ___ f. ..^^r^>. .^^-^.-rr-^ 30 READING EXERCISES. } :> Y^^ READING EXERCISES. 31 T"~V38T -V 32 HEADING EXERCISES. p - -" <~SK '-S ./ -M? -^-P Sp---V- -> (to---v^C-...:t.-...^S-_.. > Q ^-^ &.........* .-r^T....-^...?^... ...V5>...^ READING EXERCISES. *> s*^~) I j^- - y Lz^~ ^f /s~^ r / .^l'. A. * * *---V--^--J- J- f 1 .a T ^ / < JA x ~T -~ cprc^--^-- -^- o* o* \t\ V I / -^^y^Tja " V$A V- "OX" 0." <7. '" O' O A O A OA < ~~T) 17..^) .^....k J! -^ .Al L: 1~ .1:. /* / y C 3 . 7> f '" ' ' ""jpl. v V ^s A- ^ v^^ /s? 1) .>... ->... V b -^......^f......^ &.....Z* ^7" ^ ) ^^ ^O c -< / ^A ^ ^ 20.^ ^....^ i__ .? }y .}. ^ .Jl - .-- -r -*~fc 21. READING EXERCISES. 37 u___.2f. c \22.%> -4 -S=vifl -V^ --> 452374 38 READING EXERCISES. 23 ..3. A-.... % v K * s v r r r r / T " i. r rt ^ * ^ <. c c c > > VIA"' ' \ A C ^. ^. ' C C JT- (" A 7i- -arr -V ^ ^ ^ -^--^--^--^ c- - ^ S T r^ ^ V A A". Sr i v vp. q ,. ...j... ...L-.... ...j, Jr c: V T 1 - .^' 6" '-ff 7? . -5 ^ r^ ^ c_ ? ID -e. .. -a... ....^... (-- Q> C-. 6 ! A... ...a... .y... .4- -^- T L, ^ S v> o \_ "^ ) READING EXERCISES. 39 25 '^ /sv_...... ^v- ,\. 'f~^ ^ a, . y^- '"* ^ \ A ' I t~, \^. v \_ ) -t 9) (o f ( g-'"- (\ 1 'I < ' ^ r~^> \ * JP- A. /I T & x ? -v I ^ -^ i --^.--.ii--^ ! : -> -t-~-4 -S ' V I * v *> _^ C.-.JO TTT^.. ^\ ^ , . ( 'P ^' .\ cTTi . ,./C\. - - ^o -<_^> A -i- Patience and Perseverance. Eyercise on tbc WorO*iQn0. ./:..- A. \ \ 1. ..A......C \ V .SK_I; Y ./... ..L. -1 / C :...../ ...A... ./. .1 / ^ - L; J.I.. -/- I Y r EXERCISE ON THE WORD-SIGNS. 41 - ..... ..... ..... ^ ..... - ....... - ..... f ....... > ..... ; , ...^___. ...^--- / - ) ) ^ (. N ^ L ^TTS ( /^ ^ '"("' v i I v ) / .. J X ^ S: L.... ; ..._^T.., ^[ _ ( ^^.._...L.. ....^.. o o ^ - ^ I o / -(- - <--- -l \ i >--/- - V--i--^-- k ~ -L_) .v- // v ^ o Li Zy -' - 42 EXERCISE ON THE WORD-SIGNS. ...^ :._.. c. j.....~... v ....^!f.. ...... J f. ^ '. A. fr..-..^.-...^.." ) )- L i " i -^ ^-i \ ) I x- ^ % r _J !L .v. / - ( ^ \.....L..^ .C. .(L. .-SiicP-. WRITING EXERCISES. 4, b. Me, see, we, lee, peak, deem, feel, meal, leak, keel, theme, sbeaf, leave, thee, she, thief, keep reap reach, bay. may, say, way, lay, bake, dame, fail, mail, lake, cave fade lair, fair, shave, name, rake, chair, vague, pa, ask, far, p;ir, laugh, jar, farm, mar, tar, bar, car, march, taw, ought, thaw, caw, maw, bought, talk, chalk, walk, pall, laud, haw, gnaw, taught, fall, maul, haul, daub, Maud, wrought, fought, shawl, tall, Poe, know, go, row, road, boat, load, coal, mole, mowed, dome, coo, pooh, shoe, rue, chew, rood, food, tooth, booth, pool, poor, loop, veto, decay, opaque, obey, Esau, also, Cato, uovo, evoke, repay, rope, coach. Paw, pea, pooh, pa. pay, ape, ope. be, bay, bah, bo, Abe, tea, Tay, toe, too, eat, ate, ought, oat, day, daw, doe, do, aid, awed, owed, chaw, etch, jay, jaw, Joe, age, key, caw, Coe, coo, eke, ache, oak, gay, oaf, eve, oath, they, though, see, say, saw, so, ease, awes, owes, ooze, lee, lay, la, law, low, loo, eel, ail, awl, me, may, ma, maw, mow, aim, nay, knee, gnaw, no, e'en, own, we, way, wo, woo, ye, yea, he, hay, hah. haw, hoe. Peat, paid, beat, bait, bought, boat, boot, teak, talk, deem, dome, doom, cheek, chair, choke, jeer, joke, cape, cope, calm, caulk, comb, cage, balm, keel, gear, game, gawk, gage, feat, fade, food, evade, evoke, thought, theme, thole, sheet, shade, shape, shame, assure, meed, made, mode, mood, neat, nail, node, note, kneel, uneasy. 4, d. Mill, fill, pick, rip, bill, fib, chick, rich, lip, dip, pill, ship, fish, Etch, egg, beg, bell, mell, pet, fed, wreck, check, leg, wretch, fetch, edge, ledge. Tack, back, catch, lap, rap, chap, patch, rack, match, nag, gap jap, gaff. jag. Knock, rob, chop, botch, lock, fog, log, top, nod. loll, Tom, bog, dock. Up, us, duck, knuck, buck, luck, fudge, rub, chub, cub, tub, cuff, cup. Xook, look, rook, pull, book, shook, took, foot, full, put, could, full, bull. Lady, navy, lazy, zero, elbow, meadow, ruddy, lucky, mellow, racy, halo, lackey, paddy, natty, filly, lily, rkmy, Minnie, merry, 44 WRITING EXERCISES. berry, fellow, catch, carry, match, marry, fair, fairy, veer, vary, vile, villa, valley, sherry, Harry, hero, Vichy. Pot, pet, pat, bet, bat, tick, tuck, tack, dumb, chip, chap, jug, jag, cup, kedge, cab, cod, cuff, gig, gap, fib, fun, fan, fudge, fag. them, thumb, thatch, thick, thill, sham, meadow, nudge, nib, not, nut, nag. 4. e. Tie, by, die, rye, type, dire, mile, knife, ire. ice, eyes, I'm, mighty, Fido, Milo, Nina, pica, China, writhe, chide, deny, mica, fiat Boy, toy, joy, Roy, foil, coil, decoy, enjoy, annoy, alloy, oily, envoy. Bough, vow, cow, cough, dowry, hour, hourly, endow, avow, allow. Pew, due, chew, Jew, few, mule, feud, lure, newly, fury bureau, beauty. 5. Leap, lobe, lady, latch, lodge, like, look, log, lug, levy, lath, Lizzie, lily, lory, Luna, lying, Lehigh. Pillow, billow, tally, daily, chilly, jolly, collie, coolie, gaily, ugly, fellow, valley, shyly, shallow, roily, mallow, newly, willow, woolly, Arab, orb, ark, argosy, Arno, erring, army. Rib, robe, ride, route, reach, ridge, rake, rag, rush, rouge, rally. Peal, pyre, bell, bore, tool, tear, jail, jeer, keel, cure, feel, far, vile, veer. Elk, allege, alum, alumni. Aright, arrayed, arch, urge, arrive. Thayer, theory, Harry, hurry, hoary. Romish, armada, remedy, Arrahoe, rehash. Airy, area, era, Erie, array, arrow, awry, Aurora. Pacha, bushy, bashaw, dashy, tissue, fishy. 7. Widow, web, wick, woke, wag, wig, witch, wedge, walk, war, wing. Europe, Yarrow, Utica, Yattau, Yedo, yoke, youth, yellow, Ure, Yahoo. 8. Sip, sup, sap, peace, pus, pass, sob, boys, seat, sight, sty, stow. Safe, suffice, face, phiz, suffuse, save, salve, vice, voice, views, saith, sooth, thaws, seethe, scythe, these, this, those, cease, seize, sighs, size, mice, mouse, muse, moose, seen, sane, sawn, soon, sin, son, sign, neice, nose, news, sing, sung, sang, wise, ways, wooes, use, hause, hies, hues. Speedy, speech, spoke, subdue, Sabbath, stake, scope, scathe, snore, snug, smack, smoky, small, singing, swap, swab, swing, swag. Asp, espy, osage, ask, Ezra, Isaac, assume, oozing, assignee, Esty, easier, asthma. Saucy, busy, lazy, racy, mossy, posy, rosy, cosy, apostacy, gypsy, tipsy. Ace, so, see, say, saw, sue, easy, owes, ooze, awes. Sighing, sewing, scion, science, sigher. Zeal, zero, czar, zinc. Besought, obesity, beseech, besiege, tusk, desk. Audacity, decide, WRITING EXERCISES. 45 Joseph. Cusp, cossack, cask, excite, accede, oxyde, gasp, faucet, physic, fusty, offset, effusive, vista, visit, visage, evasive, honesty, nasty, inside, unsaid, unsafe, unsung, unseen. Poison, basin, bison, dozen, dizen,chasten,chosen, cousin,fasten, season, Susan, lessen.arson, mason. Poisons, basins, bisons, dozens, dizens, chastens, Jason's, cous- ins, fastens, seasons, Susan's, lessens, arsons, masons. 9. Pauses, poses, passes, bases, abysses, bosses, abuses, teases, tosses, adduces, cheeses, chases, chooses, cases, faces, fusses, theses, chaises, leases, laces, losses, loses, maces, misses, musses, masses, noses, noises, nooses, roses. Possess, possessive, possessor, Mississippi, em- phasis, necessary, necessity, excessive, success, exercise, exhaust, cen- sus. Recesses, exercises, excesses, successes, emphasizes, abscesses. g 10. Steep, stoop, step, stop, stab, stubby, state, stout, staid,stowcd, stood, stitch, stage, stalk, stoke, stag, stiff, stuff, staff, stave, steal, stale, stole, stool, star, story, stem, pieced, paced, passed, beast, baste,boast, taste, tossed, test, dosed, dust, chased, chest, just, joust. Feast, faced, Faust, fist, fast, vest, vast, voiced, theist, atheist, ceased, assist, assessed, soused, easiest, zest, leased, laced, lowest, loosed, arrest, raced, rest, rust, missed, moist, west, yeast. Pests, posts, beasts, busts, tastes, tests, dusts, chests, jousts, costs, coasts, guests, gusts, feasts, fasts, vests, theists, assists, zests, arrests, rests, mists, wastes. Paster, pastor, pos- ter, baster, boaster, taster, toaster, tester, duster, Chester, juster, coaster, caster, f caster, faster, foster, vaster, Shaster, lustre, roster, master, mus- ter. Pasters, boasters, testers, dusters, Chester's, coasters, casters, fosters, shysters, lustres, lasters, rosters, roosters. Piston, Posten, Los- ton, Dustin, Justin, Coston, Gaston. Liston, Masten, Westou. Postern, pastern, cistern, wester". 12. Pro, prow, upper, bray, brow, brew, tree, tray, true, try, Troy, trow, eater, otter, outer, dray, draw, drew, dry, aider, odor, adder, odder, udder. Etcher, edger, acre, ochre, crow, crew, eager, ogre, auger, gray, grow, grew, fray, fro, fry, free, offer, over, ever, three," throw, through, ether, author, either, other, easer, Iser, usher, shrew, ailer, oiler, howler, error, emir, aimer, Homer, hummer, inner. Peeper, paper, pitcher, baker, betray, botcher, trainer, deeper, decree, checker, chider, jabber, caper, catcher, calmer, fakir, f etcher, fiber, vigor, shader, leaper, leper, labor, ladder, Archer, meeker, matcher, negro, 46 WRITING EXERCISES. roguery, rocker, wrecker, wager, parry, opera, apiary, borrow, berry, bureau, bowery, tyro, tarry, diary, dowry, cheery, cherry chary, carry, augury, firy, foray, fairy, ferry, furrow, fury, sherry, showery, miry, morrow, merry, Myra, marrow, Nora, narrow, hero, Harry. 13. Plea, play, ply, plow, blow, blew, able, addle, idol, agile, claw, clay, cloy, clue, eagle, glow, glue. Flee, flay, flaw, flew, evil, oval, easel, earl, only, oral. People, papal, pearl, puzzle, Babel, babble, Bible, tattle, toddle, tickle, table, toggle, dapple, deploy, chapel, cheaply, cockle, cackle, camel, girl, fickle, vocal, thickly, local, likely, liable, label, arable, rabble, model, nickel, weakly. Pillow, happily, belie, billow, bellow, tallow, tally, daily, delay,duly, chilly, jolly, jelly, July, elegy, collie, coolie, gaily, gulley, gala, folly, fellow, follow, volley, villa, valley, vile, mellow, mallow, newly, relay, rally, royal, holly, hollow, hilly, halo, hallow. 14. Spray, spry, sapper, supper, sober, saber, stray, straw, strew, suitor, sitter, setter, cedar, sadder, cider, suture, sager, sicker, soaker, safer, cypher, suffer, savor, sealer, seemer, simmer, saner, signer, singer, pastry, poisoner, beseiger, tasker, decipher, destroy, descry, disagree, gossamer, vestry, vesper, massacre, mastery, extra. Supple, supply, sable, settle, subtil, saddle, sidle, satchel, sickle, cycle, civil, sizzle. Peaceable, paschal, phthisical, disclose, disciple, disable, explo- sive, gospel, physical, visible, useful. 15. Partial, paraphrase, parsimony, perceive, purple, dark, cheer- ful, Charles, journey, journal, church, kernel, courage, course, excur- sive, nearly, more, tell, till, delicacy, call, cull, cool, college, calumny, gulf, unskilful, fill, fell, fulfil, falsify, velocity, volume, valuable, vulgar, village, vulnerable. 16. Pine, spine, pun, plain, prone, Spain, pan, plan, bin, brain, brown, tone, tun, tine, train, stain, tune, Dane, done, sudden, drown, chain, chin, Jane, join, June, keen, crane, clown, skin, screen, gain, gone, gown, fain, fawn, fan, often, stiffen, vain, van, even, seven, Thane, thin, then, thine, assign, sheen, shun, shine, sullen, slain, lawn, earn, stern, reign, Rhine, mean, moan, Simon, marine, moon, known, nine, noon, swain, swan, one, wine, yawn, Pekin, pippin, pigeon, pennon, bacon, beaten, Buffon, obtain, bemoan, barn, balloon, tighten, ottoman, turn, detain, dungeon, domain, chicken, cheapen, capon, kitchen, cunning, griffin, gammon, focman, vanish, thicken, linen, WRITING EXERCISES. 47 yeoman, pines, spines, sprains, bones, bans, buns, tones, trains, stains, strains, tense, dins, dense, drowns, Siddons, chains, chance, joins, canes, coins, gains, groans, glance, fence, softens, fawns, veins, heav- ens, Athens, thence, assigns, oceans, shuns, shines, lens, loans, lance, rains, rinse, runs, means, immense, nonce, announce, wines. Benson, Johnson, Robinson, Wisconsin. Pounced, pranced, bounced, danced, chanced, against. Spinster, punster, spinsters, punsters. Princes, prances, pounces, bounces, trounces, dunces, chances, sconces, cleanses, glances. 17. Pave, approve, puff, beef, brief, bluff, tough, dove, drove, chief, chafe, chaff, Jove, cuff, cliff, crave, carve, grief, grove, leaf, slave, lave, luff, laugh, reef, rave, roof, move, miff, muff, knave, knife, enough, weave, woof, spavin, Tiffany, divine, achieving, jovial, cover, govern, lover, river, revery, nymph, traffic, defense. Paves, puffs, beeves, doves, coves, raves, moves, knives, slaves, weaves. 19. Twins, twain, twice, twenty, Edwin, quaff, queen, quince, quail, quill, queer, Gwinn, quarrel, query, quest, squib, square, bequest. 20. Peter, platter, potter, splutter, beater, bather, bitter, bother, blotter, brother, tighter, traitor, tatters, chatter, crater, clatter, gaiters, graters. 21. Palm, prim, prime, plum, balm, bomb, broom, bloom, brim, team, tame, tomb, trim, tramway, dim, dumb, dream, dram, chum, chime, Jim, gems, jam, calm, comb, cam, crime, clime,crumb, chrome, gleam, groom, grim, gloom, fame, foam, vim, thumb, them, sachem, shame, sham, limb, lame, loam, slam, lime, arm, rim, room, roam, rhymes, maim, ma'am, mum, mummery, name, gnome. 22. Potion, passion, option, edition, addition, auction, caution, occasion, action, fashion, fusion, evasion, vision, ovation, session, elision, elation, illusion, allusion, oration, erosion, ration, mission, emotion, nation, notion, unction, petition, palliation, pollution, ablu- tion, ebullition, tertian, education, adoption, devotion, admission, de- lusion, adulation, adoration, ejection, junction, fiction, affection, fac- tion, affliction, function, vacation, avocation, variation, location, lega- tion, elevation, erection, irrigation, rotation, imitation, magician, monition, ammunition, notation, invasion. Potions, editions, cautions, actions, fashions, visions, sessions, allusions, portions, narrations. Pro- fessional, optional, exceptional, educational, devotional, sectional, fac- tional, functional, emotional, national, notional, rational, irrational. Petitioner, stationary, dictionary, auctioneer, electioneer, visionary. Petitioned, pensioned, proportioned, cautioned, occasioned, motioned, 48 WHITING EXERCISES. fashioned. Proportionate, affectionate. Opposition, position, posses- sion, causation, accession, accusation, precision, procession, physician, cessation, incision, transition, musician. Possessions, accessions, processions. Processional, transitional, sensational. 23. Peat, pate, pit, pet, pat, bead, bode, bid, bud, bowed, taught, tote, toot, tight, deed, date, dad, died, dude, cheat, chat, jawed, jewed, caught, coat, Kate, kite, cute, gait, goad, get, God, good, guide, feat, fate, fought, fit, fat, foot, evade, vat, vied, void, vowed, viewed, east, oust, eased, oozed, sheet, shoot, shot, shut, shout, lead, load, laid, let, lot, light, allowed, art, heart, erred, rate, wrought, wrote, route, write, rout, rut, meet, made, mode, might, need, note, weed, wait, wooed, yacht, pride, plate, pained, puffed, paltered, palmed, supped, braid, blood, bend, abaft, sobbed, treat, told, tuned, luft, sighted, dried, addled, dunned, daft, dimmed, sodded, cheered, chained, chilled, achieved, chimed, chattered, charred, joined, jammed, cried, cold, conned, coughed, catered, calmed, skate,scanned, agreed, glad, gained, gift, gathered, gummed, goods, fright, flat, faint, fifed, fumed, soft, feats, averred, valued, vend, saved, vats, vents, thread, thinned, theft, thumbed, soothed, shield, shunned, shift, shamed, shoots, Lord, lined, left, loomed, lights, slight, errand, armed, arts, seared, rolled, round, rift, roomed, rights, marred, mind, muffed, maimed, meets, neared, knifed, named, needs, word, wield, wind, waved, swayed, yield. Motive, talkative, active, ablative, operative, susceptive, adjective, elective, captive, negative, provocative, speculative, lucrative, prepar- ative, figurative, defective, productive, native, destructive, irruptive. 25. Needed, noted, mated, sifted, wanted, undoubted, invited, pretended, waited, sorted, emitted, fitted, worded, wended, rewarded, knotted, vaunted, exempted. Accomplishment, negotiate, negotia- tion, virtuous, feature, verdure, attraction, destruction, distraction, obstruction, abstraction, application, assignment, attainment, achieve- ment, postmaster, postage, postal, dumped, pumped, glimpse, breast- pin, contract, attract, fact, effect, affliction, insure, insurance, pleas- ure, treasure, foreclosure, insinuation, fluctuation, infatuation. 26. The student has now gone through all the principles of Pho- netic Short-hand, and is about to enter upon a new branch of the study which will greatly increase his ability to make practical use of what he has thus far learned. The list of word-signs should be thoroughly committed to memory, and the positions of the various signs must also be learned. The exercise on the word-signs should be read and reread many times, until every word is known at sight. After these word-signs are thoroughly learned, the student's further progress will be more rapid. Now, Patience and Perseverance. jEjercise on tbe I will pay for the property, when I go there. I hope he will call upon you, before you buy. Buy what you can pay for, and pay for what you buy. You can talk it up with him before he goes. Did you take it away before he came home? He took it out at that time, and returned it. What day do you think we had better go? They forgot to change it, and it is now too late. Watch each ruling of the judge, and object when you can. I can accompany the committee, if they come this week. The object of the agent was to get the advan- tage. What is the difference in value between the different pieces? He charged too much, and more than I would give. It was given to him, and he gave it to me. It took too much of my time, to show the house. How long do you think the thing will keep us? I forget her age, but I know she is yet young. I wish she would show us the whole house to-day. What is the issue between the parties, that you are to try? The property adjoined his, and he paid a hundred dollars for it. I shall have above two hundred feet, after selling that. They think she may recover, now, but she may not. So, you say you saw them together among the company? Why did you go away, without asking his price ? 1 do not recollect much of what I saw there. There are a few, but he will not sell them. Do you think him a worthy man for the place? His youth is not against him, if he is worthy. I for- get the form of it, but it is too large. He bought it for his wife, when she was away. Where were you, w r hen our friends were here from Rome? They delayed us an hour beyond the time they set. I am not aware of his having need of it. Whom did you meet, on your way to the train? How much did he owe you, when his assignment was made? He may have some excuse which you do not know. I will see whether he will sell it, before I go. He thought it was loo high and too heavy for him. They broke the wheel, as they were driving on the street. I know but little of the language, and shall not go. How long ago did you. buy the house j'ou live in ? They usually know where to find the best articles. It is easy to tell whose work that was. He has as many as you will need, I think. He can not recollect when or where he saw it. Did you ever know the Smiths, of Smithville, Kentucky ? They are kind and generous to all, but they are quiet people. The first is there, already, and the second will come to-morrow. We shall visit them again, another year, if we can. Do not judge of a man's actions, upon hearsay. She had no thought of going, before they came. If the student will frame sentences of his own, made up from these word-signs, it will be of advantage to him. PREFIXES. 1. Accom is represented by either joined to the succeeding portion of the word, or disjoined, as may be most convenient. 2. Com, con, cog, may be written with a dot at the beginning of the first stem in a word ; or, 3. By disjoining the other portions of a word at the place where either of these syllables occurs. 4. Contra, contri, counter, by using the Con-dot, or by ^ fol- lowed by i or / according to convenience in joining to the remainder of the word. 5. Fore, for, by the stem V_ joined to the remainder of the word. 6. In, un, on, by an initial back-hook, when followed by the S circle, if ^^ will not readily join. 7. Inter, intro, and enter, by x_x either joined or disjoined. If disjoined, it should be written in the position of the first vowel, as shown in the illustrations. 8. Magna, magni, by a disjoined ^-^ written over or near the remainder of the word. / ^ May be used for magnify and its derivatives, and also for the word magnitude. 9. Ed, by ^ x 10. Self, by the syllable written in full, where convenient ; in other cases, by a small circle near the following stem of the word. 11. There should alwaj r s be written with the word sign / but in such words as thereupon, therefore, thereafter, the inclination of the Ray should be changed in such manner that the remainder of the word may be written in its proper position. AFFIXES. 12. Ble, Uy, may be indicated by \ or, where the hook cannot be easily made, by \ alone. 13. Bleness, by ^ disjoined and written through the line. In some cases, the hook is omitted and the affix is joined to the word. 14. Ed, by halving the last stem in a word ; by a half-length | , disjoined! after a full-length stem ; or, by the tick provided in 25. 15. Ential, entially, may be indicated by J following an N-hook. Essential and essentially, however, are better written } , x 50 AFFIXES. 51 16. Ever, by the F hook ; soever, by ^_ x 17. For, fore, form, by V_ joined to the preceding portion of the word. 18. Ful, fully, by the Ef-hook, except when the affix follows a circle or hook, in which case it may be indicated by V^_ x 19. Fulness, by ^ written through the line near the preceding portion of the word. 20. Ing should be written with -^/ whenever it can be easily joined. Where the stem cannot be used conveniently, ing may be indicated by a dot at the END of the last stem of the word. In such words as exceedingly, the Ing-dot may be placed at the end of the stem preceding ( x 21. A perpendicular or horizontal tick, struck across the last stem of a word, in the place of the Ing-dot, indicates the syllable ing followed by a, an, or and. An inclined tick, in the same position, indicates ing followed by the. 22. When a word ends with ing, it is often convenient to express that syllable by beginning the succeeding word near the lug-dot place ; or, by striking the first stem of the succeeding word through the last stem of the preceding one. 23. lays may be written with ^j> or by putting a circle in place of the Ing-dot. 24. L-ty and R-ty, in such words as formality, popularity, may be expressed by disjoining a stem from the preceding portion of a word. Bility, lie or Uy, may be expressed after an S-circle by \ without disjoining it. 25. Lessnezs, by (* written on the line near the preceding portion of the word. 26. Mental, mentality, by ^ written on the line near the preceding portion of the word. 27. Ology, ological, by the stem / either joined or disjoined. 28. Ography, ograpJier, by the stem . with or without the R-hook. 29. Self, selves, by the syllable, written out. In a few instances it is more convenient to indicate the syllable by a circle. 30. Skip, by J joined or disjoined. X. B. When a Prefix or Affix is disjoined, it should be written as near the remainder of the word as can be conveniently done without touching it. prefixes. ''-"if t- 15. ..\._..i. __ s A ie..*!^..K-.~~0--^ : g-. 17 .^^.^L-.^....S-.~- 19..1... V-./T.....^. ./rr Vo \o xi fc vo vo I . ~t^- T K C_. l-\- -\. 26..., 28 ..r.-.j JC PREFIXES. 1. Accomplish, accomplishment, accommodation, accommodated. 2. Concatenation, combination, contradiction, conferred, contend. 3. Unconditional, recompense, irreconcilable, recognition. 4. Contraband, contribute, contravene, countei-mand, counterplea. 5. Foreman, forenoon, formidable, forbid, foreseen. 0. Inspiration, inseparable, insolvent, inconsideration, insurmountable. 7. Interview, introduce, intermediate, introversion, entertain. 8. Magnanimous, magnanimity, Magna Charta, magniloquence. !>. IJelation, relator, relative, reliable, relevant. 10. Selfesteem, selfhood, selfish, selfevident, selfmade. Selfdenial, self- defense, selfabasement, self control, selfconceit. 11. Thereat, thereto, thereby, thereabout, therefor, thereafter. AFFIXES. 12. Unable, notable-y, feasible-y.. insensible-y, profltable-y. 13. Ciirableness, tractableness, changeableness, profitableness. 11. Hated, acted, located, imitated, agitated. 15. Prudential, penitential, deferential, credential, inferential. 10. \Vhenever, whatever, whichever, wherever. Whosoever, howsoever, whatsoever. 17. Therefor-e, inform, platform, uniform, transform. 18. Careful, cheerful, hopeful, thoughtful. Successful, armful, painful. 19. Cheerfulness, hopefulness, lawfulness, usefulness, wilf ulness. 20. Being, knowing, seeing, allowing, showing. Doing, watching, com- mitting, going. Exceedingly, accordingly. 21. Taking a, watching a, giving a. Doing the, changing the, giving the. 22. Becoming acquainted, storing goods, adjourning the case, recovering himself, dismissing the action. Asking pardon, receiving them, striking out, having done, balancing accounts, watching him. 23. Complainings, openings, fastenings, pleadings, proceedings, doings or doing his. 24. Credibility, mutability, carnality, popularity, feasibility, sensibility. 25. Thoughtlessness, carelessness, fearlessness, uselessness, faithlessness. ~v>. Hudimental, monumental, fundamental, alimental, instrumental. 27. Theology, physiology, geology, psychology, biology, phrenology. 28. Geography-er, stenography-er, bkgraphy-er. 29. Yourself, myself, itself, of itself, in itself, ourselves, themselves. 30. Friendship, hardship, workmanship, companionship, ownership. gW Word-signs may often be used as prefixes or affixes. 53 READING EXERCISES. The following Reading Exercises should be read over many times, until every outline is understood. Many of the words in them are abbreviations, which will be found in the table of Contractions and Word-Forms. Whenever such words are met with, the student may refer to the corresponding Writing Exercise as a key. By the time he can read the engraving readily, he will have become familiar with a large number of the contractions, and the labor of committing them to memory will thus be materially lessened. After becoming able to read these exercises without hesitation, the student should turn to the corresponding Writing Exercises, begin- ning on page 105, and write them carefully, afterwards comparing his writing with the engraving and making necessary corrections. This should be repeated until he can write every character with accuracy. The flexibility of this system of writing is such, that words may often be written in two or more different ways, either of which is entirely legible and perfectly legitimate under the rules. For example, the word calendar may be written in either of the following ways : Examples will be found in the exercises given for practice, where the same word is written with different outlines in different parts of the book. The student, however, should always use the same outline for a particular word, after having decided which way of writing it he prefers. In such words as fall under the rule at 25, b, great care should be taken to select distinct and unambiguous forms for words of similar consonantal formation. Most of the words in the English language which come under this rule, are contained in the Word- Book, with engraved outlines of the best and most facile forms. Where negative words are formed from positives beginning with with R or L, the outlines given in the table of illustrations on page 85 are recommended as generally preferable to surh as would result from the rule at 2, d, for writing those letters after an initial vowel. 54 almanac flDafeer. \ O <^_P- .f> ^-ff <^ I ^ ^ *^1- -P > ^- s ^ T I: C ' 56 THE ALMANAC MAKER. > Earlp Bmerican Giant. -H-- y ,..>.. .*. \ 58 THE EARLY AMERICAN GIANT. '---1 I ' *> L. THE EARLV AMERICAN GIANT. 59 '"s V^ _ 1 , ^ P o ..:).-. 3. _. V I C X7. 7AL^T-,- J --..x.,. / ...S H . A \ i 4~* IV / ^ ^*^ Jennie Tki9se& me, wben we met. ' s ^ s ^^ )* ^^ "V^- 1 ^_^-T , /. ^ i. /? e^.-L.. Stenographers in "Mew V L STENOGRAPHERS IN NEW YORK. 61 ^o--- --V q ^-d- ^x~ \ \ p ^ < S C LV:(7) C i/ c- ."!> --T>^, ' 9 ^ " "/" >. , . .^ ...?.. .d^Tl ...'._ >^?_ . JTTl . .!. . *- u STENOGRAPHERS IN NEW YORK. .L...C ' \ CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. SIMPLE CO NTRACTIONS. Public-ly-ish-ed Publication Peculiar-ly-ity Perpendicular-ly Pecuniary Operation Portion [ison Apportion, Compar- Became, Become By virtue of Bond and mortgage Better Better than At any rate Technical-ly-ity At last Diguify-ied-ty Democrat -ic-cy Domestic Downward Doctrine-al Determine Determined Determination Danger Dangerous Declare Declaration Demonstrate Demonstration Chattel mortgage Changeable-y Chargeable-y January Agency Advantageous Capable-y-ity Acknowledge Acknowledged Acknowledgement Commonly Common law ' Commercial-lv Catholic Roman Catholic -\ October 8uite ould Altogether Good deal Good while Pew February Former Formerly Forgiven Affidavit Effect Affect, Fact Convict Verse, Various Versed Version, Variation Especial-ly Essential-ly Assume Assumption Assignment Establish-ed Establishment Eastern, Astronomy East and West Easterly Eastward Legislate-d-or-ure Legislation Represent-ed Representat i ve Representation Original-ly-ate-d Regular-ly Republic-ish-ed Republican Regeneration Require Required Architect -ure-al Argue-ment Reform-ed Reformation Retrospect Wherefore Heretofore x ~~~ ~{~ Vi.x^---^- "7 \ jt \ \ \ -Jfr \__. \^- ^. S/.C_-v i v?_.L..JL.. i VJ --- ^y^^L/^ .^...L-.U- Mr*- HH~ iiL H-*: J^fHf ^ L i.._ 9- ^ \ n ' 7 ^-.l^-.-b*- S^ ^-H- 7\..77...^7.. /^ -L T...^.. ill ^A-.^.-l -^"L/3 64 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD FORMS. "A /\. /\ Arrangement [rive IXITIAI t CIRCLES. Reverend, Revenue . / o ' *"*> Revolution o O o Is, His As, Has Is his, His is As has, As is And so forth Speak, Speech Spoke, Specjfd-ly Expect-ed Spoken Exception Expectation Expense-ive-ly Expanse-ive-ly Expand Subject, Subpoena Subjective-ly Subjection Subjected Satisfy-ied Satisfies Satisfaction Satisfactory Satisfactorily Circumstantial-ly, [Extension Circumstance, Ex- Setoff [tensive-ly Set forth Consist System Considerate Situate-d Situation Suggest-ed-ion Suggestive-ly Consequence Consequent ial-ly Consequent-ly [ied Signature, Signit'y- Significant-ly Signlftoance Signification Sufficient Sufficiency Several Southeast Southeastern Southern Certainly Certify Certification Circumference Import -ant '"^NO ^"^X, Importance - --t-"- ^ ^ V. V-v-.-V a. V. Imperfect , v. ,- Improvement Mutual-ly * s-v-x. -i Maturity Manufacture-d , ^r^ i ^~-> Manufactory i Immediate-ly s 1 Movement ^-v=j--^i^ Material-ly Any other No other * ^ V, \, \ -P f p Now < -' i Any way V Anything * Envelope ^ A v_^\ Anybody f 6 o -y-^- 1 - t t c Neighborhood *~^ s ~^~ 9 Inquire-y P P i In accordance with v ^ Engage-d .-^r^r.s_^rTe__v^ Negotiated Inform-ed v . ^-\^ v i Information f / f - ^ November, Never '^ V, <) Anniversary ;r\. .. Involution [tial-lv Influential-ly, Ini- ^-i Nevertheless *- ^ ^ 6 Intelligence K Y Intelligent i? .. . L-, Notifv ^rT> Sometime Some of the time cn/_ Cemetery i_ 1 Dissimilar-ity " ' /., J- Conditional-lv ^* Additional-ly i 1 "1 Disclaini-ed Similar-it. v <$~ ^ Similarly ..L-.-rCa.--- Some one. Summon 3 Examine Examined ""v" Examination ^- ^e Disqualification ^ Down stairs Because ^o Actionable-y i5T> tf~fr Southwesterly \ V Possible-y-ity Customer-ary rf~> / Accustom Kxecntor-y -^ i Executrix j . -0 . .0 xfi_i. Extraordiuiirv-ilv - 3i " Positive-ly l'l> stairs V V/ Possess Efficient , / Efficiency [geou .St_A-.yi../. . Physician and Sur- / * Thonsand-th f ( These * *- ---,-- Tliis * Those ^e. ^^ Reason Observe-d Bonds and mort- VT> {, \> Bondsman Advertised III Advertisement Most of the time - s ^~* > Mistake Testament i i Testify .b. L..jf^^. Testified Testimony 11 1 December i> ' Discluu-Lte-d i Disadvantage Mistook '" < O ^~\ Mistiovern-ed ^~d-~ > ' All- Mrs. ^~O ^~ Mi-~i-~ -/--^-^2t Messenger Mention v_p *~ Administrator i ] Administratrix Influenced v> ^-f Inttuenro Inconsiderate ^_c v Insignificant SV: Inasmuch Institute *-> *-> ^r> Institution " Discontiuue-d Disorganized Instead Next flav i N^|-S_RrT-.fcU?r> _\ ext we ' e k Next time DiM-riminat ion 66 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD FORMS. *-\ Next month S^-.-VY* 6- Next year Indispensible-y S> f vo Interest ,. A A Brother iu law -V " "3 " Remembrance Brethren . 1 1 Transient Anticipate ? ^n -^o Anticipation <^ Truth 1 True T. J J. Eterual-lv-it v Understand ^^ -v Notwithstanding Controversy ' o 'L Trustworthy Western -y --\ -N Westerly -- *?* ~ % Perhaps, Propose " Drank, Darken 1 Direction .A 'JL 1_. Duration Direct, Day or two 1 1. Darkens, Darkness 1 " X. Derive No \ Profit \ Particular, Pride !\ cc~~ Opportunity Prettv Proud ><\ f\ Project-ed _-.-\ -V- Projection /f ' Privilege c\ c\ % Person >a j>s) Personal-lv [fessor Derivative y f Charity Adjournment y Jury, Larger,Junior .7 .7.^. -./___ Juryman f ^> N Jurisprudence fc Jurisdiction f Perfect-ed-ly, Pro- Near, Nor Manner In relation to In order to In regard to In reference to In respect to In respect of In reply- In writing Handwriting North and South Northern Northeast Northeastern Northwesterly Northwestern Longer Without regard to Without relation to One or two Workman Workmanship Workmanlike Younger Year or two IOOK. Comply Compel, People Apply Completion Complication Application Applicable-y-ity Compliance Appliance Plaintiff [Plenty Complaint-ed, Applicant Belong-ed Build-ing, Built Able to Obligation Blank Balance Balanced At length At all, It will At all events At least .k * cry \ > ^ i I...L e v f *~ c <: c LI M_v ^ V s C C 5. _1 * ..JL..J*. ~v v \ - , """ . 5 V ^ \ < _? Z...!^. g^a v-v-^- f 1U K. 68 CONTRACTIONS AND WOK D KOI! MS. fi f j Deliver-ed-y _ Q' < Extravagant-ce-ly Delinquent-cy f /> /> Diligent Instructive < V "J Instruction Child /F Challenge-d * Angel Consider-able-y ^ 't Consideration Angelic c Largely /> c Equal Call Kill Inconsiderat ion c ~ => Equalization Collect Prescriptive o e Prescription . -_--J- Secure Collective P c 3 =-7 Collection Security d d e Inscribe-d rTIL. Inscription Insecurity F-HOOK. \ \, \. o Poverty [to have Qualification - Guilt-y, Gild *~ """* Neglect Gold Negligence Negligent V=L- ....A... Afflict Affliction Q^ (^ ^x- Pbilantbropy-ic Perform-ed, Hope Performance Kt 1 Develope-d Rely, Real-ly .x ^xf Rail, Roll x / fr^> Rulo Difflcult-y . / Advice, Advise-d Real estate CIRCLE AND HOOK COM- BINATIONS. _ i \^ X5 Superficial-ly Govern-ed => Government Referred N-HOOK. \ . ^ Pennsylvania 5""' Panlan-ed-menf Combine ^ V . Combined -\ Combination Bank . v Banker \ v. V- Bankable Surprise <\ a 6 t> Experienced Inexperienced -- At once ) But once Ji 1 J Contention Explanation q q Exteraal-ly, Strength -1 -t \- Extra ^ Stranger I)enoininate-d . CONTRACTIONS AND WORD FORMS. 69 iL A. Z 8 enomination >udensation eligion eneral-ly iiagine-ary. June viirralize eueralized eneralixation eneration entlemen entleman nagined onnect-ed onnection ontinue-d ontinual-ly ontinuous outinuously ontiuuation onstitute-d oust itut ion unstable ((omit ccountable-y egin. Organ egun. Again egan eginner rganize rganized rganic [grapby orgotten, Phono- inancial-ly S'ithin V'ith interest leference [en Ian [unan leantime Stamen N'oinan [ental-ly laintaiu laintained laiutenance my one Co one >'one .engthen 'uilorm-ed-ity ^s o^ L'uiverse-al-itv -S- Behind A^ Behindhand LARGE HOOKS. C p c Bewilder-ed B y......y....y. j; \3 Fa Til i 1 i a r 1 \- i t v ( ( Familiariice-d f 3 Family ( c Commission-ed 5^" ^^^ Commissioner -^m-. F ~" I = o -o 1 J !_> ... o Nomination TION-HOOK. \ \ Occupation 1 \ . . . Compassion Passion \) \ Opposition c > i C Vj-.UW- I- c L..^J F -^~2t -- A *^ Possession i i /> Attention ^ I ^ >^ ^ *> ^ ^ ^T2> \ Situation / / Objection ?. at.. & Justification ^ ^ S^$ - - S~%^_^ sZ^s- . } B A AoceaaloD ( ^ Accusation Conviction e. Recollection ^?~ ^l--_^ Resolution Examination v^> v_fi ^Q Institution Information J \ X ' "^^ /"" ' tl Incision Eufctno witb 1R. The figures girc the positions of tlie words. Tlie sounds indicated by small capitals sliould be inserted. HOOK R. 1. Appear, proper, pry. DOWNWARD R. CoM-peer, pier, pyre. Upper, pray,~prey,pro. Coin-pare, pour, payer. 3. Practice, prow. 1. Liberty. '2. Remember. 3. Brother, number, brE\v. 1. Internal, tree. Eater. 2. Truth, tray, utter. 3. True, outer, coNtrsi. UPWARD R. Opera, pariAH, j)eri. Apiary. Pure, parry. Happier, poor, power. Beer, bier, buyer, [.er. Borrow. Bear, bore, burr, O!>KY- Bury, burrow, borough. Bar, boor, bower. Barrow, bureau, bowery Tier, tear, at-tirc. Tyro, tiara. Tare, tear, tore. Terra, tory. Tar, cox-tour, tower. Tarry. 1. Dear, dry, draw, Eider. Deer, COMmodore, dire. Diarrhoea, diary. Doctor, dray, odor. Dare, doer, dooi-, adore. Dairy, dory. Dower. ;i. During, dark, drew. 1. Watcher, cheer. 2. Etcher, chair. 3. Char. 1. Conjure. 2. Adjourn-ed. 3. Jury, larger, junior 1. Decree, CTAW, cry. 2. Care, occur, concur 3. Car,curc,crew,accrue. Cower. 1. Agree, degree, augur. Gear, giver. 2. Gray, grow, ogre. 3. Grew. 1. Offer, free, fry. 2. Fray, fro, confer. 3. Affray. 1. Over, of her. Every, very. Hover. Aver. 1. Wisher. 2. Usher. 3. Sure, shrew. 1. Lawyer. Chore. Jeer, objector. Ajar. Jar, adjure. Core, corps, cohKir. Gore, goer. Fear, A-flre. Dowry. Cheery. Chary, cherry. Curry. Carry. Augury. Gory. Fiery, [furrow, furry. A f -fair, A-fore, fur, fir. Fairy, faro, foray, ferry, 3. 3. 1. +Or were. 2. -rltailroad, there were. 1. IIFrom her. 2. lError, where were. 1. Mere. Fewer, A-far. Veer. Conveyor. Viewer, avower. Sheer, shear, shire. Share, A-shore, showei Shower, assure. Liar, lier, lyre, leer. Lair, layer, lower, lore. *Allayer. Lure, lower (to threaten) *Allure. Orrery. Farrow, fury. Ivory. Vary, Aviary, ovary. Avowry. Sherry. Showery, ashery. TArrear, from our. T Where our. Mire. 2. More,fnmer, iiummcr. Mayor, mare, myrrh. 3. Mar, humor. Moor, amour. 1. Near, nor, honor, in- Nigher, aimover. 2. Manner. 3. Owner. 1 . We were. 2. Work. 3. 2 1. 2. When were. 3. How were. [ner. Ne'er. Newer, inure. Wire, weir. Wore, wear, a-ware. Wooer. War (with semi-circle.) HHire, higher. H-Hair-v, hour. ttHewer. Aurora. **Ilear. **Koar, rower, rare. Miry, morrow. Mower, Emery, merry. Marry, marrow. Narrow. Wiry, we are. Worry, wary. HHero, H-Iloary, hurry. HHarrow. *El-Ar. -r Written with Ray. t Ar-Ar. ** Kay-Kay. -H- ! I -tick. ifAr-Uay. Written with Ar. Morfcs JEnDtiuj vvitb X. The figures gire tlie positions of the words. Tlie sounds indicated l>y small capitals slutuld be inserted. HOOK L. Comply, ply, pica. People, comix?!, play. Apply, apple, plow. Belong-od. by all. Belief- ve-d, abio-y. Blue, blew, about "all. Tall, what will. Till, tell, it will, at all. Tool, to all, but will. Idol, idle, idyll, did all. Deliver-ed-y, do all. Addle, had all. Each will, watch all. Children, which will. Much will, charge all. Angel. Largely, agile. Eellow, l>elay. Bully. At law. Tallow, tally, outlaw. Differently, ideally, Oddly. Daily, dahlia, delay. Dally, duly. Chillv. Jolly. Jelly. July. Common law, collie, Lkey-Hole. Coolie, callow. Gala, gaily, gully. Galley. Filly, folly. Folio, fellow, follow. Fallow. Villa, volley. Heavily. Valley, uvula. LEal, loyal, lily, loll. Lowly, ill-will. * Royally. * Relay. 'Rally. iAerial, aurelia. * Early, airily, airnolc, tHourly. [oriel. Meal-y, mall, mill, mile. Mail, melee, mellow, Mallow, mule. [mole. Nolle. Inlay, nulla. Newly. Wile-y, willow. Waylay. Wallow. Holly. Hollow, holloa, halo. Hallow, halloo. * Written with Ray. + Written with Ar. JAr-Lay. i : Written with semi-circle. ' Written with H-tick and Lay. PHRASING. If the student has become thoroughly familiar with the principles of Phonetic Shorthand heretofore stated, and is able to make prac- tical application of the rules governing them, he is now prepared to enter upon the subject of Phrasing. If, however, he has acquired a careless habit of writing if he have difficulty in reading his own notes, either because he does not give sufficient attention to shading, or does not make the necessary distinction in the sizes of the hooks or in the lengths or directions of the stems, or does not write the outlines in their proper positions he should review the principles and over- come these defects before proceeding further. The time thus spent will be amply repaid in the improvement in his writing. To one properly prepared for its study and practice, Phrasing will be found to be one of the most useful expedients for brief and rapid writing. It should be understood, however, that it cannot be used successfully by merely learning the rules. Far more is necessary. Phrasing needs special practice, as much as does any other principle of Shorthand. Each illustration of the rules should therefore be written many times, and in all his practice the student should care- fully watch for and study every opportunity for useful phrasing that may be afforded by the matter he is writing. The ordinary practice of writing miscellaneous matter from dictation will by no means take the place of this. A ready writer is one who is familiar with the use of every expedient ; and one cannot gain such familiarity with any rule, by an occasional use of it. This advice cannot be too strongly impressed upon the mind of one who wishes to become a master of this art. His ability to do good work, and his prospects for getting good pay for his work, depend upon his becoming both accurate and rapid, and he cannot possibly attain the desired end unless he conform his practice to the advice here given. Op.vritrht, 18.su, by WILLIAM \v. <>s<,. ., ,1,1;-, PHRASING. 73 By the use of Phrasing, such words as have a natural relation to each other as members of the same clause or phrase, if they can be joined without destroying the distinctness of the characters, may be written before raising the pen. Besides this, which may be called Simple Phrasing, there is a second method, known as Group Phras- ing, which affords much greater facility for the combine ion of words. This is the use of hooks, circles, loops, etc., on word signs, assigning to each of them the power of representing such words as experience has shown to be most useful for the purpose. As to either method, the following suggestions should be carefully noted by the student : 1. When a phrase begins with the tick word-sign for a, an, and, I, lie, or the, the second word of the phrase is written in position, and not the tick. When a phrase begins with the tick for all, awe, already, or on, or with the circle for is or his, or with a first-position horizontal word sign or half-length word, such tick, circle, horizontal stem or half length may be slightly raised or lowered in joining it to another word beginning above the line of writing. 2. In all other cases, the first word of a phrase should be written iu the position it would occupy if standing alone. 3. If the stenographic characters of a phrase be such as cannot be readily and easily joined, or if for any reason they would not be distinct if joined, the combination should not be made. 4 Two large hooks should never be written on the same side of a straight stem, in phrasing. 5. Two distinct phrases should not be joined. 6. Where the sound of S begins or ends a word, in such phrases as knows him, my son, the circle should be written inside the curved stem with which it is pronounced, as the rule given at 8, a. for placing circles between curves, applies to single words only, and not to such phrases. 7. In unusual phrases, like come what will, the words should not be joined. In a very few instances, it may be found that a word-sign cannot readily be distinguished if written out of position in phrasing. No general rule can be given to govern such cases, but the student will soon learn to avoid such combinations in his practice. 74 SIMPLE PHRASES. pbraSCS. 1. The simplest phrase-sign is one made by the joining of two or more words without changing the form of either: ) Was that; I it was; I do so; l_^ itmayl>e; \ at that; ..X-- upon that subject; / which was; --- T-- gave them; L. it can be; Lv^p/ it is not necessary ; l/\ which are done ; circum- stantial evidence; ..-.... hand in hand; /^\ - will be certain; L* it has not been; . a 7!r^?. is not inclined; ,_i ______ have no knowledge; ^~^~^ there is no necessity ; --L-- that which may be. 2. Words belonging to the same phrase may be joined, even where, for the sake of a better junction, one of the words is necessarily written with an outline different from its usual form : ^ In thi* statement ; 7U-. nighttime; T not less; Lo- first rate; (< -a-t for example; \~2 somvchas; ^^ greater or Uss ; .tTTT. in writing ; -^-^^ hand writing; .~\_.. hereinafter; _."^_ hereinbefore; \^ present time; cy, ^ words of my text ; .^f.. in his letter; fr^rf-- in earnest; b it is said; seven o'clock; .--\ S> D mut not be supposed; .Sj ____ ... if that could be; .. s?_ -^^ . tliere may be ; S . . . j. . _ if they should come ; o ^ has been chosen; . /___ I x. who was at home ; -^/^ ^ may. require aout all that ; t-^ at all tim, x ; -C^-- to all men; ^ fur all flat ; .Q-.- ul<',- al7 tfiingx; .Sr~ of all; < ~- o in all tack matter*; ^ * fc: - _... cannot come; ^ they are not; L-^ it n,a>/ nut be ; J tJiull not ; ---J-- should not; .Si if not; L di It is your own; 1 it in our own. ^^-^> No morefhaji; .^rf. longer than ; -^--j- xooner than. 4. ^4 FA 1 , C/; EVER, and Z/TA", ai- added by the F hook : L // ;;'# have been , -\ > -= > - to have known, ^. i/;Ai'cA have not been, ^ there have; ^ ever have ; (f they have wi ^^. you have not known; ^ we have; c) shatt have; ^=, man/ ha/ve ; _ < ^,.. you ha>:e nern ; ^ will have. .^ Part of; f^- 7 difference of opinion; L change of base ; .... each <>f them] .1 out of that, 76 GROUPED PHRASES .:r^_ form of ; _y.. thought of '; "5 werf of. J^! Did ever know; -U- - had ever been; .JV.. ought to have b<-tn ; (^ forever' V, /or ewer an having; ^ with having. 5. TT.fi; WOULD, WHAT, WHETHER, WA Y, and A WA Y, are added by the W-hook: ..r... . Can we not ; ^ before we went; /, which we may have ; , .LL what toe mtiy ; \-^~> what we have known; _\r>.. whit t we cannot ; ..p.. but wt imty ~ _^_ did we not have. F It would not be ; C fcvxnild hnve heen} ^ irhidi would not have ; c/\ there would not be ; C^- it would be (is well. ^e Upon what occasion ; .o_^ about what time , ^r?_f>y what means; _^_^_ about what amount ; (X at what time ,' ..p. but whether they ; c^\ of whether it was. ..e_. Partway; / n which way, o put away; c come away, c _ go away. a. The same words may be indicated by the W-semi-circle, where they cannot be as conveniently written with the W-hook : .;>... If we ; ^ for we; ..L__ after we; -\-- have we; ^ though we. ^) We think so ; --^-- have we done; --^-- have we been; ) Hindi we be; ) so\aewent; --)--- as roe might; ..-).-- should we not; cannot we; _ \ __ we thought that ; *_^ we know ; J we shall ; ...^..- we should be; ..^S^- if we be; ..\.. we thought so; ( <7t^7, YOUR, YOU ARE, and F^l.ff, are added by the Y-hook: c \_x Before you know ; l^-' did, you ever know ; _3.. 6?^ you not have; 1 , which, you can do ; .-Q^-- have you not heard ; _c\._ would you not say ; 1^ so yow w^y/ -^-> should you not think; \L at which you may ; Q, for you have; (j\ will you not be ; GROUPED PHHASES 77 S) ... were you not. .;V. Ujjon your own; _rx about your having ; 'L at your work; ..Vrrf. by your men account ; ^^ . . of your own ; ft for your benefit ; 2, change your mind. ..A... That you are; ..1.5: wforf yo?/ / saying; 2-^-^_, which you are making. __.(__ a. The same words may be indicated by the Y-semi-circle, where they cannot be as conveniently written with the Y-hook: ....... FOM cannot be ; ^S_ you will be sure ; C _ do what you can ; *\__ where will you go ; .".Xy. w/*y wm yow away ; which will you ; k.. what would you say. /- ---- Lend your money ; _.<^-- affect your interest*. ""-, /n ?Atf/ m 7. THERE, THEIR, and THEY ARE, are added by the Ter- hook : .j Cametliere; D go there; -\ about there; .--...... 7 ^e/ fc, 1 _.^>-^.. /'e ?<< in this manner. (See subd. d, below.) L_D If there is; . a when there is; ) wax there; J shall there ; ...i... should there; /^ will there ; ^ s may there ; \^_^ for Uteir sake ; ^- f when they are told; V /| if they are ready. Some other. c. THERE and THEIR may be added by a heavy tick, after a stem bearing a final hook or circle, or after a half-length curve: ^ . Combine their ; )S been there ; ._i_. down there; -^+- can- /j < not there; .7!?. gone there; ~~?.. Gives their ; .^. puts there; .^~f.- influence their. ^ Affect their ; . .*f . fought their ; ;. . avoid their; ^ note their; .^\. wished there might be. 78 GROUPED PHRASES d. OTHER may be added by a heavy tick to a half-length curve, <>i to the word-signs for any.&ud no: _^7^ Any other; ^, no other. This distinguishes these phrases from ,^~7^.. neither; . another. 8. MAY, HIM, TIME, MAKE, and MY, are added by the M-hook : l/v It may he naid ; / wh-iah nut if tie told ; Cy they may be; .^ we may be; k-\ they ni "y uot ?# . . B',1 him , \j before him ; \3 do you know him ; commit him; 3 gave him; ..___3... accompany him; - Qj.--, kave yov teen him; \ paid him; --^ -> make him. .At.. What time of d/ ; >. . have my right*; ^~^_ in my time; LA at my house; V^C. before my arrival ; ^-> of my ; _C. . with my; /^5 w/t^/i w/y,' .Jtij from my potsxewion ; ..^^. Iteyond my observation. a. If for any reason HIM cannot be conveniently indicated by the M-hook, it should be written with Hay ; but where the preceding stem bears a final hook, it may sometimes be indicated by a final tick struck at an acute angle : _^ v . Bid him; .^.. taught him; - ^^- doubt him ; _ _^~_ _ cheat him ; /-> * lend h im ; ( ^~^. find him ; Mean him ; --^. around him ; ^ attend him; J dun him. /*> b. HIMSELF may be indicated by the M-hook and small circle : ._... By himself '; (3 for him *elf : .*_ with liimwlf. !>. THAN, BEEX,&u& OWX, may be indicated by a small hook within a large final hook: ^ Better than: .... tighter tlian ; & straighter than ; ..^3.. rather than. W> It may hsive been; /o which may have been; fc they have been; . )._ should have been; ^y__ weluivebeen; _ r ^._ would fuive been ; . .^ . . you have been; ...^,... after having been,. _, Upon their own ; .^9. by my own; c) at their own ; . i . had my own ; (& for my own ; ...y. with my own. 10. 18, HIS, AS, HAS, US, and SA Y, are added by the S-circle : ^ . What is; L it i*; >) i><; a fhrre i not : '"* h<- i* , GROUPED PHRASES 79 -^~^ there is nothing ; ^f there is much ; ^-^ when is; __?._ why is;.^.. that isnot ; ,-L- that isyours. ... Upon his ; No before hie; ."T^o. in his business. as good as; ^o as great as; ..o.. as far as; *> as well as ; ..p.. has done; ..Q^.- has not been. c. AS HIS IS, and similar combinations, may be indicated by the Ses-circle followed by the small circle : {& for as his is. 11. IS IT, IS THE, IS- TO, AS IT, AS THE, AS TO, HAS IT, HAS THE, HAS TO, FIRST, and the verb STATE, are indi- cated by the SUoop : _L What is it-the; ~*t> Where is it-the ; ^.. why is it-the ; ,-rs when is it-the. (\ It is to be;...L that is to come ; _n. as to that. ---- How has it. I) At fi-^t; ^>, when first. --^.. You * stated; _[ _ state what; _ Ci W__ state where you went; --fa - you have dated; (T will you state; do not state; 1 it has been stated; . .^ . / have staff/. a. IT, and THE, may be added to words ending with the iS-circle, by changing the circle to a small loop: b Takes it-the; \> does it-the ; ^ ^ makes it-the ; . ./. - choose it-the ; ~b erase it-the; because it-the; J^T. give* it-tin-; <^ shows it-the; ---{-- -thai is it-the. 1 2. 7.V THERE is added by the Str-loop : . L What is there ; 6 which is there ; --\f-^r^. but is there anything ; __^._ that is there; stj is there, \ ~to where is there ; _^__ or is there ; 3- why is there ; ^^ when is there. 80 GROUPED PHRASES a. THEIR or THERE may be added to words ending with the S-circle, by changing the circle to a large loop : b Takes their ; () does their ; $ changes the-ir ; ^~? = ?, mix their; ^~> goes their ; ^ shows their ; -^_-<^o enclose their ; ~& weighs their. 13. BEEN, ONE, OWN, and THAN, are added by a final back- hook, after either circle or loop : V^> Ever has been ; ../ . - that has been : ^5. . lie has been ; > this has been. / Which is the one ; V lest one; 'o it is the one',-. L- that is the one. _/?. Upon his own; A> at his own ; (^ for his own ; u it is tlieir own ; ..fa - that is their won. ^ Less tluin ; % not less than. 14. IN, and IN THE, are prefixed to a word or phrase beginning with a circle, by the initial back-hook, where En cannot be as conven- iently used for that purpose : .- C Sa_a-_ In his presence; ...... in his time; in the same room ; . c ^_. in the spring; ..1!. in tlie street ; in the same place. 15. IT, THE, and TO, are added by halving any simple or hooked stem: _\_ Upon it-the ; \ . before it can be ; L take it away; ..^. what it wovld be ; l^ which it might ,'-*-- as it was ; -->--- as it would be ; --v- - as it has been ; . * . if it were ; ' v, for the other , . - ^. - . if it had nm been ; U_>y though it might not be ; ^. in the other ; , for it was -j--- - should it not be ; - -r - to the other, v -^ Pay the. money ; before the time ; o for tlie amount ; .VlTV? . of the same kind ; . J r^.-. is it not better. --^.~-_- But to make it; -\-- ought to be; s hope to find; \ up to that time ; wish to go; t . sand to me. a. TO is generally indicated, however, by writing the preceding and following words near each other, in preference to halving a stem for that purpose : ?^_. Go to Boston; ..X;.. hope to be there ; ^C give tliat to them ; f\ go to sleep ; j(^ show it to th-em ; j / tt-ouble to change ; jsjX^ necessary to leave. \ /;. But where TO is followed by a word which may be added to it by a hook, circle, loop, or other expedient, in accordance with these rules, the better practice is to write the word-sign for TO, with the subsequent word so added : q.. Go to your place ; ~ . .q^.^- oive it to your mother; ..<^..j send mem to him ; . :y _\p._wemt to his room ; . r^_ \^/^ ride to the market ; ."^.q. brought it to you; .a.l/U.. she went to her brother's : - yd nwis to all men. ----- GROUPED PHRASES 81 c. THE may be prefixed to any word or phrase-sign, by an initial Ray- or Chay-tick : ^ The law: 's. the people; ..r .. the application; ^v the form of it ; <^_e the intention; i. the charge; ^s- the language; ^~^. the operation; ^_ the affidavit; __^\ the boy ; t ^~~_ the time ; ^ the way; ./\. . tin- /inn -ti,-e. J \> the person ; .. J \. the number ; V the trial; t a, the mnltitnde. 16. IT, THE, and TO, may l>e added by a final tick struck at an acute angle with any stem, when it is not convenient to indicate those words in either of the ways above stated : J Attend it-the ; "*". brought it-tl\e ; S believed it-the; ~ made it-tht ; .S 5 . find it-the; ---- around -*~ it-the ; ^^. renewed it-the ; ....... in regard to the matter ; r^^ lend the money. .'T^. Mean to haw; 7^7^ ki ml to me; n. _ . Und to him. 17. DID may be added to any pronoun or adverb, by halving the last stem of such word . .?. We did; < they did ;- you did ; _ J _ she did ; . ri - he did ; ~\^/* whether he did or not. ->,__ Where, did you go ^^ why did you leave ; *+n/\_ when did yon arrive; ____ how did he; ^ ever did ; - \. never did; ) xo did. 18. WHATm&\ be added to any preposition, the last stem of which is curved, by halving that stem : rVr7>. From what time ; ^^ for >chat amount; 1**^.. for what JHtrpett: ^~\> in >rhat position ; ^\. n-ith irlxtt purpose. 19. /is prefixed to any stem, by an initial Pe- or Ray-tick. Where neither of these ticks can be conveniently used, / may be written with theTe-tick: 1) I trust ; "v-^ Iffuxmberthftianf; *\ I perceive; ^ / believe he did ; > / mean to hi- . -*~~-^ - f may not be; I am not KU re; f raff your attention ;..__-../ question thai; S\ I wiH not be; \ I hope . .* I did not; f / said; . .\~ I take the opportunity ; \> I *nj>j>or . * / olijwt . \^~^ I fon/et the time ; J I xhatt not ; - 3- - I should he . a. Where a final Te-tick cannot l>e usd for /, tlie alphabetic form of The diphthong may be joined, the first half being slightly curved, if neces- sary, to afford a better junction \vith tli- preceding stem : . \. . Ax I ; 1^ did I not ; I didn't I 82 GROUPED PHRASES. . 20. HE is written with a Chay-tick, at the beginning of a phrase In the middle or at the end of a phruse, it may be written with a Ray- or Chay-tick, but always at an acute angle with the preceding stem: ) He was ; -*\-- he would; . . >->^- he may be ; - -^- - he oatvnot come ; - -J- he should not ; % lie sand he ; f I said he ; V> he supposed it was; ..d. --- he clam ted. --}-- Should he have; / wTvich he believed; __ t. did he not; . .AS.- why did he have; *s far he would not; \ before he was; f \_^ I hope he may ; ("^ -will he not. a. Before Lay, HE should be written with the Te-tick : /\ He will not be able to. b. If HE cannot be as conveniently prefixed to the word following it, it may be added to the preceding word by a Ray- or Chay-tick: 2 Shall he ; ^-~+, ma/y he ; ^-^/ when he ; _^_ . why did he ; ~\ where he, _-y_. would he ; *v for he; \ before he. 21. A, AN, and AND, are indicated by an initial Kay-tick or by a final Te- or Kay-tick : . ! . A dollar ; 7 a change; \$. a favor; ~^~f.. a noise; JT7?T7. a mistake ; .-^ a brother; \ a belief; ..-- a jwror ; \. a verdict; ,-\. a bank. _j__ By a; V_, fora; _rr?_ given; TT^TTr?. in a moment ; -^Z- 'un- ti judgment ; ..).. should a; _-V_ from a; "\ whether a. ^~f_ _ An. instant. . . ^^, . . And when did you hear it; 1 ^ and at the tvine ; ./ ami objected; T^T. and for what purpose ; .?7\- - and I may be able to. a. In a few instances, the same words may be indicated by a Te-tick at the beginning of a phrase, if a better angle is thereby secured : . Xo- - A wide space ,'...-..- a han-d cane . Sy-- An hour ago ; <-f an accident. 22. SHOULD may be indicated by a Ray-tick, where that can be more easily joined than Ish. If a phrase be written with this tick used initially, the tick must rest upon the line : L It should be ; t~v it should not be ; L it should have; ./^. we sho-ukl not; _.v^- / should not be;.. *^. . hf- should not have;..^- you, should have been ; - should have saul ; ^v. - should not be; _.^- he should not know ; v \ ' ' you should have seen. GROUPED PHRASES SPECIAL PHRASES. v. 83 23. It is allowable to use the small hooks and circles on the tick word- signs, but this should be done only by very careful writers: ? Who wefre ; /> who will; t who have; 4 who is; ___ he is ; .?. is he; /a has he ; 6 he has; *\ all have been; J all is clone; ^ y . on his. 24. OF and OF THE are generally omitted between two nouns which are joined in a phrase-sign : ->J.. Wh'ts of Congress; V^ bill of sale. 25. OR is implied, between two sets of figures, when the second set is written above the line. AND or TO may be indicated by writing the second set of figures below the line: ____ /.... Two or three ; __2JT.... twenty-Jive or twenty-six ; ....;. twenty-jive or thirty ; .J..7 ..Between seven a/nd ten ; ... -*^2 - - between forty and forty-five ; . _"\ .X . . . From eight to ten' ....^^... fro-m five to .fix hundred dollars. 2H. Any word or letter may be omitted, or changed in form, if the context will readily ami certainly suggest it: - ( - The other ; . .N^-^- np to the time ; -^^ 1 nun rwt sure; l-^ it must have been; -.iv ongb> to hu,ve been ; Q it would have to be, J I dfm't recollect; J / 3 Aw m m/iiul ; ..^-r-- did oulutvea/ncoi . - The reporter will find it convenient to form special phrase-signs, where difficult combinations of words occur frequently/ in his work. This is especially the case in Law Reporting. Such phrases should be written in full in the margin of the notes, near the place where they first appear. A few examples are given below : "~(_ _ New York Cemt/ral Rail/road Co. (_& German Inswwnce Co. ^*-r: . Mutual Life Insurance Company. . ^^. .... - Water Works Company. /"Z2. Lake Shore awl Michigan Southern R. R. Company. ._.. Objected to, a-s immaterial . __ ^^- _ Objected to, -y immaterial and incompetent , . . f^P. Objected to, as incompetent ; sustained . . . -t*- - - Objected to ; over- ruled,; exception. J? Sustained; exception. ,?v^^\- Objected fo, an immaterial and improper . /** Received: exception . L, Denied; T> OVn exception, /L, Refused: exception, ..L._ Plaintiff except^ 1 . J De- fendant excepts . o^. Objected to, as before . ^"l/ Entitled to recover . ^1 Entitled to a verdict . "^ Where do yon reside. positive an& IRcoative Words. U V-^^s SP ^- -- ^< '-^--N^ -- "-Y II s?~sis_ . TTst^. j > cr<3 I M ^ ^. -C- -X- .:>- ...... L... lis list illustrates the most approved ways of funning negatives from positive words. The Vowels and Con-dots may be omitted in practice. Similar IXHorfcs Distinguished. Apostle / \ -^ ~f Cost Postal Patient \ . \ < 'cast -> ^^t, * ( nllisipn < tompaasionate Preparation *\ r\ Collusion ~^ S ^ C ~A./ Corporal Proportion to ^ ^ Proportioned A A ( 'orporeal ( 'redence Proportionate \^j \^ Protection c- <\ c\ Production -N_c. ...V-.A Predication t Lg Pertain v- \ Accordance <^> (^ Plivsical -^ Fiscal ^ \ iolation V^tjfe f _ Volition Appertain \S 1'rosecute ~ \X~ Valuation 9 ^ ci Support Persecute I'rominent \>'V-J\--v : ^^ Separate . /\ sr- Altitude Permanent Ueaiitifv N I * Latitude /> ^, ~Y Writer Beatify ^ (^ Abundant ^ v 1 Orator "~^~ ^ V. In tact Abandoned i Traitor n , ., / Trader ...... -L.KK. in firi-ct ^ P V i v -^-t > indication Territorv | ATTainable | [ Tenable ^i_^..- Daujrhter. debtor J i I |/ Intoxication /~1L ^^V Invasion Innovation ^1 Indicted ^| |. Indebted Auditory, eilitor ) Domination \^~ , *^l I ndated Undoubted L-* ^~~bs Undefined "" ludenuite ^^_ti .2^ Ingenious "^l" Ingenuous _^i ^A>, Unavoidable ""* "J"" Inevitable Damnation V*- Diminution [~^c. Dimension ra^J.-.. Admonition v " -^ Derision ^ Dui-ation Q- \^ i -- Adoration * fB>etboc> of practice. .^-\ ....r.. ...ft,: .. ( :../. 4 : f ?s ^ N V Lr- > J t -J> '- - J \" -y- - - - ./r.....^3 --y--^ \ ^ .^ ^ METHOD OF PRACTICE v^ U/V ^ T ..1....V. -*- ---'- - - 4... =-. n.... .. >.....ex O . ^ - J . / ^ ...... *r> l/l c/ { t -^ V' - Malting for Spring. V ^l- -U- _(....:' *> l -< -f-- C - J -f- ^-^-^-^- _/L irk /...^__ ..^r...^i. Thomas A. Johnson. Death of an nig Son. .. ~ i No (o TL.J ..,..^...j..... ( ....S>^. &'4rM i SLP - ?.-../T.:.:..;JL r y .^.^..> - X- ^- j -V (, -\ , v ^ (L, >* >-- --<"-- ^--f- / 3 i ^ ^ . , . ~^ || JU . SJL . THE SUN COOLING Of P. 95 .V .. 96 THE SUN COOLIN'C. OFF. / --*"^,-"tja t""" >^ ?bi..^.JU?..n -^~. t .>.;. 4 . .1^.. i... ,.^..\ ,. . ._. s ...\ .. / THE SUN COOLING OFF. 97 <3ue0t. law Reporting. *~~v i ] , v \ * V. 1v x r.. \ ,- tlT" "%C" / lo '"^^ P "" ^ -v-- ------ ' i A 1 c 1 ^--^--- { t-1-4.-^-' Charge to a V;R ... .-.-> j . ...... >./. x ^ r A- I t * v 100 CHARGE TO A JURY. . I Vrrv..^J->...Or .Jo. L.^...i.lZ.jL i..x \.f. /..A,.. a _^:..v k. j ^^ 1-t^'i i -*- - s": " e " CHARGE TO A JURY. 101 I, .rv. V* u \ - 4-U c 1 102 CHARGE TO A JURY. -f-"- I . No 4 NO s . . -\0- . \ CHARGE TO A JURY. 103 ^f \ *> i / I . .. - . ."?. " .A . ^ ..JQL..* -^ L .. /^ V ..-- o r" V *" (' o......-^^.,....;....frq 'WVW 104 CHATCGT: TO A ,TXJRY. T .** - t c '~vV ^ Ube almanac /IDafeer.* David Ditson was the great almanac maker, calculating the signs and wonders in the heavens and furnishing the astronomical matter with which those useful annuals abound. It was his custom to insert sage predictions in regard to the weather at different periods in the course of the revolting year. Thus, he would say, "About this time look out for a change in tlie weather. " By stretching such a prophecy half way down the page, he would make very sure that in some of the days included the event foretold would come to pass. He wits cured of this spirit of prophecy, in an amusing way. One summer day, clear and calm as a day could be, he was riding on horseback. It was before railroads were in vogue, and being some distance from home, Jie stopped at the roadside and asked a farmer, who was at work in the field, how far it wa$ to tlie next town. The farmer told him it was six miles ; but he added, " Ton must ride sharp or you will get a wet jacket before you reach it." " A wet jacket ! " said Ditson ; " you don't think it is going to rain ? " "No; I don't think so I know so," replied the farmer; and the longer you sit there, the more likely you are to get wet." David thought the farmer a fool, and rode on, admiring the blue sky irhich was uncheckered by a cloud. He had not proceeded half the distance before tlie heavens were overcast and one of tJtose sudden showers not unusual in that latitude came down upon him, and in a moment he wf course such a speed cannot be kept up for any great length of time. Many of these ladies are experts in shorthand, and are able to take dictation from official stenographers, and even to occupy responsible positions as reporters. They are able to earn a good income, frequently as high as from $1500 to $2500 a year. Their work, like that of official stenographers, is often, very tedious, but it is generally very pleasant and satisfactory. Sun Goolmo ff. The-couviction cannot -he-resisted that-the-processes going forward bcfore-our eyes aim directly at-the final extinction of-the-solar fires. Ilelmholtz says, " The inexorable laws of-niechanics show that-the store of-heat in-the-sun must-be finally exhausted." What-a con- ception overpowers and-ovcrshadows thc-mind ! We-are-forced-fo- contemplate the slow waning of-that beneficent orb whose vivid light find-cheering warmth animate and-vivify the-eircuit of-the-solar system. For ages past, unbounded gifts have-been wasted through all-the expanding fields of-space wasted, I-say, since less-tlian half a billionth of-his-rays have-fallen upon-our planet. The-treasury of- life-and-motion from age-to-age is running lower-fMower. The- great-sun which, stricken with-the pangs of-dissolution, has bravely looked down upon-our earth ever-since organization first bloomed upon-it, is nevertheless a-dyiug existence. The-pelting rain of-cosmi- cal matter descending upon-his-surfaee can only retard for a-limited time the-encroachments of-the-mortal rigors, as friction may perpetu- ate for a-few brief-moments the-vital warmth of a-dying man. The- time-is-coming whcn-the July sun will-shine with a paler-light than- he now gives-us at-the-winter solstice. The-natioiis of-men, if-they still exist, will-have emigrated from-the temperate to-tlic equatorial regions. New diseases will-have diminished their numbers. Polar frost will have crept steadily and stealthily from Bchring's Straits to- the Gulf of Mexico. Continental glaciers will again have-brooded over-the-land. The prairie blossom will-have perished beneath a- mantle of-snow as limitless as-now the-prairie expanse. The -fluent rivers will-have-been chained to their rocky banks. The ruins of- great-cities will-be bemoaned by-wintry winds howling past in-rage at-the-prcsence of -unending frost. If yet a-narrow-belt remains where' sickly verdure maintains-the desperate conflict with the powers of- cold, it-is a dwarfed and arctic vegetation. The-magnolia has given- place to-the birch ; the-cypress lias-been supplanted by -the lichen covered fir. The-cmerald lias-departed from-.the shivering leaf, and even the-hardy violet is pale unto death. All things have assumed a- TIIK srx C'OOT,IXers of -a bonfire will furnish warmth for-the-life of-an ephemeron ; a molten lava stream consumes a-hundred-years in cooling. The great-globe of-the-earth, which-is cooling now at-the-rate of a degree in thirty five thousand years, was- once a-sphere of-molten granite, and-it-has consumed time-enough to- pass from-that-state-fr>-this. The-sun-is so- vast that, though-he began- fo-cool at-a still remoter epoch, the temperature retained to-day is forty-six thousand-times as high as-that-of-lhe surface of-our planet. The-epoch wheii-his rays will-be sensibly weakened, is at a-distance expressed by -millions of years. What thoughts rise upon-us as-we utter these words ! We-hang here upon-our planet, poised in-the-midst of infinite time and infinite- space. Whence we-came, we-know-not; whither we-are-bound. hope and-faith only can reveal. We-open our eyes for-a-moment, like an- infant in its sleep, and-anon they-are-closed ; or, perchance, like the- waking somnambulist, in-his-fall from-the house-top, we-rouse to-an instant's consciousness of-the-rush of-events and-the coming crash and -the busy activities of Nature move on as-if-we had never existed. A -few days since, a -friend exhibited -^-me a-silver coin dug from- the-rubbish cf the hoary east. It-was rude, irregular, and begrimed wilh-age. Upon, one-side was-raised the-image of -a Grecian warrior. Above-the-heud, I-could-trace, with-difliculty but with-certainty, the- Greek letters which-^spelled the.name of Alexander. Venerable coin ! I-thought ; and-my-imaginatiou wandered back through twenty two centuries, till I-saw-the Issus and the Granicus, and-the hosts of Darius melting before-the-fury of the-Macedonian conqueror. I felt transported back to antiquity. But then 1 remembered the Nineveh marbles upon-which I had -gazed, and the black and skinny mummies that had looked out at me from Iheir withered eye balls, and iniagin ation spanned another interval of ages ; and I stood upon the banks of-the-Tigris and the Nile, and the forms of Sennacherib and Menes and Moses passi d before -me. As chance would-have-it, I-returned. and. passing through-a cabinet where the " medal* of-ereation " had been ranged in regular order, the ponderous molars of-an-extinct mammoth, dug from 1 he-soil of-Michigan, awakened a-new thought. By its side, rested the-skull of Oreodon, with-its sheep-like teeth iu-a THE SUN COOI.IXc; OFF. 113 hog-like head ; and, bring in-a-mood for revery. I-thought-of-the dis- tant Missouri plains where Orrodon bad-grazed, and-ol'-the-vast lake, thrice the-size of-Superior, from whose water he-had-drunk and on whose muddy banks had-crawled turtles that could carry oxen on their backs. And-then I-remembered that thought had darted back over another stretch of-ages, to-a-time when God had-not yet said, " Let-us make man," when-the wide-continent was-the pasture-ground of elephants, and-mastodous, and-wild-horses, and camels, and-sloths, and-qoadnipeds of -strange shapes which-were blotted out-of -existence before-ever liuman-rye had-gazed upon-them. Here, I-thought, are- the relics of -a genuine antiquity. I -sauntered on, and-the teeth and- vertebrae and-dimly outlined forms of ichtliyosaurs, aud-deinosaurs, and flying lizards, and-lishes clad in-mail, these in-succession passed Ix-fore-my eyes. And-then winged thoughts flew back through those dim-ages which-we-call Mesozoic. I-hreathed a-stifling atmosphere : tepid vapors rose all-around me ; strange foliage fringed bayous of- which 1-had never heard ; neither bird nor-insect stirred thr-frrvid atmosphere ; there-wrre-no-forests ; the-continents were but just rising from-their sea-couclies, and-no footprint had yet been impressed upon- their slime-covered heads. And-then I thought again of-the-silver coin which bore the-image-aud superscription of-Alexander, and I- wondered that I-had-called-it venerable. Why? Since twenty popu- lations had possessed the-earth since-the relics of-these bucklered riches had-been animate ; and-this coin why, it bad-been stamped in- the last -part of-the-lifetime of-the twentieth population, and-there- were nineteen before-it which bad-become extinct. And so my-feet \vere-lifted up from-earth ; 1-was-pillowed upon a- bright-cloud, and floated in eternity. And I-saw-the long history of- the-world I-had-left, stretching backward from-lhe-spot where I-had- left-it till-it vanished from view like the-track of -a railroad on-the boundless prairie. With-the-flash of thought, I-pursued-it over mil- lions of-ages, till I-saw-it dissolved in -fire till luminous vapors rolled up and rested upon -the bosom of-infiuite-space. In-this cloud of-fire, the-track -of terrestrial history lost iiself, and I-dared not plunge through-the flame in-search of-a beginning ! Then I-thought, here at-length is-the dwelling-place of-antiquity. What-is-this which men call ancient and- venerable '{ Would lhat-the scales could-be-removed from-our eyes ! Would that-the fog might- lift, and-that-men might once look out upon-the-magnitude of-thc- u inverse, the-majestic span even of terrestrial history the-might, t he-greatness, the-wisdom, the-glory of -that Intelligence which, at-a- glance, takes in all space, all-time past, all-time to-come ! Sketches of -Creation. Cbarcic to a Sun?.* Gentlemen-of-the-Juiy : In-the-case about-^-be submitted to-you, you-have a-duty-to-perform which-is-as-important as-that-of-the Court. The-duties of-the jury and-of-the-Court are distinctly separated. It- is-the duty of-the-Court-^v-instruct-you upon-all-questions-of-law, and, first of -all, as-to-what questions-of-fact you-are-fc-decide, and-it-is-your daty-fo-find only upon such questions-of-fact a.s shall -be submitted to- you by-the-Court. In-this-casc, there-is but a singlc-question-of-fact for-your-consider- ation, and-that-is-the question of-the good-faith of-the transaction by- \vhich Palmer received-tlie-draft in-(|iiestion from- the defendants. Several-questions of-fact have-been alluded to by -counsel in-your- presence, which-you-will-not-be called upon-fo-decide, the-Court hold- ing that-they arc-not involved in-this-case. The-question \vhether Palmer was-the owner of-this draft, depends solely upon-the-question whether, in receiving-it from-the defendants, he-exercised towards-them that good-faith which as-their banker hc- was-bound-to-exercise, or-whether-his conduct in receiving-it was-a- violation of that good-faith. Thc-(|uestion whether-the City Bank was-a holder of this draft for-value, is-not in-the-case. Whatever was-sent by -that bank-^-Palmer, was-sent without any-anticipation of-this draft, and-without any-knowledge that-such-a draft was in- existence or-ever would-be, or-whether it-would-ever-be offered-to- them. I instruct-you, therefore, that-the City Hank was-not a-holder of-the-draft for-value. I-furthcr instruct-you that-the-plaintiffs in-this-case were-not holders of-the-draft for-value. The-law in-regard-to-the title-er. These three things are-necessary, how- ever, in-order-that-the holder of-such paper shall thus hold-it inde- pendent of-defenses: That-he shall take-it in -good-faith ; lhat-he shall take-it for-value for-a con ideration parted with for it ; and- that-hc shall thus take-it before-it becomes-due. In-this-case, there- was-no parting with-value for-the paper, and-no pretense of-it, or, at- least, but-a mere-pretense. "\Vhen-the-cashier of-the-bank said to-the *The words to be joined in phrase-sign! are connected by hyp'.icn , ; and where to is to be indicated by proximity, ii is printed in Italic. CHARdK To A JVHY. 115 agent of-the-plaintiffs, "Ilcre-are papers to-the-amount of -your depos- its, and here-is-a-check for-you-fo-sign for-your-balance," did-thc- plaintiffs pay anything for-tbe securities that-were at-that-time deliv- ered-to-them ? Not a-dollar. He-was-asked-to-give-his-check, and- lie gave-it-fo-stand over against-this payment ; but-the turning out of those securities was, in-polnt-of-fact and-in-point-of-law, a-mere pay- ment of-a liability which previously existed on-tbe part-of -the- bank to- the-plaintiff s and-tbe turning out of commercial paper in-payment of- a preexisting liability is-nol a-transfer for-value. Such-is-tbe law. It does-not pay-it, and-unless-tbe transfer prove-to-be-good, the-creditor still bas-bis claim upba-thc-original indebtedness. Suppose a-man comes to-yoti with a note of-a hundred-dollars, apparently good, and- offers-it to-yon in-payment of-a debt, and-you accept-it unless-that note is collectible, it does-not pay-the-claim, and-you still have-the- ri;rht-to-proceed against-the-debtor upon-tbe-original demand. It-is id veil to-yon in-payment of-tbat existing indebtedness, and-you take- it only upon condition that it-is good and-collectible. When-you-seek- / -/-eiiforce-it. if-the-maker bave-a-perfect defense against-it in-tbe-hands of-your-debtor, he-has that perfect defense against-it in-your-hand.s. There must be a-parting \vilb-valne for commercial paper, in-order- that there may -be a-holding discharged-of defenses which otherwise would exist to-the paper. So, I-charge-you, as-matter-of-la\v, that- t he-plaintiffs were-not holders for-value. This, you-see, brings us to the single-question-of-fact whether Palmer acted in good-faith with-his customers tbe-defendants, or-iu- bjul-faith aud-fraudulently, whcn-he received-this paper. If-he-did- act in-bad-faith and-fraudulently, that-fraud reudered-bis holding of- it invalid, and-no-man could thereafter hold-it in-good-faith unkss-be paid value for-it, which neither-the City Bank nor-the-plaintiffs did. Come-then to-the-question whether Palmer took-this paper in-good- faith or-fraudulently. When a person proclaims-himsclf to-the world as-a banker, ready-^-receive-!he deposits of -his customers, he thereby holds-bimself out as-a-mau of-sumcient means to-meet-the obligations be thus assumes. Whether-his-respousibility is large or small, is of- no-cousequencc ; he-represents himself ^"-be a-man of-means large- enough-to-meet these obligations. You do-not expect a-banker to state-to-yon, whenever you make-a deposit, "Tain still solvent.'' Sucb-a representation was never heard of, and-is-not expected, because, in-doing-a banking business aml-taking-the deposits of-his customers, a banker thereby represents-that-he has sufficient means-to- meet-a demand for tlie-payment of -such deposits whenever that- deniand mav-be-made. That-is wbat-lie-is bouud-fo-do, and-that-is 116 CHARGE TO A JURY. vvhat-he-is bound-to-be. It-is -not-neccssaiy that, at-tlie-time-lie received-these deposits Palmer should-liave expected-to-fail-to-pay or- to-refuse-to-pay-that particular paper ; it'-he received-that paper as-a deposit, knowing himself-to-be in such-circumstances that if he- were called upon-to-meet-his liabilities he-could-not respond moreover, knowing himself- to-be in-a position in-which-he was likely to-be-ren- dered incapable-of meeting thai-demand when-it should-be-made in- Ihe-due course-of-business hc-was-bound-to-disclose-that fact bef ore- he received-the deposit. This relation between-a banker and-his customer, is-a highly confidential relation. You go-to-him not-to- buy-his-goods and-to pay-your-money, but-you-go-to-give-him your- money-to-keep for-you. Shall-it-be permitted that-a-man may hold this confidential relation with customers and-take-thcir money when- he-is-likely, before a-demand can-be-made for-a return of-it, to-sus- pend payment ? Certainly-not. The-law does-not tolerate such-an- abuse of-the-relation which-exists bet weeu-a depositary and -his-de r /os- itor. Mere insolvency does-not render-the receipt-of money by-a banker fraudulent, but insolvency which-is hopeless and-irrcmedible, such insolvency as-is likely-to-compel-the closing of-the-doors of-the- bank at-any moment, renders-it improper for-the-banker-to-continue- the business. Therefore it-is that-the law requires-of-him that-he shall-not continue- to-receive. deposits, or-that, if -he does receive them, it shall-be with notice to-the-customer of the-facts as-they exist. Upon-no-other basis could-lhe business of-the country be conducted. We-are obliged to have- banks for the ordinary exchanges of -trade, but-thcy must-not-be-made instruments of-fraud. What-was-the situation of Palmer ? Was-he insolvent ? Yes, so- he says. "Was he hopelessly insolvent ? Yes, so-far-as present means were-concerncd. He- was indebted to-the City Bank alone in some- thing like 50 thousand-dollars, upon notes which-hc had given to-a friend for his personal accommodation, which-he f-ays-he-knew bad- been used, though-he-did-not-know they-had-been used at-that bank. But-he-did-know that-they-were outstanding obligations against-him. To-his customers, he owed over 50 thousand-dollars for deposits received by him. The-amount of-his assets was very inconsiderable, compared with-this large liability. That-he- was hopelessly insolvent you-will-probably be compelled-to-find. Now, what-was-his ground of expectation ? He-says-hc had-an arrangement with-the City Bank- to-furnish-him money as-he wanted-it. That arrangement must-have- had two-sides, we should-supposc, and so-we find-the-fact-to-be, for- he-was-to-furnish-the City Bank with paper equal in amount to-the currency furnished-to-him. But-it-was-not so-much upon-that that- CHARGE TO A JURY. 117 lie relied as upon-the expectation that-his friend, who-was-the presi- dent of-the City Bank, should "carry-him." 1-charge-you, as matter of-law that-a-man cannot honestly carry on-the business of-banking upon a-mere promise ol'-another to carry-him, without-some security for-the performance of-lhe promise. It-canuot-be tolerated that-a- man shall continue such-a-business upon-the-mere assurance of- another, without security, that-he will carry-him. Whenever that- other ceases-to-carry-him, there-is-an-end of -it, and-the depositors go \vithout-their-money. A-man cannot-do-a banking business honestly without-means or reasonable expectation of-means-fo-do-the-business with. That-is so-simple a-proposition that-it-seems unnecessary-fc-- state-it. \Vluit-is common-sense in-a-case of-this-kind, is the-law of- the case and-the law must commend itself to-the good judgment of- the jury. As 1-have-stated, the-ouly-questiou-of-fact upon-which-you are-to- find, is- whether this deposit was- received by Palmer in-good-faith, or- whether, under-the-circumstances-of-the case, it-was dishonest on-his- part-k>-receive-it. 1-repeat, that-it-is-not-necessary that-there should- have-been an intention in-this particular case-to defraud-the-r.ien who- made-the deposit ; if-a-man is doing a banking business fraudulently all the-time, it-is-not-necessary that-he s-hall entertain a particular fraudulent design in-each individual case in-which-he receives deposits. If-this transaction was thus fraudulent on the part-of Palmer, the-defcnse is-established, because lie thereby obtained no title to-the-draft in-question aud-the City Bank obtained no title unless he-did. If-you-find that-this was-an-honest transaction, the- plain tiffs are entitled to-your-verdict for-the amount of the-draft, which-is $1,059.29. If-it-was-not an-honest transaction, your-verdict must-be for-the-defendants. Mr. Gillette asked-the-court-fo-charge-the-jury tliat-it-was neces sary for the-defendants-^-establish-the-tact lhat Palmer mis- represented the-facts with-the intention of deceiving them, and- that-he obtained-the draft l>y-means of-such-misre]resentations. lief used; exception. Also, That-the answer could-not-be-sustained unless-the defend- ants were in fact deceived. The Court : I-have-charged that-the-fact of carrying on-the business was-a representation-to-everybody. Exception . Mr. Gillette excepted to-the charge that-the City Bank was-not a-holder for-value. Also, to-the charge that-the-j^.laintiffs were-not holders for-value. Verdict for-thc-defendants. INDEX. PAGE. Alphabet, The, 4 Aspirate, The 10 Circles 13 Coalescents , 8 Concurrent Vowels, 8 Consonants, 4 Consonants, Combinations of,. ... Hi Consonants, Omissions of, 2(> Contractions and Word-Forms, engraved, 63 Derivatives, Outlines and Posi- tions of, 2 Diphthongs, 6 Double-ruled Paper, 2 Foreign Sounds, 26 F-V-Hook, 21 Group Phrasing, 75 Halving Principle 24 Hooks, Combinations of, with Circles and Loops, IK Introduction, 1 Iss-Circle, 13 L-Hook, IT Lengthening Principle, 25 Loops for St and Str, . ; 15 L, R, and Sh, Rules for writing, 9. 14 M-Hook 22 X, additional Hook for, 22, 78 X-Hook 19 X-hook after Circles, 14 Xs- and Nses-Circles, 20 Xst- and Xstr-Loops, 2(1 Xs-tion-Hook, 24 Outlines of Derivatives, 26 Omissions of Consonants, 26 Phrases, Special 83 Phrasing, Introduction to,. 72 Phrasing, General Rules for, 73 Phrasing, Group, 75 Phrasing, Simple, 1 1 , 74 Plural Xumber, Expression of, 14, 15 Position, Rule of, 6 Position, exceptions to Rule of,.. 25 Positive and Xegative Words 84 Prefixes and Affixes, 50 Punctuation, , 3 READING EXERCISES : On the Principles 2!i On the Word-Signs, 4(1 The Almanac Maker, 55 The Early American Giant. . . 57 Jenny Kissed Me, 5it Stenographers in New York.. ti() Method of Practice 8t> Waiting for Spring, KS Death of an Only Son 89 Praise, 95 .&"' Any of the above named books will be sent post-paid when ordered by mail, but all orders must be accompanied by a remittance of the price named above. W. w. OSGOODBY, ROCHESTER, N. Y. COMMENDATIONS. Mr. Osgoodby has greatly simplified Stenography, and he offers a book that quick minds can easily master, especially if they use his Correspondence School in connection with it. Stenographers everywhere endorse it. The N. Y Evangelist. Superadded to his altogether exceptional practical experience, the author has brought to the preparation of the work an intelligence not often to be found in writers of this class of books. The result has been that we have in this system a method of Shorthand that is now coming generally to be conceded as the best extant. In point of celerity, brevity, legibility and simplicity, it has no equal. The generalization of the principles of the art, as they have been formulated in the rules of this method, show a thorough- ness of comprehension on the part of the author that entitles him to the student's unquestioning confidence. The Railway Season. A careful examination of Mr. Osgoodby's Method which is an improve- ment on some that are loudly extolled convinces us that it is unsurpassed if not unequalled in its principles and in the arrangement of its lessons. It has the endorsement of many experts and students who have tested it in their practice and pronounced it the best work on the subject, especially for self -instruction. The Gospel Banner. The system is very complete, harmonious and practicable. Its arrange- ment is excellent, the principles are clearly and fully explained, and the illustrations and exercises for practice are as complete as could be desired. We have no hesitation in recommending it. Philadelphia Ko. Call. An excellent method of Shorthand, embodying all the improvements suggested to the author during an experience of twenty-two years as official stenographer to the Supreme Court of New York. It does not differ funda- mentally from Pitman's system, but has many improvements and advan- tages not included in any other system. Baptist Church Home. In point of speed, legibility and simplicity, there can be no doubt that the system is superior to any other method. As a self-instructor, the book is a marvel of perspicuity, utility and neatness, and shows a perfect appre- ciation by its experienced author, of the wants of the student who aspires to become a practical reporter. Forney's Progress. We have seldom examined a system that has so many excellencies as this. We are surprised at its completeness, compactness and clearness. There is exact shape to every bit of his material. Clinton, S. C., Monthly. The exercises are splendid. We are having the best of results from the use of -the advance sheets. They supply just the kind of work the student needs, and they keep him interested. It is surprising how well our pupils are doing with them. The credit is all on your side of the account, and you may be proud of having provided such an easy road to success in shorthand. Mrs. L. A. Kane, Princ-ipal of Stenographic Department, Rochester Business Univei siLy. I have examined the books you sent me, with great interest, and think that you have greatly simplified and improved the Pitman system. Prof. Peter T. Austen, Ph. D ,F. C. S , of the Faculty of Rutgers College. We use Osgoodby's system, because it is thoroughly practical. It is not revolutionary, but it is simple and legible to a remarkable degree. We have never seen a work superior to it. It needs but to be seen to be admired W. N. Ferris, Principal of Big Rapids Industrial School. I am delighted with the new exercises. The plan is entirely logical, and the student is led naturally from one principle to another, and with each new exercise he meets with a new and pleasant surprise in the increase in his power to write. One of the greatest benefits from the book conies from the extensive list of shorthand outlines which seem to be acquired almost without effort. Mr. F. E. Mullen, Teacher, Atlantic Mine, Michigan . This [the Speed-Book] is a most excellent work. Commencing with the first principles. Mr. Osgoodby carr!e> the -indent through graded speed lessons, thoroughly impressing each principle in such a practical way as to absolutely fix it upon the memory. To each lesson he subjoins general directions of great value to the student. Part II gives theshorthand equiva-. lents of the exercises in Part I. The notes are most beautifully executed. The work of Mr. Osgoodby shows his careful and painstaking manner of doing things. He has put into these two hooks matter that would have required at least three times the space if put forth by many of our authors. He has bestowed a great amount of thought upon them, and their value will soon be appreciated. Rational Stenographer. The Speed-Book is just the thing we want for our speed classes. I am very much pleased with its comprehensiveness and its systematic arrange- ment. Mr. A. D. Wilt, Principal of the Miami Commercial College, Dai/ton, Ohio. There is probably not a more practical, efficient reporter in the profes- sion than Mr. Osgood'by. and in justice to the cause of phonography we must not omit to state what he has done for its advancement. He has sought no self-aggrandizement, but he has put into practice, by his own invention and skill, one of the best methods of Shorthand Reporting we know t>f. Phono- graphic Monthly. A most excellent Speed-Book his latest addition to the text-books of his splendid system. Isaac S. Dement, editor of The JfaUanat Stenographer, Chicago. A complete Manual, admirably arranged, and typographically excellent. A thorough examination enables us to recommend the book to writ el's of all systems, as containing the results of the author's experience in a wealth of information and sound advice. * * The Speed-Book is the last addition to Mr. Osgoodby 's method for self-instruction in his excellent system of phonography. The work will be found useful to students of all system-. and as such we can recommend it a-s an excellent generator of speed with legibility. Shorthand Review. The Speed-Book will prove of great service to learners. It furnishes drill practice for speed, supplementary to the Manual, taking up one princi- ple at a tune, and a student who follows the directions can hardly fail of becoming a practical stenographer. Philadelphia Stenographer. Mr. Osgoodby is himself a talented and successful reporter, and in his own hand> his system has proved most successful. Phonographic Magazine. I think you deserve great praise for the excellent character of these exercises. I cannot conceive of anything more admirably adapted to the needs of the student. * * * What should be done, is to give the student the best exercises on the best methods of writing rapidly and legibly: and this is just what you have given him. Mr.J. G. Bowman, Law Stenographer ; associate editor of The National Stenographer. ( Kgnodby's system numbers among its writers some of the best reporter- in the Eastern States. His Manual is widely known, and is rapidly gaining favor in the hands of successful students. The Phonographic Wtinld. I have carefully examined the advance sheets of your new practice book. It will certainly be a very valuable book. It is well arranged, and full of meat. I want an early copy of it. Mr. Ruel Smith, Official Stenographer of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine : author of "Shorthand Numerals." I have delayed acknowledging the receipt of it, hoping to be able to find some fault with it. but the effort has not been successful. The book is very well arranged, and will be useful to teachers of any system. Mrs. L. H. Pochard, Principal of Packard's School of Stenography [Munsori], yew York. Your Manual is one of the briefest, neatest, and most complete text- books ever offered to the public. -F. IT. Craig, Pitman Stenographer. I am really delighted with your book, and only wish I had been able to find such an one when I was struggling with the elements of the Art. It is perfectly easy to comprehend, and contains none of the useles.- complica- tions that are so confusing to the student in the older works. Geo. S. Hull. Graham Stenographer. It gives me pleasure to say a good word for your system of shorthand and your series of text-books. I have been using your books in uiy school for some time past, and am much pleased with the results. Owing to the scientific arrangement of principles and the uniformity of the rules, the system is easier to teach than others, and more satisfactory to the pupil. - Your Manual, while brief, is unusually clear and explicit ; and your new Speed-Book gives the necessary practice in applying the principles. I have been using these exercises from the proof-sheets you kindly furnished me, and must say they are superior to anything else 1 ever used for the purpose. This new book will certainly do much to popularise your system. Mr. S. H. East, Principal of Stenographic Department, Koerner's Business College, Indianapolis. Too much cannot be said in praise of your valuable Speed-Book. A work of this kind has been greatly needed, and it will prove a benefactor to both teacher and pupil, making the study much easier and much more interest- ing.- Mrs. M. C. Churchill, Principal of Rochester Stenographic School. I consider your system far superior to any I have seen, not because it is fundamentally different from the best phonographic systems now extant, but because of its employment of the most valuable stenographic material in the most economical and profitable way. ***** These features, combined with its simplicity, its absence of exceptions to its rules, and its entire consistency throughout, make it, in my opinion, not only the easiest to learn, but also the most practicable, rapid and legible system now pub- lished. John O. Bowman, Stenographer. I have examined your work on Phonography with great interest and pleasure. I heartily recommend it to the beginner as the clearest and most concise exposition of shorthand writing that has ever come to my notice. Milton J. Tripp, Munson Stenographer. If a student cannot learn Phonography from such an arrangement as is presented in your Manual, he cannot learn it at all. Theodore C. Rose, Off. Stenographer of the New Y