MEDICAL 
 
 PHAPMAHY 
 
 IN MEMORIAE 
 DR. M.H. SIMMONS 
 
MEDICINAL PLANTS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO 
 
THE 
 
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PHILIPPINES 
 
 BY 
 
 T. H. PAKDO DE TAYERA 
 
 DOCTOR EN MEDICINA DE LA FACULTAD DE PARIS, COMISIONADO CIENTIFICO DE S. M. EN 
 
 LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS Y DELEGADO GENERAL EN LAS MISMAS DE LA SOCIETE 
 
 ACADEMIQUE INDO-CHINOISE DE FRANCIA, MIEMBRO FUNDADOR COR- 
 
 RESPONDIENTE DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE HIGIENE, ETC. 
 
 TRANSLATED AND KE VISED BY 
 JEROME B. THOMAS, JR., A.B., M.D. 
 
 CAPTAIN AND ASSISTANT SURGEON, U. S. V. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO. 
 
 1012 WALNUT STREET. 
 
 1901 
 
Copyright, 1901, by 
 P. BLAKISTON'S SON & Co. 
 
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 This translation was undertaken with the especial object of 
 facilitating the study of the native medicinal plants by the 
 numerous medical officers stationed at small posts throughout 
 the Philippines. In order to aid in the recognition of these 
 plants, the botanical descriptions have been revised to the ex- 
 tent of adding, where possible, the size and shape of the plant, 
 English name, length of leaves, color of flowers, etc., in many 
 instances supplying the entire botanical description where it 
 had been omitted on account of general familiarity with the 
 plant. Comparing the few analyses that I have had an oppor- 
 tunity to make with corresponding ones in the native works 
 from which Dr. Tavera has taken his botanical descriptions, I 
 am impressed with the necessity for a revision of the Botany of 
 the Philippines. However, as the therapeutic properties of the 
 flora are of foremost interest to the medical profession I have 
 not hesitated to publish the book in its present form as an enter- 
 ing wedge, leaving to those better fitted the great work of classi- 
 fying the flora of these islands in accordance with modern botan- 
 ical science. 
 
 Dr. Tavera has faithfully described the Malay and Hindu 
 therapeutics of the present day, enriching his description by ob- 
 servations founded on a long practice in Paris and* in his own 
 native Luzon. From this potpourri of scientific therapeutics 
 and ignorant, superstitious drugging the interested physician 
 will elicit not a few useful data concerning the treatment of 
 disease in the tropics, and at the same time gain a more inti- 
 mate knowledge of both the people and plants of our new Asiatic 
 possessions. 
 
 I take this occasion to gratefully acknowledge my obliga- 
 tions to Mr. A. P. Tonielli, stenographer and translator of the 
 Supreme Court of the Philippines, for typewriting the manu- 
 script of this translation. 
 
 JEROME B. THOMAS, JR. 
 
 MANILA, P. I. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Commissioned by His Majesty's Government to study the 
 medicinal plants of my native country, I returned there and 
 spent two years in collecting data regarding the use that the 
 Filipinos make of their plants in the treatment of disease. 
 At the same time I collected and carefully preserved some 
 with the purpose of taking them to Europe, to study their 
 chemical composition in the laboratories of Paris under the direc- 
 tion of the eminent men who had been my instructors in medicine. 
 
 The work I did in the Philippines was preliminary, a prepa- 
 ration for the more extended study of the subject which I 
 wished to make in Paris, where I went with my notes and col- 
 lection. Unfortunately, upon leaving Manila, I confided the 
 mounting and pressing of my plants to an inexperienced person 
 who stupidly placed in the midst of them several succulent 
 tubers which decomposed during the voyage and spoiled the 
 other plants. At the same time I received in Paris an im- 
 portant collection of the vegetable drugs of the Philippines, 
 sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, and des- 
 tined for the World's Fair of 1889. I opened with great 
 pleasure the wood and zinc box in which the collection came, 
 anticipating that I should be able to carry out my plan of 
 study and at the same time win for my friend, Garcia, a well- 
 deserved premium. Imagine my disappointment upon finding 
 that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had arrived in 
 the same condition as mine, having also been packed with 
 tubers of ubi, gabi, etc., and several cocoanuts which had de- 
 composed. 
 
 Many times since then I have tried to obtain from Manila, 
 through exchange or payment of money, a similar collection, 
 but have been unable to secure a single leaf of the plants I so 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll PREFACE 
 
 desired. If in the future I have the good fortune to procure 
 any, I shall make a study of those at hand and publish the 
 results. 
 
 I herewith publish the results of my investigations and ex- 
 periments in Manila, where, especially in the neighboring towns 
 of San Mateo and San Miguel, I often had opportunities for 
 using, with good results, the plants of which this volume 
 treats. I may add that in spite of the limited means at my 
 disposal in Manila and the short time left me by my regular 
 occupations I was able to conduct a few laboratory experi- 
 ments owing to which this work contains some personal obser- 
 vations reinforcing those quoted from medical literature. 
 
 The flora of the Archipelago is known to-day through the 
 works of Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Yillar and 
 Naves, and of the engineers Jordano, the brothers Vidal and 
 Soler and others who have brought such honor to Spanish 
 science, preparing the way for the study of the therapeutic and 
 industrial applications of that wonderfully rich plant life with 
 which our islands have been endowed. Their works help us 
 to recognize the plants whose medicinal virtues are herein de- 
 scribed and it is to them I owe the botanical descriptions in 
 this treatise. 
 
 Father Blanco, in describing certain plants, mentions their 
 medicinal uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are few 
 and very deficient as one would expect in a work of the scope 
 of his Flora. A Jesuit of some reputation, Father Clain, pub- 
 lished in Manila in 1712 a book entitled "Kemedios faciles 
 para diferentes enfermedades ? " in which he speaks of the 
 medicinal virtues of some of the indigenous plants, almost the 
 same ones that appear in another work, a frank and pleasing 
 little treatise written by Father Santa Maria. Father Mer- 
 cado is the only one who has written a special treatise on the 
 subject and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augus- 
 tinian Fathers of Manila published it in the last edition of 
 
PREFACE IX 
 
 Father Blanco's " Flora" ; but neither this work nor those 
 of Clain or Santa Maria are useful to a physician, nor are they 
 as accurately written as works of a scientific character should 
 be. From time to time superficial articles have appeared in 
 the Manila papers regarding the virtues of some plant or other 
 and these books and articles comprise the whole literature on 
 the subject up to this time. 
 
 Some physicians regard with small favor the therapeutic 
 application of plants by the Filipino "herb-doctors" (curande- 
 ros) as being entirely empirical. This disparagement is un- 
 justified because in all the most rational and scientific remedies 
 that we make use of, the first step towards the final develop- 
 ment of their relative position among remedies is due to em- 
 piricism which is founded on daily experience, on observation 
 of results obtained in specific cases, facts that are handed down 
 from father to son for generations. The scientific explanation 
 is lacking, but those first ideas frequently owing their origin to 
 chance, or, perhaps, to superstition, have often been based upon 
 the observation of facts which, although fortuitous, are none 
 the less positive. 
 
 Many of the plants mentioned in this book are official in the 
 Pharmacopoeia of India and we see no reason why their use 
 should be proscribed in the Philippines. Filipino physicians 
 not only can but should employ many indigenous plants in their 
 therapeutics; in many instances they would find them more 
 useful than the exotics, which are not always fresh and are 
 commonly reduced in strength by long keeping or damaged by 
 some circumstance of voyage or climate. The price is another 
 argument in favor of the use of native drugs. If the pharma- 
 cists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the crude drugs 
 most in demand the public would gain a great advantage and 
 the druggists be well repaid for their labor. Physicians and 
 pharmacists will surely understand these advantages and when 
 finally one considers that the patients generally prefer to be 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 treated with native plants, I feel justified in the hope that their 
 use will spread rapidly in the Philippines. 
 
 To employ therapeutically the drugs described in this work 
 is not to experiment " in anima vilis," as some would have us 
 believe. To experiment is to employ unknown remedies of 
 unknown virtues and properties. 
 
 In this treatise I am not attempting to fix the indications for 
 this or that product, but simply make known the diseases in 
 which the Filipinos and the natives of other countries employ 
 the products. Any physician has a perfect right to prescribe 
 these drugs, as have also the " curanderos " and even the laity, 
 with this difference, however, that the physician is capable of 
 observing results and guiding himself by the physiologic action 
 of the drugs. His knowledge of the physiologic and anatomo- 
 pathologic problems of the human body, will enable the phy- 
 sician to make scientific inferences that would be hidden from 
 the common " curandero." 
 
 As neither the Manila nor the provincial physicians keep 
 these medicinal plants in stock, with the exception of those 
 that are official in the European and American pharmacopeias, 
 it will be necessary for the physician who wishes to use them, 
 to busy himself with seeking them and laying in a sufficient 
 stock to serve him when the opportunity presents itself. It is 
 necessary to preserve them by drying and this is best done by 
 exposing them several days to the fresh air in a dry place 
 for example, the corridors of the house being careful not to 
 expose them to the rays of the sun, in which latter event the 
 fleshy and juicy plants which do not desiccate rapidly, putrefy 
 or ferment. 
 
 A convenient way to get them is to visit the Binondo Square 
 where there has been market for native drugs from time im- 
 memorial. The gardeners from the neighboring towns, es- 
 pecially those from Pasay and Singalon, regularly offer the 
 plants for sale and will undertake to supply you with any that 
 
PREFACE XI 
 
 may not be on hand. Inasmuch as the common names of the 
 plants lead to many mistakes and much confusion, it is indis- 
 pensable to acquaint one's self with the description of the plant 
 and be sure that the actual product conforms in all respects to 
 the description. For this purpose it is well to obtain flowering 
 specimens, and bearing this fact in mind I have been careful to 
 indicate the flowering season of each plant. By making ex- 
 cursions to the towns of San Mateo and Angono I have ob- 
 tained an abundance of whatever I sought and at the same time 
 have learned by talking with the mountaineers and " curande- 
 ros," what uses they make of their plants. The " curanderos " 
 know a great deal concerning these uses, but become very 
 reticent as soon as they are questioned about them. Whether 
 it is dread of ridicule or selfishness or fear that silences them, 
 the fact remains that it is no easy matter to glean any useful 
 facts from them. And yet by tact and friendliness one may 
 elicit much more information from them than first impressions 
 would lead one to hope. 
 
 Leaves should be gathered when fully developed, rejecting 
 the old, dried and worm-eaten ones. 
 
 The best time to gather bark is one month before the period 
 of inflorescence, when it is rich in sap. The flowers are best 
 gathered when about half expanded. The fruit is gathered 
 green or ripe according to the active principle sought. The 
 seeds should always be mature. 
 
 Not all parts of the plant are equally provided with the 
 active principle which may be localized in the root or the 
 flower ; or distinct principles may exist in different parts of the 
 same plant. Therefore the part indicated, and only that part, 
 should be employed. 
 
 In the root the active substance usually resides in the bark, 
 sometimes in the parenchyma that envelopes the woody tissue 
 and rarely in the woody tissue itself, as, for example, in " rhu- 
 barb " and " pareira brava." 
 
xil PREFACE 
 
 The stem bark is also a frequent seat of the active principle, 
 of which the outer portion contains the greater amount, accord- 
 ing to the valuable experiments of Howard. 
 
 Some plants owe their therapeutic importance to their wood, 
 others to their leaves or flowers, and regarding the localization 
 of the active principle in these parts we have nothing especial 
 to indicate. The fruit, however, may have a pericarp consist- 
 ing of mucilage, starch, sugar and gum, etc., while the seeds 
 contain fatty matter, fixed or essential oils or alkaloids, as is 
 the case with coffee and cacao. In view of these facts, we re- 
 peat that it is indispensable to use that part of each plant which 
 I have indicated as applicable to a determined case or condi- 
 tion. 
 
 I earnestly hope that the physicians and pharmacists prac- 
 tising in the Philippines may undertake investigations and 
 experiments regarding the therapeutic properties of the plants 
 of my native land, and that my endeavors may have acted as 
 a stimulus or inspiration to the loyal and earnest study of the 
 subjects that are now awakening such interest, not only in 
 Europe and America, but in India and Japan. 
 
 I should be pleased to receive notes, plants or reports of 
 researches from any one interested in the subject matter of this 
 book, and I shall consider it a pleasure, as well as a duty, to 
 devote my forces, small as they may be, to aiding any one who 
 may do me the honor to claim my assistance. 
 
 T. H. P. DE TAVERA. 
 
 PARIS, April, 1892. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS, POLYPETALOUS. 
 
 DILLENIACE.E Tetracera macrophylla 17-18 
 
 MAGNOLIACE^E Illicium anisatum, Michelia Champaca 18-20 
 
 ANONACE^E Artabotrys odoratissimus, Anona squamosa, A. 
 
 reticulata, A. muricata 20-22 
 
 MENISPERMACE^: Tinospora crispa, Anamirta Cocculus, 
 
 Cissampelos Pareira 22-27 
 
 NYMPH^EACE^E Nymphsea Lotus, Nelumbium nucifera 27-28 
 
 P APAVERACEJE Argemone Mexicana 29-30 
 
 CRUCIFER^: Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus 30-31 
 
 CAPPARIDACE.E Cleome viscosa, Cratseva religiosa 31-32 
 
 BIXINE^E Bixa Orellana, Pangium edule 32-34 
 
 PORTULACACE^E Portulaca oleracea 34 
 
 GUTTIFER.E Garcinia mangostana, G. venulosa, G. Cam- 
 bogia, G. morella, Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, Calophyl- 
 
 lum Inophyllum, Mesua ferrea 35-40 
 
 DIPTEROCARPE^E Dipterocarpus turbinatus 40-42 
 
 MALVACEAE Sida carpinifolia, Abutilon Indicum, Urena sin- 
 uata, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, H. tiliaceus, H. Rosa-Sinen- 
 sis, Thespesia populnea, Gossypium herbaceum, Bombax 
 
 malabaricum, Eriodendron anfractuosum 42-51 
 
 STERCULIACEJE Sterculia foetida, S. urens, Kleinhovia hos- 
 pitata, Helicteres Ixora, Abroma fastuosa, Theobroma 
 
 Cacao 51-57 
 
 GERANIACE^E Oxalis corniculata, Biophytum sensitivum, 
 
 Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola 58-61 
 
 RTJTACE^E Ruta graveolens, Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, 
 Murraya exotica, M. Koenigi, Citrus acida, Bigaradia 
 
 decumana, ^Egle decandra, Feronia elephantum 61-70 
 
 SIMARUBACE^E Samadera Indica 71-72 
 
 BURSERACE.E Garuga pinnata, Canarium commune 72-75 
 
 MELIACE^E Melia Azedarach, Dysoxylum Blancoi, Sandori- 
 
 cum Indicum, Carapa Moluccensis, Cedrela Toona 75-80 
 
 CELASTRACE^: Celastrus paniculata 80-81 
 
 RHAMNACE^: Zizyphus Jujuba, Rhamnus Wightii 81-82 
 
 ANACARDIACE^: Mangifera Indica, Anacardium occidentale, 
 
 Odina Wodier 82-86 
 
 xiii 
 
XIV CONTENTS 
 
 Moringa pterygosperma ............................... 86-88 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE (PAPILIONACE^:) Agati grandiflora, Abrus pre- 
 catorius, Mucuna pruriens, ErythrinaIndica,Clitoria ter- 
 natea, Pterocarpus santalinus, P. Indicus, P. erinaceus, 
 Pongamia glabra .......... .......................................... 88-95 
 
 LEGUMINOS^: (CuESALPiNE^T-^Qsesalpinia Bonducella, C. 
 Sappan, C. pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, C. 
 alata, Tamarindus Indica, Bauhinia malabarica ........... 96-106 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE (MIMOSEJE) Entada scandens, Parkia Rox- 
 
 burghii, Acacia Farnesiana ....................................... 106-109 
 
 CRASSULACE^E Kalanchoe laciniata ................................. 109-110 
 
 COMBRETACE.E Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, Quisqualis 
 
 Indica ................................................................... 110-113 
 
 MYRTACEVE Psidium pomiferum, Eugenia Jambolana ........ 113-116 
 
 MELASTOMACE^: Melastoma malabatrichum ..................... 116-117 
 
 LYTHRACE^E Ammannia vesicatoria, Lawsonia alba, Punica 
 
 Granatum .............................................................. 117-122 
 
 ONAGRACE^: Jussisea suffruticosa ................................... 122-123 
 
 PASSIFLORACE^E Carica Papaya ...................................... 123-127 
 
 CUCURBITACE^E Trichosanthes palmata, T. anguina, T. cu- 
 cumerina, Lagenaria vulgaris, var. Gourda, var. cour- 
 gourda, var. clavata, LufFa ^Egyptiaca, Momordica 
 balsamina, M. charanta, Citrullus Colocynthis .............. 127-134 
 
 FICOIDE^: Trianthema monogyna ................................... 134 
 
 UMBELLIFER^E Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Carum copticum, 
 
 Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum .................... 134-138 
 
 CORNACE^: Alangium Lamarkii ..................................... 138-139 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS, GAMOPETALOUS. 
 
 RuBiACE^as Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia corym- 
 bosa, Eandia dumetorum, Ixoracoccinea,Coffea Arabica, 
 Morinda citrifolia bracteata, M. tinctoria, Psederia foetida. 
 
 140-149 
 
 COMPOSITE: Eupatorium Ayapana, Blumea balsamifera, 
 Sphceraiithus Indicus, Spilanthes Acmella, Artemisia 
 vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius .................................. 149-155 
 
 PLUMBAGINE^: Plumbago Zeylanica .............................. 155-156 
 
 SAPOTACE^: Achras Sapota, Mhnusops Elengi .................. 156-158 
 
 OLE ACE.E Jasminum Sambac ......................................... 158-159 
 
 APOCYNACE.E Allamanda cathartica, Thevetia nerifolia, 
 Cerbera Odallam, Plumeria acutifolia, Alstonia scholaris, 
 Kerium odorum ...................................................... 159-167 
 
 ASCLEPIADACE^E Calotrops gigantea, Tylophora asthniatica. 167-170 
 LOGANIACE^: Strychnos Ignatii ..................................... 171-173 
 
 BORAGINACE^: Ehretia buxifolia. . . 173 
 
CONTENTS XV 
 
 CONVOLVTJLACE.E Ipomoea hederacea, I. pes-caprse, I. Tur- 
 
 pethum 174-176 
 
 SOLANACE.E Solanum nigrum, Capsicum fastigiatum, Da- 
 tura alba, Nicotiana Tabacum 176-182 
 
 SCROPHULARIACE^: Limnophila menthastrum 182-183 
 
 BIGNONIACE^E Oroxylum Indicum 183-184 
 
 PEDALIACE^: Sesamum Indicum 184-185 
 
 ACANTHACE.E Acanthus ilicifolius, Barleria Prionitis, Jus- 
 ticia Gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Khinacanthus com- 
 
 munis 185-190 
 
 VERBENACE^E Lippia nodiflora, Tectona grandis, Vitex tri- 
 
 folia, Y. Negundo, Clerodendron infortunatum 190-194 
 
 LABIATE Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, 
 Coleus aromaticus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anisomeles 
 
 ovata, Leucas aspera 195-199 
 
 PLANTAGINACE.E Plantago erosa 199 
 
 NYCTAGINACE^: Mirabilis Jalapa 199-200 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes ob- 
 
 tusifolia 200-202 
 
 CHENOPODIACE M Chenopodium ambrosioides 202-203 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E Aristolochia Indica 203-204 
 
 PIPERACE^ Piper Betle, P. nigrum 204-207 
 
 CHLOR ANTH ACE^E Chloranthus officinalis 207-208 
 
 LAURACE^E Cinnamomum pauciflorum, C. tamala, Cassytha 
 
 filiformis 208-210 
 
 EUPHORBIACE^E Euphorbia pilulifera, E. neriifolia, E. Tiru- 
 calli, Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. Niruri, P. urinaria, Ja- 
 tropha Curcas, Aleurites Moluccana, Croton Tiglium, 
 Acalypha Indica, Echimus Philippensis, Ricinus com- 
 
 munis 210-223 
 
 URTICACE^: Artocarpus integrifolia, Laportea gaudichau- 
 
 diana 223-225 
 
 CASUARINE^E Casuarina Sumatrana 225-226 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 MUSACE^: Musa paradisiaca, M. sapieutum 227-228 
 
 ZINGIBERACE.E Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Eletta- 
 
 ria Cardamomum 228231 
 
 AM AR YLLIDACE^E Crinum Asiaticum 231-232 
 
 LILIACEJE Aloes Barbadensis, Allium sativum, A. Cepa 232-234 
 
 PALM^: Areca Catechu, Cocos nucifera, Nipa fruticans 234-238 
 
 CYPERACE.E Cyperus rotundus 239 
 
 GRAMINE^E Zea Mays, Andropogon Schoenanthes, Saccha- 
 
 rum officinarum, Oriza 240-243 
 
 BAMBUSE^ .. 243-244 
 
EXPLANATION. 
 
 For the common words of the different Filipino dialects I 
 have adopted the orthography which in my various treatises on 
 those dialects I have demonstrated to be the easiest, most 
 rational and convenient. I should be inconsistent as to my 
 own theories and convictions if I continued to follow the old 
 form of spelling. For the benefit of those who are not familiar 
 with the matter I will state that the consonants are pronounced 
 as follows : 
 
 g always as in get. 
 
 h gutturalized aspirate. 
 
 k as in English. 
 
 w always as initial w in English, win, wan. 
 
 g as ng in sing, hung, etc. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Bic. Bicol. Pan. Pangasinan. 
 
 Eng. English. Sp. Spanish. 
 
 Hoc. Ilocan. Sp.-Fil. Spanish-Filipino. 
 
 Indo-Eng. Indo-English. Tag. Tagalog. 
 
 Pam. Pampango. Vis. Yiscayan. 
 
 XVI 
 
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS, POLYPETALOUS. 
 
 DILLENIACEJE. 
 
 Tetracera macrophylla, Vail. (T. monocarpa, T. 
 sarmentosa, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Malakatmon, Tag. 
 
 USES. The wood of malakatmon is one of the best known 
 and popular drugs of the Binondo * market place. It is used 
 as an infusion internally in the haemoptysis of consumptives, 
 and externally in the treatment of sore throat, its action being 
 due to the large amount of tannin it contains. It is also em- 
 ployed in Malabar in the form of an infusion of the leaves of 
 the species, T. Rheedi, to treat sore throat, mixing it with a 
 decoction of rice called cange. 
 
 The Filipinos do not distinguish this species from the T. Assa. 
 
 Both are called malakatmon, and are employed indiscrimi- 
 nately to accomplish the same results. The silicious concretion 
 obtained from the leaves is used as a polish in the form of 
 polish paper. 
 
 DOSE. In infusion for internal use, 4 grams of wood to 1 
 liter of water; as a gargle, 10 to 15 grams to the liter. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub with leaves alternate, 
 
 oval, serrate, finely dentate with very short and stiff hairs. 
 
 Flowers of a strong, rather agreeable odor, axillary, in panicles. 
 
 Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals. Stamens indefinite, ex- 
 
 1 A ward or Barrio of Manila. 
 
18 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 panding at the upper end and bearing 2 anthers. Carpels 3, 
 with ovules indefinite in two series. Seeds with red arils. 
 HABITAT. In the vicinity of Manila. Blooms in July. 
 
 MAGNOLIACEJE. 
 
 Magnolia Family. 
 Illicium anisatum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Anis estrellado, Badiana, Sp.; Sagki, Tag. ; 
 Star Anise, Eng. 
 
 USES. Although this plant does not grow in the Philippines, 
 the use of its fruit is so common there that it demands a place 
 in this work. It is employed chiefly as a condiment in the 
 preparation of food, and its essential oil is used to prepare the 
 native " anise cordial " by mixing it with alcohol obtained 
 from the palm or from sugar cane. 
 
 The decoction of the fruit is given after meals as a tea-like 
 beverage, to aid digestion or for its carminative effect in flatu- 
 lent colic. 
 
 Star anise has an aromatic taste, slightly bitter and acrid, and 
 a very marked perfume of anise which with its star-like form 
 gives the plant one of its names. It is a very useful stimulant, 
 tonic, stomachic and carminative. 
 
 It is official in all Pharmacopoeias and the pericarp is the 
 part employed. 
 
 The dose is from 1 to 2 grains to 100 of water in infusion, 
 to be taken in one draught. 
 
 According to Schlegel it contains the following substances : 
 An essential oil 4.675 ; a green waxy material which melts at 
 51, a resin, a gum and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) 
 identical with that of anise from which it is impossible to dis- 
 tinguish it chemically. The only difference is that the former 
 has a blander odor and solidifies at 1.25 instead of 10, as 
 does the oil of anise. 
 
MICHELIA CHAMPACA 19 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The plant grows in the moun- 
 tains of Yunnan, China, and in Tonquin. The part used in 
 the Philippines is the fruit, being indeed the only part known 
 here. This is composed of 8 woody follicles arranged about a 
 central column in the form of a star. These follicles open at 
 maturity and reveal the seeds, which are shining, smooth, ovoid, 
 hard, of a pretty chestnut-red color. In the Philippines they 
 are sold even in the smallest food- vending shops. 
 
 Michelia Champaca, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Tsampaka, Sampaka, Tag.; Champaca, Fil.- 
 Span. 
 
 USES. The bark of the trunk is well known as a febrifuge 
 and emmenagogue in India. It is slightly bitter and aromatic. 
 Dr. H. Folliat has used it with success in the Island of Mauri- 
 tius in the treatment of the common intermittent fevers ; he 
 administered the infusion (bark 30 grams, water 600 cc.) or 
 the decoction (bark 30 grams, water 1,200 cc.) ; boil till reduced 
 to 600 cc. giving a wine-glassful every hour just before and 
 after the paroxysm. 
 
 An astringent decoction made from the leaves is used as a 
 gargle in sore throat. The root is emmenagogue and the seeds 
 are used in the treatment of anal fissure. 
 
 Dr. Hooper has found the following substances in the bark 
 of the Champana : a volatile oil with a pine-like odor ; a fixed 
 oil, insoluble in alcohol, melting at 15 and forming soap with 
 soda ; a resin extremely bitter, acrid, brown in color ; tannin ; 
 sugar ; a bitter principle, albuminoids, coloring matters, muci- 
 lage and starch. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 15-18 high; leaves al- 
 ternate, 6 x 2', stipulate, simple. Flowers fragrant, saifron- 
 colored, hermaphrodite, solitary and axillary. The receptacle, 
 conical at its base, becomes narrow, lengthens and then enlarges, 
 forming a column which is bare at its narrow part. At its base 
 
20 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 is inserted the perianth composed of 6 overlapping leaflets ar- 
 ranged in two series. Stamens indefinite, fixed in the base of 
 the column of the receptacle on the superior portion of which 
 are inserted the ovaries which contain many ovules arranged in 
 two vertical series. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts (of the islands). 
 
 ANONACEJE. 
 
 Custard-Apple Family. 
 
 Artabotrys odoratissimus, R. Br. (A. hamatus, BL; Uvaria 
 Sinensis and Unona uncinata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ilag-ilag de China, Sp.-Fil.; Alag-ilag Son- 
 son, Tag. 
 
 USES. A decoction of the leaves of this species is used to 
 treat cholera in some of the islands of the Malay group ; in 
 the island of Java they use for the same purpose a decoction of 
 the leaves of the species A. suaveolens, BL, which is commonly 
 called Susog Damulog in the Pampanga dialect. The active 
 principles of these plants are so powerful that one must beware 
 of giving a large dose, as hemorrhages, nervous phenomena and 
 abortion may follow. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 15-18 high with leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate, glabrous, and petioles very short. Flowers 
 very sweet, axillary, solitary. Petals 6, fleshy, concave at the 
 base. Stamens indefinite, closely packed, overlapping. Pe- 
 duncle curved like a crook. 
 
 HABITAT. Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 Anona squamosa, L. (A. tuber osa, Rumph.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ates, Tag.; Custard Apple, Eng. 
 USES. The fruit of the mature ates is edible and is one of 
 the most delicious that grows in the Philippines ; its white and 
 
ANONA RETICULATA 21 
 
 delicately perfumed pulp has a delicious flavor. The unripe 
 fruit is exceedingly astringent. The fermented juice of the 
 ripe pulp is used in certain parts of America to prepare a pop- 
 ular drink. The powdered seeds make a useful parasiticide 
 especially when used on the scalp, but it is necessary to avoid 
 getting any of the drug in the eyes on account of its irrritant 
 effect. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree 8 or 9 high with leaves 
 alternate, oblong, the edges pubescent. Flowers greenish-yel- 
 low, axillary, solitary ; peduncle not curved. Petals 6, conver- 
 gent. Stamens crowded, indefinite. Fruit fleshy, covered with 
 scales or rather rounded tubercles ; beneath is the white and 
 fragment pulp, covering the long-oval seeds. 
 
 A. reticulata, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Anonas, Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. The fruit of this species is neither as much prized 
 nor as abundant in the Philippines as that of the ates. When 
 unripe it possesses the same properties as the latter. The 
 large proportion of tannin which both species contain in their 
 unripe state, makes them very useful in treating diarrhoea and 
 dysentery. They are administered in the form of a decoction, 
 by enema. The sap of the trunk is very irritating. The roots 
 are used by the American Indians to treat epilepsy. Lemon 
 juice is the antidote for the sap of this species. 
 
 I wish to call attention to the similarity of the common 
 name of this plant to another entirely distinct species commonly 
 used in the Tagalo therapeutics ; namely, the anonag (Cordia), 
 with which it must not be confused. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree 10 high with leaves 
 lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in a sort of umbel. Corolla 
 like that of A. squamosa. Fruit without the plainly visible 
 tubercles of the foregoing species, their presence being merely 
 suggested by a sort of net traced on the surface. 
 
22 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 A. muricata, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Guandbano, GoyabanOj Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. The ripe fruit possesses antiscorbutic properties ; 
 the unripe fruit is used in treating dysentery. It is said that 
 the ripe fruit is used in diseases of the liver. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree with leaves oval, alternate 
 and glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal, whitish. The fruit 
 is much larger than that of the other species, is covered with 
 scales that end in a soft point or thorn and has a very pro- 
 nounced acid taste. 
 
 HABITAT. All three species are common in all parts of the 
 Archipelago. 
 
 MENISPERMACE^. 
 Moonseed Family. 
 
 Tinospora crispa, Miers. (Menispermum crispum, L.; M. 
 rimosum, Blanco ; Cocculus crispus, DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Makabuhay, Tag. 
 
 USES. Makabuhay is one of the most widely known and 
 used plants in the Philippines ; a sort of panacea applied to all 
 bodily afflictions. Its Tagalo name means literally " you may 
 live." A shoot deprived of roots and dropped in some moist 
 place is soon covered with bright green leaves and adventi- 
 tious roots. This peculiarity of the plant made it possible for 
 me to take a large number of sprouts from Manila to Paris 
 where they arrived perfectly fresh after a voyage of forty days, 
 during which they lay almost forgotten in the ship and the cars. 
 
 The stem is the part employed in medicine. A decoction is 
 given internally in the various forms of malarial fever and of 
 dyspepsia. Externally it is most useful as a wash for ulcers 
 of all kinds, rapidly improving their appearance. 
 
 In India the species T. cordifolia is used ; it differs but little 
 
TINOSPORA CRISPA 23 
 
 from T. crispa. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia and has 
 been introduced into Europe. T. cordifolia has given excellent 
 results iii the mild forms of intermittent fever ; in general de- 
 bility following long and severe cases of illness ; in chronic 
 rheumatism, and in the second stage of syphilis. As the two 
 species are so much alike we shall add the preparations and 
 dose of T. cordifolia which we have used on several occasions 
 with good results. 
 
 TINCTURE OF T. CORDIFOLIA. Sterns of the dried plant, 
 100 grams. Alcohol 21 (Cartier), 500 cc. Macerate seven 
 days in a closed vessel stirring from time to time. After 
 decanting add enough alcohol (21) to bring the quantity up 
 to 500 cc., and filter. 
 
 DOSE. 4-8 grams. 
 
 MACERATION. Fresh stems cut in small pieces, 30 grams, 
 water 300 grams. Macerate for two hours and filter. 
 
 DOSE. 30-90 cc. a day. 
 
 EXTRACT. Dry makabuhay in small pieces 500 grams. 
 Water 2| liters. Macerate for twelve hours, filter the liquid 
 and express the macerated drug which is then macerated a sec- 
 ond time in 2J liters of water. Express again, unite the two 
 liquids and filter. Evaporate in a water-bath to the consistency 
 of a pill mass. 
 
 DOSE. J-1J grams a day in fractional doses. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vine whose runners entwine 
 themselves among the tops of the highest trees, giving oif 
 many adventitious roots which seek the earth. The stem is cov- 
 ered with projecting tubercles. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, 
 entire with five well-marked nerves. Flowers yellowish -green, 
 dioecious, growing in axillary racemes. The male flowers have 
 a corolla of six petals, the three smaller ones arranged alter- 
 nately. In the female flower the stamens are represented by 
 three glands situated at the base of the petals. Fruit, an ellip- 
 tical drupe. 
 
24 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Anamirta Cocculus, Wight & Arn. (Menispermum Cocculw, 
 
 (L.) Blanco ; M. lacunosum, Famk ; Cocculus lacunosus, 
 
 C. suberosus, DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Laktay, Liktay, Suma, Lanta, Lintay bagiii, 
 Tuba, Balasin, Bayati, Tag., Vis., Pam. 
 
 USES. One of the uses to which the India berries (Cocas de 
 Levante) are put in the Philippines, is to throw them into small 
 sluggish streams or into lakes with the object of intoxicating 
 the fish which soon come to the surface and float there as if 
 dead. This custom is very extensive in Malaysia, in India and 
 even in Europe, where, in order to avoid the cases of poisoning 
 which this practice has occasioned in the consumers of fish taken 
 in this way, it has been found necessary to forbid the sale of 
 the berries except in the pharmacies. These restrictions are 
 practiced in France. 
 
 In the Binondo market in Manila the root of this plant may 
 be found in abundance ; it is yellow and very bitter. The 
 natives use the infusion (510 grams to 300 cc. of water) in 
 fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual derangements. In India also 
 the root is used in the same complaints. 
 
 The fruit contains the highly toxic principle pierotoxin, and 
 others as follows : 
 
 Menispermin (C 18 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) is an alkaloid which crystallizes in 
 pyramidal prisms, is soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble 
 in water. Hot nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid and a 
 yellow substance of a resinous appearance. 
 
 Picrotoxin (C 30 H 24 O 13 ) is not an alkaloid as may be seen from 
 its formula. Its properties are not well known at the present 
 time. It crystallizes in small quadrilateral prisms, white and 
 transparent, or in needles grouped in stars. No odor, taste 
 bitter, insoluble in water, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, 
 freely soluble in acids and alkalies. A solution in concentrated 
 sulphuric acid has a saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid trans- 
 forms it into oxalic acid. 
 
ANAMIRTA COCCULUS 25 
 
 Picrotoxinin exists in picrotoxin in the proportion of 32 to 
 100, and may be separated by boiling in benzine. It is bitter, 
 poisonous, reduced by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. 
 Sixty-six per cent, of picrotoxin consists of another bitter sub- 
 stance, non-poisonous picrotin, which is insoluble in benzine 
 and is reduced by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. 
 Lastly, anamirtin is found in the mother water of picrotoxin ; 
 it is not bitter, not poisonous, and not reducible by the afore- 
 mentioned reagents. 
 
 The fruit of the anamirta, the "coca de Levante" is an 
 acrid, narcotic poison, which may not be employed internally ; 
 its uses are limited to external medication. In the Pharma- 
 copoeia of India is given the formula for a parasiticide oint- 
 ment, highly recommended in the treatment of pediculi : 
 
 Unguentum anamirtce : 
 
 4 grams Cocculus berries, powdered, 
 30 Vaseline. 
 M. Fiat unguentum. 
 
 In applying this ointment it is necessary to make sure that 
 there is no wound or abrasion of the skin through which ab- 
 sorption might take place. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vine with leaves alternate, 
 entire, glabrous, broadly oval, pointed, with 5 nerves which 
 unite at the base, long petioles. Flowers dioecious, in com- 
 pound racemes. Male flowers consist of a perianth without 
 corolla, the sepals arranged by threes in two or three whorls. 
 The end of the receptacle expanded like a bead, bears a large 
 number of stamens in 6 vertical series, with anthers sessile 
 and 4-lobed. Female flowers analogous as regards the peri- 
 anth, with 6-9 sterile stamens. Carpels formed of 5 ovaries, 
 free, unilocular, containing one ovule each. Fruit, a drupe of 
 a purple color, the size of a filbert, kidney-shaped, the albumen 
 horny. 
 
26 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 Cissampelos Pareira, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sansawsansawan, Tag.; Chinchaochinchauan, 
 Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. Although this plant formerly bore the Portuguese 
 name of Pareira brava, the U. S. P. and B. P. recognize now 
 under this title only the root of Chondrodendron tomentosum. It 
 is diuretic and tonic and apparently exercises an astringent 
 and sedative action upon the mucous membrane of the genito- 
 urinary organs. The root is used in acute and chronic cys- 
 titis. 
 
 In Brazil it is used as a diaphoretic and as such is employed 
 in cases of venomous snake bites. It is also used there as an 
 emmenagogue and diuretic, in intermittent fevers, dropsy and 
 suppression of the lochia in women recently confined. 
 
 It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India. 
 
 DECOCTION. Root of cissampelos, small pieces, 50 grams. 
 
 Water 600 " 
 
 DOSE. 30-100 grams. 
 
 Boil 15 minutes; filter and add enough water to bring the 
 total bulk up to 600 cc. 
 
 EXTRACT. Root of cissampelos in powder .... 500 grams. 
 
 Water 5 liters. 
 
 DOSE. .5-1 gram. 
 
 Digest the powder for 24 hours in 500 cc. water, pour the 
 mixture into a filter and add water gradually until the percolate 
 amounts to 5 liters. Evaporate the percolate in a water-bath 
 to the consistency of a pill mass. 
 
 FLUID EXTRACT. This is prepared in the same manner as 
 the extract and is allowed to remain in the bath until reduced 
 in bulk to 400 grams. It is then removed and 100 grams of 
 alcohol (36) are added. 
 
 DOSE. 1.75-7 cc. 
 
NYMPH.EA LOTUS 27 
 
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Fliickiger has isolated a bitter 
 principle analogous to berberin ; also buxine and paracine, which 
 latter received the name pelosine from Wiggers in 1839. The 
 former chemist proposed the name buxine for all these analogous 
 principles. Pelosine or buxine is precipitated by a concentrated 
 solution of HC1, by sal ammoniac, by potassium nitrate and 
 potassium iodide. He also discovered a neutral substance, 
 deyamitin, which crystallizes in microscopic tablets ; sulphuric 
 acid added to these gives a pretty dark blue color which changes 
 to green. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A climbing shrub with cylin- 
 drical woody stem, with leaves simple, alternate, entire, petio- 
 late, ovoid, broad at the base. The inferior surface of the leaf 
 is pubescent, especially in the intervals between the ribs. 
 Flowers dioecious, small, racemose. Calyx of 12 sepals ar- 
 ranged in 3 whorls, the inner ones broad and petaloid. Corolla 
 of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens sterile or rudi- 
 mentary in the pistillate flower, the staminate flower bearing 
 6 ; anthers innate, 2-celled. Drupes oval, 2 or 3 cm. long, 
 black, closely resembling a grape seed. 
 
 NYMPILEACEJE. 
 
 Water-Lily Family. 
 Nymphsea Lotus, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Lawas, Talaylo, Tunas, Gaway-gaway, Tag., 
 Vis., Pam.; Water Lily, Eng. 
 
 USES. The anaphrodisiac virtues attributed to this plant 
 and to all the water-lily family are purely imaginary. Its juice 
 being slightly bitter and astringent is used in decoction as an 
 injection in gonorrhoea. It possesses mild narcotic properties, 
 for which some use the juice of the whole plant, rubbing the 
 forehead and temples with it to produce sleep. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An aquatic plant, with leaves 
 
28 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 solitary, terminal, floating on the water, dentate, glabrous, broad, 
 deeply cleft at the base, with a very long petiole. Flowers 
 solitary, persistent in the ripe fruit, oval. Stamens indefinite 
 in fine whorls or verticils. 
 
 HABITAT. Common on the shores of the Laguna de Bay. 
 
 Nelumbium nucifera, Gaertn. (N. speciosum, Willd.; N. Asi- 
 aticum, Rich. ; Cyamus Nelumbo, Sm. ; C. mysticus, Salis.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bayno, Tag. ; Sukaw, Hoc. ; Sacred Lotus, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. An infusion of the flowers is used internally in 
 dysentery. In India they use, for diarrhoea and vomiting, the 
 viscid juice obtained from the petioles and the peduncles of the 
 flowers. The rootstock contains a large quantity of starch 
 which has been utilized for food in the periods of famine which 
 have desolated India and Egypt. This flower was the Sacred 
 Lotus of the Egyptians and the people of India have dedicated 
 it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity. 
 
 INFUSION. Petals, dried 5 grams. 
 
 Water 250 
 
 Sig. To be taken during 24 hours. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An aquatic plant with fleshy 
 rootstock which creeps along the muddy bottoms ; from its 
 nodes spring the stalks of the leaves and flowers. Its leaves 
 are alternate, polymorphous, some above and some below the 
 surface of the water, concave in the center whence ribs separate, 
 shield-shaped. Petioles very long, bearing soft, short spines. 
 The flowers white or pink, solitary ; peduncle long and, like 
 the petioles, covered with soft, short spines. Calyx of 4-5 
 unequal sepals, imbricated. Corolla with an indefinite num- 
 ber of unequal petals, the inner ones shorter. Stamens indefi- 
 nite, inserted in the base of the receptacle. Receptacle expanded 
 above the androccium, in the form of an inverted cone, con- 
 taining a large number of alveoli with circular openings. 
 
ARGEMONE MEXICANA 29 
 
 PAPAVERACEJE. 
 
 Poppy Family. 
 Argemone Mexicana, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kasubhag-aso, Hoc. 
 
 USES. Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant 
 ' ' is used by the natives (Filipinos) to treat fissures of the cor- 
 ners of the eyes." 
 
 The negros of Senegal use the decoction of the root to cure 
 gonorrhoea. The milky juice to which Blanco refers is used 
 in different countries to treat various skin diseases, including 
 the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and leprosy ; to re- 
 move warts, and as an eye wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis. 
 
 The English physicians of India state that it is dangerous to 
 use the milky juice as an application to the eye, although Dy- 
 mock claims the contrary. 
 
 The flowers are narcotic by virtue of a principle resembling 
 morphine, perhaps identical with that alkaloid. 
 
 The seeds yield a fixed oil on expression, which is laxative 
 and relieves the pains of colic, probably by virtue of its nar- 
 cotic properties. Physicians in India praise this oil highly ; 
 not only is it a sure and painless purgative, but it is free from 
 the viscidity and disgusting taste of castor-oil ; besides it has 
 the advantage of operating in small doses, 2-4 grams. Its ac- 
 tivity is proportionate to its freshness. Dr. W. O'Shaughnessy 
 does not value this oil highly, but the experience of many dis- 
 tinguished physicians of India has proved the purgative and 
 other properties that have just been mentioned. Possibly the 
 differences of opinion may arise from the fact that oils from 
 different plants were used in the trials. 
 
 The seeds yield a fixed oil, yellow, clear, of sweet taste, den- 
 sity 0.919 at 15 ; it remains liquid at 5 ; is soluble in an 
 equal volume of alcohol at 90 ; characterized by an orange-red 
 color on adding nitric acid. From its soap Frolicher has ob- 
 
30 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 tained acetic, valerianic, butyric and benzoic acids. Charbon- 
 nier claims to have found morphine in its leaves and capsules. 
 Dragendorf has isolated from the seeds an alkaloid which pre- 
 sents the principal characters of morphine. It is, then, prob- 
 able that morphine is the narcotic principle possessed by this 
 plant, which is not hard to believe when one considers the 
 family to which it belongs. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant of American origin 
 nowadays acclimated in almost all warm countries. Its stem is 
 green, pubescent, 30-40 centimeters high. Leaves alternate, 
 thin, sessile, lanceolate, covered with rigid green thorns. 
 Flowers hermaphrodite, terminal, yellow. Calyx, 3 sepals 
 with conical points. Corolla, 6 rounded petals. Stamens in- 
 definite, free, hypogynous. Ovary free, triangular, Capsule 
 expanded, oblong, angular, thickly set with prickles : it opens 
 inferiority by 5 valves. 
 
 CRUCIFERJE. 
 
 Mustard Family. 
 Brassica juncea, Hook. & Thorn. (Sinapis juncea, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mostaza, Sp.; Mustard, Eng. 
 
 USES. The seeds are used in the same way as those of white 
 or black mustard (Sinapis alba and S. nigra, L.). 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Plant with a glabrous stem, 
 leaves sessile, glabrous, lanceolate, the upper ones serrate, the 
 lower ones almost entire. Flowers in racemes. Calyx, 4 sepals. 
 Corolla, 4 rounded, unguiculate petals. Stamens 6, two of 
 them short and the other four longer and united in pairs. 
 Ovary flattened. Seed vessel quadrangular, nodular, glabrous, 
 containing many oval seeds. 
 
 Raphanus sativus, L. 
 NOM. VULG. Rdbano, Sp.; Radish, Eng. 
 USES. Used principally as food ; it possesses the antiscor- 
 butic properties common to the greater part of the CruciferaB. 
 
CLEOME VISCOSA 31 
 
 It is an herbaceous plant, the root of which is so commonly 
 known that its description would be useless. 
 
 CAPPARIDACEJE. 
 
 Caper Family. 
 
 Cleome viscosa, L. (C. icosandra, L.; Polanisia 
 viscosa, DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Balabalanoyan, Apoyapoyan, Tag.; Wild 
 Mustard, Eng. 
 
 USES. The seeds possess the same properties as those of 
 mustard and are used in place of the latter in Manila. In 
 America the leaves are used as a poultice in otitis. their action 
 being rubefacient. In India the seeds are given internally for 
 their anthelmintic and carminative effect ; the dose is one tea- 
 spoonful twice a day. The juice of the leaves mixed with 
 cocoanut oil is used in the form of eardrops in suppurative 
 otitis. 
 
 The natives give the same common name to the Gynan- 
 dropsis pentaphylla, DC. (Cleome pentaphytta, L.; C. altiacea 
 or C. alliodora, Blanco), which is distinguished from the former 
 by its six stamens inserted on the pistil and its violet-colored 
 stem. Its therapeutic properties are identical with those of the 
 Cleome viscosa. Dr. Sir W. Jones believes that the plant pos- 
 sesses antispasmodic properties, basing his belief on its odor, 
 which resembles asafetida, though not so disagreeable. In 
 India the juice of the leaves is a popular remedy for earache. 
 It is also used there as a rubefacient. 
 
 BOTANICAL, DESCRIPTION. An annual, the stem channeled 
 and bearing glandular hairs. Leaves compound, alternate ; 
 leaflets lanceolate with glandular hairs. Calyx, 4 sepals. Co- 
 rolla, 4 petals, yellow. Stamens 14-16, encircling the pistil. 
 Seed vessels cylindrical, with channels and glandular hairs. 
 The whole plant is sticky and emits a garlicky odor. 
 
32 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Cratseva religiosa, Forst. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Saligbobog, Tag.; Balay-namuk, Hoc. 
 
 USES. It is in common use in India as a tonic and stom- 
 achic. It seems also to possess laxative and diuretic proper- 
 ties. In Concan the juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut 
 oil is used as a liniment in rheumatism. 
 
 INFUSION. Leaves, fresh 50 grams. 
 
 Water 500 " 
 
 DOSE. 50100 grams a day as a tonic or stomachic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub 15-20 high with com- 
 pound trifoliate leaves with long petioles ; leaflets lanceolate, 
 acuminate, smooth, dark green. Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals. 
 Corolla of 4 unguiculate petals, between white and straw color, 
 V long. Stamens indefinite, violet-colored. Ovary unilocular, 
 many-ovuled. Berry spherical with many seeds buried in pulp. 
 
 HABITAT. Blanco has seen the plant growing in Ilocos and 
 Imus. 
 
 BIXINEJE. 
 
 Bixa Orellana, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Atsuiti, Achuiti, Tag.; Achiote, Achuete, Sp.- 
 Fil.; Annatto, Eng. 
 
 USES. The principal use of the seeds is in cookery and 
 everybody knows the yellow color which Filipino cooks im- 
 part to almost all their dishes. In medicine the fine powder 
 that covers the seeds is used as a haemostatic and internally as 
 a stomachic. On account of the astringent qualities of the 
 coloring matter it is used in some countries to treat dysentery, 
 a fact which suggests its possible therapeutic or rather hygienic 
 usefulness as a condiment. It seems to effect a cure in dysen- 
 tery in the same manner as ipecac. 
 
 In India, Brazil and the Antilles the natives make a sort of 
 paste of achuete known under the name of roeu. There is a 
 
PANGIUM EDULE 33 
 
 hard, odorless form of rocu and another soft, unctuous, of a deli- 
 cate red color and an odor rendered highly disagreeable by the 
 urine added to it to keep it soft. Hocu is the preparation of 
 achuete that has been subjected to chemical analysis. Its com- 
 position is as follows : Two coloring matters, bixin (C 28 H 34 O 5 ), 
 of a red color, resinous, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkaline solu- 
 tions and benzine, crystallizing in microscopic laminae, quad- 
 rangular, red, of a metallic violet lustre ; orettin, yellow in 
 color, soluble in alcohol and in water. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A well-known tree growing to a 
 height of 5-7 meters, with leaves alternate, simple, oval, heart- 
 shaped at the base, sharply pointed, glabrous, short petioles. 
 Flowers in panicles. Calyx, 5 rounded sepals, tuberculate at the 
 base, imbricated, caducous. Corolla of 5 rose-colored petals. 
 Stamens very numerous, free, inserted on the receptacle. Cap- 
 sule round, dark red, bristling with stout hairs of the same 
 color. The seeds are covered with a fine, yellowish-red powder. 
 
 Pangium edule, Reinw. (Hydonocarpus polyandra, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Pangi, Tag. 
 
 USES. All parts of this tree are anthelmintic. The seeds, 
 fruit, leaves and bark all possess narcotic properties dangerous 
 to man and the symptoms following an excessive dose are 
 sleepiness, headache, a sort of intoxication or an attack of de- 
 lirium that may end in death. These narcotic properties have 
 been utilized in Java to stupefy the fish in the rivers by throw- 
 ing the bark in the pools and quiet portions of the stream. The 
 juice of the leaves is used in the treatment of chronic skin 
 diseases. In Amboina the natives eat the seeds, the toxic 
 quality of which is removed by brushing and macerating in 
 pure water for a certain time. After such treatment they may 
 be eaten with impunity and an oil may be extracted from them 
 which is useful as a food. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with leaves 5' long, al- 
 
34 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ternate, ovate, broad, entire, glabrous, palmately nerved. Pet- 
 iole long with 2 persistent lateral stipules. Flowers dioecious, 
 the male ones in panicles, the female solitary. Calyx 
 gamosepalous, dividing unequally when the flower opens. The 
 male flower has a corolla of 5-7 petals, violet-colored, concave, 
 half oval, with pubescent borders ; at its base a flat scale. 
 Stamens free, numerous, thick filaments, anthers bilocular. In 
 the female flower the perianth is the same as in the former, the 
 stamens sterile. Ovary unilocular, with 2-4 parietal placentse 
 with many ovules. Fruit as large as a man's head, with thin 
 woody pericarp and many seeds embedded within its pulp. 
 
 PORTULACACEJE. 
 
 Purslane Family. 
 Portulaca oleracea, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Verdolagas, Sp.; Olasiman, Kolasiman, Tag.; 
 Purslane, Eng. 
 
 USES. The entire plant is edible, in the form of a salad or 
 as a condiment with meat or fish. The leaves are succulent 
 and acid, and the juice expressed from them is used as an eye- 
 wash to remove corneal opacities ; it is also used in superficial 
 erysipelas and other skin affections. The bruised leaves are 
 used as a poultice for abscesses, contusions and on the temples 
 for headache. The juice is given internally to check hemoptysis 
 and in diseases of the lungs and bladder ; the seeds also are 
 used in these complaints. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with prostrate stem. 
 Leaves fleshy, wedge-shaped. Flowers small, sessile, terminal, 
 pale yellow. Calyx of 2 large teeth, deciduous. Corolla, 4-5 
 petals with a notch at the end. Stamens 9-14. Style of 
 equal length with the stamens. Stigma in 46 divisions. The 
 seed vessel, which dehisces horizontally, contains many small, 
 heart-shaped seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. It grows in all parts of the islands. 
 
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA 35 
 
 GUTTIFER-E. 
 
 Gamboge Family. 
 Garcinia mangostana, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mangostdn, Sp.; Mangosteen, Eng. 
 
 USES. The seed of the fruit is astringent and is given inter- 
 nally as an infusion in dysentery and chronic diarrhoea. The 
 decoction is very useful as an injection in leucorrhcea. 
 
 The following potion has given excellent results to Dr. Ed. 
 J. Waring in chronic dysentery and the diarrhoeas of tropical 
 countries : 
 
 Dried peel of mangosteen 60 grams. 
 
 Cumin seed 5 " 
 
 Coriander 5 u 
 
 Water 1,200 
 
 Boil till reduced to 600 grams. Take 120 grams twice a 
 day. Tincture of opium may be added. 
 
 An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt demonstrated 
 a large quantity of tannin, a resin and a crystallizable principle 
 named mangostin (C 20 H 22 O 5 ) which exists in the form of fine, 
 golden yellow laminae, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether and 
 the alkalies, insoluble in water. With the perchloride of iron 
 it gives a blackish-green color, and sulphuric acid colors it red. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The mangosteen grows only in 
 the southern islands of the Archipelago and its delicious fruit 
 is the part of the plant known in Manila. The peel is at the 
 present time almost universally employed in medicine. The 
 fruit is about the size of a small Manila orange, the pericarp a 
 dark red or chocolate color, tough and thick, crowned with the 
 remains of the calyx. On breaking it open the edible portion 
 of the fruit is seen, consisting of 6-18 seeds covered by a white, 
 sweet pulp, cottony in appearance, of a delicious slightly acrid 
 flavor. 
 
36 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 1. Garcinia venulosa, Choisy. (Cambogia venulosa, Blanco.) 
 2. G. Cambogia, Desrouss. (Cambogia binucao, Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Binukaw, Tag., applied to both trees, though 
 the first is also called Gatasan puld in Tagalo and Taklag-onak 
 in Pampango. 
 
 USES. The fruit of the second species, the true name of 
 which is binucaw, is acid and edible. The fruit and the trunk 
 of both species, when cut, exude a gum-resin very much like 
 gamboge which is obtained from the G. morella or G. pedicel- 
 lota, Desr. These gum-resins, however, seem to be much 
 inferior to gamboge ; they contain an essential oil which does 
 not exist in the latter and their color is paler. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The G. venulosa is a tree with 
 leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire and glabrous, the in- 
 ferior surface covered with nervelets which converge at the 
 apex. Petioles short and flattened. Flowers tetramerous. 
 Calyx, 4 persistent sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, overlapping, 
 fleshy, ovate, of the same color as the calyx. Stamens numer- 
 ous ; no filaments ; anthers round and very small. Style very 
 short and thick, stigma peltate, divided into 10 parts. Fruit 
 globose, depressed, no well-marked ridges when ripe. 
 
 G. Cambogia differs from the foregoing in the leaves which 
 present no nervelets on the lower surface and the fruit which 
 presents 8 angles or rounded ridges. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common throughout the islands, abound- 
 ing in the mountains of San Mateo and Morong. Blooms in 
 August. 
 
 Garcinia morella, Desr. 
 
 NOM. YULG. I do not know the name given by the Fili- 
 pinos to this tree, which Yidal and Soler have seen in Montal- 
 van, Tiwi (Albay) and San Mateo (Province of Manila) ; but 
 it is highly important in medicine as the true gamboge is ob- 
 tained from it. Gamboge Tree, Eng. 
 
 The Gamboge of the U. S. P. and B. P. is obtained from 
 
GARCINIA MORELLA 37 
 
 6r. Hanbuni which differs somewhat botanically from G. 
 morella. 
 
 USES. All parts of the plant contain a thick, yellow, milky 
 juice which constitutes the gamboge. In Malabar, Ceylon, 
 Canara and Singapore the following method of extraction is 
 followed : At the beginning of the rainy season a spiral inci- 
 sion is made around the bark of about half the tree trunk, and 
 a piece of bamboo is fixed in place to collect the juice which 
 slowly exudes from the cut for several months, soon becoming 
 viscid and then solid after contact with the air. One tree, as 
 a rule, yields enough sap to fill three internodal segments of 
 bamboo, each 50 cm. long by 3-5 cm. in diameter. 
 
 Gamboge is a laxative in doses of 10-15 cgm., produces 
 abundant evacuations with violent colicky pains in doses of 
 30-50 cgm., and is an irritant poison in large doses. In other 
 words it is a highly energetic hydragogue cathartic, especially 
 indicated when we wish to drain off the fluid element of the 
 blood, as in dropsy, asthma, pulmonary and cerebral congestion. 
 It is also used as a vermifuge. 
 
 It is rarely given alone, but is combined with calomel, aloes, 
 jalap, rhubarb, etc. 
 
 It is official in all pharmacopoeias. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 10-20 meters high, with 
 leaves opposite, elliptical, lanceolate, narrowed at both extremi- 
 ties, acuminate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, 1012 cm. long 
 by 3-4 cm. broad, with short petioles. Flowers dioecious. 
 Male flower axillary, solitary or in groups of 3 6, pedunculate 
 with small bracts. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, orbicu- 
 lar, thick, fleshy. Stamens 30-40, sessile, adherent at the base. 
 Anthers unilocular. Female flower sessile, solitary, axillary, 
 larger than the male ; calyx and corolla equal ; staminodia 
 20-30, jointed at the base, forming a membranous corolla from 
 the upper edge of which spring a few short filaments which 
 support each a suboval sterile anther. The ovary is superior 
 
38 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 and almost spherical, with 4 cells each containing 1 ovule. The 
 fruit, almost spherical, is 2J cm. in diameter, corticate, bearing 
 at its base the persistent calyx ; each of its 4 cells contains a seed. 
 
 Ochrocarpus pentapetalous, Blanco. (Tovomita pentapetala, 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Namakpakan, Tagudin, Hoc. (?). 
 
 USES. An oil expressed from the fruit is used in Ilocos for 
 illuminating purposes. The flowers are astringent and are used 
 in infusion in cases of diarrhoea. The oil of the fruit is also 
 used locally in rheumatism, tumefactions and other painful con- 
 ditions. In some countries of Malaysia the oil is used in the 
 same way especially in beriberi and the periarticular inflamma- 
 tions incident to puerperium. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Straight trunk about 8' in diam- 
 eter, with milky sap. Leaves 1 \' long, sessile, opposite, ovate, 
 expanded, minutely notched and glabrous, with a small downy 
 swelling at the base, superior and glued to the branch. Flowers 
 terminal, in racemes, with opposite pedicels. Calyx white, of 
 2 rounded leaflets bent downwards. Corolla white, 5 petals 
 (not 4), oval, concave, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 
 numerous, joined to the receptacle. Filaments slightly longer 
 than the corolla. Anthers oval, 2-celled. Ovary superior, 
 oval. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma peltate, some- 
 times bilobed, sometimes 4-lobed. Fruit about the size of an 
 acorn, oval, fleshy, containing a milky juice ; it is 2-celled and 
 each cell contains a solitary, hard seed ; of these one aborts. 
 
 HABITAT. It grows near the sea. Blooms in December. 
 
 Calophyllum Inophyllum, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Palo Maria, Sp.-Fil.; Bitanhol, Tamawian, 
 Dankalan, Dinkalin, Tag.; Dankalan Bitaoy, Vis., Pam., Bik. 
 
 USES. From the seeds of the fruit there exudes a yellowish- 
 green oil, bitter and aromatic. It is used in some districts for 
 
MESUA FERREA 39 
 
 illuminating purposes. Its density i& 0.942 and its point of 
 solidification 5 above zero. In India it is used by inunction 
 in rheumatism and in the Philippines locally over the stomach 
 in indigestion and colic. The bark of the tree when incised 
 exudes a green resin of a very agreeable odor, which is used as 
 an application to wounds and old sores. In India it is used in 
 the same way. This resin is fusible and dissolves completely 
 in alcohol. It has been mistaken for the tacamahaca of India, 
 which, however, is a product of the C. calaba, L. Mixed with 
 equal parts of pitch and wax it is applied to the chest as a 
 plaster in bronchitis. A decoction of the leaves is used for 
 purulent ophthalmia in some parts of India and Mauritius. 
 The pounded bark is applied locally in orchitis and epididymitis. 
 We have had occasion to use a mixture of equal parts of the 
 resin with white vaseline spread on linen and applied between 
 the shoulder blades ; in the persistent cough of senile bron- 
 chitis the relief was marked. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree with beautiful, dark 
 green leaves 4-5' long, opposite, entire, large, oval with nerves 
 numerous, fine and perpendicular to the midrib. Petioles very 
 short. Flowers large, white, sweet-scented, axillary, in racemes 
 of 7-9. Calyx white, of 4 sepals. Corolla white, of 4 petals. 
 Stamens numerous, polyadelphous. Ovary rudimentary in the 
 male flower ; unilocular and uniovulate in the female. Style 
 single and large. Drupe superior, with a hard, bony pit, con- 
 taining a thicker, softer substance which envelopes a seed of like 
 consistency. 
 
 HABITAT. It is found in central Luzon and in the Prov- 
 inces of Tayabas, La Union and Ilocos. Blooms in November. 
 
 Mesua ferrea, L. (Calophyllum apetalum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VuLG.Malabukbuk (?), Tag. 
 
 USES. We do not know to what use the Filipinos put this 
 plant, but in India the sweet flowers are dried and sold in the 
 
40 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 bazars under the name of Nag-Kasar or Nagesur, which is used 
 as a mild stimulant, but especially as a perfume. 
 
 A dark oil is expressed from the seeds, its density 0.954 and 
 its solidifying point 5 above zero. In northern Canara it is 
 used locally in rheumatism. The incised root bark exudes a 
 resinous sap which is a good bitter tonic. The infusion of the 
 wood is equally good. The dried flowers, finely powdered and 
 mixed with oil or lard make a useful ointment for acute hemor- 
 rhoids. The fruit is acrid and purgative. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with leaves long-petioled, 
 oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, thick, coria- 
 ceous, upper surface lustrous, lower surface greenish or covered 
 with a waxy, ash-colored powder. Flowers terminal or axil- 
 lary, solitary, yellowish. Calyx 4 imbricated sepals, orbicu- 
 late, slightly pubescent. Corolla 4 persistent petals, wedge- 
 shaped, short, with rounded points. Stamens indefinite, free, 
 in 56 series. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell containing 2 
 ovules. Style bilobed. Fruit nearly unilocular, ovate, acumi- 
 nate, encompassed at its base by the sepals, the lower part of 
 the petals, and crowned by the style. Pericarp woody, dehis- 
 cent at the tip by 2-4 valves ; contains 1-4 seeds, slightly or- 
 biculate, coriaceous. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in the forests. 
 
 DIPTEROCARPEJE. 
 
 Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. (D. Indicus, Bedd.; D. 
 MayapiSj Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mdyapis, Tag.; Gurjvn, Kanym, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. This tree yields an oleo resin, used in medicine and 
 known under the name of bdlsamo de gurjun. Other species 
 of Dipterocarpus (D. alatus, Roxb.; D. incanus, Roxb.; D. 
 trinervis, Bl., etc., etc.) produce the same substance. Balsam 
 of Gurjun is a stimulant of the mucous membranes, especially 
 
DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS 41 
 
 those of the geni to-urinary tract, and is diuretic. It is also in- 
 dicated in bronchial catarrh and as a local application in ulcer. 
 The first to recommend the use of gurjun as a substitute for 
 copaiba was Sir W. O'Shaughnessy in 1838, and in 1852 this 
 property was confirmed by Waring with highly satisfactory re- 
 sults. Dr. Enderson of Glasgow employed it in cases that re- 
 ceived no benefit from copaiba, giving a teaspoonful t. i. d. in 
 emulsion. Dr. Rean also classed it as equal to copaiba in effi- 
 ciency. 
 
 The daily dose ranges from 520 grams, in liquid or pill. 
 
 The following is an excellent formula for an emulsion : 
 
 Cinnamon water 125 grams. 
 
 Sodium carbonate, crystals 2 " 
 
 Balsam of gurjun 25 " 
 
 Syrup of gum 25 " 
 
 Sulphuric ether 2 " 
 
 Mix and shake. 
 
 DOSE. 6-12 large spoonfuls each day, for the declining 
 stage of gonorrhoea. 
 
 In Burmah they extract the balsam by the following method : 
 A large hole is cut in the trunk of the tree and a fire is built 
 in this cavity and kept up till the wood of the trunk begins to 
 burn, by which time the oleo resin has collected in abundance 
 in the segments of bamboo placed to receive it. When the 
 exudate diminishes, fire is again placed in the cavity and one 
 tree may tolerate 2, 3 or even 4 of these cavities. The exu- 
 date on standing separates into 2 parts ; a solid called " guad " 
 which forms the lower layer, and a supernatant liquid which 
 is the balsam. It is dense, viscid and very fluorescent ; opaque 
 and gray-green by reflected light. It has an odor similar to 
 that of copaiba, is bitter and aromatic. Its density is 0.964. 
 It is soluble in benzine, in bisulphuret of carbon, chloroform, 
 the essential oils and less so in ether and acetic acid. It be- 
 4 
 
42 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 comes turbid and coagulates if it be kept at 100 for some 
 time and it solidifies at 200 , while copaiba remains liquid at 
 this temperature. 
 
 A specimen of the balsam examined by Fluckiger con- 
 sisted of 54.44 parts semifluid resin and 45.56 volatile ma- 
 terial. Upon distillation it yields an essential oil, of slight 
 odor, straw-colored ; formula C 20 H 32 (Werner). If purified its 
 density is 0.915. It is soluble in amylic alcohol, scarcely so in 
 absolute alcohol. Hydrochloric acid colors it a beautiful blue. 
 The resin remaining after distillation, dissolved in alcohol 
 0.838 with the addition of ammonia, yields as a precipitate a 
 crystalline acid (gurjunic acid), C 44 H 64 O g , soluble in alcohol 0.838, 
 in ether, in benzol and bisulphide of carbon. It melts at 220 
 (Werner), solidifies at 180 and is decomposed at 260. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A very large, handsome tree 
 with leaves about 5 r in length, alternate, ovate, broad and lanceo- 
 late, entire, glabrous and membranaceous. Petioles very short. 
 Flowers terminal, paniculate, handsome, fragrant. Calyx free, 
 5 lanceolate sepals, of which 2 are slightly longer than the 
 others. Corolla, 5 yellow oblong petals longer than the sepals. 
 Stamens numerous, attached to the receptacle. Filaments very 
 short. Anthers of 2 divisions each ending in a long beard. 
 Ovary half buried in the receptable. A single thick style. 
 Three simple stigmas. Seed vessel of 3 cells, seeds in pairs. 
 
 HABITAT. In Luzon in the mountains of Tala, Angat and 
 San Mateo ; in Mindanao, Paragua, Balabac and Negros. 
 Blooms in June. 
 
 MALVACE.2E. 
 
 Mallow Family. 
 
 Sida carpinifolia, L. (S. acuta, Burm.; S. stipulata, 
 Cav.; S. frutescens, Blanco.) 
 
 VULG. Wawalisan, Eskobayhaba, Pamalis, Hic/ot- 
 amalis, Tag., Vis., Pam. 
 
ABUTILON INDICUM 43 
 
 USES. The root is emollient and bitter. The decoction is 
 used as a lotion for ulcers, and internally as a sudorific and 
 tonic-astringent. The physicians of India prescribe the pow- 
 dered root with milk for fevers and for nervous and urinary 
 diseases. The leaves are used locally in ophthalmia. 
 
 The juice of the root is employed as a wash for all kinds of 
 sores and ulcers and the juice of the entire plant is given for 
 spermatorrhoea. After experimenting with the root, the com- 
 pilers of the Bengal Dispensatory announced their uncertainty 
 as to whether or not it possessed antipyretic properties ; how- 
 ever, they pronounce it diaphoretic, an exciter of the appetite 
 and an excellent bitter tonic. In Goa the Portuguese consider 
 it diuretic and use it especially in rheumatic affections. 
 
 The root of S. carpinifolia gives a blue color with the salts 
 of iron. It does not precipitate gelatin and contains asparagin. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2-4 high with woody, 
 branching stem, leaves alternate, oblong, pointed, serrate, un- 
 der surface neither hoary nor tomentose as in some other species 
 of Sida. Petioles very short, curved near the leaf, 2 stipules 
 near the base. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx simple, in 5 
 parts. Corolla, 5 petals notched obliquely. Stamens nu- 
 merous, inserted on the end of a column. Anthers globose. 
 Styles 5, mingled with the stamens. Stigmas globose. Cells 
 of the same number as the styles, verticillate, with solitary 
 seeds. 
 
 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Paragua, 
 Cebu and Balabac. 
 
 Abutilon Indicum, Don. (Sida Indica, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kuakuakohan, Gilig-giligan, Tag.; labig, 
 Mails, Dulupag, Pilis, Vis.; Malvas de Castilla, Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. The trunk bark is slightly bitter, and in decoction 
 is used as a diuretic. An infusion of the leaves and flowers is 
 used as an emollient in place of mallows. The infusion of the 
 
44 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 root it used for the same effect, as a lotion or injection. I 
 have often had occasion to employ this plant and would never 
 use the Philippine mallow in place of it. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 3-4 high, all its parts 
 covered with hairs, simple and tomentose. Leaves heart- 
 shaped, angular, obtuse, unequally serrate, smooth, soft, the 
 lower surface hoary and bearing 9 well-marked nerves. Pet- 
 ioles longer than the leaves, with 2 stipules at the base. 
 Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary. Peduncles long, with a 
 node near the end. Calyx, 5 sepals, as in all the Malvaceae. 
 Corolla, 5 petals with a small notch at the end. Stamens very 
 numerous as well as the styles. Both arise from the summit of 
 a very short column and twist in all directions forming a tassel 
 or tuft. Fruit much higher than the calyx, of 10-20 cells or 
 carpels which are broad, compressed, hairy, the walls united 
 toward the center, each containing 23 seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao and other 
 islands. Blooms in September. 
 
 Urena sinuata, L. ( U. morifolia and muricata, DC.; U. multi- 
 fida, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Kulutan, Kulutkulutan, Molopolo, Tag., Vis., 
 Pam. 
 
 USES. The infusion of the root is used internally as an 
 emollient and refrigerant ; externally in skin diseases accom- 
 panied by smarting and inflammation. The boiled and pounded 
 leaves are used as a poultice in inflammation of the intestines 
 and bladder. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A spreading plant 4-6 high, 
 with straight stem, leaves cleft at the base, serrate and hairy; 
 the larger ones have 5-6 lobules which subdivide into smaller 
 ones and bear a small gland in the inferior surface of the mid- 
 rib. Petioles short. Flowers terminal and racemose. Calyx 
 double, composed of 5 narrow sepals externally, and 5 colored 
 
HIBISCUS ABELMOSCHUS 45 
 
 sepals internally alternating with the outer ones. Corolla, 5 
 petals. Stamens numerous, inserted about a small column. 
 Styles 10, on the end of the column. Stigmas thick, covered 
 with little spheres. Five united carpels, kidney-shaped, brist- 
 ling with short stiff hairs, containing solitary seeds. 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the Archipelago. 
 
 Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. KasMi, Kastio, Kastiogan, Dalupan, Tag.; 
 Marikum, Dukum, Marukum, Marapoto, Vis.; ! Marsh Mallow, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The bruised seeds emit an odor of musk, and for 
 this reason the plant has received the name Kastuli, signifying 
 musk in Sanscrit. They possess antispasmodic and stimulant 
 properties, and the infusion is diuretic. Bonastre 2 analyzed 
 Kastuli seeds as follows : 
 
 Water and parenchyma 52.00 
 
 Gum 36.00 
 
 Albumin 5.60 
 
 Fixed oil, resin, crystals and odorous principles 6.40 
 
 Total 100.00 
 
 The fixed oil is greenish-yellow, fluid, but gradually solidi- 
 fying in the air. The crystalline material is white, of an 
 agreeable odor, soluble in ether, where it crystallizes in rays, 
 fusible at 35. The odorous principle is a bright green, non- 
 volatile liquid of the odor of musk. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 5-6 high, the stem 
 hairy and with few branches. Leaves heart-shaped, cleft at the 
 base, with 5 large pointed lobes, serrate, pubescent. Petioles 
 long with two awl-shaped stipules at the base, and a large vio- 
 
 1 In the U. S. P. and P. G. Marsh Mallow is a synonym for Althcea offi- 
 cinalis, the root being the part of the plant which is used. 
 
 2 Journal de Phar. et de Chim., XX., p. 3811. 
 
46 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 let spot in the axil. Calyx double ; the outer sepals 8-9 iii 
 number, awl-shaped ; the inner ones are larger and separate 
 unequally when the flower expands. Both sets are deciduous. 
 Corolla very large, yellow. Stamens very numerous, inserted 
 around a column. One pistil. Five stigmas. Ovary very 
 large, downy, ovoid, 5-angled, with 5 compartments, each con- 
 taining many kidney-shaped seeds with numerous grooves con- 
 centric at the hilum. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands. 
 
 Hibiscus tiliaceus, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. BalibagOj Tag., Pam.; Malabago, Vis. 
 
 USES. An infusion of the leaves is used as a wash for ulcers 
 and indolent sores. The flowers boiled in milk are used to .re- 
 lieve the pain of earache (Blanco), the warm milk being dropped 
 into the external canal. The powdered bark in dose of 3 grams 
 is emetic (?) (Blanco). 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree 6-12 high with 
 leaves 4-6' long, alternate, 7-nerved, cleft at the base, abruptly 
 acute, scalloped, pubescent. Petioles long. Flowers axillary, 
 in panicles of very small flowerets. Calyx double, the outer 
 portion divided into 8-9 teeth, the inner into 5 longer parts. 
 Stamens numerous, inserted about a column. Style 1. Stigmas 
 5. Ovary of 5 cells, each containing 2 seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Abounds in all parts of the islands. 
 
 Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Takumgan, Aroganan, Kayaya, Tcipulaga, 
 Gumamila, Tag., Vis., Pam.; Rose of China, Eng. 
 
 USES. The flowers are emollient and are widely used by the 
 Filipinos as a domestic remedy ; they are bruised and applied 
 to boils, tumors and all sorts of inflammations. The decoction 
 is much used internally in bronchial catarrh for its sudorific 
 effect. 
 
THESPESIA POPULNEA 47 
 
 The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling 
 it Fu-yong-pi. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree about 7 high com- 
 monly called Gumamda in Manila ; the leaves are ovate, acute, 
 with about 5 nerves, serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs 
 growing sparsely on both surfaces, with a small group of dark- 
 colored, deciduous hairs growing on the lower part of the mid- 
 rib. Petioles short with 2 stipules at the base. Calyx double, 
 the outer part divided almost to the base into 6-8 parts ; the 
 inner cylindrical, divided in 5. Corolla large, splendid scarlet- 
 red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles numerous. 
 Fruit identical with that of the Hibiscus tiliaceus. 
 
 HABITAT. Universally common in the Philippines. 
 
 Thespesia populnea, Corr. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Babuy or Bobuy gubat, Tag. ; Bulakan, Vis. 
 
 USES. The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally 
 in the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the 
 affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The 
 bark is astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment 
 of dysentery and hemorrhoids. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree of the second order with 
 leaves 4-5' long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, 
 entire, glabrous, 6 small glands on the lower face of the base. 
 Petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, axil- 
 lary, solitary. Calyx double, the outer portion deciduous, con- 
 sisting of 3 small, acute leaflets inserted on the base of the 
 inner calyx ; the inner is bell-shaped, larger than the outer, 
 with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla four times 
 longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, their borders 
 overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous, 
 arranged around and along a column. Filaments long. An- 
 thers of half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft 
 in 5 parts, which are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels 
 
48 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 apartments each con- 
 taining 5 ovoid seeds attached by separate seed stalks to the 
 central axis of the ovary. Seeds not woolly. 
 HABITAT. Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo. 
 
 Gossypium herbaceum, L. (G. Indicum, Lam.; G. 
 Capas, Rumph.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Algodon, Sp.; Bulak, Tag.; Cotton, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and 
 according to Daruty l is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemor- 
 rhage. The leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds 
 are sudorific. The negroes in the United States use the root 
 bark in large doses as an abortifacient ; but a dose of 60 grams 
 to 1,200 of water in decoction is proper and useful in treating 
 dysmenorrhoea. 
 
 For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has 
 learned to obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used 
 as a substitute for olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish 
 it, if the latter is adulterated by mixing the two ; for both have 
 the same density and a very similar odor and taste. For this 
 reason the production of cottonseed oil is very considerable 
 nowadays. It is cheap and excellent for domestic, industrial 
 and pharmaceutic use. 
 
 The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a 
 galactagogue, and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in 
 diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after 
 the oil is extracted, yields a sweet material called gossypose, 
 which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C 18 H 32 O 16 -f- 5H 2 O. 
 
 The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is 
 also the portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeu- 
 tics ; not only the fiber from this species is used, but also that 
 of others that grow in the Philippines, the G. Barbadense, L. 
 
 1 Daruty, loc. cit., p. xxvi. 
 
GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM 49 
 
 (nom. vulg. Pernambuko, Tag.), and the G. arboreum, L. (Bulak 
 na bundok, Bulak net totoo, Tag.). 
 
 Cotton is used extensively in bacteriological laboratories as a 
 filter of liquids and gases. This property possessed by cotton, 
 of retaining in its fibers the germs of the air was utilized by 
 the famous French surgeon Guerin in the treatment that bears 
 his name. The denuded surfaces exposed to infection by air- 
 borne bacteria are completely protected against them when, ac- 
 cording to the Guerin treatment, they are enveloped in large 
 masses of fresh, raw cotton, presumably free from microorgan- 
 isms. To avoid the possibility of infection by the cotton itself, 
 it is now the practice to sterilize it either by means of chemicals 
 such as carbolic acid, iodoform, etc., or by physical means such 
 as high temperatures. 
 
 Raw cotton is used in compounding gun cotton or explosive 
 cotton, also named pyroxylin, and this is used to make collodion, 
 so extensively employed in medicine. 
 
 Pyroxylin is made by treating cotton with equal parts of 
 nitric and sulphuric acids, then washing with water till the 
 latter ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of baryta ; then 
 dry in the air. 
 
 Collodion is made by dissolving 5 grams of pyroxylin in the 
 following mixture : 
 
 Sulphuric ether, rectified 75 grams. 
 
 Alcohol at 95 20 " 
 
 Filter. 
 
 Elastic collodion : 
 
 Canada Balsam 1.50 grams. 
 
 Castor oil 50 
 
 Collodion 30.00 
 
 Mix. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2-3 high, of herba- 
 ceous stem, branches sparsely covered with small, black points ; 
 
50 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPIXKS 
 
 leaves cleft at their base, with 5 lobules and a small gland on 
 the midrib. Petiole long with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers 
 axillary, solitary. Calyx double ; the outer portion divided in 
 3 parts, heart-shaped, and each with 59 long, acute teeth. 
 Corolla bell-shaped, of 5 petals, pale yellow or turning rose 
 color, purple at the base. Stamens many, inserted on a column. 
 Stigma in 4-5 parts. Ovary of 3-5 compartments. Seeds en- 
 veloped in the fiber. 
 
 HABITAT. Batangas, Ilocos. 
 
 Bombax malabaricum, DC. (B. Ceiba, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Taglinaw, Bobuy gubat, Tag. ; Talutu, Vis. 
 
 USES. In India the roots are used to obtain an astringent 
 and alterative effect and form part of a well-known aphrodisiac 
 mixture called Musla-Samul. If the trunk is incised, an astrin- 
 gent gum exudes and this they use in diarrhoea, dysentery and 
 menorrhagia. Dose of the gum 2J-3 grams. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree covered with sharp, 
 conical and tough spines. Leaves alternate, compound, digi- 
 tate, caducous ; leaflets 57 with long common petiole. Flow- 
 ers solitary or in axillary cymes, hermaphrodite, regular. 
 Calyx gamosepalous, cup-shaped, with 5 acute lobules. Cor- 
 olla violet, with 5 deep clefts ; aestivation convolute. Stamens 
 numerous, united at the base in 5 bundles, free above, bearing 
 unilocular anthers. Ovary of 5 many-ovulate compartments, 
 with a style ending in 5 short branches. Capsule woody, ovoid, 
 loculicidal, with 5 valves. Seeds numerous, black, covered 
 with cottony fibers. 
 
 HABITAT. Angat, Iloilo. Blooms in February. 
 
 Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. (Bombax pentandrum y L.) 
 NOM. VULG. Boboy] Tag. ; Doldol, Vis. ; Buldk kastila, 
 
 Pam. 
 
 USES. The principal use made of this plant in the Philip- 
 
STERCULIA FCETIDA 51 
 
 pines is to stuff the pillows with the cotton that it yields. The 
 leaves, pounded with a little water, yield a mucilaginous juice 
 highly prized by the natives as a wash for the hair, mixing it 
 with gogo. The root bark is emetic in dose of 1.25 grm. The 
 cotton yielded by this tree should be used for the same thera- 
 peutic purposes as that of gossypium, and being of an exceed- 
 ingly fine fiber it would give better results. The Filipinos 
 use it to treat burns and sores. I have often used it, being 
 careful always to impregnate it thoroughly with some antiseptic 
 solution. In the treatment of burns it has been my custom to 
 envelope the part in a thick layer of this cotton, after bathing 
 it with a tepid 1-2,000 solution of corrosive sublimate and 
 dusting with a very fine powder of boracic acid. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 40-50 high. Trunk 
 somewhat thorny, the branches horizontal, arranged in stars of 
 3-4. Leaves compound with 7 leaflets, lanceolate, entire, 
 glabrous. Flowers in umbels of 8 or more flowerets. No 
 common peduncle, the individual ones long. Calyx, 5 obtuse 
 sepals, slightly notched. Corolla, 5 fleshy petals, obtusely lan- 
 ceolate and bent downwards. Stamens 5. Anthers of irreg- 
 ular shape, peltate, with the borders deeply undulate. Stigma 
 in 5 parts. Pod 4-6' long, spindle-shaped. Seeds enveloped 
 in very fine cotton fiber. 
 
 HABITAT. Exceedingly common in all parts of the islands. 
 Blooms in December. 
 
 STERCULIACEJE. 
 
 Sterculia Family. 
 
 Sterculia foetida, L. (S. polypliilla, R. Br.; Clompanus 
 
 major, Rumph.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kalumpay, Tag.; Bagar, Hoc. 
 USES. A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash in sup- 
 purative cutaneous eruptions. The fruit is astringent and is 
 
52 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 used in Java as an injection for gonorrhoea. In western 
 India and in the Philippines it is an article of diet. The 
 seeds yield an oil that is used for illumination and as a co- 
 mestible. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree of the first order 
 with digitate leaves of 6-8 leaflets, broad, oval, very acute, 
 tough, glabrous, growing on a long common petiole. No pet- 
 iole proper. Flowers of a foetid or feculent odor, herma- 
 phrodite, in compound racemes. Calyx fleshy, soft pubescent 
 internally, bell-shaped, in 5 parts. Corolla none. Nectary 5- 
 toothed, on the end of a small column. Stamens 15, inserted 
 on the border of the nectary by threes, forming a triangle. 
 Filament almost entirely wanting. In the midst of the sta- 
 mens is visible a small, hairy body of 5 lobules which are the 
 rudiments of the ovaries. The style protrudes and twists 
 downwards. Stigma thick, compressed, of 5 lobules. Fruit, 
 five woody pods, semicircular, joined to a common center, 
 each enclosing many oval seeds inserted in the superior 
 suture. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Iloilo. Blooms in 
 March. 
 
 Sterculia urens, Roxb. (8. cordifolia, Blanco ; Cavattium 
 urenSj Schott. & Endl.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Banilad, Tag. 
 
 USES. The root bark is pounded up and applied locally in 
 orchitis and in severe contusions with supposed fracture of the 
 bones ; native charlatans pretend to cure the latter condition by 
 this treatment. 
 
 The trunk exudes a sort of gum, which with water forms a 
 sort of colorless, odorless gelatin which dissolves at the boiling 
 point. I do not know to what use this gum is applied in ther- 
 apeutics, but it is often found mixed with the Senegambian 
 gum acacia. 
 
KLEINHOVIA HOSPITATA 53 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with leaves bunched, 7- 
 9- veined, heart-shaped, ovate, broad and entire, glabrous upper 
 surface, short white down on lower surface. Petioles of same 
 length as the leaves. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, polyg- 
 amous, growing in large, terminal panicles covered with a fine, 
 sticky down. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 acute papyraceous divi- 
 sions, each bearing a small gland near its base. No corolla. 
 Stamens 10, united in a column, the upper ends free. Five 
 pods joined at one point, half-moon shaped, with woody shell, 
 glabrous within and with a short down on the outer surface. 
 Three or four kidney-shaped seeds, the testa thin and crusta- 
 ceous. 
 
 HABITAT. Cebu, Iloilo. 
 
 Kleinhovia hospitata, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Tanag, Tag., Vis.; Hamttanago, Vis.; Pan- 
 ampat, Pam.; Bttnog, Hoc. 
 
 USES. The decoction of the leaves is used, according to P. 
 Blanco, to cure the itch. It is also used locally in all forms of 
 dermatitis, and the tender leaves and sprouts are cooked and 
 eaten. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree 25 high or more, with 
 leaves alternate, heart-shaped, pubescent, almost entire. Petioles 
 long with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers red, axillary, in large 
 panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals, almost linear. Corolla the same 
 size as the calyx, 5 linear petals, the lower shorter and curved. 
 Nectary bell-shaped, of 5 parts, each 3-toothed ; set on a col- 
 umn ; at its base a wavy fringe with dentate edge. Stamens 
 15. No filaments. Anthers seated on the 15 teeth of the nec- 
 tary. Ovary within the nectary, 5-angled, 5 apartments each 
 containing an almost spherical seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Cebti, Jolo. Flowers 
 in March and September. 
 
54 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Helicteres Ixora, L. (H. chrysocalyx, Miq.; H. Roxburghii, 
 
 G. Don.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. (?); Indian Screw Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of 
 this plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it 
 at all in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants 
 to which they have given no name. In India the peculiar 
 spiral form of the fruit has suggested its application, according 
 to the theories of the doctrine of symbolism. Ainslie says that 
 the Hindoos use it to treat diseases of the external auditory 
 canal. On account of its emollient properties and probably on 
 account of its twisted form, it is used internally as a decoction, 
 in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It is indis- 
 pensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Vaisya, 
 among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his 
 wrists in the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined 
 with that of Randia dumetorum. 
 
 The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, 
 in abscess, and in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the 
 leaves is sometimes used for constipation. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree with leaves alter- 
 nate, simple, entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, 
 petiolate. Flowers of a handsome red color, hermaphrodite, 
 regular, axillary. Calyx gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. 
 Corolla, 5 free petals slightly dentate at the point. Stamens 
 numerous, united on a free column on the cusp. Compound 
 nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries. Styles 5, joined 
 at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in 
 spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color, 
 each containing a single row of angular seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Pan ay. 
 
THEOBROMA CACAO 55 
 
 Abroma fastuosa, R. Br. (A. angulata, Lam.; A. communis, 
 Blanco ; A. augusta, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Anibog, Tag.; Anabo, Vis.; Perennial Indian 
 Hemp, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue 
 in the congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrhoea. It seems 
 to act as a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of 
 the fresh root mixed with pepper which also acts as a carmina- 
 tive and stomachic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub 3-4 meters high with 
 hairy branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomen- 
 tose. Flowers purple, solitary, terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. 
 Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, united in the form of a tube. 
 Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled compartments. Styles 5, 
 united in the form of a tube which divides into 5 stigma-bearing 
 branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate, dehiscent 
 at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton. 
 
 HABITAT. San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo. 
 
 Theobroma Cacao, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Cacao. 
 
 USES. The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes 
 chocolate, one of the most generally used foods of the Philip- 
 pines. 
 
 It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it con- 
 tains, but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the 
 unsuspected cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drink- 
 ing it very hot and following with a large quantity of cold 
 water is a very common cause of dilatation of the stomach 
 in the Philippines. The seed of the cacao contains several 
 substances : cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, 
 gum, tartaric acid, free or combined, tannin, and mineral sub- 
 stances. Of these the butter and theobromine are the most im- 
 portant. 
 
56 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS' OP THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Theobromine (C 7 H 8 N 4 O 2 ) is a weak alkaloid, crystalline, 
 slightly bitter, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in 
 hot water, less soluble in alcohol and ether ; stable in the air 
 up to 100 ; sublimes without decomposition at 290 in micro- 
 scopic crystals of the form of rhomboid prisms ending in an 
 octohedric point (Keller). 
 
 This alkaloid is very little used in therapeutics and its 
 physiological action is said to be analogous to that of caffeine 
 but weaker. It is better to use the salt of the alkaloid, and 
 that most frequently employed is the salicylate of soda and 
 theobromine in doses of from 2 to 6 grams daily in solution or 
 pill. Lately, however, Dr. Gram has maintained that theo- 
 bromine is a powerful diuretic operating when other diuretics 
 fail and further that this effect is produced without injuring the 
 heart. The double salt is non-toxic, though sometimes in ex- 
 ceedingly weak patients it produces vertigo. Dr. Gram ad- 
 ministers 6 grams a day in one-gram doses. 
 
 Cacao butter is a white substance, slightly yellowish, unctu- 
 ous to the touch, brittle ; with the agreeable odor peculiar to 
 cacao, and a sweet and pleasant taste. Its density is 0.961, it 
 melts at 30-33, and solidifies at 25. It dissolves in 20 
 parts of boiling alcohol, in 100 parts of cold alcohol and in 
 twice its weight of benzin. Cacao butter is obtained by grind- 
 ing or mashing the roasted seeds in a hot apparatus and mix- 
 ing the mass Avith a fifth or tenth of its weight of boiling water. 
 It is then pressed between two hot iron plates and the butter 
 thus obtained is refined by boiling water. It is then put aside 
 in earthen pans, or still better, in moulds, where it solidifies. 
 It does not easily become rancid and, for this reason, enters 
 into the composition of many ointments and pomades, or is 
 used alone. It serves as the base for suppositories and is, 
 finally, a highly valued cosmetic. A common substitute is 
 made by mixing oil of almonds, wax and animal fat. 
 
 Before going further let us describe the composition of 
 
THEOBROMA CACAO 57 
 
 Spanish chocolate according to the French chemist Bous- 
 singault : 
 
 Cane sugar 41.40 grams. 
 
 Cacao butter 29.24 " 
 
 Starch, glucose 1.48 " 
 
 Theobromine 1.93 " 
 
 Asparagin a trace 
 
 Albumin 6.25 " 
 
 Gum 1.42 " 
 
 Tartaric acid 1.98 " 
 
 Tannin and coloring matter 0.022 " 
 
 Soluble cellulose 6.21 
 
 Ash 2.34 
 
 Water 4.36 " 
 
 Undetermined material 3.27 " 
 
 100.00 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree about 10 high, 
 with leaves broad, 6-12' long, hanging or drooping, lanceolate, 
 entire, and somewhat pubescent on both surfaces. Petioles 
 very short with 2 deciduous stipules at the base. Flowers in 
 clusters on the roots, trunk and branches. Peduncle very long. 
 Nectary divided in 5 parts, straight, awl-shaped and 2-nerved. 
 Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals curved upward in the form 
 of a bow as far as the middle, where they form a hollow with 
 two little horns ; then curving downwards, then upwards, 
 widening at the end, the edge finely dentate. Stamens 5, in- 
 serted on the nectary, and alternating with the lobes of the lat- 
 ter. Anthers 2 on each filament, concealed in the hollows of 
 the petals. Ovary globose. Style awl-shaped. Stigma cleft 
 almost to the middle, 5-parted. Fruit broad, spindle-shaped, 
 4' or more long, dark reddish, warty, 10-ribbed, with 5 com- 
 partments each containing many compressed, ovoid seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in orchards and gardens throughout 
 the islands. 
 5 
 
58 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 GERANIACEJE. 
 
 Geranium Family. 
 Oxalis corniculata, L. (0. Acetosella, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Taigan dogd, Susokayoli, Tag.; Darasig, Vis.; 
 Malabalugbug dagis, Ayo, Kongi, Yayo, Para.; Indian Sor- 
 rel, Eng. 
 
 USES. The part of the plant used in medicine is the leaf 
 which is acid by virtue of the potassium oxalate which it con- 
 tains. The decoction is used internally as an antipyretic in 
 fevers and in dysentery. Mistaking the properties of the plant 
 it is given for vesical calculus which, if composed of oxalates, 
 would be increased instead of diminished by the treatment. 
 In fact the salt of sorrel in the leaves contains a large quan- 
 tity of oxalic acid mixed with potassium oxalate. In China, 
 India and the Philippines the entire plant is used as an anti- 
 scorbutic. 
 
 The cold infusion of the leaves is given internally in doses 
 of from 30 to 60 grams, but it is not a medicine to be given in- 
 discriminately, because in addition to its power of adding to 
 the bulk of calculi of the oxalates, the contained potassium 
 oxalate is poisonous in doses of 25 to 30 grams. If a concen- 
 trated solution is taken, it operates as a corrosive poison, produc- 
 ing violent pains in the stomach, vomiting, faintness and great 
 weakness. If the solution is dilute its absorption is rapid and 
 it operates very energetically. When a patient is poisoned by a 
 concentrated solution, the stomach-pump is contraindicated, be- 
 cause the mucous membrane of the organ is corroded and ulcer- 
 ated ; if by a dilute solution, use the pump to remove as much 
 of the poison as possible. The best antidote is a watery solu- 
 tion of a soluble salt of lime, i. e., the saccharate, which forms 
 an insoluble salt with oxalic acid. 
 
 The juice of the leaves is an antidote for the Datura (Stra- 
 monium). In India they make a decoction of the plant, mix 
 
BTOPHYTUM SENSITIVTJM 59 
 
 it with onion juice and apply it to the head as a fomentation in 
 hemicrania. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 1 high, with a creep- 
 ing, glabrous stem, leaves horizontal, ternate with common 
 long petiole. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, with downy borders. 
 Flowers axillary or terminal, from 1 to 3 in number on a com- 
 mon long peduncle. The pedicel is also long. Calyx common 
 to the family. Corolla, 5 petals ending in small claws. Sta- 
 mens 10, monadelphous, the 5 shorter ones bearing each a small 
 gland on the outer surface of the base. Ovary large, fluted. 
 Styles 5, short. Stigmas hemispherical. Seed vessel pyram- 
 idal, containing many seeds enveloped in an elastic aril by 
 which they are ejected when the fruit opens. 
 
 HABITAT. Abundant in Luzon, Panay and Cebu. 
 
 Biophytum sensitivum, DC. (B. cumiagianum,, Turcz. ; Ox- 
 alis sensitivum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Makahiya, Damoghiya, Tag. ; Mahihiin, Hoc. 
 
 USES. A decoction of the leaves is used internally as an 
 expectorant. The bruised leaves are used as an application to 
 wounds and contusions. In Java the decoction is used inter- 
 nally in asthma, phthisis and snake bites. 
 
 The peculiar property which this plant possesses of closing 
 its leaves when touched, has caused the natives of India to 
 attribute to it mysterious virtues. Symbolism has determined 
 its therapeutic application and the Hindoos pretend that it en- 
 dows with delicacy and modesty women who lack these virtues 
 and that it restores virginity. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 7' high. Stem 
 straight, nodose and without branches. Leaves abruptly pin- 
 nate, the place of the odd leaflet taken by a stylet. The leaf- 
 lets nearly linear with a small point at the apex, 1113 pairs, 
 2 stipules to each pair. Common petioles long, cleft at the 
 base and disposed in whorls around and on the end of the stem. 
 
60 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Flowers sessile, verticillate, on the ends of several very long 
 peduncles which rise from the midst of the petioles. Calyx, 5 
 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, clawed, rounded at the end and 
 slightly notched, forming a tube. Stamens 10, free. A small 
 gland on the outer surface of the base of each short stamen. 
 Styles 5. Seed vessels ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds. 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands. 
 
 Averrhoa Bilimbi, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. KamiaSj Kalamias, Tag.; Kilingiwa, Vis.: 
 PiaSj Hoc. 
 
 USES. The small fruit of the camia springing from the 
 branches and trunks of the trees is widely known in the Phil- 
 ippines, where they eat it green, pickled, and in salad; and 
 when ripe fresh and preserved. Its qualities and therapeutic 
 applications are the same as those of the following species. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 4-5 meters high with 
 odd- pinnate leaves. Leaflets 12 pairs, ovate, linear, acute, soft 
 and downy. Flowers small, pinkish or purplish, on trunk and 
 branches. Stamens 10, five alternately longer. Pistils diver- 
 gent. Fruit oblong, obtuse at the end, with five broad ribs. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common throughout the islands. 
 
 Averrhoa Carambola, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bilimbin, BalimMn, Tag. 
 
 USES. The common name of this tree, whose fruit is so 
 common, causes it to be confused with the name which Lin- 
 naeus gives to the former species. Balimbin is a fruit of an acid 
 taste, agreeable when ripe, serving the same uses for food as the 
 camia. Its acidity is due to the presence of oxalic acid, which 
 makes the green fruit useful for removing ink and rust stains 
 from clothes. The juice of the fruit is refreshing and is given 
 internally mixed with water and sugar as a refreshing drink in 
 
RUTA GRAVEOLENS 61 
 
 fevers and as an antiscorbutic. For the latter the ripe fruit is 
 eaten uncooked. 
 
 In Mauritius the juice is used to treat dysentery and hepa- 
 titis. Padre Blanco says that the natives use a decoction of 
 camias and unthreshed rice in diarrhcea and bilious colic. In 
 connection with the subject of camias and balimbins we should 
 mention the fruit treatment of the bilious diarrhcea of the 
 tropics, spoken of by the French physicians of Cochin China. 
 Dr. Van der Burg of the Dutch Indies also strongly recom- 
 mends the treatment of diarrhcea by fruits ; in temperate regions 
 using fruits like peaches, pears, etc., and in the tropics, lychies, 
 mangosteens, etc. In regard to the mangosteens we must not 
 forget that, while the bark is given because of the amount of 
 tannin it contains, the composition of the pulp is very different. 
 The fruit acids seem to exercise great influence in the cure of 
 this obstinate disease and I do not hesitate to recommend for 
 this purpose the camia and the ripe balimbin. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree much like the former. 
 Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 3-4 pairs, obliquely ovate, acute, 
 the terminal leaflet nearly lanceolate. Flowers on the trunk, 
 branches and in the axils of the leaves. Fruit oblong, with 5 
 very prominent acute-angled ribs. 
 
 HABITAT. It grows, like the former plant, in all parts of 
 the islands. 
 
 RUTACEJE. 
 
 Eue Family. 
 
 Ruta graveolens, L. (L. angmtifolia, Pers.) 
 NOM. VULG. Rudu, Sp.; Rue, Eng. 
 
 USES. The rue of the European, American and Indian 
 pharmacopoeias is emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, 
 excitant, diaphoretic, antiseptic and abortive. It contains an 
 essential oil, and rutinic acid (C 2 .H 28 O 15 , Borntrager), starch, 
 gum, etc. The essential oil is greenish-yellow, thick, acrid and 
 
62 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 bitter; specific gravity 0.911. It boils at 228, is slightly 
 soluble in water, and soluble in absolute alcohol. It is 
 promptly oxidized by nitric acid, and is converted into pelar- 
 gonic acid and other fatty acids. 
 
 Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside 
 which exists in the form of fine needles, bright yellow in color. 
 It is slightly soluble in cold water and more so in boiling 
 water. It melts at 190, and solidifies at freezing point, 
 forming a resinous mass. Its physiological properties are as 
 yet unknown. The part of the plant employed is the leaves, 
 which owe their property, apparently, to the essential oil they 
 contain, from which they also derive their strong and disagree- 
 able odor and their bitter, acrid and nauseous taste. 
 
 It is used principally as a uterine stimulant or emmena- 
 gogue, for which purpose it is given in doses of 0.100.15 cen- 
 tigrams of the freshly powdered leaf and 0.05-0.10 centigrams 
 of the fresh leaves infused in a liter of water. The dry pow- 
 der of the leaf should not be used because the essential oil vol- 
 atilizes and a large proportion of it is lost, which is the most 
 active principle of the drug. It is an agent which should be pre- 
 scribed with the greatest prudence for large doses are poison- 
 ous even to the point of causing death. The symptoms following 
 such doses are colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and tenesmus. 
 
 It is also used as an antihemorrhagic after childbirth, but its 
 action is slow, not being felt for several hours after the admin- 
 istration of the drug ; for this reason it cannot take the place of 
 ergot, though it seems to be superior to the latter in passive 
 hemorrhages. The essential oil is given internally in doses of 
 2-6 drops on a piece of sugar. It is sometimes used as an an- 
 tispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy and chorea. 
 
 The Chinese make extensive use of this drug and it is one of 
 their principal abortives. In Hindostan the dried leaves are 
 burnt and the smoke inhaled as a cure for catarrh in children. 
 They are careful not to administer it to pregnant women. 
 
XANTHOXYLUM OXYPHYLLUM 63 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant, 1 meter high, with 
 leaves alternate, compound, the inferior ones 2 3-cleft ; leaflets 
 narrow, oblong, slightly fleshy. Flowers greenish-yellow, 
 hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbose terminal cymes. Co- 
 rolla, 4-5 free, concave petals. Calyx deeply divided, persist- 
 ent. Stamens 8-10, free, in two whorls, inserted beneath a 
 thick disc. Ovaries 5, unilocular, many-ovuled. Styles 5, 
 first free, then united, forming a column terminating in a small 
 stigma. Follicles 5, united at the base, 1 centimeter long, free 
 superiorly, hard, rounded, rugose, opening on top. Seeds 
 ovoid, angular, blackish, albuminous. 
 
 HABITAT. Common everywhere in the Philippines. 
 
 Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Edgew. (X. violaceum, Wall.; 
 Fagara piperita, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kayutana,; Tag.; Salay, Saladay, Vis. 
 
 USES. The trunk bark is stimulant and is used as a sudor- 
 ific in the treatment of fevers. The fresh bark is quite irritat- 
 ing, for which reason it is best to use bark taken from the more 
 mature parts of the trunk, powdered and desiccated. The 
 dose is J-2 grams 2-3 times a day. Its stimulating properties 
 render it useful in colic and in India it is used as a sto- 
 machic and digestive. Is seems also to possess diuretic prop- 
 erties. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 30-35 high, with trunk 
 thickly set with large spines. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets 
 ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, small transparent vesicles on the 
 surface, spines on the midrib and common petiole. Calyx very 
 small, monophyllous. Corolla twice as large as the calyx, 4 
 petals. Stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle, the same length 
 as the petals. Ovary superior, 4-angled. No style. Stig- 
 mas 2. 
 
 HABITAT. Batangas, Morong, Manila. 
 
64 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Murraya exotica, L. (M. paniculata, Jack.; Connarus foe- 
 tens, and C. santaloides, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kamunig, Tag. 
 
 USES. The leaves are stimulant and astringent, and are 
 used in infusion (15 grams, to water one liter) to treat diarrhea 
 and dysentery. The root and trunk barks are used for the same 
 treatment and they as well as the leaves owe their properties 
 to an essential oil and a bitter principle present in all parts 
 of the plant. Vry has demonstrated the presence of a glucoside 
 which he has named murrayin (C 18 H 22 O 10 ) ; it crystallizes in 
 small, white needles, is slightly bitter, soluble in hot water and 
 alcohol, insoluble in ether, slightly soluble in cold water. It 
 melts at 170, and dissolves in alkaline solutions coloring them 
 green. Boiled in dilute acids it splits into murrayetin and glu- 
 cose. Murraydin (C 12 H 12 O 10 ) crystallizes in white needles, in- 
 odorous, tasteless, slightly soluble in cold water and in ether, 
 soluble in hot water and alcohol. Heat destroys its green color 
 in solutions ; alkalies, in the presence of cold, increase it. The 
 leaves and the bark of the plant contain an essential oil. 
 
 The foregoing description of this species applies equally well 
 to the following species. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree 12 high with 
 leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets lanceolate, almost en- 
 tire, rigid with small dots on each surface. Flowers in axil- 
 lary, very short, compound racemes. Calyx very small, mon- 
 ophyllous, 5 lanceolate lobules. Corolla much longer than 
 the calyx, 5 lanceolate petals. Stamens 10, joined, but not 
 entirely united at the base ; 5 alternate stamens longer than the 
 others. Anthers sessile, regular. Ovary superior, compressed 
 and borne on a disc. Style 1, same length as the stamens. 
 Stigma thick, depressed, apparently 4-angled. Fruit fleshy, 
 ovoid, acute and somewhat curved at the end enclosing a seed 
 with coriaceous, downy testa. 
 
CITRUS ACIDA 65 
 
 Murraya Koenigi, Spreng. (Bergera Koenigi, L.; Connarus 
 
 sp., Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. (?) 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. 
 Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire and glabrous. The 
 testa of the seed bears no down, and may be divided into two 
 parts. The decoction of the leaves of this species as well as the 
 former is used to allay toothache. 
 
 Citrus acida, F. (C. notissima, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Limon, Sp.; Dayap, Tag.:, Lemon, Eng. 
 
 USES. The essence (essential oil) and juice of the fruit are the 
 parts of the plant used in therapeutics. The essence extracted 
 from the rind is yellow, fragrant, slightly bitter ; density, 0.856 ; 
 boiling point 165. The juice which is turbid and pale yellow 
 in color contains 9^ citric acid, 3 5J& gum and sugar and ^-f^^o 
 inorganic salts. The essence is used to flavor certain pharma- 
 ceutical preparations, and is a diffusible stimulant which may 
 be given internally in doses of 36 drops on a little sugar. 
 The bitter rind is occasionally used in infusion as a stomachic 
 and stimulant. The juice is most commonly used in lemonade, 
 a cooling drink which, used intemperately in the Philippines, 
 is apt to cause gastro-intestinal trouble, so commonly attributed 
 to " irritation," but really the result of a general atony of the di- 
 gestive organs. Lemon juice is also used with very good re- 
 sults as a local cleansing application for sore throat, as well as 
 externally on fetid ulcers. In some forms of malarial fever it 
 seems to have given satisfactory results, administered internally. 
 
 In many navies lemon juice forms a part of the sea ration 
 as a preventive of scurvy, upon which it exercises a real and 
 noteworthy action. The Danish navy adopted it for this pur- 
 pose in 1770, the English navy followed, then the French and 
 possibly others. The English call it lime-juice, and its pre- 
 
66 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ventive dose is 3040 grams a day. Its curative dose is 100 
 150 grams a day. To preserve the lime-juice it was bottled 
 with a layer of oil, which, floating on the surface kept it from 
 contact with the air ; but this process gave it a bad taste as did 
 also the addition of sulphate of calcium, and at present the 
 English add, to each liter of juice, 60 grams of alcohol, which 
 preserves it perfectly. Fonssagrives says that the antiscorbutic 
 action of lemon juice is due rather to the vegetable juice itself 
 than to the citric acid which it contains. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A most familiar tree 11 or 
 more high, trunk with solitary thorns. Leaves ovate, obtuse, 
 acute-toothed, the petiole bearing serrate wings. Calyx 4-6- 
 toothed. Corolla, 4 thick petals. Filaments 10-25 on the 
 receptacle, some joined and bearing 2-3 anthers. Fruit thin- 
 skinned, globular, about 1' in diameter; the rind adheres 
 closely to the pulp. 
 
 (This fruit closely resembles, if it is not identical with the 
 lime fruit, C. Limetta, or C. Bergamia, Risso, though Gray 
 states that the leaf of the latter has a wingless petiole. J. B. T.) 
 
 HABITAT. Common to all parts of the islands. 
 
 Citrus Bigaradia, Hook. f. (C.mUgaris,R,i8SQ; C.aurantium, 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Naranjas del pais, Sp.; Kahd-, Kahil, Tag.; 
 Native Orangey Eng. 
 
 USES. The rind of the cagel is the so-called bitter orange 
 peel, the best of which comes from Cura9ao and Barbadoes. 
 It is tonic and is used in decoction and in syrup. The infusion 
 of the leaves, 5-10 grams to the liter, is useful as a sedative 
 and diaphoretic in hysterical and nervous attacks ; the infusion 
 of the flowers is similarly used. When distilled the flowers 
 yield a very sweet essential oil called neroli, which is used as a 
 perfume only. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 15-20 high, trunk 
 
DECANDRA 67 
 
 bearing solitary spines. Leaves medium lanceolate, serrate, 
 the apex notched, petioles winged. Flowers usually solitary. 
 Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla 4-5 petals. Filaments joined or 
 separate. Anthers about 20. The fruit, a small orange 2' or 
 more in diameter, the peel closely adherent. 
 
 The C. aurantium verum or C. reticulata (Blanco) has a yel- 
 low pulp and the rind is readily separated from it, a thin net 
 of fibers intervening. 
 
 Citrus decumana, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Suha, Lukban, Tag.; Toronjas Penins.; Na- 
 ranjaSj Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. The fruit, which is handsome and large, and the 
 leaves and flowers, are used for the same purposes as those of 
 C. bigaradia. 
 
 HABITAT. The above species are cultivated in all parts of 
 the islands, and, like the variety C. aurantium venim, H. f. (C. 
 reticulata, Blanco), commonly called naranjita, are among the 
 most abundant of native fruits. 
 
 -ffigle decandra, Naves. (Feronia ternata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YIJLG. Malahabuyaw, Tag.; Tabog, Pam., Tag. (A 
 species of Bael-Frnit Tree.) 
 
 USES. We do not know the medicinal use of this plant in 
 the Philippines. Probably it has none, but we may give those 
 of the species. R. marmelos, Cor., the fruit of which is almost 
 identical with that of our species and is called Bela or Bael in 
 India. The fruit of the Malakabuyaw is ovoid and full of a 
 mucilaginous pulp, aromatic and acid, the same as that of the 
 Bael. The uses of the latter are the following : The pulp acts 
 as an astringent, but it would be more correctly called a tonic 
 of the intestinal mucosa, for it has been experimentally proved 
 that, although it checks diarrhrea, it also acts as a laxative in 
 
68 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 chronic constipation. In both conditions it seems to operate 
 by toning and regulating the functions of the intestine. 
 
 Martin, an English physician, was the first to call attention 
 to the properties of Bael, and according to Dr. Green one dose 
 of the pulp of the ripe fruit, prepared with sugar and given 
 every morning, is an efficient remedy in the treatment of the 
 dyspepsia of Europeans in India, especially in the form charac- 
 terized by constipation and flatulence. The green fruit is a 
 powerful astringent used by the Hindoos for diarrhoea. In 
 cholera epidemics Dr. Bose advises the daily use of an ice made 
 from the pulp of the ripe fruit, the object being the regulation 
 of the functions of the intestine. 
 
 The Pharmacopoeia of India contains the following prepara- 
 tions : 
 
 Mixture. Pulp of the ripe fruit 60 grams. 
 
 Water 120 " 
 
 Sugar 60 " 
 
 Mix, and if desired add chopped ice. This forms a very 
 agreeable drink which has the aroma of the fruit itself, and 
 may be repeated 2-3 times a day. When the fruit is ripe, this 
 preparation is not only astringent in cases of diarrhoea, but 
 possesses the additional property of increasing the appetite. If 
 the patient's stomach is very weak, the preparation may pro- 
 duce vomiting in which event it is necessary to give it in small 
 doses or to employ the extract. 
 
 Extract of Bad. Pulp of the ripe fruit is placed in a vessel 
 and sufficient water added to cover it. It is then heated and 
 evaporated to the consistency of a soft extract. The dose is 
 2-4 grams, 2, 3 or 4 times a day. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Bad. 
 
 Pulp of Bael 500 grams. 
 
 Water 3 liters. 
 
 Rectified alcohol 60 grams. 
 
FERONIA ELEPHANTUM 69 
 
 The Bael is macerated in a third of the water and at the end of 
 12 hours the liquid is decanted and another third of water is 
 added ; the maceration is repeated and the same process followed 
 till the last third of water is used. Express the residuum, put 
 all the liquid into one vessel, filter and evaporate till reduced to 
 800 grams, then cool and add the alcohol. Dose, 48 grams. 
 
 The fluid extract is less active than the freshly prepared solid 
 extract. 
 
 According to Dr. G. Bidie, the fruit of the Feronia elephan- 
 tum, Correa (the species that grows in the Philippines), possesses 
 the same properties as Bael. Its leaves are astringent, aro- 
 matic and carminative, and the gum with which the trunk of 
 the tree is covered is a good substitute for gum arabic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 7-8 meters high, the 
 trunk covered with large, solitary spines. Leaves alternate, 
 ternate. Leaflets lanceolate, scalloped and glabrous, the middle 
 one larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 thick 
 petals, linear, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 10. Ovary 
 cylindrical. Style and stigma thick. Fruit oblong, more than 
 3 r long and 2' thick, with a surface irregular with prominences 
 and grooves ; 10 or more compartments, each containing several 
 ovoid, compressed seeds, ending with a woolly tuft. 
 
 HABITAT. San Mateo, Montalban (Manila) ; Arayat (La 
 Pampanga). 
 
 Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Murraya odorata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Panoan, Pamunoan, Vis. ; Wood-apple, Eng. 
 
 USES. The pulp of the ripe fruit has an agreeable odor and 
 
 is edible. In India the green fruit is used as an astringent in 
 
 diarrhoea and dysentery ; the ripe fruit is given in diseases of 
 
 the gums and as a gargle. Mir Muhammad Husain states that 
 
 the ripe fruit is a refrigerant, astringent, cardiac and general 
 
 tonic, and is very efficacious in the treatment of salivation and 
 
 ulcers of the throat, strengthening the gums and operating as 
 
70 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 an astringent. A sorbet made of the ripe fruit whets the appe- 
 tite and the pulp is used locally for bites of venomous animals. 
 In the latter case the pulverized bark may be used if the fruit 
 cannot be obtained. 
 
 The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (JEgle Marme- 
 los), and is used as such by the English physicians in the hos- 
 pitals of India. The tender leaves have an agreeable aroma 
 similar to that of anise and are used internally in decoction as 
 a stomachic and carminative. 
 
 The incised trunk exudes a gum which is used in India as a 
 substitute for gum arabic and there is an active trade in this 
 gum in the bazars of Bombay and Calcutta. According to 
 Pereira, it was at one time imported into England from the 
 east of India under the name of gum arabic. It exists in the 
 form of irregular, semitransparent pieces, of a brownish-red 
 color. With water it forms a mucilage as adhesive as gum 
 arabic, and this solution reddens litmus paper. It is dextro- 
 gyrous and is precipitated by the neutral acetate of lead and 
 by caustic baryta. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree 3-4 meters high. Leaves 
 fragrant, opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 2 pairs, lanceolate, 
 entire, and glabrous. Common petiole flattened above. Flow- 
 ers terminal, white, racemose, with 2 flattened peduncles. 
 Calyx inferior, with 5-6 divisions. Corolla, 5-6 petals. An- 
 thers oval. Ovary oblong, 5-lobuled. Style short, caducous. 
 Stigma spindle-shaped. Ovules numerous, compressed, in sev- 
 eral series. Fruit pulpy, globose, with woody rind, one com- 
 partment and many compressed, oblong seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Mountains of Augat. Woods of Catugan (Iloilo). 
 
SAMADERA INDICA 71 
 
 SIMARUBAGE^. 
 
 Quassia Family. 
 
 Samadera Indica, Gaertn. (Niota tetrapela, DC. & Blanco ; 
 Manungala pendula, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Manungaly Tag., Pam., Bicol.; Manunagl, 
 Linatoganak, Palagarium, Daraput, Vis. 
 
 USES. The wood and seeds contain an intensely bitter prin- 
 ciple. The Filipinos make cups and vases of the wood and 
 allow water to stand in them 6-12 hours, thus preparing a solu- 
 tion of the bitter principle of the plant which they use in various 
 stomach disorders. 
 
 Vrij has extracted from the seeds a 33 ^ oil of a bright yellow 
 color, composed, according to Oudermans, of 84 parts olein to 
 16 of palmitin and stearin. 
 
 The bitter principle contained in the root, wood and bark 
 was discovered by Blunse who named it samaderin ; it is a 
 white, crystalline, foliaceous sub&tance, more soluble in water 
 than in alcohol, fusible. Nitric and hydrochloric acids color it 
 yellow. Sulphuric acid immediately forms a violet red color 
 which disappears as iridescent, feathery crystals are precipi- 
 tated. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.) 
 
 The Filipino " herb-doctors " concoct an oil of manungal that 
 in reality contains none of the ingredients of the seeds ; it is 
 simply cocoaimt oil in which chips of the wood have been 
 soaked. They use it in doses of 30-60 grams as a purgative, 
 externally as an application to the abdomen in colic or indi- 
 gestion and with friction in rheumatism or contusions. In 
 India the oil extracted from the seeds is used locally with fric- 
 tion in rheumatism. 
 
 The decoction of the wood and the powdered wood are given 
 in fevers, in dyspepsia and as a general tonic. 
 
 IXFUSIOX. Chips of the wood 20 grams. 
 
 Water . 500 " 
 
72 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 A wineglassful several times a day in cholera, fevers, diar- 
 rhoea, etc. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, trunk straight, the 
 wood white and very light in weight. Leaves 45' long, alter- 
 nate, acute, oval, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, veined. Petioles 
 very short, no stipules. Flowers in terminal umbels, each com- 
 posed of 4-6 flowerets with moderately long pedicels. Common 
 peduncle, very slender, very long, drooping. Calyx of same 
 color as corolla, inferior, very small, 4-lobuled. Corolla pur- 
 plish, very long, 4 straight, linear petals. Stamens 8, inserted 
 on the receptacle. Filaments of equal length with the petals, 
 with 1-2 appendices at the base. Anthers spiral. Ovary 5- 
 lobuled, borne on small stalk. One style of equal length with 
 the stamens, situated above the center of the 5 lobules of the 
 ovary which develop into 5 future pods. Stigma simple. Fruit 
 5 woody pods, short, united centrally above a small base, semi- 
 lunar in form, medianly expanded, venate, containing a small 
 wrinkled, kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed-stalk to the 
 superior suture. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common and well known everywhere in 
 the Philippines. Blooms in February. 
 
 BURSERACEJE. 
 
 Myrrh Family. 
 Garuga pinnata, Eoxb. (G. Madagascar ensis, DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bugo, Tag. 
 
 USES. The fruit is slightly acid and edible. The trunk 
 exudes an abundant gum, of the odor of turpentine, translucent, 
 greenish-yellow, forming small masses slightly soluble in alco- 
 hol, soluble in water, with which a mucilage is formed. The 
 juice of the leaves is used for asthma. The sap is used in 
 Bombay to remove opacities of the cornea. There is another 
 species in the Philippines, G. floribunda, Decsne (Idea Abilo, 
 
CANARIUM COMMUNE 73 
 
 Blanco), abilo, Tag., the root of which furnishes a decoction 
 used for phthisis. This species also produces a gum-resin 
 similar to that of the bugo. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, with leaves alternate, 
 odd-pinnate, without stipules, bunched on the ends of the 
 branches, with opposite, serrate leaflets. Flowers yellowish- 
 white in panicles, compound, polygamous. Calyx bell-shaped, 
 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 10, free, in 2 series. 
 Ovary inferior, 5-lobuled. Fruit, a globose, greenish-yellow 
 drupe with numerous bony seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Everywhere in Luzon, Panay and Balabac. 
 
 Canarium commune, L. (C. album and C. Luzonicum, Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Piliy Tag.; Java Almond Tree, East Indian 
 Elerrdy Eng. 
 
 USES. The ripe pili nut is edible and sold in confectioneries. 
 It yields a fixed oil, an excellent sample of which was sent by 
 the Manila pharmacist D. A. del Rosario to the Paris Exposi- 
 tion of 1889. "It is an oil very similar to oil of almond and 
 owing to its physical properties may be used as a substitute for 
 the latter for all the requirements of pharmacy. The only 
 inconvenience connected with its use is the slight one that it 
 solidifies at 3 C. It could furthermore be very advantageously 
 used in the manufacture of fine grades of soap." (D. A. del 
 Rosario.) 
 
 The incised trunk exudes a gum-resin called brea blanca (white 
 pitch) in the Philippines and elemi in Europe. Until recently 
 it was not known in Europe what tree yielded the gum elemi, 
 some authors stating that according to Blanco it was the resin 
 of the Idea abilo, Blanco ( Garuga floribunda, Decsne) ; it is 
 not true, however, that Padre Blanco ever attributed such 
 origin to that product or named his Icica the " pitch-tree." 
 On the contrary in speaking of the Canarium, Blanco states 
 that it yields a resin called " pili-pitch." I do not know the 
 
74 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 reason for this confusion of terms, but presume it to be due to 
 imperfect knowledge of Spanish on the part of those who thus 
 quote Blanco. 
 
 Pili-pitch, or elemi, as they call it in Manila, is a substance 
 existing in soft masses, slightly yellowish or gray, resembling 
 old honey in appearance. Its odor is strong and agreeable, 
 somewhat like that of lemon and turpentine. Its taste is acrid 
 and bitter. 
 
 The French pharmacist Meaujean demonstrated in 1820 that 
 elemi contains two resins, one soluble in the cold, and the other 
 in hot spirits of wine. Other chemists, among them Baup, 
 Fliickiger and Hanbury, have found elemi to be composed of a 
 resinous substance and a colorless essential oil ; the proportion 
 of the latter Fliickiger gives as 10J& and further states that it 
 is dextrogyrous. Sainte-Claire Deville found the essential oil 
 levogyrous, a fact that emphasizes the probability of there be- 
 ing different products in the market bearing the name of elemi. 
 
 Baup obtained several principles from it : (1) A resin, brein, 
 fusible at 187, soluble in cold alcohol, crystallizablein oblique 
 rhombic prisms ; (2) another crystalline substance, bryoidin, 
 soluble in 360 parts water at 10, and melting at 13; (3) a 
 small amount of brMin, a body soluble in 260 parts water and 
 melting at 100-j- ; (4) another resin soluble in boiling alcohol, 
 called amyrin. 
 
 White pitch is used in the Philippines to make plasters 
 which they apply to the back and breast of patients suffering 
 from bronchial or pulmonary complaints ; it is also applied to 
 indolent ulcers. We believe that elemi possesses the same 
 properties as copaiba, and that its indications for internal use 
 are the same. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 30-40 meters high, with 
 leaves alternate, odd-pinnate ; leaflets opposite, coriaceous. Flow- 
 ers yellowish-white in axillary, compound panicles, hermaphro- 
 dite. Calyx 3-toothed. Corolla, 3 oblong, concave petals. Sta- 
 
MELIA AZEDARACH 75 
 
 mens 6, inserted on the base of the disc. Ovary free, of 3 lobules 
 each containing 2 ovules. Style simple. Stigma, 3 lobules. 
 Drupe oblong, size of large prune, fleshy, containing a hard, 
 3-sided pit. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in all Philippine woods especially 
 in Camarines. 
 
 MELIACE^E. 
 
 Melia Family. 
 
 Melia Azedarach, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Paraiso (Paradise), Sp.-Fil.; Pride of India, 
 China Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root was official in the U. S. P., 1880, as an 
 anthelmintic ; it is administered in the following form : 
 
 Fresh root bark 120 grams. 
 
 Water 1 liter. 
 
 Boil till reduced one half. 
 
 DOSE. For a child 1 soup-spoonful every 15 minutes till 
 nausea is produced. 
 
 In view of the narcotic effects produced by this drug, the 
 foregoing method of administration seems to us imprudent ; we 
 prefer to give 30-70 grams of the decoction and follow with a 
 purgative such as castor oil. 
 
 This drug is also tonic, febrifuge and astringent, and a de- 
 coction of its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers. 
 Some believe that the leaves and fruit contain toxic principles, 
 which may well be true considering the effects of large doses of 
 their preparations. It has also been observed that the bark 
 collected in March and April may cause dilatation of the pupil, 
 stupor, etc.; this may be explained by the fact that at this sea- 
 son the sap is rising in the tree and the bark contains an in- 
 creased amount of active ingredients. 
 
 The fruit yields a fixed oil, and by fermentation and distil- 
 lation produces alcohol. 
 
76 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The root bark referred to is bitter and nauseous, if taken 
 from the superficial roots the part usually employed ; the 
 bark of the deeper parts is astringent by virtue of the con- 
 tained tannin. 
 
 Jacobs analyzed the bark and isolated an amorphous resin of 
 yellowish color and very bitter taste. It is soluble in alcohol, 
 ether and chloroform, slightly soluble in sulphuret of carbon, 
 insoluble in turpentine or benzin. He believes that it is the 
 active principle of the root, and produces the anthelmintic ac- 
 tion already mentioned ; the proper dose is 0.20 centigrams to 
 a child of 4 years, followed by a purge of calomel. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 30-40 high, with leaves 
 alternate, compound, odd-pinnate ; leaflets opposite, ovate, 
 pointed, dentate. Flowers in large axillary compound panicles. 
 Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, rose-colored within, lilac- 
 colored without. Stamens 10, united into a cylindrical tube, 
 expanded at both ends, the mouth 15-toothed. Anthers in- 
 serted near the apex of the tube, short, fleshy, bilocular. Ovary 
 free, of 5 biovuled cells. Style of equal length with the tube. 
 Stigma button-shaped. Fruit a drupe, about the size of a small 
 olive, yellow when ripe, with a dark brown pit of 5 one-seeded 
 cells. 
 
 HABITAT. Native of China ; is cultivated in most gardens 
 in the Philippines. 
 
 Dysoxylum Blancoi, Vidal. (D. salutare, F. Villar ; Turroea 
 virens, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ig'iWj Ag'iWj Tcdiatan, Tag. ; Ananagtag, 
 Bakugan, Makasili, Vis. ; Malabagaw, Pam. ; Basiloag, Hoc. 
 
 USES. The bark of the trunk, dry and finely powdered, is 
 used in doses of 1J-2J grams as an emetic, and, according to 
 Padre Blanco, its effect is very certain. 
 
 It is also a febrifuge, and Padre Mercado states that it 
 cures "all forms of asthma, suffocative affections of the chest, 
 
SANDORICUM INDICUM 77 
 
 and griping pains of the belly." He also states that it yields 
 marvelous results in malarial fevers, given during the cold stage 
 in doses of 4-8 grams in water or wine in which it has macerated 
 12 hours. He also recommends its use before breakfast as an 
 anthelmintic in lumbricoids, and finally attributes to it virtues 
 as an emmenagogue. 
 
 Padre Blanco calls attention to the species D. sehizochitoides, 
 Turcz. (Turroea octandra, Blanco), Himamaw, Tag., as a sub- 
 stitute for 1). Blaneoi. 
 
 The Tagalo "herb-doctors" pretend that the part of the 
 bark near the earth is doubly efficacious, for which reason they 
 administer only that portion which is within one meter of the 
 ground, giving it in the doses already mentioned. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Tree 1 6-20 meters high. Leaves 
 glabrous, odd-pinnate, petioles very long ; leaflets entire, oppo- 
 site, short-petiolate, acute, oblique at the base. Flowers in 
 axillary panicles. Calyx, 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla, 5 
 linear, lanceolate petals united at the base. Staminal tube, 10- 
 toothed and 10-anthered. Ovary 5-celled, each cell contain- 
 ing two ovules. Style somewhat longer than the stamens. 
 Stigma thick and depressed. Seed vessel globose, depressed, 
 somewhat downy, 5-angled ; with 5 compartments each contain- 
 ing 2 seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Batangas and Laguna. 
 
 Sandoricum Indicum, Cav. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Santolj Tag. 
 
 USES. The santol is doubtless one of the best known fruits 
 in Manila. The most savory portion is the center, which con- 
 sists of seeds covered with a white pulp of a delicious flavor in 
 the ripe fruit of good quality. The fleshy covering is edible 
 only in the center of the fruit and only a very thin layer of 
 that, the rest having very little flavor. The whole fruit is 
 used in making a confection often prescribed as an astringent. 
 
78 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Padre Mercado compares it very appropriately to the quince. 
 The root of the santol is aromatic, stomachic and astringent, by 
 virtue of which latter property it is used in Java in the treat- 
 ment of leucorrhoea. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 30-40 high, well known 
 in the islands. Leaves ternate ; leaflets 4-5' long, half-ovate, 
 obtuse, entire, stiif and downy, the middle one elliptical. 
 Flowers in panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla much longer 
 than the calyx, 5 greenish petals, linear and curved downwards. 
 Nectary a cylindrical tube attached to the corolla for half its 
 length, mouth 10-toothed, containing 10 sessile anthers. Style 
 somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma 5-parted. Fruit 
 about size and form of a small apple, thick, brown, pericarp 
 indehiscent, 5 or more one-seeded compartments. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows in all parts of the islands, commonly 
 along the roads. 
 
 Carapa Moluccensis, Lam. (Xylocarpus granatum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tabigi, Nigi, Kalumpag sa lati, Tag.; Migi, 
 Pam. 
 
 USES. The seeds contain a yellow oil, bitter and astringent, 
 with a characteristic odor, having a taste somewhat resembling 
 the odor. In decoction they are used for diarrhoea and dysen- 
 tery, on account, doubtless, of the tannin they contain. The 
 dose is 12 seeds dried, pounded and infused with 200 grams 
 of sweetened water. 
 
 The bark, also bitter, is said to be useful in fevers. 
 
 In America they extract an oil from the species of the C. 
 Guianensis, Aubl., with which the negroes anoint themselves to 
 keep away stinging insects. Wood soaked in this oil is also 
 proof against insects. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. This tree, 20 high, grows in 
 swampy districts. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Two 
 pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets, entire and glabrous. Petiole 
 
CEDRELA TOON A 79 
 
 very short. Calyx inferior, 4-5-toothed. Corolla, 4-5 con- 
 cave petals, slightly notched at the end. Nectary notched, 
 ovate, 8-9-toothed. No filaments. Anthers equal in number 
 to the teeth of the nectary and inserted between them. Ovary 
 very thick, globose. Stigma shield-shaped. Drupe globose, 
 resembling a very large orange, 5 chambers, each containing 1, 
 2 or more seeds, convex on one side and concave on the other, 
 angular and much crowded. Testa hard and porous. 
 HABITAT. Common throughout the Archipelago. 
 
 Cedrela Toona, Roxb. (C. odorata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. KalantaSj Tag., Pam.; Lanigpa, Vis. 
 
 USES. The infusion of the flowers is antispasmodic. The 
 trunk bark is an excellent astringent, and Dr. Waitz recom- 
 mends it in extract as a treatment for infantile diarrhea, for 
 which I also have found it very useful. Blume says that it 
 contains marked antispasmodic virtues, and Dr. G. Kennedy 
 confirms it. Other physicians of India, among them Ros and 
 Newton, have recommended the bark as a substitute for cin- 
 chona, given dry in doses of 30 grams. 
 
 INFUSION. 
 
 Bark dry, pounded 30 grams. 
 
 Water ..150 
 
 Filter and add : 
 
 Syrup of cinnamon 20 grams. 
 
 DOSE. Several dessert-spoonfuls a day. 
 
 The powdered bark is very useful as an application to indo- 
 lent ulcers which it instantly deodorizes ; like powdered quinine 
 it is used in the treatment of superficial gangrene. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree. Leaves odd-pin- 
 nate. Leaflets oval, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, 5- 
 6 pairs. Flowers yellow, in terminal panicles. Calyx 5- 
 toothed. Corolla, 5 oblong petals. Stamens 5, free, inserted 
 on the apex of a disk. Ovaries sessile, 5 many-ovuled cells. 
 
80 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Style short. Stigma on a disk. Seed vessel coriaceous, 5 
 compartments, septicidal, 5-valved. Seeds compressed, pendu- 
 lous, prolonged in a membranous wing. 
 HABITAT. Very common in the islands. 
 
 CELASTRACEJE. 
 
 Staff-Tree Family. 
 
 Celastrus paniculata, Willd. (C. alnifolia, DC.; C.Rothiana, 
 Roem.; Diosma serrata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bilogo, Tag. 
 
 USES. I am not acquainted with the medicinal uses of this 
 plant in the Philippines. In India, by means of a primitive 
 system of distillation, they extract from the seeds a dark-col- 
 ored oil of empyreumatic odor, which under the name of Oleum 
 nigrum was once proclaimed by Dr. Herklots as the sovereign 
 remedy for beriberi. 
 
 This oil in doses of 10-15 drops a day is a very powerful 
 stimulant, the action of which is manifested by profuse perspi- 
 ration several hours after its administration. Malcolmson re- 
 ports that it has given him good results in several cases of 
 beriberi, particularly in recent cases and those in which nerv- 
 ous and paralytic symptoms predominated. In Coucan, the 
 juice of the leaves is given in doses of 30 grams as an antidote 
 for opium. The bruised seeds made into a paste with cow 
 urine are used locally in treatment of itch. They are also 
 used in the treatment of leprosy, gout, rheumatism, and other 
 diseases which according to their medical theories, are derived 
 from "cold humors. " For these purposes they give the seeds 
 internally, beginning with one and increasing daily until 50 
 are taken. At the same time they make external applications 
 of the oil or of another compound prepared in the following way : 
 
 Place in an open pot with one opening, seeds of C. panicu- 
 lata, cloves, benzoin, nutmeg and mace. The pot having been 
 
ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA 81 
 
 previously heated, is covered with another, inverted over the 
 opening. On the sides of the latter a thick black oil condenses 
 which Herklots very appropriately named Oleum nigrum. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A climbing shrub, 6-9 high, 
 without spines. Leaves 6-7 ' long by 5' broad, alternate, pet- 
 iolate, entire, glabrous, half-ovate. Flowers small and panicu- 
 late. Calyx, 5 divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, in- 
 serted in a disc. Anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 
 3-lobulate. Style short. Seed vessel the size of a pea, globose, 
 3-celled, loculicidal, with pulpy seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Tayabas, Laguna, Ilocos North, San Mateo, 
 Albay. Flowers in April. 
 
 RHAMNACE^I. 
 
 Buckthorn Family. 
 
 Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. (Rhamnus Jujuba, L. & 
 Blanco ; Z. Mauritania, Wall.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Manzanitas, Sp.-Fil.; Jujube Fruit, Eng. 
 
 USES. The small fruit known commonly as manzanitas has 
 an agreeable taste, although ordinarily offered for sale before 
 they are quite ripe. They are among the most popular dain- 
 ties at the fairs and festivals in the provinces of Manila and 
 are the only part of the plant used in medicine. They possess 
 emollient qualities and are official in the codex. They enter 
 in the composition of the so-called pectoral remedies (composed 
 of equal parts of figs, dates, Corinthian raisins and manzanitas). 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub, with hooked thorns, 
 leaves alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, entire, 3-nerved, 2 thorny 
 stipules, one of them crooked. Flowers small, greenish, axillary. 
 Calyx, 5 oval divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, free. 
 Ovary bilocutar, situated on the disc. Styles 2-3, divergent ; 
 small papillary stigmas. Drupe pulpy, globose, resembling a 
 crab-apple in size and taste, enclosing a hard, 2-celled seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands. 
 
82 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Rhamnus Wightii, W. & Am. (Ceanothus WigUiana, Wall.; 
 R. Carolianus, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kabatitij Tag. 
 
 USES. The dried trunk bark is the part employed in med- 
 icine. Hooper analyzed it in 1888 and found a crystalline 
 principle (0.47 /o), a brown resin (0.85), a red resin (1.15), a 
 bitter principle (1.23), sugar, starch, calcium, oxalate, etc. 
 
 As the active principles exist in the resins, an alcoholic tinc- 
 ture of the latter is the best preparation for administration. In 
 India it is used as a tonic and an astringent. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree that grows near the 
 sea coast. Trunk 9-12 high, straight, many-branched, de- 
 void of thorns. Leaves alternate, ovate, acutely serrate, glab- 
 rous, short-petioled. Flowers greenish-white, axillary, perfect. 
 Calyx 5-toothed, inversely conical. Corolla, 5 petals, smaller 
 than the teeth of the calyx, oval, without claws, notched at the 
 apex. Disc fleshy, smooth, slightly concave. Stamens 5, hid- 
 den within the petals. Filaments flattened. Anthers rounded. 
 Ovary fleshy, inserted at the bottom of the calyx tube. Style 
 short. Stigmas 3, divergent. Fruit oval, its base adherent to 
 the calyx, 3 seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Batangas. Blooms in July and October. 
 
 ANACARDIACEJE. 
 
 Cashew Family. 
 Mangifera Indica, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Manga. 
 
 USES. The dried and pulverized kernel of the seed is used 
 as an anthelmintic in doses of 1J-2 grams both in India and 
 Brazil. The same preparation is used in the Philippines in 
 the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea and its effect is doubt- 
 less due to the large quantity of tannin it contains. It is ad- 
 ministered as follows : The pounded kernels of 20-25 seeds are 
 
MANGIFEKA INDICA 83 
 
 brought to a boil in 2 bottles (sic) of water. When the liquid has 
 evaporated a third, it is removed from the fire, cooled, decanted, 
 and again placed on the fire after adding three to four hundred 
 grams of sugar. This time it is allowed to boil till reduced to 
 one bottle. The dose is 50-60 grams 2-3 times a day. In- 
 cisions in the trunk exude a brownish resin which solidifies in 
 the air, is slightly acrid, bitter, dissolves in alcohol and partially 
 in water. In Malabar it is given internally in the treatment 
 of diarrhoea and dysentery, mixing it with white of egg and 
 opium. But the curative value of the combination is more 
 likely due to the albumen and opium than to the resin. Dis- 
 solved in lemon juice it is a useful application in the itch. The 
 trunk bark is astringent and is employed in decoction as a wash 
 for ulcers and eczema and as an injection in leucorrhoea. 
 
 The fruit is one of the most highly prized in the Philippines, 
 and resident Europeans are able to eat large quantities of it 
 without ill effects unless the fruit is over-ripe, in which case it 
 often causes transient diarrhcea, which should be treated with a 
 mild purge. 
 
 In Mauritius the following compound powder is used in 
 dysentery : 
 
 Dried slices of manga fruit 30 grams. 
 
 Dried manga kernels 60 " 
 
 Plantain seeds 15 " 
 
 Dried ginger 8 " 
 
 Gum arabic 15 " 
 
 Pulverize each ingredient separately ; add 
 
 powdered candy sugar 30 " 
 
 Mix. 
 
 DOSE. For an adult one dessert-spoonful every 4 hours ; 
 may be given in cange or arrowroot. 
 
 The flowers, testa and bark are, in Hindoo therapeutics, 
 considered " cold," and " astringent," and are used especially 
 in diarrhcea. In certain throat affections the Hindoos employ 
 
84 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 the burning leaves for inhalation. They also use the gum made 
 by evaporating the juice of the ripe fruit, as a confection and 
 an antiscorbutic. Dr. Linguist recommends the bark as a local 
 astringent in uterine, intestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage and 
 employs the following : 
 
 Fluid Extract. 
 
 Fluid extract of manga bark 10 grams. 
 
 Water 120 " 
 
 Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every 1 or 2 hours. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A noble tree, 30 to 40 high, 
 dome-like or rotund in outline. Leaves dark green, lustrous, 
 alternate, lanceolate, entire ; short petioles. Flowers racemose, 
 in verticillate panicles. Calyx, 4, 5 or 6 sepals. Corolla 
 white, fragrant, 4, 5 or 6 petals. Stamens 5, of which per- 
 haps 1, 2 or 3 are fertile. Style on one side of the ovary. 
 Stigma simple. Fruit large, reniform, fleshy, yellow when ripe ; 
 contains a large, flattened, reniform pit. Blooms from Janu- 
 ary even till June. The natives force the fruit by building 
 fires under the trees when but little air is stirring. 
 
 HABITAT. Common throughout the islands. 
 
 Anacardium occidentale, L. (Cassuvium reniforme, Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Kasuy, Tag.; Caskew Nut, Eng. 
 USES. The pericarp of the nut contains an essential oil 
 which is very irritant and used by the Hindoos as a vesicant ; 
 it severely blisters the lips and tongues of imprudent persons 
 who break the nut without taking the precaution of cleansing 
 it of the oil before opening it. In addition to the oil called 
 cardolj the pericarp contains an especial acid anacardic, a little 
 tannin and ammonia. Cardol (C 21 H 31 O 2 ) is an oleaginous, yel- 
 low liquid very unstable, neutral, soluble in alcohol and ether, 
 insoluble in water, volatile, and vesicant if applied to the skin. 
 " Anacardic " acid is white, crystalline, odorless, with a burn- 
 ing, aromatic taste. It melts at 26 and decomposes at 200 
 
ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE 85 
 
 forming a colorless oil ; it is not vesicant, burns with a dark 
 flame, and has the odor of rancid oil. A tincture of the 
 pericarp has been made (1 part to 10 of alcohol) and given in- 
 ternally as a vermifuge in doses of 210 drops. Cardol, ac- 
 cording to some authors, does not exercise a vesicant action in 
 the gastro-intestinal canal, because it is not dissolved by the 
 gastro-intestinal juices ; I am sure, however, that I have seen a 
 choleraic diarrhoea brought on by swallowing, in fun, the peri- 
 carp of one nut and a half. Cardol is eliminated by the urine. 
 
 The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste when roasted. 
 By expression it yields a sweet, yellowish oil, density 0.916. 
 
 The trunk exudes a gum resin in masses varying in color 
 from red to yellow. 
 
 The fleshy part, called the fruit, is edible but contains a cer- 
 tain quantity of cardol not only evidenced by the odor but by 
 the smarting of the mouth and throat after eating. It is very 
 juicy and the expressed liquid is fermented in Bombay and dis- 
 tilled to make a very weak alcohol which sells for the very low 
 price of 4 annas (5 cents gold) a gallon. This alcohol is again- 
 distilled and a stronger obtained which sells for 1J rupees a 
 gallon. The Portuguese of India make a sort of wine from 
 the fermented juice of the fruit, which, like the weak alcohol we 
 have mentioned, is a well-known diuretic and is used as a liniment. 
 
 The gum resin of the trunk contains 90J& of anacardic acid 
 and 10J6 cardol. Wood soaked in it is preserved from the 
 ravages of insects, especially of white ants, for which purpose 
 it is used by bookbinders also. Therapeutically it is used ex- 
 ternally in leprosy, old ulcers and to destroy corns, but on ac- 
 count of its rubefacient and vesicant qualities it is necessary 
 to use it cautiously. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 18 high, with leaves 
 cuneiform, glabrous, stiff, short-petioled. Flowers polygamous 
 in terminal panicles. Calyx with 5 erect segments, imbricated, 
 caducous. Corolla, 5 linear, lanceolate petals, curved and im- 
 
86 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 bricated. Stamens 8-10, all fertile. Filaments united to one 
 another and to the disc. Ovary heart-shaped. Style filiform and 
 eccentric. Stigma defective. Ovule solitary. Fruit a reni form 
 nut enclosed in a pulpy pyriform body, formed by the matured disc 
 and extremity of the peduncle. Seed reniform, testa membranous. 
 HABITAT. Common throughout the Archipelago. Blooms 
 in February. 
 
 Odina Wodier, Roxb. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Amugis, Tag. and Vis. 
 
 USES. The bark is very astringent and in decoction is used 
 for chronic ulcers. In India Dr. Kirkpatrick has used it as a 
 lotion in impetigo. It has also given good results as a gargle 
 in affections of the pharynx and buccal cavity. 
 
 The trunk exudes a gum called in India " kanni ki gond," 
 an article of commerce. It is almost odorless and has a dis- 
 agreeable taste. It is only partially soluble in water, forming 
 a viscid mucilage. It is used in the treatment of contusions 
 and sprains and is edible when mixed with cocoanut milk. 
 * BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, with leaves bunched at 
 the extremities of the branches, oblong, oval, acuminate, odd- 
 pinnate, 3-4 pairs of opposite leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, 
 polygamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx gamosepalous, 4 
 rounded lobules. Corolla, 4 imbricated petals. Stamens 8, free. 
 Ovary 4-parted. Pistillate flowers ; ovary sessile, oblong, tmi- 
 locular. Style 4-parted, thick. Drupe oblong, compressed, 
 unicellular. Testa hard, with 1 non-albuminous kernel. 
 
 HABITAT. San Mateo. 
 
 MO RINGED. 
 
 Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn. (M. oleifera, Lamk.; 
 
 M. poligona, DC.; Gidlandina Moringa, Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Malugay, Kamalugay, Kalugay, Tag.; Dool, 
 Malugit, Vis. and Pam.; Horse Radish Tree, Indo-Eng. 
 
MORINGA PTERYGOSPERMA 87 
 
 USES. The root is vesicant and the Filipinos bruise it and 
 use it for sinapisms. I have often observed, however, that it 
 is quite painful used in this way. Dr. Waitz states that it is a 
 good plan to add a few drops of the root juice to mustard sin- 
 apisms, a proceeding which seems to me superfluous, especially 
 in the case of children as he advises it. 
 
 The Bengal pharmacopoeia contains the following official 
 preparations : 
 
 Compound Spirit. 
 
 Small pieces of moringa root ) 
 
 I aa 600 grams. 
 
 Orange peel j 
 
 Nutmeg 20 " 
 
 Spirit of wine 4J liters. 
 
 Water 1 " 
 
 Mix and distil 4 liters. 
 
 DOSE. 830 cc. as a stimulant and diuretic. 
 Compound Infusion . 
 
 Moringa root, small pieces, bruised ) __ OA 
 
 V . . aa 30 grams. 
 Mustard seed J 
 
 Boiling water J liter. 
 
 Let stand 2 hours, filter and add com- 
 pound spirit 30 grams. 
 
 DOSE. 30-60 grams a day, as a strong stimulant. 
 
 The expressed seeds yield a fixed oil, which is irritating and 
 in my opinion should not be used internally. 
 
 The green pods, the flowers and the tender shoots of the 
 leaves are eaten stewed. The juice of the leaves is given 
 internally in India, as an emetic, in doses of 30 grams. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A well-known tree, 5-6 meters 
 high. Leaves 3-pinnate, their terminal divisions odd-pinnate. 
 Leaflets oval, glabrous, entire. Calyx, 5 unequal petaloid 
 segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla white, 5 unequal 
 petals. Stamens inserted on the border of a disc, unequal, 5 
 
88 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 opposite the petals bearing anthers, 5 alternate without anthers. 
 Anthers dorsal, unilocular. Ovary pedunculate, lanceolate, 
 unilocular, with many ovules in 2 series, inserted on the parietal 
 placentae. Fruit a pod terminating in a beak, 3-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, very large, winged, embedded in a spongy substance. 
 HABITAT. Common throughout the islands. Blooms in 
 November. 
 
 LEGUMINOS-E. (PAPILIONACEJE.) 
 
 Pulse Family. 
 Agati grandiflora, Desv. (Sesbania grandiflora, Pers.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Katuray, Tag. 
 
 USES. The flowers are edible. They and the leaves are 
 purgative and are given in decoction for this purpose, 30-40 
 grams to 200 of water. The juice of the flowers is a popular 
 remedy in India, for migraine and coryza. The trunk bark is 
 bitter and tonic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 4-6 meters high, with 
 drooping limbs ; leaves long, very narrow, abruptly pinnate ; 
 many caducous leaflets, linear, elliptical. Flowers large, white, 
 fragrant, in axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped with two in- 
 distinct lips. Corolla papilionaceous, white. Standard oval, 
 a slight notch at the apex. Wings almost as large as the keel 
 which is strongly arched. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Anthers 
 uniform. Style and stamens equally long. Stigma a small 
 head. Pod 1-2 long, linear, 4-sided, containing many oval 
 seeds, separated by filamentous partitions. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows in all sections of Luzon and Panay. 
 
 Abrus precatorius, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Saga, Sagamamin, Bagati, Tag.; Bagati Gi- 
 kosgikos, Yis.; Kanaasaga, Pam.; Bugayon, Hoc.; Jequiriti, 
 Prayerbeads, Eng. 
 
ABRUS PRECATORIUS 89 
 
 USES. The part of the plant most important in thera- 
 peutics is the seed, the size of a small pea, bright red with a 
 black spot, hard and shining. The Filipino children use them 
 to make rosaries and other decorations. In the distant past 
 the Filipinos used these seeds to weigh gold, a practice followed 
 even to-day by the Hindoos. The famous Susrutas, author of 
 the " Ayur Veda," recommends them internally for nervous 
 diseases ; modern therapeutics, however, limits their use to one 
 disease, though that is frequent and stubborn enough, namely 
 chronic granular conjunctivitis. 
 
 Some physicians state that these seeds are poisonous and 
 others the contrary, but the fact that they are used as food 
 among the poor classes of Egypt, demonstrates their harmless- 
 ness in the digestive tract at least ; when introduced into the 
 circulation they undoubtedly exercise a toxic effect. We have 
 already mentioned that their use is limited nowadays to the 
 therapeutics of the eye ; the decoction of the seeds known in 
 Europe under the name of " Jaqueriti " so named in Brazil 
 produces a purulent inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva 
 and it is precisely this counter-irritant effect which makes it 
 useful in chronic granular conjunctivitis, the persistence of 
 which has defied the most heroic measures of therapeutics. 
 The French oculist, Dr. de Wecker, was the first to employ 
 jequirity for this purpose, in the form of a 24 hours 7 macera- 
 tion of the seeds, 10 grams to 500 grams of water. It is nec- 
 essary to use a product recently prepared and with this several 
 applications a day are made. It is now known that the in- 
 flammation of the healthy conjunctiva is not caused by germ- 
 life contained in the solution but by an inorganic ferment dis- 
 covered by Bruylans and Venneman and named jequiritin ; 
 they state that it is produced during the germination of the 
 seeds or of the cells in the powdered seeds. Warden and Wad- 
 dell, of Calcutta, have isolated an essential oil, an acid named 
 " abric " and an amorphous substance called abrin, obtained by 
 
 8 
 
90 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 precipitation with alcohol from a watery infusion of the pul- 
 verized seeds. Its action is identical with that of " jequiritin." 
 
 The infusion appears to possess considerable value as a stimu- 
 lating application to indolent ulcers. 
 
 The root is a good substitute for licorice, is emollient and 
 has an agreeable taste. The extract is useful in catarrhal dis- 
 eases of the bronchi and in dysuria. The leaves contain the 
 same properties as the root and an extract prepared from them 
 is used as a substitute for licorice. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION.- A vine, with leaves opposite, ab- 
 ruptly pinnate, a stylet taking the place of the terminal leaflet. 
 Leaflets linear, entire, glabrous, tipped with a small point. Com- 
 mon petiole with 2 awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers 
 in small racemes. Calyx gamosepalous, caducous, 45 short 
 teeth. Corolla papilionaceous, wings horizontal. Stamens 9, 
 monadelphous with bilocular anthers. Style very short. Stigma 
 globose. Pod 4-5 cm. long, truncate at the ends, with 5-6 
 red seeds, each with a black spot. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all mountainous regions of the is- 
 lands. Grows near houses and roads. 
 
 Mucuna pruriens, DC. (If. prurita, Hook.; M. utilis, Wall.; 
 Dolichos pruriens, L.; Carpopogon pruriens, Iloxb.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Nipay, Lipay, Vis. 
 
 USES. The pods are official as an anthelmintic in the Phar- 
 macopoeia of India. They are used in the form of an electuary 
 triturated to the proper consistency with honey or syrup. The 
 dose for adults is one soupspoonful, and for children a teaspoon- 
 ful, given every morning for 3-4 consecutive days. The last 
 day a purge is given to expel the lumbricoids. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vine with ternate leaves. 
 Flowers red, keel larger than the standard and wings. Pods 
 about as thick as the little finger, lacking transverse grooves, 
 curved in the form of the letter f, covered with bright red down, 
 
ERYTHRINA INDICA 91 
 
 which causes an unendurable itching. They are divided into 
 3 or 4 oblique cells each containing a brown, shiny seed. 
 HABITAT. Luzon and Panay. 
 
 Erythrina Indica, Lara. (E. corallodendron, L.; 
 E. carnea, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Dapdap, Kasindik, Tag.; Dapdap, Kabrab, 
 Vis.; Dapdap, Sulbay, Para.; Indian Coral Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. This tree is well known on account of the beauty of 
 its crimson flowers. The decoction of the leaves is a useful 
 cleansing and deodorizing application for ulcers. The bruised 
 leaves are used locally in painful affections of the joints and to 
 abort syphilitic buboes and abscesses of all kinds. The juice 
 of the tender leaves is used in Con can to destroy maggots in 
 ulcers, and the powder has a similar use. A decoction is used 
 locally in ophthalmia. 
 
 The root and the leaves are used as a febrifuge in the Philip- 
 pines and in India, according to Wight. In Brazil the bark 
 is given in small repeated doses as a hypnotic and in the Phil- 
 ippines as a diuretic and purgative ; a decoction of the leaves 
 is similarly used. The bark contains an alkaloid discovered 
 by Rochefontaine and Rey, called erythrin, which acts upon the 
 central nervous system, diminishing its normal functions even 
 to the point of abolishment, without modifying motor excitabil- 
 ity or muscular contractility. W. Young isolated a glucoside, 
 migarrliin, similar to saponin, but possessing the additional 
 property of dilating the pupil. 
 
 In bronchitis with dyspnoea the following infusion of bark 
 is very useful : 
 
 Fresh bark, 1 
 
 -^ , , , . , , > aa 2 grams. 
 
 -b reshly bruised leaves, j 
 
 Water 1,500 " 
 
 Boil till reduced one-half, filter and add : 
 
 Simple syrup 200 " 
 
 Dose : Wineglassful every two hours. 
 
92 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree, 20 high, thorny, 
 with ternate leaves. Leaflets rhomboid, broad, entire, glabrous. 
 Secondary petioles : that of the middle leaflet long, bearing 2 
 glands, those of the others short, bearing 1 gland each. The 
 leaves fall at the end of the rainy season and the flowers bloom. 
 They are a handsome scarlet color, large, in terminal racemes. 
 Calyx half-cylindrical, oblique, truncate, entire. Corolla 
 papilionaceous ; standard elongated, lanceolate. Wings short. 
 Keel very short, 2-lobuled. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers 
 large. Ovary woolly. Stigma thick. Pod curved, rounded, 
 furrowed in parts corresponding to the seeds which are numer- 
 ous, oval, pointed at the ends. 
 
 HABITAT. Common throughout the islands. Blooms in 
 February. 
 
 Clitoria ternatea, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Kolokantiy, Pukingay, Tag. ; Kolokatig, Vis.; 
 Butterfly-pea, Eng. 
 
 USES. The pounded seeds mixed with oil are used locally 
 for painful joints. They possess purgative and emetic proper- 
 ties and Dr. J. Shartt has employed a mixture of the powdered 
 roasted seeds, 8 grams, with double the quantity of acid tar- 
 trate of potassium. Its action is gentle, but sure. The alco- 
 holic extract of the root, a soft, brown, resinous substance with 
 an odor recalling that of jalap, is a very active cathartic, pro- 
 ducing sharp effects in doses of 30-60 centigrams ; in fact it 
 produces such severe tenesmus that its use in such doses should 
 not be recommended. 
 
 The root bark is used internally in an infusion (4-8 grams to 
 1 liter of water) as an emollient in irritability of the bladder 
 and urethra and has been recommended for such a purpose by 
 Mooden Sheriff. It is a diuretic which frequently acts as a 
 purgative, a fact that is not surprising in view of the above- 
 mentioned properties of the alcoholic extract. 
 
PTEROCARPUS ERINACEUS 93 
 
 The roasted seeds used as a purgative are so trustworthy that 
 they deserve the further attention of physicians. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vine very well known by its 
 blue flowers. Leaves alternate with 3 pairs of oval leaflets. 
 Stipules persistent. Flowers axillary, solitary, 11 J' in long 
 diameter. Calyx in 5 acute divisions, the two upper ones 
 smaller. Corolla papilionaceous. Standard open, notched at 
 the end. Keel shorter than the wings and covered by them. 
 Stamens 10, 9 united and 1 free. Stigma downy, thick. Pod 
 full of short hairs, with more than 6 surrounded with a tow- 
 like substance, reniform, with black spots. 
 
 HABITAT. Common along the roads and in gardens. Flow- 
 ers in July and November. 
 
 1. Pterocarpus santalinus, L. 1 
 
 NOM. VULG. Narra, Naga, Tag. ; Apalit, Daytanag, Pam. ; 
 Red Saunders or Red Sanddlwood Tree, Eng. 
 
 2. P. Indicus, AVilld. (P. pallidm, Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Asana, Tag.; Naga, Vis. 
 
 3. P. erinaceus, Poir. (P. echinatus, Pers. & DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Asana, Narra, Tag. 
 
 USES. The wood of the first is the so-called " red sandal- 
 wood.' 7 It is used for building purposes and, in medicine, as 
 an astringent. In decoction it is used as a gargle for sore 
 throat. The second is also an excellent building material and 
 is used medicinally for its astringent properties. A decoction 
 of sufficient strength to color the water a light blue is used as a 
 mouth wash in toothache and has some reputation as a solvent 
 of vesical calculi. All three species yield a resin known in phar- 
 macy under the name of " kino." The true gum kino is really 
 
 1 Official in the U. S. P. under the name of Santalum rubrum, and used 
 only for coloring alcoholic solutions. 
 
94 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 produced by the P. marsupium, Roxb., but the Philippine 
 product, especially that of the second and third species, has for 
 a long time been exported to Europe under the name of " red 
 astringent gum " or " kino." This name is given to the sap of 
 these trees dried without the aid of artificial heat. The bark is 
 the part which produces it and the following extractive process 
 is employed in Madras : a vertical incision is made in the trunk 
 and lateral incisions perpendicular to it and a receptacle is placed 
 at the foot of the tree. This soon fills and when the gum is suffi- 
 ciently dried by air and sun it is packed in boxes and exported. 
 
 In respect to appearance, solubility and chemical composi- 
 tion, Fliickiger and Hanbury were unable to discover any 
 difference between the kino of P. marsupium, Roxb., and that 
 of P. erinaceus, Poir. It is therefore interesting to consider a 
 product that is identical with that described in the pharmaco- 
 poeias as produced by the P. mawtpiiuii, Roxb., though the 
 latter does not grow in the Philippines. 
 
 Kino is at present used but little in therapeutics and its ac- 
 tion is analogous to that of tannin and catechu. It is given in- 
 ternally for its astringent effect in chronic diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, 
 blenorrhoea and hemorrhages. The dose of the powder is 14 
 grams, and of the alcoholic tincture, containing 20 parts kino 
 to 100 of alcohol, 5-10 grams. In prolapse of the rectum 
 and anal fissure the following solution is used by enema : 
 
 Kino 3 grams. 
 
 Water 500 " 
 
 For vaginal injections a solution of 20 to 250 water. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The " pterocarpus, " L., is a 
 tree of the first order with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets alter- 
 nate and coriaceous. Flowers yellow, in racemes, with caducous 
 bracts and bractlets. Calyx turbinate, with short teeth. Petals 
 exserted, markedly unguiculate. Standard and wings curled. 
 Keel obtuse with its petals slightly or not at all coherent. The 
 staminal tube, cleft above and below or above only. Stamens 
 
PONGAMIA GLABRA 95 
 
 superior, often almost, and at times entirely, free. Anthers 
 versatile. Ovary pedunculate, with 2 ovules. Style curved. 
 Stigma terminal. Pod orbicular, smooth or spiny, usually con- 
 taining one seed, encircled by a broad, rigid wing, the point 
 curved downward. 
 
 HABITAT. In the mountains of Luzon, Panay and Min- 
 doro. Blooms in March. 
 
 Pongamia glabra, Vent. (Robinia mitis, L.; Gadelupa 
 maculatctj Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VTiLQ.Balikbalik, Tag.; Bwtog, Vis. 
 
 USES. The oil expressed from the seeds is used in India 
 for lighting purposes, and in addition is of notable therapeutic 
 value. It is an excellent local remedy for the itch, for herpes 
 and especially for pityriasis versicolor, used alone or emulsified 
 with lemon juice. In stubborn cases Dymock recommends the 
 addition of oil of hydrocarpus, camphor and powdered sul- 
 phur. Dr. Gibson states that he knows of no plant in the 
 vegetable kingdom possessing more notable curative properties 
 in itch, herpes and other cutaneous diseases than the plant 
 under consideration. It is also used as an embrocation in 
 articular rheumatism. 
 
 The powdered leaves mixed with common salt and pepper 
 are given internally with a little milk, as a remedy for leprosy. 
 
 The juice of the root makes a useful wash for gangrenous 
 ulcers and a good injection for fistula. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 18 high, with leaves 
 opposite, odd-pinnate, Leaflets in 3 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, 
 entire, glabrous and membranaceous. Flowers slightly spotted, 
 racemose. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 scarcely visible tooth- 
 lets. Corolla papilionaceous, petals equal, clawed. Standard 
 with 2 callosities athwart the base. Stamens 10, diadelphous. 
 Pod with one seed, which is flat, smooth, veined, bright red. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon and Panay. Blooms in October. 
 
96 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 LEGUMINOS^!. 
 
 Brasiletto Family. 
 Caesalpinia Bonducella, Flem. (Guilandina Bonducella, L.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Bayag-Kambig, Kalambibit, Tag.; Dalugdug, 
 Vis.; Fever Nut, Physic Nut, Bonduc Seeds, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The seed is the part of the plant employed and is 
 official in the Pharmacopeia of India. It is used as a tonic 
 and antiperiodic in intermittent fevers and in general where 
 tonic treatment is indicated. It has given good results in the 
 malarial fevers of India, according to English physicians. 
 The Pharmacopeia of India contains the following preparation 
 under the name of " Compound Powder of Bonduc " (Pulvis 
 bonducellse compositus). 
 
 Seeds of Bonduc, powdered 30 grams. 
 
 Pepper 30 " 
 
 Mix and keep in a well-corked flask. 
 
 DOSE. 12 grams 3 times a day. 
 
 In the Philippines the powdered seed is given in affections of 
 the digestive tract, especially in diarrhea and feeble digestion. 
 The same name of Bonduc is given to the seeds of another 
 species that grows in the Philippines, O. Bonduc, Roxb.; 
 Kamot-Kabag, Bayan-Kambig, Tag. The seeds are identical 
 in chemical composition and therapeutic indication. 
 
 The two principal substances contained in the seeds are an 
 oil, 24J& and a resin, 1.88JJ&. The former is straw-colored and 
 slightly bitter by virtue of the presence of a resin that may be 
 precipitated by alcohol. The resin or bitter principle exists as 
 an amorphous powder, Avhite, bitter, not acrid, soluble in 
 chloroform, alcohol, acetone, crystallizable acetic acid, fixed and 
 essential oils ; slightly soluble in ether and bisulphide of car- 
 bon, insoluble in water and petroleum ether. The alkalies do 
 not affect it. It melts at 140, decomposing and leaving only 
 a carbon. Its discoverers, Heckel and Schlagdenhaussen, have 
 
C^SALPINIA SAPPAN 97 
 
 given it the name bonducin (C U H 15 O.). Hydrochloric acid 
 colors it red ; sulphuric acid, a maranthin red in half an hour. 
 
 Bonducin seems to be the active principle of the seeds and 
 is given internally in doses of 10-20 centigrams; according to 
 Dr. Isnard, of Marseilles, this dose has given as good results in 
 fevers as the same quantity of quinine. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub with prostrate stem 
 bristling with thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate, a thorn 
 taking the place of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets in 10-14 
 pairs, ovate, expanded, with a spine at the apex. Common 
 petioles thorny, with 4 leaf-like stipules at the base. Flowers 
 yellow, in racemes. Calyx 5-parted, curved downward. Corolla 
 inserted on the calyx, 5 petals, 4 nearly equal, the uppermost 
 broader and shorter. Stamens 10. Filaments very unequal 
 in height, inserted on the calyx, united and woolly at the base. 
 Pistil very short. Stigma thick. Pod rhomboidal before ma- 
 turity, prickly, containing 2 semi-globose seeds with testa hard, 
 mottled and tough. 
 
 The other species, C. Bonduc, Roxb., is distinguished by leaf- 
 lets unequal at the base, by the absence of stipules, and by the 
 bright orange yellow seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon, Panay and Jolo. Blooms 
 in December. 
 
 Caesalpinia Sappan, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sibukao, Sapag, Tag. ; Palo del Brawl, Sp.; 
 Sappan Wood, Eng. 
 
 USES. The decoction of Sibukao is given in hemorrhages, 
 especially of the lungs. It is probably the red color of this de- 
 coction which originated the idea of giving it to check bleeding, 
 and this is the practice of the native Filipino doctors, as well 
 as of the Arabs and Hindoos. The natives of Cochin China, 
 reasoning in an opposite manner, prescribe it as emmenagogue. 
 Some authors recommend Sibukao as a substitute for logwood. 
 The decoction is administered in chronic diarrhoea, especially 
 
98 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 that of children. A few cases of phlebitis have been reported 
 as occasioned by its use. The extract is made as follows : 
 
 Sibukao in small pieces 500 grams. 
 
 Boiling water 4J liters. 
 
 Macerate for 24 hours, boil until reduced by half, filter and 
 evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy consistency. Do not use iron 
 vessels. 
 
 Sibukao contains much tannin and gallic acid, and a pecu- 
 liar substance which distinguishes it from logwood, brasilin 
 (C 22 H 20 O 7 ), which gives a red color to alkaline solutions instead 
 of blue or purple. It is a crystalline pigment which may be 
 considered a compound of hematoxylon and fenol. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A very common tree, 12-15 
 high, with spiny trunk, leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaf- 
 lets linear, notched at the apex. Flowers racemose. Calyx 
 boat-shaped. Corolla, 5 petals, the uppermost broad, short, 
 spotted red. Stigma bifid. Pod sabre-like, woody, with 3-4 
 seeds separated by partitions. The wood is well known every- 
 where in the Philippines, being a very important article of 
 commerce, and there is no fear of logwood being substituted 
 for it, as the latter is more expensive, and substitutions are not 
 ordinarily made under such circumstances. In commerce it 
 occurs in large pieces of all shapes and forms, since the branches 
 and trunks are cut into pieces which vary from J-2 meters in 
 length. Its color is reddish-yellow or white with more or less 
 red grain. Blooms in September. 
 
 Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz. (Poinciana pulcherrima, 
 L. & Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Flores y Rosas Caballero, Caballero, Sp.-Fil.; 
 Barbadoes Flower-Fence, Eng. 
 
 USES. The leaves are emmenagogue, purgative like those of 
 senna, and excitant. The bark especially is a powerful emmen- 
 agogue, used in some countries for criminal purposes. The 
 
CASSIA FISTULA 99 
 
 decoction of the flowers is pectoral and febrifuge and is given 
 in bronchitis, asthma and malarial fever. The flowers contain 
 a bitter principle. The roots are acrid and poisonous. The 
 seeds of the green fruit are eaten frequently by children ; when 
 ripe they contain gallic and tannic acids, by virtue of which 
 they are used in tanning hides and to dye yellow combined with 
 alum, and black combined with salts of iron. They also con- 
 tain a pigment and a resin. 
 
 INFUSION OF THE FLOWERS. 
 
 Flowers of the caballero, dry 20 grams. 
 
 Water 500 " 
 
 Sugar 70 " 
 
 Mix. Dose, a wineglassful several times a day. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub, with prickly trunk, 
 Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 58 pairs, glabrous, 
 ovate and elliptical, bearing a spine at the extremity, 3 stipules 
 to each pair of leaflets. Flowers yellow and red, in racemes on 
 the ends of the branches. Calyx divided almost to the base, 
 with 5 concave parts. Corolla, 5 petals V long with short 
 claws, one petal very small and straight, the others larger, with 
 wavy edges. Stamens 10, crimson, 3' long, free, woolly, united 
 at the lower end. Pistil the same length as the stamens. 
 Stigma somewhat concave. Ovary sessile, unilocular, many- 
 ovuled. Pod compressed, with 7 or more seeds inserted on the 
 superior suture and separated from each other by fleshy divisions. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in gardens where it is cultivated 
 for its beautiful flowers. Blooms throughout the entire year. 
 
 Cassia fistula, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Cana/istula, Sp.; Lombayog, Ibabaw, Baloyog, 
 Vis.; Purging Cassia, Eng. 
 
 USES. The pod known in pharmacy under the name of 
 " Canafistula " contains a blackish, sweet pulp, which is a mild 
 purgative if combined with carminatives, but it produces severe 
 
100 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 colic if given alone. The urine sometimes takes on a dark color 
 after taking it. The laxative dose is 48 grams, the purgative 
 30-60. 
 
 EXTRACT OF CASSIA. 
 
 Pulp and seeds of ripe pods 1 kilo. 
 
 Water 1 liter. 
 
 After mixing the pulp with water the liquid is strained 
 through a woolen cloth ; the material which remains in the 
 strainer is washed with a little more cold water which is added 
 to the other liquid and the two are evaporated to the consist- 
 ency of the extract. 
 
 DOSE. 15-30 grams. 
 
 Dr. Irving states that the root is a very energetic purgative. 
 In Coucan the juice of the tender leaves is used in the treat- 
 ment of impetigo. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with trunk about as thick 
 as the human body, with leaves opposite and abruptly pinnate. 
 Leaflets, the lower ones smaller, 5 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, 
 glabrous and rather tough. Common petiole, cleft at the base, 
 lacking glandule. Flowers bright yellow, in long, pendulous 
 racemes. Calyx, 5 ovate sepals. Corolla, 5 unequal petals. 
 Stamens 10, free, 3 longer than the rest. Ovary unilocular, 
 many-ovuled. Pod cylindrical, pointed at the end, woody, 
 black, 1-2 long, with many circular seeds, surrounded by a 
 blackish pulp and separated by partitions. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in 
 March. 
 
 Cassia occidentalis, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tighiman, Balotagaso,Tsig.', Tambalisa, Vis.; 
 Western Senna, Styptic Weed, Eng.; Negro Coffee, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. In Brazil they use an infusion of the root as a 
 tonic and diuretic, 4 grams of the root bark and 180 of boil- 
 ing water to be taken in one day. In Dahomey the leaves are 
 used as a febrifuge. Thirty grams of fresh leaves are boiled 
 
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS 101 
 
 in 300 grams of water till the liquid is reduced to 250 grams. 
 The patient takes this decoction hot the first day of the fever 
 and a profuse perspiration promptly breaks out. As a rule 
 the effect is immediate and the fever does not recur. This 
 treatment of fevers is more common in that country than that 
 by quinine and they claim that it has the advantage over the 
 latter of acting as a stomachic tonic. By adding a small 
 quantity of the roots to the decoction it is rendered diuretic. 
 The seeds possess the same properties and are used in de- 
 coctions of 30 grams to 300 of water. According to De 
 Lanesan the roasted seeds are used in La Reunion in infusion 
 similar to coffee in the treatment of gastralgia and asthma. 
 In some countries they mix them with coffee just as chicory is 
 used in Europe. 
 
 Heckel and Schlagdenhaufen have made a very complete 
 study of the plant and we quote the following from their 
 works : 
 
 Chemical composition of the seeds. 
 
 Water 8.850 
 
 Fats and pigments soluble in petroleum ether . 1 . 600 
 
 " " " " "chloroform 1.150 
 
 Odorous material and traces of tannin 5.022 
 
 Glucose 0.738 
 
 Gummy, mucilaginous and pectic matter. . . . 15.734 
 
 Soluble albuminoids and aleuron 6.536 
 
 Cellulose 7.434 
 
 Insoluble albuminose 2.216 
 
 Lignose 32.727 
 
 Fixed salts 17.976 
 
 Lost material .017 
 
 100.000 
 
 Previous to the studies of the above authors the seeds had 
 been therapeutically tested by Delioux de Savignac and Pro- 
 
102 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 fessor Clouet. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have confirmed the 
 febrifuge virtues of the seeds and are uncertain as to the active 
 principle since they found no glucoside or alkaloid in their 
 analysis. The antiperiodic properties are comparable with 
 those of quinine and have even proved effective in some cases 
 in which quinine failed. It seems quite clear that the tannin is 
 the active principle which is the more probable because its anti- 
 periodic virtues are now recognized by all therapeutists. 
 
 It is given in maceration or infusion, 215 grams of the 
 seeds to 3 or 400 of water to be taken several times a day. 
 The treatment causes no very marked physiological effects. It 
 seems to act as a sedative to the nervous system. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An annual plant, .60-1 meter 
 high. Root central with lateral rootlets. Stem straight, 
 ramose. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate with a stylet in 
 place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets, 5-6 pairs, the lower ones 
 smaller, ovate, oblong, margins and lower face downy. Com- 
 mon petiole swollen at the base, 2 stipules and 1 glandule. 
 Calyx, 5 unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 nearly equal petals, sul- 
 phur yellow, concave, the posterior one further developed. 
 Two verticils of 5 stamens each. Of the 5 stamens supe- 
 rior to the sepals, 2 are fertile, larger and arched ; of the 
 other 5 stamens 4 are fertile and small. Pod compressed, 
 linear, smooth, 5 r long, containing many compressed, heart- 
 shaped seeds, separated by thin partitions. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon. Blooms in October. 
 
 Cassia alata, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Acapulco, Sp.-Fil.; Katandd, Gamut sa 
 Buni, Sontiy, Tag.; Suntig, Kansitm, Vis.; Pakayomkom- 
 kdstlla, Pam. 
 
 USES. This is one of the most popular Philippine remedies 
 and its usefulness is vouched for by many physicians practicing 
 in many different lands. Its antiherpetic properties are nota- 
 
CASSIA ALATA 103 
 
 ble and the Tagalo name of the plant, "Gamut sa Buni," means 
 literally "medicine for herpes. " The natives use the juice of 
 the leaf applied locally to the affected part. These properties 
 have long been familiar to the Malays and to the Hindoos who 
 in their medical works give the plant the Sanscrit name of 
 "Dadrughna," meaning "to cure herpes." The Pharmacopoeia 
 of Bengal recommends cassia in the form of an ointment made 
 by mixing the crushed tender leaves with simple ointment. 
 This preparation is, in our opinion, undesirable on account of 
 its liability to become rancid and vaseline should be the ex- 
 cipient used. Another application for herpetic eruptions is the 
 juice of the leaves mixed with an equal quantity of lemon juice. 
 The Malays use the leaves dried in the sun, adding to them a 
 little water and rubbing them briskly on the affected parts, 
 the vigorous treatment being an important part of the cure. 
 
 The decoction of the leaves is a laxative and according to 
 Mr. J. Wood the tincture has an action similar to that of senna. 
 Dr. Pulney Andy of India states that the extract prepared 
 from the tender leaves is a good substitute for extract of 
 colocynth. 
 
 Mr. A. Porte claims to have obtained the best results with an 
 acetic extract of the fresh leaves. The following is his formula : 
 
 Fresh leaves of C. alata 100 grams. 
 
 Acetic acid diluted in f water . .450 " 
 
 Macerate 10 or 12 days, filter and express, then filter again 
 and evaporate to the consistency of an extract. 
 
 The seeds contain vermifuge principles. 
 
 The activity of this plant in herpes is due to the chryso- 
 phanic acid contained in it. The more recent the eruption the 
 more certain is the effect. 
 
 The following species, all of which grow in the Philippines, 
 contain principles analogous to those of the C. alata, viz.: C. 
 sophera, L. and C. torn, L., called in Tagalo manimanihan. 
 
104 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub, 7-9 high, with a 
 straight, ramose trunk 3 4' in diameter. Leaves 1J 2 long, 
 opposite, abruptly pinnate, a thick stylet taking the place of the 
 odd leaflet. Leaflets 10-13 pairs, the smaller ones 1-2' long. 
 Common petiole with 2 horizontal stipules at the base. Flow- 
 ers in conspicuous, erect racemes. Calyx, 5 free concave, un- 
 equal sepals. Corolla, 5 petals of a beautiful yellow color. 
 Stamens perigynous, 10 in number, 3 upper ones very small 
 and frequently sterile, 3 lower very large. The bilocular an- 
 thers open by 2 pores. Ovary many-ovuled with filiform 
 style. Pod long with 2 prominent wings on the sides and 
 many seeds which slightly resemble a cross with blunt ends. 
 
 The C. sophera, L., is characterized by 10 stamens, all fer- 
 tile and a smooth, linear, bivalved pod full of seeds separated 
 by false partitions. The C. tora, L., bears a quadrangular pod 
 about 15 centimeters long by 2 in diameter. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows in all parts of the islands and is univer- 
 sally known by the natives. Blooms in May. 
 
 Tamarindus Indica, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Tamarindo, Sp.; Sampalok, Tag., Pam., Bik.; 
 Sambak, Sumalagi, Kamalagi, Vis.; Tamarind, Eng. 
 
 USES. The pulp of the fruit is used to make a sort of sweet 
 preserve and is very popular among the Filipinos. They pre- 
 pare a refreshing drink from the pulp mixed with sweetened 
 water and believing it to be beneficial to the liver, stomach and 
 blood, they use too much of it. Its excessive use is rather 
 prejudicial to the health, but given in moderation it is very effi- 
 cient in allaying the thirst of fever patients. The pulp con- 
 tains weak laxative properties and it is customary to administer 
 it in solution with cream of tartar. Its chemical composition 
 is as follows : 
 
BAUHINIA MALABARICA 105 
 
 Citric acid 9.40 
 
 Tartaric acid 1.55 
 
 Malic acid 0.45 
 
 Potassium bitartrate 3.25 
 
 Sugar 12.50 
 
 Gum 4.70 
 
 Vegetable gelatin 6.25 
 
 Parenchyma 34.35 
 
 Water 27.55 
 
 (Yauquelin.) 
 
 At the end of any sickness, especially after labor, the first 
 bath given to the convalescent is with a decoction of the leaves 
 of the "sampaloc," to prevent convulsions, the native herb- 
 doctors say. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree, somewhat re- 
 sembling the elm in contour, with leaves opposite, abruptly 
 pinnate. Leaflets 12 or more pairs, linear, with a notch at the 
 apex, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow-white, spattered dark 
 red, racemose. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 5 lanceolate petals 
 with crispate borders. Stamens monadelphous, dividing into 7 
 filaments above. The ripe pod is chocolate color, oblong, 
 slightly compressed, straight or curved, 615 centimeters long, 
 full of a light-brown pulp in which rest the seeds enveloped in 
 a cellular membrane. These seeds are flattened, almost quad- 
 rangular ; testa hard, of a chestnut color, shiny and without 
 albumen. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common everywhere in the islands. 
 Blooms in May. 
 
 Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb. (B. tomentosa, Wall. 
 
 and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Alibagbag, Tag., Vis., Pam. 
 USES. The leaves of this tree and of the species B. tomen- 
 tosa, L., are quite acid and the Filipinos use them as an ingre- 
 
106 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 client of many dishes. The fresh flowers possess anti-dysen- 
 teric virtues for which purpose they are given internally in 
 infusion of 1020 grams of the flowers to one-half liter of water. 
 The decoction of the root bark is a common remedy for liver 
 troubles along the coast of Malabar according to Rheede. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 20 high, with leaves 
 alternate, peltate, slightly cordate, orbicular, the apex divided 
 into two large lobules with a stylet between them, glabrous 
 above, somewhat downy beneath ; 2 large, flat glandules are 
 situated at the base. Petioles short. Flowers cymose. Pe- 
 duncle long. Calyx inferior, funnelform, with 45 sepals as 
 long as the corolla. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 10, 5 alter- 
 nate ones longer than the others. Stigma thick, peltate, 2 lo- 
 bules. Pod 1 long, with linear stalk, containing many seeds 
 separated by filamentous isthmuses. 
 
 HABITAT. Common everywhere. Blooms in November. 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE. 
 
 Mimosa Division. 
 
 Entada scandens, Benth. (E. Purscetha, DC. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. GogOj Tag. ; Bayogo, Balogo, Gohog bakay, 
 Vis. and Pam. ; Gilla Nuts, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The use made of the mashed bark of this tree is well 
 known throughout the Philippines. Cut in strips and beaten 
 thoroughly between stones it is sold under the name of " gogo "; 
 it is macerated in water, to which it imparts a reddish color, 
 and forms a substitute for soap. The Filipinos use this prepa- 
 ration for bathing, especially the hair, for which purpose there 
 is no more useful or simple preparation. It cures pityriasis, 
 and renders the hair very soft, without drying it too much as 
 is usually the case with soap. The natives use it in treating 
 the itch, washing the affected parts with the maceration and at 
 the same time briskly rubbing them with the bark ; in this way 
 
PARKIA ROXBURGHII 107 
 
 they remove the crusts that shield the acari. The treatment is 
 successful in direct proportion to the energy of rubbing. 
 
 The seeds of " gogo " are very large, lenticular, flattened, 
 3-4 centimeters in diameter. Their chemical composition has 
 been studied by Petti t. Alcohol dissolves the active principle, 
 perhaps a glucoside, the study of which the author has not 
 completed. Five centigrams of this substance administered to 
 a guinea-pig causes paralysis of the hind quarters without any 
 apparent inflammation. He also found saponin in the seeds, 
 but it exists in much greater quantity in the trunk. In the 
 Sunda Islands they eat the seeds roasted and also extract from 
 them an illuminating oil. 
 
 The maceration of gogo is emetic and purgative ; it is used 
 in the treatment of asthma; it is exceedingly irritating, the 
 slightest quantity that enters the eye causing severe smarting 
 and a slight conjunctivitis for one or two days. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A high climbing shrub with 
 stem as much as 78' in diameter. Leaves opposite, twice 
 abruptly pinnate, a stylet replacing the terminal leaflet ; 5 pairs 
 of elliptical leaflets, entire, glabrous and notched at the apex. 
 Common petiole with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers in deli- 
 cate spikes. Calyx obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 
 oval petals much larger than the calyx. Stamens 10-13. Fila- 
 ments longer than the corolla. Anther with 1-2 white, globose 
 glandules. Pod woody, 4-6 long by " 4 fingers " broad, with 
 large notches on the borders, many compartments containing 
 many large, compressed, circular seeds with dark-colored testa, 
 3-4 centimeters in diameter. 
 
 HABITAT. Mountains of Luzon and Panay. Blooms in May. 
 
 Parkia Roxburgh!!, G. Don. (P. brunonia, Grah.; P. biglo- 
 bosa, Benth.; Mimosa peregrina, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kopag, Tag. 
 
 USES. The fruit is edible. Its pulp is golden yellow with 
 a sweetish taste and an odor like that of violets. 
 
108 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The roasted seeds are used in certain parts of Africa to make 
 an infusion like coffee, for which reason they have been called 
 " Soudan Coffee." 
 
 The pulp was analyzed by Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen in 
 1887 ; it contains 60 Jo of its weight of sugar (a mixture of 
 dextrose and levulose), 0.98 Jfc of free tartaric and citric acids, 
 fats, albuminoids, etc. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree of the first order. 
 Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets small, linear, 
 more than 40 pairs. Principal petiole with one glandule at 
 the base and often another higher up. Calyx long, tubular, 
 with 5 unequal lobules. Corolla, 5 equal petals. Stamens 10, 
 monadelphous. Ovary free, unilocular, multi-ovulate. Pod, 
 1 x 1', woody, much compressed, brown, with many seeds em- 
 bedded in a yellow pulp. 
 
 HABITAT. Abounds in the provinces of central Luzon. 
 Blooms in December. 
 
 Acacia Farnesiana, Willd. (A. Indica, Desv.; Mimosa 
 Farnesiana, L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Aroma, Sp.; Cassie Flower, Eng. 
 
 USES. The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is of 
 use in the treatment of prolapsed rectum and as an injection 
 for leucorrhcea. A poultice of the tender leaves is applied to 
 ulcers and sores previously washed with the decoction. 
 
 The tree exudes an abundant gum very similar to gum arabic 
 which latter is the product of another species of acacia (A. 
 Arabica, Willd.). The Manila pharmacist, D. Anacleto del 
 Rosario, sent to the Paris Exposition of 1899 a specimen of 
 this gum obtained on the plantation of D. P. P. Roxas, in 
 Batangas. This specimen differed in no respect from gum 
 arabic and it will surely sooner or later take the place of the 
 latter in the Philippines, both for pharmaceutical and industrial 
 purposes. It would be superfluous to describe here the prop- 
 erties of gum arabic. 
 
KALANCHOE LACINIATA 109 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree 9-12 high, very 
 well known, trunk bristling with long thorns. Leaves twice 
 abruptly pinnate. One or more pairs of leaflets, very small, 
 linear. Common petiole with two thorns united at its base 
 and a small glandule on the upper part. Flowers yellow, aro- 
 matic, axillary, joined in a globose head J-f ' in diameter, con- 
 sisting of more than 50 minute flowerets. In each axil are 2 
 peduncles. In some heads all the flowerets are staminate, in 
 others hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite flowers have a 
 calyx with 5 small teeth. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 40 or 
 more. Pistil same length as the stamens. Staminate flowers : 
 calyx, corolla, stamens and anthers as in the hermaphrodite 
 flowers. Pistil none. Pod round, curved, with 8 or more 
 elliptical, compressed seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows everywhere, but forms dense thickets in 
 the provinces of La Lagnna and Batangas. Blooms in Jan- 
 uary. 
 
 CRASSULACE.E. 
 
 Orpine Family. 
 
 Kalanchoe laciniata, DC. (Cotyledon laciniata, Roxb.; Bryo- 
 phyllum serratum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Siempreviva (Live-for-ever'), Sp.-Fil.; Kataka- 
 takd, Tag. 
 
 USES. The fleshy leaves are beaten up and applied to 
 chronic ulcers and sores on which they exert a stimulant action. 
 Applied to the temples they relieve headache. Ainslie testifies 
 to the good effect of its local use in inflammations and as a wash 
 for ulcers. The juice of the leaves is used in Concan in the 
 treatment of bilious diarrhoea and gall stones. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A well-known plant, about 2 
 high, with leaves sessile, opposite, oval, serrately toothed, fleshy. 
 Flowers yellow, in umbels, the stalks reaching a height of 3. 
 Calyx very short, with 4 lanceolate, acuminate sepals, united 
 
110 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 at the base. Corolla salver-shaped, persistent, with border 
 having 4 small lobules. Stamens 8, fertile. Ovaries 4, free, 
 each with 1 many-ovuled cell. Styles same length as the sta- 
 mens. Stigmas awl-shaped. Four seed vessels, each with 1 
 compartment containing many oblong seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands. 
 
 COMBRETACEJE. 
 
 Terminalia Catappa, L. (T. molucana, Lam.; T. mauricimui, 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Talisay, Tag.; Almendro, Sp.-Fil.; Talisay, 
 Banilak, Nato, Hitam, Vis.; Kalisay, Pam.; Lugo, Pandan, 
 Hoc.; Indian Almond, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste. 
 It yields about 50 Jfe of a fixed oil, sweet and savory. If left 
 for some time, it deposits an abundance of stearin. It closely 
 resembles oil of sweet almonds for which it, as well as the oil 
 of Pili (Canarium commune, L.), which we have already de- 
 scribed, makes a good substitute. 
 
 The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is used for 
 atonic diarrhoea and as a lotion for ulcers. 
 
 DECOCTION. 
 
 Bark (ground and pounded) 12 grams. 
 
 Water 150 " 
 
 Simple syrup 40 " 
 
 To be given by the tablespoonful in 24 hours. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 6-8 m. high. Branches 
 horizontal and radiating from the trunk. Leaves purplish, 
 bunched, cleft at the base, sometimes transversely ovate, some- 
 times oval, notched, glabrous. Petiole very short. Flowers 
 axillary, racemose, with a scale at the base of the peduncle, some 
 hermaphrodite and others lacking pistils. Staminate flowers : 
 calyx downy within, with 5 lobes. Corolla wanting. Stamens 
 
TERMINALIA CHEBULA 111 
 
 1.0, inserted on the calyx. Hermaphrodite flowers : pistil same 
 length as stamens. Drupe, fleshy, inferior, oval with the bor- 
 ders turned upward containing a very hard and fibrous nut; 
 seed long and sharp-pointed. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon. In Manila it is cultivated 
 extensively as an ornamental tree, especially along the Sabana 
 Walk, General Solano Ave. and in Sarnpaloc and Malacanan. 
 
 Terminalia Chebula, Retz. (T. reticulata, Toth.; Bucida 
 cuminata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Diylas, Diglas, Tag.; Black Myrobalan Tree, 
 Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The ripe fruit, called myrobalans in India, is purga- 
 tive and six of them pounded up and given in decoction oper- 
 ate with certainty, producing 4 or 5 copious evacuations with- 
 out nausea or other disagreeable symptoms. Dr. Waring has 
 experimented with them and recommends them highly. The 
 taste may be made more agreeable by adding a little cinnamon 
 to the decoction. Dymock states that three fruits are sufficient, 
 and Dr. Hove gives one as the effective dose. This lack of 
 agreement may be explained by the fact that the fruits are of 
 different sizes, and probably Waring refers to those of medium 
 size. Contrary to what one would imagine, judging from its 
 purgative action, the fruit contains astringent principles, and 
 makes an effective injection for leucorrhoea as a substitute for 
 nut galls. It is also of some merit in the treatment of piles. 
 
 The green fruit is highly esteemed by Radja Kalikesen as 
 a carminative, tonic and purgative. Dr. Twining also men- 
 tions these same properties, recommends it as a tonic and 
 aperient of great benefit in atony of the digestive organs and 
 expresses surprise that the Europeans make no use of it. Ac- 
 cording to the same author a dose in the treatment of diarrhoea 
 and dysentery is 4 grams twice a day. He quotes a case of 
 hypertrophy of the spleen which he cured with this fruit. 
 
112 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Some of the leaves bear horn-shaped galls, flattened, narrow 
 and hollow. They are caused by an insect which stings the 
 leaves and deposits its eggs in them. These leaves with galls 
 are astringent and very useful and effective in dysentery and 
 diarrhrea, especially that of children. The dose for a child of 
 more than one year is 0.40 to 0.50 gram a day, administered 
 in fractional doses every two or three hours. 
 
 Fridolin has obtained from its fruit an acid, which he calls 
 chebulinic (C 28 H 25 O 10 ) and presumes to be a mixture of tannic 
 and gallic acids. As Stenhouse had formerly indicated, no 
 principle has been discovered to which the purgative properties 
 can be attributed, unless it be a green oleo-resin turned red by 
 nitric acid, obtained from the fruit by Apery. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree of the second order, with 
 leaves 3 r long, alternate, lanceolate, entire and glabrous. Peti- 
 oles short. Flowers terminal, in spiked panicles. Calyx supe- 
 rior, bell-shaped, colored, downy within, 5-toothed. Corolla 
 wanting. Stamens 10, longer than the calyx. Anthers round- 
 ish. Ovary cylindrical. Style curved and longer than the 
 stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 2-4 centimeters long, 
 5-10 acute angles, wrinkled, with blackish, hard, compact meso- 
 carp ; contains 1 seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Batangas, San Mateo. Blooms in May. 
 
 Quisqualis Indica, L. (Q. villosa, Roxb.; Q. spinosa, Nares.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. TagaraWj Niogniogan, Tag.; Tangolon, Vis.; 
 Babebabe, Pam.; Tartaraw, Hoc. 
 
 USES. The fruit contains a kernel that tastes much like 
 cacao, for which reason the Tagalogs call it " niogniogan " (like 
 cacao). This kernel is a powerful anthelmintic, used also in 
 India, the dose for a child of 4 years being 2-4, pulverized 
 and mixed with a little molasses or sugar. A large dose pro- 
 duces hiccough, a fact well known to the natives. Dr. Bouton 
 
PSIDIUM POMIFERUM 113 
 
 states that they may cause convulsions and other similar nerv- 
 ous disorders. 
 
 They yield a light green, fixed oil, probably the active prin- 
 ciple of the plant. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A climbing shrub, 6-9 high, 
 whose stem is thickly set with long, opposite thorns. Leaves 
 in stars of 3, oblong, acute, entire, glabrous. Petioles very 
 short. Flowers white, veined with red, in axillary spikes. 
 Calyx very long, nearly cylindrical, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 
 petals, inserted between the teeth of the calyx. Stamens 10, 
 inserted on the calyx-tube, shorter than the corolla, arranged in 
 2 series, 5 higher than the rest. Style the same length as the 
 stamens, united throughout nearly its entire length with the 
 wall of the calyx-tube from which it separates near the stigma. 
 Stigma rather bulky. Fruit 1' long, ovoid, 5 sharp ridges in 
 the woody, fragile, mahogany-colored pericarp, which contains 
 a pointed kernel at one end. 
 
 HABITAT. San Mateo, and along the shores of Luzon. 
 Blooms in May. 
 
 MYRTACE^S. 
 
 Myrtle Family. 
 
 Psidium pomiferum, L. (P. aromaticum and P. pyriferum, 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Guayabas, Sp.; Bay abas, Guayabas, Tayabas, 
 Tag., and other dialects ; Guava, Eng. 
 
 USES. The green fruit is acid and very astringent. The 
 stage of development when it is best eaten raw, is just before it 
 ripens, for then its acidity has lessened, it is not astringent and 
 does not emit the strong odor, so disagreeable to many, that 
 characterizes the ripe fruit. When fully ripe it is sweet, non- 
 astringent and very bland, and this is the stage when it is best 
 for making the jellies and preserves so popular in the Philip- 
 pines. 
 10 
 
114 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The bark, especially that of the root, is highly astringent and 
 a decoction of it is used for diarrhoea and as a wash for ulcers. 
 Dr. Waitz has successfully used the following formula in treat- 
 ing the chronic diarrhoea of children : 
 
 Root bark of guava 15 grams. 
 
 Water , .180 " 
 
 Boil till reduced one half. Dose, a tablespoonful every 2 or 
 3 hours according to age. 
 
 A decoction of the shoots is very useful in stomatitis, cuta- 
 neous eruptions and ulcers. Dr. Waitz advises his formula in 
 prolapsus recti of children. It is also of value as an injection 
 in diarrhoea and dysentery. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, about 10 high, branches 
 square and somewhat winged towards the ends. Leaves op- 
 posite, oblong, obtuse, downy, aromatic in odor. Petiole very 
 short. Flowers axillary, solitary, white and fragrant. Calyx 
 adherent, the border breaking in 3, 4 or more unequal parts 
 when the flower expands. Corolla, 5-6 petals, inserted on the 
 calyx, curved downward. Stamens numerous, inserted in the 
 calyx, as long as the corolla. Style same length as stamens, 
 awl-shaped. Fruit somewhat pear-shaped, with 4 or 5 ribs 
 that disappear at maturity, 4 or more cells each with many 
 small, hard, irregular seeds. In the Philippines the fruit grows 
 to the size of a small pear. 
 
 Eugenia Jambolana, Lam. (Calyptrcmihes Jambolana, Willd. 
 and Blanco ; Syzygium Jambolanum, DC. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Lomboy, Duhat, Duat, Tag., Pam., Vis.; 
 Jambul or Black Plum, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The ripe fruit, so dark a purple in color that it 
 seems black, is edible and very popular in the Philippines, 
 though not considered choice. Some suppose it to be harmful, 
 but it is in reality very easy of digestion. 
 
EUGENIA JAMBOLANA 115 
 
 The syrup of the fruit juice, and the decoction of the trunk 
 bark are both very efficacious in the treatment of diarrhoea and 
 dysentery. 
 
 SYRUP OF JAMBUL. 
 
 Juice of ripe fruit 500 grams. 
 
 White sugar 950 " 
 
 Dissolve in a covered water-bath, strain through woolen 
 cloth and put aside. 
 
 DOSE. 60-200 grams a day. 
 
 The juice of the leaves is also used to treat diarrhoea. A 
 Hindoo physician, Bhavaprakasa, advises the following receipt : 
 Juice of leaves of lomboy ~| 
 
 " " manga V aa 4 grams. 
 
 Pulp of Terminalia chebula J 
 
 Give in one dose in a little goat's milk and honey. 
 A sort of wine of very agreeable taste is made from the fruit 
 juice. Lately the powdered seed has been recommended in the 
 treatment of glycosuria or at least it has been stated that its in- 
 ternal use lessens and finally abolishes the glucose from the 
 urine of the patient. It has even been affirmed that while 
 under this treatment the patient may eat glucose-forming foods 
 without fear of glycosuria supervening. 
 
 The chemical composition of the seeds are as follows : 
 
 Essential oil Traces. 
 
 Chlorophyl and fatty matters 0.37 
 
 Resin soluble in alcohol and ether 0.30 
 
 Gallic acid 1.65 
 
 Albumin 1.25 
 
 Pigment soluble in water 2.70 
 
 Water 10.00 
 
 Insoluble residuum . . 83.73 
 
 100.00 
 
116 THE MF.mriNAI, PLANTS OF TIM: I'll I I.I 1MM NES 
 
 Dujardin-Beaumetz has tested the therapeutic value of these 
 seeds in diabetes but with negative results. Scott has main- 
 tained that by adding the powdered seed to a mixture of malt 
 and starch, fermentation is impeded ; but Dr. Villy in the 
 laboratory of Dujardin-Beaumetz has demonstrated that such is 
 not the case. Contrary to the opinions of those physicians who 
 stated that "jambul " was capable of causing the glucose to 
 disappear from the urine of diabetic patients without concur- 
 rent diabetic regimen, Dujardin-Beaumetz observed in his trials 
 of the drug that the slightest relaxation of the regimen was 
 followed by an increase of glucose. Under the influence of the 
 medicine in doses of 210 grams daily, at the same time main- 
 taining a strict diabetic diet, the Parisian therapeutist noted 
 that the glucose disappears from the third to the fifth day ; but 
 this occurred only in cases of medium intensity, whereas in 
 severe cases the medication produced no effect. Upon stopping 
 the treatment the sugar reappeared. 
 
 BOTANICAL DKS< -u i PTION. A tree, 15-20 high, with leaves 
 opposite, acute, entire, ovate, lustrous, very smooth. Flowers 
 in racemose panicles with peduncles opposite. Calyx superior, 
 with 5 small teeth and a deciduous cover composed of many 
 orbicular pieces joined below. Corolla none. Stamens numer- 
 ous, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Stigma pointed. Fruit 
 black, oval, crowned with the calyx ; one long cylindrical seed 
 with membranaceous epidermis. 
 
 HABITAT. Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in 
 February. 
 
 MELASTOMACE^l. 
 
 Melastoma malabatrichum, L. (IT. obm/ntum, Jack.; ^[. 
 tittjH-i'ti and <i/>r<t/nf(i, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Gnnmfix. Tag. 
 
 USES. A decoction of the leaves is of use as an astringent 
 in diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction of the bark is used as 
 
AMMANNIA VESICATORIA 117 
 
 a gargle for aphthae and catarrhal sore throat, and as a wash 
 for ulcers and the itch. 
 
 The fruit is edible, resembling slightly the currant ; it has 
 doubtless received the name " granatis " on account of its many 
 seeds. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Small tree, with opposite 
 branches, their ends covered with hairs. Leaves opposite, 3- 
 nerved, V long, very rough with short hairs. Flowers car- 
 mine, in terminal panicles. Stamens 10. Filaments alter- 
 nating violet and straw-color. 
 
 HABITAT. Mountains of Angat and San Mateo. 
 
 LYTHRACEJE. 
 
 Loosestrife Family. 
 
 Ammannia vesicatoria, Roxb. (A. baceifera, L.; A. Indica, 
 Lam.; A. <l<l>ili* and Celosia mana, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bias pogo, Tag.; Blistering Ammannia, Indo- 
 Bug. 
 
 r>i-:s. The leaves contain an irritant and acrid principle 
 that renders them vesicant when applied to the skin. The 
 Pharmacopeia of India quotes Sir \V. O'Shaughnessy to the 
 effect that plasters made of the bruised leaves even when 
 renewed every half hour require 24 hours to raise a blister and 
 at the same time cause severe pain. He found it much more 
 painful than cantharides and much less prompt to act. Dr. 
 Dymock has prepared an ethereal tincture of the leaves and 
 obtained with it results very different from those just men- 
 tioned ; this is not surprising in view of the fact that the tinc- 
 ture holds in solution in a small quantity of ether, a consider- 
 able amount of the vesicant principle. This tincture has the 
 same color as the " epispastic " of the English Pharmacopoeia, 
 causes less pain and rapidly raises a good blister, facts of which 
 I have convinced myself by the use of a small quantity sent 
 me from Bombay in 1891. 
 
118 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Dr. Bholanauth Bose recommends the internal use of the 
 juice of the leaves as a remedy for chronic diseases of the 
 spleen ; this treatment, however, has caused severe pain and is 
 absolutely uncertain in effect. 
 
 In Concan the juice of the leaves is given mixed with food 
 to animals in heat, for its anaphrodisiac action. The fresh or 
 dried plant is given in decoction mixed with ginger in inter- 
 mittent fevers. 
 
 If the ethereal tincture be evaporated a resinous residue 
 remains that has not been studied, but appears to be the vesi- 
 cant principle. This tincture should be made from the dried 
 leaves to avoid hydration of the ether. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small plant with stem red, 
 straight, quadrate, ramose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and 
 fringed with hairs. Flowers axillary, small, red, solitary. 
 Peduncles short. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, with 8-toothed 
 border, the 4 alternate teeth larger. Corolla none. Nectary 
 bell-shaped, surrounding the ovary, shorter than the calyx, 
 with 4 toothlets which lengthening form the filaments of as 
 many stamens. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary of 4 pluriovulate 
 locules. Style almost wanting. Stigma fluted. Seed vessel 
 glabrous, horizontally dehiscent, containing 15 or more angular 
 seeds joined to a common axis. 
 
 HABITAT. It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon. 
 
 Lawsonia alba, Lam. (L. spinosa, L.; L. inermis, Roxb.) 
 NOM. YULG. Cinamomo del pais (native cinnamon), Sp.- 
 Fil.; Henna, Campkire, Samphire, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. This is a very popular plant in the Orient, for many 
 races use its leaves to impart a reddish-yellow stain to the nails, 
 finger tips and palms of the hands. There is a tradition among 
 the Mohammedans that the Prophet once called this plant " the 
 best of all herbs." The leaf in form of a dry powder is sold 
 in the bazars of India under the name of " henna " ; mixed 
 
LAWSONIA ALBA 119 
 
 with water it gives it a yellow color, and when boiled the tone 
 of the liquid becomes darker ; the addition of an alkali turns 
 it brown. In Persia they add indigo to this solution and use 
 it as a hair dye. 
 
 The Hindoos apply the bruised leaves to the soles of the feet 
 of small-pox patients, their purpose being to prevent the spread 
 of the eruption to the eyes. They also use it locally in a dis- 
 ease known among them as " burning of the feet." Grierson 
 and Waring obtained good results in this disease by making a 
 paste of the bruised leaves and vinegar ; cases that resisted 
 such treatment yielded completely to a brisk rubbing of the 
 feet with a simple paste of the leaf. The decoction and the 
 bruised leaves are also used locally for contusions. 
 
 The bark has been given in jaundice, hypertrophy of the 
 spleen, calculi of various sorts, leprosy and stubborn skin dis- 
 eases, as an alterative. In decoction it is applied to burns. 
 
 An English physician, Dr. Newton, made an extract of the 
 leaves and flowers with which he pretended to cure leprosy ; it 
 was but one more useless drug in the long list used to combat 
 that terrible disease. The dose of the extract is a teaspoonful 
 daily, given in 2 doses. 
 
 The juice of the leaves is given in sweetened water in some 
 countries as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. 
 
 The flowers are given in decoction for headache and the fruit 
 is emmenagogue. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, about 12 high. 
 Leaves opposite, lanceolate, broad, entire, glabrous and tough, 
 the edges turned downwards. Flowers yellowish-white, term- 
 inal in racemose panicles with opposite peduncles. Calyx in- 
 ferior, bell-shaped, 4 acute sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, longer 
 than the calyx. Stamens 8, inserted by pairs on the segments 
 of the calyx, alternating with and longer than the petals. An- 
 ther kidney-shaped. Ovary at the bottom of the calyx. Styles 
 of the same length as the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Seed ves- 
 
120 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 sel a little larger than a pea, globose, 4 chambers, many seeds. 
 HABITAT. Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in 
 July. 
 
 Punica Granatum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Granada, Sp. and Fil. dialects ; Pomegranate, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a gargle 
 and wash in angina, aphthae, and wounds within the buccal 
 cavity. 
 
 The peel of the fruit is highly astringent and in decoction is 
 a useful agent in treating chronic diarrhoea, and locally in injec- 
 tions of lotions for leucorrhoea and inflamed haemorrhoids. It 
 should not be given when rectal tenesmus exists. The Phar- 
 macopoeia of India contains the following formula for preparing 
 the decoction of the peel : 
 
 Pulp of the fruit, mashed 60 grams. 
 
 Water 600 " 
 
 Boil for 15 minutes in a covered vessel, cool, filter and 
 add water enough to make a liter. Dose, 30-50 grams 
 per diem. 
 
 This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injec- 
 tions. For internal use the decoction is rendered more active 
 by adding a small quantity of cloves or cinnamon. This mix- 
 ture with the addition of opium gives excellent results in the 
 treatment of diarrhoea among the natives of India and is highly 
 recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick. 
 
 The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its 
 root, the bark of which is a very efficient taenifuge and the most 
 astringent portion of the plant. It should be used fresh, as 
 drying destroys its activity and gives negative results. Many 
 failures to expel the taenia are probably due to this fact. Ac- 
 cording to Beranger-Ferand the root gives 25% to 40% of 
 cures, whereas pumpkin seeds give but 5% to 10%. 
 
PUNICA GRANATUM 121 
 
 DECOCTION. (French Codex.) 
 
 Fresh bark of pomegranate root 60 grams. 
 
 Water 750 " 
 
 Macerate 6 hours, boil over slow fire till reduced to 500 
 grams. Strain. Administer fasting, in 3 doses half an hour 
 apart. The evening before the patient should eat a light meal 
 and take a cathartic in order that the intestinal canal may con- 
 tain the smallest possible quantity of faecal matter. After tak- 
 ing the third dose of the decoction the patient should take a 
 mild purgative such as 30 grams of castor oil to expel the ta3nia. 
 This preparation has a most disagreeable taste. It is better to 
 give the " tannate of pelletierine," a compound of tannin and one 
 of the alkaloids that Tanret discovered in pomegranate root. 
 A sufficient dose of tannate of pelletierine is 30-40 centigrams in 
 wafer form, followed by a purge and with the other precautions 
 and preparatory measures mentioned above. It causes toxic 
 symptoms similar to those produced by curare, according to the 
 experimental studies of Dujardin-Beaumetz and Rocheniere. Its 
 action is upon the ends of the motor nerves. A dose of 40 
 centigrams may cause in man such symptoms of intoxication as 
 vertigo, inverted vision and muscular paralysis. Pelletierine 
 should not be administered to children, but Be>anger-Ferand 
 states that the tannate may be safely given them, as follows : 
 
 Tannate of pelletierine 0.30 grams. 
 
 Sweetened water 40.00 " 
 
 A coffee-spoonful of this solution contains 0.03 gram of the 
 tannate, and this quantity may be given to a child, in a little 
 milk. If no symptoms supervene within one-half hour give 
 another similar dose and so on up to 3 or 4 doses or .12 gm. in 
 all. After the last dose give the purgative as a routine. It is 
 certainly imprudent to trust the administration of such a drug 
 to any one incapable of recognizing the symptoms of intoxica- 
 tion, and as no one but a physician can judge the effects of the 
 alkaloid he himself should remain with the patient until the 
 
122 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 efficient dose has been absorbed. This is manifestly impractical 
 and we therefore maintain that the alkaloid is not suited for the 
 treatment of children. 
 
 An analysis of the root bark made by the French chemist 
 Tanret revealed the presence of four alkaloids : pelletierine, iso- 
 pelletierine (C g H 15 NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C 9 H 16 NO), and me- 
 fhylpeletierine (C 9 H 17 NO). 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub 6-9 high with branches 
 terminating in thorns ; some of the branches abort and form 
 thorns. Leaves simple, oval, oblong, without stipules, with 
 short petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pauciflorous 
 cymes. Calyx, 4-8 sepals, persistent, fleshy, yellow or red. 
 Corolla, 4-8 petals, imbricated. Stamens numerous, free. 
 Style 1 . Stigma thick. Fruit with leathery rind, about size 
 of small apple, packed with seeds, each imbedded in a small 
 amount of crisp, juicy pulp. 
 
 ONAGRACEJE. 
 
 Evening Primrose Family. 
 Jussisea suffruticosa, L. (J. villosa, Lam.; J. erecta, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Malapoko, Tag. 
 
 USES. The entire plant reduced to a pulp and mixed with 
 milk is used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie states that 
 the decoction is employed as a vermifuge and purgative. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An herb with square stem, leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous. Flowers axillary, 
 yellow, solitary. Calyx of 4-5 lobules. Corolla, 4 lanceolate 
 petals inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 8, 
 of these 4 alternate being shorter. Ovary very long, inferior, 
 with 4 many-ovuled locules. Style the same length as the 
 stamens. Stigma 4-lobuled. Seed vessels very long, with faint 
 longitudinal ridges, crowned by the remains of the calyx, 4 
 pluriovulate locules. 
 
CARICA PAPAYA 123 
 
 HABITAT. In the arable fields and along the banks of rivers. 
 Blooms in January and March. 
 
 PASSIFLORACE^E. 
 Passion Flower Family. 
 Carica Papaya, L. 
 
 NOM.. VULG. Papaya, in many Phil, dialects ; Papaya, 
 PapaWj Eng. 
 
 USES. The decoction of the leaves is used locally in sores 
 and atonic ulcers, followed by a poultice of the boiled and 
 mashed leaves. The natives use the cold infusion of the leaves 
 to wash clothes spotted with blood and the spots disappear 
 rapidly by virtue of the ferment papain which digests the fibrin. 
 The infusion is also very useful as a wash for sores and gan- 
 grenous ulcers, modifying their appearance very rapidly. 
 
 Before proceeding further it is desirable to give a descrip- 
 tion of papain, a digestive ferment which exists throughout the 
 whole plant, fruit, trunk, leaves and petioles ; it is contained 
 in the milky juice which exudes from all these parts when cut. 
 This juice was studied simultaneously by Wurtz in France 
 and Peckolt in Brazil. The best method of collecting it is to 
 make several superficial, longitudinal incisions in the green 
 fruit without removing it from the tree ; immediately an 
 abundance of juice appears in the incisions and coagulates rap- 
 idly. The best time to do this is the early morning. The 
 fruit does not suffer by this process but continues developing 
 and ripens perhaps more rapidly, at the same time improving 
 in flavor, becoming sweeter ; the seeds, however, atrophy and 
 lose their power of germination. Peckolt gives the following 
 as the composition of the juice : 
 
 A substance analogous to caoutchouc 4.525 
 
 Awa.. . 2.424 
 
124 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Soft resin 0.110 
 
 Brown resin 2.776 
 
 Albuminoids 0.006 
 
 Papayotin (Papain of Wurtz) 1.059 
 
 Extractive matter 5.303 
 
 Malic acid 0.443 
 
 Peptic material and salts 7.100 
 
 Water 74.971 
 
 The milky juice is neutral and coagulates rapidly, separating 
 in two parts : a kind of insoluble pulp and a limpid colorless 
 serum. If combined with fibrin, raw meat, white of egg or 
 gluten it gradually softens them and completely dissolves them 
 in 3 or 4 hours in vitro at 40 C. Combined with milk it 
 coagulates it and soon precipitates the casein which is also dis- 
 solved a little later. It digests lumbricoids and tape-worms 
 and the false membrane of croup, in a few hours. According 
 to Wurtz and Bouchut papain is prepared as follows : 
 
 The fluid juice or the aqueous solution of the milky exudate 
 is precipitated by the addition of ten times the volume of 
 alcohol. The precipitate, after treating again with concen- 
 trated alcohol, is dissolved in water and the addition of sub- 
 acetate of lead eliminates the albuminoids and peptones but 
 does not precipitate the papain. The liquid is filtered and the 
 lead salts separated by means of a current of hydrogen sulphide. 
 It is filtered again and alcohol added gradually, which process 
 first precipitates whatever sulphate of lead may have passed 
 through the filter, and then the papain. 
 
 Papain is an amorphous substance, perfectly white, soluble 
 in water, insipid, odorless. An aqueous solution, if shaken 
 violently, foams like a solution of soap. Boiling makes it 
 turbid and when concentrated it has a slightly astringent taste. 
 It is precipitated by hydrochloric, nitric, picric and the meta- 
 phosphoric acids. Trommer's test gives it a beautiful blue 
 violet color which, on boiling, changes to a red violet. 
 
CARICA PAPAYA 125 
 
 It is an extremely active digestive ferment, comparable with 
 pepsin, but superior to the latter because it does not require an 
 acid medium, as its digestive action takes place even in the 
 presence of an alkaline medium and of antiseptic substances 
 such as boric acid, phenol, etc. It is given in doses of 10-40 
 centigrams in different vehicles such as water, wine, etc. It 
 should be given after meals carefully and properly diluted, in 
 order that its action may not be exerted upon the gastric mucous 
 membrane itself. Its use is contraindicated in gastric ulcer. 
 
 A watery solution prepared by macerating the green fruit 
 has been used effectively to remove blemishes from the face, 
 leaving the skin clean and smooth. The natives use little pieces 
 of the green fruit to remove freckles (which they call pecas). 
 The ripe fruit is edible and its taste quite agreeable ; in some 
 of the Malay Islands it is given for dysentery, but it must be 
 remembered that the ripe fruit does not contain papain. 
 
 The pure exudate is given to children as an anthelmintic in 
 doses of 2-6 grams with a little molasses, but it is not so harm- 
 less that it may be used with impunity in this form, Moncorvo 
 and others having reported cases of peritonitis with symptoms 
 suggestive of cholera following its use. It is drastic and di- 
 gestive in addition to its anthelmintic action, but according to 
 Rabuteau, boiling destroys the first property without affecting 
 the others. Dr. Lemarchand of the island of Mauritius gives 
 the following anthelmintic prescription : 
 
 Juice of papaya and molasses aa 1 tablespoon. 
 
 Add gradually while shaking the mixture. 
 
 Boiling water 4 tablespoons. 
 
 Cool and administer in one dose followed immediately by 30 
 grams of castor oil. For a child, one-half dose. 
 
 This treatment frequently causes colic, for the relief of 
 which the author advises an injection of sweetened water. Sir 
 O'Shaughnessy's prescription is preferable : 
 
126 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 2060 drops of the exudate in a little sweetened water. 
 This dose cannot cause any untoward symptoms and is efficient 
 in expelling both lumbricoids and tsenise. 
 
 The triturated seeds may be given internally in doses of 1-2 
 grams with milk or molasses to expel lumbricoids. Analysis 
 has revealed in the seeds the presence of a resinous oil, an oleag- 
 inous material of disagreeable odor and taste called by Peckolt 
 caricin, a fatty acid, papayic acid and a resin. In India the 
 seeds are considered emmenagogue. In some countries they 
 wrap meat in papaya leaves for several hours before eating in 
 order to soften it. For the same purpose they sometimes boil 
 the meat in water containing a few leaves or pieces of the 
 green fruit ; some even go to the length of saying that it is 
 only necessary to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree for a 
 time in order to soften it. 
 
 The decoction of the green fruit is given internally for indi- 
 gestion, a treatment common in the provinces of Bulacan and 
 Pampanga. The milky juice is used to remove corns and Dr. 
 Daruty offers the following prescription for eczema and psoriasis : 
 
 Exudate of papaya 1.00 grams. 
 
 Borax (powdered) 0.60 " 
 
 Water 16.00 " 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Paint the affected part with feather or brush, 2-3 times a 
 day. The same solution may be used for softening corns. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Trees 15 in height, trunk cov- 
 ered with large leaf scars, wood soft and brittle, the long-peti- 
 oled, palmately-lobed leaves growing in a crown and giving 
 the tree the general appearance of a palm. Flowers dioecious. 
 Staminate tree : Flowers loosely clustered on long, hanging 
 stems. Calyx, 5-6 teeth. Corolla tubular, V long, limb 
 divided into 5 oval parts. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat. 
 Style short, awl-shaped. Pistillate tree : Flowers much larger, 
 
TRICHOSANTHES PALM ATA 127 
 
 sessile, in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla large, 5 
 lanceolate petals curved outward, fleshy. Stigmas 5, fringed. 
 Fruit about size of child's head or smaller, somewhat pear- 
 shaped, juicy, pulp melon-like, 1 compartment with numerous 
 seeds, each in a mucilaginous aril. 
 
 CUCURBITACEJE. 
 
 Gourd Family. 
 
 Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. (T. tricuspis, Mig.; T. luci- 
 aniana, Bares.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. (?). 
 
 USES. Roxburgh states that the fruit is toxic and sometimes 
 used to kill crows. Dymock states that the leaf is smoked in 
 Bombay as a remedy for asthma. 
 
 The extremely bitter taste of the fruit and rind induced Sir 
 W. O'Shaughnessy to examine it for tonic and purgative prop- 
 erties ; doses as high as 0.20 gram 3 times a day failed to 
 exert a purgative effect. The root is used in veterinary medi- 
 cine particularly for pneumonia. Mixed with equal parts of 
 colocynth it is applied to carbuncles. In combination with 
 equal parts of Terminalia chebula and ginger it is made into a 
 sweetened infusion for internal use in gonorrhoaa. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A climber with broad, heart- 
 shaped, serrate, 7-lobulate leaves. Flowers mono3cious ; stami- 
 nate white and racemose; pistillate solitary, growing at the 
 base of the staminate racemes. Staminate receptacle tubular, 
 calyx inserted on the border of the receptacle, 5 sepals. Corolla, 
 5 petals. Stamens 5, of which 4 are in pairs. Pistillate : the 
 receptacle dilates in its lower part in form of a globose vase and 
 encloses the unilocular pluriovulate ovary. Fruit ovoid or 
 pyriform, scarlet when fresh, orange-yellow when dry. Seeds 
 of irregular form, somewhat triangular. Kernel oily. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon. 
 
128 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 T. anguina, L. (T. amara, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Salagsalag, Pakupis, Salimpokot, Kukubitan, 
 Halahala, Buyokbuyok, Tag. ; Tabdbog, Kukubitan, Pukopukot, 
 Kuragda, Vis., Pam. 
 
 T. cucumerina, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Probably the same as T. anguina. 
 
 USES. The fruit of T. anguina is purgative, emetic and 
 anthelmintic. The natives use an infusion of the filamentous, 
 reticulate portion surrounding the seeds, in doses of 0.500.60 
 gm., according to P. Blanco. 
 
 The second species, T. cucumerina, has a wider use. In India 
 it is regarded as a febrifuge and laxative and is commonly 
 given with some aromatic. Ainslie notes that the leaves, as well 
 as the fruit, are bitter and purgative and that the Tamuls use 
 them for their laxative and stomachic effect. Drury states that 
 on the Malabar coast the seeds have a considerable reputation 
 as a remedy for functional disorders of the stomach. Although 
 the green fruit is very bitter the natives of that region use it 
 as a condiment. The tender stems and the dry capsules, both 
 bitter and purgative, are given in infusion and in a sweetened 
 solution, as an aid to digestion. The seeds are febrifuge and 
 anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves is emetic and that of 
 the roots purgative. The decoction of the stem is expec- 
 torant. 
 
 In Bombay the plant is considered febrifuge, and is given 
 in decoction with ginger, Swertia chirafft, and sugar. The 
 Mohammedan authors say that the T. cucumerina is effective in 
 expelling lumbricoids and one of them mentions the following 
 as a cure for stubborn fevers : 
 
 Seeds of T. cucumerina No. 180. 
 
 Seeds of coriander or cumin No. 180. 
 
 Boiling water 200 grams. 
 
LAGENARIA COURGOURDA 129 
 
 Let stand over night, filter, add a little sugar, administer in 
 2 doses morning and evening. 
 
 In Concan they use the juice of the leaves as a liniment in 
 remittent fevers, rubbing the hepatic region and in fact the en- 
 tire body. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. T. anguina, L., is a vine with 
 5-angled stem, bearing tendrils and spattered with white dots. 
 Leaves heart-shaped, with 5 acute lobules, spiny -toothed. Peti- 
 oles with a bifid swelling at their bases. Flowers white, monoe- 
 cious. Staminate : calyx 5-toothed with dotted borders ; corolla, 
 5 fringed petals; stamens 3 ; anthers 3, entirely united and form- 
 ing a cylinder. Pistillate : 3 glandules in the corolla tube ; 
 style long ; stigmas 3. Fruit ribbed, long, the compartments 
 formed by reticular partitions; contains many irregular seeds, 
 one border sharp, the other obtuse, covered by a very thin 
 aril. 
 
 The T. eucumerina, L., is less common, bears a spindle- 
 shaped or obovate fruit, is hairy and lacks ribs. Its seeds 
 are ovoid, very smooth, encircled by a narrow wing. The 
 reticulum within the fruit is similar to that of the foregoing 
 species. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in 
 October. 
 
 Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. 
 NOM. VULG. Common Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Calabash, Eng. 
 
 Yar. Lagenaria Gourda, Ser. (Cucurbita lagenaria 
 oblonga, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Calabaza de peregrino, Sp.; Pilgrim's Gourd, 
 Eng. 
 
 Var. L. courgourda, Ser. 
 NOM. VULG. Tabayag, Tag. 
 11 
 
130 THE MEDK.'IXAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Yar. L. clavata, Ser. (C. layeitai'ift. vi/lo*, Blanco.) 
 
 EfOM.VlttA ' -*{>.: 'tj t >,. Tag.: 
 
 En-. 
 
 l'-f>. The three above-mentioned varieties of Z. n<(</< 
 Ser., are commonly grouped under the name calabaza (gourd). 
 All have the same action and hence the same therapeutic appli- 
 cation. The green portion of the rind is bitter and j 
 purgative and emetic properties. The decoction of the tender 
 shoots is expectorant ; in addition it appears to possess purga- 
 tive properties and in India is used in jaundice. 
 
 The part of the plant most generally used is tli -. the 
 
 taenifuge properties of which are well known. Its action, 
 however, is not always certain, which may be as truly said of 
 all other known teenifuges. The seeds have the advantage of 
 lacking the disgusting taste characteristic of other remedi 
 the same class ; the taste is almost neutral and a little sugar 
 conceals it completely. The dose is unlimited ; some take 15 
 grams, others as high as 100, and no unpleasant symptoms of 
 any kind have been reported. The only precaution to be ob- 
 served is to give the patient a purgative I '2 hours after his 
 
 Heckel has analyzed the seeds and found a resin which he 
 calls jjfj/'j-t'f.-xinft ; it exists in the greenish pellicle that envel- 
 opes the embryo and appears to be the active principle of the 
 seeds. Its - ].<><> ^ram (Dujardin-Beaumetz), the 
 
 product of 250 grams of the seeds. The dose of 100 grams of 
 the seeds mentioned above is very small, if the pepo-resin rep- 
 resents the entire active principle, for 100 grams of the - 
 would only contain about 40 centigrams. 
 
 BOTANH-AL I>P> f:iKrrx. A very familiar vine, clammy, 
 pubescent and Brack-Mated ; large leaves, long-stalked flowers, 
 white petals, greenish veiny fruit usually club-shaped or en- 
 larged at the' apex, the hard rind used for dippers, and 
 so forth. It is noteworthy that none of the Uenifuge varieties 
 mentioned bears vellow fruit. 
 
LUFF A JEGYPTIA'A 131 
 
 Luffa .ffigyptiaca, Mill. (L. pentamtra, Roxb.; L. petola, 
 Ser.: l[n,iiD,><lir<i njH'reulatn, Blanco.) 
 
 NM. Vi'Li;. Probably bears the same names as the Tri- 
 chowmthes. 
 
 r>Ks. The root is a hydragogue cathartic even in minute 
 doses. The fruit is emollient by virtue of the large quantity 
 of mucilage it contains, but it is more interesting for other 
 properties. When cut in two, deprived of epidermis and seeds, 
 and washed until none of the mucilage remains, there is left a 
 fibrous skeleton, a sort of skein of interwoven nets that consti- 
 tutes the so-called vegetable sponge. It serves the same pur- 
 p< se as a sponge and has the advantages that its fibers do not 
 rot and that they are easily kept clean. In view of its cheap- 
 ness and plent it\i In ess in the Philippines the above advantages 
 should suffice to bring it into universal use for the toilet, for 
 surgical purposes and for cleaning in general. 
 
 BOTANICM. OI>M KIPTION. A vine with square, glabrous 
 stem. Leaves alternate, cordate. -> 3-lobulate, dentate, rough, 
 o-7-nerved. Petioles short. Flowers monoecious. Staminate 
 in axillary panicles ; calyx bell-shaped ; corolla yellow, 5 oval 
 petals, borders entire : stamens 3 ; filaments short ; two thick 
 ones divide high up in '2 parts, thus giving the appearance of 
 " stamens in all. Pistillate axillary, calyx adherent, 5 pointed 
 sepals ; corolla, ~) nearly triangular petals, finely dentate ; style 
 thick, short, the base encircled by 3 glandules : stigma cordate. 
 ( )vary, 3 pseudo-locales formed by the central union of the 
 placentas ; pluriovulate. Fruit oblong, terminating at the apex 
 in a deciduous lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitu- 
 dinal lines ; the interior reticulate, 3 compartments with many 
 seeds, oval, black, Hat with thin borders. The natives do not dis- 
 tinguish between this specimen and the Trichox,it/n'* % but it is to 
 be noted that the corolla of the former is not ravelled or fringed. 
 
 HA HIT AT. Common in Lu/on and Panay. Blooms in 
 January. 
 
132 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Momordica balsamina, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ampalaya, Ampalea, Tag.; Amargoso, Sp.- 
 Fil.; Paria, Hoc.; Apalia, Pam.; Balsamina, Sp.; Balsam 
 Apple, Eng. 
 
 M. charanta, L. (M. muricata, Willd.; M. cylindrica, Blanco.) 
 
 NQM. VULG. The same as of M. balsamina. 
 
 USES. The fruit of both varieties is edible, though a bitter 
 principle gives it such an intensely bitter taste that it is intol- 
 erable to the unaccustomed palate. It is eaten raw as a salad, 
 or cooked with meat or fish. The juice of the leaves is pre- 
 scribed internally as a purgative and anthelmintic. In Concan 
 it is given alone or combined with aromatics, in bilious dis- 
 orders as an emetic and purgative ; externally they use it as an 
 ointment for the itch and other skin diseases ; in India it is 
 mixed with cinnamon, pepper, rice and oil of Hydnocarpus 
 inebrians, Vahl. 
 
 The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and ex- 
 ternally for leprosy. Some Hindoo writers state that the fruit 
 is tonic and stomachic, and that it is useful in rheumatism, gout, 
 diseases of the liver and spleen. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRfPTiox. The first variety, M. balsamina, 
 more common than the second, is a vine with angular stem and 
 simple tendrils. Leaves, many serrate lobules with white dots 
 on the ends. Flowers yellow, monoecious. Staminate soli- 
 tary, peduncles very long, involucre cordate ; calyx 5-lobed ; 
 corolla 5 petals ; filaments simple, one separate, 2 approxi- 
 mated ; anthers joined at their bases. Pistillate solitary ; 
 ovary, 3 locules and numerous ovules ; stigma, 3 bifid divi- 
 sions ; fruit globose, narrowing at the ends, covered with tuber- 
 cles ; seeds numerous, lacking albumen, having red aril. 
 
 The second variety, M. cylindrica, has a downy stem, 5- 
 angled with simple tendrils. The leaves are 5-lobuled, cordate, 
 
CITRULLTJS COLOCYNTHIS ' 133 
 
 serrate, with short hairs on under surface. Melon hollow, 
 glabrous, very long, cylindrical, tapering at the ends, covered 
 with tubercles, some elevated in longitudinal lines, others de- 
 pressed ; seeds in 3 rows, enveloped in pulpy arils, white, long 
 quadrangular, truncate above, encircled by 2 rows of obtuse 
 toothlets. 
 
 HABITAT. Both grow in all parts and are well known. 
 
 Citrullus Colocynthis, Schard. (Cucumis Colocynthis, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Coloqnintida, Sp.; Coloeynth, Bitter Apple, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The part employed is the fruit pulp, official in all the 
 pharmacopeias as a very energetic hydragogue cathartic. It is 
 seldom given alone, but in combination with other drugs to 
 modify its energy and its action. 
 
 In large doses it causes vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and a series 
 of nervous phenomena that may end in death. Six to ten 
 grams constitute a toxic dose. It operates with most force upon 
 the large intestines and sympathetically upon the uterus. 
 
 DOSE. Extract, 0.10-0.30 gram; powder, 0.30-1.00 gram. 
 
 The pulp contains a yellow, intensely bitter substance, quite 
 soluble in water and in alcohol, discovered by Hubschmann 
 and named by him eoloquintina. The seeds contain 17yfc of an 
 insipid oil. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An herb with long, prostrate 
 stems covered with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, triangular, 
 deeply cleft in 3 lobules that subdivide. Petioles long. The 
 color of the leaves is pale green above, whitish or gray and 
 covered with white hairs underneath. Flowers yellow, monoB- 
 cious, solitary, axillary, with long peduncles. Staminate : re- 
 ceptacle cup-formed, 5 sepals and 5 free, yellow petals ; 5 
 stamens in pairs, one free. Pistillate : the 'receptacle globose, 
 covering the lower part of the ovary ; 3 staminodes take the 
 place of the stamens. Ovary unilocular, uniovulate, with a 
 
134 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 short style bearing 3 lobules at its apex. Fruit globose, 6-8 
 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish, later yellow with 
 white spots ; it is full of a whitish pulp that becomes dry and 
 pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth, flattened, 
 brown, lacking albumen. 
 HABITAT. Manila. 
 
 FICOIDEJE. 
 
 Trianthema monogyna, L. (T. obcordata, Roxb. ; Portulaca 
 toston and axiflora, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Toston, Tag. ; Alusiman, Ayam, Vis. 
 
 USES. This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried 
 or in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with prostrate stems, 
 radiating branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, 
 oval, red-bordered, glabrous. Petioles with 2 stipules at the 
 base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed sepals. Corolla, 5 oval petals. 
 Stamens 15-20. Style simple. Seed vessels inversely pyram- 
 idal, dehipccnce horizontal. Seeds numerous. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in 
 January. 
 
 UMBELLIFER.E. 
 
 Parsley Family. 
 Hydrocotyle Asiatica, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Takip kohol, Takip suso, Tag. ; Rabasa, Sp. ; 
 Indian Pennywort, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of 
 this plant, giving a resume of its composition, therapeutic uses 
 and physiological action. The writers of antiquity recognized 
 the plant as a powerful alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and 
 vermifuge, especially effective in secondary syphilis and in 
 ulcerative diseases of the skin. 
 
HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA 135 
 
 Lepine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy 
 and reported favorably ; but later experience demonstrated that 
 it did not exercise any specific effect, but benefited ,ana3sthetic lep- 
 rosy simply by improving the general condition of the patient. 
 
 The plant is official in the Pharmacopeia of India, as altera- 
 tive, tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been 
 found very useful in the treatment of secondary and constitu- 
 tional syphilis, when the disease attacks the skin and subcuta- 
 neous tissue. 
 
 In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of 
 children, given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little 
 cumin seed and sugar ; the bruised leaves are then applied to 
 the umbilical region. In the Philippines the decoction of the 
 leaves is given as a purge. 
 
 Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema, 
 administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 0.10 gram and 
 applying locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The 
 most marked and constant effects of the drug are a considerable 
 increase of the urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature 
 of the skin and profuse diaphoresis. 
 
 Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of 
 which he died ; he experimented on himself with " hydroco- 
 tyle " and on one occasion a dose of 3 grams nearly proved 
 fatal ; tetanic symptoms supervened with suffocation, palpita- 
 tion, epistaxis and rectal hemorrhage, abating finally with pro- 
 fuse sweating and diuresis. 
 
 Dr. Lepine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the 
 plant and isolated a substance that seems to be the active prin- 
 ciple ; he has named it vallarin, from " vallarai," the Tamul 
 name of the plant. " Vallarin " is a thick, pale yellow oil of 
 a piquant and persistent taste and an odor peculiar to the plant. 
 It changes under the influence of air, moisture or heat and 
 volatilizes at 120. It is soluble in alcohol. The plant contains 
 T 8 <j- to 1 ft of this oil, a dark resin and a green resin. 
 
136 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The Pharmacopoeia of India gives 2 official formulae, a powder 
 and a cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in 
 doses of 0.30 to 1.50 grams and is applied locally to superficial 
 ulcers. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Plant herbaceous with reniform 
 or heart-shaped leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with 
 little hairs, dentate with white tips. Petioles very long, en- 
 sheathing each other by 2 wings at their bases. Flowers 3-4, 
 sessile, springing directly from the root, greenish-white, grow- 
 ing in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common pedun- 
 cle. Common involucre of 2-3 leaflets. Calyx adherent, flat- 
 tened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens 
 5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle, alternating with 
 the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the 
 base in 2 diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate, much flat- 
 tened. Styles 2, short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, 
 downy, indehiscent, marked with furrows, with 2 compartments 
 each containing a seed inserted on the wall. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in 
 July. 
 
 Carum copticum, Benth. (C. ajowan, DC.; Ammi copticum, 
 
 L.; A. glaucifolium, Blanco; Daucus options, Pers.; 
 
 D. anisodorm, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Lamudio, Damoro, Tag.; Lamudio, Vis.; Cara- 
 way, Eng. 
 
 USES. The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one 
 of anise, is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as a carmina- 
 tive, stimulant and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent 
 colic, atonic dyspepsia and diarrhoea and gives very good results. 
 It has been used in cholera, but is of little value in that disease. 
 In moderate doses it increases salivary and gastric secretion. 
 
 The P. of India contains the 2 following official formulae : 
 Oleum obtained from the fruit by distillation ; is colorless 
 
CARUM COPTICUM 137 
 
 when fresh but soon turns yellow ; possesses the odor of the 
 fruit and an acrid, burning taste. Aqua 600 grams of the 
 fruit ground and mixed with 9 liters of water ; this is distilled 
 till 4J liters have gone over, these constituting the " aqua cari." 
 
 DOSE. 12 drops of the essential oil in emulsion or on a 
 piece of sugar. Of the " aqua," 30-60 grams as a carminative 
 or to disguise the taste of other drugs (such as castor oil), thus 
 frequently preventing nausea or vomiting. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Leaves finely pinnately com- 
 pound. Common petiole clasps the stem at the base. Flowers 
 white, in flat compound umbels. The secondary peduncles 12. 
 Flowerets of each partial umbel about 16. Calyx of flowerets 
 superior, 5 globose sepals. Corolla, 5 equal petals, with 
 rounded lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary tuberculate. Styles 2, 
 very short. Seeds 2, united, furrowed and nearly glabrous at 
 maturity. 
 
 HABITAT. Cultivated in gardens. Blooms in October. 
 
 Fceniculum vulgare, Gaertii. (F. qfficinale, Allion ; F. pan- 
 morium, DC.; Anethum foeniculiim, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Anis, Sp.; Fennel, Eng. 
 
 Coriandrum sativum, L. (Ciimmum cynimum, Wall.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Cominos, Calantro, Sp.; Coriander, Eng. 
 
 USES. The fruit of both species has the same therapeutical 
 application being stomachic and carminative par excellence. It 
 yields an aromatic essential oil with stimulant properties, pop- 
 ular because of its agreeable odor and taste. 
 
 As a rule the infusion is given in doses of one liter a day 
 (15-30 grams of the seeds to one liter of water). The essence 
 and the alcoholate are also employed, the former obtained by 
 distillation, the latter by macerating the fresh seeds in alcohol. 
 The dose of the essence, 48 drops on a piece of sugar or in 
 12 
 
138 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 potion ; the alcoholate, 2-10 grams in sweetened water or in- 
 fusion of aromatic herbs. 
 
 Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia and 
 they and their preparations are common in all drug stores. 
 
 HABITAT. Common, cultivated in the gardens and well 
 known. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. F. vulgare : Aromatic, stout, 
 smooth herb, 4-6 high. Leaves with many slender thread- 
 like divisions. Large umbel of yellow flowers, no involucre 
 and no involucels. C. sativum : Low aromatic herb, leaves pin- 
 nately compound, small umbels with few rays, flowers white. 
 
 CORNACEJE. 
 
 Dogwood Family. 
 
 Alangium Lamarkii, Thwaites. (A. decapetalum, hexapetalum 
 and tomentosum, Lam.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. (?) 
 
 USES. According to Mooden Sheriff, the root bark is an 
 efficient emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is 
 febrifuge and produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter ; 
 its reputation in the treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. 
 It is a good substitute for ipecac, having given good results in 
 all conditions in which the latter is indicated, with the excep- 
 tion of dysentery. 
 
 The febrifuge dose is 0.35-0.60 gram ; alterative, 0.15-0.30 
 gram. 
 
 It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy 
 and is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid ani- 
 mals. The bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic 
 patients. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree 20-30 meters high, 
 leaves alternate, persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, den- 
 tate, acuminate, pinnately nerved. Flowers whitish, regular, 
 
ALANGIUM LAMARKII 139 
 
 hermaphrodite, in terminal cymes. Receptacle concave. Calyx 
 short, 10-toothed. Corolla, 10 narrow, elongated ribbon-like 
 petals. Stamens 3040, filaments free and glabrous. Ovary 
 inferior, held in the concavity of the receptacle, one-celled, 
 with 1 seed, crowned by an epigynous disc, above which rises 
 a simple style with dilated stigma. Fruit a globose drupe, 
 crowned by the calyx, with 10 inconspicuous ribs. The ptita- 
 men encloses an albuminous kernel. 
 
 HABITAT. The mountains of San Mateo. 
 
DICOTYLEDONOUS, GAMOPETALOUS. 
 
 RUBIACEJE. 
 
 Madder Family. 
 
 Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. (H. Horsfieldii, Miq. ; Ckln- 
 chona exeelsa, Roxb. ; E.costema Ph'dipplcum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Huligaga, Tag. 
 
 USES. The bark of this tree has a wide reputation in India 
 as a tonic and febrifuge. The inner layer of the bark possesses 
 astringent and bitter properties much like quinine. Ainslie 
 states that it is used in India to tan hides and therapeutically 
 where an astringent is required. O'Shaughnessy experimented 
 with it in the hospital of the Medical College of Calcutta and 
 reported good tonic and antipyretic effects. 
 
 In 1870, according to Dymock, Broughton analyzed the 
 fresh bark and reported that the bitter taste was due to esculin, 
 which after drying and coming in contact with decomposing 
 organic matter is transformed into the almost tasteless cM-n-lctin. 
 Baylor studied the bark at a later period, and attributed the 
 bitterness to an alkaloid that he named hymenodictyonine. This 
 substance exists in the form of a gelatinous mass, cream-col- 
 ored, very hygroscopic. An ethereal solution, carefully evap- 
 orated, deposits it in the form of crystals. Its empirical form 
 is C 23 H 40 1N" 2 ; it is probably volatile and is notable for its lack 
 of oxygen. It differs from quinoidme in that it is inactive (?) 
 and that in combination with platinum it retains less of this 
 metal than does quinoidine. It differs from parieine in its pro- 
 portion of hydrogen, and from berberine in containing more car- 
 bon. In the presence of sulphuric acid its solution assumes 
 a yellow color, changing to wine- red and then to dark red. 
 
OLDENLANDIA CORYMBOSA 141 
 
 Naylor extracted another principle which he found combined 
 with the alkaloid in a soda precipitate of the latter ; it is a 
 product of the decomposition of a glucose, the formula of which 
 is C 2 _H 49 O 7 . This compound remains insoluble when the alka- 
 loid is treated with ether. Repeated boiling in alcohol renders 
 it colorless. It is bitter, soluble in alcohol and dilute acids ; 
 insoluble in ether and chloroform. Reaction, neutral. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large tree, with leaves oppo- 
 site, oval, entire, acute, downy. Petioles long, flat above, with 
 2 stipules. Flowers axillary, in compound verticillate racemes. 
 Calyx adherent, with 5 promptly deciduous teeth which leave 
 a scar that also disappears. Corolla much longer than the calyx, 
 funnel-form, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted near the 
 middle of the tube. Filaments rudimentary. Anthers 2- 
 celled. Style longer than the corolla. Stigma globose. Seed- 
 vessel rather rough, ovoid, flattened, of 2 compartments, where 
 are inserted numerous seeds, imbricated, circular, encircled by 
 an entire wing. 
 
 HABITAT. Angat and the woods of San Mateo. Blooms 
 in August. (P. Blanco states further that this tree grows to a 
 height of about 3 yards in Angat and that it exhales a strong 
 odor resembling that of vinegar at times, and again like that of 
 tobacco.) 
 
 Oldenlandia corymbosa, L. (0. biflora, Lam.; 0. raraosa, 
 Roxb.; 0. herbacea and scrabridcij DC.; O. burmaniana, Mig.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Doubtful. 
 
 USES. The Sanscrit writers often mention this plant as an 
 important remedy for the fevers due, according to their theo- 
 ries, to disordered bile, i. e., remittent fevers, accompanied by 
 gastric irritability and nervous depression. The entire plant is 
 used to make a decoction, often combined with aromatics. 
 Dymock observed in Goa that this plant could be gotten in all 
 the shops of the herb-venders, and that it was widely used as 
 
142 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 an alterative in mild fevers in combination with "Hydrocotyle 
 Asiatica and Adiantum lunulatum." 
 
 In Concan they apply the juice to the hands and feet in 
 fevers, giving at the same time a dose of one "tola" (6.80 
 grams) in sweetened water or milk. This juice is obtained by 
 soaking the bruised plant in water. In remittent fever the 
 decoction is also used as a liniment for the whole body. It is 
 given internally for skin eruptions due to excessive heat, espe- 
 cially " lichen tropicus." 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small herb, stem straight, about 
 30 centimeters high, glabrous, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, 
 linear, green, lanceolate, stipulate. Flowers small, hermaph- 
 rodite, axillary, solitary, or in pairs, alternate or opposite. 
 Calyx gamosepalous with 5 short teeth. Corolla gamopetalous, 
 funnel-shaped. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the tube of the 
 corolla. Ovary inserted in the hollow of the receptacle, 2 many- 
 ovuled locules. Style simple, ending in a bifid stigma. Cap- 
 sule rounded-oval, membranous. Seeds numerous, polyhedrons, 
 albuminous, surface granular. 
 
 HABITAT. In the rice fields. 
 
 Randia dumetorum, Lam. (R. longispina, DC.; R. 
 
 Blanco ; R. stipulosa, Miq.; Gardenia spinosa, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sinampaga, Tag. 
 
 USES. The fruit is used in some parts of India to kill the 
 fish in ponds and sluggish rivers, the same use to which they 
 sometimes put the "Cocculus Indicus." It is prescribed as an 
 emetic by the Sanscrit and Arabic medical authors of India. 
 Mooden Sheriff ascribes its emetic properties to the pulp alone, 
 the epicarp and seeds being inactive according to his authority. 
 It is a substitute for ipecac even in the treatment of dysentery 
 in which case the decoction of the trunk bark is also used. 
 
 The dried and powdered pulp is given in dose of 2.50 grams 
 as an emetic and 1-2 grams as an antidysenteric. To prepare 
 
IXORA COCCINEA 143 
 
 the fresh fruit for administration as an emetic, mash 23, mac- 
 erate 15 minutes in 150-200 grams of water and filter. It 
 acts in a few minutes and its eifect may be hastened by giving 
 tepid Avater or tickling the fauces. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub with straight, thorny 
 stem, leaves sessile, springing from the buds, occurring in 
 threes, obtusely lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers solitary 
 or in pairs, very fragrant. Calyx gamosepalous with 10 tooth- 
 lets. Corolla twisted, arched, cleft in the middle, throat nude, 
 limb slashed in 5 large glabrous parts. Stamens 5. Fila- 
 ments short, inserted on corolla. Style 1. Stigma bifid. 
 Fruit inferior, about the size of a crab apple, crowned by the 
 remains of the calyx, smooth, yellow, fleshy, 1-celled with 
 many seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. On the coast of Luzon. Blooms in May. 
 
 Ixora coccinea, L. (I. bandhucaj Koxb.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Santan, Tag. 
 
 USES. The handsome red flowers are used in decoction for 
 haemoptysis and catarrhal bronchitis. Both root and flower 
 are astringent and are given for dysentery. In Concan they 
 cook 2 "tolas 77 (13.60 grams) of the flowers in lard, to- 
 gether with coriander and " mesua ferrea," add a little candied 
 sugar and divide the mass into large pills to be given twice a 
 day. 
 
 The fresh root in the form of an alcoholic tincture has been 
 recommended by Deb for dysentery, the dose 2-4 grams in an 
 appropriate potion. The tincture of the fresh plant is prepared 
 by macerating 126 grams of the fresh root 15 days in 473 
 grams alcohol. The plant has been used in intermittent fevers 
 and various skin diseases. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub cultivated in all gar- 
 dens, 6-8 high. Leaves oval, entire, glabrous. Flowers in 
 terminal umbels, white, pink or red. Corolla tubular with 
 
144 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 limb cleft in 4 rounded lobes. The plant is so well known 
 that further description would be superfluous. 
 
 Coffea Arabica, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Cafe, Sp.; Coffee, Eng. 
 
 USES. The infusion of roasted and ground coffee seeds con- 
 stitutes a beverage of Arabic origin, but now common all over 
 the world. In the Philippines, where a few years ago the 
 coffee plant was only cultivated in gardens, the harvest has 
 assumed such proportions that it now constitutes one of the 
 greatest sources of agricultural wealth. Its use is becoming 
 more general every day and the discovery of its alkaloid 
 " caffeine" the therapeutical use of which is also steadily in- 
 creasing, has given new importance to the seed on account of 
 its increasing demand in the drug trade. When newly har- 
 vested its taste is not very agreeable, for it needs considerable 
 time 2 or 3 years in which to dry completely, before it ac- 
 quires the aromatic properties and the savor of which it is sus- 
 ceptible. General Morin relates an incident of having drunk 
 a delicious infusion of coffee made from authentic Moka that 
 had been kept for fifty years, of course under ideal conditions 
 of preservation. 
 
 In civilized countries coffee is an article of prime necessity 
 as a food ; here we shall consider it therapeutically under two 
 heads, as a tonic-stimulant and as an antiseptic. As caffeine is 
 the principle that acts upon the heart we shall consider the 
 cardiac properties of coffee under the head of that alkaloid, so 
 important that it may best be studied separately. 
 
 There are two preparations of coffee, the decoction used by 
 the Arabs and the infusion, used in Europe and adopted in the 
 Philippines. The decoction forms a tonic and aromatic drink 
 devoid of any excitant properties, but the infusion is highly 
 excitant and should not be taken in such large amounts as the 
 decoction, for its action may be powerful enough to cause head- 
 
COFFEA ARABICA 145 
 
 ache, nausea, trembling of the extremities and disorders of 
 vision and hearing. These phenomena however are not danger- 
 ous and rapidly subside as soon as the urine eliminates the sub- 
 stances that cause them. 
 
 Infusion of coffee stimulates especially the cerebral functions 
 and the circulation ; as to its digestive properties, opinion is 
 divided but it is more probable that it lacks them and that 
 coffee taken after meals owes its reputation as a digestive aid to 
 two distinct factors the temperature and the sugar. Without 
 doubt it exerts an anaphrodisiac action, on account of which 
 the illustrious Linneus called it the " drink of eunuchs." 
 This action seems incompatible with the fact that the Arabs, 
 who are so much given to the abuse of the pleasures forbidden 
 to eunuchs are most addicted to the use and abuse of coffee. 
 The explanation rests in the form in which they consume their 
 coffee, namely the decoction, which is free from the sedative 
 principle of the seed, that undoubtedly resides in the aromatic 
 ingredient "cafeol." 
 
 Coffee is contraindicated in hysterical and nervous persons, 
 in children and in those who suffer with insomnia or palpita- 
 tion. It counteracts sleep and coma, being very useful in 
 poisoning by opium or its alkaloids. Its stimulant action is as 
 rapid as that of alcohol. On several occasions it has yielded 
 me marked results when given by stomach or by enema in cases 
 of nervous and cardiac depression. Indeed it is a remedy that 
 I cannot recommend too highly and each day leaves me more 
 convinced of its therapeutic activity and certainty. 
 
 Attention has only lately been directed to the antiseptic 
 property of coffee though we have long been availing ourselves 
 of that property without knowing it ; this is true of many other 
 medicinal agents, indeed of all that the modern studies of bacteri- 
 ology have presented to us asantifermentives and microbicides. 
 Roasted coffee in powder form gives good results if dusted over 
 ulcers and gangrenous sores, rapidly improving their appear- 
 
146 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ance and destroying the foetid odor. It corrects the unhygienic 
 properties of non-potable water and therefore enters into the 
 army and navy ration of nearly all the nations of Europe. In 
 epidemics of disease every physician should advise its use in 
 mild infusion as a regular beverage. 
 
 Dr. Luderitz, experimenting in the Hygienic Institute of 
 Berlin, reported that no bacteria could resist the action of coffee 
 in infusion. He attributed this action not only to the tannin, 
 which is present in high percentage, but principally to the em- 
 pyreumatic substances formed by the roasting. The caffeine 
 takes no part in this action. Dr. Luderitz exposed the coffee 
 to the open air for six days and found it free from bacteria at 
 the end of that time. Whatever may be the explanation of its 
 activity the fact remains that coffee is highly antiseptic, and 
 this should be kept in mind by physicians not only because it 
 is everywhere easily obtained and an infusion easily prepared, 
 but because it in addition possesses the great advantage of being 
 nontoxic. 
 
 The chemical analysis of the seed is as follows : 
 
 Cellulose 34.000 
 
 Water 12.000 
 
 Fatty matters 10 to 13.000 
 
 Glucose, dextrin, undetermined acid. 15. 500 
 
 Legumiu, caffeine 10.000 
 
 Chlorogenate of caffeine and potassa 3.500 to 5.000 
 
 Albuminoids 3.000 
 
 Caffeine, free 800 
 
 Essential oil, solid 001 
 
 " " liquid 002 
 
 Mineral substances 6.697 
 
 Caffeine, the only one of the ingredients that interests us, was 
 discovered by Hunge in 1821 and recognized as an alkaloid 
 
COFFEA ARABICA 147 
 
 by Herzog. It also exists in tea, formerly known as " the- 
 ine " which is now known to be identical with caffeine ; both 
 are expressed by the formula C 8 H 10 N 2 O 2 -fH 2 O. It crystal- 
 lizes in fine, silky needles, is colorless, odorless and slightly 
 bitter. 
 
 It is considered a substitute for digitalis, especially valuable 
 as a diuretic and where cerebral anemia exists. Germain See 
 values it as a preventive medicine, acting principally upon 
 the heart and thus preventing fatigue ; with this end in view 
 he advises its use before long marches, violent exercise and all 
 conditions where the heart will be called upon to do a greatly 
 increased amount of work. Dose 0.25 gram to 1 or 2 grams a 
 day given by stomach or hypodermic injection. 
 
 Caffeine is also useful in headache, neuralgia, and asthma and 
 as a general tonic. For the latter action it is best given in pill 
 form, 0.020.04 gram a day, with the extract of cinchona or 
 other bitter tonic. 
 
 " Etoxy-caffeine," which is caffeine in which an atom of H has 
 been replaced by the C 9 H 5 O, exists as white, needle-like crys- 
 tals, slightly soluble in water ; it is narcotic and sedative to 
 the cerebro-spinal system. In doses of 0.24 gram it is useful 
 in headache. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. " A small tree that reaches a 
 height of 8-9. It grows readily in the province of Batangas 
 without cultivation/ 7 Blanco. 
 
 A small tree or shrub with leaves opposite, smooth, glossy, 
 rich green, oval, edges fluted. Flowers fragrant, white, grow- 
 ing in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-5- 
 toothed. Corolla short-tubed with 4-5 spreading lobes of 
 about the same length. Berry red, containing two plano-convex 
 seeds enveloped in arils. 
 
 The plant is widely cultivated in gardens. It finds ideal 
 conditions for growth in some of the hilly and mountainous 
 regions of Luzon, notably in Benguet and Batangas. 
 
148 THE MEDICINAL, PLANTS OF TLIE PII I IA PI'I NKS 
 
 Morinda citrifolia, L.; variety : bracteata, Hoock, Jr. 
 (M. ligulata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Bankundo, Pankundo, Baglturo, Nino, AW//, 
 Tumbogaso, Lino, Mambog, Takpus, Tag. and Vis.; Tal'uuitiu', 
 Pam.; Apalot, Hoc.; Indian Mulberry, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. In the Philippines, as well as in India, the root of 
 the plant is widely used as a red dye. As a medicine the 
 Tarn ul physicians use it in decoction to treat diarrhoea and dys- 
 entery. The fruit is emmenagogue and perhaps aperient. In 
 Bombay the mashed leaves are applied to wounds and ulcers to 
 hasten cicatrization ; they also use the decoction internally as a 
 febrifuge and tonic, 10 grams to 500 of water, a wineglassful 
 twice a day. 
 
 The root bark contains a crystalline substance called by 
 Anderson morind'm, C 9S H 30 O lr) . It is a glucoside and exists in 
 the form of yellow needles, soluble in alcohol and in cold water, 
 insoluble in ether; dissolves in alkalies producing an orange- 
 red color. 
 
 There is another species, M. tinctona, Roxb.; M. Eoyoc, Blanco, 
 called in Tagalog Tumboug aso kapay, the roots of which are 
 used by the Filipinos for the same purposes as the leaves of 
 the former species ; the dose, 8 grams a day. The powder is also 
 applied to ulcers and sores, especially those of gangrenous aspect. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree 11 or more feet 
 high, branches opposite, quadrate at the extremities. Leaves 
 opposite, oval, oblong, smooth, entire, glabrous. Petioles very 
 short, with 2 broad, lanceolate stipules curved outward. 
 Flowers white, opposite the leaves, fixed on globose, solitary 
 receptacles from which spring the flowerets. Calyx proper, 
 very short, monophyllous, a lanceolate leaflet springing from the 
 border. Corolla tubular, woolly inside about the middle, with 
 5 lobules. Stamens 5, inserted on the walls of the corolla. 
 Anthers thin, incumbent. Pistil somewhat longer than the 
 corolla. Stigma cleft in 2 laminae. Fruit : the receptacle of 
 
EUPATORIUM AYAPANA 149 
 
 the flowerets ripens to a globe bristling with the remains of the 
 calyces, like a berry covered with many smaller ones, each con- 
 taining 2 monospermous, quadrangular seeds. 
 
 M. tinctoria, Roxb., is a climbing shrub with leaves opposite, 
 ovate, keeled ; petioles very short ; flower and fruit like the 
 foregoing species. 
 
 HABITAT. In Luzon and, especially the M. tinetoria., in 
 Malinta, Calauan and Tanauan. 
 
 Paederia fcetida, L. (P. sessiflom, DC.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. K<nitut<iHj K(Ditutcc,Tag.; LUitan, Tce-tce, Vis. 
 
 USES. The foetid odor of this plant has suggested both the 
 technical and common names for it. The natives regard it as 
 a cure for rheumatism. The root is emetic. The leaves, 
 boiled and mashed, are applied to the abdomen in retention of 
 urine ; the decoction of the leaves is used for the same purpose 
 and also has some reputation as a solvent for vesical calculus. 
 For fever, cloths soaked in the decoction are applied to the head, 
 the same preparation being given internally at the same time. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A slender, twining plant with 
 leaves 3' by l r , opposite, oval, acute, entire, long petioles and 
 caducous stipules. Flowers dark rose color, in compound axil- 
 lary and terminal cymes. Calyx of 5 persistent lobules. Corolla 
 tubular, pubescent, 5 lobules. Stamens 5, free. Ovary inferior, 
 flattened, 2 uniovulate locules. Style with 2 stigma-bearing 
 branches. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Panay. 
 
 COMPOSITES. 
 
 Eupatorium Ayapana, Vent. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Aya-pana, Sp.; Ayapana, Apana, Tag.; 
 Ayapan, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. A native plant of Brazil now naturalized and well 
 known in the Philippines and many other tropical countries ; 
 
150 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 it is called by its Brazilian name, Aya-pana, more or less modi- 
 fied. The entire plant is aromatic and its infusion has an agree- 
 able, bitter taste. Its virtues have been much exaggerated, but 
 it is certainly a good stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic. An in- 
 fusion, 30 grams of the leaves to 1 liter of water, is given in dys- 
 pepsia, a small cup after each meal. In the island of Mauri- 
 tius this infusion was widely used as a stimulant and aromatic 
 in the cholera epidemics of 1854 and 1856. 
 
 It is used internally and locally for the bites of venomous 
 snakes and insects. The leaf-juice is a good application for 
 foul ulcers, as is also the decoction of the entire plant. " It 
 appears probable that this plant has fallen into unmerited 
 neglect." Pharm. of India. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An aromatic plant 3 high, 
 leaves opposite, sessile, coherent at the base, lanceolate, entire, 
 glabrous. Flowers in racemose panicles. Common calyx 
 cylindrical, of many imbricated, awl-shaped scales, the lower 
 ones smaller ; within are 20 or more hermaphrodite disk-flow- 
 ers. Corollas are funnel-form, 5-lobed. Style a little longer 
 than the stamens. Stigmas 2, long. Seed 1, quadrangular, 
 with simple, downy, sessile pappus. Receptacle nude. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in fields and gardens. Blooms in Jan- 
 uary. 
 
 Blumea balsamifera, DC. (Conyza balsamifem, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sambon, Tag.; Lakbandulan, Hamlibon, 
 Lalakdan, Lakadbulan, Gintingintin, Gctbuen, Ayoban, Alibitn, 
 Vis.; Sobsob, Hoc. 
 
 USES. Sambon is a panacea among the Filipinos ; its virtues 
 are prodigious according to the ignorant natives who wear the 
 leaves in the hat or the "salakod" (rain hat), to prevent 
 "tabardillo" ("burning fever"; tabardillo pintado = spotted 
 fever). They use the decoction to bathe convalescents, and 
 for rheumatism they vaporize it in an improvised bath-cabinet 
 
SPHOEEAN-THUS INDICUS 151 
 
 consisting of a chair in which the patient sits enveloped in 
 blankets that reach to the floor and retain the steam. 
 
 The hot infusion of the leaves is a good diaphoretic taken by 
 the mouth, especially useful in catarrhal bronchitis, and prized 
 as an expectorant by the Chinese and Javanese. "Furthermore 
 it is stomachic, antispasmodic and emmenagogue. 
 
 The camphorous odor of the plant suggested to me its appli- 
 cation as an antiseptic lotion for varicose ulcers and my results 
 have been very satisfactory. The infusion for internal use is 
 30 grams to the liter of water. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A woody plant 6-9 high. 
 Leaves 1 long, 3' wide, oblong, lanceolate, acutely serrate, 
 rugose, soft, downy, whitish. Flowers yellow in panicles. 
 Involucre conical, of many linear scales, enclosing 15 or more 
 hermaphrodite disk-flowers and several pistillate ray-flowers. 
 Hermaphrodite : corolla infundibuliform, 5-toothed. Pistil- 
 late : corolla very minute, infundibuliform, obscurely 4-toothed. 
 One seed crowned with a simple hairy pappus. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows universally in the islands and is well 
 known. Blooms in January. 
 
 Sphceranthus Indicus, L. (8. hirtw, Willd.; 
 8. mottis, Roxb.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Sambog-gala, Tag. 
 
 USES. This plant seems to possess anthelmintic properties 
 and for this purpose it is administered in powder, 24 grams 
 with a little molasses or syrup. It is bitter and aromatic and 
 is given in diseases of the stomach and intestines for its tonic 
 and stimulant effect. The odor of the drug is transmitted to 
 both urine and sweat. In India it is used in "bilious dis- 
 eases" and to dissipate all sorts of tumors. The Hindoos cook 
 it with flour, lard and sugar and eat the mixture as a tonic and 
 to prevent gray hair and baldness. They also give the seed, 
 fried in oil, as an aphrodisiac. The aqueous distillate is a 
 
152 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 good preparation as it contains the active principle of the plant, 
 a yellow, viscid, essential oil. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 1 high, stem 
 and branches bearing 3 serrate wings. Leaves premorse, lan- 
 ceolate, decurrent, downy. Flowers white, in a globose head, 
 divided into 50 or more groups each with its own calyx of 9 or 
 10 leaflets surrounding 2 or 3 hermaphrodite, 5-toothed, cam- 
 panulate flowers. Anthers 5, united. Style 1, thick at ex- 
 tremity. Stigma none. Corolla of pistillate flowers very 
 minute, with 3 obscure teeth. Stigma of 2 down-curved divi- 
 sions. One seed, 4-angled, imbricated. 
 
 HABITAT. The rice fields. Blooms in January. 
 
 Spilanthes Acmella, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Hagonog, Tag. ; Agonoy, Sp.-Fil., Vis. (?) ; 
 Palunay, Pam. 
 
 USES. Some native herb-doctors use the root as a purgative, 
 giving a decoction of 4-8 grams to a cup of water. The infu- 
 sion is used locally for itch and psoriasis. Internally it has a 
 diuretic effect and is reputed to be a solvent of vesical calculi. 
 The leaf juice and the bruised leaves are applied to wounds and 
 atonic ulcers. These leaves with those of " sambon " and 
 "sampaloc" (tamarind) are used to prepare aromatic baths for 
 convalescents, rheumatics and pregnant women. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with stem drooping, 
 square, grooved, covered with drops of gum resin. Leaves 
 opposite, cordate, oval, lanceolate, serrate, 3 prominent nerves 
 covered with short down. Petioles short, grooved. Flowers 
 yellow, in a sort of umbel, with 3 or more flowerets on long 
 peduncles. Common calyx, 911 narrow sepals, concave, fleshy, 
 in 2 rows. Hermaphrodite disk-flowers 40 or more. Corolla 
 tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers longer than corolla. Pistil longer 
 than stamens. Style bifid. Pistillate flowers, 15 or more, form- 
 ing the rays. Corolla monopetalous, 3-toothed. Style and 
 
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS 153 
 
 stigma as in hermaphrodite flowers. Seeds of hermaphrodite 
 flowers quadrangular, crowned by one long awn, and the rudi- 
 ment of another. Seeds of ray flowers small and sometimes 
 flattened, 2 awns, of which one alone lengthens and becomes 
 conspicuous. Receptacle covered with concave scales. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows along the shores of the sea and of rivers. 
 It is very well known. 
 
 Artemisia vulgaris, L. (A. Indica, Willd.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ka-Maria, Santa Maria, Tinisas, Tag. ; In- 
 dian Wormwood, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The native women use the infusion of its aromatic 
 leaves to induce menstruation. It is also used as an abortifa- 
 cient, but is too mild a uterine stimulant to be reliable for that 
 purpose. Its stomachic and tonic properties are common 
 knowledge in the Philippines. The Hindoos use it for those 
 effects and as an antispasmodic in amenorrhoea and hysteria. 
 Dr. Wight states that the leaves and tops are useful in nervous 
 troubles resulting from debility and that a decoction of them 
 makes a good fomentation for phagedenic ulcers. 
 
 The infusion is prepared in the proportion of 10-30 grams 
 of leaves to 1 liter of water and the powdered leaves are given 
 in doses of 4-8 grams ; the aqueous extract 30-40 grams a day. 
 For amenorrhoea the drug is given daily for a week preceding 
 the menstrual date. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 3 high, stem straight, 
 woody, square toward ends of branches. Leaves alternate, 
 tomentose, decurrent, divided in several places, medium lanceo- 
 late. Flowers straw-colored, in axillary and terminal, 1 -ranked 
 spikes. Common calyx cylindrical, 2 circles of oval, scarious 
 leaflets around its border, 11 hermaphrodite disk-flowers and 
 about 5 pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite : Corolla bell- 
 shaped, 5 obtuse teeth ; stigmas 2, bent to the sides. Pistil- 
 late : Corolla diminutive, 5 toothlets ; anther none ; stigmas 2. 
 13 
 
154 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Seeds of both small and quadrate, smaller in the latter. Re- 
 ceptacle nude. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows throughout the islands and is well 
 known. 
 
 Carthamus tinctorius, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Azafrdn de la tierra, Sp.; Bin, J\ftsubha, 
 -Katsumba, Lago, Tag.; Kasabba, Vis.; Kaxubha, Kagtumbd) 
 Pam.; Bastard Saffron, Dyer's Safflower, Eng. 
 
 USES. This plant must not be confounded with Curcuma 
 longa, L., whose tuber is also frequently called saffron (azafrnn), 
 and is used to color food. 
 
 The flower is the part employed as a condiment coloring the 
 food yellow. Some use them internally in doses of 4 grams to 
 cure icterus. The leaves coagulate milk. The seeds are pur- 
 gative in dose of 8-16 grams, bruised and taken in emulsion, 
 or 15-30 grams in decoction. 
 
 The following is the chemical analysis of the plant : 
 
 Yellow coloring matter, soluble 26.1-36.0 
 
 Carthamic acid 0.3- 0.6 
 
 Extractive matter 3,6- 6.5 
 
 Albumin 1.5- 8.0 
 
 Wax 0.6- 1.5 
 
 Cellulose, pectin 38.4-56.0 
 
 Silica 1 .0- 8.4 
 
 Oxide of iron, aluminum, oxide of manga- 
 nese 0.4- 4.6 
 
 (Salve tat.) 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 3 high, root gray and 
 spindle-shaped. Stem straight, few branches. Leaves scat- 
 tered, sessile, partially embracing the stem, lanceolate, serrate 
 with hooked teeth. Flowers yellow, terminal in a sort of 
 corymb. Common calyx semiglobose, with imbricated scales, 
 the border often bearing thorns ; numerous hermaphrodite disk 
 
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA 155 
 
 flowers, with 'corolla very long, funnel-form, 5-toothed. 
 Style longer than the stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed large, 
 lacking pappus. 
 
 HABITAT. Cultivated in the gardens. 
 
 PLUMB AGINE^I. 
 
 Leadwort Family. 
 Plumbago Zeylanica, L. (P. viscosa, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sagdikit, Tag.; Bagbag, Talankaw, Hoc.; 
 White-flowered Leadwort, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root is vesicant and is used by the natives for 
 this purpose. (P. rosea, L., common in India, is more power- 
 ful. The Pharmacopoeia of India states that both species are 
 worthy of further investigation.) According to the Sanscrit 
 authors it increases the appetite and is useful in dyspepsia, 
 piles, dropsy, diarrhoea and skin diseases. The Filipinos use 
 the infusion locally for itch with good results. A favorite 
 medicine of the Hindoos for flatulence is the old recipe of 
 Susrutas, composed of equal parts of the following substances 
 in powder : 
 
 Leadwort root, root of Clssampelos Pareira, Picrorrhiza kur- 
 roa, 1 Aconitwn heterophyllum, 1 and Terminalia Chebula in dose 
 of 4 grams a day. 
 
 Dr. Oswald has employed the alcoholic tincture of lead wort 
 in the intermittents, with satisfactory results, and claims that 
 it is a powerful diaphoretic. 2 The mashed root is mixed with 
 rice flour and made into a caustic paste to apply to buboes, 
 destroy warts, etc. Women also use the scraped root to induce 
 abortion, introducing it through the vagina into the os uteri. 
 This practice should be strongly condemned on account of its 
 dangerous consequences metritis, peritonitis and often death. 
 
 1 Do not grow in the Philippines. 
 
 2 Waring, loc. cit, p. 170. 
 
156 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The chemical composition of the root has been studied by 
 Dulong. 1 It includes a non-nitrogenous principle, plumbagin, 
 existing in the form of orange-yellow needles, bitter, acrid, 
 volatile, neutral, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in 
 ether, alcohol and hot water. The aqueous solution becomes 
 cherry-red on the addition of an alkali, which color is changed 
 to yellow by acids. Basic acetate of lead causes the same color 
 change. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Plant with stem declined, angu- 
 lar. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather downy. Petioles at their 
 base embrace the stem. Flowers white, in axillary spikes. 
 Individual involucres, 3 oval leaflets, the lower larger. Calyx 
 long, cleft almost to the base in 5 lineal parts thickly set with 
 small glands, exuding a sticky gum. Corolla salver-shaped, 
 the tube long, square, throat bare, limb divided into 5 obovate 
 parts, ending in stylets. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of 
 the corolla, almost as long as the tube. Style a little shorter 
 than the stamens. Stigma, 5 parts. One long seed enclosed 
 within the calyx, pentangular, covered with a membranaceous 
 skin. 
 
 HABITAT. In Tanauan (Batangas). 
 
 SAPOTACEJE. 
 
 Sapodilla Family. 
 Achras Sapota, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Chico, Sp.-Fil.; Tsiku, Tag. 
 
 TJ (SES . The chico is one of the popular fruits of the Philip- 
 pines, much appreciated by Europeans as well as the natives. 
 When not entirely ripe it yields a resinous juice that sticks to 
 the lips and affords a disagreeable taste ; but when once thor- 
 oughly ripe it has a slightly vinous, sweetish taste and is easily 
 digested. Therapeutically its seeds are used as a diuretic, but 
 'Journal de Pharmacie, Vol. XIV., p. 441. 
 
MIMUSOPS ELENGI 157 
 
 large doses should be avoided as they contain a small propor- 
 tion of hydrocyanic acid. The proper dose is 56 mashed 
 seeds in sweetened water. They contain, in addition to the 
 above, a fatty substance of the consistency of butter. 
 
 The trunk bark is tonic and febrifuge ; Mr. Bernon l has 
 isolated from it a crystalline alkaloid, sapotine, soluble in ether, 
 chloroform or alcohol, but not in water ; a large per cent, of 
 sapotanic acid and two resins. 
 
 The trunk exudes, when incised, a milky resin, closely re- 
 sembling guttapercha and possibly susceptible of the same uses. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Trees, about 11 high, with 
 leaves lanceolate, keeled, entire, glabrous. Flowers pure 
 white, solitary or by twos, terminal, very long peduncles. 
 Calyx, 6 sepals, 3 within the others, inferior persistent. Cor- 
 olla jug-shaped, the border divided into 12 parts, the 6 smaller 
 ones alternating and within the others. Stamens 6, inserted 
 near the border of the inner petals and opposite the outer 
 circle. Filaments very short. Style long. Stigma obtuse, fruit 
 globose, resembling a small pear, russet brown, crowned with 
 the hardened style, more than 10 compartments, each contain- 
 ing a seed. Seed oval, flattened, joined to a central fleshy axis. 
 
 HABITAT. Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in 
 April. 
 
 Mimusops Elengi, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kabikly Tag. 
 
 USES. Its flowers are fragrant and generally well known. 
 The trunk bark is astringent, and in decoction is given by 
 mouth for fevers and diarrhoea. Locally is used as an injection 
 for blenorrhoea, as a gargle for sore throat or relaxed uvula, and 
 a mouth wash to harden the gums. Horsfield states that the 
 Javanese use it as a tonic and antiperiodic. In India an 
 aqueous distillate is employed as a perfume and therapeutically 
 as a stimulant. In Concan they chew the green fruit for tooth- 
 'L' Union Pharm., Vol. XXIIL, p. 291. 
 
158 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ache and to harden relaxed gums. The decoction of the green 
 fruit serves the same purpose and besides is used to wash 
 wounds and ulcers. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A large ornamental tree with 
 leaves alternate, oblong, coriaceous, green. Flowers small, 
 straw-colored, star-shaped, very fragrant. Calyx, 8 sepals. 
 Corolla gamopetalous, 16 oblong, lanceolate divisions. Stamens 
 8, free, short, alternating with 8 petaloid, conical, pubescent 
 staminodia. Ovary free, many ovules. Fruit fleshy, oval, 
 smooth, yellow when ripe, with one or several locules accord- 
 ing to the number of matured seeds. Seeds solitary, oblong, 
 flattened. 
 
 HABITAT. Cultivated in the gardens. 
 
 OLEACE^l. 
 
 Olive Family. 
 Jasminum Sambac, Aiton. (Nychtnthes Sambac, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Sampaga, Tag.; Sampaguitas, Sp.-Fil.; Ara- 
 bian Jasmin, Eng. 
 
 USES. The flower is the most popular and beloved of any 
 in the Philippines (and is commonly referred to as the national 
 flower). In decoction it is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal 
 conjunctivitis. In India the flowers and the leaves have a 
 merited reputation as a lactifuge ; 2 handfuls of flowers bruised 
 and applied without moistening, once or twice a day, sometimes 
 checks the secretion of the milk within 24 hours, but generally 
 2 or 3 days are required for a complete effect. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Stems scarcely climbing, flat- 
 tened, pubescent. Leaves opposite, cordate base, lanceolate- 
 ovate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in small, close clusters, white, 
 fragrant. Calyx-teeth 8-9, long and awl-shaped. Corolla, 
 long tube, 7-8 rounded lobes. Stamens 2. Style 1 . Stigma 
 cleft in 2 laminae. 
 
THEVETIA NERIFOLIA 159 
 
 APOCYNACE^. 
 
 Dogbane Family. 
 Allamanda cathartica, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Not known. 
 
 USES. As this plant has no common name in the Philip- 
 pines it is most probable that the natives do not use it. The 
 Portuguese introduced it into India from Brazil. A decoction 
 of the leaves is purgative and is used in lead colic. The milky 
 juice of the plant is emetic and cathartic in large doses, but 
 simply laxative when given in doses of 8 or 10 drops. On ac- 
 count of its possible violent cathartic action great prudence 
 should be exercised in prescribing it. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A twining shrub with leaves in 
 fours, bright green, oblong, covered with rough hairs. Flow- 
 ers in compound spikes, yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5- 
 lobed, funnel-form. Stamens 5, inserted in throat of corolla, 
 which above them is closed by a crown of hairs. Ovary 1- 
 celled with 2 many-ovuled placentae. Style cylindrical, termi- 
 nating in a bilobulate cone. Capsule globular, about the size 
 of a pea, black, coriaceous, thorny, bivalvate. Seeds numer- 
 ous, each encircled by a broad membranous wing. 
 
 HABITAT. In Calauang and other parts of Luzon and 
 Pa nay. 
 
 Thevetia nerifolia, Suss. (Cerbera Thevetia, L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Campanelo, Sp.-Fil.; Exile or Yellow Olean- 
 der, Eng. 
 
 USES. This shrub is very common in gardens, well known 
 by its pretty yellow, bell-shaped flowers. The trunk bark 
 possesses antiperiodic properties first described by Descourtilz 
 and confirmed later by Dr. G. Bidie and Dr. J. Short. Both 
 the latter used the tincture in 10-15-drop doses 3 times a 
 
160 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 day. This tincture was prepared by macerating for one week 
 in 150 grams of alcohol 30 grams of fresh bark finely divided. 
 This preparation operates as an emetic and purgative in doses 
 of 30-60 drops. -It is evident that the plant possesses very 
 active, even poisonous properties and should be employed with 
 great caution. The decoction of the bark is given as an emetic 
 and cathartic, but very imprudently because there is no means 
 of determining the quantity of active principle, shown by 
 chemical analysis to be a dangerous product. 
 
 The fruit is very bitter and acrid. The seeds yield by ex- 
 pression 35 to 41% oil (De Yry) and 57% when treated with 
 benzol. It has an agreeable odor resembling that of sweet 
 almonds, its density is 0.9148 at 25 and it is perfectly clear 
 and transparent at that temperature. At 15 it thickens and 
 at 13 solidifies. According to Oudemans it consists of 63% 
 triolein and 37 % tripalmin and tristearin ; it is not poisonous. 
 After expression De Vry obtained from the caked residue 4% 
 of a crystalline glucoside called by him t/icvetm. Bias, of the 
 Academy of Medicine of Belgium, studied it later and de- 
 scribed it as a white powder of small colorless scales, odorless, 
 very bitter, soluble at 14 in 122 parts of water, in alcohol, in 
 crystallizable acetic acid, insoluble in ether ; formula C 54 H 34 O 24 . 
 Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it, producing a dark red 
 color that changes to cherry red and then after several hours to 
 violet. The color disappears if water be added. Boiled in acid 
 solution the glucoside changes to a ' new substance, thev&resin 
 (C 48 H 70 O 17 ), white, amorphous, slightly soluble in boiling water 
 and in alcohol, insoluble in benzine or chloroform, soluble in 
 alkalies, very bitter. Both substances are energetic narcotic 
 poisons ; but the plant contains another even more powerful 
 poison isolated by Warden, of Calcutta; it docs not form crys- 
 tals, it is very bitter, freely soluble in water, and is turned 
 yellow by sulphuric and nitric acids. 
 
 Thevetin and theveresin exercise a marked toxic effect on the 
 
CERBERA ODALLAM 161 
 
 heart. The former induces emetic and cathartic phenomena, 
 trembling and progressive weakness. The latter does not cause 
 vomiting or diarrhoea, but anaesthesia and rigidity of the limbs. 
 Both poisons arrest the heart in systole. Injected hypoderm- 
 ically they are irritant, are eliminated by the liver, but are not 
 found in the urine. 
 
 BOTANIC AT, DESCRIPTION. A shrub, about 10 high, with 
 leaves nearly sessile, somewhat bunched at the ends of the 
 branches and overlapping, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers 
 about 2' long. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla straw-colored, cylin- 
 drical, very narrow below, but the limb very large, spreading 
 into 5 lobes with greenish, superimposed borders. Stamens 5, 
 inserted in the throat, anthers lanceolate. Ovaries 2, united at 
 base, free above, unilocular. Style simple, enlarging at the 
 base in a bilobed stigma. Fruit a fleshy drupe resembling 
 somewhat a small apple, the pit very hard, semilunar, flattened, 
 with 4 compartments and as many solitary seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all gardens and on the seashore. 
 
 Cerbera Odallam, Gaertn. (G. manglms, Bl. & Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Toktok-kalo, Tag. 
 
 USES. The milky juice of the plant is emetic and purgative. 
 The chemist De Vry has isolated from it a poisonous alkaloid 
 analogous to " thevetin," which has just been considered. The 
 seeds are likewise emetic and toxic. The Javanese call the 
 fruit " bimaro " and affirm that it possesses the same properties 
 as " datura." The bruised leaves are used locally for hepatic 
 eruptions ; the bark is used for the same purpose and is pur- 
 gative. 
 
 The use of the plant is dangerous and is condemned by the 
 Pharmacopoeia of India. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small shrub with forked 
 branches. Leaves (overlapping) at ends of branches, lanceo- 
 late, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbellate spikes. Calyx, 5 
 14 
 
162 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 caducous lobules. Corolla white, twisted, cylindrical, with 
 salver-shaped limb divided in 5 rhomboid lobes, throat stellate 
 and woolly. Stamens 5. Filaments joined to the corolla, their 
 ends thickened. Anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary, 2 uniovulate 
 locules. Style, same length as stamens. Stigma thick, conical, 
 lobulate. Two drupes joined at the base (one usually aborted), 
 brown, large, oval, fleshy, with woody fibrous nut of a single 
 flattened seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon. Blooms in July. 
 
 Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. (P. alba, Blanco.) 
 NOM. YULG. Calachuche, Sp.-FiL; Kalatsutei, Kalasusi, Tag. 
 USES. This tree, beloved for its fragrant flowers, has a wide 
 therapeutic use in India and the Philippines. The bark is a 
 bitter hydragogue cathartic and is given in decoction (5-10 
 grams to 200 water) principally for dropsy ; however the milky 
 juice of the trunk is preferable for this purpose, given in emul- 
 sion in doses of 0.50-0.80 grams. The bark and the tips of 
 the branches are given as an emmenagogue. 
 
 The bark of the root and of the trunk is an excellent remedy 
 for blenorrhagia. The fresh bark is thoroughly comminuted 
 and mixed with sweetened water in the proportion of 60 grams 
 to 4 liters ; this mixture is put in the sun for 4 days, and 
 shaken from time to time. It is then strained and given in 
 doses of 4-5 glassfuls a day, at the same time with refresh- 
 ing and emollient drinks, and prolonged tepid baths. At first 
 this preparation exerts a purgative action, but later acts upon 
 the urinary organs, rapidly lessening the suppurative process in 
 urethritis. The bark may also be associated with wine or beer, 
 in the proportion of 30 grams to the liter, the dose being 2-4 
 small cupfuls a day and Dr. Grosourdy employs the extract of 
 the bark in doses aggregating 0.20-0.25 gram a day, gradu- 
 ally increased till at the end of a week 6 grams are taken daily 
 (Dr. J. Amadeo). 
 
ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS 163 
 
 The bruised leaves are applied locally to contusions to re- 
 duce the swelling. The juice is used externally as a rubefa- 
 cient in rheumatic affections of the joints. In Concan they 
 use a decoction of the root for diarrhea. The flower buds are 
 chewed with buyo, for intermittent fever and the juice is ap- 
 plied locally for itch. 
 
 Peckolt and Geuther isolated from the bark the glucoside, 
 agoniadin (C 10 H U O 6 ), which crystallizes in silky crystals fusible 
 at 155, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, bisulphuret of car- 
 bon, ether and benzine ; soluble in nitric or sulphuric acids. 
 In solution it is a golden yellow soon changing to green. 
 Boiled in a dilute acid it splits into glucose and an undeter- 
 mined substance. Oudeman obtained plumieric acid (C 10 H 10 O 5 ) 
 from the milky juice deprived of its resin ; the acid exists as 
 microscopic, needle-like crystals, soluble in boiling water, alco- 
 hol and ether. It melts and decomposes at 130. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 12-18 high, commonly 
 cultivated for ornament, well known in the islands, almost 
 constantly bearing fragrant flowers, but rarely bearing fruit. 
 Branches forked and peculiarly stumpy at the ends. Leaves 
 alternate, broad lanceolate, entire, glabrous, the apices curved 
 downward. Petioles short. Flowers creamy white, light yel- 
 low in the throat. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla twisted, funnel- 
 form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, hidden in depths of the tube. 
 Anthers dart- or arrow-formed. Style very short, thickened 
 above. Stigma 2-parted. Two horizontal, cylindrical and 
 long follicles joined at their bases, with numerous seeds in hol- 
 low receptacles, each seed encircled by a wing. 
 
 Alstonia scholaris, Br. (Echites schokiris, L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Dita, Tag.; Dallopawen, Hoc.; Dita or 
 Alstonia Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. The trunk bark is a febrifuge of great importance; 
 it is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India and is widely used 
 
164 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 in the Philippines. Personally I have had occasion to use it 
 in several cases of malarial fever in the town of San Mateo 
 near Manila. It is astringent, anthelmintic and antiperiodic, 
 highly useful in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, not only for 
 its astringent effects but for its tonic and restorative action. 
 As a tonic it gives as good results as quinine. The dry 
 powdered bark is given internally in wafers of 20-30 centi- 
 grams. The infusion is prepared from 15 grams of the dry 
 comminuted bark to 300 of water. The dose is 30-60 grams 
 2 or 3 times a day. 
 
 Another convenient preparation is the tincture, 75 grams of 
 the powdered bark macerated 7 days in 500 grams of alcohol, 
 shaking from time to time. It is then filtered and enough 
 alcohol added to make up the 500 cc. The dose is 4-8 grams 
 a day. 
 
 I have often used the following wine as a tonic for con- 
 valescents and patients suffering from general debility : Finely 
 powdered bark, 25 grams, muscatel or dry sherry one bottle ; 
 macerate a week, shaking every day, and filter ; dose \ wine- 
 glass with equal parts water a few minutes before each meal ; 
 children or very weak patients should take it after eating ; it 
 should always be diluted. 
 
 G. Grupe, a Manila pharmacist, treating the bark in 1883 
 by the same process as that used in the preparation of quinine, 
 obtained a bitter substance which he named Ditaine. Accord- 
 ing to Grupe Dr. Pina used this substance with great success 
 in the treatment of malarial fevers, but neither Grupe' s report 
 nor Pina's experiment are of any scientific value, inasmuch as 
 they have neglected to mention the doses in which the so-called 
 alkaloid was employed. Later analyses by Hesse and Jobst re- 
 vealed several principles : two alkaloids ditamine (C 16 H 19 NO 2 ), 
 soluble in ether ; Ditaine or Echitamine (C 22 H 28 NO 4 + H 2 O) 
 insoluble in ether, soluble in water ; acetic acid and two amor- 
 phous substances dextrogyrous in ethereal solution, one of them 
 
NERIUM ODORUM 165 
 
 a resin, Echicauchina (C 25 H 40 O 2 ), the other neutral, Echiretin 
 (C 3f) H 56 O 2 ) ; two crystal! izable principles, dextrogyrous : Echi- 
 cerin (C 3() H 48 O 2 ), Echitein (C 42 H 70 O 2 ) and Echitin (C 32 H 52 O 2 ). 
 
 Ditaine is employed under the same circumstances and in the 
 same dose as quinine. (The Hindoo writer, K. L. Dey, states 
 that the plant yields an inferior quality of gutta-percha.) 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 50 or more feet high, the 
 trunk covered with small eminences resembling the scars of 
 thorns. Branches radiating. Leaves radiating, 5, 6 or more, 
 somewhat elliptical in form, pointed at the apex. Petioles very 
 short, with a pointed glandule on the inner surface of the base. 
 Flowers white, terminal, in umbellate racemes. Calyx very 
 short, 5-toothed. Corolla twisted, tubular, the limb 5-lobuled ; 
 throat open, encircled with down. Stamens 5, hidden within 
 the throat and inserted on the tube. Filaments almost want- 
 ing. Anthers arrow-shaped. Style as long as the stamens, 
 somewhat flattened, a scarcely visible line throughout its length. 
 Stigma bifid, placed above a cylindrical zone, two follicles, 1 
 long and V thick, twisted like a string, containing the seeds in 
 a row. Seeds cylindrical with a hairy awn at both ends. 
 
 HABITAT. In the forests of Luzon, especially in Batangas. 
 Blooms in April. 
 
 Nerium odorum, Aiton. (N. oleander, L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Add/a, Sp.; Baladri, Tag.; Sweet-scented Ole- 
 ander, Eng. 
 
 USES. In the Philippines and in Spain this plant is well 
 known to be poisonous. The bark and the leaves of both the 
 red-flowered and white-flowered varieties are boiled in cocoanut 
 oil and the product is used for inunction in itch and other skin 
 diseases. The bruised root is a useful application for chancroids. 
 
 We have stated that the plant is poisonous, and indeed it is 
 actively so in the tropics. It is now recognized as an energetic 
 cardiac poison, comparable with strophauthus, destined to play 
 
166 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 an important part in therapeutics. Dr. Pouloux has made a 
 study of the hydro-alcoholic extract of oleander and reports 
 that it exerts a marked effect on the heart of frogs and rabbits, 
 arresting them in systole. Where there is asystolia, such as 
 we encounter in Bright' s disease, without compensation, it 
 stimulates the heart and increases the urine in the same manner 
 as digitalis. No contraindications to its use are as yet known. 
 It occasions no disagreeable symptoms and may be used many 
 days consecutively provided that the daily dose does not exceed 
 10-15 centigrams. 
 
 The poisonous properties of the plant reside in two alkaloids 
 isolated by Lukowsky from the leaves : oleandrine, extremely 
 toxic and pseudo-curarine, as its name indicates, resembling 
 curare in its action. Oleandrin is yellow, semicrystalline, sol- 
 uble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and olive oil ; fusible 
 at 70-75 and changing to a greenish oil. With HC1 it forms 
 a crystalline salt. It is a violent irritant of the mucous mem- 
 branes and given internally it causes emesis, diarrhoea, tetanic 
 convulsions and death. It arrests the cardiac movements in 
 doses of 25 milligrams. 
 
 Loiseleur-Deslongchamps experimented with the drug on his 
 own person, using a solution of 30 grams of the extract in 120 
 grams of wine. He began by taking three drops of this prepara- 
 tion four times a day, adding a drop to each dose every day, so 
 that at the end of 12 days he was taking 48 drops between 6 a. 
 m. and 9 p. m. He reached a maximum of 64 drops a day but 
 was forced to abandon his experiment at that point on account 
 of the unpleasant symptoms induced loss of appetite, great 
 weakness and muscular pains. His deduction was that the 
 plant contained a " destructive and irritant principle." The 
 experiment is of interest as demonstrating the maximum dose 
 of the drug. 
 
 The active principles of the plant reside principally in the 
 leaves and bark, but that they are abundantly present in other 
 
CALOTROPS GIGANTEA 167 
 
 parts is proved by the death of several soldiers in Corsica from 
 having eaten meat roasted on a spit of oleander wood. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, about 6 high. 
 Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in ter- 
 minal cymes, rose-color or white, single or double. Calyx 5- 
 parted. Corolla 1 5 petals, the inner ones larger, disposed in 3 
 groups of 5. Stamens 10, fixed on receptacle ; filaments short. 
 Style shorter than stamens. Two follicles, sharp-pointed, 
 channeled, containing many imbricated seeds each with an 
 awn. 
 
 ASCLEPIADACE-E. 
 
 Milkweed Family. 
 
 Calotrops gigantea, R. Br. (Asdepias gigantea, Willd. and 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kapal-kapal, Tag.; Swallow-Wort, Eng.; 
 MudaTj Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. This plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as 
 an alterative, tonic, diaphoretic and emetic. J. J. Durant, hav- 
 ing observed that the natives used it for dysentery, experi- 
 mented with it quite successfully in that disease. For adults 
 he gradually raised the dose from 1.10 to 4 grams, preferring 
 smaller doses, however, for mild cases. To children he pre- 
 scribed 5-10 centigrams for each year of age, 3 or 4 times a 
 day. He remarked that the effects produced were identical 
 with those of ipecac administered in Brazilian fashion. 
 
 The part of the plant used is the dry root powdered. The 
 usual dose is 1550 centigrams 3 times a day, gradually in- 
 creased ; as an emetic 2-4 grams. 
 
 The milky juice that escapes from the stem on the slightest 
 abrasion is a drastic purgative, given commonly in dropsy, lum- 
 bricoids, etc. Pledgets of cotton impregnated with the juice 
 and packed in the cavities of carious teeth, relieve toothache. 
 
168 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 It is applied locally for various skin diseases, including syphi- 
 litic ulcers, and as a depilatory. 
 
 Some races of India, such as the Rajputs of the districts of 
 Allahab and of Khangor, use this milk-juice to poison their 
 female infants whom they are accustomed to regard as a vexa- 
 tious burden. Therapeutically they use it with honey, locally 
 for sore throat. 
 
 The dry and powdered juice has been used in small doses as 
 an alterative in the treatment of tuberculous leprosy, but it has 
 not given results any better than many other drugs. In syphilis 
 and mercurial cachexia its results are less doubtful. 
 
 In 1881 Dr. Riddell obtained a sort of gutta-percha from the 
 juice, previously observed by Professor Redwood. 
 
 Mooden Sheriff states that the most active parts of the plant 
 are the root bark and the dried juice. He adds that the action 
 of the juice is irregular and even dangerous, and that the bark 
 is active in direct proportion to its age. He recommends that 
 the inert tuberous layer of the bark be removed ; prepared thus 
 and powdered it is emetic in doses of 2.50-3 grams. 
 
 Duncan claims to have isolated from the bark an active 
 principle which he called mudarm from "mudar," the Indian 
 name of the plant. Following the same process Fliickiger 
 was unable to obtain the substance, but did isolate 1 J r /o of an 
 acrid resin, soluble in ether and in alcohol ; a mucilage and a 
 bitter principle decolorized by chloroform and ether. It is 
 probable that this is the active principle of the " Calotropis 
 gigantea." 
 
 Warden and Waddell in 1881 isolated a substance crystalli- 
 zable in nodular masses, with the formula C 17 H 28 O, analogous to 
 the albana of gutta-percha. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, 7-8 high, with 
 straight stem, branched and woody. Leaves sessile, opposite, 
 cleft at the base, oval, fleshy and woolly. Flowers lateral in 
 simple umbels of 3 or more flowerets. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 
 
TYLOPHORA ASTHMATICA 169 
 
 monopetalous, 5 acute lobes, white, of rare and beautiful form. 
 Nectaries 5, united throughout their length with the receptacle, 
 their bases curved like the sides of the fleur de lis. 
 
 Above the nectaries is a 5-angled crown, the extremity of 
 the receptacle ; in each angle a black anther. Two large folli- 
 cles narrowed at the ends, woolly, the apex somewhat curved 
 to one side, containing many imbricated seeds, each with a tuft 
 of long hairs. 
 
 HABITAT. Bauang, Taal and the volcanic island of Taal. 
 Blossoms in April. 
 
 Tylophora asthmatica, Wight, (Asdepias asthmatica, Roxb.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. (?) 
 
 USES. We are ignorant of the uses the Filipinos make of 
 this plant. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, the dry 
 powdered leaf being the part employed, and its emetic, dia- 
 phoretic and expectorant properties are well known in that 
 country. Roxburgh has used the root as an emetic and Ander- 
 son has employed it in the same manner as ipecac in dysentery. 
 Later the experience of Anderson was confirmed by O'Shaugh- 
 nessy ; though in place of the root he used the leaf, the prop- 
 erties of which he regards as more certain and uniform. 
 
 Dr. J. Kirkpatrick has noted that the juice of the root and 
 its powder are used by the natives of Mysore as an emetic, 
 and adds that he himself has used it for that purpose in a 
 thousand cases with good results. In its effect on dysentery 
 as well as in its emetic effect it resembles ipecacuanha. He 
 used the powder in doses of 1.20-1.80 gr., to which he 
 added 3-6 centigrams of tartar emetic when lie desired to 
 obtain an energetic emetic action. Like O'Shaughnessy he 
 prefers the powdered leaves. He considers it a good sub- 
 stitute for ipecac, not only as an emetic, but as a remedy in 
 asthma, dysentery and catarrhal affections ; Drs. Oswald and 
 Mooden Sheriff have made the same observations. The latter 
 
170 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 advises the administration of the juice of the plant for snake 
 bites till vomiting is produced ; then follow with diffusible 
 stimulants. 
 
 The emetic dose of the powdered leaves is 1.20-1.80 grams, 
 the expectorant and diaphoretic dose 10-30 centigrams. The 
 concentrated infusion of the leaves has an acrid taste. Tannic 
 acid, the neutral acetate of lead and caustic potash produce with 
 it an abundant precipitate ; the perchloride of iron colors it a 
 dark green. Broughton, of Ootaemund (India), informed Han- 
 bury and Fliickiger, from whom we quote, that in 1872 he 
 obtained a very small quantity of crystals from a large quan- 
 tity of leaves. He had not enough to make an analysis, but 
 injected a solution of the crystals into a dog with resulting 
 vomiting and diarrhoea. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vigorous plant with scandent 
 stem 2-4 meters long, the more recent growth woolly. Leaves 
 opposite, entire, 5-12 centimeters long and 2-6 broad, oval or 
 rounded. Petiole striated and short. Flowers in umbelliferous 
 cymes, compound, axillary, solitary and alternate, with woolly 
 peduncles ; hermaphrodite, regular, small, of a pale green color 
 inside and a light purple outside. Calyx gamosepalous, with 5 
 lobules. Corolla gamopetalous, 5 oval, twisted lobules. Stam- 
 inal crown composed of 5 fleshy scales, joined to the staminal 
 tube. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, fila- 
 ments joined to form a very short tube with anthers straight, 
 short and crowned by a membranous bilocular appendix. 
 The gynoecium consists of 2 unilocular ovaries each containing 
 an indefinite number of ovules. Style with a pentagonal 
 stigma which bears in each angle a glandular body. Fruits 
 compound with two separate follicles, large, lanceolate, smooth, 
 810 centimeters long and 5 in circumference. Each encloses 
 a seed, hairy, albuminous with straight embryo and flattened 
 cotyledons. 
 
 HABITAT. Mountains of San Mateo. 
 
STRYCHNOS IGNATII 171 
 
 LOGANIACEJE. 
 
 Logania Family. 
 
 Strychnos Ignatii, Berg. (8. Philippensis, Blanco; Ignatia 
 amara, L.; Ignatia Philippinea, Lour.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Pepita Fruta, Sp.-Fil.; Pepita sa katbalogan, 
 Kabalogan, Tag., Pam.; Pangaguason, Aguason, Kanlara, 
 Mananaog, Dankagi, Kataloga, Igasud, Vis.; St. Ignatius Bean, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The part of the plant employed is the seed, known 
 in addition to the above common names as Pepita de San 
 Ignacio and Pepita de Cabalonga (for katbologan). The na- 
 tives handle it with the greatest imprudence, selling everywhere 
 in the markets and in the Chinese shops, called tindag-bayag. It 
 is not only a remedy among them, but a sort of panacea, to 
 which they attribute, among other virtues, that of expelling 
 evil spirits, simply worn about the neck. They grate it with a 
 piece of earthen pot, mix with a little " tuba " vinegar and 
 apply it to the temples for headache. In bites of poisonous 
 animals they advise the application of the powdered seed over 
 the wound, a treatment which instead of being beneficent 
 might easily be harmful to the patient. Before proceeding 
 further, let us give the chemical composition of the seeds in 
 order that their uses may be the better understood. 
 
 Strychnine is found in them in the proportion of J IJ^J and 
 bnicine ffiIAfi. Fliickiger and Han bury by drying it over 
 sulphuric acid and burning it with " cal sodica " obtained 1.7 8/0 
 of nitrogen which represents 10^> of albuminoid material. 
 Strychnine and brucine exist in combination with igasuric acid 
 discovered by Ludwig in 1873. The proportion of both the 
 alkaloids is greater than in the seeds of nux vomica which 
 contain only .25-.50J6 strychnine and .12-.05^ brucin, al- 
 though some authors give it as high as 1.01J&. Strychnine can 
 be obtained more readily and in larger proportions from St. 
 
172 THE .MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Ignatius bean, but it is generally obtained from mix vomica 
 seeds on account of the cheapness of the latter. 
 
 It is more energetic than mix vomica and its use in medicine 
 should be condemned, preference, however, being given to the 
 official preparations among which the best known is that com- 
 monly called "Bitter Drops of Beaurne," of which the follow- 
 ing is the composition : 
 
 Grated St. Ignatius' beans ........... 500 grams. 
 
 Potassium carbonate ................ 5 " 
 
 Soot(?) .......................... 1 " 
 
 alcohol ...................... 1,000 " 
 
 Macerate for 10 days, strain, express and filter. Dose, 1-16 
 drops in a little water or wine before each meal, for dyspepsia, 
 anaemia, convalescence from fevers, and other conditions in 
 which a tonic is indicated. The indications for the use of this 
 drug are the same as those for uux vomica, keeping in mind 
 the difference in dose. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. This plant grows in the deep 
 forests of Samar and Masbate. That industrious and distin- 
 guished botanist, D. Regino Garcia, found it growing abun- 
 dantly in Paranas, Island of Samar. It is a robust vine, the 
 trunk sometimes as thick as a man's thigh, climbing to the tops 
 of the highest trees, apparently without preference as to its host, 
 inasmuch as he saw it growing indifferently on Ficus, D'lpicro- 
 carpti*, L/7.sY/ea, etc. The seed which most interests us and is 
 very common, is about the size of an olive, round and convex 
 on one side, angulose and flattened on the other by being com- 
 pressed with many others within the fruit which contains 50 of 
 them. Its surface is blackish with a gray-blue tinge. It is 
 hard and corneous. Its taste is extremely bitter. 
 
 Branches opposite, smooth, the ends square. Leaves oppo- 
 site, oval, much pointed at the apex, entire, glabrous, with 3 
 prominent nerves. Petioles very short. Flowers in panicles 
 
EHRETIA BUXIFOLIA 173 
 
 of many flowerets. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, very short. Corolla 
 6-7 times longer than the calyx, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Anthers 
 5, sessile, fixed in the throat of the corolla. Ovary very small. 
 Style filiform, same length as the stamens. Stigma truncate 
 and thick. Drupe globose, often oval, large, smooth, with 
 thick, woody shell of a single compartment containing seeds as 
 described above. 
 
 BORAGINACEJE. 
 
 Borage Family. 
 Ehretia buxifolia, Roxb. (Carmonea heterophylla, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VuLCr. Mayitj Alayityit, Tag., Vis. 
 
 USES. The leaves dried in the shade are used in some 
 Visayan towns, in infusion to take the place of tea. The root 
 is used by the Hindoo physicians as an alterative. Dr. R. 
 Ross has employed it for that purpose in a decoction of 60 
 grams to 500 cc. of water ; 60 cc. a day of this preparation 
 gave him good results in secondary and constitutional syphilis. 
 The Mohammedans of India consider the root an antidote for 
 vegetable poisons. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Small tree, 5-6 high, trunk 
 straight. Leaves alternate or bunched in 3 7 s or 4 7 s at the 
 nodes, lanceolate or spatulate, 3-toothed at apex, sometimes 
 serrate toward the apex, set with short, stiff hairs. Petioles 
 very short. Flowers axillary, in racemose panicles of a few 
 flowers each. Common peduncle long, pedicel short. Calyx 
 free, bell-shaped, persistent, divided almost to base into 5 nar- 
 row, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 oval lobules. Sta- 
 mens 5. Ovary oval, within the flower. Style bifid. Stig- 
 mas simple, truncate. Drupe globose, with hard, slightly 
 furrowed putamen of 6 locules and solitary seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Malinta and many other parts of the Visayas. 
 Blooms in January. 
 
174 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 CONVOLVULACEJE. 
 
 Convolvulus Family. 
 
 Ipomcea hederacea, Jacq. (I. nil, Roth.; Convolvulus nil, 
 L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bulakan, Tag.; Kcda-Danah, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. This plant is not used as a medicine by the Fili- 
 pinos, but is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India from which 
 we copy its indications and official preparations. 
 
 The seed is the part employed, its cathartic properties being 
 much like those of jalap, though less energetic. An excellent 
 substitute for th'e latter is 2 or 3 grams of Jcala-danah seeds in 
 powder form, and no unpleasant effects attend its operation. 
 
 The official preparations are : 
 
 EXTRACT OF KALADANA. Dose, 30-60 centigrams in pill. 
 
 Powdered seeds 500 grams. 
 
 Alcohol 2 liters. 
 
 Water 4J 
 
 TINCTURE OF KALADANA. Dose, 8-12 grams. 
 
 Seeds 75 grams. 
 
 Alcohol 500 " 
 
 COMPOUND POWDER OF KALADANA. Dose, 3-3 J grams. 
 
 Powdered seeds 150 grams. 
 
 Acid tartrate of potassium 270 " 
 
 Powdered ginger 30 a 
 
 The last is an excellent substitute for the corresponding prep- 
 aration of jalap. 
 
 RESIN OF KALADANA. Dose, 30-50 centigrams. It is 
 prepared like resin of jalap and is a safe and sure purgative. 
 In mass it has a dark color, but is gray when powdered. The 
 odor is rather unpleasant, the taste sweetish and then acrid, 
 nauseous, persistent, exciting the saliva and irritating the 
 fauces. It was introduced into practice by Dr. G. Vidie. 
 
IPOMCEA PES-CAPRJS 175 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A twiner with round, downy 
 stem. Leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the middle one broad- 
 Tanceolate, the lateral ones rather rectangular with petioles of 
 equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, rose color or pale 
 blue, in axillary cymes of 2 or 3 flowers each. Calyx, 5 long, 
 downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 faint lobes. Stamens 5, 
 free, inserted in the corolla. Ovary free, 3 biovulate locules. 
 Style simple. Stigma trilobed. Seed vessels globose with 3 
 locules each containing 2 seeds. Seeds convex on dorsum, J 
 cm. broad by 1 cm. long, testa black. 
 
 HABITAT. Manila. Blooms in August. 
 
 Ipomoea pes-caprae, Roth. (Convolvulus pes-caprce 
 L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Katagkatag, Lagayray, Lampayog, Bagasoa, 
 Kamigag, Daripay, Tagaray, Arodayday, Lambayog, Tag., 
 Vis.; Lambayog, Hoc. 
 
 USES. The dry, powdered leaves are dusted over bruises 
 and ulcers. The entire plant is very mucilaginous and the 
 bruised fresh leaves are applied like poultices to cancers and 
 ulcerating tumors. In India the boiled leaves are applied lo- 
 cally in colic and in rheumatism ; the juice is given internally in 
 dropsy as a diuretic, the pounded leaves at the same time serv- 
 ing as a poultice to the oedematous parts. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant that creeps extensively, 
 the stem taking root. Leaves with 2 well-marked lobules. 
 Flowers rose-lilac color, in axillary panicles with long pedicels. 
 Corolla very large, bell-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-nerved. 
 Stamens 5, unequal in height. Stigma globose, marked by a 
 line ; later it divides in two. Seed vessel ovate, 2-celled, in 
 each cell 2 downy seeds convex on one side, angular on the 
 other. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common on the seashore. Blooms in Jan- 
 uary. 
 
176 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Ipomoea Turpethum, R. Br. (Convolvulus Turpethum, L.; 
 C. maximus, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Albohol, Sp.; Turpelh Root, Indian Jalap, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root, known in the Philippines as " turbita," is 
 a purgative and is a component part of the tincture of jalap, 
 one of the most positive and active of known cathartics. But 
 turpeth root is seldom used alone, for its action is so uncertain 
 that Sir W. O'Shaughnessy pronounced the plant unworthy of 
 a place in the Pharmacopoeia of India. The dose of the pow- 
 der is 1-4 grams, the resin 40-50 cgms., the decoction of the 
 root 412 grams. The active principle is a resin soluble in 
 ether and a glucoside, turpetkin, C 34 H 56 O 16 . 
 
 In the east of India they make offerings of the flowers to the 
 god Shiva, and also put them to more practical use by apply- 
 ing them to the head for neuralgic headache. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A vine with quadrangular 
 stem. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers axillary, numerous, in 
 umbels. Calyx deeply cleft in 5 imbricated, ovate, fleshy 
 parts. Corolla bell-shaped, folded. Stamens - r ) ? unequal in 
 height. Ovary inserted on an hypogynous disk, with 2 
 biovulate compartments. Style same length as stamens. 
 Stigma bilobulate, globose. Seed vessel square, encircled by 
 calyx, 2 locules each with 2 seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Bauang and Pasig. Blooms in 
 November. 
 
 SOL AN ACE 1. 
 
 Nightshade Family. 
 
 Solanum nigrum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULO. Hicrba mora, Sp.; Konti/, Out//, Gamagamati- 
 *(ti), Tag.; Lagpakon, l>ola(jtob, LubUubi, Vis.; J\i<ty, .Lnbilubi, 
 Bic.; Black or Common Ni<jli1xh(i<le, Eng. 
 
 USES. In the Philippines the entire plant is boiled and 
 used for food, with the precaution of pouring off the first 2 or 
 
CAPSICUM FASTIGIATUM 177 
 
 3 waters in which it is cooked, which contain an active princi- 
 ple capable of causing such disagreeable symptoms as vertigo 
 and nausea. A decoction of the leaves serves to cleanse 
 chronic sores and in fact improves their condition ; it is also 
 used as a lotion for various forms of dermatitis, for erysipelas 
 and old burns. 
 
 The plant is narcotic, antispasmodic and like belladonna it 
 dilates the pupil. 
 
 In India the decoction is given internally, 200-250 grams, 
 for hypertrophy of the liver, and it is considered a good diuretic 
 and alterative. For such uses they heat the above dose in a 
 clay vessel till the color changes from green to brown, when 
 it is cooled and given next day. Its action is diuretic and 
 hydragogue-cathartic. Mooden Sheriff recommends this treat- 
 ment highly, and for dropsy further advises the aqueous extract, 
 12 grams during the day divided into 3 or 4 doses. Small 
 doses of 30-60 grams of the decoction prepared as above de- 
 scribed, are of use in some chronic skin diseases such as psori- 
 asis. 
 
 In 1821 Defosses, of Besanon, obtained sola/nine from the 
 fruit, previously isolated from the 8. Dulcamara. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 2 high, stem 
 straight, 3 4-angled, with white dots. Leaves lanceolate. 
 Flowers white, in 2-ranked racemes. Calyx inferior, 5 per- 
 sistent teeth. Corolla, 5 petals somewhat down-curved. Berry 
 small, black when ripe. 
 
 HABITAT. Universally common. Blooms in January. 
 
 Capsicum fastigiatum, Bl. (C. minimum, Roxb.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Chili picante, Sp.-Fil. ; Sili, Tag. ; Capsicum* 
 
 Red Pepper, etc., Eng. 
 
 USES. The fruit of this species of pepper plant is called 
 agi in Cuba and Porto Rico ; it is in common use as a condi- 
 ment in the Philippines. As a tonic and stimulant it is a 
 15 
 
178 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 useful article of food in hot countries where the digestive func- 
 tions become sluggish. Used in moderation it prevents dyspep- 
 sia and consequent diarrhoea. It is used as a gargle for hoarse- 
 ness, decreasing the congestion of the larynx and vocal cords. 
 
 GARGLE. 
 
 Tincture of capsicum 8 grams. 
 
 Water 160 " 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Recently capsicum in powder, extract, or tincture, has been 
 recommended internally in the treatment of incipient hemor- 
 rhoids. The dose is .50 to 3 grams of the powder in pills or 
 capsules ; watery extract, 0.30-0.60 ; tincture, 10-30 drops. 
 
 The C. annuum, L., and other varieties of red pepper serve 
 the same uses as the above. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Stem 4-angled. Leaves oppo- 
 site, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Petioles short. Flowers green- 
 ish-white in little clusters, drooping. Corolla wheel-shaped. 
 Fruit straight, conical, slender, scarcely V long. 
 
 HABITAT. Universally common in the islands. Blooms at 
 all times. 
 
 Datura alba, Nees. (D. Mdd, Roxb. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Talamponay, Tag., Pam.; Takbibug, Vis.; 
 Dhatura, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The applications of this species are identical with 
 those of D. Stramonium and it is official in the Pharmacopoeia 
 of India. It is antispasmodic, narcotic and toxic, and is used 
 quite commonly with criminal intent in India and Indo-China. 
 The cooked and bruised leaves make an efficient poultice in 
 articular rheumatism. 
 
 The symptoms of poisoning by " dhattira" are : dilatation of 
 the pupil, general malaise, dryness of the fauces and skin, hal- 
 lucinations, rapid pulse, coma and death or permanent mania. 
 
DATURA ALBA 179 
 
 The dry leaf is smoked to abort asthma, and though its ac- 
 tion is uncertain, it is one of the many remedies that should be 
 tried, which though ineffective in one case may in another af- 
 ford positive relief in this distressing disease. Not more than 
 1.50 grams should be smoked in one day and their use should 
 be discontinued if any symptom of intoxication supervenes. The 
 Pharmacopoeia of India contains a tincture made from 75 grams 
 of the ground seeds and 500 grams of alcohol. Dr. Waring 
 states that 20 drops of this tincture are equivalent to 6 centi- 
 grams of opium and that in some cases it has given him better 
 narcotic results than the opium. The extract is made from 
 500 grams of the powdered seeds, 500 cc. ether, 500 cc. al- 
 cohol and 500 cc. water. Dose, 5-20 centigrams a day in 4 
 doses. 
 
 The D. fastuosa, L., known in Manila by the common name 
 of Talamponay na itim, Tag., possesses the same properties as 
 the above. The Filipino physician, Sr. Zamora, successfully 
 employed a poultice of bruised leaves cooked in vinegar and ap- 
 plied to the forehead and backs of the hands to reduce the fever 
 of tuberculous patients. 
 
 Neither the leaves nor seeds of these two varieties of Datura 
 have been studied from a chemical standpoint, but there is little 
 doubt that the active principle is the daturine (atropine and 
 hyoscyamine) that exists so abundantly in D. Stramonium. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Plant 5-6 high, with nodose 
 branches, forked. Leaves ovate, angled, somewhat downy. 
 Flowers large, white, axillary, solitary. Calyx tubular, 5- 
 toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-folded. 
 Stamens 5, same length as calyx. Anthers long, flattened. 
 Stigma thick, oblong, divisible in 2 leaves. Seed vessel globose, 
 thorny, 4-valved over the base of the calyx. Seeds numerous, 
 flattened, kidney-shaped. (Resembles closely the common 
 Jamestown Weed of America, though much taller with much 
 larger flowers.) 
 
180 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 HABITAT. Common on the shores of the sea. The D. f<txht- 
 osa is differentiated by its violet flowers and double corolla. 
 
 Nicotiana Tabacum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tabaco, Sp.; Tobacco, Eng. 
 
 USES. Tobacco is a powerful sedative and antispasmodic, 
 but owing to the accidents it may give rise to, its use in thera- 
 peutics is very limited. Like all the active SolanaceaB it is 
 effective against neuralgia and spasm of the muscular tissues 
 and is therefore indicated in strangulated hernia and in intes- 
 tinal obstruction. In these conditions the infusion of 1-5 
 grams of the dried leaf to 250 grams of water is given by enema. 
 Trousseau advises non-smokers who suffer from chronic consti- 
 pation to smoke a cigarette fasting, a practice which, according 
 to him, stimulates defecation. For the same condition the 
 people of southern India are accustomed to apply a poultice of 
 the bruised leaves to the anal region. 
 
 Tobacco has been used by enema to combat tetanus ; Dr. 
 Lesth, of the General Hospital for Europeans, Bombay, claims 
 to have obtained excellent results by applying a poultice over 
 the entire length of the spinal column. Dr. Dymock has con- 
 firmed this practice. 
 
 A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion to destroy 
 " pediculi capitis and pubis," and to wash gangrenous ulcers. 
 
 The daily increasing practice of smoking, like all other sub- 
 jects, divides mankind into two camps, one for and one against 
 the habit. Both parties exaggerate their arguments. The 
 abuse of the plant without doubt sets up disturbances of the 
 digestion, the heart and the nervous system. It is furthermore 
 positive that persons of a certain disposition and with certain 
 ailments are injured by even a moderate use of tobacco. The 
 above facts serve as arms for the opponents of the habit ; the 
 robust who smoke and drink to excess and meet with an acci- 
 dental death on a railroad or from an acute disease that over- 
 
NICOTIANA TABACTJM 181 
 
 takes them in the midst of perfect health, serve as arguments 
 for the defenders, to prove the innocence of the custom. The 
 antiseptic qualities of the smoke and of the entire plant also 
 lend the smoker a defensive argument, as he may uphold the 
 habit as hygienic and highly useful in preventing microbic in- 
 fection. The antiseptic power of tobacco smoke is undoubted, 
 but it is intolerable that a physician under the pretext of avoid- 
 ing self infection should enter the house of his patient and con- 
 tinue smoking at the bedside. 
 
 Chronic nicotine poisoning is the result of a gradual intoxi- 
 cation by the absorption of the active principle of tobacco, the 
 alkaloid nicotine. Excessive smoking conduces to nicotism, 
 more common in Europe than in the tropics, because the na- 
 tives of Europe smoke the pipe and being confined in closed 
 dwellings, breathe continuously an atmosphere of smoke ; in 
 the Philippines, on the contrary, the pipe is almost unknown 
 and owing to the nature of the dwellings the smoking is car- 
 ried on practically in the open air. An injurious practice of 
 the Filipino smokers is that of " swallowing the smoke," and 
 this is a fitting point to call attention to an error of Dujardin- 
 Beaumetz, who states that " in those who habitually swallow 
 the smoke the nicotine acts directly upon the stomach." The 
 expression " swallow smoke " (tragar el humo) does not mean 
 to force it into the stomach by an act of deglutition, and I am 
 sure no one attempts to dispose of it in that way ; but to in- 
 spire or breath it into the air passages. It is evident that this 
 latter habit does not involve the stomach, but those who prac- 
 tice it expose themselves more to nicotism than those who keep 
 the smoke in the mouth or expel it through the nose. 
 
 The first cigar causes symptoms familiar to nearly everybody ; 
 dizziness, malaise, cold sweat, vomiting, diarrhrea, dilatation 
 of the pupils and rapid heart action an acute intoxication. 
 Chronic intoxication or nicotism manifests itself by disturbances 
 of digestion, vision and especially circulation. It has been as- 
 
182 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 signed as one of the causes of early atheroma and of angina 
 pectoris. It should therefore be proscribed in persons who 
 present symptoms of gastro-intestinal or of heart disease, and 
 in every patient who complains of slight precordial pains, com- 
 monly attributed to flatus, but in reality cardiac neuralgia, a 
 fugitive symptom announcing the possibility of that grave acci- 
 dent, angina pectoris, capable of ending the life of the patient 
 with one stroke. 
 
 Nicotine (C 10 H 14 "N" 2 ) is an oleaginous liquid heavier than 
 water, colorless, changing to dark yellow on contact with the 
 air. Nicotianin or " camphor of tobacco " is another sub- 
 stance found in the leaves, crystalline, tasteless, with an odor 
 resembling tobacco. Nicotinic acid is a product of the combus- 
 tion of nicotine. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The tobacco plant is so familiar 
 to all Americans that its description here would be superfluous. 
 It grows in all parts of the islands, the best qualities being 
 cultivated in the northern provinces of Luzon, especially Caga- 
 yan and La Isabela. 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEJE. 
 
 Figwort Family. 
 Limnophila menthastrum, Benth. (Tala odomta, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tala, Taramhampam, Tag.; Tahitala, Pam.; 
 Taratara, Hoc. 
 
 USES. An infusion of the leaves is given as a diuretic and 
 digestive tonic. The plant is aromatic. It is seldom used, but 
 is given for the same troubles and in the same doses as chamo- 
 mile and Eupatorium Ayapana. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 1 high, with leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate, ovate, serrate, hairy, many small pits on 
 the lower face. Flowers rose color, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 
 5 sharp teeth. Corolla tubular, curved, compressed, downy 
 
OROXYLUM INDICUM 183 
 
 within, limb cleft in 4 unequal lobes. Stamens didynamous. 
 Ovary conical. Style shorter than the stamens. Stigma 3- 
 lobuled. Seed vessel, 2 multiovulate chambers. 
 HABITAT. Known universally. Blooms in June. 
 
 BIGNONIACE.ffi. 
 
 Bignonia Family. 
 
 Oroxylum Indicum, Vent. (Bignonia Indica, L.; E. quadri- 
 pinnata, Blanco ; Colosanthes Indica, Bl.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Pinkapinkahan, Pinkapinka, Taghilaw, Abag- 
 abag, Tag.; Abagabag, Vis. 
 
 USES. The Hindoos consider the trunk bark an astringent 
 and tonic and use it commonly in diarrhoea and dysentery. In 
 Bombay it has a wide use in veterinary practice as an applica- 
 tion for the sore backs of the domestic cattle. Sarangadhara 
 recommends for diarrhoea and dysentery the infusion of the 
 roasted bark mixed with infusion of Bombax malabaricum. 
 
 Dr. Evers experimented with the powder and an infusion of 
 the bark obtaining a strong diaphoretic action. He obtained 
 the same effect with baths containing the bark and reported 
 successful results in thus treating 24 cases of rheumatism. 
 The dose of the powder was 0.301 gram a day in 3 doses ; 
 the infusion (30 grams bark to 300 boiling water), 90 grams a 
 day in 3 doses. Combined with opium it had more pronounced 
 diaphoretic effects than the compounds of opium and ipecac. 
 The plant possesses no febrifuge properties. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 5-6 meters high, trunk 
 straight, hollow, the hollow space containing many thin parti- 
 tions covered with small points ; branches opposite. Leaves 4 
 times odd pinnate. Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire, 
 glabrous. Flowers in racemes with long, primary peduncles, 
 large, fleshy, lurid, violet color, odor mawkish. Calyx inferior, 
 cylindrical, monophyllous, entire. Corolla much longer than 
 
184 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 calyx, fleshy, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, all fertile, fixed 
 on the corolla, nearly equal in height. Style longer than 
 stamens, flattened. Stigma cleft in 2 flat leaves. Silique or 
 pod about 3 long and 2' wide, flattened, borders grooved and 
 curved downward, containing a great number of seeds encircled 
 by a broad, flat, imbricated wing. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in many parts of Luzon, in Mindanao, 
 Cebu and Paragua. 
 
 PEDALIACEJE. 
 
 Pedalium Family. 
 Sesamum Indicum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ajonjoli, Sp.; Liyu, Tag.; Loyd, Vis.; Lciyis, 
 Pam.; Sesame, Indo-Eng. (Benne Oil, Til Oil, Jinjili Oil.) 
 
 USES. The leaves are emollient and in the Philippines, 
 India and the Southern States of North America they are com- 
 monly used to make poultices, as a substitute for linseed. 
 
 The decoction is prescribed internally as an emmenagogue 
 and demulcent and externally as a lotion. It has the reputa- 
 tion of stimulating the growth of the hair and is used for this 
 purpose quite commonly by the women of India. 
 
 The seeds are emollient, laxative, diuretic and emmenagogue ; 
 they contain an oil to which we shall refer presently. In some 
 countries they form an article of diet ; in the Philippines they 
 are much used as a condiment. Waring reports good results 
 in amenorrhoea, adding a handful of the bruised seeds to a hot 
 sitz-bath. Two or 3 dessert-spoonfuls of the seeds eaten fast- 
 ing and washed down with a glass of water, are very efficient 
 in chronic constipation, both by their mechanical effect and the 
 oil they contain ; being non-irritant they are especially indi- 
 cated in cases of constipation with hemorrhoids. 
 
 The seeds contain up to 45J6 of oil known in the Philippines 
 under the name of lana, an Ilocano word meaning " oil." It 
 
ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS 185 
 
 is bright yellow, viscid, does not easily become rancid and is 
 used for illuminating purposes in some Philippine provinces. 
 In Japan and among the poor of India it serves as a food ; in 
 the latter country it is also very commonly used as a cosmetic, 
 perfumed with various essences and used to anoint the hair and 
 the body after the bath. In America it is given in place of 
 castor oil in doses of 30-60 grams. In pharmacy it may be 
 properly substituted for olive oil, especially in Linimentum 
 Calcis prepared for burns. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2-4 high, stem 
 straight, square, grooved. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets lanceo- 
 late, serrate, slightly downy. Common petiole long ; secondary 
 petiole very short. Flowers pinkish white, in spikes, each 
 flower bearing 2 small glands. Calyx with 2 bracts at the 
 base, top-shaped, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate teeth. Corolla 
 large, 5-lobed, bell-shaped, expanded in the middle where it is 
 spattered with small spots. Stamens didynamous. Anthers long. 
 Ovary downy, quadrangular. Style same length as stamens. 
 Stigma bifid. Seed vessel quadrangular, elongated, 4 opposite 
 grooves, 4 chambers each containing many small ovoid seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Universal. Blooms in October. 
 
 ACANTHACEJE. 
 
 Acanthus Family. 
 Acanthus ilicifolius, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Diliwariw, Dolo-ariw, Tiglog, Lagiwlagiw, 
 Tag.; TitiWy Vis.; Dulawari, Pam. 
 
 USES. We are not familiar with the medicinal uses of this 
 plant in the Philippines, but believe that its sole use is in the 
 soap-making industry ; the ash of the plant is rich in soda and 
 potash salts and lye is prepared from it. 
 
 In Goa the leaves, rich in mucilage, are used locally in 
 fomentations for rheumatism and neuralgia. Rheede mentions 
 16 
 
186 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 as useful the application of the bruised sprouts to snake bites. 
 Bontius attributes expectorant properties to the plant. The 
 natives of Siam and Cochin China use it as a cordial and as a 
 medicine for paralysis and asthma. 
 
 In Concan the sweetened decoction of the plant with a little 
 cumin seed is given for dyspepsia with pyrosis. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 3 high, stem 
 straight, beset with sharp eminences. Leaves opposite, mem- 
 branaceous, lanceolate, pinnatifid, large teeth ending in prick- 
 les. Petioles very short, 2 thorns at the base. Flowers pur- 
 plish white in spikes. Calyx double ; the outer one of 2 parts, 
 the inner 4. Corolla bell-shaped, lower lip broad, keeled, 
 fleshy, notched above. Upper lip wanting, a notch in its 
 place. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary superior, conical. 
 Style of equal length with stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed ves- 
 sels 2-celled, each cell with 2 heart-shaped, flattened, rough seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in regions inundated by salt 
 water. 
 
 Barleria Prionitis, L. (Barrdiera Prionitis, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kokoymanok, Kulanta, Tag. 
 
 USES. This plant is not used medicinally in the Philip- 
 pines. The natives of Bombay are accustomed to use its juice 
 to anoint the soles of their feet during the rainy season in 
 order to toughen the skin and prevent fissures due to prolonged 
 maceration. 
 
 The leaf juice is bitter and acid ; it is a favorite with the na- 
 tives of India in the treatment of the catarrhal fevers common 
 among their children, administered in doses of 2 tablespoonfuls 
 a day mixed with sweetened water. 
 
 In Concan the dry bark is given for whooping-cough and the 
 juice of the fresh bark in doses of 2 " tolas " (7.60 grams) for 
 anasarca. Dr. Bidie states that the action is diaphoretic and 
 expectorant. 
 
JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA 187 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2-3 high, stem creep- 
 ing, the ends rising ; enlarged at the joints, glabrous. Leaves 
 smooth, opposite, lanceolate, finely serrate, fringed, somewhat 
 downy below, glabrous above. Petioles short, 4 axillary spines. 
 Flowers straw-color, axillary, sessile, solitary. Calyx deeply 
 cleft in 4 parts, ovate, ending in spines. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
 tube short, throat nude, limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 Ovary 2-celled. Style same length as stamens. Seed-vessel 
 ovate, flattened and sharp-pointed, 2-celled, each cell with a flat, 
 heart-shaped seed. 
 
 HABITAT. In Guadalupe, Mandaloyon and San Juan del 
 Monte. Blooms in April. 
 
 Justicia Gendarussa, L. (Gandarussa vulgaris, Nees.; Dian- 
 thera subserrata, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kapanitulotj Tag.; Bunlaw, Vis. 
 
 USES. In the Philippines this plant has the same applica- 
 tions as the Lagundi or Vitex, soon to be described. In India 
 they give a decoction of the leaves for chronic rheumatism, 
 the action probably being diaphoretic. The juice is employed 
 for the coughs of childhood and externally as a resolvent 
 for enlarged cervical glands. The bark of the young branches 
 has a purplish color ; in Java it is considered a good 
 emetic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub 5-6 high, stem straight, 
 branches smooth, obscurely 4-angled. Stems and leaves violet 
 color, emitting a disagreeable odor (Blanco). Leaves opposite, 
 lanceolate, acute, glabrous, obtusely serrate. Flowers terminal, 
 white-green, in racemes of 3 sessile flowers with lanceolate 
 bracts. Calyx, 5 long teeth. Corolla, short tube, 2-lipped, 
 upper lip notched, lower lip broad with palate, ending in 3 
 lobules. Seed vessel with 4 seeds in its lower part. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Mindanao, Panay. 
 
188 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Jmticia Adhatoda, L.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. (?) 
 
 USES. The Filipinos are but slightly familiar with this 
 plant and it has no place in their therapeutical armamentarium. 
 In India, however, it is very common and enjoys much repu- 
 tation in the treatment of catarrhs, the grip, asthma and non- 
 febrile, especially chronic, bronchial affections. The flowers, 
 leaves and roots, but especially the flowers, possess antispas- 
 modic properties and are prescribed in certain forms of asthma ; 
 they are bitter and slightly aromatic, and are given in infusion 
 or electuary. 
 
 Drs. Jackson and Dott have testified from their own experi- 
 ence to the usefulness of the drug in chronic bronchitis, asthma 
 and afebrile catarrh. Dr. Watt states that the natives of Ben- 
 gal find relief for asthma in smoking the leaves. In Bombay 
 its expectorant action is commonly known and its juice is used, 
 mixed with borax and honey. 
 
 The dose of the aqueous extract made by evaporating the 
 juice of the leaves, is .251 gram. The tincture is preferable, 
 made by dissolving this extract in alcohol ; dose 2-4 grams. 
 Its efficiency is increased by the addition of pepper seeds (War- 
 ing). The Sanscrit writers recommend for cough, 3.80 grams 
 of the leaf juice with honey. "It is very desirable that further 
 trials be made to test the value of this remedy." Pharmaco- 
 poeia of India. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub with straight, smooth, 
 ashy-gray trunk. Branches of same color but smoother. 
 Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, smooth on both faces, 12-15 
 cm. long by 3-4 broad, petioles short. Flowers irregular and 
 hermaphrodite in axillary spikes with long peduncles, opposite, 
 large, white, covered with rusty spots, the lower part of the 2 
 lips purple. Calyx gamosepalous, regular, five deep clefts. 
 Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, short tube, limb 2 -lipped, the 
 
RHIN ACANTHUS COMMIJNIS 189 
 
 lower lip ending in a spur. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell 
 containing 2 ovules. Style filiform, long, inserted in a sort of 
 canal formed by the upper lip of the corolla. Stigma bilobu- 
 late. Seed vessel depressed, 4 flattened, lenticular seeds. 
 HABITAT. Luzon and Pauay. 
 
 Rhinacanthus communis, Nees. (Justicia nasuta, L.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tagaktagak, Tag.; Naganmlli, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The plant has much reputation in India in the treat- 
 ment of skin diseases, and indeed its efficiency is great in the 
 stubborn Tinea circinata tropica, known throughout the Orient 
 as " dhobie-itch." In this disease it is applied for several days 
 to the affected part in the form of a paste composed of the 
 bruised leaves, the juice of the leaves and lemon juice. The 
 fresh root also may be employed. The Hindoo physicians 
 state that the root decoction in milk is aphrodisiac ; the root 
 is also regarded as an antidote for the bite of the " cobra da 
 cabelho/' but its virtue is purely imaginary. Of late years 
 the plant has been used in Europe under the name of " tong- 
 pang-chong," to treat chronic eczema. 
 
 Liborius made an analysis of the root in the laboratory of 
 Dorpat, separating 13.51J& ash and 1.87Jfc rhinocanthin, as well 
 as other ingredients. Rhinocanthin (C 14 H 18 O 4 ) is supposed to 
 be the active principle of the root. It is analogous to quinon 
 and resembles in many particulars chrysophanic and frangulic 
 acids. It forms a resinous, amorphous mass, cherry red, 
 odorless and tasteless, slightly soluble in water, forming a 
 mildly alkaline solution in alcohol. It does not yield glucose 
 when boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Liborius believes 
 that it exists only in the intercellular spaces of the " root bark." 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub, about 4 high, stem 
 ash-colored, no spines. Leaves lanceolate, undulate, downy. 
 Flowers white in spikes. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed. 
 Corolla long, filiform, limb 4-lobed, the 3 lower lobes ovate, 
 
190 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 the upper pointed. Stamens 2. Ovary free, 2 biovulate 
 locules. Style simple. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel club-shaped, 
 4 seeds in the upper part. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in the gardens of Manila. 
 
 VERBENACE-ffi. 
 
 Vervain Family. 
 
 Lippia nodiflora, Rich. (Verbena nodiflora, L.; V. capitata, 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tsatsatsatsahan, Chachachachahan, Tag. 
 
 USES. The Filipinos drink an infusion of the leaves in 
 place of tea, the long Tagalog name meaning " resembling 
 tea." In India they drink the hot infusion to aid digestion. 
 In some places the decoction of the leaves is given internally 
 as an emollient and diuretic for gonorrhoea. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small plant with creeping 
 stem taking root where it touches the ground, obscurely an- 
 gular, covered with short down. Leaves opposite, smooth, 
 clasping the stem, inversely ovate, serrate only above, slightly 
 downy. Flowers white, slightly purplish, axillary on a com- 
 mon peduncle, in a rough conical head. Corolla somewhat 
 bowed, funnel-form, gaping, throat narrow, limb 4-lobed, 
 one lobe shorter than the rest. Stamens 4, 2 longer. Fila- 
 ment almost wanting. Anthers 4, fertile. Ovary superior, 
 style very short. Stigma semi-globose. Fruit, 2 seeds cov- 
 ered by the pellicle of the ovary. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in the rice fields. 
 
 Tectona grandis, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Teca, Sp.; Tilda, Tag.; Dalondon, Yate, 
 Kalayati, Vis.; Teak Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. The powdered wood made into a paste with water is 
 undoubtedly a useful application in acute dermatitis, especially 
 
TECTONA GRANDIS 191 
 
 that due to contact with the caustic oleo-resin of the cashew nut 
 (Anacardium). A decoction of the powder gives good results 
 as a gargle for aphthae, gingivitis, and other inflammations 
 within the buccal cavity. In India they give internally 612 
 grams as a vermifuge, and for dyspepsia with " heartburn." 
 
 The flowers are diuretic according to Endlicher ; the bark is 
 astringent; the leaves and the seeds are purgative, the latter 
 yielding an oil which they use in India to stimulate the growth 
 of the hair. Gibson considers the seeds diuretic and quotes two 
 cases where abundant diuresis immediately followed by the ap- 
 plication of a poultice of the bruised seeds over the pubis. In 
 Concan they make a sort of extract from the wood and apply it 
 to the yoke sores of the cattle to prevent the growth of maggots. 
 This disinfectant action marks the plant as worthy of further 
 experiment. 
 
 Rumphius is authority for the statement that the infusion of 
 the leaves is used in cholera. The Chinese make vessels of the 
 wood to preserve their drinking water at sea ; the first and 
 second waters are bitter and are thrown away, but after that 
 the water has no disagreeable taste and is said to aid digestion. 
 
 It has been said that the wood was poisonous because at one 
 time several workmen died from the effects of wounds caused 
 by splinters of the wood, but the statement has not been con- 
 firmed by later cases and the deaths were most probably due to 
 a septic infection independent of the chemical composition of 
 the splinters. 
 
 R. Romania has extracted a resin from the wood by alcohol ; 
 it is soft, and on distillation yields a crystalline body called by 
 the author tectoquinon (C 18 H 10 O 2 ), on account of its resemblance 
 to the quinons. It melts at 171 and volatilizes slightly at 
 ordinary temperature. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with leaves almost round, 
 oval, entire, 30-60 centimeters by 20-40, the under surface 
 covered with hoary down. Petioles very short, flattened. 
 
192 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Flowers in panicles. Primary peduncle square. Calyx in- 
 ferior, bell-shaped, very large when ripe, 5-cleft. Corolla 
 white, longer than calyx, covered with a mealy substance, bell- 
 shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted in the corolla. 
 Filaments flattened, somewhat longer than the corolla. Anthers 
 semi-globose, a yellow zone below and a black circle above. 
 Ovary free, rounded, 4 locules each with 1 seed. Style 
 same length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate. Drupe globose, 
 woolly, spongy, depressed, covered by the membranous inflated 
 calyx ; contains one nut, very hard, 4 apartments each contain- 
 ing one seed. 
 
 HABITAT. The mountains of Morong and Tanay (of La 
 Laguna Province) bear some specimens. Very common in the 
 island of Negros and in Mindanao. It also grows in the 
 Visayas, Mindora and Paragua. Blooms in September. 
 
 Vitex trifolia, L. ( V. repens, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Lagundi, Tag. ; Gapasgapas, Vis. ; Dangla, 
 Hoc. 
 
 Vitex Negundo, L. (V. Leucoxylon, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Lagundi, Malawin, Tag. 
 
 USES. Both species are used medicinally in the Philippines 
 and both enjoy high repute. A variety of the first that seems 
 to possess the same virtues is the V. repens, Blanco, called 
 lagundiy gapag by the Tagalos. 
 
 V. trifolia is regarded in India as the most powerful species 
 and Boutins has extolled it highly, calling attention to the ano- 
 dyne, diuretic and emmenagogue properties of the leaves. 
 These are very effective applied in fomentation to rheumatic 
 joints and their use is extensive both in India and the Malay 
 Archipelago. A decoction of the leaves is used locally and as 
 a vapor-bath in the treatment of beriberi. A large earthen 
 pot is filled with leaves and water and brought to a boil ; the 
 pot is then placed under a chair in which the patient sits en- 
 
VITEX NEC UNDO 193 
 
 veloped in a sheet or blanket. If necessary the pot may be re- 
 moved 2 or 3 times, heated and replaced until abundant sweating 
 is induced. An apparatus to conduct the steam under the chair 
 would be much handier, but it is unsafe to place a small stove 
 or lamp under the chair for fear of setting fire to the cloth. 
 
 In India and the Philippines there is a peculiar inflamma- 
 tion localized in the soles of the feet and characterized by an 
 intense burning rather than pain, not described in the text- 
 books, but called by the natives " burning of the feet " (" quema- 
 dura del pie" or "ignipedites"); in our own experience and 
 according to the consensus of the physicians of India, the ap- 
 plication of these leaves 3 or 4 times a day to the soles of the 
 feet has afforded marked relief. The leaves are heated in an 
 earthen pot without the addition of water, and when suffi- 
 ciently hot are applied and held in place by a bandage. 
 
 Dr. W. Ingledew states that the natives of Mysore (south of 
 India) treat rheumatism and febrile catarrhs by steam baths of 
 the decoction of vitex. A decoction of the leaves is in common 
 use in the Philippines, Malay Islands and India as a bath for 
 women in the puerperal state. 
 
 The dry leaves are smoked for headache and catarrh. Ac- 
 cording to creditable authority the application of the heated 
 leaves in orchids produces good results. The root is tonic, feb- 
 rifuge and expectorant and the fruit nervine and emmenagogue 
 according to the Sanscrit writer. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. V. trifolia is a small tree, 3-4 
 meters high. The fruit and leaves are said to emit the odor of 
 rosemary. Leaves ternate. Leaflets oval, entire, hoary be- 
 low, no secondary petioles. Flowers purplish in forked pan- 
 icle. Corolla bell-shaped with palate. The lower lip 3-lobed, 
 the middle lobe larger ; upper lip smaller, 2-lobed. Stamens 
 4, free, didynamous. Ovary free. Style simple, with stigma- 
 bearing lobules. Berry-like drupe, with 4-celled nut, one seed 
 in each cell. 
 
194 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 HABITAT. Common on the seashore. Blooms in June. 
 
 The V. Negundo is a small tree like the preceding, but when 
 it grows in the forest it develops to a tree of the first order, 
 yielding a valuable building wood called molave (Sp.) or more 
 properly molawin. Leaves compound with 5 leaflets. Secon- 
 dary petioles short. Flowers in dichotomous panicle. Fruit 
 like that of the foregoing species. 
 
 Clerodendron infortunatum, L. (C. forlunatum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kasupayit, Gubat, Tag.; Salig-wak, Vis. 
 
 USES. The fresh juice of the leaves is used in India as a 
 vermifuge, according to K. L. Dey ; it is also used as a bitter 
 tonic in malarial fever, especially of children. As a tonic and 
 antipyretic it is certainly worthy of recommendation. 
 
 Dr. Bholanauth Bose calls attention to this plant as a good 
 substitute for Ophelia chirata, DC. as a tonic and antipyretic. 
 
 The infusion of the bruised leaves (10 grams to water 300 
 cc.) is given up to 200 cc. a day in 3 or 4 doses ; the tincture 
 (leaves 60 grams, alcohol 90 Jfc, 500 cc.) is given up to 10 
 grams a day in 5 or 6 doses. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A shrub with nearly round 
 stem; leaves opposite, ovate, oblong; acute, entire, slightly 
 downy. Flowers terminal in umbellate panicles, the umbellets 
 opposite and each bearing 3 flowerets. Calyx bluish, long, 
 tubular, somewhat expanded in the middle, divided in 5 parts. 
 Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tube filiform, limb 5-lobed. 
 Stamens didynamous, their lower parts grown to the tube of 
 the corolla. Filaments longer than the corolla. Ovary con- 
 ical. Style of same length as the stamens. Stigma bifid. 
 Berry dry, quadrate, depressed, the shell hard, 4 grooves, 4 
 cells, each containing a seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in Manila and in the forests. 
 
OCIMUM SANCTUM 195 
 
 LABIATE. 
 
 Mint Family. 
 Ocimum basilicum, L. (0. Americanum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Solasi, Tag., Pam.; Bonak, Vis.; Sweet Basil, 
 Eng. 
 
 Ocimum gratissimum, L. (0. virgatum Blanco.) 
 NOM. VULG. Lokoloko, Tag., Pam.; Kolonkogon, Vis. 
 
 Ocimum sanctum, L. (O.flexuosum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Balanoy, Tag.; Sacred Basil, Eng. 
 
 USES. All three species possess a characteristic camphora- 
 ceous odor and are commonly grouped under the one name, 
 albahacas (sweet basil). Some natives call them solasi and others 
 balanay, but many are able to distinguish the various species 
 correctly. All three have analogous properties, but the most 
 widely used is the 0. basilicum. These properties are stimu- 
 lant, diaphoretic, and expectorant, and the infusion is used com- 
 monly for flatulent colic and painful dyspepsia. The dry 
 powdered leaves of the 0. sanctum are taken as snuff by the 
 natives of India in the treatment of a curious endemic disease 
 characterized by the presence of small maggots in the nasal 
 secretion ; this disease is called peenash, and possibly exists in 
 the Philippines though I have never encountered it. 
 
 Martins states that in Brazil they use a decoction of the 
 mucilaginous leaves of the 0. gratissimum in the treatment of 
 gonorrhoea and Dr. Waitz highly recommends a strong de- 
 coction of these leaves for the aphthae of children, which he 
 claims to have cured by this means after all European drugs 
 had failed. This fact and the action of the snuff above 
 mentioned, demonstrate the antiseptic properties of the plant, 
 due doubtless to its abundant aromatic principles. 
 
 0. basilicum contains a green essential oil, very aromatic, 
 
196 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 becoming solid ; it is a sort of camphor (C 21) H 1( .6HO, Raybaud) 
 and crystallizes in 4-faced prisms. 
 
 All the plants are used to prepare aromatic baths for cases 
 of atrophy and debility in children (Waitz) and for the treat- 
 ment of rheumatism and paralysis. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. 0. gratissimum is a plant 2-3 
 high, stem straight, downy. Leaves medium lanceolate, finely 
 serrate from the middle upwards, with short hairs and trans- 
 parent dots. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Calyx, 
 upper lip horizontal, round ; lower lip 3 pointed parts, the 
 middle one subdivided in two. Corolla yellowish, inverted, 
 one lip cleft in 4 obtuse lobes ; the other longer, narrow, ser- 
 rate. Stamens didynamous, 2 shorter. Anthers semilunar. 
 Stigma bifid. Seeds 4. 
 
 The 0. Americanum has leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, full 
 of pores, somewhat downy. It is more fragrant than the other 
 species and its flowers are bluish-white in racemes. 
 
 The 0. sanctum is the most sacred plant of the Hindoos, dedi- 
 cated to Vishnu ; its branches are wavy or cauliflexuous, 
 leaves obliquely ovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous. 
 
 HABITAT. All species are very common and universally 
 known. 
 
 Coleus aromaticus, Benth. (C. suganda, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Oregano, Sp.-FiL; Suganda, Tag.; Mar- 
 joram, Eng. (The Sp. and Eng. names are incorrect.) 
 
 USES. The fleshy, aromatic leaves of this plant are bruised 
 and applied locally for the bites of centipedes and scorpions. 
 They are also applied to the temples and forehead for head- 
 ache, held in place by a bandage. In Cochin China they are 
 used in^ asthma, chronic bronchitis, epilepsy and other convul- 
 sive diseases. The juice of the leaves is a carminative and is 
 given to children suffering with wind colic. Dr. Wight claims 
 to have observed occasional intoxicating effects following its 
 
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS 197 
 
 use, but Dymock states that he has never observed such effects. 
 The plant contains a coloring matter, colein (C 10 H 10 O 3 ), red, in- 
 soluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water. 
 On the addition of ammonia the solution changes to purple, 
 then violet, indigo, green, and, finally, greenish-yellow. 
 
 Another species, the C. atropurpureus, Benth. (C. grandifo- 
 UuSj Blanco), well known in the Philippines by its common 
 name mayana, is used in the treatment of bruises, the bruised 
 fleshy leaves being the part employed ; these leaves are downy 
 and dark violet in color. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, 
 cordate, obtuse, downy and very fleshy. Flowers in a quad- 
 rangular raceme, each group of these flowerets having a con- 
 cave scale at the base. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper 
 lip longer and entire ; the lower with 4 narrow teeth. Corolla 
 a pale violet, 5 times longer than the calyx. Stamens didyn- 
 amous, straight, longer than the corolla. Style bifid. Seeds 4. 
 
 HABITAT. Universally abundant. 
 
 Rosmarinus offieinalis, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Romero, Sp. ; Rosemary, Eng. 
 
 USES. This is one of the plants most valued by the Filipi- 
 nos. Its infusion is used as an eye-wash for slight catarrhal 
 conjunctivitis, applied 3 or 4 times a day. It is one of the 
 aromatic plants used so commonly to bathe women in the puer- 
 peral state, and in vapor baths for rheumatism, paralysis and 
 incipient catarrhs. The entire plant is a stimulant and car- 
 minative but little used internally ; in atonic dyspepsia it has 
 given good results taken in the same form as the infusion of 
 manzanilla. 
 
 It contains a large per cent, of an essential oil which gives 
 the plant its agreeable odor. This oil enters into the composi- 
 tion of " Cologne Water "; it is said to arrest falling of the 
 hair and is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally 
 
198 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 in doses of 3-5 drops. It is colorless and liquid when fresh, 
 but in time becomes dark and viscid. It combines freely with 
 alcohol and its density is 0.885. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant from 2 to 3 high. 
 Leaves sessile, linear, obtuse, margins revolute, white-hoary 
 beneath. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped. Corolla rose- violet color, 
 gaping ; the upper lip concave, 2-lobed ; the lower lip longer, 
 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 fertile and 2 sterile. Style, same length 
 as the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit, 4 seeds in the depths 
 of the calyx. 
 
 HABITAT. It is carefully cultivated throughout the Phil- 
 ippines. 
 
 Anisomeles ovata, R. Br. (PUomis alba, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Taligharap, Tag.; Jerusalem Sage, Eng. 
 
 USES. The infusion of the leaves is bitter and aromatic 
 and is used in catarrhal inflammations of the stomach and in- 
 testines and in intermittent fevers. Used as a vapor-bath it 
 produces abundant diaphoresis, and the infusion given internally 
 has a like effect. The leaves, when distilled, yield an oil which 
 is used as an external application in rheumatism. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 6 or more high. 
 Root fibrous, trunk and branches enlarged at the joints. 
 Leaves opposite, ovate, obtusely serrate, soft and downy. 
 Flowers pink, verticillate, in opposite clusters around the stem, 
 with several linear and hairy involucres at the base of each 
 cluster. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla, 2-lipped ; the lower 
 much larger, downy within, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger 
 and broader, notched at the extremity, and its borders turned 
 downward ; the other 2 lateral lobes very small, narrow; the 
 upper lip much shorter and smaller, entire, enveloping the sta- 
 mens. Stamens didynamous. Style about the same length as 
 the stamens. Stigma bifid. Fruit, 4 small seeds. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common on the fields of Manila Province. 
 
MIRABILIS JALAP A 199 
 
 Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Phlomis Zeylaniea, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Pansipansi, Solasolasian, Karultansoli, Tag.; 
 Pansipansi, Paypaysi, Vis. 
 
 USES. The bruised leaves are applied to the bites of ser- 
 pents or poisonous insects. In India they are similarly used. 
 The juice of the leaves is very useful in the treatment of certain 
 skin diseases, especially psoriasis. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 2 high, very 
 well known to the natives. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, finely 
 serrate and covered with short hairs. Flowers terminal, white, 
 verticillate, with the characteristics of the mint family. 
 
 PLANTAGINACEJE. 
 
 Plantain Family. 
 Plantago erosa, Wall. (P. crenata and media, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Llanten, Sp.-Fil.; Lantm, Tag.; Plantain, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The leaves of this popular plant are the commonest 
 remedy in the Philippines for abscess of the gums. They are 
 bruised and applied with a little lard over the swollen cheek. 
 It is emollient and, in decoction, is used as a substitute for flax- 
 seed. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. This plant is so universally 
 known that there is no fear of confusing it with others. It 
 flourishes as a common weed in the U. S. as well as the Phil- 
 ippines. 
 
 NYCTAGINACEJE 
 
 Four-0'Clock Family. 
 
 Mirabilis Jalapa, L. (M. longiflora, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mamvtilas, Suspiros, Sp.-Fil.; Gilalas, Tag.; 
 Four O'Clock, Marvel of Peru, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root is purgative and possesses the same active 
 
200 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 principles, the same properties and is given in the same dose as 
 jalap. According to the experience of Shoolbred, Hunter, W. 
 O'Shaughnessy and Ainslie, its purgative action is weak and un- 
 certain and therefore unworthy of use as a substitute for jalap. 
 The bruised leaves are used as poultices to hasten suppuration, 
 but according to Waring they are capable of causing dermatitis. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The flowers open toward the end 
 of the day and close again at sunrise. The root is blackish and 
 spindle-shaped. The stem smooth, branches forked. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate-cordate, acute, somewhat downy along the 
 borders and the upper surface. Petioles short. Flowers fra- 
 grant, almost constantly blooming, of different colors even in 
 the same plant, terminal, in umbels. Pedicels very short. 
 Calyx persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla superior, very long, its 
 tube downy, funnel-form, limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, longer 
 than the corolla. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma glo- 
 bose. Nut small, black, globose, many-ribbed, full of a mealy 
 substance. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in gardens. 
 
 AMARANTHACEJE. 
 
 Amaranth Family. 
 Amaranthus spinosus, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Kilitis, Omyi, Tag.; Ayantoto, Pam.; Kali- 
 tis, TiliteSj Bayag-bayag , Vis.; Kuanton, Hoc.; Thorny Amar- 
 anth, Eng. 
 
 USES. The entire plant is emollient and its principal use is 
 as a poultice for inflammations, bruises, etc. The decoction of 
 the root is diuretic and antiphlogistic and is used in Mauritius 
 (30 grams root to 750 cc. water) as an internal remedy for 
 gonorrhoea ; indeed it is there regarded as a specific for that dis- 
 ease, checking the discharge and the " ardor urinse." It should 
 be continued till the cure is complete. 
 
ACHYRANTHES OBTUSIFOLIA 201 
 
 The bruised leaves are used locally for eczema. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2-3 high of a reddish 
 color. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, broad, notched at the apex, 
 wavy, glabrous. Petioles with a pair of spines in their axils. 
 Flowers small, yellow-green, in round axillary clusters and in 
 long terminal spikes. The pistillate flowers are sometimes sep- 
 arated from the staminate, sometimes mixed with them in the 
 lower part of the spike. Staminate : No corolla, calyx 2-5 
 parts, stamens 4-5. Pistillate : Style and stigma 2 or 3, other- 
 wise the same as the staminate. Seed vessel with 1 seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts. Blooms in October. 
 
 Achyranthes obtusifolia, Lam. (A. aspera, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VuLGr. Hangoi-j Hangot, Dokotdekot, Libay, Tag.; 
 Angod, Pam. 
 
 USES. The plant has astringent and diuretic properties ; the 
 latter were observed by Dr. Cornish, who communicated the 
 facts to Waring, calling special attention to the good service the 
 drug had afforded him in dropsy. Other physicians in India 
 have confirmed these observations of Cornish. The decoction 
 is made of 60 grams of the entire plant to 750 cc. water, boiled 
 till reduced one-half and strained under pressure. Dose, 60 cc. 
 every 2 hours till diuresis is induced. 
 
 The ashes of this plant, like those of the Amaranthus spi- 
 nosus, L., contain a large quantity of potassa, and are used for 
 washing clothes ; on this account it has received its Sanscrit 
 name Apamarga (the washer). The ashes are also mixed in an 
 infusion of ginger and given internally in dropsy. 
 
 The flowers are bruised and applied to the bites of snakes and 
 other poisonous animals. In India there is a superstition that 
 carrying these flowers about the person will keep off scorpions. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant about 3 high, the 
 stem angular and downy. Leaves opposite, downy, clasping 
 the stem, lanceolate, very obtuse and wavy. Flowers bent 
 17 
 
202 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 downward in a long spike bearing many flowerets. Calyx, 5 
 tough scales. Corolla wanting. Nectary much smaller than 
 the calyx, monophyllous, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary top- 
 shaped, upper part somewhat concave. Style same length as 
 stamens. Stigma coarse, bifid. Fruit, a seed covered with 2 
 membranes, one enveloping it completely, the outer one adher- 
 ent in only one part. 
 
 HABiTAT.-^Common in Luzon. Blooms in November. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEJE. 
 
 Goosefoot Family. 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Alpasotes, Sp.-Fil.; Pasotis, Apasotis, Tag.; 
 American Worm-seed, Mexican Tea, Eng. 
 
 USES. This plant is a native of Mexico. It has a peculiar, 
 somewhat offensive odor and an acrid, aromatic taste due to 
 an essential oil resembling peppermint (?). According to Padre 
 Mercado, " When the seeds are taken with wine, sensation is so 
 dulled that the drinker may be whipped without feeling the 
 lashes, and even if put to the torment, does not feel it." These 
 properties, if true, make this plant one of the most useful in the 
 Philippines. The entire plant is stimulant. The infusion, 
 given internally, causes sweating, excites the circulation, is 
 diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and useful as well as an antispas- 
 modic in nervous troubles. The leaves are employed in making 
 the infusion, 8 grams to 200 of boiling water. It is widely used 
 in bronchial catarrhs and in asthma on account of its sudorific 
 and expectorant action. It seems also to possess emmenagogue 
 properties. The seeds yield on distillation a yellow essential 
 oil with a strong and disagreeable odor, density 0.908. Both 
 seeds and flowers are vermifuge, and are used as such in Brazil 
 in doses of 8 grams in infusion or with an equal dose of castor 
 oil. The anthelmintic dose of the essential oil is 515 drops 
 with powdered sugar. 
 
ARISTOLOCHIA INPICA 203 
 
 Rilliet and Barthez recommend the following potion for in- 
 fantile chorea : 
 
 Leaves of chenopodium 4 grams. 
 
 Water 500 " 
 
 Make an infusion and add syrup of orange flowers 50 grams. 
 Dose, several tablespoonfuls a day. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 2 high; stem beset 
 with hairs, many-angled. Leaves lanceolate, varying from en- 
 tire to cut-pinnatifid. Flowers green, sessile, axillary, in small 
 clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5. 
 Filaments flattened, inserted near the center of the flowers op- 
 posite the parts of the calyx. Anthers in 2 globose parts. 
 Ovary superior, globose, depressed, unilocular, uniovulate. 
 Style none. Stigmas, 2, 3 or 4, short, divergent. Fruit a 
 lenticular seed covered by the membrane of the ovary. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in gardens and fields. Blooms in May. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. 
 
 Birth-wort Family. 
 Aristolochia Indica, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Timbagan, Malaubi, Tag.; Indian Birthwort, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The root has a wide use in medicine in the Philip- 
 pines ; it is bitter, of a nauseating odor and has the reputation 
 of being a powerful antidote for the bites of poisonous serpents 
 and insects. It has further use in the treatment of malarial 
 fever, in dyspepsia, and in the flatulent colic of teething chil- 
 dren. It is regarded as tonic and emmenagogue. In various 
 forms of diarrhea it appears to be effective and Dr. Gibson 
 states that it is useful in intestinal disorders. In the Philip- 
 pines it is not only given internally but also externally applied 
 over the abdomen, mixed with hot cocoanut oil (10 grams of 
 the powdered root to 100 oil). 
 
204 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The first Portuguese settlers in India called the drug " Cobra 
 Root/' because the natives regarded it as an antidote for the 
 bite of the terrible "Cobra da Capello." This reputation, 
 however, seems not to have been deserved, judging from the 
 fearful mortality in India and Ceylon due to the bite of the cobra, 
 
 Dr. Imlach, a surgeon of Singapore, states that in one season 
 in one collectorate, Shikapore, no less than 306 cases of snake 
 bites were officially reported, the mortality being 63, or about 
 20.58 per cent. Other reports make it safe to conclude that in 
 the entire province during the year no less than 300 deaths 
 were due to this cause alone. Dr. Waring believes that if an 
 antidote for snake bite exist in the vegetable kingdom it will 
 most probably be found in the natural order Aristolochiacese. 
 
 In North India this drug is used as emmenagogue and anti- 
 arthritic, and in Banda for intermittent fevers and intestinal 
 disorders. The juice of the leaves is emetic. The dose of the 
 powdered root is 3-5 grams daily. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A twining shrub, with leaves 
 heart-shaped, ovate, acute, glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers 
 dark reddish-gray, in panicles. Calyx wanting. Corolla glo- 
 bose below, the tube cylindrical, expanding at the top. Anthers 
 6, in pairs. Filaments, none. Styles 6, very coarse, a mem- 
 brane at the base including all. Stigmas simple. Seed vessel 
 inferior, 6-ribbed, 6 cells and many winged seeds. The seed 
 vessel after casting the seeds resembles a pair of balance scales 
 with its little plates or pans. Hence the Tagalo name Tim- 
 bagan meaning " balance. 77 
 
 HABITAT. In Luzon and Panay. Blooms in November. 
 
 PIPERACEJE. 
 
 Pepper Family. 
 Piper Betle, L. (Chaviea Betle and C. auriculata, Miq. ; 
 
 Piper Betel, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Hojas de buyo, Sp.-Fil. ; Itmo, Tag.; Mamin, 
 Bic. ; Buyo, Mamon, Vis. ; Samat, Pam. ; Betel Pepper, Eng. 
 
PIPER BETLE 205 
 
 USES. A masticatory, used all over the extreme Orient, is 
 composed of the leaves of this plant, a little slaked oyster-shell 
 lime and a rounded slice of the bonga or areca nut ; the 
 Filipinos call this combination bayo, though the name is 
 not of native origin ; the Tagalos call it hitsu. The use of 
 buyo by careless persons is decidedly repugnant, for the mix- 
 ture of the lime and the pigment of the bonga imparts a blood- 
 red or rather brick-red color to the saliva which they spit in 
 mouthfuls into the streets and other public places with no 
 thought of the feelings of others. Unless the mouth is carefully 
 cleaned the teeth become encrusted with a sort of black enamel 
 and the breath assumes a detestable odor. When used in small 
 quantities and with proper toilet of the mouth, and this is the 
 common practice among the Filipinos, buyo seems to be a very 
 useful preservative of the teeth and a gingival and stomachic 
 tonic. These properties are readily understood when we con- 
 sider that the lime is antacid, the bonga astringent and tonic 
 and the betel aromatic and stimulant. 
 
 The buyo leaf plays a very important part in the therapeutics 
 of the infant of the Philippines : in its indigestions, colics and 
 diarrhoeas the heated leaves are applied to the abdomen pre- 
 viously anointed with hot cocoanut oil. In bronchitis and 
 laryngitis the heated leaves are applied over the chest or neck 
 after rubbing the parts with oil. It undoubtedly produces good 
 effects and the physicians of India recommend it in the same 
 cases and in the same form as in the Philippines. Applied to 
 the breasts of parturient women it dries up the milk and in the 
 same way tends to reduce any glandular enlargement. 
 
 Dr. Kleinstiick of Java recommends the essence of the leaves 
 in all sorts of catarrhs and as an antiseptic in doses of one drop 
 to 140 of the vehicle. This essence is obtained by distillation ; 
 it is dark in color, has an acrid taste and an odor resembling 
 that of tea. Its density is 1.020. The dried leaves contain 
 one-half per cent, of the essence and it is probable that the 
 fresh ones contain a greater proportion. 
 
206 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with yellow flowers 
 and scandent stem, climbing straight up trees or artificial sup- 
 ports. Leaves cleft at the base, acute, entire, glabrous, dark 
 green. According to Blanco it is cultivated best in somewhat 
 sandy soil. Pasay, near Manila, and Bauang, in Batangas, 
 furnish a leaf most highly appreciated. 
 
 Piper nigrum, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Pimienta, Sp.; Paminta, Malisa, Tag.; Black 
 Pepper, Eng. 
 
 USES. The berry-like fruit of the pepper is more extensively 
 used as a condiment in cooking than in the treatment of dis- 
 ease. Used in moderation, however, it is of considerable value 
 as a convenient stomachic and aid to digestion in tropical 
 countries where the digestive functions readily become sluggish. 
 Its abuse may lead to serious consequences, such as inflamma- 
 tion of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, of the portal 
 system and the liver itself. 
 
 Pepper is used as a febrifuge in the various forms of malarial 
 fevers, in the form of granules of 8 or 10 berries in a cup of 
 brandy and anise (Spanish) ; this is taken by the patient in one 
 dose at the beginning of the cold stage and followed by large 
 quantities of water to relieve the thirst caused by the pepper. 
 This treatment causes the cold stage to rapidly subside and 
 more rapidly induces and intensifies the sweating stage. It is 
 said that no further attack of fever follows. 
 
 Piperin (C 17 H 19 NO 3 ) is febrifuge and is given in pill form 
 internally in doses of 30-60 centigrams ; the action of the crude 
 drug is evidently due to this neutral principle. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The plant is a perennial, climb- 
 ing shrub. Leaves oval, tapering at both extremities, 7-nerved. 
 Flowers yellow, in a spike. Stigmas 2, bifid. Fruit globose, 
 with one seed. 
 
CHLORANTHUS OFFICINALIS 207 
 
 HABITAT. The dried fruit of the pepper is universally 
 familiar. It was at one time cultivated in the Philippines, 
 especially in Batangas, and Gen. Basco promulgated a series of 
 orders to encourage its cultivation. Padre Gainza, afterward 
 Bishop of Nueva Caceres, wrote a report about its cultivation, 
 but since then the subject has entirely disappeared from notice. 
 
 CHLORANTHACE^I. 
 
 Chloranth Family. 
 
 Chloranthus officinalis, Bl. (C. Indicus, Wight.; C. incon- 
 spicuus, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Unknown. 
 
 USES. All parts of the plant are aromatic. The leaves 
 and stems lose this property after drying, but the roots, if 
 properly dried, preserve it for a long time. They have a cam- 
 phoraceous odor and bitter, aromatic taste, reminding one of 
 that of Aristolochia Serpentaria. The mountaineers of Java 
 use an infusion of the powdered root and the bark of the 
 Cinnamomum Culilowan to treat puerperal eclampsia. Com- 
 bined with carminatives like anise and onion, they use it with 
 some success in virulent small-pox of children. The infusion 
 seems to be efficacious in fevers accompanied by debility and 
 suppression of the function of the skin. It has also been pre- 
 scribed in the intermittent fevers of Java, mixed with an in- 
 fusion of the leaves of the Cedrela Toona. Blume states that 
 it is one of the most powerful stimulants known. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant 3-4 high. Stem quad- 
 rangular. Leaves opposite, broad, lanceolate, serrate, with stiff- 
 pointed teeth and somewhat scaly beneath. Petioles very short, 
 clasping the stem at their base, with 2 intermediate stipules 
 ending in two awl-shaped points. Flowers compound in axil- 
 lary spikes, which bear the flowerets in 2 ranks, each flower 
 with a keeled bract. The corolla (if it may be so called) a 
 
208 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 fleshy, 3-lobed lamina. Perianth wanting. Receptacle dome- 
 shaped. Anthers 4, inserted on the surface of the lamina, 2- 
 valved. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule. Style short. Berry- 
 like fruit, globose, with 1 seed covered by a somewhat brittle 
 membrane. 
 
 HABITAT. La Laguna and other provinces of Luzon. 
 Blooms in September. 
 
 LAURACE^l. 
 
 Laurel Family. 
 
 Cinnamomum pauciflorum, Nees. (Lauras culilaban, Var., 
 
 Blanco.) 
 
 C. tamala, Nees. (L. culilaban, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. (of both). Kaligag, Makaligag, Tag., Vis.; 
 Kandaroma, Hoc; Cassia Lignea or Cassia, Eng. 
 
 USES. The bark of both species is known in pharmacy as 
 Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon (cassia cinnamon). In- 
 deed it is very like the cinnamon of Ceylon, comes in curled 
 quills, has the same odor and taste though not so delicate ; but 
 it is darker in color, with a surface less clean and smooth. Its 
 chemical composition is identical with that of the latter and 
 nowadays it forms an important article of commerce. 
 
 Cinnamon renders good service in therapeutics as a stim- 
 ulant of the digestive tract and a heart tonic. In the atonic 
 diarrhoeas so common in the Philippines a tincture of cinnamon 
 in doses of 810 grams a day, or the powder in cases where 
 alcohol was contraindicated, have given me unhoped-for re- 
 sults. 
 
 In Spain and the Philippines it is very popular as a condi- 
 ment in the kitchen of the confectionery and as a flavor for 
 chocolate ; in fact in those countries it takes the place of 
 vanilla in France. It enters into the composition of several 
 elixirs and compound tinctures, such as "Botot's Water " 
 
CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS 209 
 
 (dentifrice), " Elixir of Garus " (tonic stimulant), "Balsam of 
 Fioraventi" (external stimulant), laudanum and the elixir of 
 the Grande Chartreuse (diffusible stimulant). 
 
 Lately it has been demonstrated that the essence is a power- 
 ful antiseptic, in the presence of which typhoid fever bacilli 
 cannot develop. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 15-20 high. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, glabrous. Flowers yel- 
 low, paniculate, umbellate. Common peduncles very long, 
 those of the flowerets long. Calyx none. Corolla, 6 ovate, 
 hairy petals. Stamens 9 ; 6 external to the rest and bearing 
 the anthers, 4 on each filament, 2 below the others ; the 3 inner 
 stamens bear 2 anthers each. 
 
 Ine th second species the flowers form loose, terminal pan- 
 icles. Stamens 9 ; 6 filaments inserted on the receptacle, 
 spatulate, each bearing 4 anthers on the inferior face ; the other 
 3 filaments thick, each bearing 4 anthers. Between the last 
 filaments are 8 nearly globose glandules. 
 
 HABITAT. Both species are common in the forests of Luzon. 
 The first species blooms in May, the second in January. 
 
 Cassytha filiformis, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mcddbohok. 
 
 USES. This plant has no therapeutical uses in the Philip- 
 pines. In Senegal it is employed, according to Dujardin-Beau- 
 metz, mixed with lard to treat urethritis ; its action is to decrease 
 the ardor urinse. It is not stated whether this mixture is used 
 internally or externally. 
 
 In Cochin China the same writer states that it is used as an 
 antisyphilitic. In India it is used for the piles and as an alter- 
 ative for bilious disorders. It possibly acts as a circulatory 
 stimulant. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A slender, thread-like, cylin- 
 drical vine, without leaves, that covers the trees like a mantle, 
 18 
 
210 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 so luxuriant is its growth. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 
 Calyx small, 3 sepals. Corolla, 3 fleshy concave petals. Sta- 
 mens 12 in 4 verticils, 9 fertile and 3 inner sterile. Ovary 
 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Style cylindrical. Drupe globose, 1-2" 
 in diameter, covered by a fleshy envelope, formed by the recep- 
 tacle. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, on the seashore. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEJE. 
 
 Spurge Family. 
 Euphorbia pilulifera, L. (E. capitata, Lam.; E. hirta, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Gkdondrina, Sp.-Fil.; Gatasgatas, Batobato- 
 nis, Sayikan, Tag.; Buyayawa, Tawawa, Bowi, Vis.; Malismalis, 
 Sisiwhan, Bolobotones, Magatas, Pam. 
 
 USES. This plant has a reputation in the Philippines as a 
 haemostatic of great efficiency, for which purpose the whole 
 plant is crushed and applied as a poultice over the wound. 
 Like all members of this family it abounds in milky juice. We 
 have had no occasion to employ it as a haemostatic, but do not 
 doubt its action in view of the effect that it exercises on the 
 circulation and the heart when given internally. In toxic 
 doses experiment has demonstrated that it kills animals by sus- 
 pension of the respiratory movements and those of the heart, 
 which at first beats faster but gradually more slowly. It has 
 no effect upon any other organ and is eliminated by the liver. 
 
 Matheson recommends it as an antispasmodic and has em- 
 ployed it also in dyspnoea of cardiac origin. I have used it in 
 both these conditions in Manila with highly satisfactory re- 
 sults. I have found the most convenient form of administra- 
 tion to be the tincture in doses of 15-40 drops a day given in 
 an infusion of althaea every 3 or 4 hours ; the vehicle should 
 be used liberally as it diminishes the irritant action of the 
 euphorbia on the stomach. A decoction of 15 grams of the 
 
EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA 211 
 
 plant to 2 liters of water may be given in doses of from 6 to 12 
 tablespoonfuls daily. A proper dose of the alcoholic extract 
 is 10 centigrams in 24 hours. Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, gives 
 the following formula : 
 
 Euphorbia pilulifera dried in the shade .... 30 grams. 
 
 Water 1 1. liters. 
 
 Boil till reduced to 1 liter, cool and add : 
 
 Rum or cognac 30 grams. 
 
 DOSE. 1 wineglassful 3 times a day. 
 
 This decoction relieves the most obstinate asthma, as well as 
 cough and bronchial irritation. It is necessary to use the en- 
 tire plant. The decoction is usually given in the morning, 
 fasting, in the middle of the afternoon and at bedtime. In 
 very stubborn cases another dose may be given in the middle 
 of the night. Frequently the relief is immediate and in some 
 cases a liter of the decoction is enough to effect a cure. If the 
 symptoms return, it is easy to abort them ; they are less dis- 
 tressing and, according to the statements of patients, the medi- 
 cine <( gives them air." 
 
 Dr. Hicks Bunting found, in an analysis of the drug, 60 per 
 cent, of insoluble residue, wax, " caucho," resin, tannin, sugar, 
 albuminoids, oxalate of calcium and other salts. 
 
 Dr. Marsset states that the active principle is soluble in 
 water, in dilute alcohol ; insoluble in ether, chloroform, bisul- 
 phide of carbon, and turpentine, but does not give the reaction. 
 
 The toxic dose is 1 gram of dried plant for each kilogram of 
 weight of the animal. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small creeping plant with 
 milky juice. Stem 1-2 high, cylindrical, hairy and reddish 
 in color. Leaves opposite, obliquely ovate, rhomboid, serrate, 
 hairy. Petioles very short. Two pointed stipules at the base. 
 Flowers yellowish in hemispherical umbels of 5 divisions, each 
 subdivided in 2. Involucre universal. Calyx bell-shaped, 
 
212 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 laciniate, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted on the divisions 
 of the calyx, fleshy, orbicular, with an orbicular appendix at 
 the base, concave and differing from the corolla in color. 
 Stamens 8, inserted on the base of the calyx ; filaments unequal 
 in length, each bearing 2 anthers. Four filaments lacking 
 anthers. Ovary with stalk longer than the flower, curved 
 downward. Styles 3, bifid. Stigmas simple. Seed vessels 3, 
 united, hairy, 3-angled, each bearing 1 red globose seed with a 
 wrinkled surface. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the islands and well 
 known to the natives. The name by which it is best known in 
 Manila is " golondrina." 
 
 Euphorbia neriifolia, L. (E. ligularia, Roxb.; 
 E. pentagona, Blanco.) 
 
 JSToM. VULG. Sorosoro, Sorog-sorog, Bait, Tag., Pam.; 
 Karambauayci) Hoc.; Lengua de perro, Sp.-Fil. 
 
 USES. The principal medicinal use of this plant in the 
 Philippines is the introduction of the hot juice of its fleshy 
 leaves into the external auditory canal in cases of otorrhoea or 
 of simple earache, whatever its cause. 
 
 The root is regarded in India as an antidote for snake bite 
 and, indeed, the plant is sacred to Munsa, the snake divinity. 
 During the months of July and August in some parts of India 
 the natives make offerings of rice, milk and sugar to this sacred 
 tree every Tuesday and Thursday, praying for protection from 
 the bites of serpents. 
 
 The leaves contain an abundance of milky juice, acrid and 
 very active, used in the treatment of several skin diseases. 
 Like the species E. pilulifera it possesses antiasthmatic proper- 
 ties ; Dr. S. C. Amcobury reports 6 cases treated with satisfac- 
 tory results. Owing to the acrid quality of the juice great 
 care should be maintained both in its internal and external use. 
 The Sanscrit authors regard it as purgative and usually admin- 
 
EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI 213 
 
 ister it with other drugs of the same action to increase its effect. 
 Ainslie states that the native herb-doctors of India give the 
 juice in intestinal obstruction and in the oedema of malarial 
 cachexia. The dose is 1.25 grams in 24 hours given in 300 
 cc. of sweetened water in divided doses. This dose is, in 
 my opinion, dangerous ; 4060 centigrams a day is more 
 prudent. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, from 5 to 6 high. 
 Trunk erect, jointed, 5-sided, at the angles 2 rows of thorns. 
 Leaves spatulate, fleshy. Flowers yellowish. Calyx bell- 
 shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla, numerous imbricated, spatulate 
 petals with ravelled or fringed ends. Stamens in groups. 
 Styles 3. Stigma coarse. Seed vessel, 3 carpels on a stalk. 
 
 HABITAT. In all parts of Luzon. 
 
 Euphorbia Tirucalli, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. GmsuMa, Sp.-Fil.; Katwit, Suelda, Tag. 
 
 USES. The milky juice of this species is very caustic. It 
 is used chiefly in India mixed with oil as an embrocation for 
 rheumatism ; given internally it is regarded as an antisyphilitic. 
 Dr. J. Shortt states that it is an excellent alterant in syphilis 
 in dose of 30 centigrams, morning and evening. It is further 
 employed in malarial hypertrophy of the spleen, in asthma and 
 as a purgative ; in a word the same virtues are attributed to it 
 as to the foregoing species. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Small trees, 9-12 high. Trunk 
 erect. Branches cylindrical, stumpy (not tapering), several 
 very small leaves at the ends. Flowers yellowish, in umbels. 
 Calyx, 5 rounded, fleshy sepals. Corolla, 5 groups of woolly 
 hairs on the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 sepals, with double or irregular anthers. Seed vessel, 3 carpels 
 each with one seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common, especially in the suburbs of Ma- 
 nila where they serve as hedges. 
 
214 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Phyllanthus reticulatus Mull. (Cica decandra, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tinatinaan, Tintatintahan, Malinta, Tag.; 
 Sugot-olag, Vis. 
 
 USES. The natives eat the little berries of this species, which 
 are dark purple before and black after maturity, and use their 
 juice for ink. The leaves are diuretic and refreshing ; the bark 
 alterant. In the bazaars of India the bark is sold commonly in 
 pieces 1 long and as thick as the wrist ; its taste is slightly 
 sweet, color dark and the alterative dose of its decoction is 
 120-150 grams a day. In Concan they make a compound pill 
 of the leaf-juice, powdered cubebs and camphor, to be dissolved 
 in the mouth for ulcerated, bleeding or scorbutic gums. The 
 juice is also given internally for urticaria. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Small trees, 12 or more high, 
 with leaves pinnate, oval, entire, alternate, glabrous, downy 
 when young. Common petiole, 2 stipules at the base. Flowers 
 monoecious. Staminate : calyx, 5 colored sepals ; no corolla ; 
 filaments 4, coarse, somewhat shorter than the calyx, the mid- 
 dle one thicker and 2-parted ; anthers 10, 4 on the middle fila- 
 ment and two on each of the others. Pistillate : calyx and 
 corolla same as staminate ; nectary, 5 glandules on the base of 
 the ovary. Fruit, a black berry seated within the calyx, 
 crowned with 2 erect styles, 6 or 8 compartments each with a 
 single seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows everywhere and is well known. 
 
 Phyllanthus Niruri, L. 
 P. urinaria, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro, Sp. 
 
 USES. This species is not used medicinally in the Philip- 
 pines, but in India is given for its diuretic effect and has great 
 repute in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, dropsy and 
 gonorrhoea. The infusion of the leaves of P. Niruri with 
 
JATROPHA CURCAS 215 
 
 Fenugreek seeds is a highly prized remedy for chronic dysen- 
 tery, mentioned by Ainslie. The leaves are bitter and tonic 
 and in Bombay they are in common use in gonorrhoea to cor- 
 rect the acidity of the urine. Bruised and mixed with salt they 
 make a sort of jelly frequently used as an application for itch; 
 without salt the same is used for contusions. 
 
 The dose of the leaf juice of both species, for internal use, 
 is 15 grams a day in divided doses. 
 
 A decoction of the entire plant well dried and powdered, is 
 given for jaundice in doses of 5 grams a day. 
 
 The milky juice of the stem is useful in the local treatment 
 of ulcers. The bruised root is employed in Concan for neu- 
 ralgia. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. P. Niruri is an herb with straight 
 stem. Leaves alternate, pinnate with stylet in place of the 
 odd leaflet. Leaflets nearly oval, glabrous, 2 stipules at the 
 base. Flowers monoacious, greenish, axillary; the staminate 
 growing along the common petiole above the pistillate. Stami- 
 nate : Calyx, 5 lanceolate, entire sepals ; no corolla; 1 filament 
 with 1 anther. Pistillate : Calyx and corolla as above ; ovary 
 free, 3 biovulate cells ; style with 2 stigma-bearing branches. 
 Fruit capsular, globose. 
 
 P. urinaria may be distinguished by its sessile flowers and 
 reddish stem. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in Manila and all over Luzon. 
 
 Jatropha Curcas, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Tuba, Tag.; Kasla, Vis.; Tawatawa, Hoc. 
 (Seeds called " English Physic Nuts " in India.) 
 
 USES. The milky juice of the trunk and branches is a 
 drastic purgative, too active for safety as a physic. Mixed with 
 water it is used as a wash for atonic ulcers. 
 
 The seeds yield 2530 per cent, of a yellowish oil, more 
 active than castor oil as a purgative but less certain. Ten or 
 
216 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 twelve of the former equal in effect 30 to 40 drops of the 
 latter. Its density is 0.919, and it differs from castor oil in 
 being only slightly soluble in absolute alcohol. In some parts 
 of the Philippines it is used for purposes of illumination, and 
 it is exported to Europe to adulterate soaps and candles. It 
 contains a little stearin which begins to be deposited at 9 and 
 is entirely solidified at 0. 
 
 The fruit is strongly purgative, and this action is not due to 
 the oil but to a peculiar resin so active that 3 fruits produce 
 drastic effects. Whatever purgative action the oil possesses is 
 due to the resin which it contains in solution. It seems, there- 
 fore, preferable to treat the seeds with alcohol, thus dissolving 
 the resin, and use the tincture thus obtained in place of the 
 oil. 
 
 The natives use the plant to intoxicate the fish in ponds and 
 sluggish streams. 
 
 The seeds of the species /. multifida, L., also called tuba 
 in Tag., and mana, are likewise purgative in their action. Dr. 
 Waring saw a case of poisoning with the fruit ; the patient, a 
 young man, suffered violent vomiting, intense pain in the 
 stomach and head, and marked prostration. He recovered 
 under the use of lime juice and stimulants. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The J. Curcas is a small tree 
 growing as high as 9. Leaves alternate, cordate, glabrous, 
 35 cut-lobed. Flowers yellowish-green, monoecious, in ter- 
 minal umbels, staminate and pistillate flowers mingled without 
 order. Staminate : Calyx, 5 unequal sepals ; corolla bell- 
 shaped, 5 petals, woolly within, a small notch at the end, bent 
 downward ; stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5. Pistillate : Calyx 
 and corolla as above ; several tongue-like staminodes replace 
 the stamens ; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; 
 style 3 -branched. Seed vessel fleshy, of 3 capsules, each bear- 
 ing 1 oval, coriaceous seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon and Visayas. 
 
ALEURITES MOLUCCANA 217 
 
 Aleurites Moluccana, Willd. (A. triloba, Forst. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Lumbdn, Kapili, Tag.; Belgaum or Indian 
 Walnut, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The kernels are rich in oil which is used for illumi- 
 nation and the manufacture of soap. For industrial purposes 
 it is superior to linseed oil, according to the report of the Mad- 
 ras Drug Committee. 
 
 Dr. O'Rocke states that in doses of 1-2 ounces it acts as a 
 gentle and sure purgative, producing copious bilious evacua- 
 tions after 3-6 hours, without causing nausea, colic or other 
 similar effects. The municipal physician of Sampaloc, Seilor 
 Xerez, states that he has frequently used this oil in Manila, as 
 a purgative, and he agrees perfectly with Dr. O'Rocke as to 
 its effect. 
 
 D. Anacleto del Rosario, the distinguished Filipino chemist, 
 tells me that he once witnessed a case of poisoning by the fruit 
 of the lumbdn, the patient being a native boy. Doubtless the 
 milky juice, so active in all the Euphorbiacea3, was the cause 
 of the symptoms. It is true that the kernel causes colic and 
 copious alvine discharges. 
 
 Nellino's chemical analysis of the seeds is as follows : 
 
 Water 5.25 
 
 Fatty matter 62.97 
 
 Cellulose 28.99 
 
 Mineral matter 2.79 
 
 The ashes contain the following matters : 
 
 Lime 28.69 % 
 
 Magnesia 6.01 " 
 
 Potash 11.23 " 
 
 Phosphoric acid 20.30 " 
 
 The oil is yellow, syrupy, transparent, odorless, insipid. 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with leaves bunched or 
 clustered, 3-5 lobulate with as many nerves. Petioles about 
 
218 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 as long as the leaves. Flowers white, terminal in panicles, the 
 pistillate mixed with the more numerous staminate flowers. 
 Staminate : Calyx monophyllous, cylindrical, 2-toothed; corolla, 
 5 linear petals twice as long as the calyx ; stamens 20 or more, 
 joined in a column at their bases. Pistillate : Calyx and corolla 
 as above ; ovary of 2 or 3 uniovulate locules, encircled by a disk ; 
 style 2- or 3-branched. Seed vessel large, ovate, compressed, 
 fleshy, 2 sutures at right angles, 2 compartments, in each a hard 
 nut. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows all over Luzon and is well known to the 
 natives. 
 
 Croton Tiglium, L. ( C. glandulosum, C. muricatum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Tuba kamaisa, Tag.; The Purging Croton, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The fruit is used by the Filipinos to intoxicate the 
 fish in ponds and sluggish streams. The seeds contain an oil 
 that is official in all Pharmacopoeias as one of the most powerful 
 hydragogue cathartics. As it is intensely irritating it should 
 never be administered alone but combined with other substances, 
 such as castor oil, or in pill form. The internal dose is 1 to 2 
 drops. It is considered a specific for lead colic and is indicated 
 when not only purgation but active irritation of the digestive 
 canal is desired. 
 
 Applied to the skin it is a strong irritant causing rapid and 
 painful vesication. Great care should be exercised not to raise 
 the hands to the eyes after touching the oil, as serious inflamma- 
 tion might result. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, 8-9 high, with 
 rough trunk. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, minutely serrate, 
 both surfaces beset with sharp hairs. Flowers yellowish-white, 
 monoecious. Staminate : Fewer than the pistillate, growing 
 above them ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla, 5 woolly petals ; 
 stamens 16, joined in the center. Pistillate : Calyx 5-toothed ; 
 
ACALYPHA INDICA 219 
 
 corolla much less developed than in the staminate ; ovary free, 
 3 uniovulate locules; styles 3, bifid. Seed vessel dry, with 
 thin envelope bristling with stiff hairs; 3 carpels each contain- 
 ing a seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon. 
 
 Acalypha Indica, L. (A. Caroliniana, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Not known. 
 
 USES. This plant is not used medicinally in the Philip- 
 pines, but is very common in India. Dr. G. Bidie, of Madras, 
 states that the expressed juice of the leaves is in great repute, 
 wherever the plant grows, as an emetic for children and is safe, 
 certain and speedy in its action. Like ipecacuanha it seems 
 to have little tendency to act on the bowels or depress the vital 
 powers, and it decidedly increases the secretion of the pulmonary 
 organs. Probably an infusion of the dried leaves or an extract 
 prepared from the green plant would retain all its active prop- 
 erties. The dose of the expressed juice fo'r an infant is a tea- 
 spoonful. 
 
 Dr. A. E. Ross speaks highly of its use as an expectorant, 
 ranking it in this respect with senega ; he found it especially 
 useful in the bronchitis of children. He also makes favorable 
 report of a cataplasm of the leaves as a local application to 
 syphilitic ulcers and as a means of relieving the pain attendant 
 on the bites of venomous insects. 
 
 The alleged purgative action of the root noticed by Ainslie 
 is confirmed by Dr. H. E. Busteed, who reports having used 
 the expressed juice of the root and leaves as a laxative for 
 children. 
 
 Langley, a military surgeon, states that in Ganara the natives 
 employ the leaf juice in congestive headache, soaking pledgets 
 of cotton with it and introducing them into the nasal fossae ; 
 the resultant nose bleed relieves the headache. The powder of 
 the dry leaves is dusted on ulcers and putrid sores. In asthma 
 
220 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 and bronchitis, both of children and adults, Langley has used 
 this plant with good results, and he recommends 1.253.50 
 grams of the tincture (100 grams of the fresh plant to- 500 of 
 alcohol, 90) repeated several times a day; the effect is ex- 
 pectorant, nauseant and, in large doses, emetic. 
 
 It must be noted that only the young, growing plants are 
 active. 
 
 The flowers of another species, A. hispida, Burm., called 
 bugos in Tag. and Vis., is used in India for the dysentery. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A little plant, about 3 high. 
 Leaves alternate, broad, lanceolate, 5-nerved, serrate from 
 middle to apex. Petioles much longer than the leaves, 2 
 stipules at their bases. Flowers greenish, monoecious in axil- 
 lary spikes, pedunculate, as long as the leaves, crowned by a 
 prolongation of the axis in the form of a cross. Staminate : 
 Numerous, in upper part of spike ; calyx 4 parts ; no corolla ; 
 stamens 81 6, small, free. Pistillate : Less in number, at the 
 base of the spike ; perianth of 3 imbricated leaflets ; ovary, 3 
 uniovulate locules ; style, 3 branches which also subdivide. 
 Capsule 3-celled, each cell containing a globose seed with cica- 
 trix. 
 
 HABITAT. Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. Blooms in 
 October. 
 
 Echinus Philippensis, H. Baillon. (Oroton Philippense, Lamk.; 
 jRottlera tinctoria, Roxb.; Mallotus Philippensis, Mull.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Banato, Tag.; Buas, Vuas, Hoc.; Monkey-face 
 Tree, Kamela or Kamala Dye, Indo-Eng. 
 
 USES. The capsular fruit of this plant is thickly beset with 
 reddish glands and hairs, which, when brushed off and gathered 
 in powder form, constitute the kamala dye of the Hindoos. It 
 was mentioned by the Arabian physicians of the tenth century 
 under the names of Kanbil and Wars. In India the powder 
 is highly valued as a yellow dye-stuff for silk. Medicinally it 
 
ECHINUS PHILIPPENSIS 221 
 
 is used as an anthelmintic, the English physician Mackinnon, 
 of the Bengal Hospital, having been the first to scientifically 
 prove this property ; he reported that it was successful in ex- 
 pelling the tape-worm. It is now official in the Pharmacopeia 
 of India and also in the U. S. P. as an anthelmintic and purga- 
 tive ; in Switzerland it is commonly given to expel the bothri- 
 ocephalus which abounds there, the lake fish acting as hosts. 
 
 The dose recommended by the Pharmacopoeia of India is 
 8-12 grams, divided in 3 or 4 doses. This amount sometimes 
 causes nausea and colic ; in the third or fourth stool the taBnia is 
 commonly expelled in a lifeless condition. Dujardin-Beaumetz 
 advises a dose of 30 grams of castor oil in case the tsenia has 
 not been expelled 2 hours after the last dose of kamala. The 
 powder is efficacious but the tincture seems to be surer; the 
 dose is 6 grams for children and 20 for adults, given in divided 
 doses in aromatic water every hour for 6 hours. This tincture 
 is prepared by macerating 200 grams of kamala in 500 cc. 
 alcohol for 7 days ; then filtering with expression and adding 
 enough alcohol to complete the 500 cc. 
 
 The powder is also used in India as a local application in 
 herpes circinata. It is insoluble in water; in ether and alcohol 
 it yields 80J& of a red resin. Anderson noted that a concen- 
 trated ethereal solution of kamala after a few days formed a 
 solid crystalline mass, yellow, very soluble in ether; this sub- 
 stance he named rottlerm. CLH 1A O. 
 
 / ftl IV 9 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 6-8 meters high, covered 
 with stellate groups of short yellow hairs. Leaves alternate, 
 petiolate, rhomboid-oval or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 
 entire or slightly dentate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface 
 covered with woolly hairs and powdery red glands. Flowers 
 yellowish-green, small, dioecious, apetalous, in spikes. Stami- 
 nate: By 3's in the axil of each bract; perianth, 3 or 5 
 deeply cut, lanceolate lobules ; stamens 15-25, free, inserted in 
 the center of the flower. Pistillate : In the axil of each bract; 
 
222 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ovary, 3 locales each with 1 ovule, covered like the leaves with 
 hairs and yellow, granular glands. Seed vessel globose, 3- 
 celled, like ovary covered with hairs and glands. 
 
 HABITAT. Mountains of Morong, San Mateo, Tarlak, 
 Bosoboso, Ilocos Norte, Albay and Batangas. 
 
 Ricinus communis, L. (Variety microcarpus, Mull.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Tayantagan, Ligasina, Tag.; Taycmtagan, 
 Tawatawa$iga } Hoc.; Castor Oil Plant, Eng. 
 
 USES. A purgative oil is expressed from the seeds, called 
 " Aceite dc Ricino " (castor oil). It operates mechanically in 
 the intestinal tract and its action is rapid and is indicated 
 whenever it is desired simply to empty the intestines without 
 producing any irritating effect ; it is, therefore, a purgative 
 indicated in diseases of children, in pregnancy, and in hemor- 
 rhoidal congestions where a non-irritating evacuation of the 
 rectum is desired. It is an anthelmintic, though not ordinarily 
 given alone, but in combination with other drugs of a purely 
 anthelmintic action, the object being to expel the worms which 
 have been attacked by the specific. 
 
 Oil extracted simply by expression is less purgative than 
 that obtained by treating the seeds with bisulphide of carbon 
 and absolute alcohol ; also less purgative than the seeds them- 
 selves, because it contains only a very small proportion of a dras- 
 tic principle existing exclusively in the seeds ; this principle 
 is completely dissolved in the oil extracted by chemical process. 
 
 It is pale yellow in color, very viscid, with a characteristic 
 mouldy odor. The purgative dose is 10-30 grams. A small 
 dose may purge as actively as a larger one provided that 
 the patient drink abundantly after the administration of the 
 drug. The best method of disguising its taste is by giving it 
 in half a cup of very strong, hot coffee. Just before the dose, 
 take a swallow of coffee to disguise the taste even more effec- 
 tually. 
 
ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA 223 
 
 Castor oil enters into the composition of elastic collodion 
 (simple collodion, 30 grams, castor oil, 2 grams). The leaves 
 pounded and boiled are applied as a poultice to foul ulcers. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. There are two forms of this 
 variety in the Philippines, possessing the same properties and 
 known by the same common name : R. viridis, Mull. (R. corn- 
 munis, Blanco) and R. subpurpurascens, Mull.; the former is the 
 more common and has a glabrous, fistular stem. Leaves pel- 
 tate, palmately cleft in 7 or 9 lobules, lanceolate, serrate. Pet- 
 ioles long. Flowers greenish, mono3cious, the staminate ones 
 in large panicled clusters below the pistillate. Filaments 
 numerous, subdivided into several anther-bearing branches. 
 Pistillate flowers, 3 sepals, 3 styles. Seed vessel, 3 prickly 
 capsules, containing solitary seeds. 
 
 The R. subpurpurascens is distinguished from the former by 
 bearing 2 glandules at the base of the leaves, the mulberry color 
 of which latter suggests its common name, Tagantagan net 
 morado, Tag., Vis. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in Luzon, Mindanao and other 
 islands. 
 
 URTICACEJE. 
 
 Nettle Family. 
 Artocarpus integrifolia, Willd. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Nagka, Tag.; Jack Fruit Tree, Eng. 
 
 USES. The huge fruit of this tree is well known to the 
 Filipinos and well liked by them as an article of food, eaten 
 fresh or in sweet preserves. The arils and pulpy envelopes of 
 the seeds are the parts eaten, also the seeds themselves, boiled 
 or roasted. According to Padre Mercado the roasted seeds 
 have an aphrodisiac action. 
 
 The heated and powdered leaves are applied to wounds and 
 given internally for congestions. The resin of the trunk is a 
 useful application to ulcers and in India they give it inter- 
 
224 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 nally to cure la melcna, the dose, one "tola" mixed with the 
 same amount of manga resin and a little lime water. The 
 same resin if heated makes an excellent cement for broken 
 china. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree, 20 or more in height, 
 with abundant milky sap. Leaves alternate, oval, acute at 
 both ends, slightly wavy and revolute borders, tough, glabrous 
 and dark green upper surface ; light green, slightly rough under 
 surface. Petioles short. Flowers greenish, mono3cious, grow- 
 ing on root, trunk and branches. Calyx very small, monophyl- 
 lous, of about 7 deciduous lobules. Staminate : On a club- 
 shaped receptacle, 3' or 4' long, bristling with the stamens ; 
 filaments very short, anthers 2-celled. Pistillate : On a com- 
 mon, oblong receptacle which ripens to the great fruit ; style 
 1, short; rarely 2 divergent styles; stigmas acute. Fruit 
 about size and shape of a small watermelon, beset with many 
 sharp eminences, containing many seeds enveloped in thick 
 arils. 
 
 HABITAT. It grows in all parts of the Archipelago and is 
 commonly known. 
 
 Laportea gaudichaudiana, Wedd. ( Urtica umbdlata, 
 U.fcrox, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Ligaton, Lipa, Apariagua (f ), Tag., Vis.; 
 Lipagdoton, Pam. 
 
 USES. The Padre Mercado writes as follows concerning the 
 properties of this plant: "The leaves, applied with salt in the 
 form of a plaster, purify dog bites, foul, putrid, malignant and 
 cankerous ulcers ; they cure boils, contusions and all abscesses ; 
 mixed with wax they may be applied for obstruction of the 
 spleen ; mashed with the juice and inserted in the nose they ar- 
 rest nose-bleed ; cooked with snails they soften the stomach, ex- 
 cite the secretion of urine and dissipate flatus ; the juice given 
 as a gargle aborts inflammation of the epiglottis. The seeds 
 
CASUARINA SUMATRANA 225 
 
 mixed with wine are asexual excitant and " clear out" the womb ; 
 taken with syrup they relieve dyspnoea, pain in the side and 
 inflammation of the lungs and force up the humors from the 
 chest ; it may be mixed with medicines that corrupt the flesh 
 (sic). The grated root drunk with wine relieves painful flatu- 
 lence. I myself (continues the Padre Mercado) have experi- 
 mented with a woman who suffered with painful flatulence and 
 this remedy relieved her." 
 
 We repeat that all the foregoing is copied from the writings 
 of Padre Mercado and we offer it as a therapeutic curiosity. 
 
 P. Blanco states that merely to touch the leaves causes an 
 intolerable itching. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A small tree, 12-15 high, 
 trunk richly branched. Leaves opposite, bunched at the ends 
 of the branches, notched at the base, long, ovate, serrate, hairy 
 on both surfaces. Flowers yellowish-white, dioecious. Stami- 
 nate : In compound racemes ; calyx 4 parts ; corolla none ; 
 stamens 4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Pistillate : 
 Flowers in 2-forked umbel, flat, very large ; calyx, none ; 
 stamens none ; stigma 1 ; seed heart-shaped. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in all the fields and in the moun- 
 tains. Blooms in June. 
 
 CASUARINEJE. 
 
 Beefwood Family. 
 Casuarina Sumatrana, Jung. (C. equisetifolia, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. YULG. Ayoho, Tag.; Malabokok, Agoho, Vis.; Aro, 
 Karo, Agoo, Hoc. 
 
 USES. The bark is astringent by virtue of the large quan- 
 tity of tannin it contains. Its principal use is in decoction in 
 the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and haemoptysis ; it is also 
 given in amenorrhoea, though it is apt to increase the pain. 
 Externally it is used as a wash for contusions and ulcers. 
 19 
 
226 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Another species, C. equisetifoKa, Forst., confounded with the 
 former species by the natives, has the same therapeutic appli- 
 cations. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree with stellately arranged 
 straight branches. Leaves stellate, long, narrow, linear, 4- 
 grooved. They have been compared to the tail of a horse and 
 the tail of a certain bird the casobar. Staminate and pistil- 
 late flowers greenish, on different parts of the same stalk. 
 Staminate, in small aments. Pistillate on small globose 
 aments ; calyx proper of the floweret, a coarse scale ; corolla 
 none ; ovary conical ; styles 2, flattened, divergent ; stigmas 
 acute. Fruit : Each floweret produces a woody seed-vessel, 
 bivalved, ovate, glabrous, with a small seed ending in an oval 
 wing ; all these seed vessels joined form a small cone about I' 
 long. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common in Ilocos, Tarlak, Binangonang 
 of Lampong and N. Ecija. 
 
MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 MUSACE^. 
 
 Banana Family. 
 
 Musa paradisiaca, L. 
 
 M. sapientum, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Pldtano, Sp.; Sotgig, Tag., etc.; Banana, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. The fruit produced by the various varieties of the 
 banana plant constitutes one of the most wholesome and de- 
 licious of foods, appreciated by natives and Europeans alike. 
 According to Boussingaul its nutritive value is greater than 
 that of the potato and it may be used constantly without ill 
 effects. Bananas contain a large percentage of sugar and mu- 
 cilage. In India they dry them in the sun, as figs and grapes 
 are treated in other countries and thus preserve them for long 
 voyages by sea or land; eaten in conjunction with animal food 
 they are a strong preventive of scurvy. If eaten when thor- 
 oughly ripe they have a laxative effect. 
 
 The young and tender leaves are used in the Philippines as 
 a protective dressing for ulcers, dermatitis, burns and can- 
 tharidal or other artificial blisters. Before applying to the af- 
 fected surface the leaf is heated to make it more flexible and 
 coated with a thin layer of cocoanut oil or other fatty substance. 
 
 In the dispensaries of India they also use the leaves in this 
 way, thus protecting and at the same time maintaining the 
 moisture of the part. Dr. Waring recommends the practice 
 and Dr. Van Someren follows it in the application of water 
 dressings, having substituted banana leaves for gutta-percha. 
 
228 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 In Mauritius the fruit is used for dysentery, and the flowers, 
 together with an equal quantity of those of Spilanthes Acmella. 
 are made into a decoction and prescribed for dropsy. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The banana plant with its huge 
 waving leaves and succulent stem is universally familiar. The 
 flower stalk rises through the center developing a drooping 
 spike, the flowers in short rows in the axils of its large pur- 
 plish bracts. According to Blanco there are 57 varieties of 
 this plant in the Philippines, the following being the most 
 common edible varieties : bugulag, lakatan, letondag, obispo, 
 higo, morado, butuan, bentikohol, sabd, tampuhig. 
 
 HABITAT. Common everywhere in the islands. 
 
 ZINGIBERACEJE. 
 
 Ginger Family. 
 Zingiber officinale, L. (Amomum zingiber, L. and Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VTJLG. Ajengibre, Jengibre, Sp.; Luya, Tag.; Laya, 
 Bic.; Ginger, Eng. 
 
 USES. The rhizome is used principally as a condiment in 
 the Philippines. Its flavor is extremely agreeable, much ap- 
 preciated in Europe by the English who are the greatest con- 
 sumers of the condiment. In the Philippines a decoction is 
 made of ginger and brown sugar, called tahu by the Chinese 
 who drink it regularly as we do coffee in the early hours of the 
 morning. It is an excellent drink, aromatic, tonic, stomachic 
 and stimulant, and would probably be highly useful as well as 
 economical as a part of the ration of European and native 
 troops in the field. Hot tahu or tahu is an active diuretic, and 
 during the last epidemic of cholera in Manila some physicians 
 used it with very satisfactory results. 
 
 Ginger is a good carminative and is official in the pharma- 
 copoeias of Europe, America and India. It is used with good 
 effect in flatulent colic, atonic diseases of the intestines so com- 
 mon in the Philippines and in chronic rheumatism. 
 
CUKCUMA LONG A 229 
 
 The tincture is given in doses of 2-4 grams. The official 
 infusion 30-60 grams. 
 
 The rhizome contains a volatile oil 1 (25 per cent.), a pale yel- 
 low liquid, specific gravity 0.878, the odor like that of the rhi- 
 zome but lacking its strong and piquant taste. Its reaction is 
 not acid ; it dissolves slowly in alcohol. The burning taste is 
 due to a resin that produces protocatechuic acid when melted 
 with potassa. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The only part employed is the 
 rhizome, well known all over the islands and found in all their 
 pharmacies and shops. 
 
 Several stems rise 23 directly from the peculiar, branched 
 rhizome ; long-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, alternate 
 leaves diverge stiffly from the sides of the stem ; petiole proper 
 very short, its broader extension ensheathing the stem ; gen- 
 eral appearance of a single stem is much like that of the Sol- 
 omon's seal so familiar in the U. S. 
 
 Curcuma longa, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. DilaWj Tag.; Dulaw, Kalawaga, Kinamboy, 
 Vis.; Agay, Pam.; Turmeric Plant, Eng. 
 
 USES. The yellow rhizome called by some azafrdn (saffron), 
 is used as a condiment ; its odor is remotely suggestive of va- 
 nilla. The Philippine herb-doctors give it internally for 
 haemoptysis, externally as a plaster or in infusion for acute 
 dermatitis. The juice is prescribed in doses of 30-60 grams in 
 bronchial catarrh. In India they inhale the fumes of burning 
 turmeric paper for coryza, and with good effect according to the 
 testimony of Dr. Waring. 
 
 The drug is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India. It is 
 
 carminative, stimulant and probably antiseptic. Its decoction 
 
 is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. 
 
 The Mohammedans of Decan use it for jaundice upon the 
 
 1 European analyses make the amount 1-2.2 per cent. 
 
230 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 theory that the yellow color of the skin in that disease is an 
 indication for a remedy of the same color. The juice is also 
 used in many parts of India to stain the face, nails and other 
 parts of the body. 
 
 The tincture is prepared by macerating 30 grams of bruised 
 rhizome in 200 cc. alcohol for .seven days, then filtering. Tur- 
 meric paper is prepared by impregnating unsized paper with 
 this tincture, and then drying. Both tincture and paper are 
 used to test for alkalies. 
 
 The rhizomes contain a pigment called curcumin, an essen- 
 tial oil and fsecula. Curcumin (C 14 H 14 O 4 ) is crystalline, yellow 
 by direct light and blue by reflected light ; it was studied by 
 Jackson and Menke. 
 
 In the Philippines it is used extensively as a diaphoretic 
 and emmenagogue and in icterus, intestinal colic and dysmen- 
 orrhoaa; externally for skin diseases, contusions and atonic 
 ulcers. 
 
 Gubler regards it as a diffusible stimulant. Its use is more 
 extensive in England than in France and Spain ; in India it 
 forms an ingredient of curry, called carl in Manila. Curcumin 
 is eliminated by the urine, which it colors yellow, and if at the 
 same time an alkali be taken by the patient, especially a salt 
 of calcium, the urine becomes red and may communicate this 
 stain to the clothes. This fact should be borne in mind to 
 avoid embarrassing mistakes in diagnosis or prognosis. Dose 
 of powder, 25 grams. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. Leaves 2-4 long, rising in 
 bush-like bunches directly from the rhizome, broad-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, gradually tapering down the long petioles ; numerous 
 prominent nerves give a ribbed appearance to the blade. Rhi- 
 zome cylindrical, irregular, bright yellow within. 
 
 Elettaria Cardamomum, White. 
 NOM. VULG. Lagkuas, Lagkawas, Vis.; Cardamon, Eng. 
 
CRINUM ASIATICUM 231 
 
 USES. This plant, though official in several pharmacopoeias, 
 is not used as a medicine in the Philippines, probably on ac- 
 count of its scarcity here. The seeds are used as a condiment; 
 they are stimulant and carminative and yield good results in 
 atonic dyspepsia, nervous depression and spasmodic or flatulent 
 affections of the intestine. The dose of the powdered seeds is 
 from 0.60-1.50 grams in pill form; the tincture is, however, 
 more convenient and is given in doses of from 4 to 8 grams. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with a scaly rhizome 
 and adventitious roots from which spring the stems, some of 
 which bear leaves and others flowers. The leaves are alternate, 
 in pairs; extended, lanceolate blade, with a short petiole. 
 Branches bearing flowers, short, flexible and scaly. The flowers 
 spring from the sheaths of the leaves. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed ; 
 second calyx with limb divided into 3 unequal lobules. Stamens 
 3. Ovary inferior, 3 many-ovuled compartments. Style simple. 
 Stigma rounded. Fruit an oblong, ovoid capsule, 3-celled, 
 trivalvate. Seeds blackish, albuminous. 
 
 HABITAT. Yisaya Islands. 
 
 AMARYLLIDACE.E. 
 
 Amaryllis Family. 
 Crinum Asiaticum, L. ((7. giganteum, Blanco.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. Bakog, Tag. 
 
 USES. The decoction of the leaves is used in the Philippines 
 as an expectorant. The plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia 
 of India as an emetic and in small doses is nauseant and dia- 
 phoretic. As an emetic the dose of the fresh juice of the root 
 is 8-16 grams every 10 minutes till vomiting occurs. Dr. W. 
 O'Shaughnessy, writing from Bengal, states that this is the only 
 indigenous and abundant emetic plant of which he has experi- 
 ence, which acts without producing griping, purging, or other 
 unpleasant symptoms. In a communication to Dr. Waring he 
 
232 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 remarks that it is a good emetic and diaphoretic whenever 
 ipecacuanha is not at hand but that it should be regarded not 
 so much as a substitute for that article as a resource in case of 
 need. 
 
 The leaf juice is used in India to drop into the ears for 
 disease of these organs. 
 
 One of the infinite remedies used by the Filipinos under 
 the name of " contrapoisons," without specifying or knowing 
 what poison, is the powdered root of Crinum, given internally 
 with a little water. They also use the leaves locally for the 
 itch, bruising them and rubbing the affected parts energetically 
 with them. I may note here in passing, what I have written 
 before : that the Filipinos have from time immemorial been 
 familiar with the sarcopt of scabies (Kahaw) which they pick 
 out with a needle or spine of some fish or vegetable. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A plant with globose, scaly 
 root. Leaves keeled or ridged. Flowers white, on a flattened 
 stalk, on a spathe of 2 leaflets and several dry threads enclos- 
 ing 4 flowerets. Corolla funnel-form, tube long and triangular ; 
 limb cut in 6 horizontal lanceolate lobes. Stamens 6, shorter 
 than corolla. Anthers long. Stigma with 3 points. Seed 
 vessel inferior, 3-celled, each cell containing a seed. 
 
 HABITAT. Very common on the seashore and in groves of 
 mangrove trees. Blooms in July. 
 
 LILIACEJE. 
 
 Lily Family. 
 
 Aloes Barbadensis, Mill. (A. humilis, Blanco; A. vera, L.; 
 A. vulgaris, Banck.; A. Indica, Royl.) 
 
 NOM. VULG. $6i7a, Tag.; Dilag boaya, Vis.; Aloes, Eng. 
 
 USES. This species is one of those which produce the sub- 
 stance known in pharmacy as aloes, which is the juice of the 
 leaf evaporated to the consistency of an extract. It is official 
 
ALLIUM CEPA 233 
 
 in all pharmacopoeias and its properties are known to the 
 Filipino herb-doctors. They use the fresh juice of the leaves 
 as a stimulant of the scalp in baldness and locally in contu- 
 sions. Aloes is a slow purgative and its irritating action on the 
 lower portion of the large intestine extends to the genito- 
 urinary organs. It is, therefore, an emmenagogue and its pro- 
 longed use causes hemorrhoids, especially in man. It is contra- 
 indicated where there is disease of the genito-urinary organs or 
 rectum. As it increases the secretion of bile it is useful in 
 certain hepatic diseases. It is used in small doses as a tonic 
 in dyspepsia. The tonic dose is J 20 centigrams ; purgative, 
 15-50 of the extract, preferably in pill form. It is customary 
 to associate it with other purgatives. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A stemless plant, the leaves 
 springing immediately from the root as in the pineapple, joined 
 at the base, straight, ligulate, very fleshy and becoming thinner 
 toward the end, with stiff thorns along the edges. Flowers 
 between yellow and red outside and straw-colored inside, in 
 racemes on a cylindrical scape 3 or more high, sometimes 
 ramose, peduncles very short. Corolla cylindrical, somewhat 
 incurved, cleft to the middle in 6 parts, 3 external, acute and 
 superposed on the others, obtuse at the apex and of different 
 color. Stamens 6, inserted at the nectiferous base of the ovary 
 and of the same length as the corolla. Anthers erect. Ovary 
 cylindrical with 6 furrows. Stigma obtuse, with raveled edges. 
 The seed vessel ovoid, 3-valved, 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each, 
 furnished with 3 spongy wings. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in gardens. 
 
 Allium sativum, L. 
 NOM. VULG. Ajo, Sp.; Baway, Tag.; Garlic, Eng. 
 
 Allium Cepa, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Cebolla, Sp.; Lasuna, Sibuyas, Tag.; Onion, 
 Eng. 
 20 
 
234 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 USES. The garlic and the onion are used to excess as con- 
 diments in Philippine as well as Spanish cooking. Both are 
 difficult of digestion and communicate a very disagreeable odor 
 to the breath,, intolerable to those who are unaccustomed to it. 
 Garlic possesses the singular property, familiar to many stu- 
 dents and soldiers, of inducing a transient fever if introduced 
 within the anus. When bruised and applied to the skin it has 
 a counter-irritant action which makes it useful in the treatment 
 of rheumatism, but the odor is so disagreeable that it is not 
 worth while to use it for that purpose when we have so many 
 other medicines which produce the same effect without being 
 objectionable. It is also used locally for the bites of venomous 
 animals. 
 
 The onion is used cooked as a poultice over the bladder and 
 internally for various catarrhs. It is better to abstain from 
 the therapeutic and culinary use of products so indigestible 
 and so malodorous. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. These plants are so well known 
 in all parts of the world that a description of them would be 
 superfluous. 
 
 PALMJE. 
 
 Palm Family. 
 Areca Catechu, L. 
 
 NOM. VuLCr. Boga, Tag.; Betel-nut Palm, Areca., Eng. 
 
 USES. The seeds form part of a masticatory very common 
 throughout the extreme Orient, known as Buyo and composed 
 of a betel leaf, a little slaked lime, and a slice of the fruit of 
 the bonga, known asSiri in Indo-Chinaand among the Malays. 
 It is so common that it is hard to find a man or woman who 
 does not use it. The saliva of those who use it is red and of 
 a strong odor, and its careless use in time blackens the teeth 
 and makes the breath extremely disagreeable. Habitual 
 chewers consider it a tonic of the mouth and -stomach and a 
 
ARECA CATECHU 235 
 
 general stimulant as well. It probably does possess these 
 properties but they are reversed in the case of persons who use 
 it immoderately for they lose appetite, become salivated, and the 
 whole organism degenerates. The carbonized and powdered fruit 
 is used as a dentifrice but its virtues are doubtless identical 
 with those of any vegetable charcoal, i. e., absorbent and anti- 
 septic. 
 
 One unaccustomed to the use of bonga and chewing it for 
 the first time, usually experiences a most disagreeable combi- 
 nation of symptoms ; constriction of the oesophagus, a sensation 
 of heat in the head and face, the latter becoming red and con- 
 gested ; at the same time dizziness and precordial distress are 
 experienced. The same phenomena occur in certain persons 
 after eating palmito salad or the tender central portion of the 
 bonga and of other palms. 
 
 The flowers are eaten in salad like the above-mentioned 
 palmito. The seed is astringent and tsenifuge ; for the latter 
 purpose it is given internally as a powder in a dose of from 16 
 to 24 grams. Its action is uncertain. The catechu which is 
 obtained in India from the Bonga differs from that obtained 
 from the Acacia Catechu and is a tonic analogous to rhatany 
 and cinchona. 
 
 The seeds contain about 14^> of a fatty crystalline material 
 which melts at 39, and after saponification yields a crystalline, 
 fatty acid that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and 
 muriatic acids. They also contain about 14^ of a red, amor- 
 phous tonic material which, after drying, is but slightly soluble 
 in cold or hot water. 
 
 The lower part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and broad, 
 ensheathing the trunk, is as tough as pasteboard when dry and 
 is used in the Philippines as wrapping paper ; Dr. Bholanauth 
 Bose and other physicians of India use it as a material for 
 splints in fractures, a practice which might well be imitated in 
 Manila and especially in the country. 
 
236 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A well-known palm with slender 
 stem, surrounded by many circles ; it grows to about the same 
 height as the coco-nut palm or less. The flowers spring in 
 bunches of long, thread-like spikes from the trunk a little be- 
 low the crown of leaves at the base of the long, smooth, green, 
 sheath-like petioles which clasp the trunk ; each spike bears 
 many staminate and a few pistillate flowers. The fruit is about 
 the size and shape of a hen's egg, the husk tow-like or filamen- 
 tose, the kernel pinkish or light red. 
 
 HABITAT. Grows throughout the islands. 
 
 Cocos nucifera, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Coco, Sp.-Fil.; Niog, Tag.; Coco-nut Palm, 
 Eng. 
 
 USES. This plant is, perhaps, the most useful in the Phil- 
 ippines. Without it and the bamboo plant the people of the 
 Archipelago would not know how to live. It produces vine- 
 gar, an alcoholic drink called tuba or coco-wine, an oil, an 
 edible nut, and its leaves are used instead of nipa to roof the 
 huts. 
 
 Tuba is an opaline, slightly sweet liquid, with an agreeable 
 taste, which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the 
 heat. A flowering or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been 
 incised before, is chosen and encircled with several rings of 
 rope or rattan. The stalk is then cut and a bamboo vessel 
 called a bombon is hung to receive the sap which escapes during 
 the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink for those who are 
 debilitated, suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and even for 
 consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning, 
 sometimes with marvelous results, according to reports. The 
 heat of the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a 
 mild vinegar, which is widely used for domestic purposes in the 
 Philippines. When fermented and distilled it produces a weak 
 alcohol of disagreeable taste called coco-wine. 
 
COCOS NUCIFERA 237 
 
 The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which 
 is generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk. 
 Later the meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil 
 much used in the islands is extracted from it. To extract the 
 oil the meat is grated and pressed until all the juice is ex- 
 tracted. This is called the milk and when boiled is converted 
 almost completely into oil. Cocoanut milk has an agreeable 
 taste and may in some cases take the place of cow's milk. It 
 is apt to produce diarrhoea, however, which action may be bad 
 for some but on the other hand good for others, such as the 
 habitually constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely 
 used by the natives in making sweets. 
 
 In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for 
 illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a 
 purgative and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles 
 in which the good results obtained are due, not to the oil but 
 to the massage used in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of 
 stimulating the growth of the hair and all the natives and some 
 Europeans use it lavishly as a hair ointment. When fresh its 
 odor is agreeable, but it easily becomes rancid and assumes a 
 most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan Islands they make an 
 oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila Caracoa. It 
 is used only for illumination and by the poor. 
 
 At a temperature of 20 or more the oil remains liquid ; it 
 is colorless when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at 
 18 and two kinds of soap are made of it; one soft and ex- 
 ceedingly cheap called " Quiapo " ; the other hard, white, of a 
 high quality, but as a rule containing an excess of lime which 
 in time is deposited in a fluorescent film on its surface. 
 
 In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A tree most familiar to every 
 one. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in all parts of the Archipelago. 
 
238 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Nipa fruticans, Wurmb. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Nipa, Sp.-Fil. ; Sasa, Tag. 
 
 USES. The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in 
 the villages of Manila Province, Pampanag, Bulacan and other 
 provinces in the construction of roofs and walls of houses, 
 which are therefore called " nipa houses." The decoction of 
 the fresh leaves is used as a lotion for indolent ulcers, and a 
 popular preserve is made from the fruit. 
 
 Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields 
 a liquid also called tuba and possessing properties identical 
 with those of the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled 
 from it has some repute in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for 
 which purpose a few drops are mixed with a small quantity of 
 water and the eyes are washed with it several times a day. 
 This alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa, has a character- 
 istically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable for 
 medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted 
 to remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their 
 results had always been negative because the odorous principle 
 was distilled over at the same temperature as the alcohol. 
 Finally a distinguished Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del 
 Rosario, perfected a process of producing from the nipa tuba 
 an absolute alcohol perfectly free from the characteristic odor ; 
 an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the qualities of chemically 
 pure alcohol, and of such a high grade that it was awarded the 
 first prize at the last World's Fair in Paris. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. A palm about 6 high with 
 long, pinnate leaves with leaflets which separate, at maturity, 
 like those of the coco palm. Flowers monoecious, in a spathe. 
 Fruit, many pyramidal drupes joined together, but easily sepa- 
 rable. The outer covering of each drupe is hard, the inner part 
 tow-like ; seed enveloped in a sort of fleshy white meat. 
 
 HABITAT. Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and 
 the Yisayan Islands. 
 
CYPEKUS ROTUNDUS 239 
 
 CYPERACE^E. 
 
 Sedge Family. 
 Cyperus rotundus, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mutha, Tag.; Botobotones, Vis.; Mota, Malaa- 
 polid, Sursur, Onoran, Kusug, Omadiug, Galonalpas, Pam.; 
 Nutgrass or Coco-grass, Eng. 
 
 USES. The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic 
 and emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used in- 
 ternally for dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and 
 as a vermifuge. It is given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal 
 diseases, and General Hardwick has reported good results with 
 it in cholera ; as he reported only two cases, his testimony is 
 not of much value. 
 
 The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflam- 
 mation of the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute 
 to it diuretic, emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In 
 Java and India they use it for gonorrhoea, and in Mauritius as 
 a diaphoretic and astringent. In the Philippines the bruised 
 root is applied to the face for toothache. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. The root is ovoid, ranging in 
 size from that of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of 
 a white, spongy substance. Leaves sword-shaped, ensheathing 
 the stem. Flowers in a compound umbel on the end of the 
 stalk which is naked, long and triangular. The umbellets are 
 alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct flowers. Calyx universal, 
 with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper, a very small, 
 ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long, 
 inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight. 
 Style 1. Stigmas 3, simple, re volute. Fruit 1. Seed ob- 
 long, 3-sided, glabrous. 
 
 HABITAT. Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in 
 June and July. 
 
240 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 GRAMINE.E. 
 
 Grass Family. 
 Zea Mays, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Mate, Sp.; Maize, Corn, Eng. 
 
 USES. Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines, 
 bat has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when 
 it is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily 
 digested and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used in 
 the Philippines from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, 
 for which property they received notice in the Medical World 
 of Paris about the year 1876. The entire plant is diuretic and 
 the natives give the decoction of the stalk for various diseases 
 of the bladder and kidneys. An extract of the tassels has been 
 put on the market, but it is better to administer a decoction 
 made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of water to be taken at 
 will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give the follow- 
 ing chemical composition : 
 
 Fixed oil 5.25 
 
 Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl 3.25 
 
 Maizenic acid 2.25 
 
 Sugar and gum 19.50 
 
 Albuminoids , 3.50 
 
 Salts and extracts 5.50 
 
 Cellulose 37.00 
 
 Water 20.00 
 
 The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble 
 in chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies at 10. 
 HABITAT.- Very common in all parts of the islands. 
 
 Andropogon Schoenanthes, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Salay, Taglad, Tag. ; Paja de Meca, Sp.-Fil. ; 
 Baliyoko, Vis. ; ^ Geranium Grass, Eng. 
 
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM 241 
 
 . The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their 
 gogo hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally 
 as a diuretic (10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe 
 pregnant women. The roots also are diuretic. 
 
 A Manila pharmacist, D. Eosendo Garcia, has obtained a 
 good quality of the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call 
 this essence rusa, geranium and gin-gembre (nimar oil, Eng.) ; 
 the annual export from Bombay is over 40,000 English 
 pounds. It is dextrogyrous and its formula is C 5 H 4 . 
 
 Another species, the A. nardus, L., commonly called " raiz 
 de mora " (mulberry root), " citronella," Eng., possesses the 
 same therapeutic properties as the former. It also possesses 
 an agreeable perfume and yields an essential oil, which, like 
 rusa, is used to adulterate Attar of Roses. 
 
 The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in 
 Europe as well, to preserve clothing from moths and other de- 
 structive insects, at the same time giving them a sweet odor. 
 In India the decoction is used internally, 10 grams to a liter of 
 water, in the treatment of rheumatism and as a diuretic. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. An indigenous grass with sword- 
 shaped leaves about 4 high, tapering at the base, possessing a 
 sweet odor. Root thick, irregular, rough, formed by the union 
 of several small rootlets. 
 
 Saccharum officinarum, L. 
 
 NOM. YULG. Canamiel, Cana de azucar, Cana dulc, Sp. ; 
 Tubo, Tag. ; Sugar Cane, Eng. 
 
 USES. The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. 
 The juice, which is extracted by means of primitive wooden 
 presses, is used as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and 
 is sold in markets and public places as a popular beverage on 
 hot days. A tepid juice, extracted from heated cane is given 
 for catarrhal troubles. This use of the juice is the only one 
 peculiar to the Philippines. Its general use and properties 
 
242 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 are universally familiar and are amply treated in the materia 
 medica. 
 
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. This plant is so universally fa- 
 miliar that it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 
 varieties are found in the Philippines. 
 
 HABITAT. Throughout the islands, especially in the Island 
 of Negros and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and 
 Nueva Ecija. 
 
 Oriza, L. 
 
 NOM. VULG. Arroz, Sp. ; Palay, Tag. (the plant and the 
 uuhusked rice) ; Bigas, Tag. (the husked rice) ; Rice, Eng. 
 
 USES. All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the 
 greater part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans 
 do bread. 
 
 In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in 
 the World's Fair at Paris, in 1889, Senor D. Eegino Garcia, of 
 Manila, presented a unique collection of 147 varieties. The 
 rice grown in high lands above irrigation is called " arroz de 
 secano" and mountain rice, and that grown in low and irrigated 
 land is called " arroz de sementera " and swamp rice. The 
 two kinds are equally valuable as food. 
 
 The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but 
 a small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must 
 be eaten in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements. 
 
 Water 5,00 
 
 Starch 85.07 
 
 Parenchyma 4.80 
 
 Nitrogenous matter ' 3.68 
 
 Crystallizable sugar 0.29 
 
 Gummy matter 1.71 
 
 Oil 0.13 
 
 Phosphate of lime 0.40 
 
 Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash, acetic 
 acid, calcareous vegetable salt, salt of potash, 
 sulphur Traces. 
 
BAMBUSE^E 
 
 In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, es- 
 pecially in the form of a decoction called cange, which is com- 
 monly given in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, with 
 good results. Cooked as a sort of mush it may be used as a 
 substitute for linseed poultices and has the great advantage of 
 not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered it is dusted upon 
 wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry and absorbent 
 covering under which they heal rapidly. 
 
 It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a micro- 
 organism found in rice under certain abnormal conditions ; this 
 claim is not yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of 
 the many problems in medicine which are awaiting solution. 
 
 HABITAT. All parts of the Archipelago. 
 
 BAMBUSEJE. 
 
 Bamboo Family. 
 
 NOM. VuLG.-r-Cam, Sp.; Bamboo, Eng. 
 
 Linnaeus and Blanco include in the genus Bambus all the 
 different species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given 
 the general name of cana. The plant is of incomparable value 
 to the natives of the Philippines ; they build their houses of it, 
 make agricultural and industrial instruments of it, use it in all 
 the varied apparatus of their fisheries and for a multitude of 
 household utensils and furniture. 
 
 The variety B. arundinacea, Retz. (B. wundo, Blanco), 
 Kawayag-totoOj Tag., is the largest and most generally employed 
 in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared 
 in lime water are edible but have the deserved reputation of 
 being difficult of digestion. 
 
 The variety Schizostaehyum acutiflorum, Munro (B. diffusa, 
 Blanco), Osiw, Bokawy, Tag., is less used. The shoots are 
 used to treat opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are 
 cut when about a palm in height, the outer leaves removed, 
 
244 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 and the center soaked over night with a little sugar candy. 
 The following day the water in the bottom of the jar is col- 
 lected and used to paint the cornea. 
 
 The variety Dendroealamus sericcns, Munro (B. mitis, Blanco), 
 Taywanak, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is 
 given internally in the treatment of phthisis. 
 
 All of the above species and the Dendroealamus flagelli/er, 
 Munro (B. levis, Blanco), BoJio, Tag., produce at their joints a 
 hard porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called 
 "bamboo stone " or "tabashir" in India, where, as well as in 
 the Philippines and Indo-China, it has great repute among the 
 popular remedies. It is given in venereal diseases, hiccough, 
 hemorrhage, fevers and other diseases. As a matter of fact, it 
 is an almost inert substance, the imaginary virtues of which 
 originated, doubtless, in the apparently remarkable fact that a 
 stone (?) was produced inside of a vegetable. 
 
 The analysis of M. Guibourt-is as follows: 
 
 Silicon 96.04 
 
 Water 2.94 
 
 Lime and potassium 0.13 
 
 Organic material Traces. 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 
 
 ACCORDING TO THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES. 
 
 Alteratives. Anona muricata. Tinospora crispa. Raphanus 
 sativus. Bombax malabaricus. Oxalis corniculata. Citrus acida 
 and C. Bigaradia. Mangifera Indica. Pongamia glabra. Lawsonia 
 alba. Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Alangium Lamarkii. Oldenlandia 
 corymbosa. Calotropis gigantea. Ehretia buxifolia. Solanum 
 nigrum. Cassytha filiformis Euphorbia Tirucalli. Phyllanthus re- 
 ticulatus. 
 
 Anthelmintics. 1 Cleome viscosa. Pangium edule. Ruta 
 graveolens. Melia Azedarach. DysoxylumBlancoi. Mangifera In- 
 dica. Anacardium oecidentale. Mucuna pruriens. Quisqualis In- 
 dica. Punica Granatum. 2 Jussise'a suftruticosa. Carica Papaya. 
 Trichosanthes anguinaand T. cucumerina. Lagenaria. Momordica. 
 Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Sphseran thus Indicus. Calotropis gigantea. 
 Tectona grandis. Clerodendron infortunatum. Chenopodium 
 ambrosioides. Echinus Philippinensis. Cyperus rotundus. Rhina- 
 canthus communis. 
 
 Antispasmodics. Si da carpinifolia. Hibiscus Abelmoschus. 
 Ruta graveolens. Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia. Cedrela Toona. 
 Celastrus paniculata. Cassia occidentalis. Carum copticum. 
 Blumea balsamifera. Artemisia vulgaris. Solanum nigrum. Da- 
 tura alba. Nicotiana Tabacum. Adhatoda vasica. Chenopodium 
 ambrosioides. Chloranthus officinalis. 
 
 Antiseptics. Ruta graveolens. Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia. 
 Mangifera Indica. Anacardium occidentale. Erythrina Indica. 
 Pongamia glabra. Entada scandens. Coffea Arabica. Blumea bal- 
 samifera. Spilanthes Acmella. Nerium odorum. Solanum nigrum. 
 Nicotiana Tabacum. Tectona grandis. Ocimum. Piper Betle. 
 Cinnamomum. Acalypha Indica. Curcuma longa. Areca Cate- 
 chu. Nipa fruticans. 
 
 1 Including tsenifuges. 
 
 2 Names in italics are considered of especial importance by the author. 
 
 245 
 
246 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Astringents. Tetracera macrophylla. Michelia Champaca. 
 Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata. Nelumbium nu- 
 cifera. Bixa Orellana. Garciniamangostana, G. Cambogia. Ochro- 
 carpus pentapetalus. Sida carpinifolia. Thespesia populnea. 
 Bombax malabaricus. Sterculia foetida. Murraya exotica. ^Egle 
 decandra. Feronia elephantum. Melia Azedarach. Sandoricum 
 Indicum. Caropa Moluccensis. Rhamnus Wightii. Mangifera In- 
 dica. Odina Wodier. Pterocarpus. Csesalpinia Sappan. Acacia 
 Farnesiana. Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula. Psidium pomif- 
 erum. Melastoma malabatrichum. Punica Granatum. Hymeno- 
 dictyon Indicum. Tectona grandis. Achyranthes obtusifolia. 
 Artocarpus integrifolia. Casuarina Sumatrana. Areca Catechu. 
 Cyperus rotimdus. 
 
 Acids or Refrigerants. Oxalis corniculata. Averrhoa Bilimbi and 
 A . Carambola. Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia. Feronia elephantum. 
 Amaranthus spinosus. Phyllanthus reticulatus. Tamarindus Indica. 
 
 Balsams. Calophyllum Inophyllum. Dipterocarpus turbinatus. 
 Garuga pinnata. Canarium commune. 
 
 Carminatives. Illicium anisatum. Cleome viscosa. Helicteres 
 Isoara. Abroma fastuosa. Feronia elephantum. Terminalia Che- 
 bula. Carum copticum. Foeniculum vulgare. Plumbago Zey- 
 lanica. Coleus aromaticus. Rosmarinus officinalis. Aristolochia 
 Indica. Zingiber officinale. Curcuma longa. Elettaria Cardamo- 
 mum. 
 
 Convulsives. Strychnos Ignatii. 
 
 Cosmetics. Eriodendrum anfractaosum. Cocos nucifera. 
 
 Diaphoretics. Cissampelos Pareira. Sida carpinifolia. Hibiscus 
 Rosa-Sinensis. Gossypium herbaceum. Ruta graveolens. Xan- 
 thoxylum oxyphyllum. Celastrus paniculata. Hy drocotyle Asiatica. 
 Eupatorium Ayapana. Blumea balsamifera. Plumbago Zeylanica, 
 Calotropis gigantea. Tylophora asthmatica. Oroxylum Indicum. 
 Barleria Prionitis. Justicia Gendarussa. Ocimum. Anisomeles 
 ovata. Crinum Asiaticum. Cyperus rotimdus. Andropogon Schoe- 
 nanthus and A. nardus. 
 
 Digestives. Carica Papaya. 
 
 Diuretics. Cissampelos Pareira. Abutilon Indicum. Anacar- 
 dium occidentale. Abrus precatorius. Erythrina Indica. Clitoria 
 ternata. Cassia occidentals. Hy drocotyle Asiatica. Prederia 
 foetida. SpilanthesAcmella. Achras Sapota. Ipomoeapes-caprse. 
 Solanum nigrum. Limnophila Menthastrum. Sesamum Indicum. 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 247 
 
 Lippia nodiflora. Tectona grandis. Vitex. Amaranthus spinosa. 
 Achyranthes obtusifolia. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Phyllanthus 
 reticulatus and P. Niruri. Allium Cepa. Cyperus rotundus. Zea 
 Mays. Andropogon Schoenanthus. 
 
 Emmenagogues. Michelia Chainpaca. Artabotrys odoratissimus. 
 Anamirta Cocculus. Cissampelos Pareira. Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis. 
 Gossypiumherbaceum. Abromafastuosa. Rutagraveolens. Dy- 
 soxyluni Blancoi. Csesalpinia Sappanand C. pulcherrima. Citrullus 
 Colocynthis. Morinda citrifolia. Blumea balsamifera. Artemisia 
 vulgaris. Plumbago Zeylanica. Plumeria acutifolia. Sesamum In- 
 dicum. Vitex. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Aristolochialndica. 
 Casuarina Sumatrana. Aloes Barbadensis. Cyperus rotundus. 
 
 Emetics. Hibiscus tiliaceus. Dysoxylum Blancoi. Moringa 
 pterygosperma. Clitoria ternatea. Entada scandens. Trichos- 
 anthes anguina. Lagenaria. Alangium Lamarkii. Randia dume- 
 torum. Psederia foetida. Allamanda cathartica. Thevetia nerii- 
 folia. Cerbera Odallam. Calatropis gigantea. Tylophora asth- 
 matica. Justicia Gendarussa. Acalyplia Indica. Crinum Asiati* 
 cum. 
 
 Emollients. Sida carpinifolia. Abutilon Indicum. Urena sin- 
 uata. Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis. Gossypium herbaceum. Erioden- 
 dron anfractuosum. Helicteres Ixora. Biophytum sensitivum. 
 Zizyphus Jujuba. Abrus precatorius. Clitoria ternata. Csesalpinia 
 pulcherrima. Lawsonia alba. Luffa ^Egyptiaca. Ipomoea pes- 
 capra3. Sesamum Indicum. Acanthus ilicifolius. Lippia nodiflora. 
 Plantago erosa. Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. Curcuma 
 longa. Allium Cepa. Cocos nucifera. Ori/a. 
 
 Stimulants. Illicium anisatum. Artabotrys odoratissimus. 
 Brassica juncea. Raphanus sativus. Mesua ferrea. Hibiscus 
 Abelmoschus. Helicteres Ixora. Ruta graveolens. Xanthoxylum 
 oxyphyllum. Citrus acida. Celastrus paniculata. Moringa ptery- 
 gosperma. Csesalpinia pulcherrima. Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Carum 
 copticum. Fceniculum vulgare. Coffea Arabica. Eupatorium 
 Ayapana. Blumea balsamifera. Sphseranthus Indicus. Spilanthes 
 Acmella. Artemisia vulgaris. Mimusops Elengi. Jasminum 
 Sambac. Capsicum fastigiatum. Ocimum. Rosmarinus officinalis. 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides. Piper Betle and P. nigrum. Chloran- 
 thus officinalis. Cinnamomum. Zingiber officinale. Curcuma longa. 
 Allium sativum and A. Cepa. Cyperus rotundus. Andropogon 
 Schoenanthus and A. nardus. 
 
248 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Expectorants. Hibiscus Kosa-Sinensis. Biophytum sensitivum. 
 Trichosanthes cucumerina. Bluniea balsamifera. Tylophora 
 asthmatica. Acanthus ilicifolius. Barleria Prionitis. Adhatoda 
 vasica. Vitex. Ocimum. Acalypha Indica. Crinum Asiaticum. 
 
 Febrifuges. Michelia Champaca. Tinospora crispa. Anamirta 
 Cocculus. Sida carpinifolia. Melia Azedarach. Dysoxylum Blan- 
 coi. Carapa Moluccensis. Cedrela Toona. Erythrina Indica. 
 CsesalpiniaBonducellaandC.pulcherrima. Cassia occidentalis.Am- 
 mannia vesicatoria. Trichosanthes cucumerina. Hymenodictyoii 
 excelsum. Ixora coccinea. Morinda citrifolia. Achras Sapota. 
 Mimusops Elengi. Thevetia neriifolia. Plumeria acutifolia. 
 Alstonia scholaris. Vitex. Clerodendron infortunatum. Aniso- 
 meles ovata. Aristolochia Indica. Piper nigrum. Chloranthus 
 officinalis. 
 
 Galactagogues. Gossypium herbaceum. 
 
 Antigalactagogues. Jasminum Sambac. Piper Betle. 
 
 Hemostatics. Portulaca oleracea. Tetracera rnacrophylla. 
 Mangifera Indica. Pterocarpus. Csesalpinia Sappan. Euphorbia 
 pilulifera. 
 
 Narcotics (sedatives and anodynes). Anamirta Cocculus. Arge- 
 mone Mexicana. Pangium edule. Cassia occidentals. Solanum 
 nigrum. Datura alba. Mcotiana Tabacum. Vitex. 
 
 Nutritive Plants. Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata. 
 Nelumbium nucifera. Pangium edule. Portulaca oleracea. Gar- 
 cinia mangostana and G. Cambogia. Sterculia foetida. Theobroma 
 Cacao. Averrhoa Silimbi, A. Carambola. Feronia elephantum. 
 Garuga pinnata. Canarium commune. Sandoricum Indicum. 
 Zizyphus Jujuba. Mangifera Indica. Anacardium occidentale. 
 Moringa pterygosperma. Agati grandiflora. Tamarindus Indica. 
 Bauhinia malabarica. Parkia Roxburghii. Psidium pomiferum. 
 Eugenia Jambolana. Trichosanthes. Lagenaria. Momordica. 
 Achras Sapota. Solanum nigrum. Sesamum Indicum. Artocarpus 
 integrifolia. Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. Areca Catechu. 
 Cocos nucifera. Zea Mays. Saccharum officinarum. Oriza. Bam- 
 busese. 
 
 Purgatives. Argemone Mexicana. Garcinia Morella. Mesua 
 ferrea. Agati grandiflora. Erythrina Indica. Clitoria ternatea. 
 Ca3salpinia pulcherrima. Cassia fistula and C. alata. Tamarindus 
 Indica. Entada scandens. Terminalia Chebula. Jussisea suffruti- 
 cosa. Carica Papaya. Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina. 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 249 
 
 Lagenaria. Luffa ^Egyptiaca. Momordica. CitruUus Colocynthis. 
 Trianthema monogyna. Morinda citrifolia. Spilanthes Acmella. 
 Carthamus tinctorius. Allamanda cathartica. Cerbera Odallam. 
 Plumeria acutifolia. Calotropis gigantea. Ipomoea hederacea. 
 Ipoinoea Turpethum. Solanum nigrum. Sesamum Indicum. Tec- 
 tona grandis. Samadera Indica. Mirabilis Jalapa. Amaranthus 
 spinosus. Euphorbia neriifolia. Euphorbia Tirucalli. Jatropa Cur- 
 cas. Aleurites moluccana. Croton Tiglium. Acalypha Indiea. 
 Ricinus communis. Aloes Barbadensis. 
 
 Sialagogues. Carum copticum. 
 
 Bitter Tonics. Michelia Champaca. Tinospora crispa. Cis- 
 sampelos Pareira. Crateeva religiosa. Mesua ferrea .Sida carpini- 
 folia. Murraya exotica. Citrus Bigaradia. Samadera Indica. 
 Melia Azedarach. Rhamnus Wightii. Agati grandiflora. Csesal- 
 pinia Bonducella. Cassia occidentals. Terminalia Chebula. Tri- 
 chosanthes cucumerina. Moinordica. Hymenodicty on excelsnm . 
 Morinda citrifolia. Spha3ranthus Indicus. Achras Sapota. Mimu- 
 sops Elengi. Alstonia scholaris. Calotropis gigantea. Strychnos 
 Ignatii. Limnophila Menthastrum. Oroxylum Indicum. Vitex. 
 Clerodendron infortunatum. Anisomeles ovata. Phyllanthus Ni- 
 ruri. Aloes Barbadensis. Areca Catechu. Nerium odorum (cardiac). 
 
 Aromatic Tonics. Feronia elephantum. Sandoricum Indicum. 
 Fceniculum. Coffea Arabica. Eupatorium Ayapana. Artemisia 
 vulgaris. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum. Zingiber offi- 
 cinale. 
 
 Vesicants. Anacardium occidentale. Moringa pterygosperma. 
 Ammannia vesicatoria. Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis gigantea, 
 Euphorbia Tirucalli. 
 
 Rubefacients or Revulsives. Moringa pterygosperma. Plumeria 
 acutifolia. Croton Tiglium. Jatropha Curcas. Allium sativum. 
 
 Stimulants. Sterculia urens. Argemone Mexicana. Kleinhovia 
 hospitata. Celastrus paniculata. Pongamia glabra. Cassia alata. 
 Entada scanclens. Kalanchoe laciniata. Elettaria Cardamomum. 
 
 Antiherpetics, etc. Sterculia foetida. Canarium commune. Tri- 
 chosanthes palmata. 
 
 21 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 
 
 ACCORDING TO SPECIAL DISEASES. 
 
 Aphthae, Stomatitis, Glossitis. 1 Tetraceramacrophylla. Feronia 
 elephantum. Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus. Me- 
 lastoma malabatrichuni. Punica Granatum. Mimusops Elengi. 
 Calotropis gigantea. Tectona grandis. Ocimum. Achyranthes ob- 
 tusifolia. Phyllanthus reticulatus . 
 
 Hemorrhoids. Mesua ferrea. Thespesia populnea. Terniinalia 
 Chebula. Punica Granatum. Plumbago Zeylanica. Capsicum fas- 
 tigiatum. Sesamum Indicum. Aloes Barbadensis (for inducing the 
 hemorrhoids). 
 
 Amenorrhcea and Dysmenorrhoaa. Abroma fastuosa. Dysoxy- 
 lum Blancoi. Csesalpinia Sappan. Csesalpinia pulcherrima. Blu- 
 mea balsamifera. Artemisia vulgaris. Plumeria acutifolia. Sesa- 
 mum Indicum. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Casuarina Sumatrana. 
 Aloes Barbadensis. 
 
 Anasarca. Plumbago Zeylanicum. Coffea Arabica. Plumeria 
 acutifolia. Calotropis gigantea. Ipomoea pes-caprse. Solanum ni- 
 grum . Barlonia Prionitis. Achyranthes obtusifolia. Euphorbia 
 neriifolia. Phyllanthus Niruri. Cissampelos Pareira. 
 
 Anal Fistula. Pterocarpus. 
 
 Asthma. Gossypium herbaceum. Garuga pinnata. Dysoxylum 
 Blancoi. Erythrina Indica. Csesalpinia pulcherrima. Entada 
 scandens. Trichosanthes palmata. Coffea Arabica. Tylophora 
 asthmatica. Datura alba. Acanthus ilicifolius. Adhatoda vasica. 
 Coleus aromaticus. Euphorbia pilulifera. Euphorbia Tirucalli. 
 Euphorbia neriifolia. Phyllanthus Niruri. 
 
 Spleen, Affections of. Ammannia vesicatoria. Lawsonia alba. 
 Momordica. 
 
 Beriberi. Celastrus paniculata. Vitex. 
 
 1 1 do not join these diseases because I consider them identical or due to the 
 same pathogenic agent but because the plants that follow are used indifferently 
 for the diseases. 
 
 251 
 
252 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Blenorrhoea, Gonorrhoea, Urethritis.--Nymph8ea Lotus. Argemone 
 Mexicana. Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Sterculia foetida. Clitoria 
 ternata. Pterocarpus. Trichosanthes palmata. Mimusops Elengi. 
 Plumeria acutifolia. Lippia nodiflora. Ocimum. Amaranihus 
 spinosus. Cassytha filiformis. Cyperus rotundus. 
 
 Bronchi and Lungs, Diseases of. Anona nmricata. Calophyllum 
 Inophyllum. Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Canarium commune. 
 Zizyphus Jujuba. Abrus precatorius. Erythrina Indica. Csesal- 
 pinia pulcherrima. Trichosanthes cucumerina. Lagenaria. Ixora 
 coccinea. Blumea balsamifera. Tylophora asthmatica. Sesamum 
 Indicum. Barleria Prionitis. Adhatodavasica. Vitex. Coleus aro- 
 maticus. Anisomeles ovata. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Euphorbia 
 pilulifera. Acalypha Indica. Curcuma longa. 
 
 Cholera. Artabotrys odoratissimus. Samadera Indica. Carum 
 copticum. Eupatorium Ayapana. Zingiber officinale. Cyperus ro- 
 tundus. 
 
 Colic, (a) Flatulent: Illicium anisatum. Argemone" Mexicana. 
 Cleome viscosa. Helicteres Ixora. Dysoxylum Blancoi. Termi- 
 nalia Chebula. Carum copticum. Fceniculum. Plumbago Zeylanica. 
 Ipomcea pes-caprse. Ocimum. Coleus aromaticus. Rosmarinus 
 officinalis. Aristolochia Indica. Piper Betle. Elettaria Cardamo- 
 mum. 
 
 (b) Lead : Allamanda cathartica. 
 
 Contusions. Samadera Indica. Plumeria acutifolia. Aloes Bar- 
 badensis. Casuarina sumatrana. 
 
 Heart, Diseases of. Helicteres Ixora. Coffea Arabica. Cin- 
 namomum. 
 
 Coryza (rhinitis, nasal catarrh, ozwna). Agati grandiflora. Oci- 
 mum. Curcuma longa. 
 
 Diabetes. Eugenia Jambolana. 
 
 Diarrhoea, Dysentery. Anona squamosa. AnonareticulataandA. 
 muricata. Nelumbium nucifera. Bixa Orellana. Garcinia mangos- 
 tana. Ochrocarpus pentapetalus. Thespesia populnea. Gossypium 
 herbaceum. Bombax malabaricum. Averrhoa Bilimbi. Averrhoa 
 Carambola. Murraya exotica. JEgle decandra. Feronia elephan- 
 tum. Sandoricum Indicum. Carapa Moluccensis. Cedrela Toona. 
 Rhamnus Wightii. Mangifera Indica. Pterocarpus. Caesalpinia 
 Bonducella. Bauhinia malabarica. Kalanchoe laciniata. Termin- 
 alia Catappa. Psidium pomiferum. Eugenia Jambolana. Punica 
 Granatum. Jussisea suffruticosa. Carica Papaya. Carum copticum. 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 253 
 
 Randia dumetorum. Ixora coccinea. Morinda citrifolia* Sphseran- 
 thus Indicus. Plumbago Zeylanica. Mimusops Elengi. Plumeria 
 acutifolia. Calotropis gigantea. Tylophora asthmatica. Oroxylum 
 Indicum. Anisomeles ovata. Aristolochia Indica. Piper Betle. 
 Phyllanthus Niruri. Casuarina Sumatrana. Zingiber officinale. 
 Cyperus rotundus. Oriza. 
 
 Dyspepsia. Illicium anisatum. Sida carpinifolia. JEgle decan- 
 dra. Samadera Indica. Sandoricum Indicum. Rhamnus Wightii. 
 Agati grandiflora. Csesalpinia Bonducella. Cassia occidentalis. 
 Terminalia Chebula. Carica Papaya. Trichosanthes cucumerina. 
 Momordica. Carum copticum. Eupatorium Ayapana. Blumea 
 balsamifera. Sphseranthus Indicus. Artemisia vulgaris. Alstonia 
 scholaris. Strychnos Ignatii. Capsicum fastigiatum. Acanthus ilici- 
 folius. Lippia nodiflora. Tectona grandis. Ocimum. Kosmarinus 
 officinalis. Anisomeles ovata. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Aris- 
 tolochia Indica. Piper Betle. Zingiber officinale. Elettaria Car- 
 damomum. Aloes Barbadensis. 
 
 Gingivitis, Hemorrhage, etc. Feronia elephantum. Tectona 
 grandis. Plantago erosa. Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See "Sore- 
 throat.") 
 
 Scorbutics. Anona muricata. Raphanus sativus. Oxalis cornicu- 
 lata. Phyllanthus reticulatus. Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. 
 
 Spermatorrhoea. Sida carpinifolia. Lawsonia alba. 
 
 Constipation. ^Egle decandra. Helicteres Isora. Nicotiana Ta- 
 bacum. Sesamum Indicum. Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. 
 (See " Purgatives.") 
 
 Fevers. Michelia Champaca. Sida carpinifolia. Tinospora 
 crispa. Anamirta Cocculus. Samadera Indica. Melia Azedarach. 
 Dysoxylum Blancoi. Carapa moluccensis. Cedrela Toona. Ery- 
 thrina Indica. Cassia occidentalis (malarial). Ammannia vesica- 
 toria. Trichosanthes cucumerina. Hymenodictyon excelsum. 
 Morinda citrifolia. Psederia foetida. Plumbago Zeylanica. Mimu- 
 sops Elengi. Alstonia scholaris. 
 
 Fracture. Sterculia urens. 
 
 Throat, Diseases of (anginas, amygdalitis, pharyngitis}. Feronia 
 elephantum. Mangifera Indica. Odina Wodier. Melastoma mala- 
 batrichum. Punica Granatum. Mimusops Elengi. 
 
 Gout. Celastrus paniculata. Momordica. 
 
 Hemorrhage. Bixa Orellana. Bombax malabaricum. Mangifera 
 Indica. Pterocarpus. Csesalpinia Sappan. 
 
254 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Hemoptysis. Tetracera macrophylla. Portulaca oleracea. 
 Caesalpinia Sappan. Casuarina Sumatrana. Curcuma longa. 
 
 Hernias. Nicotiana Tabacum. 
 
 Liver, Diseases of. Anona muricata. Kalanchoelaciniata. Law- 
 sonia alba. Lagenaria. Momordica. Oldenlandia corymbosa. 
 Sphseranthus Indicus. Carthamus tinctorius. Solatium nigrum. 
 
 Cephalalgia. Portulaca oleracea. Coffea Arabica. Blumea bal- 
 samifera. Vitex. Coins aromaticus. Acalypha Indica. 
 
 Laryngitis. Mangifera Indica. Capsicum fastigiatum. 
 
 Leucorrhoea. Garcinia mangostana. Sandoricum Indicum. 
 Mangifera Indica. Pterocarpus. Acacia Farnesiana. Terminal ia 
 Chebula. Punica Granatum. 
 
 Bloody Flux. Artocarpus integrifolia. 
 
 Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia. See * ' Hemorrhages. ' ' 
 
 Bites of Insects and Poisonous Animals. Ferouia elephantum. 
 Carapa moluccensis. Eupatorium Ayapana. Tylophora asthmatica. 
 Rhinocanthus communis. Coleus aromaticus. Leucas aspera. 
 Aristolochia Indica. Euphorbia nerii/olia. Acalypha Indica. Al- 
 lium sativum. 
 
 Nervous Diseases (chorea, epilepsy, convulsions, hysteria, etc.). Sida 
 carpinifolia. Ruta graveolens. Blumea balsamifera, Artemisia 
 vulgaris. Solanum nigrum. Datura alba. Nicotiana Tabacum. 
 Coleus aromaticus. Chenopodium ambrosioides. 
 
 Neuralgia. Coffea Arabica. Acanthus ilicifolius. 
 
 Odontalgia. Murraya exotica and M. Koenigi. Pterocarpus. 
 Calotropis gigantea. Plantago erosa. Cyperus rotundus. (See 
 "Ears.") 
 
 Intestinal Obstruction. Nicotiana Tabacum. (See "Purga- 
 tives.") 
 
 Ears, Affections of. Cleome viscosa. Hibiscus tiliaceus. Helic- 
 teres Isora. Crinum Asiaticum. (See " Odontalgia.") 
 
 Eyes, Affections of. Argemone Mexicana. Portulaca oleracea. 
 Calophyllum Inophyllum. Garuga pinnata. Abrus precatorius. 
 Erythrina Indica. Jasminum Sambac. Rosmarinus officinalis. 
 Curcuma longa. 
 
 Orchitis. Calophyllum Inophyllum. Sterculia urens. Vitex. 
 
 Paralysis. Celastrus paniculata. Acanthus ilicifolius. Ocimum. 
 Rosmarinus officinalis. 
 
 Parasites (pediculi, etc.). Anona squamosa. Anamirta Cocculus. 
 
 Skin, Affections of (lepra, itch, eczema, psoriasis). Argemone Mex- 
 
INDEX OF PLANTS 255 
 
 icana. Pangium edule. Portulaca oleracea. Urena sinuata. 
 Thespesia populnea. Sterculia foetida. Kleinhovia hospitata. 
 Helicteres Isora. Canarium commune. Celastrus paniculata. 
 Mangifera Indica. Anacardium occidentale. Odina Wodier. 
 Pongamia glabra (itch). Cassia fistula. Cassia alata (herpes). 
 Entada scandens. Psidium pomiferum. Melastoma malabatrichum. 
 Lawsonia alba. Carica Papaya. Momordica. Hydrocotyle Asi- 
 atica. Alangium Lamarkii. Oldenlandia corymbosa. Ixora coc- 
 cinea. Spilanthes Acmella. Plumbago Zeylanica. Plumeria acuti- 
 folia. Nerium odorum. Calotropis gigantea. Solanum nigrum. 
 Rhinacanthus communis. Tectona grandis. Leucas aspera. Ama- 
 ranthus spinosus. Echinus Philippinensis. Curcuma longa. 
 
 Burns. Eriodendron anfractuosum. Lawsonia alba. 
 
 Rectum, Prolapsed. Pterocarpus. Acacia Farnesiana. Psidium 
 pomiferum. 
 
 Rheumatism. Tinospora crispa. Crataeva religiosa. Ochrocar- 
 pus pentapetalus. Mesua ferrea. Sida carpinifolia. Samadera 
 Indica. Celastrus paniculata. Erythrina Indica. Pongamia glabra. 
 Momordica. Alangium Lamarkii. Psederia foetida. Blumeabal- 
 samifera. Spilanthes Acmella. Plumeria acutifolia. Calotropis 
 gigantea. Ipomoea pes-capra3. Datura alba. Oroxylum Indicum. 
 Acanthus ilicifolius. Justicia Gendarussa. Vitex. Ocimum. 
 Rosmarinus officinalis. Anisomeles ovata. Euphorbia Tirucalli. 
 Zingiber officinale. Allium sativum. Andropogon Schoenanthus 
 and A. nardus. 
 
 Kidneys, Affections of. Sida carpinifolia. Zea Mays. 
 
 Syphilis. Tinospora crispa. Erythrina Indica. Hydrocotyle Asi- 
 atica. Alangium Lamarkii. Nerium odorum. Calotropis gigantea. 
 Ehretia buxifolia. Cassytha filiformis. Euphorbia Tirucalli. 
 Acalypha Indica. 
 
 Taeniae. (See " Anthelmintics.") 
 
 Phthisis. Garaga pinnata. 
 
 Tumors. Trichosanthes palmata. SphaBranthus Indicus. Ipo- 
 moea pes-caprse. 
 
 Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc. Tinospora crispa. Dipterocarpus 
 turbinatus. Hibiscus tiliaceus. Sterculia foetida. Canarium com- 
 mune. Melia Azedarach. Cedrela Toona. Mangifera Indica. An- 
 acardium occidentale. Odina Wodier. Erythrina Indica. Pongamia 
 glabra. Kalanchoe laciniata. Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula. 
 Psidium pomiferum. Melastoma malabatrichum. Hydrocotyle 
 
256 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Asiatica. Morinda citri folia. Eupatorium Ayapana. Blumea bal- 
 samifera. Spilanthes Acmella. Artemisia vulgaris. Mimusops 
 Elengi. Ipomoea pes-capra3. Solanum nigrum. Nicotiana Ta- 
 bacum. Tectonagrandis. Phyllanthus Niruri. Acalyphalndica. 
 Ricinus communis. Artocarpus integrifolia. Casuarina Sumatrana. 
 Nipa fruticans. Carica Papaya. 
 
 Urticaria. Phyllanthus reticulatus. 
 
 Bladder, Affections of. Cissampelos Pareira. Portulaca oleracea. 
 Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Urena sinuata. Abrus precatorius. 
 Clitoria ternata. Pterocarpus. Lawsonia alba. Psederia foetida. 
 Spilanthus Acmella. Allium sativum. Zea Mays. 
 
 Vermes. (See " Anthelmintics.") 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 OF SYSTEMATIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS 
 
 Abdgabag, 183 
 
 Abilo, 73 
 
 Abroma angulata, 55 
 
 augusta, 55 
 
 communis, 55 
 
 fastuosa, 55 
 Abrus precatorius, 88 
 Abutilon Indicum, 43 
 Acacia Arabica, 108 
 
 Catechu, 235 
 
 Farnesiana, 108 
 
 Indica, 108 
 Acalypha Caroliniana, 219 
 
 hispida, 220 
 
 Indica, 219 
 Acanthacese, 185 
 Acanthus ilicifolius, 185 
 Acapuko, 102 
 Achiote, achuete, 32 
 Achras Sapota, 156 
 Achuiti, 32 
 Achyranthes aspera, 201 
 
 obtusifolia, 201 
 Aconituin heterophyllum, 155 
 Add/a, 165 
 Adhatoda vasica, 188 
 Adiantum lunulatum, 142 
 jEgle decandra, 67 
 
 Marmelos, 70 
 Agati grandiflora, 88 
 Agay, 229 
 Agt, 177 
 Agiw, 76 
 Agoho, agoo, 225 
 Agonoy, 152 
 Aguason, 171 
 Ajengibre, 228 
 Ajp, 233 
 Ajonjoli, 184 
 Alag-ilug Sonson, 20 
 Alayitgit, 173 
 
 22 
 
 Alangium decapetalum, 138 
 
 hexapetalum, 138 
 
 Lamarkii, 138 
 
 tomentosum, 138 
 Albahaca, 195 
 AWohol, 176 
 Aleurites Molucca na, 217 
 
 triloba, 217 
 Algodon, 48 
 Alibagbag, 105 
 AMwn, 150 
 
 Allamanda cathartica, 159 
 Allium Cepa, 233 
 
 sativum, 233 
 Almendro, 110 
 Almond, Indian, 110 
 
 tree, Java, 73 
 Aloes, 232 
 
 Barbadensis, 232 
 
 humilis, 232 
 
 Indica, 232 
 
 vera, 232 
 
 vulgaris, 232 
 Alpasotes, 202 
 Alstonia scholaris, 163 
 Althaea officinalis, 45 
 Alusiman, 134 
 Amaranth, thorny, 200 
 Amaranthacese, 200 
 Amaranthus spinosus, 200, 201 
 Amargoso, 132 
 Amaryllidaceee, 231 
 Ammannia baccifera, 117 
 
 blistering, 117 
 
 debilis, 117 
 
 Indica, 117 
 
 vesicatoria, 117 
 Ammi copticum, 136 
 
 glaucifolium, 136 
 Ainomum zingiber, 228 
 Ampalaya, ampaka, 132 
 
 257 
 
258 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Amugis, 86 
 Anabo, 55 
 Anacardiaceoe, 82 
 Anacardium occidentale, 84 
 Anamirta Cocculus, 24 
 Ananagtag, 76 
 Andropogon nardus, 241 
 
 Schoenanthes, 240 
 Anethum foeniculum, 137 
 Angod, 201 
 Anibog, 55 
 Anis, 137 
 
 estrellado, 18 
 Anise, star, 18 
 Anisomeles ovata, 198 
 Annatto, 32 
 Anona muricata, 22 
 
 reticulata, 21 
 
 squamosa, 20 
 
 tuberosa, 20 
 Anonaceae, 20 
 Anonag, 21 
 Avonas, 21 
 Apalia, 132 
 Apalit, 93 
 Apalot, 148 
 Apamarga, 201 
 Apana, 149 
 Apariagua, 224 
 Apasotis, 202 
 Apocynacese, 159 
 Apoyapoyan, 31 
 Apple, balsam, 132 
 
 bitter, 133 
 Areca, 234 
 
 Catechu, 234 
 Argemone Mexicana, 29 
 Aristolochia Indica, 203 
 
 Serpentaria, 207 
 Aristolochia ceee, 203 
 Aro, 225 
 Arodayday, 175 
 Aroganan, 46 
 Aroma, 108 
 Arroz, 242 
 Artabotrys hamatus, 20 
 
 odoratissimus, 20 
 
 soaveolens, 20 
 Artemisia Indica, 153 
 
 vulgaris, 153 
 
 Artocarpus integrifolia, 223 
 Asana, 93 
 Asclepiadacese, 167 
 Asclepias asthmatica, 169 
 gigantea, 167 
 
 Ates, 20 
 Atsuiti, 32 
 Averrhoa Bilimbi, 60 
 
 Carambola, 60 
 Ay am, 134 
 Ayantoto, 200 
 Ayapan, 149 
 Ayapana, 149 
 Ayo, 58 
 Ayoban, 150 
 Azafrdn, 229 
 
 de la tierra, 154 
 
 Babebabe, 112 
 
 Babuy gubat, 47 
 
 Badiana, 18 
 
 Bael fruit tree, 67 
 
 Bagar, 51 
 
 Bagasoa, 175 
 
 Bagati, bagati gikosgikos, 88 
 
 Bagbag, 155 
 
 Bagkuro, 148 
 
 .Baft, 212 
 
 J?ao</, 231 
 
 Bakugan, 76 
 
 Balabalanoyan, 31 
 
 Baladri, 165 
 
 Balanoy, 195 
 
 Bafasin, 24 
 
 Balay-namuk, 32 
 
 Balibago, 46 
 
 Balikbalik, 95 
 
 Balimbin, 60 
 
 Baliyoko, 240 
 
 J?afo#o, 106 
 
 Balotagaso, 100 
 
 Baloyog, 99 
 
 Balsamina, 132 
 
 Bamboo, 243 
 
 Bambus arundinacea, 243 
 
 arundo, 243 
 
 diffusa, 243 
 
 levis, 244 
 
 mitis, 244 
 Bambuseae, 243 
 Banana, 227 
 Banato, 220 
 Banilad, 52 
 Banilak, 110 
 Bankundo, 148 
 
 Barbadoes flower-fence, 98 
 Barleria Prionitis, 186 
 Barreliera Prionitis, 186 
 Basil, sacred, 195 
 
 sweet, 195 
 
INDEX 
 
 259 
 
 Basiloag, 76 
 Batobatonis, 210 
 Bauhinia malabarica, 105 
 
 tomentosa, 105 
 Bayabas, 113 
 Bayag-bayag, 200 
 Bayag-, Bayan-kambig, 96 
 Bayati, 24 
 Bayno, 28 
 Bayogo, 106 
 J?ati0, 233 
 Belgaum, 217 
 Bentikohol, 228 
 Bergera Koenigi, 65 
 Betel-nut palm, 234 
 Betel pepper, 204 
 Bias pogo, 117 
 Bigas, 242 
 Bignonia Indica, 183 
 
 quadripinnata, 183 
 Bignoniacese, 183 
 BUimbin, 60 
 Bilogo, 80 
 Binukaw, 36 
 Biophytum cumiagianum, 59 
 
 sensitivum, 59 
 Biri, 154 
 
 Birthwort, Indian, 203 
 Bitanhol, 38 
 Bitaog, 38 
 Bitnog, 53 
 Bixa Orellana, 32 
 Bixinea?, 32 
 
 Blumea balsamifera, 150 
 Boboy, 50 
 Bobuy-gubat, 50 
 J?oa, 234 
 Boho, 244 
 Bokawy, 243 
 Bolagtob, 176 
 Bolobotones, 210 
 Bombax Ceiba, 50 
 
 malabaricum, 50, 183 
 
 pentandrum, 50 
 J?owa&, 195 
 Bonduc seeds, 96 
 Boraginacese, 173 
 Botobotones, 239 
 Bowi, 210 
 Brassica juncea, 30 
 Brea blanm, 73 
 Bryophyllum serratum, 109 
 Buas, 220 
 
 Bucida cuminata, 111 
 Bugayon, 88 
 
 72 
 , 220 
 
 jBw/aA;, 48 
 
 to^i/a, 50 
 no, bundok, 49 
 wa totoo, 49 
 
 Bugulag, 228 
 
 Bulakan, 47, 174 
 
 .Btmfaw, 187 
 
 Burseraoese, 72 
 
 ^%to^, 95 
 
 Butterfly pea, 92 
 
 Butuan, 228 
 
 Buyayawa, 210 
 
 ^wyo, 204 
 
 Bu'yok-buyok, 128 
 
 Cabalonga, 171 
 
 Cabalkro, 98 
 
 Cbcoo, 55 
 
 Oi/e, 144 
 
 C%e/, 66 
 
 Csesalpinia Bonduc, 96 
 
 Bonducella, 96 
 
 pulcherrima, 98 
 
 Sappan, 97 
 Calabash, 129 
 Calabaza blanca, 130 
 
 de peregrino, 129 
 Calachuche, 162 
 Calophyllum apetalum, 39 
 
 Calaba, 39 
 
 Inophyllum, 38 
 Calotrops gigantea, 167 
 Calyptranthes Jambolana, 114 
 Cambogia binucao, 36 
 
 venulosa, 36 
 Campanelo, 159 
 Camphire, 118 
 Canarium album, 73 
 
 commune, 73, 110 
 
 Luzonicum, 73 
 Cana, 243 
 
 de azucar, 241 
 
 dulc, 241 
 Oanamiel, 241 
 Canafistula, 99 
 Capparidacese, 31 
 Capsicum, 177 
 
 annuum, 178 
 
 fastigiatum, 177 
 
 minimum, 177 
 Carapa Moluccensis, 78 
 
 Guianensis, 78 
 Caraway, 136 
 
260 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Cardamon, 230 
 Carica Papaya, 123 
 Carmonea heterophylla, 173 
 Carpopogon pruriens, 90 
 Carthamus tinctorius, 154 
 Carum ajowan, 136 
 
 copticum, 136 
 Cashew nut, 84 
 Cassia, 208 
 
 alata, 102 
 
 fistula, 99 
 
 lignea, 208 
 
 occidental is, 99 
 
 purging, 99 
 
 sophera, 103 
 
 tora, 103 
 
 Cassie flower, 108 
 Cassuvium reniforme, 84 
 Cassytha filiformis, 209 
 Castor oil plant, 222 
 Casuarina equisetifolia, 225 
 
 Sumatrana, 225 
 Casuarinese, 225 
 Cavallium urens, 52 
 Ceanothus Wightiana, 82 
 Cebolla, 233 
 Cedrela odorata, 79 
 
 Toona, 79, 207 
 Celastracese, 80 
 Celastrus alnifolia, 80 
 
 paniculata, 80 
 
 Rothiana, 80 
 Celosia mana, 117 
 Cerbera manghas, 161 
 
 Odallam, 161 
 
 Thevetia, 159 
 Ckachachachahan, 190 
 Champaca, 19 
 Chavica auriculata, 204 
 
 Betle, 204 
 Chenopodiaceae, 202 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides, 202 
 Chico, chiko, 156 
 Chili picante, 177 
 China tree, 75 
 Chinchaochinchauan, 26 
 Chinchona excelsa, 140 
 Chloranthacese, 207 
 Chloranthus inconspicuus, 207 
 
 Indicus, 207 
 
 officinalis, 207 
 
 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 26 
 Cica decandra, 214 
 Cinamomo del pais, 118 
 Cinnamomum Culilowan, 207 
 
 Cinnamomum pauciflorum, 208 
 
 tamala, 208 
 
 Cissampelos Pareira, 26, 155 
 Citrullus Colocynthis, 133 
 Citrus acida, 65 
 
 aurantiura, 66 
 
 Bigaradia, 66 
 
 Decumana, 67 
 
 notissima, 65 
 
 reticulata, 67 
 
 vulgaris, 66 
 Cleoine alliacea, 31 
 
 alliodora, 31 
 
 icosandra, 31 
 
 pentaphylla, 31 
 
 viscosa, 31 
 Clerodendron fortunatum, 194 
 
 infortunatum, 194 
 Clitoria ternatea, 92 
 Clompanus major, 51 
 Cocas de Levante, 24 
 Cocculus crispus, 22 
 
 lacunosus, 24 
 
 suberosus, 24 
 Coco, 236 
 Coco-grass, 239 
 Coconut, 236 
 Cocos nucifera, 236 
 Coffea Arabica, 144 
 Coffee, 144 
 
 Negro, 100 
 Coleus aromaticus, 196 
 
 atropurpureus, 197 
 
 grandifolius, 197 
 
 suganda, 196 
 Colocynth, 133 
 Coloquintida, 133 
 Colosanthes Indica, 183 
 Combretacese, 110 
 Cominos^ 137 
 Composite, 149 
 Connarus foetens, 64 
 
 santaloides, 64 
 Consuelda, 213 
 Convolvulacese, 174 
 Convolvulus maximus, 176 
 
 nil, 174 
 
 pes-caprse, 175 
 
 Turpethum. 176 
 Conyza balsamifera, 150 
 Coral tree, Indian, 91 
 Coriander, 137 
 Coriandrum sativum, 137 
 Corn, 240 
 Cornaceae, 138 
 
INDEX 
 
 261 
 
 Cotton, 48 
 
 Cotyledon laciniata, 109 
 Crassulaceae, 109 
 Cratseva religiosa, 32 
 Crinum Asiaticum, 231 
 
 giganteum, 231 
 Croton glandulosum, 218 
 
 muricatum, 218 
 
 Philippense, 220 
 
 purging, 218 
 
 Tiglium, 218 
 Crucifene, 30 
 Cucumis Colocynthis, 133 
 Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, 129 
 
 villosa, 130 
 Cucurbitacese, 127 
 Culantro, 137 
 Cuminum cynimum, 137 
 Curcuma longa, 229 
 Custard apple, 20 
 Cyamus mysticus, 28 
 
 Nelumbo, 28 
 Cyperacese, 239 
 Cyperus rotundus, 239 
 
 Dalaw, 229 
 Dallopaiven, 163 
 Dalondon, 190 
 Dalugdug, 96 
 Dcdupan, 45 
 Damoghiya, 59 
 Damoro, 136 
 Dangla, 192 
 Dankagi, 171 
 Dankalan, 38 
 Dapdap, 91 
 Daraput, 71 
 Darasig, 58 
 Daripay, 175 
 Datura alba, 178 
 
 fastuosa, 179 
 
 Metel, 178 
 
 Stramonium, 178 
 Daucus anisodorus, 136 
 
 copticus, 136 
 Dayap, 65 
 Daytanag, 93 
 Dendrocalamus flagellifer, 244 
 
 sericens, 244 
 Dhatura, 178 
 Dianthera subserrata, 187 
 Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous, 140 
 
 Polypetalous, 17 
 Diglas, diglas, 111 
 Dilag boaya, 232 
 
 j 229 
 Diliwariw, 185 
 Dilleniaceae, 17 
 Dinkalin, 38 
 Diosma serrata, 80 
 Dipterocarpese, 40 
 Dipterocarpus alatus, 40 
 
 incanus, 40 
 
 Indicus, 40 
 
 Mayapis, 40 
 
 trinervis, 40 
 
 turbinatus, 40 
 Dita, 163 
 
 tree, 163 
 Dokotdekot, 201 
 Dddol, 50 
 
 Dolichos pruriens, 90 
 Dolo-ariw, 185 
 Dool, 86 
 
 Duhat, duat, 114 
 .Dukum, 45 
 Dulawari, 185 
 Dulupag, 43 
 Dysoxylum Blancoi, 76 
 
 salutare, 76 
 
 schizochitoides, 77 
 
 Echinus Philippinensis, 220 
 Echites scholans, 163 
 Ehretia buxifolia, 173 
 Elemi, East Indian, 73 
 Elettaria Cardamomum, 230 
 Entada Purssetha, 106 
 
 scandens, 106 
 
 Eriodendron anfractuosum, 50 
 Erythrina carnea, 91 
 
 corallodendron, 91 
 
 Indica, 91 
 Eskobayhaba, 42 
 Eugenia Jambolana, 114 
 Eupatorium Ayapana, 149, 182 
 Euphorbia capitata, 210 
 
 hirta, 210 
 
 ligularia, 212 
 
 neriifolia, 212 
 
 pentagona, 212 
 
 pilulifera, 210 
 
 Tirucalli, 213 
 Euphorbiaceae, 210 
 Exile, the, 159 
 Exostema Philippicum, 140 
 
 Fagara piperita, 63 
 Fennel, 137 
 Fever nut, 96 
 
262 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Foeniculum panmorium, 137 
 
 officinale, 137 
 
 vulgare, 137 
 Feronia elephantum, 69 
 
 ternata, 67 
 Ficoidese, 134 
 Flares y Rosas Caballero, 98 
 Four o'clock, 199 
 
 Gabuen, 150 
 Gadelupa maculata, 95 
 Galonalpas, 239 
 Gamagamatisan, 176 
 Gamboge tree, 136 
 Gamut sa buni, 102 
 Gandarussa vulgaris, 187 
 Gapasgapas, 192 
 Garcinia Cambogia, 36 
 
 Hanburii, 37 
 
 mangostana, 35 
 
 morella, 36 
 
 pedicellata, 36 
 
 venulosa, 36 
 Gardenia spinosa, 142 
 Garlic, 233 
 Garuga floribunda, 72 
 
 Madagascarensis, 72 
 
 pinnata, 72 
 Gatasan puld, 36 
 Gatasgatas, 210 
 Gaway-gaway, 27 
 Geraniacese, 58 
 Geranium grass, 240 
 Gikosgikos, 88 
 Gilalas, 199 
 Gilw-giliyan, 43 
 Gilla nuts, 106 
 Ginger, 228 
 Gintingintin, 150 
 Gogo, 106 
 Gohog bakay, 106 
 Golondrina, 210 
 Gossypium arboreum, 49 
 
 Earbadense, 48 
 
 Capas, 48 
 
 herbaceum, 48 
 
 Indicum, 48 
 Gourd, bottle, 129 
 
 common, 129 
 
 pilgrim's, 129 
 
 white, 130 
 Goyabano, guyabano, 22 
 Graminese, 240 
 Granada, 120 
 Granatis, 116 
 
 Guanabano, 22 
 
 Guava, 113 
 
 Guayabas, 113 
 
 Gubat, 194 
 
 Guilandina Bonducella, 96 
 
 Moringa, 86 
 Gumamila, 46 
 Gurjun, 40 
 Guttiferse, 35 
 Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 31 
 
 Jfagonog, 152 
 
 Halahafa, 128 
 
 Hamitanago, 53 
 
 Hamlibon, 150 
 
 Hangor, 201 
 
 Hangot, 201 
 
 Helicteres clirysocalyx, 54 
 
 Ixora, 54 
 
 Roxburgh!!, 54 
 
 Hemp, perennial Indian, 55 
 Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 45 
 
 Rosa-Sinensis, 46 
 
 tiliaceus, 46 
 Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro, 214 
 
 mora, 176 
 Higo, 228 
 Higotbaktto, 42 
 Himamaw, 77 
 Hitam, 110 
 Hojas de buyo, 204 
 Horse radish tree, 86 
 Huligaga, 140 
 Hydnocarpus inebrians, 132 
 
 polyandra, 33 
 
 Hydrocotyle Asiatica, 134, 142 
 Hymenodictyon excelsum, 140 
 
 Horsfieldii, 140 
 
 Ibabaw, 99 
 Icica Abilo, 72 
 Igasud, 171 
 Iffiw, 76 
 Ignatia amara, 171 
 
 Philippinea, 171 
 Hay-Hay de China, 20 
 lllicium anisatum, 18 
 Ipomcea hederacea, 174 
 
 nil, 174 
 
 pes-caprse, 175 
 
 Turpethem, 176 
 Itmo, 204 
 Ixora bandhuca, 143 
 
 coccinea, 143 
 
INDEX 
 
 263 
 
 Jalap, Indian, 176 
 Jambul, 114 
 Jasmine, Arabian, 158 
 
 Jasmium Sambac, 158 
 Jatropha Curcas, 215 
 
 multifida, 216 
 Jengibre, 228 
 Jequirity, 88 
 Jujube tree, 81 
 Jussisea erecta, 122 
 
 suffruticosa, 122 
 
 yillosa, 122 
 Justicia adhatoda, 188 
 
 Gendarussa, 187 
 
 nasuta, 189 
 
 Kabalogan, 171 
 Kabattii, 82 
 Kahili, 157 
 Kabrab, 91 
 Kahel, kaJitt, 66 
 Kala-danah, 174 
 Kalambibit, 96 
 Kalamias, 60 
 Kalanchoe laciniata. 109 
 KalanUis, 79 
 Kalasmi, 162 
 Kalatsutsi, 162 
 Kalawaga, 229 
 Kalayati, 190 
 Kaligag, 208 
 Kalisay, 110 
 Xalitis, 200 
 Kalugay, 86 
 Kalumpag, 51 
 sa lati, 78 
 Kamala, 220 
 Kamalagi, 104 
 Kamalugay, 86 
 Ka-Maria, 153 
 Kamela, 220 
 Kamias, 60 
 Kamigag, 175 
 Kamot-kabag, 96 
 Kamunig, 64 
 Kanaasaga, 88 
 Kanbil, 220 
 Kandaroma, 208 
 Kanlara, 171 
 Kantutce, Kantutan, 149 
 Kanyin, 40 
 Kapal-kapal, 167 
 Kapanitulot, 187 
 A^i/t, 217 
 Karambauaya, 212 
 
 JTaro, 225 
 Karukansoli, 199 
 Kasabba, 154 
 Kasindik, 91 
 Kasltas, 102 
 JTas/a, 215 
 Kastio, kastiogan, 45 
 Kastuli, 45 
 Rastumba, 154 
 Kasubha, 154 
 Kasubhag-dso, 29 
 Kasupagit, 194 
 Kasuy, 84 
 Katagkatag, 175 
 Katdkatakd, 109 
 Kataloga, 171 
 ^Tatowrfd, 102 
 Katbologan, 171 
 Katsumba, 154 
 Katuray, 88 
 Katwit, 213 
 ^aya^a, 46 
 Kayutana, 63 
 Kawayag-totoo, 243 
 Kilingiwa, 60 
 ^7^is, 200 
 Kinamboy, 229 
 Kleinhovia hospitata, 53 
 Kokogmanok, 186 
 Kolasiman, 34 
 Kolokantig, kohkatig, 92 
 Kolonkogon, 195 
 -Kbn^i, 58 
 Konty, 176 
 ^Topa^, 107 
 Kuakuakohan, 43 
 Kuanton, 200 
 Kukubttan, 128 
 Kulanta, 186 
 ^w/i<, 148 
 
 Kulutan, ktdutkulutan, 44 
 Kuragda, 128 
 
 , 239 
 , 176 
 
 Labiate, 195 
 Lagayray, 175 
 Lagenaria clavata, 130 
 
 courgourda, 129 
 
 Gourda, 129 
 ^vulgaris, 129 
 Lag is, 184 
 Lagiwlagiw, 185 
 Lagkawas, 230 
 Ldgkuas, 230 
 
264 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lago, 154 
 
 Lagpakon, 176 
 
 Lagundi, 192 
 
 Lagundig gayag, 192 
 
 La'kadbulan, 150 
 
 La-katan, 228 
 
 Lakbanbulan, 150 
 
 Zayfcta</, 24 
 
 Lalakdan, 150 
 
 Lambayog, 175 
 
 Lampayog, 175 
 
 Lamudio, 136 
 
 Lanigpa, 79 
 
 .Lanfa, 24 
 
 Lantin, llanten, 199 
 
 Laportea Gaudichaudiana, 224 
 
 Lasuna, 233 
 
 Lauracese, 208 
 
 Laurus culilaban, 208 
 
 Lawas, 27 
 
 Lawsonia alba, 118 
 
 inermis, 118 
 
 spinosa, 118 
 a?/a, 228 
 
 Leadwort, white-flowered, 155 
 Leguminosse, Cesalpinacese, 96 
 
 Mimosese, 106 
 
 Papilionacese, 88 
 Lemon, 65 
 Lengua de perro, 212 
 Letondag, 228 
 Leucas aspera, 199 
 Libdy, 201 
 Ligd, 184 
 Ligaton, 224 
 Ligasina, 222 
 it^a^, 24 
 Liliaceffi, 232 
 ii/ifan, 149 
 
 Limnophila menthastrum, 182 
 Isimon, 65 
 Linatoganak, 71 
 iiwo, 148 
 Lintag bagin, 24 
 I0po, 224 
 Lipagdoton, 224 
 Lipay, 90 
 
 Lippia nodiflora, 190 
 Live-for-ever, 109 
 io</d, 184 
 Loganiacese, 171 
 Lokoloko, 195 
 Lombayog, 99 
 Lomboy, 114 
 Lotus, sacred, 28 
 
 Lubilubi, 176 
 
 Luffa ^Egyptiaca, 131 
 
 pentandra, 131 
 
 petola, 131 
 Zrtt^ro, 110 
 Lukban, 67 
 Lumban, 217 
 iw/a, 228 
 Lythracese, 11.7 
 
 Magatas, 210 
 Magnoliacese, 18 
 Magit,173 
 Mahihiin, 59 
 3/<m, 240 
 Maize, 240 
 Makabuhay, 22 
 Makahiya, 59 
 Makaligag, 208 
 Makasili, 76 
 MalaapoM, 239 
 Malabagaw, 76 
 Malabago, 46 
 Malabalugbug-dagis, 58 
 Malabohok, 209, 225 
 Malabukbuk, 39 
 Malakabuyaiv, 67 
 Malakatmon, 17 
 Malapoko, 122 
 Malaubi, 203 
 Malawin, 192 
 Malinta, 214 
 JfaKs, 43 
 Maliaa, 206 
 MaMsmalis, 210 
 Mallotus Philippensis, 220 
 Malugay, 86 
 Malugil, 86 
 Malvaceae, 42 
 Jfafeas de Castitta, 43 
 Mamalis, 42 
 Mambog, 148 
 Mamin, 204 
 Mamon, 204 
 Jfana, 216 
 Mananaog, 171 
 Jfan^a, 82 
 
 Mangifera Indica, 82 
 Mangostdn, 35 
 Mangosteen, 35 
 Maniinanihan, 103 
 Manungal, manunagl, 71 
 Manungala pendula, 71 
 Manzanitas, 81 
 Marapoto, 45 
 
INDEX 
 
 265 
 
 MaravilUus, 199 
 Marikum, marukum, 45 
 Marjoram, 196 
 Marsh mallow, 45 
 Marvel of Peru, 199 
 Mayana, 197 
 May apis, 40 
 Melastomacese, 116 
 Melastoma aspera, 116 
 
 malabatrichum, 116 
 
 obvoluta, 116 
 
 obvolutum, 116 
 Melia Azedarach, 75 
 Meliacese, 75 
 Menispermacese, 22 
 Menispermum Cocculus, 22 
 
 crispum, 24 
 
 lacunosum, 24 
 
 rimosum, 22 
 Mesua ferrea, 39, 143 
 Michelia Champaca, 19 
 Migi, 78 
 Mimosa Farnesiana, 108 
 
 peregrina, 107 
 Mimusops Elengi, 157 
 Mirabilis Jalapa, 199 
 
 longiflora, 199 
 Molawin, 194 
 Molopolo, 44 
 Momordica balsamina, 132 
 
 Charanta, 132 
 
 cylindrica, 132 
 
 muricata, 132 
 
 operculata, 131 
 Monkey-face tree, 220 
 Monocotyledons, 227 
 Morado, 228 
 Morinda bracteata, 148 
 
 citrifolia, 148 
 
 ligulata, 148 
 
 Koyoc, 148 
 
 tinctoria, 149 
 Moringa oleifera, 86 
 
 poligona, 86 
 
 pterigosperma, 86 
 Moringese. 86 
 Mostaza, 30 
 Mota, 239 
 Mucuma pruriens, 90 
 
 prurita, 90 
 
 utilis, 90 
 Mudar, 167 
 Mulberry, Indian, 148 
 Murraya exotica, 64 
 
 Koenigi, 65 
 
 23 
 
 Murraya odorata, 69 
 
 paniculata, 64 
 Musa paradisiaca, 227 
 
 sapientum, 227 
 Musaceae, 227 
 Musla-saraul, 50 
 Mustard, 30 
 
 wild, 31 
 Mutha, 239 
 Myrobalans, 111 
 Myrtacese, 113 
 
 Naga, 93 
 
 Nagamulli, 189 
 
 Nagesur, Nag-kasar, 40 
 
 Nagka, 223 
 
 Namakpakan, 38 
 
 Naranjas, 67 
 
 Naranjas del pais, 66 
 
 Naranjita, 67 
 
 Naira, 93 
 
 Nato, 110 
 
 Nelumbium Asiaticum, 28 
 
 nucifera, 28 
 
 speciosum, 28 
 Nerium odorum, 165 
 
 oleander, 165 
 Nicotiana Tabacum, 180 
 Nightshade, black or commoD, 176 
 Nigi, 78 
 Nino, 148 
 Niog, 236 
 Niogniogan, 112 
 Niota tetrapela, 71 
 Nipa, 238 
 
 fruticans, 238 
 Nipay, 90 
 Nutgrass, 239 
 Nyctaginacese, 199 
 Nyctanthes Sambac, 158 
 Nymphaea Lotus, 27 
 Nymphseacese, 27 
 
 Obispo, 228 
 
 Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, 38 
 
 Ocimum Americanum, 195 
 
 basilicum, 195 
 
 flexuosum, 195 
 
 gratissimum, 195 
 
 sanctum, 195 
 
 virgatum, 195 
 Odina Wodier, 86 
 Olasiman, 34 
 Oldenlandia biflora, 141 
 
 burmaniana, 141 
 
266 
 
 Oldenlandia corymbosa, 141 
 
 herbacea, 141 
 
 ramosa, 141 
 
 scabrida, 141 
 Oleacese, 158 
 Oleander, sweet-scented, 165 
 
 Yellow, 159 
 Omadmg, 239 
 Onagracese, 122 
 Onion, 233 
 Onoran, 239 
 Onty, 176 
 
 Ophelia chirata, 194 
 Opo, 130 
 Orange, 66 
 Orayi, 200 
 Oregano, 196 
 Oriza, 242 
 
 Oroxylum Indicum, 183 
 Osiw, 243 
 Oxalis Acetosella, 58 
 
 corniculata, 58 
 
 sensitivum, 59 
 
 Psederia foetida, 149 
 
 sessiflora, 149 
 Paja de Meca, 240 
 Pakaymnkon-kastila, 102 
 Pakupis, 128 
 Palagarium, 71 
 Pa%, 242 
 Palmse, 234 
 Palo del Brasil, 97 
 
 Maria, 38 
 Palunay, 152 
 Pamalis, 42 
 Paminta, 206 
 Pamunoan, 69 
 Panampat, 53 
 Pandnn, 110 
 Pangaguason, 171 
 Pan#?:, 33 
 
 Pangium edule, 33 
 Pankundo, 148 
 Panoan, 69 
 Pansipansi, 199 
 Papaveracese, 29 
 Papaw, 123 
 
 Papaya, 123 
 Paraiso, 75 
 Pareira brava, 26 
 Parta, 132 
 Parkia biglobosa, 107 
 
 Brunonis, 107 
 
 Roxburgh!!, 107 
 
 J'axofis, 202 
 
 Passifloraceae, 123 
 
 Paypaysi, 199 
 
 Pedaliacese, 184 
 
 Pennywort, Indian, 134 
 
 Pepito, 171 
 
 sa katbalogan, 171 
 sa katbologan, 171 
 
 Pepper, black, 206 
 red, 177 
 
 Pernambuko, 49 
 Phlomis alba, 198 
 
 Zeylanica, 199 
 Phyllanthus Niruri, 214 
 
 reticulatus, 214 
 
 urinaria, 214 
 
 Physic nuts, English, 96 
 Pias, 60 
 
 Picrorrhiza kurroa, 155 
 Pili, pilis, 43, 73 
 Pimienta, 206 
 Pinkapinka, 183 
 Pinkapinkahan, 183 
 Piper Betel, 204 
 
 Betle, 204 
 
 nigrum, 206 
 Piperacese, 204 
 Plantaginacese, 199 
 Plantago crenata, 199 
 
 erosa, 199 
 
 media, 199 
 Plantain, 199 
 Platano, 227 
 Plum, black, 114 
 Plumbaginese, 155 
 Plumbago viscosa, 155 
 
 Zeylanica, 155 
 Plumeria acutifolia, 162 
 
 alba, 162 
 
 Poinciana pulcherrima, 98 
 Polanisia viscosa, 31 
 Pomegranate, 120 
 
 Pongamia glabra, 95 
 Poppy, Mexican, 29 
 Portulaca axiflora, 134 
 
 oleracea, 34 
 
 toston, 134 
 Portulacese, 34 
 Prayerbeads, 88 
 Pride of India, 75 
 Psidium aromaticum, 113 
 
 pomiferum, 113 
 
 pyriferum, 113 
 Pterocarpus echinatus, 93 
 
 erinaceus, 93 
 
INDEX 
 
 267 
 
 Pterocarpus Indicus, 93 
 
 marsupium, 94 
 
 pallidus, 93 
 
 santalinus, 93 
 Pukingag, 92 
 Pukopukot, 128 
 Punica Granatum, 120 
 Purslane, 34 
 
 Quisqualis Indica, 112 
 spinosa, 112 
 villosa, 112 
 
 Rdbano, 30 
 Rabasa, 134 
 
 Radish, 30 
 
 Rciiz de mom, 241 
 Randia aculeata, 142 
 
 dumetorum, 54, 142 
 
 longispina, 142 
 
 stipulosa, 142 
 Raphanus sativus, 30 
 Rhamnacese, 81 
 Rharanus Carolinianus, 81 
 
 Jujuba, 81 
 
 Wightii, 82 
 
 Rhinacanthus communis, 189 
 Rice, 242 
 Ricinus communis, 222 
 
 microcarpus, 222 
 
 Subpurpurascens, 223 
 
 viridis, 223 
 Robinia mills, 95 
 Romero, 197 
 Rosas- CabaUero, 116 
 Rose of China, 46 
 Rosemary, 197 
 Rosmarinus officinalis, 197 
 Rottlera tinctoria, 220 
 Rubiacese, 140 
 Ruda, 61 
 Rue, 61 
 Ruta angustifolia, 61 
 
 graveolens, 61 
 Rutacese, 61 
 
 Sabd, 228 
 
 Sabila, 232 
 
 Saccharum officinarum, 241 
 
 Sacred lotus, 28 
 
 Safflower, dyer's, 154 
 
 Saffron, bastard, 154 
 
 Saga, 88 
 
 Sagamamin, 88 
 
 Sagdib't, 155 
 
 ig, 227 
 Sage, Jerusalem, 198 
 
 Sagki, 18 
 
 St. Ignatius' bean, 171 
 
 Sdladay, 63 
 
 Salagsalag, 128 
 
 Scday, 63, 240 
 
 Saligbobag, 32 
 
 Salig^wok, 194 
 
 Salimpokot, 128 
 
 Samadera Indica, 71 
 
 Samat, 204 
 
 Sambak, 104 
 
 Sambog-gala, 151 
 
 Samb<m, 150 
 
 Sampaga, 158 
 
 Sampaguitas, 158 
 
 Sampaka, 19 
 
 Sampalok, 104 
 
 Samphire, 118 
 
 Sandalwood tree, red, 93 
 
 Sandoricum Indicum, 77 
 
 Sansawsansawan, 26 
 
 Santa Maria, 153 
 
 Santalum rubrum, 93 
 
 Santan, 143 
 
 Santol, 77 
 
 Sapag, 97 
 
 Sapotacese, 156 
 
 Sappan wood, 97 
 
 Sasa, 238 
 
 Saunders, red, 93 
 
 Sayikan, 210 
 
 Scnizostachyum acutiflorum, 243 
 
 Screw tree, Indian, 54 
 
 Senna, western, 100 
 
 Sesame, 184 
 
 Sesamum Indicum, 184 
 
 Sesbania grandiflora, 88 
 
 Sibukao, 97 
 
 Sibuyas, 233 
 
 Sida acuta, 42 
 
 carpinifolia, 42 
 
 frutescens, 42 
 
 Indica, 43 
 
 stipulata, 42 
 Siempreviva, 109 
 Sili, 177 
 
 Simarubacese, 71 
 Sinampaga, 142 
 Sinapis alba, 30 
 
 juncea, 30 
 
 nigra, 30 
 Sisiwhan, 210 
 Sobsob, 150 
 
268 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Solanum Dulcamara, 177 
 
 nigrum, 176 
 Solasi, 195 
 Solasolasian, 1W 
 Sontig, suntig, 102 
 Sorog-sorog, sorosoro, 212 
 
 Sorrel, Indian, 58 
 Sphceranthus hirtus, 151 
 
 Indicus, 151 
 
 mollis, 151 
 
 Spilanthes Acmella, 152, 228 
 Star anise, 18 
 Sterouliacese, 51 
 Sterculia cordifolia, 52 
 
 foetida, 51 
 
 polyphilla, 51 
 
 urens, 52 
 Slrychnos Ignatii, 171 
 
 Philippensis, 171 
 Sudda, 213 
 Suganda, 196 
 Sugar cane, 241 
 Sugot-olag, 214 
 Suha, 67 
 Sukaw, 28 
 Sulbag, 91 
 6'wma, 24 
 Sumalagi, 104 
 Sursur, 239 
 Susog damulog, 20 
 Susokayoli, 58 
 Suspiros, 199 
 Swallow- wort, 167 
 Swertia Chirata, 128 
 Syzygium Jarnbolanum, 114 
 
 Tabaco, 180 
 Tabayag, 129 
 Tabig, 43 
 Tabigi, 78 
 Tabobog,128 
 Tabog, 67 
 Tacamahaca, 39 
 Tce-tce,, 149 
 Tagaktayak, 189 
 Tagaraw, 112 
 Tagaray, 175 
 Taghilaw, 183 
 Taglinaw, 50 
 Tagantagan, 222 
 
 na morado, 223 
 Ta^/arf, 240 
 Tagudin, 38 
 Taiwan dogd, 58 
 
 ), 17S 
 /, 134 
 
 MSO, 134 
 
 Taklay-anak, 36 
 ^bA^ws^ 148 
 Takurayan, 46 
 Tafa, 182 
 
 odorata, 182 
 Talatala, 182 
 Talamponay, 178 
 
 wa lYim, 179 
 Talankaiv, 155 
 Ta%/o, 27 
 Taliantar, 148 
 Taliatan, 76 
 Taligharap, 198 
 Ta/isay, 110 
 '/'afoftt, 50 
 Tamarind, 104 
 Tamarindo, 104 
 Tamarindus Indica, 104 
 Tamawian, 38 
 Tambalisa, 101 
 I'ampuhig, 228 
 2ana#, 53 
 Tangoton, 112 
 Tapulaya, 46 
 Taramhampam, 182 
 Taratora, 182 
 Tartar aw, 112 
 Tawatawa, 215 
 Tawatawasiga, 222 
 Tawawa, 210 
 Tayabas, 113 
 Taywanak, 244 
 Tea, Mexican, 202 
 Teak tree, 190 
 2'eca, 190 
 
 Tectona grandis, 190 
 Terminalia Catappa, 110 
 
 Chebula, 111, 115, 127, 155 
 
 mauriciana, 110 
 
 rnoluccana, 110 
 
 reticulata, 111 
 Tetracera Assa, 17 
 
 macrophylla, 17 
 
 monocarpa, 17 
 
 Rheedi, 17 
 
 sarmentosa, 17 
 Tlieobroma (Jacao, 55 
 Thespesia populnea, 47 
 Thevetia nerifolia, 159 
 Tiyhiman, 100 
 , 185 
 190 
 
INDEX 
 
 269 
 
 Tilites, 200 
 Timbagan, 203 
 Tinntinaan, 214 
 Tindag-bayag, 171 
 Tinisas, 153 
 Tinospora cordifolia, 23 
 
 crispa, 22 
 Tintatintahan, 214 
 Titiw, 185 
 Tobacco, 180 
 Toktok-kalo, 161 
 Tortmjas, 67 
 Tostow, 134 
 
 Tovomita pentapetala, 38 
 Tree, alstonia or dita, 163 
 
 Black Myrobalan, 111 
 
 Jack fruit, 223 
 Trianthema monogyna, 134 
 
 obcordata, 134* 
 Trichosanthes amara, 128 
 
 anguina, 128 
 
 cucumerina, 128 
 
 lucioniana, 127 
 
 palmata, 127 
 
 tricuspis, 127 
 Tsampaka, 19 
 Tsatsatsatsahan, 190 
 Tsiku, 156 
 Tuba, 24, 215 
 
 kamaisa, 218 
 Tubo, 241 
 Tumbogaso, 148 
 Tumboug aso, kapay, 148 
 Tunas, 27 
 
 Turmeric plant, 229 
 Turpeth root, 216 
 Turroea octandra, 77 
 
 virens, 76 
 Tylophora asthmatica, 169 
 
 Umbellifers?, 134 
 
 Unona uncinata, 20 
 Urena morifolia, 44 
 
 multifida, 44 
 
 muricata, 44 
 
 sinuata, 44 
 Urticacese, 223 
 Urtica ferox, 224 
 
 umbellata, 224 
 Uvaria Sinensis, 20 
 
 Verbena capitata, 190 
 
 nodiflora, 190 
 Verbenaceae, 190 
 Verdolagas, 34 
 Vitex Leucoxylon, 192 
 
 Negundo, 192 
 
 repens, 192 
 
 trifolia, 192 
 Vuas, 220 
 
 Walnut, Indian, 217 
 Wars, 220 
 Water lily, 27 
 Wawalisan, 42 
 Weed, styptic, 100 
 Wood apple, 69 
 Wormseed, American, 202 
 Wormwood, Indian, 153 
 
 Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, 63 
 
 violaceum, 63 
 Xylocarpus granatum, 78 
 
 Yate, 190 
 Yayo, 58 
 
 Zea Mays, 240 
 Zingiberaceae, 228 
 Zingiber officinale, 228 
 Zizypbus Jujuba, 81 
 * Mauritania, 81 
 
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